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HISTORICAL SKETCH 
 
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 STURBRIDGE AND SOUTHBEIDGE. 
 
 ?¥ GEORGE DAVIS. 
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 WEST BROOKFIELIXMMS. 
 
 POWER PRESS OF O. S. COOT^AND CO. 
 
 1856. 
 

INTRODUCTION. 
 
 The suggestions of a learned and higly esteemed friend, 
 first prompted the writer to attempt a brief history of the early 
 and subsequent settlers of Stnrbridge. He was led to be- 
 lieve, upon reflection, that such a work would be a memorial 
 of deserved respect and gratitude to our ancestors, and per- 
 haps be, in some degree, useful. Gratitude, for what they had 
 endured and accompHshcd, not only for themselves, but for 
 posterity ; and useful, in whatever their example is worthy of 
 imitation. 
 
 The relation, which binds us to a venerated ancestry, must 
 be cherished, if after generations would derive practical in- 
 struction from the influence of their example. The history of 
 a town has many features bearing a strong resemblance to 
 that of the nation to which it belongs. It is especially so in 
 those great transactions wliich are deeply felt in every part. 
 Our struggle for independence (which ought to be kept in 
 perpetual remembrance) united the combined efforts of every 
 section of the confederacy, and was equally beneficial to every 
 part in its momentous results. The inliabitants of a town 
 may feel a laudable pride in tlae reflection, that their fathers 
 bore a distinguished part in the accomplishment of so great a 
 common blessing. 
 
 We have, with considerable research, endeavored to ascer- 
 tain the names of all, who, from this town, bore arms in the 
 French and Revolutionary wars. With many of those vene- 
 rated men, the writer was personally acquainted, and was en- 
 abled, by aiding them, in procuring pensions, to become more 
 particularly acquainted with their revolutionary services. In- 
 
formation, in relation to others, he has obtained from various 
 rehable sources. From a venerated friend, who has measured 
 almost a century, lie has been favored with very many im- 
 portant facts. To other aged men, he feels himself indebted, 
 for similar facts. He has stated the period of each man's 
 services as definitely as he could ascertain the extent of such 
 services; and has briefly sketched the characters of a. consid- 
 erable number, and certain events and transactions, in con- 
 nection with their services. Of others, he would have spoken 
 more particularly, had he possessed the desired information. 
 Most of those men were in the common walks of life, indus- 
 triously toiling with their hands for their own support, and 
 that of others. He has sketched the characters of many 
 others, especially those who passed through the revolutionary 
 scene, but were not personally engaged in the conflict. He 
 has remarked at some length on the agricultural interest, and 
 of its changes and improvements which have taken plaee. 
 He has spoken of the provision that has been made for the 
 instruction of the rising generation in the primary school. 
 
 The greatest portion of what is now Southbridge, having 
 been identified with Sturbridge, and being as before, one corpo- 
 ration nearly a century, the writer has connected them to- 
 gether in this sketch. It is gratifying to those of us espe- 
 cially, who are advanced in life, to consider Southbridge still, 
 as a member of the original family. The developments of that 
 enterprising spirit which has marked her course, is viewed 
 with laudable pride. Our attempt would manifestly be but a 
 partial undertaking without the connection of Southbridge. 
 
 The great change which has taken place, in reference to 
 the manufacturing interest, within the last half century, is 
 more strikingly manifested in Southbridge than in Sturbridge. 
 He has spoken of the origin of this interest, and its progress, 
 somewhat in detail. 
 
 He has sketched the early movements of the temperance 
 reformation, and also for spreading the Gospel. 
 
 Making his sketch a little more general, he has given his 
 views of the administration of the general Government, from 
 its origin to the present time. 
 
 He would observe, that it has not been his intention to su- 
 persede, or render less useful, the interesting and valuable 
 sketch of Sturbridge, by the Rev. Dr. Clark, who has always 
 shared so largely in the esteem and respect of the people of 
 Sturbridge. That work includes an ecclesiastical history of 
 Sturbridge, which we have not embraced in ours. Our con- 
 troUng motive, in attempting the undertaking, was to preserve 
 a record of our men who were in the French and revolution- 
 
ary wars, and also of the commencement and developments 
 of industry, which have rendered the Quinaboag an extended 
 theatre of laudable enterprise. 
 
 We have revived the names of many of the first and sub- 
 sequent settlers, the ancestors of many families, now residing 
 among us. We have endeavored to ascertain, who com- 
 menced the settlements of various portions of the two towns, 
 and have attempted a brief description of the villages, and cer- 
 tain other striking locaUties. We have sketched some of the 
 customs, not now observed. We have taken very considera- 
 ble pains that the work should be substantially correct in 
 regard to facts, but the writer cannot flatter himself that it is 
 entirely so. He would say, in conclusion, that he has en- 
 deavored so to express himself, as to be understood by the 
 reader. 
 
HISTORICAL SKETCH. 
 
 In or about the year 1727, a few individuals from Med- 
 field and the vicinity, visited the tract of land which 
 was incorporated into a town, by the name of Sturbridge, 
 having previously been called Newniedfield. It then in- 
 cluded a great share of the territory, which now composes 
 the town of Southbridge. It is presnmable, that they did 
 not come with any cheering hopes of making a settlement, 
 as the impression abroad was, that this section of country 
 possessed few attractions for other settlers, besides its native 
 occupants. The highest estimate put upon it, was £1000. 
 We are ready to believe, the prior examinations had not 
 been sufficiently thorough, for the deserved credit of the 
 territory. 
 
 This unfavorable impression, no doubt, prompted the 
 Medfield visitors to be particular in their observations. 
 They witnessed a variety of soil, adapted to a variety of 
 tastes and purposes; an ample supply of water in ponds, 
 brooks and rivulets, conveniently dispersed over the sur- 
 face, and an abundance of material for fuel, and other ne- 
 cessary purposes. They, no doubt, thought the Quineboag 
 would be useful for saw-mills and grist-mills. It is not at 
 all probable they even imagined its future importance. It is 
 evident that the result of their researches was in favor of 
 the contemplated enterprise. The work before them pre- 
 
8 HISTORICAL SKETCH OF 
 
 sented nothiif^ flattering to indolence, or inactivity. Sur- 
 rounded by an unbroken forest, they saw that it demanded 
 strong muscles and unflinching resolution. Many a hard 
 days work must be sustained, before any thing effectual 
 could be accomplished for subsistence. We may imagine 
 what was their daily fare, and their comforts for repose at 
 night. We may suppose that their privations and hard- 
 ships fitted them the better to sustain what was before 
 them; the better not only to sustain conflicts with unsub- 
 dued nature, but prepared them and their descendants in 
 after days, to maintain more successfully their rights. Illy 
 would they have been prepared to meet such conflicts, had 
 they been subjected to the influence of modern training and 
 modern luxuries. They persevered. Their works around 
 them manifested progress. Habitations more comfortable 
 began to appear, and the soil began to return in necessaries, 
 a full equivalent for the labor bestowed. 
 
 This little band of hardy adventurers, not only exhibited 
 progress in the improved aspect of the soil, but in the aug- 
 mentation of their numbers. In seven years, they numbered 
 fifty families. The territory, which was incorporated into a 
 town, June 24, 1738. contained about 28,929 acres. The 
 first warrant for a town meeting, was issued on the 13th 
 day of Feb. 1739. For a more particular narrative up to 
 that period, the reader is referred to the sketch of Dr. 
 Clark. These settlers were, in an important sense, a new 
 colony. The work of laying the foundation for its growth 
 and prosperity devolved on them. Like the pilgrim fath- 
 ers, they came imbued with elevated moral, religious, and 
 political principles, which must be carried out in practice. 
 The preparatory work required not that extent of labor 
 and wisdom, which the structure of our national govern- 
 ment demanded, but in some degree, both were requisite. 
 A system of municipal regulations must be established, em- 
 bracing the most essential provisions for religious wor- 
 ship, and the instruction of the rising generation. 
 
STRUBRIDGE AND SOUTHBRIDGE. 9 
 
 ing a great share of sound practical common sense, and ele- 
 vated sentiments, the first settlers were found equal to the 
 task. Provision hy statute, was made as early as 1692, for 
 the organization of towns. Towns, at that period, were 
 required to be constantly provided with a minister of the 
 gospel. They were required also to provide for the instruc- 
 tion of children and youth, and for the relief of the needy. 
 The act of 1789, providing for the instruction of youth, in 
 coni'brmity to the constitution, is substantially the same as 
 the act of 1692. It is clearly seen, that our ancestors were 
 fully aware of what should be the basis for future prosperi- 
 ty, and laid out their work accordingly. Although them- 
 selves mostly self-taught, they foresaw the salutary and 
 controlling power of the school house and the church. Who 
 can deny the correctness of their judgment, or that results 
 have confirmed the soundness of their views. 
 
 The records of the town show a systematic and discreet 
 management of its municipal and religious concerns at that 
 period. These interests then, and for many years after- 
 ward, were conducted by the town, and not by separate 
 organizations. In their corporate transactions, it is evident, 
 that matters of moment were carefully investigated, and 
 clearly understood, before final action. If an instrument 
 for a constitution of the Commonwealth were submitted to 
 their action, every article, in all its bearings, must be scru- 
 tinized, before it received their assent, or dissent. In a 
 small degree dependent on the press, either to lead, or mis- 
 lead, as at the present day, they certainly possessed re- 
 sources to arrive at correct conclusions in their important 
 interests. Party considerations had not then an existence. 
 The birth of such an influence bears date at a much later 
 period. The paramount inquiry then was, " what will pro- 
 mote the general good 7" Influenced by such a principle, 
 fortunate results could hardly fail of being secured. This 
 principle marked their course for a long period. Hospitality 
 and kindness were then practical virtues, cheering many a 
 
10 HISTORICAL SKETCH OP 
 
 social hour, and administering comfort, in seasons of adver- 
 sity. There is no doubt of the prevalence of laudable emu- 
 lation. Without it, the stern work, in which they were 
 engaged, would have lingered on their hands. Neighbor 
 stimulated neighbor to accomplish this object of a private 
 nature, and that of public utility. Every succeeding year 
 presented new developments of gratifying changes. From 
 imperfections they were not exempt, but it is certain they 
 possessed sterling virtues, in an eminent degree. Whatever 
 improvements we may have made in other particulars, in 
 this we are compelled to believe there has been none. The 
 truth cannot be suppressed, that that high moral standard, 
 which characterized our ancestors, has not been sustained. 
 A remark is said to have been made by an individual, 
 " that he had resided seven years in a certain country, and 
 during that time, he had not heard a profaiic oath, or seen 
 a person disguised with liquor." "That country was New 
 England." Whether such a remark was made or not, we 
 have no hesitancy in believing there was a period, v/hen it 
 was substantially true, in its application to the people of 
 New-England. 
 
 The name of Moses Marcy is connected with the early 
 settlement of the town, and deserves a record of honorable 
 remembrance. He was born in the year 1703. The town 
 records, and the testimony of living witnesses, show that he 
 exerted, for many years, a controlling influence in the relig- 
 ious and municipal interests of the town, and was, beyond 
 a doubt, without any disparagement to others, the leading 
 man in the town. In establishing a system of town regu- 
 lations which was to be the basis of future proceedings, he 
 was the most efFicient agent. All the duties devolving upon 
 a magistrate, were discharged by him, for many years. He 
 has left a copious record of his ratification of matrimonial 
 contracts, probably the most pleasant department of his of- 
 ficial duties. He not only possessed high qualifications for 
 civil duties, but for those of a military character. The lat- 
 
STUBBRIDGE AND SOUTHBRIDGE. 11 
 
 ter were held in higher estimation in his day than they are 
 at the present. He helJ the rank of Captain in town, and 
 was promoted to that of Colonel. There is but little doubt, 
 he was in active service in the French war, so called. At 
 the time the colonists declared themselves independent, he 
 had had the experience of seventy years, and was thor- 
 oughly versed in all the treatment of the mother country 
 towards them. He was the last man who would tamely 
 submit to oppression, or unjust exactions in any form. The 
 struggle had progressed about two years before his death. 
 He did not forget his fellow soldiers, or his country in his 
 last hours. When very feeble, and near the close of life, he 
 requested that a body of troops should be paraded before his 
 house, that he might see them once more. The request was 
 readily granted. The interview was solemn and affecting, 
 and was remembered by those brave men, whenever duty 
 to their country demanded their services. 
 
 The homestead where he was first settled in the village, 
 (now in Southbridge,) has descended to the fourth genera- 
 tion, in the name of Jcdediah Marcy, a cherished spot of 
 remembrance by his descendants. Jedediah Marcy, the 
 son, removed to Dudley, where he died, a man liighly 
 respected. The grandson, Capt. Jedediah Marcy, died in 
 1811, at the age of 54, on the old patrimony. He was the 
 father of the present owner, the Hon. Jedediah Marcy. He 
 was also the father of the Hon. William L. Marcy, now 
 Secretary of State, who has long been considered one of the 
 most eminent of our public men. He has held the highest 
 offices in the gift of his adopted state, and has been a prom- 
 inent candidate for the Presidency. Inlcllectual vigor is 
 not unfroquently developed through many generations. 
 
 Gen. Timothy Newell married a daughter of Col. Marcy. 
 Col. Marcy was a man of great energy of character, and 
 uncommon intellectual power. He possessed the essential 
 qualifications to fill any public station. His deportment 
 was dignified and commanding. He died in the year 1777, 
 
12 HISTORICAL SKETCH OP 
 
 at the age of 72. A monument, in the old burying ground, 
 in Stnrbridge, designates the spot where he was buried. 
 The writer would add, that he is now seated in a chair of 
 which Col. Marcy was the original proprietor. It is on that 
 account a highly valued relic. 
 
 At the first Town-Meeting, after the incorporation of the 
 town, Col. Marcy was chosen Moderator, Daniel Fisk, 
 Town-Clerk, and Daniel Fisk, Moses Marcy and Henry 
 Fisk, Selectmen. At the second Annual Town-Meeting, 
 1739, Isaac Newell was chosen Town-Clerk. Moses Mar- 
 cy, Isaac Newell, Henry Fisk, Joseph Cheny and Daniel 
 Fisk, Selectmen, and Joseph Smith, Constable. 
 
 We find, this year, among the town officers, the names of 
 Moses Alien, David Shumway, David Morse, George "Wat- 
 kins, Ijbeuezer Stearns, Edward Foster, John Streeter, Jo- 
 seph Baker and Aaron Martin. In the next year, we find 
 the additional names of Rowland Taylor, Hezekiah Ward, 
 James Dennison, Joseph Allen, Ezekiel Upham, Caleb 
 Harding, Joseph Morse, Joseph Moffet, among the town 
 officers. Descendants of most of those men, whom we have 
 named, are numerous among us. The greatest portion of 
 the present permanent population, are descendants of the 
 early settlers. 
 
 There is still remaining a number of families by the 
 name of Smith, families of respectability. We have long 
 been acquainted with Mr. Benjamin Smith, an octogenarian, 
 now living, and possessing to an uncommon degree, the ex- 
 ercise of his physical and mental faculties. He is a grand- 
 son of the first individual who wintered in Stnrbridge. ft 
 is not strange he should feel a laudable pride in such an 
 ancestor. Such men might not have been uncommon at 
 that early period, but arc rare, at the present. We may ra- 
 tionally suppose that this hardy pioneer was not dormant 
 during one of those long severe winters, when the ground 
 was covered with snow about six months in the year. The 
 spring no doubt exhibited around him very striking mani- 
 
STURBRIDGE AND SOUTHBRIDGE. 13 
 
 festations of his physical energies. There is no doubt an 
 opening was made in the forest sufficiently spacious for the 
 uninterrupted influence of the sun. Iron constitutions, and 
 indomitable spirits, were the product of those times. The 
 spot where that winter was passed, is supposed to be near 
 the residence of the late Jabez Harding, Esq. It deserves a 
 monumental remembrance. 
 
 The name of Lemuel Sanders is kept in remembrance. 
 His residence was in the northwesterly part of the town, 
 afterwards the residence of the late Jonathan P. Curtis, till his 
 death. Mr. Sanders was particularly noted for his keen 
 calculations in money concerns. His property, amounting 
 to about $50,000, a few years before his death, fully sustains 
 this trait of character. It was an uncommon estate at that 
 period, to.be acquired by a common farmer, with no extra- 
 ordinary means. Mr. Joshua Mason was in his employ 
 many years, then a young man, where he undoubtedly 
 availed himself of lessons, which were successfully put in 
 practice. Had the pupil died, at the age of the master, it 
 is probable their estates might have been very nearly equal. 
 We do not understand that Mr. Sanders was not upright in 
 his dealings, or an unwilling supporter of the public inter- 
 ests. When a passion for gain becomes predominant, it 
 lessens in public estimation, a reputation in other respects 
 unexceptionable. This remark may be applicable to Mr. 
 Sanders. He was in active life, during the revolution, but 
 did not personally bear arms. He left a handsome legacy 
 for the town, subject to the support of two individuals of 
 feeble capacities, if needy. Mr. Sanders died in the year 
 ISOO, in the 53d year of his age. His widow married Col. 
 Watson of Princeton, who resided in town several years. 
 
 Mr. Curtis, to whom allusion has been made, deserves 
 further notice. He died in 1849, aged OS. The writer be- 
 came acquainted with Mr. Curtis at Leicester Academy, 
 and can bear testimony to his many excellent qualities, as a 
 raan and a christian, tVn unintrrrupted friendship and in- 
 2 
 
14 HISTORICAL SKETCH OF STURBRIDGE AND SOUTHBRIDGE. 
 
 timacy existed between us till his much lamented death. 
 Mr. Curtis represented the town one or two years in the 
 General Court, and enjoyed the perfect confidence of the 
 town, in the frequent trusts he discharged as a town-officer. 
 
FISK HILL 
 
 This is one of the most elevated and beautiful swells of 
 land in Sturbridge, possessing fertility, and commanding an 
 extensive and delightful view, in every direction. Here you 
 have a full view of Fiskdale, and the centre village, ap- 
 pearing to very good advantage ; at the North as far as the 
 vision can extend, you catch a view of the azure Monadnock, 
 hardly distinguishable from the surrounding atmosphere ; 
 very much nearer, the Wachuset appears head and shoul- 
 ders above her neighbors; nearer still, Leicester presents a 
 beautiful appearance. At the JOast, you have a view of the 
 village of Charlton, on a graceful swell of land, presenting a 
 stately, and no less beautiful appearance. Thence south- 
 erly, the eye sweeps over an expansion of varied and lofty 
 scenery, exhibiting spires, churches, villages, and scattered 
 residences, intermixed with the beauties of nature. Take 
 it all and in all, the eye may here dwell with a high degree 
 of pleasure, on a rare assemblage of natural and artificial 
 attractions. 'I'rausporting ourselves back to that period 
 when our ancestors first commenced a settlement here, we 
 may, in imagination, catch a view of the almost unbroken 
 forest, which was spread out around them. Contrasting that 
 scene, with the present, tlie change has lessened the sublim- 
 ity of the prospect; but not its beauties. 
 
16 HISTORICAL SKETCH OP 
 
 This selection by the original settlers, viz. — Henry and 
 Daniel Fisk, is a manifestation of good taste and sound 
 judgment. The breezes here are somewhat searching, but 
 not too much so for health and a vigorous constitution. 
 First settled by individuals whose name it bears, it continu- 
 ed in their possession and that of their descendants, more 
 than a century. Dea. Henry Fisk, a son of one of the origin- 
 al proprietors, who resided on the eastern slope, was an exam- 
 ple of industry and activity. Whether on the farm, in pub- 
 lic, or private transactions, in family devotions, or in the 
 sanctuary, Dea. Fisk was a model, worthy of imitation. 
 Favored with a firm physical constitution, good practical 
 common sense, and an energetic mind, few men have ac- 
 complished so much, and so well, in his sphere of useful- 
 ness. At an advanced age, he and the companion of his 
 youth closed together their exemplary lives, the husband 
 Dec. 10, and wife Dec. 11, 1815. The former at the age 
 of 70, and the latter at the ags of 69. They sleep together 
 in the same grave. 
 
 David Fisk Esq. a brother, who settled on the highest 
 point of the elevation, was a thrifty farmer, and an amiable 
 and upright man. As a neighbor, a townsman, a citizen, and 
 a christian, he was kind, liberal and exemplary. His nu- 
 merous family were trained up in habits of industry, and 
 were favored with common school instruction requisite for 
 the transaction of business. Three of his sons received a 
 collegiate education, and became professional men. 
 
 As much may be said of another brother, who resided 
 more northerly, on the elevation. Capt. Simeon Fisk pos- 
 sessed a strong intellect, and a memory, in which were treas- 
 ured very many important facts and events of the stirring 
 times in which he lived. The causes of the revolution, and 
 subsequent transactions, were all fresh in his memory. He 
 was a prominent and efficient man in civil and religious 
 concerns. He left an extensive diary, which is a valuable 
 reference work. His conversation was always edifying, and 
 
STURBRIDGE AND SOUTHBRIDGE. 17 
 
 calculated to make a salutary impression. Not only in his 
 conversation, but in the transactions of life was clearly 
 manifested his implicit dependence on Divine guidance in 
 regard to' the path of duty. To this may be traced no 
 doubt, in no small degree that cheerfulness and serenity 
 which uniformly marked his deportment. Capt. Fisk's 
 personal appearance was manly and commanding. He 
 died at an adva:icrd age. We liave omitted to mention 
 that CapL Fisk was in active service about six months, 
 and received a wound in a battle, which affected him 
 through life. 
 
 Mr. Daniel Fisk, another brother, resided many years on 
 this hill. He was an honest and exemplary man, more re- 
 tiring in his habits than his relatives. He removed in ad- 
 vance life, into the Slate of New York. He had a numer- 
 ous and respectable family. 
 
 Nathan Fisk resided about a quarter of a mile northeast- 
 erly of Daniel. We have spoken of him in another place. 
 
 On the Southern declivity of this elevation, was situated 
 the neat and comfortable Baptist Church. Here those fam- 
 ilies, with others of that denomination in various parts of 
 the town, worshiped more than half of a century. The 
 Rev. Zenas L Leonard was the watchman on this watch- 
 tower. Mr. Leonard was " in season and out of season" in 
 his devotion to the spiritual interests of his charge. He felt 
 also a deep interest in their temporal welfare. He patron- 
 ized industry in all its forms, by his own active example. 
 He was also a patron of education, especially of common 
 school instruction. His presence and exhortations were al- 
 ways cheering to the youth. He was enabled, although his 
 salary was very small, by industry and discreet manage- 
 ment, to give one of his sons a public education, and his 
 other children such advantages as prepared them for use- 
 fulness. He lived in a highly respectable manner, and left 
 a handsome estate. He represented the town in the Legis- 
 lature, several different periods, and was a delegate to new 
 2* 
 
18 HISTORICAL SKETCH OF 
 
 model the constitution, in 1820, His moral 
 energetic character, exerted a saUitary influence. 
 
 In this connection, we cheerfully record the name of Dea. 
 John Phillips, another solid pillar of the Baptist Society, 
 now in the ninety fifth year of his age. He possesses in a 
 wonderful degree, the exercise of his physical and mental 
 powers. He labors daily, as usual, upon his farm, and 
 can walk ten or twelve miles in a day, without being much 
 fatigued. He was born on the spot where he has ever 
 since resided. His father, Dea. John Phillips, was the first 
 settler of that locality. He has always been a prominent 
 and an influential member of the community, not only in 
 his own Society, but in the m.unicipal concerns of the town. 
 More than once has he been a representative in the General 
 Court. His memory is a store-house of interesting facts, 
 in relation to scenes and events, which passed under his 
 personal observation during almost a century. He has 
 marked, as a close observer, the wonderful changes which 
 have taken place during this long period. He has uni- 
 formly, by his active example, promoted those interests 
 which elevate society, and advance human happiness. 
 May the memory of such men be cherished long after their 
 noble forms have passed away. Dea. Phillips was in the 
 revolutionary war about seveu weeks, at Cambridge. Col. 
 Edward Phillips, of the third generation, is the proprietor 
 of the old homestead, in connection with his father. 
 
 Dea. Jonathan Lyon, another worthy and venerable 
 member of the Baptist Society, still lives. 
 
 We add another remark in regard to Fisk Hill. It proba- 
 bly exceeds every other section of the town in point of 
 strength and productiveness of soil. The farms exhibit a 
 neat appearance, and evidence of skilful cultivation. If the 
 soil, at the commencement of the spring, is so wet as to de- 
 lay tillage, the autumn almost invariably presents heavy 
 crops. 
 
STUBBRIDGE AND SOUTHBRIDGE. 19 
 
 We also add an interesting fact indicative of the pro- 
 gress of the eady settlers of this eniineace. 
 
 I)ea. Henry Fisk, one of the original settlers had eleven 
 children, and Dea. Daniel, another of those settlers, had the 
 cheering number of sixteen. Fourteen Uved to adult age, 
 and most of them to advanced life. Such cases were quite 
 common, in early times, but quite rare at the present. 
 
SHDMWAT HILL, 
 
 Shumway Hill, (so called,) is another eminence which 
 commands an expansive and most delightful view of the 
 surrounding country. The Monadnock and Wachusett 
 are here more fully developed, than on Fisk-Hill, and the 
 rural scene more extensive. In a clear day, the lover of 
 such scenery may spend hours in gazing upon the unnum- 
 bered attractions spread out around him. Art, mingling 
 its beauties with nature, high lens the pleasure of the scene. 
 We have often heard the traveller express his gratification 
 in witnessing this view. It is a pleasant compensation for 
 the fatigue of ascending the hill. 
 
 In regard to the nature of the soil upon and around this 
 hill, the most of it is of a superior quality, and exhibits the 
 work of industry and good husbandry. 
 
 James Johnson, who bore arms in the French War, was 
 one of the pioneers in this part of the town. His own hand 
 performed the principal part of the work of clearing his 
 lands for cultivation. He was a stout athletic resolute man. 
 He could fight the battles of his country, or wage war with 
 the sturdy forest. We have spoken of James Johnson in 
 another place. James Johnson, his father, and the father of 
 Comfort, was the first settler of the estate which was owned 
 afterward, and occupied many years by Comfort. Joseph 
 Baker was an original settler on, or near Shumway Hill. 
 
STURBRIDGE AND SOUTHBRIDGE. 21 
 
 Ezekiel Upham, Junior commenced a settlement where Da- 
 vid Mc'Farlin afterward resided. 
 
 Aaron Allen commenced the settlement where Capt. 
 Elisha Allen afterward resided, and Capt. Henry Clark, 
 where Dea. James Chapin lately resided. 
 
 Joseph Smith who is noticed in another place, commenced 
 the settlement where the late Jabez Harding Esq. resided. 
 He was the solitary individual who passed a winter, in this 
 then almost unbroken wilderness. 
 
 Isaac Child began the settlement where the late Capt. 
 Lemuel Hooker lived. Samuel Ch.ild, where Benjamin 
 Smith lives. Benjamin Robbins, where Samuel Farnum 
 lives. Caleb Harding, where the late Ebenezer Cutting 
 lived. Solomon Rood, where Elias Carpenter lately lived. 
 Mr. Knap, where Harvey Plimpton lives. John Haig, 
 where the late Thomas Marsh lived. Ebenezer Dun ton, 
 where the late Lieut. Silas Dunton lived, and James Gibbs, 
 where the late Jabez Vinton lived. 
 
 John Holbrook, the father of John Holbrook Esq. was 
 the first settler of that extensive farm, which has descended 
 to George Holbrook, the present owner, of the fourth gen- 
 eration. 
 
 John Tarbell died in 1804, at the advanced age of 95, and 
 his wife, at the age of 82. He was the first settler of the 
 farm now owned by Dea. Jonathan Lyon. The farm was 
 originally very much larger than at present. 
 
 Timothy Faulkner was the first settler of the farm now 
 owned by Lemuel Holmes. This farm has also been great- 
 ly curtailed since Mr. Faulkner's day. 
 
 Samuel Shumway, the grandfather of Abijah and Samuel 
 Shumway, was the original settler of their farm. It em- 
 braced much more territory than it does at present. It is 
 now owned by Abijah and Samuel of the third generation. 
 
 John Harding was the original settler of the farm now 
 owned by Charles G. Allen, and Joseph Baker, of whom we 
 have spoken, was the first settler of the farm now owned by 
 
22 HISTORICAL SKETCH OF 
 
 H. N. Lumbard, and the late residence of Samuel Shum- 
 way. A most delightful western view, of rural scenery, is 
 here spread out to the beholder. 
 
 Stephen Gerould commenced the settlement of the farm 
 which was for many years afterward owned and occupied 
 by Joshua Gerould, in the southern part of the town. 
 Joshua was one of the prominent men of the town. 
 
 Moses Allen was the first settler of what is now Fiskdale. 
 He built the Grist-Mill which we have noticed in our de- 
 scription of Fiskdale. The mill was afterwards owned by 
 Capt. Jacob Allen whom we have also noticed. 
 
 John Morse commenced the settlement of the farm now 
 owned by Lyman Johnson. 
 
 Passing to the place where the late Marcus Smith resided, 
 on the southern declivity of Fisk-Hill, David Smith com- 
 menced the settlement in that locality. 
 
 The northern part was first settled by John Weld, who 
 came from Roxbury. This was one of the first settlements 
 in the town, being a little prior to the year 1730. Mr. 
 Weld's purchase contained about 1200 acres of territory, in- 
 cluding a portion of what was called the Oxford Gore, at 
 the price of a pistareen per acre. Mr. Weld, no doubt, was 
 ever afterward satisfied with the price, for the tract ranks 
 with the best in town. Distributing about one half of it 
 among his four sons, as they arrived at suitable ages to set- 
 tle for themselves, he retained the other half for himself. 
 This we see, was the way, in those days, that the parent 
 made provision for the settlement of his children. His resi- 
 dence was on the spot, where Dexter Nichols now resides. 
 The residence of Dea. Moses Weld, the oldest son, is now 
 in the possession of Francis Weld, of the third generation. 
 
 Dea. Moses Weld 'appears to have been a leading man. 
 It is to be regretted that no monument is to be found, de- 
 signaling the resting place of the original pioneer. Dea. 
 Moses Weld died in the year 1806, aged 84. There is still 
 
STTJRBRIDGE AND SOUTHBRIDGE. 23 
 
 a considerable number of the descendants remaining in 
 town. 
 
 Passing some miles southerly, we come to the spot where 
 Ezekiel Upham pitched his tent in the wilderness. The 
 extent of the original tract owned by him, we are not able 
 to state. His youngest son, Nathaniel, succeeded to a part 
 or all of the estate of the father. Nathaniel was born in 
 the first house there erected, where he lived and died in 
 the 80th year of his age. Maj. Jacob Upham, of the third 
 generation, has erected handsome and commodious build- 
 ings on the spot where the old ones stood. It comiriands 
 an extensive and beautiful southern and western view. 
 We well remember Mr. Nathaniel Upham. He was a revo- 
 Imionary patriot. He hired a substitute to bear arms in the 
 field. He was a respectable man, of a cheerful disposi- 
 tion, not suffering himself to be easily disturbed by the 
 common annoyances of life. Ezekiel Upham, the ancestor 
 died 1783, at the age of 83. 
 
 Abner Lyon was a neighbor and cotemporary of Nathan- 
 iel Upham. He came into town when quite young, and 
 lived with his grandfather John Weld, (of whom we have 
 spoken,) the latter part of his minority. William Chub had 
 made a beginning, and some small improvements on the 
 tract weere Mr. Lyon settled and lived till his death, which 
 was in the year 1817, aged 78. Mr. Lyon like Mr. Upham, 
 hired a substitute for active service in the revolutionary 
 struggle, Dr. Ephraim Lyon, his son, was the successor to 
 the real estate. The writer is indebted to Mr. Thomas Ly- 
 on, another son, (now upward of eighty, still possessing a 
 very retentive memory,) for many particulars, in relation 
 to the first settlements. 
 
 George Watkins, grandfather of the late Gardner Wat- 
 kins, Esq. was the original settler of the farm lately owned 
 and occupied by GarJner till his death. George Watkins, 
 another grandson, and other descendants, more remote, are 
 still residing in Sturbridge and vicinity. The Watkins' 
 
24 HISTORICAL SKETCH OF 
 
 have been prominent men in the concerns of the town, and 
 have sustained a respectable standing. 
 
 Dea. Eieazer Hebard resided for many years in that part 
 of the town. As a man and a christian, he was exemplary. 
 Dignified in appearance, he possessed great firmness and 
 decision of character. He removed to this town, in early 
 life, from the State of Connecticut. 
 
 Henry Hooker was the ancestor of the Hookers residing 
 in Sturbridge and Southbridge. He had six sons, viz : — 
 Simeon, Henry, Samuel, Parker, Amos and Silas. The 
 most of them, if not all, lived to have families. The resi- 
 dence of the ancestor was a short distance southerly of 
 Joel Clemmence's dwelling house. Whether he was the first 
 settler of that locality or not, we are not informed. We 
 have not been able to ascertain whether any of the sons, 
 who were adults during the revolution, actually bore arms 
 or not, therefore have not included any of them in the num- 
 ber of the Revolutionary Soldiers. 
 
 We could name many of them, as also those of the Wat- 
 kins family, who have very creditably discharged official 
 trusts in the towns where they belonged. Most of those 
 families, enjoying health, vigor, and activity, have made ag- 
 riculture their principal pursuit. 
 
 We are informed that David Morse, the grandfather of 
 Henry Morse, now living, was the first settler in that place. 
 The estate is now in the possession of Henry, of the third 
 generation. The father, or grandfather of Dea. Jason 
 Morse was probably the first settler on the territory where 
 Dea. Morse resided. It has descended in the same family 
 to the third, or fourth generation. As we have remarked of 
 many others, in point of respectability, the same may be 
 said of the Morse families, ^rhe present minister of Brim- 
 field is a son of Dea. Jason Morse. 
 
 Th.it portion of the town where Lemuel Sanders, and the 
 Drapers settled, was originally settled by Josepli Marsh and 
 two brothers. 
 
STURBRIDGE AND SOUTHBRIDGE. 25 
 
 Jabez Harding senior, was the first settler, where his son 
 Maj. Harding resided some years. Joseph Benson senior, 
 was the first settler of the estate to whicli his son Joseph 
 succeeded, situated northerly of the dwelling of the late 
 Jabez Harding, Esq. 
 
 In connection with the name of Jabez Harding, Esq. we 
 record as worthy of remembrance the bequest of his widow, 
 the late Mrs. Harding, to the Congregational Church in 
 Sturbridge. The bequest amounted to several hundred dol- 
 lars, and was a manifestation of her regard for the Church, 
 of which she was long an exemplary member. We shall 
 notice, in other portions of this work, many more names of 
 the first settlers. It was found inconvenient to present 
 them in an unbroken series. 
 
WIGHT FAMILY. 
 
 The Wight Family. — We introduce this family, with a 
 narration of some interesting particulars, in relation to the 
 family, and its first settlement in Stiirbridge, written by one 
 of the descendants. 
 
 " David Wight, one of the first settlers of the west part of 
 the town of Sturbridge, was born at Medfield, Aug. 16th, 
 1733. At the age of twenty six years, he was married to 
 Miss Catharine Morse of Medfield, who was born March 
 5th, 1737. The marriage ceremony w^as solemnized by the 
 Rev. Nathan Buckman, at his house in Medway, .lune 19th, 
 1760, and from an ancient record, it appears they com- 
 menced house-keeping "on the great public road in Med- 
 way," immediately after their marriage. 
 
 During the year 17G6, they erected a new house in Med- 
 way, and opened it as a house for public entertainment, and 
 continued in that business for several years. In 1773 they 
 sold out the stand in Medway, and purchased 1000 acres of 
 wild land in Sturbridge, for the sum of $4,500. 
 
 The circumstances attending the selection of this tract of 
 land, are worthy of a passing notice. At the present time, 
 it is difiicult to determine what first directed their attention 
 to this section of the State, then a dense wilderness — but 
 
BISTORICAL SKETCH OP STURBRIDGE AND SOUTHBRIDGE. 27 
 
 certain it is, that Mr. Wight, on his first visit to the wilder- 
 ness of Sturbridge, viewed two tracts of land upon the 
 banks of the "Quineboag" river, now within the present 
 hmits of the town of Holland, known as the "Church 
 Place;" and the other, the spot on which the settlement 
 was afterwards made, and returned to Medway undecided 
 which location would prove the best bargain. To settle 
 this point, it was decided that Mrs. Wight should make a 
 trip to Sturbridge, and view the two tracts, and whichever 
 should appear to her the most desirable, should be the place 
 of their future residence. Accordingly, after due prepara- 
 tion was made, Mrs. Wight set out upon a journey, which 
 at the present time, would be considered perilous, and made 
 her way through the wilderness on horseback to Sturbridge, 
 bringing with her a store of provisions in a pair of old fash- 
 ioned saddle-bags, sufficient to supply her wants while be- 
 yond the limits of " human habitations." 
 
 At this early period, there were but few settlements on 
 the route from Medway to Sturbridge, consequently the road 
 over a good part of the way, was but a mere cart track, and 
 in fact a portion of it was but a single path, traced by a 
 line of marked trees. There was a settlement at Oxford, 
 and at Charlton, and a number of families had settled in 
 the central and easterly part of the town of Sturbridge. 
 
 Mrs. Wight visited the premises in Holland and in Stur- 
 bridge, and decided at once to settle upon the latter. On 
 her return to Medway, the contract was immediately closed 
 with Mr. Brattle, of Cambridge, for the sum above stated, 
 and on Tuesday the 10th day of May, 1774, they started 
 with their goods and family for their new home in Stur- 
 bridge. From the record* above referred to, it appears the 
 teams went to Uxbridge the first day, the next to Oxford 
 ])lains, and arrived the third day late in the evening, at the 
 
 * A sketch written by David Wight, Jr. of the scenes attending the first set- 
 tlement of the family in this town. 
 
28 HISTORICAL SKETCH OP 
 
 place of their destination. An accident occurred to one of 
 the teams in passing from Charlton to Sturbridge, which 
 placed in jeopardy the life of one of the children. The 
 youngest son, Alpheus, then about three years old, was 
 placed upon the top of the load of goods that was to be 
 driven by his father. By some means, in passing through 
 the " Charlton Woods," the load was upset, and the child 
 was found surrounded with chests and barrels which fell 
 from the cart down a steep place. He was not hurt, and 
 the goods were loaded again, and the teams went on and 
 arrived at Sturbridge as before stated. 
 
 The scene, as it presented itself to the mnid of the writer 
 of the narrative of the first settlement, as the light of day 
 disclosed it the next morning, is described in the following 
 words. " This place was then a desolate wilderness for a 
 mile each vi'ay, except a few acres around this spot, which 
 were cut over by a Mr. Whitcock." The " spot" referred 
 to in the quotation, is located between the Brimfield and 
 Holland roads, nearly opposite to the house occupied at the 
 present time, by Mr. Abijaii Prouty. Here commenced the 
 first settlement of the Wight family in Worcester County, 
 and here many interesting scenes have transpired since that 
 early period, which are still fresh in the recollection of those 
 who survive. 
 
 Mr. Wight and his boys went on to clear the land as fast 
 as possible, and in 1775, had fine crops of grain and grass. 
 
 In 1776, he built a large barn on the tract of land between 
 the two roads referred to above, and there it remained, as 
 many will recollect, until about the year 1832. Ten years 
 after the first settlement, Mr. Wight built a saw-mill over 
 Cedar Brook, near the house of Mr. Ebenezer Howard. In 
 1787, he built the house which he afterwards occupied to 
 the day of his death. The house is now owned by Mr. 
 Abijah Prouty, and in point of location and construction, re- 
 flects great credit upon his judgment and taste in selecting 
 
STURBRIDGE AND SOUTHBRIDGE. 29 
 
 ^' a choice spot upon wliicli to biiild a beautiful house." 
 The barns and shed were built the year following. 
 
 It will be seen by the dates, that the improvements upon 
 the new purchase, by way of clearing the land and putting 
 up new buildings, were made during the Revolutionary 
 war, at a period, when the price of almost every thing, was 
 extremely high. This, in connection with the heavy pur- 
 chase, and the depreciation of the paper currency, rendered 
 the circumstances of Mr. Wight, for a few years, quite em- 
 barrassing. Mr. Brattle, who held paper to a considerable 
 amount against Mr. Wight, left the country for Halifax 
 during the war, and never returned. After he left, Mr. 
 Wight received payment for the place sold in Med way, in. 
 paper money, and in consequence of the absence of Mr. 
 Brattle, was not able to redeem his own paper with it. 
 The result was, that the paper money depreciated in his 
 hands, and subjected him to a loss of abont two thousand 
 dollars. But by a fortunate circumstance which took place 
 at a subsequent period, and which will be adverted to here- 
 after, he was enabled '• to work his way through," and set- 
 tle his family upon the land of the first purchase. 
 
 The family of David and Catharine Wight consisted of 
 four sons, all of whom were born in Medway, before they 
 moved to Sturbridge. Each of these sons and their de- 
 scendants will be noticed in the order of their ages. 
 
 David Wight 2nd, the oldest son, was born May 19th 
 1761. On the 19th of May, 1782, he became of age, and 
 received of his father 58 acres of wild land, upon which he 
 immediately commenced operations, clearing and preparing 
 the ground for cultivation. 
 
 In the Spring of 1782, he made a tour to Medway, and 
 to Boston, and on returning home, fell in company with 
 Miss Susanna Harding, daughter of Mr. Thomas Harding 
 of Medway, who was coming to Sturbridge to visit her 
 friends. He thus formed an acquaintance with her, which 
 resulted in their marriage, on the 7th of Nov. of the same 
 3* 
 
so HISTORICAL SKETCH OF 
 
 year. She did not, however, come to Sturbridge to live, 
 until the next June. She was born March 3d, 1765. 
 
 In April, 1783, the frame of the second house, now standing 
 on the farm of Col. D. Wight, was raised, and the building 
 soon completed. At a subsequent period, fifteen years later, 
 when it was determined to build a larger house, it became 
 necessary to move this one, as it stood upon the spot most 
 desirable for the new building, consequently it was moved 
 from that spot to its present location, and is still a comfort- 
 able dwelling. 
 
 On the 9th of June, 1783, Mr. Wight moved his wife 
 from Medway to Sturbridge, and commenced house-keep- 
 ing in the new house. 
 
 In 1785, he built his first barn, and about the year 1791, 
 purchased of Mr. Timothy Smith, his farm, which has 
 since been known the town over, as the " Smith Place."' 
 
 In 1792, he bought 130 acres of land, of his brother Oli- 
 ver, which involved him considerably in debt. Two years 
 after, he built another barn, some rods south of the first, 
 and a long shed between them. 
 
 In Jan. 1796, while at Boston, with his father, to assist 
 in making a settlement with Mr. Thomas Brattle, who 
 came over from England, to settle up his father's estate, 
 he bought a ticket in the Harvard College Lottery for ten 
 dollars. In Jan. 1797, this ticket drew a prize of $5000. 
 He let his father have about $2000 of this prize, and took 
 land in exchange, still leaving to his father, land sufficient 
 for a good farm, free from debt, which he occupied until 
 the day of his death. The balance of the prize, $3000, 
 relieved him entirely from debt, and the addition of land 
 received of his father for the $2000, gave him possession 
 of a large tract of land free from debt, and much of it heav- 
 ily covered with wood and timber. 
 
 In the Spring of 1798, he commenced building the large 
 two story house now owned by his son and grandson, and 
 completed it in August, 1799. By accident in the Spring 
 
STURBRIDGE AND SOUTH BRIDGE. 81 
 
 of 1S02, the saw-mill was burnt, and was rebuilt, tlie same 
 year. In 1S03, he bought a farm of Dr. Thomas Babbit, 
 and four years afterwards, sold it to Capt. Benjamin Bul- 
 lock of Salem. This farm, the inhabitants of the town of 
 Sturbridge, at a subsequent period, purchased of the heirs 
 of Capt. Bullock, for a pauper establishment, and it has 
 since furnished a comfortable home for those, who by mis- 
 fortune or otherwise, have been unable to furnish one for 
 themselves." 
 
 This sketch informs us, that Mr. and Mrs. Wight, the 
 ancestors, were industrious, persevering and energetic. 
 These qualifications rendered them efficient promoters not 
 only of their own interests, but those of the town. With 
 the growth, the moral, educational, and religious interests of 
 the town, they were identified more than sixty years. 
 
 And here we may fitly make a remark in relation to min- 
 isterial support and encouragement in those days. The in- 
 habitants of the town for a long period, very much resem- 
 bled one household, in regard to all their interests. The 
 pastor was considered as permanently belonging to the 
 family, respected and loved, as the spiritual guide. 
 
 One of the modes of manifesting their regard for him, was 
 in the voluntary bestowment of a portion of their choicest 
 productions. This was not only a matter of equity on ac- 
 count of the scanty salary, but its tendency evidently was 
 to cement the union more firmly, and render it more cor- 
 dial, and mutually useful. The annual turning out to sup- 
 ply the parson with a gigantic pile of wood, was a joyful 
 occasion, full of pleasantry. Generosity was not confined 
 to the article of fuel on those occasions, but very many 
 other family requisites found their way into the pastor's 
 dwelling. The giver and receiver were mutually gratified. 
 By what name they were christened, we have not been in- 
 formed. We apprehend the name of Donation Parties must 
 be the ingenuity of modern refinement. 
 
32 HISTORICAL SKETCH OP 
 
 In returning to the subjects of this sketch, we further re- 
 mark, they not only passed through the stirring scenes of 
 the French war, but endured the privations and anxieties of 
 the Revolution. Mr. Wight was judicious, but not so en- 
 ergetic as his wife. If she was the master spirit, it dis- 
 turbed not in the least, the harmony of their course. Her 
 energy is clearly marked in her descendants. If she had 
 €xcentricities, they were by no means disagreeable. With 
 the endless changes of fashion in dress, hers remained the 
 same. At the age of 75, or even 80, it was a gratifying 
 •spectacle to see her on horseback, in the costume of her 
 €arly days. She possessed a peculiar talent in couching her 
 thoughts in laconic language. This was especially charac- 
 teristic of her epistles, full of meaning, although sometimes 
 ■a little enigmatical. Could they be collected, they cer- 
 tainly would be not only a literary curiosity, but a treasure 
 of pithy sentiments. 
 
 Such families as Mr. Wight's, give character and respect 
 to a town, by a judicious and exemplary management at 
 home, and by cheerfully meeting the public claims. By a 
 long course of industry, Mr. Wight was enabled to aid his 
 "SOUS in settling around him, and to leave a handsome estate. 
 He died at the age of 89, and his wife at the age of 90. 
 
 His three sons settled in the neighborhood. Oliver, where 
 the late Ebenezer Howard lived and died. He was a cab- 
 inet maker by trade. We subjoni a brief sketch of the other 
 two, David and Alpheus. 
 
 DAVID WIGHT, Esq. 
 
 The writer can speak of David Wight, the oldest son of 
 David Wight, the ancestor, from a personal knowledge of 
 his character, and personal acquaintance with him several 
 years. At several periods, he represented the town in the 
 General Court, and officiated as Town Clerk, and Justice of 
 
STURBRIDGE AND SOUTHBRIDGE. 33 
 
 the Peace many years. Those several trusts were dis- 
 charged to the piibhc acceptance. He frequently sat as a 
 magistrate in the trial of actions. In this capacity he show- 
 ed a discriminating mind, good common sense, and a de- 
 sire that justice should be done to parties. He was above 
 partiality or bias. Whatever he undertook, was executed 
 with promptness and energy. He was an apt writer in 
 point of penmanship and composition. Frequently called 
 upon to draft instruments of various kinds, he could with 
 great ease, shift his hand from the plow to the pen, and 
 perform services of this sort with uncommon accuracy and 
 propriety, considering his advantages. This we are ready 
 to believe, was in some degree, a hereditary talent. He 
 was active in promoting the instruction of the rising gen- 
 eration, religious institutions, and public improvements. 
 He exemplified in his life his religious profession. His res- 
 idence, now the residence of his son, Col. David, in the 
 midst of rural beauty, always attracts the particular notice 
 of the passing traveller. He was cut down in the midst 
 of his usefulness, and in the maturity of all his faculties. 
 
 CAPT. ALPHEUS WIGHT. 
 
 The residence of the late Capt. Wight, another son, is on 
 the same elevation of the old paternal mansion, commanding 
 the same delightful view. Capt. Wight was far-sighted, 
 enterprising, and discreet in his calculations. We speak of 
 hiin particularly in reference to the accomplishment of an 
 undertaking which will continue a durable monument of his 
 enterprising charact> r. We allude to the canal, about a 
 half of a mile in length, skirting the road, and terminating 
 at the old mill site. Regarding iiis ability, and the 
 manner the work must be executed, it was thought to be a 
 bold project. Those labor-saving machines for operations 
 of this sort, were then unknown, consequently the excava- 
 
34 HISTORICAL SKETCH OF 
 
 tion was made entirely with the old fashioned shod 
 shovel. His own anticipations, and public convenience 
 were fully realized. The accomplishment of this under- 
 taking was always a source of gratification to Capt. Wight. 
 His mills had full employment for more than 60 years, and 
 until the grist-mills were recently removed for the establish- 
 ment of the present works. Capt. Wight will be remem- 
 bered as the man who prepared the way for the flattering 
 prosperity of this village. Not having an inclination for 
 public trusts, his attention was principally confined to con- 
 cerns of a more private character. His business transac- 
 tions were performed with promptness and accuracy. His 
 wealth enabled him to do much in sustaining public insti- 
 tutions. His children are numerous and highly respecta- 
 ble. He died on the 30th day of June, 1851, in the SOth 
 year of his age. 
 
 The increase of population and mechanical enterprise, 
 which has given a new aspect to Wight Village, claims 
 some additional remarks to those already made. Capt. 
 Wight's grist-mill, to which the farmers resorted with their 
 grain for more than half a century, has given place to bus- 
 iness of another character. Instead of converiing grain in- 
 to meal, iron and steel are wrought into beautifully polish- 
 ed instruments. 
 
 In the year 1842, the Messrs. Snell commenced the man- 
 ufacture of Augers and other implements of this sort, in an 
 old building, and carried it oti successfully till the year 
 1852, when the building with its contents was destroyed by 
 fire. Being desirous that the Company should remain in 
 town a handsome sum was contributed by individuals to 
 encourage tlicm to continue the business in the place. 
 
 In the year 1852. a large building, two stories, 100 by 32 
 feet, was erected on the site of the old one. Two stone 
 buildings were erected the following year. One 36 by 46, 
 and the other 100 by 45 feet. The latter, three stories, with 
 a tower for a bell. Another building, four stories, of an 
 
STURBRIDGE AND SOUTHBRIDGE. 35 
 
 octagonal form, designed for a boarding house, has been 
 completed. Other buildings for dwelling houses, have been 
 erected, and new streets laid out. The works, for the pros- 
 ecution of the enterprise, are conveniently arranged, and the 
 business carried on in a systematic manner. The materi- 
 als pass through several sets of hands in the various depart- 
 ments, before the article is ready for market. When thus 
 finished with a high polish, not a spot or blemish can be 
 discovered. It has gained a reputation of superiority, and 
 commands an extensive market. 
 
 The walls of the octagonal building, are constructed of a 
 cement, composed of sand and other materials, which is 
 supposed to be equal to slone in durability. It is gratifying 
 to record the progress of improvement, in any branch of 
 useful industry. The improvement in the auger, within 
 half of a century, has probably been a saving of a hundred 
 per cent, in labor. It is obviously the interest of all, to en- 
 courage such improvements. Mutually dependant on each 
 other progress in all the branches of industry, promotes 
 tlie benefit of every class in the community. The agricul- 
 turalist, the manufacturer, the mechanic, the professional 
 man, demand the patronage of each other. This mutual- 
 ity of interest and dependence, is the spring of industry and 
 enterprise, exerting a laudable emulation. 
 
 This village, as we have observed, commanding a beauti- 
 ful view of rural scenery, is one of the most pleasant and 
 inviting localities in town. Such localities are a cheering 
 auxiliary to industrial pursuits. The Company have ex- 
 pended about .|;30,000. The nature and situation of the 
 grounds, were very favorable in regard to expense. The 
 Company employed in 1854, about 75 hands in the prose- 
 cution of their regular business. The number the present 
 year 18o5, is less, in consequence of the general depression 
 in business transactions. 
 
CENTRE VILLAGE, &c. 
 
 Comparing the present aspect of the centre village of 
 Sturbridge, with its appearance in 1811, a very striking 
 change is apparent. Beginning at the old parsonage local- 
 ity, we will glance at some of the prominent changes. 
 
 The spot now exhibiting the beautiful residence of Mr. 
 Southwick, was, about a century, occupied as the resi- 
 dence of the first three Congregational Ministers of Stur- 
 bridge : — viz. Mr. Rice, Mr. Paine, and Mr. Lane. The 
 dwelling house was in style, according to the mode of build- 
 ing in the country about a century ago; being two stories 
 in front, and a kitchen of one story in the rear. The'chim- 
 ney in the middle, occupied at the base, ten, or perhaps 
 nearer fifteen feet square. "^Ihere being no lack of materials, 
 it was thoroughly built according to the taste of the times, 
 and well adapted to the intended purpose. 
 
 Immediately in the rear of the house, two stately elms 
 towered and waived in solemn grandeur. The buildings 
 were thoroughly shaded, and tlie grounds about them or- 
 namented and rendered useful with grapes, plums, peaches, 
 pears, apples and many other kinds of fruit, intermixed with 
 some trees merely for ornament. 
 
 The view northerly and westerly, is beautiful and expan- 
 sive, and well calculated to elevate the thoughts and affec- 
 tions. Here was the spot, and here the house, in which 
 minister and [people were accustomed frequently to meet 
 
HISTORICAL SKETCH OP STURBRIDGE AND SOUTHBRIDGE. 37 
 
 in a business, social and religions capacity. Those frequent 
 interviews were not a tax upon the minister's secular in- 
 terests. He was not forgotten in regard to the things ne- 
 cessary to sustain and render life comfortable. Religious 
 meetings in primitive days, were more frequently at the 
 parsonage than at the present. This old parsonage was the 
 Bethel, where minister and people, during a long succession 
 of years, bowed together, at stated occasions, in devotion. 
 It is even now remembered by some, as little less than holy 
 ground. This short sketch is designed to perpetuate the 
 remembrance of the spot. The Rev. Mr. Rice was the first 
 settler of that locality. 
 
 Passing westerly, we come next to the venerable mansion 
 built by Gen. Newell, and occupied by him more than 
 half a century. He was the successor of Isaac Newell, the 
 first settler of this locality. Tlie building is a specimen of 
 the earlier style of building, designed then to be of a supe- 
 rior order, which, with its former appendages and elevated 
 position, presented a stately appearance. Mr. Bent)ett the 
 present proprietor, has removed the front fence, and made 
 great changes around it. It is now more simple in appear- 
 ance, and a relic, it is hoped, tliut may long remain. As we 
 have elsewhere remarked, here was the centre of business 
 many years. Opposite, and some twenty or thirty rods to 
 the north, there still remains the handsome residence of Mr. 
 Samuel Hobbs, erected by him, which has uniformly been 
 kept by his son, Samuel, in a good state of repair. The 
 buildings of which we are speaking, are specimens of thor- 
 ough and durable architecture, more so than those, of mod- 
 ern structure. 
 
 The next, was a two story dwelling-house, on the site 
 now occupied by Mr. Hamant's beautiful residence. The 
 next, a small one story dwelling-house, near the pu[)lic- 
 house. The public-house wus erected by Col. Crafts, and 
 is one of the oldest buildings in town. It has been greatly 
 enlarged. Nearly opposite is the two story dwelling-house 
 4 
 
38 HISTORICAL SKETCH OP 
 
 built by Capt. Coburn, and now owned by Mrs. Hiitchins. 
 Thence on tlie hill, was the dweUing-house of Dea. Daniel 
 Plimpton, now occupied as a work shop. This enumeration 
 includes all the principal buildings (excepting the Church) 
 in the center of the town, in 1811. 
 
 One of the old, one story buildings, owned and occupied 
 by Maj. Thomas Upham, is very well remembered by the 
 writer, as his first boarding place in the town. Its position 
 was on an elevation, something more than a hundred yards 
 southerly of the Gen. Newell house, on the east side of the 
 road. The lower floor contained three small rooms, and a 
 spacious location occupied by a chimney in the middle. 
 The Major's household consisted of his wife, six children, a 
 matron, clerk in the store, two girls in the kitchen, and the 
 writer, as a boarder. Our table, abundantly supplied with 
 choice viands, was always inviting to the dense circle 
 gathered around it. The reader is left to tax his imagina- 
 tion as to our dormatorieis. He may be assured, we not 
 only had an abundant supply to eat, but that we always 
 slept soundly. 
 
 On a site a little more elevated, a few rods southeast- 
 erly, Maj. Upham erected the largest dwelling-house in 
 town, furnishing him with ample room, in which he, his 
 widow and two children died. This structure, with all the 
 buildings connected with it, was destroyed by fire in the 
 year 1844. It was then owned by Mr. E. Southwick. 
 
 Another one story old building, situated on the north 
 side of the common, on the spot now occupied by Mr. 
 Varney's dwelling-house, and the group of buildings near it, 
 must not be passed over unnoticed. In the year 1811, it 
 was untenanted, and presented a solitary appearance. 
 However uninviting, wo had no allernative in selecting it for 
 an office. The east portion of the building was appropri- 
 ated to that purpose, where we passed a rather solitary win- 
 ter, without being much disturbed by clients. We soon be- 
 came convinced that something more than a sign attached 
 
STDRBRIDGE AND SOUTHBRIDGE. 39 
 
 to the building, was necessary to give publicity that a law- 
 yer by profession was secluded within. The retreat had 
 some redeeming advantages. We could uninterruptedly 
 ponder upon the pages of Blackstone, and other sages of the 
 law. For many a long day, we were scarcely interrupted 
 with a request to call an offender, or a debtor, to an account. 
 We began to think it was not a very cheering position for a 
 pennyless young man. 
 
 In the rear of this position, there was a very prolific 
 growth of white birches and alders, spreading over an area 
 of many acres. The turnpike-road had recently found its 
 way through them, which promised something a little more 
 flattering in the line of business. There was no dwelling- 
 house on the eastern route nearer than Capt. Bullock's, 
 now owned by the town. 
 
 The same view of dense white birches met the eye west- 
 erly of the Church. They were spread over an extensive 
 surface in that direction. The grove of oaks easterly of the 
 church, was more than twice as large as it is at the present 
 time. One of these majestic sons of the forest, standing 
 near the road, was cherished and guarded with paternal 
 care by the early settlers. At a late period of its history, 
 it exhibited marks of violence. One of the noble branches 
 of this venerated relic, was first severed, by a violent wind 
 •from its trunk, near the ground. The other portion exhib- 
 ited melancholy proof that it must soon follow. A few 
 years after, it yielded to the overwhelming power of the 
 tempest, which it had defied for more than a century. We 
 could hardly suppress a tear, when we saw our venerated 
 friend and early acquaintance in ruins. 
 
 We might point out the minute changes in the surface of 
 the ground, but the perusal would be tedious. 
 
 The brow of the elevation, on which the dwellings of 
 George Davis and others stand, extended as far south as the 
 site of Mr. J. Rice's house. The road being there very 
 narrow, passed in a curving course. 
 
40 HISTORICAL SKETCH OP 
 
 In front of the house of Dr. Sanders, there was a hollow 
 eight or ten feet deep, resembling a large basin, overgrown 
 with bushes, and at certain seasons of the year partially 
 filled with water. 
 
 We are informed by Mr. Thomas Lyoti, that Elijah Mar- 
 cy, a son of Col. Murcy, built and kept the first public-house 
 in town. It was situated on the northerly side of the high- 
 way, near Mrs. Hutchin's dwelling-house. We are also in- 
 tbrmed by him, that there was a saw-mill on the Hobbs 
 Brook, for some years. It was found, on experiment, that 
 a sufficiency of water could not be secured to render its 
 continuance profitable. There was also a potash establish- 
 ment in the village, near this Brook, which was in suc- 
 cessful operation many years. The business of making 
 potash, was formerly in this region of country, carried on 
 extensively and profitably. 
 
 This village makes^no claims to rapidity of growth, or 
 an extraordinary spirit of enterprise. Although gradual, it 
 is very evident that there has been progress. 
 
 The buildings are not expensive, but neat and comforta- 
 ble ; generally kept in a good and handsome condition, pre- 
 senting an appearance of thrift. 
 
 In regard to public buildings, the Congregational Meet- 
 ing house was built in the year 1785. 
 
 The Town-house in 1838. 
 
 A large brick School-house was built iu 1851. It was 
 destroyed by fire in the winter of 1855, and rebuilt the 
 same year. 
 
 Although the ground, for building in the central portion 
 of the village, is mostly occupied, there is ample room for 
 its convenient and handsome enlargement in various direc- 
 tions. If the manufacture of boots and shoes, recently com- 
 menced by Messrs. Southwick and Allen, should prosper, 
 this will be necessary, not only for this purpose, but for the 
 convenience of other mechanical enterprises. 
 
 Within the last twenty years, gratifying attention has 
 
STURBRIDGE AND SOUTHBRIDGE. 41 
 
 been paid to the cultivation of fruit and ornamental trees in 
 this village. 
 
 The impression formerly prevailed, that the soil in the 
 central portion of the village, was not ve(^ well adapted to 
 the growth of apple-trees. Experience has proved the in- 
 correctness of this impression. They are as productive, as 
 in any other portion of t!ic town, and the fruit equal in 
 flavor. 
 
 We should do injustice to the central Village, not to add, 
 that it is pleasant in appearance, and possesses inviting 
 scenery. There are points of elevation, where the eye can 
 survey a bold and beautiful landscape. The elevation 
 where the Church stands, is one of those points. Here, 
 Fisk-Hill, with its gentle descent, and the valley between, 
 appear to admirable advantage. Take another point, a 
 little southerly of the old burying ground, you have a more 
 bold and expansive view. The center Village has some 
 venerated attractions. It is the oldest in the two towns, 
 and was selected for public buildings by the first settlers. 
 Here they met and consulted together, and laid their plans 
 for their own, and the interests of coming generations. 
 Here they met as soldiers, and trained, and disciplined 
 themselves to meet the appalling conflict which summoned 
 all their courage and every manly virtue. Here too, they 
 erected the first Altar, where they consecrated themselves 
 to that good Being, who had watched over, guided, and 
 sustained them, in all their trials. Here successive genera- 
 tions have convened to worship the God of their fathers, 
 and also to deliberate together, and transact their municipal 
 concerns, and here sleep their ashes. Surely it is a spot 
 which claims remembrance. 
 
 An establishment for the manufacture of shoe-making 
 tools, situated about a half of a mile northeasterly of the 
 central church, has been in operation about ten years. 
 The business was commenced and carried on till recently 
 
 by Mr. Sumner Packard. Mr. Varney, the present proprie- 
 
 4* 
 
42 HISTORICAL SKETCH OP STURBRIDGE AND SOUTHBRIDGE. 
 
 tor, succeeded him in the concern. About twelve or fifteen 
 hands are usually employed in the establishment. The ar- 
 ticles manufactured are a great improvement on those for- 
 merly in use, an^ may be ranked among the useful im- 
 provements of the present day. The manufacture of boots 
 and shoes, has become one of the most important branches 
 of industry in the Commonwealth. The capital thus in- 
 vested, is hardly second to any other branch of business. 
 
 The original works, in this locality, were constructed and 
 used, during several years, for the manufacture of pistols. 
 Dr. Seabury, then of Southbridge, was the principal pro- 
 prietor. The change, which has succeeded in the article 
 manufactured, is quite as compatible with pacific principles, 
 and quite as useful to the public. 
 
NAMES OF ORIGINAL SETTLERS, &:c. 
 
 The name of Allen appears among the early settlers, and 
 has been very common in Sturbridge, They probably 
 sprang from Nehimiah and Isaac Allen. Nehemiah had 
 seven sons, viz: — Timothy, Nehemiah, Jacob, Eliphalet, 
 Abel, David and Abner. Hezekiah, still living, is a son of 
 Timothy. Isaac Allen had five sons, viz : — Aaron, Simeon, 
 Caleb, the revolutionary soldier, Elisha, and Ithamar. They 
 all lived to advanced life. The sons of these two individ- 
 uals were adults during the revolutionary period, and shared 
 in its privations. The Aliens of this town, have sustained 
 a very respectable standing. We are indebted to Mr. Hez- 
 ekiah Allen, for the names and parentage. Mr. Hezekiah 
 has represented the town, in the Legislature, and frequently 
 discharged other trusts, as an officer of the town. 
 
 Joshua Harding lived in that part of the town, now 
 Southbridge. He was in the Revolutionary war as we have 
 stated. The town records show that he, as well as his son 
 Joshua, possessed superior qualifications for the office of 
 Town-Clerk. The several Harding families in town, now 
 greatly diminished, sustained a very creditable standing. 
 Joshua, senior, died in 1797, in the 71st year of his age. 
 The same may be said of the Freeman families. Some of 
 ♦hem were prominent men. 
 
44 HISTOEICAL SKETCH OP 
 
 Maj. Samuel Freeman was one of the most capable men 
 of Sturbridge. In the earlier part of his life, he was em- 
 ployed for many years, in the winter season, as a very ac- 
 ceptable teacher of common schools. He wrote a very legi- 
 ble and beautiful hand, and was a good arithmetician. He 
 was also extensively employed as an accurate surveyor of 
 lands. Few, not having had professional advantages, were 
 his equal as a draftsman of instruments of various kinds. 
 He discharged the duties of magistrate. In town affairs, 
 especially if important, his services were always sought. 
 He represented the town, at several periods, in the Legisla- 
 ture. He was not only a valuable townsman and citizen, 
 but an exemplary and active christian. While thus exert- 
 ing his usefulness, he removed with his numerous family 
 into the state of Ohio, where, as a prominent pioneer, he 
 exerted a salutary and controling influence, till the close of 
 life. 
 
 We suppose Maj. Freeman was a descendant of Samuel 
 Freeman, who was one of the first settlers in what is now 
 the middle of the town of Southbridge. 
 
 Elijah Plimpton, the father of EMjah, who was in the rev- 
 olutionary service, came to this town from Medfield. James 
 Plimpton also came from the same place. He was the 
 father of Dea. Joel, Jepthah and Ziba. Dea. Joel Plimpton 
 lived to an advanced age, a very exemplary man and chris- 
 tian. The same may be said of Ziba. Jepthah was a 
 very upright man, and frequently a town officer, 
 
 Elijah Plimpton, senior, and James, were among the first 
 settlers in the southern part of the town. The widow of 
 Elijah Plimpton Jr. drew a pension in consequence of her 
 husband's revolutionary services. She was a woman of 
 uncommon firmness and decision of character. She died at 
 the age of 95. 
 
 Mr. Seth Turner was another emigrant from Med- 
 way. He was one of the first settlers as we suppose. 
 He lived in the northerly part of the town. On our first 
 
STRUBRIDGE AND SOUTHBRIDGE. 45 
 
 acquaintance, he was advanced in years. He possess- 
 ed a large landed estate. He was an upright man, 
 and an exemplary citizen. He was the father of Ed- 
 ward Turner, the clergyman extensively known as a man 
 of talents and respectability. The father, with his silver 
 locks, and venerable appearance, reminded one of the an- 
 cient patriarchs, recorded in Scripture. Mr. Turner died in 
 1838, in the ninety second year of his age. We have not 
 been able to ascertain whether he was in either the French, 
 or Revolutionary wars. 
 
 Jonathan Gibbs and his brother Zepheniah, lived in the 
 southerly part of the town. Jonathan was during life, one 
 of the most substantial men of the town. As a farmer, his 
 work was always performed in season, and well done. 
 Possessing a strong physical constitution, discreet in calcu- 
 lations, prompt, energetic, and decisive — whatever he un- 
 dertook was accomplished. He always found time for all 
 his secular concerns, and for punctual attendance at relig- 
 ious meetings. Of whatever, in his opinion would promote 
 public convenience, the moral, civil and religious interests 
 of the community, he was an active supporter. In his man- 
 ners, very plain, frank and social. He died on the 24tli 
 day of August, in the 95th year of his age. His brother 
 Zepheniah was a respectable man. Mr. J. Gibbs must have 
 been one of the first settlers in the south part of the town. 
 
 THE DENESON FAMILY. 
 
 We find in the old burying ground, two monuments, well 
 wrought, durable, and large, compared with those of that 
 period, bearing the names of James Deneson and his wife. 
 It appears from the inscription, Mr. Deneson was born in 
 Scotland, and was one of the first settlers. He died in 1785, 
 in the 85th year of his age. It was evidently a family of 
 notoriety, as the name of Deneson is still familiar among the 
 aged people. 
 
46 HISTORICAL SKETCH OF 
 
 Samuel Hamaiit, and Job Hamant, brothers, came into 
 this town in early Hfe, from Medfield. They were the an- 
 cestors of the Hamants of this town and vicinity. Carpen- 
 ters by trade, tliey carried on, in connection with it, the 
 business of farming. They sustained their shares in the 
 burdens of the revolutionary contest, by employing others 
 for active service. Dea. Job. Hamant, during a long period, 
 was an officer of the Church, and Town-Clerk. Being the 
 only land surveyor in town, his time was very much occu- 
 pied in surveying land. He made a very minute survey of 
 the town, designating upon his plan, the ponds, river, 
 brooks, roads, houses, and other particulars. He made 
 three plans, one for tlie town, one for himself, and another 
 for his brother. It is to be regretted that none of them are 
 now to be found. The deer were quite common in his day, 
 in this region of coiuitry. We are informed that the last 
 that was killed in town, was by him. 
 
 Dea. Hamant married Jemima Baker, daughter of Jo- 
 seph Baker, who was one of the first settlers on, or in the 
 neighborhood of Shiimway Hill. He was very exemplary, 
 as a citizen, a townsman, and a christian. This exemplary 
 character is peculiarly marked in the lives of the descend- 
 ants of those worthy progenitors. Dea. Hamant died in 
 1810, in the 68tli year of his age. 
 
 Dea. Hamant was the father of Dr. Hamant of Union, very 
 respectable as a man, and a physician, also of the late Job 
 Hamant, a very worthy townsman, and an exemplary 
 christian, and also of Mrs. Dunton the widow of the late 
 Dea. Dunton ofSturbridge. Mr. Charles Hamant, who is at 
 the head of the Seminary in Grolon, is a grandson. 
 
 We find in examining the (own records, that Mr. Samuel 
 Hamant was an active and influential man in town. He 
 was, for several years in succession, one of the selectmen. 
 He was the first settler in that locality, where Mr. Absalom 
 Stock well resides. The Hamant Brook, (so called,) un- 
 doubtedly took its name from him. 
 
STURBRIDGE AND SODTHBRIDGE. 47 
 
 CAPT. PEREZ WALKER. 
 
 Capt. Walker was a son of Josiah Walker, one of the 
 early settlers of Stiirbridge. Josiah Walker bore arms in 
 the French war. He represented the town a number of 
 years, in the general Court, and was an active and useful 
 townsman. A member of the church, he was an able sup- 
 porter of religion. Mr. Josiah Walker was, in person, tall, 
 stout, and possessed great physical and mental energy. 
 Whatever he purposed, was accomplished, if practicable. 
 It was a prevalent notion in those days, to retain the home- 
 stead entire, in its descent, in the name of the ancestors ; 
 thereby perpetuating their memory. In this respect it is 
 laudable, and salutary in its tendency. Perez became the 
 possessor of the large paternal homestead. He did not as- 
 pire to public distinction, but was contented to be an exem- 
 plary and energetic farmer. This business, he carried on 
 quite as extensively as any other man in town. In whatever 
 was to be done, he always led the way, not exacting of his 
 workmen any thing unreasonable. His table was spread 
 with every thing requisite to sustain and invigorate the con- 
 stitution. In reference to his moral, benevolent, and relig- 
 ious course, acts rather tlian words developed his control- 
 ing principles. At the commencement of the temperance 
 reformation, he had for some time been lucratively engaged 
 in distilling various materials into intoxicating liquors. 
 As soon as he became convinced that his distillery was un- 
 favorable to the cause of temperance, he instantly abandon- 
 ed the business. He was surprised, and regretted, that he 
 had not earlier made the discovery. When it was found 
 to be necessary and convenient to have the Congregational 
 church re-modelled ; and after meetings were multiplied, 
 much debating, and considerable opposition, Capt. Walker 
 offered to take upon himself the responsibility of making 
 
48 HISTORICAL SKETCH OF 
 
 the alteration. His proposals were accepteJ. His time 
 and attention were devoted to the work. It was accom- 
 plished to the general satisfaction. The society had the 
 benefit of his personal services, and a pecuniary deficiency, 
 which he sustained, of between one and two hundred dol- 
 lars. The reflection, tliat a useful undertaking had been 
 accomplished, was all the compensation he desired. For 
 more than thirty years, various benevolent and literary in- 
 stitutions, and numerous other objects of utility and charity, 
 can bear testimony to his liberality. He paid one hundred 
 dollars annually, during five or six years in supporting a 
 missionary at the West. The crowning act of his benevo- 
 lence was the bequest of two thousand dollars to five dif- 
 ferent benevolent societies. Considering the amount of his 
 property, few have done more for benevolent purposes. 
 Having only the common means of a farmer, how could he 
 do so much for such objects as we have mentioned, aid his 
 children liberally, while living, and leave a very handsome 
 estate for Iiis widow and children 7 The answer is given in 
 a few words. Industry, promptness, economy, and discreet 
 calculation marked his course. We must add, as not the 
 least efficient cause of success, the harmonious co-operation 
 of his companion. Many years before his death, they had 
 unitedly made a public profession of religion. It was illus- 
 trated by him, more by example, than words. In private 
 conversation he spoke of religion freely, in regard to his 
 own feelings. It was evident that his external acts emenated 
 from conscientious motives. The question with him was, 
 in relation to any particular course of conduct, is it tight? 
 is it duty ? Capt. Walker was in person, above the ordi- 
 nary size, of a sedate and commanding countenance, and of 
 agreeable manners. He died on the 17th day of Aug. 1S51, 
 in the 8Ist year of his age. 
 
 Since sketching several individuals of the V/alker family, 
 we have been favored, by a distinguished descendant of 
 Nathaniel Walker, with the genealogy of this ancestor. 
 
STURBRIDGE AND SOUTHBRIDGE. 49 
 
 Nathaniel was the son of John Walker, of Newton, who 
 was the son of Samuel Walker of Woburn ; who was the 
 son of Augustine Walker of Charlestown, who was made a 
 freeman in that town, in 1611, and died soon after, at Bil- 
 boa, in Spain. He was master of a merchant vessel. 
 
 President Walker, of Harvard University, and Judge 
 Walker, of Cincinnati, Ohio, are descendants of Augustine. 
 Nathaniel settled in Sturbridge, in 1748. He was a carpen- 
 ter, and worked- in building the first meeting-house. He 
 married Submit i3rewer, each of whose brothers, David and 
 Jonathan commanded a regiment, in the Revolutionary 
 war, and fell during the Campaign against Burgoyne. 
 The eleven children of Nathaniel, were as follows, viz : — 
 James, who removed to Belchertown, and had nine chil- 
 dren ; Mary, who married a Mr. Richardson, and Lucy,jWho 
 married Maj. Comfort Freeman, of Sturbridge; Nathaniel, 
 who settled in Sturbridge; Phineas, who removed to Wood- 
 stock, Ct. had nine children; Asa, who lived on Lebanon 
 Hill ; Josiah, who remained on the homestead ; Beulah, 
 who married a Mr. White, and removed to Middlefield; 
 Joel, who removed to Vermont; Lydia, and Submit, who 
 never married. The first dwelling-house, on the spot 
 where Mr. Walker settled, was erected by him, more than 
 a century ago. It is now a very comfortable residence. 
 The shingles on the north end are in a good condition, and 
 would, apparently, with proper care, weather half of ano- 
 ther century. His descendants are numerous, and exhibit 
 his exemplary traits of character. He was captain of a 
 militia company. Capt. Nathaniel Walker died Feb, 8th, 
 1783. He lived to witness the triumphant result of the 
 American Arms. Chester Wa!ker, of the fourth generation, 
 is the proprietor and occupant of the old homestead. Mr. 
 Nathaniel Walker, still living, having long enjoyed the con- 
 fidence and esteem of tlie community, is a grandson. 
 5 
 
50 HISTOEICAL SKETCH OF 
 
 JOHN HOLBROOK, Esq. 
 
 Mr. Holbrook was in the revolutionary service. How 
 long, we are not able to state. 
 
 He held the office of deputy Sheriff, many years, which, 
 at that period, required no inconsiderable active duty. If 
 he occasionally lacked a little in the exercise of lenity, it 
 must have originated from the dictate of his feelings to be 
 prompt and energetic in the discharge of duties and obliga- 
 tions, and a desire that other men should be equally so. 
 He also held a commission of Justice of the Peace. 
 
 Decision, perseverance, and energy, were his peculiar 
 characteristics. These, together with industry, enabled him 
 to acquire an estate almost equal to that of any other man 
 in town. He never complained that his taxes were too 
 high, and cheerfully bore a part in sustaining whatever 
 public utility required. At an advanced age, he made a 
 public profession of religion, and manifested its influence 
 in his life. He lived in that stirring period of our history 
 which demanded firm and decisive character. That trait 
 of character peculiarly marked the men of that period. As 
 we have noticed in another place, he bore arms in the revo- 
 lutionary war. He settled in the western part of the town, 
 near the Brimfield line. 
 
 De. THOMAS BABBIT. 
 
 Dr. Babbit was a native of Sturbridge, and a son of the 
 second practising physician in the town. His father was 
 energetic, and commanded an extensive practice, but was not 
 refined in his manners, or conversation. He was attentive 
 to the instruction of his children, and gave two of his sons a 
 collegiate and professional education. Thomas was a grad- 
 uate of Harvard, and student of Dr. Warren, the acknow- 
 
STURBRIDGE AND SOUTHBRIDGE. 51 
 
 ledged head of the profession ill New-England; and proba- 
 bly on this side of the Atlantic. Dr. Babbit was surgeon of 
 a squadron under the command of the fearless Gen. Eaton, 
 who rendered signal service to his country by teaching a 
 lawless people a lesson which they have not forgotten. 
 There is no doubt his professional opportunities, in this ex- 
 pedition, were well improved. The writer's acquaintance 
 with him, commenced after his return. Although his loca- 
 tion after this period was in Brookfield, his skill and prac- 
 tise were not confined to that town, or even the adjacent 
 towns. If any diflicult case occurred, which baflicd the 
 skill of common practitioners, Babbit was the man. Quick 
 and sagacious, but not rash in determining what ouglit to 
 be done, he went resolutely to work, and left nothing un- 
 done which could be effected by his ingenuity and skill. In 
 extreme cases, his judgment and sagacity, often enabled him 
 to deviate successfully from the common practice. Recovery 
 in many a hopeless case, might be ascribed to his instrumen- 
 tality, so far as human agency is concerned. In cases where 
 counsellors doubted, the result proved the correctness of his 
 course. We remember well that alarming and nondescript 
 disease, called the spotted fever. Dr. Babbit watched its 
 fearful progress for months before it appeared in his vicinity, 
 and endeavored to prepare liimself, as much as possible, to 
 meet it. Probably there never existed a greater degree of 
 terror than was manifested on its near approach. The 
 march of a desolating army could not equal it in dread. 
 Brandy was recommended as an antidote. The fears, and 
 senses likewise, of many were allayed by its influence. 
 Babbit discountenanced all such indiscretion and folly. Day 
 and night, week after week. Dr. Babbit was in the midst 
 of this appalling scourge, exerting all his professional re- 
 sources to arrest its progress. As a physician and surgeon, 
 he had not a superior in this region. Cut down in the midst 
 of his usefulness, his loss was extensively felt. He was 
 
52 HISTORICAL SKETCH OF 
 
 generous almost to a fault. To his generosity, and a want 
 of attention to money matters, may be ascribed his limited 
 means. He had imperfections — he possessed also noble 
 traits of character. In person, large and dignified, in man- 
 ners and conversation, easy, intelligent and pleasing. He 
 was exceedingly fond of society. One of his sons became a 
 distinguished naval officer. 
 
 Hon. JABEZ UPHAM. 
 
 Jabez Upham was the first lawyer who practised law in 
 Sturbridge, Here he began his professional career, but not 
 receiving very flattering encouragement, after one or two 
 years, he removed to Claremont, N. H. where he was in 
 the practice a short time. From that place, he removed to 
 lirookfield, (now West Brookfield,) where he was engaged 
 in his profession till the close of life. Industry and per- 
 severance enabled him steadily to rise in his profession. 
 After a few years, he commanded an extensive busi- 
 ness, as a collector, and as an advocate. He examined his 
 cases for trial with unwearied research, and left nothing 
 undone, which he could fairly and honorably do for his 
 client. If his client's side of the case was evidently such, 
 after a thorough examination, that it would not be safe for 
 him to go to trial, he did not hesitate to tell him so. In the 
 trial of important causes, the opposing counsel, frequently 
 found it necessary to summon all his resources to meet his 
 antagonist. He was uncommonly successful in the result 
 of his cases. He possessed the impHcit confidence of his 
 clients. He worked faithfully for tlmni, and required a fair 
 equivalent. Fraud and deception received from him sucii 
 rebuke as would not soon be forgotten. His office was con- 
 sidered to be an eligible place for students, and was the re- 
 sort of many young men. He came to the bar when such 
 men as Gov. Lincoln, the elder. Gov. Strong, and Gov. Sul- 
 livan, were constant attendants of the Supreme Court in the 
 
STURBRIDGB AND SOUTHBRIDGE. 63 
 
 County of "Worcester, and who stood in the front rank of the 
 profession. -The hrilhant and eloquent Francis Blake, came 
 to the bar about the same time, or soon after. Mr. Upham 
 sustained, if not an equal, a very respectable standing 
 among such men, as a lawyer and advocate. He frequently 
 represented his town and county in the Legislature. He 
 also represented his District, during four or six years in 
 Congress. He was a member of that body, at that period 
 when the world was watching with solicitude and astonish- 
 ment, the mighty movements of the Emperor of France, at 
 that period when the eccentric John Randolph was at the 
 meridian of his glory. To see and hear John Randolph, 
 was one ofthe chief attractions of the visitor at Washington. 
 There were also at that time, in that body, such men as 
 Pickering and Hillhouse, strong men of the Revolution, and 
 Clay and Calhoun, who had started in their brilliant career. 
 As a member of Congress, Mr. Upham exerted a salutary 
 influence, and was highly respected. A valetudinarian 
 during the latter part of his life, he sufiered severely at 
 times, from ill health and depression of spirits. He found 
 in his wife, (one of the most amiable of women,) to whom 
 he was devotedly attached, such a companion, in every re- 
 spect, as he needed. In his domestic relations, no man 
 could be more happy. 
 
 He possessed a great share of that useful kind of sense, 
 denominated common sense. Not favored with extraordi- 
 nary natural endowments, unremitting application made 
 him, in a great measure, what he was. In person, very 
 tall, he was dignified and gentlemanly in appearance and 
 manners. Strict integrity and a high sense of honorable 
 dealing characterised his life. He had, for many years 
 previous to his death, made a public profession of religion, 
 which was uniformly exemplified in his daily deportment. 
 He died in the midst of his usefulness, in the year 1813, 
 aged 47. 
 
 5* 
 
54 HISTORICAL SKETCH OF 
 
 Mr. Upham belonged to a family of distinction and ex- 
 tensive influence. He was a native of Brookfield, a son of 
 Phineas Upham, Esq. Phineas Upham, Jr. Esq. another son, 
 has for more than half a century, been one of the most re- 
 spectable and prominent business men of Boston. He is 
 the only surviving brother of Jabez. Henry Upham, Esq. 
 a highly respectable merchant of Boston, is the only sur- 
 viving member of the family of Jabez. 
 
 Dr. ABISHAI HOWARD. 
 
 Dr. Howard was a native of Sturbridge, a son of Eleazer 
 Howard, who was in the French and Revolutionary war. He 
 was cotemporary with Dr. Corey, the elder, although some 
 years his junior. He was in active practice more than fifty 
 years. Although not favored with regular literary advan- 
 tages, his acquirements in literature and professional know- 
 ledge, were such as rendered him a safe and useful practi- 
 tioner. He was a student of Dr. Eaton of Dudley, who 
 Btood high in his profession, and whose services were ex- 
 tensively sought. Dr. Howard made Dr. Eaton his model 
 in practice. In his prescriptions, in chronic complaints, he 
 depended very much upon what he could gather from the 
 fields and forests. He was exceedingly attentive to his pa- 
 tients, and anxious to do, and have done for ihem, all, that 
 in any way, might be of service. 
 
 He was punctual in all his business transactions. In his 
 day, a farm seemed to be almost an indispensable appen- 
 dage to the medical profession. The Doctor was a practi- 
 cal farmer. His house exhibited cheering evidence that he 
 was not wanting in skill in this department. It was abun- 
 dantly replenished with all the necessaries, and not wanting 
 in the choice things of life. Plain in his dress, every thing 
 in and out of his house exhibited the same characteristics 
 of economy and utility. His amiable and frugal compan- 
 ion was a hearty co-worker. They were both bright ex- 
 amples in their moral and religious character. The Bible 
 
STURBRIDGE AND SOUTHBRIDGE. 55 
 
 and Scott's Commentaries were their constant compan- 
 ions. None of the extravagant excitements of the times, 
 ever diverted them from a straight-forward, uniform course. 
 The husband survived the wife a few years. The Doctor 
 was a kind and benevolent man. Although his estate was 
 not large, he bequeathed for benevolent objects the sum of 
 |300. Dr. Howard died Dec. 1, 1S44, aged 77. 
 
 Dr. JACOB COREY. 
 
 Dr. Corey was born in Stnrbridge, where lie passed 
 a long life. His father and grandfatlier bore the name of 
 John. By profession a physician, he had an extensive 
 and successful practice for more than sixty years. In 
 regard to his preparatory course for his profession, his 
 academic advantages were limited. He studied medi- 
 cine under the instruction of Dr. John Frink, of Rut- 
 land, a man of considerable distinction in his profession. 
 If his attainments were circumscribed at the commence- 
 ment of his practice, they were constantly increasing by 
 unremitted application. He was a great reader, not on- 
 ly of medical authors, but of almost every literary work 
 that attracted his attention. His marginal sketches were 
 very copious. On the inspection of his books and papers, 
 after his decease, it was surprising to witness his volumin- 
 ous manuscripts, on a great variety of subjects, a striking 
 evidence of his wonderful industry. He appeared to be 
 almost incessantly employed by day and by night in his 
 profession. When not thus occupied, and at home, ho was 
 generally seen very busy on his farm, among his workmen, 
 in the garden, or among his fruit trees. He was very fond 
 of cultivating the latter. His garden contained a variety of 
 medical productions, which might be useful in his profes- 
 sion, and were thus applied, if deemed suitable. The saw, 
 the hoe, and the pruning knife, were his famihar compan- 
 ions. When did he find time to keep his accounts, which 
 
56 HISTORICAL SKETCH OP 
 
 were in his own hand, when to read and write so much, is 
 an enquiry which supposes extraordinary industry. Fa- 
 vored with a cheerful countenance, and a great flow of 
 spirits, his patients soon felt their genial influence. If the 
 patient required little else beside such an influence, his pre- 
 scriptions were accordingly. Often, in this way, in cases of 
 despondency, was he known to cheer up the patient, and 
 give a favorable turn to the disease. He had few equals in 
 the treatment of fevers. His visits were always on horse- 
 back, and embraced an extensive circuit. To nuilliply his 
 labors, he held the offices of town-clerk and town-treasurer 
 for many years. His influence, the last years of his life, in 
 favor of the temperance reformation, is worthy of notice. 
 Doubting for a while, whether a person who had long been 
 accustomed to the use of stimulants, especially in the warm 
 season of the year, and in laborious occupations, could 
 safely dispense with them entirely, he became convinced 
 that it was practicable, and that more labor could be per- 
 formed, and in a more acceptable manner without such 
 stimulants. This conviction was confirmed by observation, 
 and an experiment upon himself 
 
 He cheerfully patronized common schools. He gave his 
 own children more extended advantages than could be 
 obtained in them. He also patronized religious institu- 
 tions, and frequently manifested his need of a personal in- 
 terest in religion. He never made a public profession of re- 
 ligion. His house was characterized by hospitality and 
 cheerfulness. He left a very handsome estate for his chil- 
 dren, and had he not been lenient in enforcing the pay- 
 ment of his demands, he might have left them much more. 
 Dr. Corey's dress was always plain, durable, and mostly 
 the manufacture of his own household. In person, he was 
 stout and healthy, possessing a cheerful and animated coun- 
 tenance. In conversation affable, intelligent, and not un- 
 fre(][uently seasoned with amusing anecdotes. He possessed 
 
STURBEIDGE AND SOUTHBRIDGE. 57 
 
 the full command of his mental faculties, till his last hour. 
 He died at the age of 83, May 17th, 1839. 
 
 Dr. Corey's grandfather was the first settler of the spot, 
 ahout a mile northwesterly of the Congregational Church, 
 where the late Capt. David Corey resided. His farm was 
 probably extensive. Some vestiges may be traced where 
 the old buildings stood. 
 
 Dr. JACOB COREY, Jr. 
 
 Dr. Corey was the son of Dr. J. Corey, a sketch of whose 
 character has been given. The writer during many years, 
 enjoyed his endearing society, and had become well ac- 
 quainted with his moral excellencies, his literary and pro- 
 fessional attainments. Witnessing his early fondness for 
 books, and indications of promise, the father was disposed 
 to encourage both, by givmg him a public education. Well 
 fitted for college, he passed through his collegiate course 
 with a high reputation as a scholar, and as an amiable 
 young man. Gov. Marcy, and tbe Hon. J. J. Fiske, were 
 his townsmen and class-mates. His opportunities, to be- 
 come fitted for his profession, were favorable, and industri- 
 ously improved. About the time he was commencing prac- 
 tice, he was reduced very low by a severe fit of sickness. 
 Being afterwards subject to mental depression, supposed to 
 be the efiect, in some way, of this sickness, his practice was 
 suspended for some years. This infirmity gradually passed 
 away, although its tendency was to curtail, for a time, his 
 usefulness. He resumed practice, and continued a safe and 
 useful practitioner through life. In the treatment of dislo- 
 cated joints, broken bones, or any violent disorganization of 
 the body, he had few superiors in the country. 
 
 He was a good mathematical scholar, and fond of the lan- 
 guages, especially of the Greek ; it was his custom through 
 life, to peruse ancient authors in that language. He uniform- 
 ly read the Greek Testament on the Sabbath. He was deeply 
 
58 EISTORICAL SKETCH OF STURBRIDGE AND SOUTHBRIDGE. 
 
 interested in the primary schools, and one of the school 
 committee many years, and spared no pains to render him- 
 self useful in that responsible trust. He was induced at 
 two several periods, to accept the offices of town-clerk and 
 town-treasurer, which were discharged with the utmost 
 promptness and accuracy. 
 
 He possessed a nice literary taste, and was equally so in 
 his sense of propriety, in his intercourse in Hfe. No man 
 was more honest in his dealing, or more opposed to any 
 conduct which might bear the semblance of duplicity or 
 dishonesty. He resorted to no artful means to become pop- 
 ular, or gain a point, althongh he was universally beloved. 
 He was a kind and affectionate husband and parent, and a 
 humble and devoted christian. He was very appropriately 
 denominated, after his decease, the " beloved physician." 
 This imperfect sketch is cheerfully given in hope of its sal- 
 utary influence. We may add, Dr. Corey was eminently a 
 peace-maker. If society were composed of such men as 
 Dr. Corey, it would exhibit an aspect much more in har- 
 mony with those divine precepts which he endeavored to 
 illustrate in his life. 
 
REVOLUTIONARY SOLDIERS, 
 
 Mr. SAMUEL HOBBS. 
 
 As Mr. Hobbs is admitted to be one of the party in dis- 
 guise, who steeped a cargo of tea in the waters of Boston 
 Harbor, we connect with his name, a sketch of the trans- 
 actions which led to that event. A series of oppressive 
 measures, during five or six years, waxing worse and worse, 
 and more and more irritating, were followed up, one after 
 another, till the crisis of determined resistance arrived. 
 Unjustifiable taxation was the principal cause of complaint. 
 The union of representation and taxation, universally al- 
 lowed to be inseparable in just legislation, was totally dis- 
 regarded in the policy of the mother country, towards her 
 American Colonies. The stamp act, (so called,) was a 
 measure peculiarly odious and oppressive in its requisitions. 
 Almost every kind of instrument, to render it legal, must be 
 written on stamped paper, claiming a high duty. It was 
 universally denounced as oppressive and unjust, and evaded 
 in every way ingenuity could invent. 
 
 Duties on articles of necessary consumption, were almost 
 equally burdensome. Conspicuous among these, was the 
 article of tea. The fairer portion of the community, mani- 
 fested their patriotism, in an extraordinary degree of self- 
 denial, in opposing this measure. This laudable example, 
 
60 HISTORICAL SKETCH OF 
 
 without doubt, prepared the way for an act of opposition, 
 of a more signal character. Our history presents none 
 more so, than the fearless transaction of casting into Boston 
 Harbor, a cargo of tea. Two or three companies of young 
 men, in the disguise of Indians, are entitled to the honor of 
 dispatching the work. The people of Boston rushed to the 
 spot, to witness this novel and extraordinary exhibition. 
 These Mohawks, in their boats, surrounded the freighted 
 vessel, immediately boarded, and relieved her of her 
 burden. Boston Harbor, at this juncture, must have pre- 
 sented the largest preparation, of the cheering beverage, 
 that has ever been witnessed. It was not an oblation to 
 appease a heathen deity, but a most significant indication, 
 that the crisis of resistance to unwarrantable requisitions, 
 had arrived. This transaction, full of meaning, could not 
 be misunderstood. It was, no doubt, countenanced, if not 
 projected by the leading men of Boston. The intelligence 
 spread, with electric velocity, over the country. It soon 
 reached the ears of his majesty. It was received by him, 
 and those who adhered to coersive measures, with no very 
 pleasant emotions. The etfect was very different on the 
 party for conciliation, although not allowed to be a justifia- 
 ble act. The Boston port bill was passed under the angry 
 excitement of this intelligence. This act prohibited the 
 lading or unlading of all goods and merchandize, in the 
 Port of Boston. Its passage was powerfully opposed by 
 the opposition in Parliament, but to no purpose. The main 
 object of this bill, undoubtedly was, to chastise the Bostoni- 
 ans. The opposition warned the administration of conse- 
 quences, which would lie, to unite the colonies more firmly 
 in a combined resistance — 1774 was the memorable era of 
 this last oppressive measure. The paper blockade of Bos- 
 ton, was immediately followed by an armed force. The 
 state of affairs, at this juncture, was rapidly tending to a 
 point of decisive action, by both parties. The Declaration 
 of Independence soon followed. 
 
STURDRTDGE AND SOUTHBRIDGE. 61 
 
 It must be reraemberecl, as in some degree redeeming the 
 character of the mother Country, that a powerful partj^, in- 
 cluding the lights of the nation, both in and out of parlia- 
 ment, were decidedly opposed to the measures of the domi- 
 nant party. To the former party belonged men of no less 
 eminence, than the Earle of Chatham, Burke, Fox, and a 
 multitude of others, who were in favor of conciliatory meas- 
 ures, and decidedly opposed to taxation. The strongest 
 man who favored the controling party, was the celebrated 
 Dr. Johnson. It is very doubtful whether the Doctor was 
 entitled to the highest rank as a statesman. Dean Tucker 
 was in favor of acknowledging unconditionally, the inde- 
 pendence of the American Colonies. He stood alone in his 
 views. The result showed his wise forecast, and, what is 
 better, a noble and humane heart. There is another circum- 
 stance which aggravated these oppressive measures. The 
 Colonies had recently borne the heat and burden of the 
 French war, which resnUcd in the conquest of the Canadas. 
 It must also be remembered, that they received very little 
 aid from the mother (country, in struggling up to manhood. 
 The exactions from them, were not to promote their growth 
 and prosperity, but to sustain armies and navies, in enabling 
 her to retain and extend her conquests. We are more sur- 
 prised at so protracted forbearance, than that decided resist- 
 ance should have commenced so soon. Had there been no 
 grounds for those complaints, to which we have alluded, 
 it was totally incompatible with the character and circum- 
 stances of the Colonies to remain longer subject to any na- 
 tion. They had grown to such a state of maturity as fit- 
 ted them for self-government, of which they gave unmis- 
 takable evidence. It is a matter of surprise, that the in- 
 domitable Saxon spirit could hnve been soothed so long, and 
 to such a degree of forbearance. 
 
 Mr. Ilobbs was a native of Weston. He removed in 
 early life to Sturbridge, where he established the tanning 
 business in the middle of the town. This branch of busi- 
 6 
 
62 HISTORICAL SKETCH OF 
 
 ness, in connection with agriculture, he successfully pursued 
 till near the close of life. He was noted for the superiority 
 and faithfulness of his work. Mr. Hobbs had but few 
 superiors in the methodical management of his affairs^ and 
 in judgment and taste in the arrangement and construction 
 of his buildings for convenience and durability. Strict in- 
 tegrity and an exemplary deportment marked his course 
 through life. For many years, he was officially concerned 
 in municipal affairs. His views in regard to the revolu- 
 tionary struggle, were very strikingly developed in the 
 trausaction to which we have alluded. He found it more 
 convenient to hire a substitute, for active service in the field. 
 In the year 1811, when our acquaintance commenced. Gen. 
 Newell, Dr. Corey, Mr. Hobbs, and Maj. Upham, were 
 the leading men, in the centre of the town. In a physical 
 point of view men have degenerated. Mr. Hobbs was, 
 in stature, six feet three inches; broad shoulders, large and 
 full chest, and of dignified appearance. He died May 11th, 
 1823, aged 71. 
 
 Col. NATHAN RICE. 
 
 Col. Nathan Rice, a son of the Rev. Nathan Rice, the 
 first settled minister in Stnrbridge, and the first settler of the 
 old parsonage localit^r, may properly be claimed as one of 
 our sons, who bore arms in the Revolution ; although we arc 
 not positive, that he resided in Stnrbridge when he entered 
 the service. The writer, having had a personal acquain- 
 tance with Col. Rice, has heard him converse on the events 
 of the Revolution, and particularly, while connected with 
 Gen. Lincoln, as his aid. This connection favored him 
 with an opportunity of becoming extensively acquainted 
 with the officers, and the most important transactions of 
 that trying period. It was a school which fitted him for 
 important military trusts, after the close of the war. He 
 spoke of Gen. Lincoln as an able officer, although his posi- 
 
STURBRIDGE AND SOUTHBRIDGE. 63 
 
 tion, at times, had been unfortunate for him. The General, 
 he observed, was affected with a lethargic difficulty, and 
 often suddenly overtaken by sleep, when not actively em- 
 ployed. What was very peculiar, he could relate what was 
 said in his hearing, during this state of lethargy. This pro- 
 pensity did not disqualify him, in the least, for the discharge 
 of his ofTicial duties. We have no document to enable us 
 to show the exact period of Col. Rice's revolutionary ser- 
 vices. We believe he was present at the memorable sur- 
 render of Cornwallis, at Yorktown,' which was made to 
 Gen. Lincohi, by the direction of Washington. This mark 
 of respect to Gen. Lincoln, was in consequence of the hu- 
 miliating terms Cornwallis had imposed on Gen. Lincoln, 
 eighteen months prior to his own surrender. Here we see 
 Washington yielding to another, what was due to himself. 
 How many incidents of this sort, gem that radiant charac- 
 ter! 
 
 Col. Rice was a graduate of Harvard, and must have en- 
 tered the service soon after leaving the University, and 
 when quite young. 
 
 We find him, some years after the close of the war, en- 
 trusted with an important military command. After the 
 French revolution had made some progress, England and 
 France were again involved in war with each other, which 
 was prosecuted with vigor, and no small degree of rancor. 
 As might be expected, under such circumstances, both looked 
 with a jealous eye toward America. France, in particular, 
 charged the Americans with partiality toward her enemy. 
 Hence events, not very weighty, if viewed with a pacific 
 spirit, were magnified into a serious misunderstanding be- 
 tween us and France, Envoy after envoy was sent to ad- 
 just difficulties. In tlie year 1799, the army was augmented, 
 on the ground of an apprehended rupture with France. At 
 this time, a body of troops was stationed at Oxford, under 
 the chief command of Col. Rice. The writer recollects 
 very well, when Hen. Hamihon came and inspected those 
 
64 HISTORICAL SKETCH OF 
 
 troops. All, who heard Harailtoii address them, admired 
 his extraordinary powers. He was the great man in the 
 tield, as well as in tlie Cabinet. After Napoleon assumed 
 the reins of the French Government, thedilliculties between 
 us and France were settled, and the Oxford army dis- 
 banded. Col. Rice removed from Hingham to Bnrlington 
 Vt. where he passed the remainder of his life in agricultural 
 pursuits. 
 
 Col. Rice and President Monroe were in the army to- 
 gether, and intimate friends. President Monroe, in his tour 
 to the north, spent as much time in visiting his old compan- 
 ion in arms, as circumstances would permit. The inter- 
 view was a treat of the most gratifying reminiscences. We 
 allude to this visit, to show the strong attachment which 
 existed among many of those revolutionary patriots. The 
 trying scenes through which they passed together, were pe- 
 culiarly calculated to perpetuate the attachment. Col. Rice 
 was an accomplished gentleman, as well as an accomplished 
 officer. He possessed literary taste, as well at? military sci- 
 ence. Possessing a large fund of ititeresting facts, his con- 
 versation was highly instructive. Although a little below 
 mediocrity, in stature, his appearance as an officer was dig- 
 nified and commanding. We well remember seeing him, 
 while commander at Oxford, at the great gathering in Wor- 
 cester, on the memorable 22d of Feb. 1800, a day in which 
 Washington was the theme of eulogy, throughout the length 
 and breadth of his country. 
 
 Capt. benjamin F ELTON. 
 
 Capt. Benjamin Felton was born in Danvers, Mass. March 
 •1th, 1740. In 1755, he removed wiih his father to Rut- 
 land, Mass. At the age of sevenlcon, he enlisted into the 
 service of what was denominated the French and Indian 
 war, which was declared by the mother Country, against 
 France, on account of encroachments on her Colonies. They 
 
STRUBRIDGE AND SOUTHBRIDGE. 65 
 
 had become of a serious character, and demanded redress. 
 The burden of this war, as we have elsewhere remarked, 
 devolved to an exhausting degree, on the Colonists. Having 
 been commenced in 1755, it had progressed about two years, 
 at the time of young Felton's enlistment. Those two years 
 were marked with disasters and defeats. His services, cov- 
 ering two and a half years, extended to very near the ter- 
 mination of tlie war. In the year 175S, Pitt being placed 
 at the head of the administration, the state of affairs began 
 to exhibit a more flattering aspect. Young Felton's first 
 services were, in assisting to drive a herd of cattle from 
 Mass. over the Green Mountains, then a wilderness, to Lake 
 Champlain. Soon after his enlistment, he received the ap- 
 pointment of Orderly Sergeant, which was a favorable indi- 
 cation of future promotion. The duties of this somewhat 
 responsible office, were faithfully discharged till the close of 
 his time of service. Those services were rendered, at a pe- 
 riod of the war, full of important and stirring movements. 
 Defeat had stimulated the British to more discreet and vig- 
 orous action. The enemy, too, began to be apprehensive, 
 that there was danger of having his American possessions 
 rested from him, which aroused him to correspondent efforts. 
 A few years after Mr. Pel ton left the army, he became a 
 resident for a short time, of Brookfield. In the year 1772, 
 he removed from Brookfield to Sturbridge, where he resided 
 during his revolutionary services. 
 
 Although he had been a fellow soldier in arms, with the 
 troops of the mother Country, two and a half years, he was 
 not the man to submit to oppression, even from that coun- 
 try. When the Revolutionary war broke out, he was one 
 of the first to take up arms against her. On the 17th of 
 June, he hastened to the theatre of action, in the memorable 
 conflict of that day. He reached Bunker Hill in the midst 
 of the engagement, and was near the brave Warren when 
 he fell. It would be gratifying to us, and we presume to 
 the reader, to give the names of some of the officers, under 
 
Ob HISTORICAL SKETCH OF 
 
 whom he served, and a more detailed account than we are 
 enabled to do, of his several terms of service. Those peri- 
 ods of service embraced nearly two years, and, from the 
 facts we have obtained, some of the most perilous and ardu- 
 ous of the revolutionary struggle. He was with Gen. Sul- 
 livan, on Long Island, when that masterly retreat was 
 made. He was in the several battles of Trenton, Brandy- 
 wine and Monmouth ; and probably some others. He was 
 honored, at some period, with a commission of Lieutenant. 
 Nearly five years of his life were spent in actual warfare, 
 and atj periods which required stern resolution, and great 
 physical endurance. 
 
 It is not surprising he should have felt an honorable pride 
 in the occasional performance of military duties, in civil life. 
 After the close of the war, the first company of cavalry or- 
 ganized in the County of Worcester, was raised by Lieut. 
 Felton, which elected him their Captain. How long he re- 
 mained Captain of this company, we are not informed. 
 
 Ever firm and true to order, and the support of that gov- 
 ernment which he had fought to establish, he with his com- 
 pany, turned out to suppress the Shay's insurrection. He 
 reached Springfield the next morning after the insurgents 
 were routed by Gen. Shepard. Uniting with the forces 
 gathered at the place, the insurgents were pursued till they 
 were effectually dispersed. Of this insurrection, we have 
 spoken more particularly in another place. It was the^;-5^, 
 and the last, which has occurred in Massachusetts. This is 
 a brief sketch of Capt. Felton's military services. We are 
 informed by our venerable friend, Dca. Phillips, who was 
 well acquainted with Capt. Felton, that he possessed supe- 
 rior abilities, great energy and decision of character. Capt. 
 Felton was extensively known in the walks of civil and 
 social life, and highly esteemed and respected. Although 
 the scene of the arduous labors of those venerated men, 
 is constantly receding, gratitude is cherishing their memo- 
 ries. Here is to be found the soldier's priceless monu- 
 
STURBRIDGE AND SOUTHBRIDGE. 67 
 
 ment. Capt. Felton removed from Sturbridge to Brook- 
 field, where he resided until Jan. 26, 1820, when he died 
 at the age of nearly 81 years. We are indebted to highly 
 respected friends for many of the important facts'in this 
 sketch. 
 
 Mr. CYRUS FAY. 
 
 Mr. Fay, a native of Sturbridge, deserves a record among 
 her revolutionary soldiers. As in some other instances, we 
 are unable to state definitely the period of his services. We 
 believe he was one of the number of those who were in 
 New York, in the year 1777, at that dark hour of the 
 conflict, when the British had 24000 regular troops, in the 
 vicinity of the city ; and Washington, in the possession 
 of the city, had a comparatively small force ; and at that 
 distressing hour too, when the Americans, overwhelmed 
 with numbers, lost on Long Island one thousand of their 
 brave men. A gleam of hope immediately succeeded the 
 despondency. The retreat from Long Island, and the 
 evacuation of New- York, were movements of unsurpassed 
 military skill, and marked with a signal interposition of 
 the Divine favor. The British, considering the rebels 
 completely within their grasp, were not a little surprised, 
 when the discovery was made, that they had escaped 
 out of their hands. It was at this juncture, that the 
 brave Capt. Hale, a young man of high promise and 
 superior accomplishments, lost his life in a bold attempt to 
 obtain important information in regard to the state of the 
 enemy. He was arrested, and without the formahty of a 
 trial, condemned. His last memorable words, at the exe- 
 cution, were, that "he lamented that he had only one life 
 to lose for his country." Some of Mr. Fay's services were 
 performed in New- York, and thought to be at the period 
 above mentioned. Mr. Fay died in 1837, aged 87. He 
 
QS HISTORICAL SKETCH OP 
 
 was an honest and an industrious man, and an exemplary 
 christian. 
 
 Since writing the above, we liave been informed that Mr, 
 Fay's father was the first settler in that portion of the town. 
 John and Cyrus, his sons, are the possessors of a portion 
 of his estate, who are of the third generation. The estate, 
 in their hands has been greatly improved in buildings, and 
 in other respects, 
 
 Capt. ADAM xMARTIN, 
 
 Capt. Martin was a native of Sturbridge, and held the 
 rank of Captain, in the war of the Revolution. He was the 
 son of Aaron Martin, who was the first settler in that part 
 of Globe Village where Maj. Samuel Fiskc resided. The 
 father was drowned in attempting to cross Q,uineboag 
 River. His Lieutenant was Seth Washburn of Leicester, 
 the father of Ex. Gov. Washburn. The Company be- 
 longed to Col. Timothy Bigelow's Regiment. Col. Bige- 
 low was reported to be an excellent officer. The writer 
 remembers that Lieut. Washburn was a firm, energetic and 
 persevering man. As Capt. Martin is supposed to have 
 been in the service, during most of the war, we regret that 
 we are not in possession of facts to speak of him more in 
 detail. He had two brothers, Aaron and Moses, who were 
 in the Army about the same length of time. After the close 
 of the war, although they started for home, at points quite 
 remote from each other, they arrived in the middle of the 
 town of Sturbridge within three hours of each other. Capt. 
 Martin was the first settler of the tract of land, afterwards 
 owned by Silas Marsh, and occupied by him for a long pe- 
 riod. He removed soon after the close of the war, to the 
 town of Salem, in the State of New- York, where he held 
 the rank of Col. and was highly respected. 
 
 Capt. Martin was the father of Gen. Walter Martin, who 
 purchased a township of new land, in the state of New- 
 
STURBRIDGE AND SOUTHBRIDGE. 69 
 
 York, oil wliich he commenced tiie first settlement. He 
 soon gathered around him settlers; some of whom were 
 from Sturbridge, He built a church, at his own expense, 
 and, in various other ways, encouraged the growth and 
 prosperity of the town. He was distinguished for enter- 
 prise, benevolence, and energy of character. The town 
 bears ihe name of Martinsburgh, in honor of its first settler 
 and benefactor. 
 
 Br. ABRAHAM ALLEN. 
 
 Dr. Allen a son of Jacob Allen of Sturbridge, at the age 
 of 14 or 15, enlisted into service, near the close of the war. 
 He performed the duty of fifer. Then a very small lad, he 
 manifested that resolute and persevering trait of character 
 which marked his course through life. With some aid from 
 his father, he prepared himself for the practice of medicine 
 and surgery, and commenced his professional career in the 
 town of Salem, in the State of New- York. Soon after he 
 commenced practise, a dispute arose between him and the 
 other physicians of the vicinity, in regard to the disease of a 
 child. Allen contended that it was in the head, which the 
 other physicians woidd not admit. After the death of the 
 child, Allen requested^a post mortem examination, to which 
 the friends would not consent. After its burial, Allen went 
 alone, in the night, disinterred the corpse, severed the head 
 from it, and made an examination in the presence of his 
 opponents, and convinced them that lie was correct in his 
 opinion. The consequence was, a prosecution against Al- 
 len, a very exciting trial and conviction. Chief Justice 
 Kent presided. Although convicted, this bold transaction 
 prepared the way for his extensive practice and future ce- 
 lebrity. The Chief Justice (as Allen observed,) would af- 
 terwards humorously allude to this event in conversation 
 with him. He possessed extraordinary skill in determining 
 the nature of the disease. A striking instance of his skill, 
 
70 HISTORICAL SKETCH OF 
 
 in this particular, occurred in Sturbridge, in the case of Mr. 
 Bnckmiuster Wight, which is well remembered. As a phy- 
 sician, and surgeon, he had few superiors. He died at the 
 age of eighty, in the full possession of his mental pow- 
 ers. 
 
 AMOS BOYDEN was in the service the latter part of 
 the war. 
 
 JUSTUS BOYDEN, a brother at the same time. 
 
 It is supposed iheir period of service was about one year. 
 They returned home together, after hostilities had ceased. 
 
 A son of Peter Morse, was in the army. His services 
 were during the latter part of the war. 
 
 JOShiPH MILLS was in the service during that period of 
 the war. 
 
 SYRIEL LEECH was in the service about six months. 
 He was notified to leave home at a niomerits warning, A 
 venerable friend, then a mere lad, was present, and wit- 
 nessed the parting scene. The knap-sack was replenished 
 with a loaf of wheat bread and other eatables. We notice 
 many trivial incidents, as illustrating the trials, and state 
 of feeling in many a home during that protracted conflict. 
 
 Mr. JOHN DUNTON was in the Revolutionary war. 
 The period of his services we have not been able to ascertain. 
 
 Mr. welch was also in the army. We have not 
 been able to ascertain how long. 
 
 PHINEAS WALKER, a son of Nathaniel, the original 
 settler, was in the French war when quite young. A 
 grandson informs us that he has frequently heard his 
 grandfather relate his journey through the woods to Ticon- 
 deroga and Crown-point. He must have been in the Revo- 
 Uitionary war most of the time, for he was called out, not 
 less than thirteen different periods. He advanced $1000 
 to the Govermnent, without any expectation of receiving 
 any part of it back, as, in fact, he never did. Such sacri- 
 fices manifest the unflinching spiiit of the man, and of the 
 times. Mr. Walker was the owner of a large farm, which 
 
STDRBRIDGE AND SOUTHBRIDGE. 71 
 
 he carried on, and also carried on black-smithing exten- 
 sively. Notwithstanding his pecuniary sacrifices to his 
 country, he acquired a very large estate, for those days, 
 which he distributed among his children. He was an intel- 
 ligent, strong-minded man, of most reliable character. 
 Amongst his grandchildren, are the Rev. Charles Walker, 
 D. D. of Pittsford, Vt. Rev. Alden Walker, of Rutland, Vt. 
 and the Hon. Amasa and P^reeman Walker, of North Brook- 
 field. It is worthy of notice, that here were three brothers, 
 Josiah, Nathaniel, and Phineas, in the French war, and Na- 
 thaniel, Phineas, and Asa, in the Revolutionary war. 
 
 Lieut. NATHANIEL WALKER. 
 
 As. Mr. Walker was one of those men who effected im- 
 portant results, at the North, in 1777, a sketch of the opera- 
 tions in that quarter may not be out of place, in this work. 
 In that year. Gen. Burgoyne appeared with an army of 
 eight thousand regulars, two thousand Canadians, one 
 thousand Indians, and a formidable train of artillery. In 
 its early progress, no small degree of alarm pervaded the 
 country. The commander of these forces issued a gascon- 
 nading manifesto, replete with denunciations against the 
 Americans, threatening them with vengeance, if they per- 
 sisted in their wicked rebellion. It evinced very limited 
 views of the character of the rebels, or of human nature. It 
 was very far from having the intended effect. Gen. Gates' 
 reply, presented a striking contrast. It breathed a tone of 
 calmness, firmness, and decision. The state of our affairs, 
 at this juncture, was by no means cheering. It was char- 
 acterized by a series of defeats at the South and North. 
 These sad results, however, did not produce despondency. 
 The march of Burgoyne did not, for a while, tend to counter- 
 act the prevailing discouragement. He immediately took 
 possession of Ticondcroga and Fort Independence. Soon 
 after the surrender of these forts, the Americans lost two 
 
72 HISTORICAL SKETCH OF 
 
 hundred men, killed, about the same number taken prison- 
 ers, and six hundred in the woods perished of wounds and 
 other causes. In July, 1777, Gen. Scuyler, in an engage- 
 ment of three hours, was forced to retreat with no inconsid- 
 erable loss of men. Thus far success attended the move- 
 ments of Bnrgoyne. His course marked with the atroci- 
 ties of savage warfare, spread with rapidity, and infused in- 
 dignation and fresh zeal into the Americans. Troops, espe- 
 cially from New-England, rushed forward to the seat of the 
 war. The sanguinary course of Bnrgoyne was first arrested 
 at Bennington, where a body of American troops, princi- 
 pally the Green-raountain-boys, were stationed, under the 
 command of Gen. Warner. The object of Bnrgoyne, in 
 making an attack at that place, was to seize a quantity of 
 American stores. For this purpose, Col. Baum was sent 
 with a detachment. But before Baum's arrival. Gen. Stark 
 was on the ground with a reinforcement of one thousand 
 men from New-Hampshire. Baum finding himself in a 
 critical condition, sent to Bnrgoyne for a reinforcement. Col. 
 Breyman was dispatched to his relief Before Breyman's 
 arrival, an engagement took place, which resulted in a sig- 
 nal victory to the Americans. Baum was mortally wound- 
 ed. Breyman, not hearing of the defeat, had advanced too 
 far to retreat. His detachment met with a similar defeat. 
 In these two engagements, the British lost from six to eight 
 hundred men. The result inspired new energy into the 
 Americans. But they were destined to another disaster be- 
 fore the signal triumph. A body of one thousand men was 
 dispatched to extend relief at Fort Stanwich, besieged by 
 the enemy. The British General being informed of this 
 movement, sent a parly of regulars, and a large number of 
 Indians to lie in ambush in the woods. The stratagem suc- 
 ceeded. The Americans were surprised, and lost half of 
 their number. This was another atrocity to arouse indig- 
 nation. It was a fresh rallying stimulus. Armed at every 
 point against Bnrgoyne, victory or death was now the 
 
STURBRIDGE AND SOUTHBEIDGE. 73 
 
 decisive resolve of the Americans. On the 19th day of 
 Sept. the British army arrived at Stillwater. The battle 
 commenced at three in the afternoon, and continued till af- 
 ter sun set. The whole force of the enemy was brought 
 into the action, which was contested on both sides with the 
 utmost determination and vigor. The loss, on the part of 
 the enemy, as nearly as we can ascertain, was not much 
 short of eight hundred men, and on our part much less. 
 The res'ilt was decidedly in our favor, although the enemy 
 retained the field. Our forces were constantly augmenting, 
 and the enemy's diminishing. The Savages about this 
 time, broke away from the unholy alliance. Burgoyne re- 
 treated to Saratoga. The decisive blow was then, in human 
 probability, to be struck. The British were hemmed in on 
 every side. The last battle was fought with desperation on 
 the part of the enemy. Burgoyne led on the charge in 
 person, and was in the hottest of the engagement. It was 
 the last struggle of a falling enemy. He was able, after 
 this engagement, to retreat to his camp, but his condition 
 was hopeless. Guarded on every side by the Americans, 
 and no prospect of relief, his provisions for his army were 
 now limited to three days. It was reduced in number from 
 eleven thousand to about four thousand and five hundred. 
 Capitulation was his last resort. Although the conduct of 
 the British northern army was in many respects revolting 
 to humanity, especially the employment of savages, the 
 terms were by no means rigorous. It was in the highest 
 degree humiliating to a British army to ground their arms. 
 To such an act it was compelled to submit. Gen. Gates' 
 conduct, on the occasion, was marked with a high sense of 
 honor and humanity. Wisdom and prudence were clearly 
 manifested in his course, in the accomplishment of so tri- 
 innphant a result. The victory was hailed with rapture 
 throughout the country. It was the turning point in our 
 destiny, and a bright omen of final triumph. We have 
 taken pains to ascertain facts, in relation to this campaign, 
 7 
 
74 HISTORICAL SKETCH OF 
 
 and believe our sketch to be substantially correct. A re- 
 membrance of such events is due to our ancestors. 
 
 Mr. Walker held the rank of Lieutenant in the Revolution- 
 ary war. He was also in the battle at White Plains. 
 
 An incident of thrilling interest, frequently related by 
 Mr. Walker, occurred during some period of his services, in 
 the French war. He, with a party returning home, in the 
 winter season, mistook the way in the wilderness. They 
 wandered about day after day, till their provisions were ex- 
 hausted. Reduced almost to starvation, they were com- 
 pelled to subsist for a while, on the flesh of their dogs. 
 Providentially they were saved from perishing with hunger. 
 
 Having devoted the prime of his life to the service of his 
 Country, the remainder was filled up with usefulness, as a 
 townsman, a citizen, and a christian. 
 
 As Lieut. Walker, and a number of others, belonging to 
 Sturbridge, bore arms in what is called the French war, we 
 invite the reader, passing over about a century of our his- 
 tory, to glance at our condition, at that period. He may 
 well suppose the Colonies had a sufficient complication of 
 difficulties to encounter, without the super-addition of the 
 horrors of war. We do not purpose to go into details. From 
 17.55 to 1763, the heaviest share of the burden of this pro- 
 tracted contest devolved upon the Colonies. It appears, at 
 one juncture, a levy was made upon them of 9000 men. 
 The marches and encampments Avere mostly in a track- 
 less wilderness, and frequently during the rigors of win- 
 ter. Disasters and discouragements attended the move- 
 ments of the British forces during the former portion of this 
 period. Braddock's defeat is well remembered. Another par- 
 ty of about twelve hundred men, under the command of Co!. 
 Ephraim Williams, of Deerfield, was attacked by a detach- 
 ment lying in ambush. A great slaughter ensued. Col. 
 Williams and a number of other officers, falling in the con- 
 flict. The campaign of 1756 proved a failure. Among 
 
STURBRIDGE AND SOUTHBRIDGE. 75 
 
 Other Luifoi'tunate results, the fall of the Fort, at Oswego, 
 was considered peculiarly so. The possession of the Fort by 
 the enemy gave them the entire command of Lakes Ontario 
 and Erie. The attack on the Fortress at Ticonderoga was 
 ill-conducted, and peculiarly disastrous in its effects. The 
 British abandoned the enterprise after a loss of about 2000 
 men, killed and wounded. All history illustrates the im- 
 portance of having the right men at the head of public af- 
 fairs. As soon as Lord Chatham became the ruling spirit, 
 they presented a new and cheering aspect. Energy and 
 forecast, soon characterised the military operations. Cheer- 
 ing hopes succeeded despondency. A series of successful 
 operations were ultimately crowned with the memorable vic- 
 tory on the plains of Abraham. Wolf is justly entitled to 
 imperishable fame as a general. The difficulties overcome 
 in reaching the battle-ground, have few, if any parallel on 
 record. No wonder that Montcalm was taken by surprise; 
 for the event was probably as unexpected, as would have 
 been the descent of an army from the upper regions. 
 
 Sixteen years of the period, between 1755 and 1783, the 
 Colonists were compelled to submit to the hardships and 
 devastations of war. The arts and blessings of peace were 
 almost entirely suspended during that period. No improve- 
 ments in agriculture, none in mechanics. The instruction of 
 the rising generation, literature and the sciences, were almost 
 entirely neglected. We might add, as not the least of the 
 evils of war, its pernicious influence on moral character. 
 The French war, in one point of view, was beneficial to the 
 Colonists. It better prepared them to assert their rights, 
 and to meet those forces soon to be arrayed against them, 
 with which they had long acted in concert. Washington, 
 at the commencement of this war, at the age of twenty one, 
 gave unequivocal indications of future greatness, should 
 opportunities be presented, for a fuller developement of his 
 extraordinary powers. Putnam was trained in this school 
 
76 HISTORICAL SKETCH OF 
 
 of hardy discipline, early exhibiting his sterling, and indom- 
 itable traits of character. 
 
 It undonbtcdiy laid the foundation, for the lasting repu- 
 tation of many other officers, which was more fully ma- 
 tured, in the Revolutionary conflict. And we may add, as 
 the most weighty consideration, it was a school for a noble 
 host of soldiery, which might be gathered from every quar- 
 ter, ready to take the front rank, in the contest. Although 
 at the commencement of the French war, a period of only 
 seventeen years had elapsed from the incorporation of the 
 town, we have found the names of twelve individuals, who 
 bore arms in this war. 
 
 Mr. JAMES JOHNSON, the father of Mr. James Johnson, 
 who is still living, enlisted, at the age of fifteen years, and 
 served either five, or seven years. Being disenabled by 
 lameness, soon after he entered into the revolutionary army, 
 his country was deprived of his services afterward in the 
 field. Mr. Johnson has furnished the names of the Captains, 
 under whom his father served, in the French war. They 
 are as follows, viz: — Capt. Durumple, of Oxbridge, in 1756, 
 Capt. Spring, of Sudbury, in 1757, Capt. Burt, of Brim- 
 field, in 1758, Capt. Baldwin, of Brookfield, in 1759, Capt. 
 Field, of Western, in 1760, and subsequently, under Capt. 
 Newell, of Leicester. Mr. Johnson selected for a farm, a 
 tract of unbroken forest, which he subdued to purposes of 
 husbandry, and on which he resided till his death. He was 
 a large man, very erect, and of great muscular power. 
 
 James Johnson, senior, and Comfort Johnson, were broth- 
 ers. 
 
 Mr. ELEAZKR HOWARD, the lather of Dr. Howard, 
 whose character we have sketched, bore arms in the Frencii 
 war. Mr. Johnson is of the opinion, that Mr. Howard was 
 in this war. most of the time, during its continuance. He 
 too, was one of the early settlers of Sturbridge, and was a 
 respectable man, and a useful townsman. He resided in 
 the southern part of the town. Since writing the above, 
 
STURBRIDGE AND SOUTHBRIDGE. 77 
 
 we have been informed, Mr. Howard bore arms for a con- 
 siderable length of time in the Revolutionary war. He was 
 in the several engagements which terminated in the surren- 
 der of Burgoyne. 
 
 Gen. timothy NEWELL. 
 
 Gen. Newell was born at Ncedham, in 1742. He re- 
 moved in early life to Sturbridge, where he followed the 
 trade of a wheel-wright during a number of years. After- 
 wards he was extensively concerned in agricultural and mer- 
 cantile business. Decidedly in favor of the independence 
 of America, he embarked with energy in the struggle, to 
 effect it. In 1774, the town records show that Capt. New- 
 ell, Capt. Crafts, and Capt. Parker, devoted much of their 
 time to the discipline of their companies. The Rev. Mr. 
 Paine, on an appointed occasion, in a powerful and ani- 
 mated address, urged upon them the necessity of prepara- 
 tion for the approaching conflict. A determined state of 
 feeling is clearly indicated by such movements. Gen. New- 
 ell entered the service as Brigade Major. How long he was 
 in the army, we have no records to ascertain, but whatever 
 his position, his heart and hands were in the work. It was 
 characteristic of the man not to shrink from any undertak- 
 ing, which duty prompted him to prosecute. His mind was 
 stored with an ample fund of varied information, in relation 
 to the revolution, and he was always in readiness, to entertain 
 and edify the hearer. He was Major General of the Militia, 
 at a period when that rank was held in marked distinction. 
 He possessed powers equal to the discharge of high and re- 
 sponsible trusts, and when brought into action, never fell 
 below expectation. He was the last man that could be cir- 
 cumvfhted, or entrapped by any artful project. He deserves 
 notice, in connection with the Shay's insurrection. This 
 was one of the most thrilling periods in the history of the 
 Commonwealth, and a test of firmness of character, and cor- 
 7* 
 
78 HISTORICAL SKETCH OF 
 
 rect principles, in favor of law and government. It is be- 
 yond a doubt, there were causes for discontent, and equally 
 so, for stern self-denial. The war bad exhausted the re- 
 sources of the country, involved a vast multitude in debt, 
 and left little"else besides the naked soil. Designing and 
 ambitious men were not wanting to inflame the public mind. 
 They succeeded in arousing it to an alarming pitch. A re- 
 sort to arn}s was the painful result. Neighbor was arrayed 
 against neighbor, and the Commonwealth, for a while, ex- 
 hibited not a faint resemblance of the horrors of a civil war. 
 Courts of Justice were besieged with armed soldiery, and 
 forbidden to execute the laws. There is no doubt that 
 there was great indiscretion, in very many instances, in at- 
 tempting to enforce the payment of debts, where there was 
 nothing to meet them, and against men too, who had ex- 
 hausted their means, in defence of their country. Taxes 
 likewise were extremely onerous. These were some of the 
 causes of complaint which prepared the way for violent re- 
 sistance. Reason had lost its ascendency. The opposition 
 did not look upon the state of things, as a common calam- 
 ity, in which all were involved. They had fought and 
 bled together, and had obtained the object of their joint tri- 
 als and sacrifices. Sacrifices were still to be made. It was 
 the duty of the opposition to co-operate in measures to effect, 
 if possible, a better state of things. They ought to have 
 foreseen that its accomplishment must be gradual. This, 
 in short, was a juncture, in this Commonwealth, as we have 
 observed, which brought to a severe test, law, order, and 
 republican principles. Gen. Newell had no hesitancy as to 
 the path of duty. He was called upon to take the field as 
 Major General, to quell the insurrection. His conduct 
 throughout this anxious crisis, was firm and discrtpt, and 
 evinced his fitness for the responsible position he occupied. 
 Gen. Lincoln was the first in command, but, for some rea- 
 sons not remembered. Gen. Lincoln's dutic?^ devolved on Gen. 
 Newell, Gen. Shepard's conduct was also marked with 
 
STURBRIDOE AND SOUTHBRIDGE. 79 
 
 great prudence and skill. The result was, a signal triumph 
 of law and order over rashness and folly. 
 
 Mr. Job Hamant Jr. and Obed Walker, volunteered in 
 behalf of government. Mr. Hamant related one of the 
 movements of the contending forces. Shays made a lodg- 
 ment at Springfield » Soon learning that the government 
 troops were approaching that place, he decamped in a cold 
 stormy night, for Petersham. The snow was deep, and 
 the march tedious. After reaching Petersham, greatly fa- 
 tigued, they were endeavoring to take some refreshment 
 and repose; but the government troops, making no delay at 
 Springfield, were upon the heels of Shays, and surprised 
 him Ibefore he had much time to rest. He and his men 
 were thrown into great confusion, and fled in every direc- 
 tion. This incident shows that the Insurgents did not 
 abound in courage. 
 
 Probably there never was an insurrection which threat- 
 ened such disastrous consequences, suppressed with so 
 much skill, so little shedding of blood, and so efl'ectually. 
 It was the first, and it is to be hoped, the last in this Com- 
 monwealth. 
 
 Gen. Newell discharged with ability the duties of senator, 
 and member of the Governor's council. 
 
 He was, what is [commonly denominated, a self-taught 
 man. Possessing a mind fitted for extensive business and 
 intellectual acquisitions, he spared no pains to improve it. 
 Few men have accomplished so much. Every thing im- 
 portant in relation to the Revolution was at his command, 
 and was a theme of instructive and cheering interest to 
 those who listened to his conversation. As the strength of 
 our republican government had been pretty thoroughly 
 tested, he was decided in the belief, that it would be perpet- 
 uated. An advocate for improvement, he saw in prospect 
 great changes in this respect. Although an admirer of 
 Washington, he belonged to the Jeffersonian school in poli- 
 tics. He felt with Washington, that the Union should be 
 
80 HISTOKICAL SKETCH OP 
 
 cherished, and that nothing, for a moment, should be toler- 
 ated, which would tend toj endanger it. He observed, " it 
 affords me great satisfaction to leave my children under 
 such a government as ours." He well knew what it had 
 cost. He was, in person, tall, rather slender, and possessed 
 a striking countenance, which could not fail to command 
 respect. His whole appearance exhibited, at once, a man 
 of no common firmness and decision of character. His old- 
 est daughter married Thomas Upham, Esq. a gentleman of 
 high respectability, and of a distinguished family. Mr. 
 Upham, for many years, was largely concerned in mercan- 
 tile business, in Sturbridge, and several times represented 
 the town in the General Court. Another daughter married 
 Dr. Ephraim Allen, a graduate of Harvard. Another mar- 
 ried Dr. Abraham Allen, whose character is briefly sketched 
 in this work. Another daughter married Samuel Allen, Esq. 
 of Worcester, long well known as County Treasurer, a gen- 
 tleman of unrivalled punctuality and method, not only in his 
 official trusts, but in all the concerns of life. Mr. Allen 
 sustained the purest character. Another married John 
 Kennedy, a merchant, in the State of New-York. Another, 
 Mr. Reynolds, who was a printer. The youngest daughter 
 married Mr. Savage, who was chief Justice of the Supreme 
 Court, of the State of New-York. Another, married the 
 Rev. Dr. Ely of Monson, well known as a distinguished di- 
 vine. The character and accomplishments of these eight 
 daughters, may be inferred from the standing of the men 
 with whom they were connected. Gen. Newell buried his 
 only son at the age of 20, soon after he had received the 
 honors of Harvard University. He belonged to a class, 
 distinguished for eminent men. He was an excellent scho- 
 lar, and of great promise. With so slender health, and 
 such unremitted mental exercise, it is rather extraordina- 
 ry that Gen. Newell should have reached the age of 76. 
 His protracted life must be ascribed, in a great degree, to 
 his temperate habits, and regularity of diet. He died Feb. 
 6th, 1819. 
 
STDRBRIDGE AND SOUTHBRIDGE. 81 
 
 OBED WALKER. — Mr. Walker was in the Revoliiiion- 
 ary war, about six months, and at West-Point, when the 
 defection of Arnold occurred. Mr. Joshua Hyde was there 
 at the same time. As we have heard Mr. Walker speak 
 more particularly of that event than any other individual, 
 we shall narrate some facts in relation to it. The thrilling 
 developement that Arnold had fled, spread rapidly among 
 the troops, and produced a very deep sensation. The as- 
 tonished enquiry was made, what does this mean ! Very 
 soon, Washington was on the ground. He moved with rapid- 
 ity in examining the state of things. On examination of the 
 guns, he found they were spiked. Other discoveries devel- 
 oped more and more the nefarious plot. He ordered every 
 thing to be done which the emergency demanded. The 
 actors and the treason soon came to light. It was concerted 
 by Arnold and Maj. Andre, on the bank of the Hudson, 
 under the cover of night. Immediately after the plot was 
 concerted, Andre was arrested by three militiamen, with the 
 fatal papers in his possession. He so managed as to give 
 notice of his detention to Arnold, that he might have an op- 
 portunity to flee. All this very soon reached the ears of 
 Washington, whose unexpected return from Rhode-Island, 
 seemed to be a striking interposition of Divine Provi- 
 dence. Andre was brought to trial before a tribunal in 
 every respect competent to investigate and pass judgment 
 upon a transaction full of momentous consequences. Gen. 
 Greene was at the head of this tribunal. Andre's bear- 
 ing was elevated, and peculiarly calculated to enlist sympa- 
 thy. He frankly acknowledged the facts, but denied the 
 imputation of a spy. He alleged that he was within the 
 American lines, contrary to his knowledge, or intention ; 
 that he acted as an agent in agreeing to the proposals of 
 Arnold, and that all this was compatible with the rules of 
 honorable warlare. His judges after a long and patient 
 hearing, arrived at the conclusion, that he was a spy, and 
 passed sentence upon him as such. Every effort was made 
 
82 HISTORICAL SKETCH OF 
 
 by the British, that human ingenuity could devise, to avert 
 the doom of Andro. He was respected, and loved almost to 
 adoration. He promised high and extensive usefulness. 
 Washington, after weighing the subject in all its momentous 
 bearii]gs, arrived at the conclusion that he ought not to in- 
 terpose in attempting to arrest the execution of the sentence. 
 We cannot see any valid reason why Andre's request should 
 not have been granted, as to the mode of his execution. He 
 deemed it more honorable to be shot, than to be hung. 
 The English historian, uniformly, excepting in the case of 
 Andre, speaks in high terms of Washington. There is evi- 
 dently an intention, in some instances to contrast his con- 
 duct with that of their own commanderSj that his su- 
 periority may more strikingly appear. His language, in 
 regard to Andre, is, " future ages will regard the death of 
 Andre as a dark spot in the bright character of the Ameri- 
 can General." We cannot believe this prediction has been, 
 or will be so fulfilled, in view of an impartial world. Andre 
 had been tried and condemned by a competent tribunal. 
 Washington discovered no sufficient reason why he should 
 attempt to arrest the execution of the sentence. It is to be 
 considered that this was a very crilical period in the revo- 
 lutionary conflict. There had been, on the part of the 
 Americans, almost unparalleled privations and perils. The 
 resources of the country were greatly exhausted. Although 
 the spirit of liberty had not abated, discontent would break 
 out under such accumulated suiTerings. This was a junc- 
 ture when the enemy might well suppose that they might 
 strike a blow which would be fatal. The project, if carried 
 into effect, would have been tremendous in its consequen- 
 ces. It contemplated the possession of the most important 
 post of the Americans, the capture of a great portion of her 
 artillery, magazines and stores, and the destruction, or sur- 
 render of her best officers, and all the Northern Army. An- 
 dre was one of the projectors of this mighty scheme, involv- 
 ing the sacrifice of such a fearful amount of life and proper- 
 
STUEBRIDGE AND SOUTHBRIDGE. 83 
 
 ty. He knew, at the same time, that he was making such 
 a detestible bargain with a traitor, as might well be com- 
 pared to the conspiracy of Catiline. No exigency or cir- 
 cumstances can excuse, or paliate, either party, in treach- 
 ery, especially, treachery of so odious a character. Even 
 a Roman Senate, not favored with the light of Christianity, 
 did not countenance treacherous projects for the destruction 
 of the life, or property of their enemies. Although the plot 
 involved consequences so enormous and appalling ; Andre 
 was an object of universal interest and sympathy. But 
 those men, who held in their hands the destiny of America, 
 must be governed, in their high and solemn responsibility, 
 by considerations of higher moment than sympathy. An 
 example must speak, in notes, not to be misunderstood. 
 
 West Point exhibits to the observer the most beautiful 
 and sublime scenery. The parade ground is a spacious 
 area, admirably adapted to its present use. The buildings 
 are in fine style, and the grounds about them, laid in the 
 best taste, ornamented with trees, and other natural and ar- 
 tificial beauties. Here the visitor is richly rewarded in 
 viewing mihtary evolutions, and the various attractions 
 around him. From the parade ground your course is an 
 abrupt ascent, about a mile, to Fort Putnam, situated on the 
 highest elevation. Here are the ruins of the old Fort. It 
 revives the most thrilling reminiscences. Here was "Wash- 
 ington, and Greene, and Putnam, and Lafayette. Here 
 was that brave, patriotic, self-denying band of soldiers, 
 gathered from every portion of the Country. Here too was 
 Arnold, the traitor. The view around you is almost unsur- 
 passed in beauty and grandeur, and admirably in keeping 
 with the thoughts which it awakens. The memorable ac- 
 tors and memorable events, which were here witnessed 
 more than three quarters of a century ago, seem but yester- 
 day. On these great thoroughfares spread before you, what 
 an astonishing and cheering change is now witnessed ! 
 
84 HISTORICAL SKETCH OF 
 
 Mr. Walker was inclnstrions, and of economical habits ; 
 plain in dress and manners, and honest and frank in his 
 intercourse with others. He was a son of Lieut. Nathaniel 
 Walker, who we have elsewhere stated, was in the French 
 and Revolutionary wars, Obed Walker died March 9th, 
 18.50, aged 88. 
 
 ITHAMAR MERRIFIELD.— Mr. Merrifield drew a full 
 pension, consequently he must have been in active service 
 during a great portion of the revolutionary conflict. We 
 have often heard him dwell upon the events of that period 
 with deep interest. He was in a number of engagements. 
 There is no doubt he was a brave soldier, and would not 
 flinch to storm a fort or meet an enemy in any form. Short 
 in stature, of a dark complexion, he possessed a constitution 
 fitted to endure great hardship. He was not at all partic- 
 ular as to the appearance of his habitation or furniture, or 
 as to his dress, or what he ate or drank, or how, or where 
 he slept. He was very economical in all his habits, but 
 a little inclined occasionally to be exhilarated by artificial 
 expedients. Notwithstanding his apparent disregard of any 
 degree of refinement, he possessed tender and kind feelings, 
 and was ever ready to perform acts of kindness. 
 
 Ithamar Merrifield was one of the men who encountered 
 the perils and hardships incideii t o the achievement of our 
 independence. -He lived to the advanced age of 81. 
 
 Mr. SILAS DUNTON.— The writer was well acquainted 
 with Silas Dnnton, and had frequent conversations with him 
 in relation to his services as a soldier of the Revolution. He 
 drew about half pay as a pensioner. He possessed a very 
 firm constitution, and lived to the age of 80. He was an 
 industrious and an honest man. He was the father of Dea. 
 Zenas Dnnton, well known as one of the best of men, not 
 only as a burning light in the church, but in all the rela- 
 tions of life. We remember well his filial attention to the 
 father, and his unremitted care and watchfulness over him 
 in his last distressing sickness. The father deserves re- 
 
STRUBRIDGE AND SOUTHBRIDGE. 85 
 
 membrance as a veteran of the Revolution, and the son as a 
 bright model for imitation. Silas Dunton died in 1840, in 
 the SOth year of his age. 
 
 ABEL MASON, Esq. — Mr. Mason was one of the strong 
 men of the Revolution. We could cheerfully give a more 
 protracted sketch of his character than is in agreement with 
 our plan. We have not the evidence of showing how long, 
 or where his revolutionary services were exerted. We 
 believe he bore a part in that stirring campaign, which re- 
 sulted in the surrender of Burgoyne. He held the eommand 
 of Captain. Those under him, always spoke of him in 
 terms of love and liigh respect. Wherever Capt. Mason 
 led the way, all would cheerfully follow. He was, in every 
 respect, the man for those times, and for all other times. He 
 was extensively engaged as a farmer during life, and al- 
 ways exerted a good influence around him. Gen. Brooks, 
 when elevated to the executive chair, remembered his old 
 companion in arms, and, unsolicited by anyone, sent Capt. 
 Mason a commission of Justice of the peace. A consistent 
 and decided christian character, crowned his other sterling 
 virtues. Were such qualifications essential recommenda- 
 tions for public trusts, at the present day, public affairs 
 would present a very different aspect. With plain, unas- 
 suming, and agreeable manners, were united firmness, and 
 a sound judgment. Capt. Mason was in person tall, of a 
 light complexion, not fleshy, muscular, and well propor- 
 tioned. In the investigation of the characters of the men of 
 the Revolutionary war, there will appear a peculiar fitness 
 for the exigency of the times. 
 
 Since writing the above, a grandson has favored us with 
 some interesting facts. Capt. Mason was in the French 
 war, one campaign, and in the war of the Revolution, about 
 two years. We have alluded in another place, to the uni- 
 versal spirit of resistance which was excited by the move- 
 ments of Burgoyne. Capt. Mason, with his company, 
 reached the battle ground immediately after the surrender. 
 8 
 
OO HISTORICAL SKETCH OP 
 
 His father was one of the first settlers of the town. The 
 Legislature required, before an act of incorporation would be 
 granted, the erection of a certain number of dwelling-houses. 
 The father of Capt. Mason built one, which remained until 
 a few years since. Truly a venerable relic. The estate of 
 the original proprietor, has descended in a direct line, to the 
 fourth generation, and in the name of Mason. Mr. Oliver 
 Mason, the present proprietor, holds it by a sure and very 
 honorable title. Capt. Mason died at the age of 94. 
 
 DENNISON WHEELOCK.— Mr. Wheelockdrew a pen- 
 sion for three or four several periods of revolutionary ser- 
 vice. He had a brother, Ralph, who was also in the ser- 
 vice. How long Ralph was in the service, we have not 
 been able to ascertain. He also drew a pension. They 
 were sons of Capt. Ralph Wheelock, who was one of the 
 early settlers in Sturbridge. More than forty years ago, we 
 remember Capt. Wheelock, then of great age, possessing the 
 physical and mental vigor of a man, in middle life. His 
 mind was stored with many interesting facts in relation to 
 the early settlement of the town. We remember he spoke 
 of the constancy of attendance on public worship, and that 
 neither weather nor distance was an insuperable obstacle. 
 Capt. Wheelock married a daughter of Mr. James Dennison, 
 the first settler of that part of the town where Capt. Whee- 
 lock resided. 
 
 Maj. ASA COBURN.— Maj. Coburn, another son of Stur- 
 bridge, embarked heart and hand in the revolutionary move- 
 ments. Possessing energy of character, and the requisite 
 qualifications for an officer, he no doubt distinguished him- 
 self as such. Holding the rank of Captain when he entered 
 the service, he was promoted to that of Major. We regret 
 our limited information in regard to particulars of his mili- 
 tary career. We should be glad to notice some of the 
 thrilling scenes in which he must have been an actor. 
 Those who could furnish the desired facts have passed to 
 their rest. A very aged townsman informs the writer, that 
 
STURBllIDGE AND SOUTHBRIDGE. 87 
 
 Maj. Cobuni was one of the early promoters of the revolu- 
 tionary movements. He recollects when he entered the 
 army, and that after he had been for a considerable period 
 in active service, he took his sou, Piiineas. into the army. 
 He states further, that Maj. Cobnrii was in the army most 
 of the time during the war, and Phincas, about three years. 
 We thus see he was not an indifferent co-worker in the 
 good cause. The army fnrnished many instances of father 
 and son in its ranks. Tliey are a striking manifestation of 
 the spirit of the times, and, an unflinching determination to 
 accomplish the great end in view. Maj. Coburn removed 
 into the Slate of Ohio, at what period of time, we are not 
 informed. 
 
 Dr. EBENEZER PHILLIPS.— Dr. Phillips, a brother 
 of Dea. John Phillips, was born in Sturbridge, on the old 
 paternal homestead, which Dea. Phillips still occupies. The 
 Doctor was a soldier of the Revolution. His services em- 
 braced four distinct periods. He, like many others, must 
 have been a mere lad at that time. He was a skilful phy- 
 sician, and a very worthy man. His professional business 
 was not confined to Charlton, which was his residence, but 
 was sought in the adjacent towns. In the department of 
 obstetrics, he possessed superior skill, and was extensively 
 employed in cases of this sort. In many instances where 
 the skill of others was baffled, he extended relief He re- 
 ceived a pension for several years. 
 
 BENJAMIN HUMPHREY.— Mr. Humphrey bore arms, 
 most of the time, during the war. He was reputed to be a 
 good soldier. Being limited as to his means of a livelihood, 
 his pension was a grateful relief, in the last years of his life. 
 Although Mr. Humphrey was a poor man, he possessed the 
 valuable reputation of having devoted his early manhood to 
 his country. He lived to an advanced age. Since writing 
 the above, we are informed that Mr. Humphrey was a na- 
 tive of Brookfield, and probably entered the service while a 
 
»» HISTORICAL SKETCH OF 
 
 resident of that town. If so, he settled in Sturbridge in 
 early life, where he lived till his death. 
 
 THOMAS YOUNG.— We are not in possession of such 
 facts as will enable us to give a particular account of Mr. 
 Young's revolutionary services. Dea. Phillips recollects 
 that Mr. Young resided in Sturbridge when he entered the 
 army, and is of opinion that his military services were not 
 of short duration. 
 
 ABIJAH HYDE.— Mr. Hyde belonged to Capt. Co- 
 burn's company, and was in the army two and a half years. 
 He died in the service of his country, of the small pox, in 
 Canada. He was a native of Sturbridge, and brother of 
 Joshua Hyde. 
 
 HENRY CLARK was in the service, the same length of 
 time, two and a half years. He was also in Capt. Coburn's 
 company, and died in Canada of the small pox. 
 
 LEMUEL HYDE was in the army. How long, we 
 have not been able to ascertain. 
 
 Capt. CLARK, as we are informed by Dea. Phillips, was 
 in the army one campaign. 
 
 TIMOTHY SMITH was in the army eight months, and 
 perhaps longer. 
 
 MOSES SMITH was in the service about three years. 
 As he must have encountered many perils and hardships 
 during so long a period, it would be gratifying, if possessed 
 of facts, to speak of him more particularly. 
 
 NATHAN SMITH was in the army at several different 
 periods. When and where, we are unable to state. 
 
 JOSIAH PARTRIDGE was in the service. How long, 
 we "are unable to state. 
 
 JOHN GOSS was in the service eight months or more. 
 STEPHEN DRAPER was in the French war four or 
 five years. The writer recollects very well of having had 
 several conversations with Mr. Draper in relation to his mil- 
 itary services. He was then an old man, exhibiting the 
 marks of a veteran, and of one who would not shrink froma 
 
STURBRIDGE AND SOUTHBRIDGE. 89 
 
 conflict, in the battle field. His courage had more than 
 once been tested by actual experiment. He was one of the 
 number who came in early life from Medfield to this town. 
 He was the father of Jacob and George Draper. Mr. Dra- 
 per's wife was a sister of Mrs. David Wight, to whom we 
 have particularly alluded in this work. 
 
 Lieut. NATHANIEL WALKER was for a considerable 
 length of time in the French war. We have spoken of him 
 in another place. 
 
 JOSIAH WALKER, a brother . of Nathaniel, was also 
 a soldier in the French war. He was the father ofCapt. 
 Perez Walker. * | 
 
 ABEL MASON, Esq. was also in the French war, of 
 whom we have spoken in another place. 
 
 PmNEAS WALKER, another brother, was in the 
 French war. 
 
 THOMAS BOYD EN, who resided in the southerly part 
 of the town, was a number of years in the French war, and 
 probably a longer period in the Revolutionary war. We are 
 informed by Dea. Elias Holbrook, that when a lad, he had 
 often heard Eleazer Howard, his grandfather, and Mr. Boy- 
 den converse together in reference to their services in those 
 wars. They used to talk over, and dwell particularly, on 
 the battles, in which each had been engaged. Mr. Howard 
 was a farmer, and the possessor of a handsome estate. Mr. 
 Boyden was poor, and supported his family as a day la- 
 borer. We have spoken of Mr. Howard in another place. 
 He was one of the original settlers in the southerly part of 
 the town. 
 
 GEORGE WATKINS, mentioned in another place as 
 one of the first settlers, bore arms in the French war. The 
 duration of his services we are unable to state. 
 
 ASAHEL CLARK was in the French war. 
 
 Also ELIJAH CARPENTER. 
 
 Also BENJAMIN FELTON. 
 
 Also THOMAS BOYDEN, and ELEAZER HOWARD. 
 8* 
 
90 HISTORICAL SKETCH OF 
 
 ICHABOD ROBBINS was in the Revolutionary war 
 about three years. So long a period, thus devoted to the 
 service of his country, demands a more particular narration 
 than we are able to give. 
 
 ELI ROBBINS, a brother of Ichabod, was also in the 
 service. How long, we cannot state. 
 
 BEN.TAMIN DIX was a while in the army. 
 
 SAMUEL MORSE, the father of Capt. Lyman Morse, 
 was in the revolutionary service, at least three months, in 
 the state of New-Jersy. Lyman succeeded to a portion of 
 the real estate where his father settled. 
 
 ISAAC UPHAM was one of the minute men. In the 
 midst of his haying, he was warned to march at a minute's 
 notice. He quit his scythe, buckled on his armor, and 
 was instantly off for the battle-field. That thrilling period 
 was marked with many such instances. His neighbors 
 kindly volunteered their services, in finishing his haying, 
 and in harvesting his grain. 
 
 JONATHAN UPHAM was in the service at several dif- 
 ferent periods. The writer aided him in obtaining a pen- 
 sion. He resided during many years in the southern part 
 of the town. He was an honest and worthy man. He, like 
 many others, who had served their country faithfully, was 
 dependent on the daily labor of his hands for a frugal sub- 
 sistence. 
 
 A colored man, who lived with Capt. Timothy Parker, 
 was in the army during the last of the war, and died in the 
 service. He was commonly called PRIMUS. 
 
 WILLIAM SIMPSON was a wliilc in the Revolutionary 
 war. He resided in that part of Sturbridge, now called 
 Southbridge. 
 
 BENJAMIN HOBBS was in humble circumstances, an 
 industrious and hard laboring man. He served during the 
 Revolutionary war, and the war of 1812. Frequently has 
 he related to the writer some of the thrilling events of his 
 Jife, especially his feeling and conduct in battles. He ob- 
 
STURBRIDGE AND SOUTHBRIDGE. 91 
 
 served that on the near approach of the enemy, and the 
 preparations for the engagement, he could not avoid some 
 trepidation. But as soon as he was warmly engaged, all 
 such feelings vanished, and he thought of nothing but 
 to discharge his duty to the utmost of his ability. The 
 martial music, the vollies of musketry, the roaring of can- 
 non, the flying balls, sometimes piercing his clothes, the 
 dead, the dying around him, all served to nerve him more 
 fiercely for the conflict. ]n the rage of the battle, and ra- 
 pidity of the movements, he was compelled frequently to 
 rush over those who had fallen, without a moments time to 
 afibid them relief But when the struggle was over, and 
 its heart-rending effects spread out before him, how changed 
 were his emotions ! Officers, soldiers, horses, and all the 
 instruments of death, almost literally covered the battle 
 ground ! He remarked, the poor brave fellows lay there 
 steeped in blood, and some of them my comrades ! You 
 cannot think how I felt. The sad work was then to be 
 performed as quickly as possible, of preparing and consign- 
 ing them to their rude graves. Not to dwell any longer on 
 this revolting scene, Mr. Hobbs was familiar with the 
 names and appearance of a great portion of the officers of 
 the Revolution. Washington he saw daily, and not unfre- 
 quently lady Washington, The soldiers would humorously 
 remark, Lady Washington is to inspect us to day with the 
 General, our tents must be neat, every thing in good order, 
 and we must show ourselves off^ to the best advantage. 
 This circumstance is noticed as evidence of the influence of 
 that lady, and the respect in which she was held. Mr. 
 liobbs, in person, was thick, strong, athletic, and capable of 
 enduring great and protracted hardship. This sketch is 
 cheerfully made of him as a brave soldier, who served his 
 country long and fiiithfuUy, No monument marks the 
 spot where sleep his ashes. This is certainly unwarranta- 
 ble neglect. Since the above was written, we have been in- 
 formed that he was a native of Charlton, and while residing 
 
92 HISTORICAL SKETCH OF 
 
 there, enlisted into the service. He married in Sturbridge, 
 and settled in the latter town immediately after the close of 
 the war. 
 
 MARK STACY was in the service eight months at Rox- 
 bury. 
 
 SILAS MARSH.— Mr. Marsh was one of the strong 
 men of the Revolution, fitted to sustain, as we\\ as any man, 
 those long and severe hardships to which he was subjected 
 as a soldier. His life was periled in a number of engage- 
 ments. The writer inquired of him, when viewing the ev- 
 olutions of the mihtia assembled for muster, whether they 
 did not bring to his mind revolutionary scenes. He ob- 
 served, " very vividly. We were drilling in that way 
 almost daily, when not in actual service. We were then 
 preparing to meet the enemy marching over the land with 
 strong armed forces, A great change has taken place 
 since that day. 1'hose young men are not now expecting 
 every day, and perhaps every hour, to be summoned into 
 the midst of flying balls, where one half of them might be 
 cut down in a few hours. I hope they never may be 
 brought into such trials. Our Independence was obtained, 
 at the expense of many a hard fought battle, and an un- 
 told amount of anxieties and hardships. Men do not ap- 
 pear to put a just estimate on the blessings which have 
 resulted from it." 
 
 Mr. Marsh was a hard laboring man. Although exem- 
 plary in his habits, and deportment, he felt the need of 
 Something more than a moral life. This was manifested in 
 a deep interest in religion, some eigiit or ten years before 
 his death. The veteran of the Revolution, united with a 
 large number, in the morning of life, in making a public 
 profession of his faith. He observed, " I can look back and 
 see the hand of Providence, in my hair's breadth escapes." 
 He was confined to his bed, by a paralytic shock, for some 
 two years, before his death. The confinement was borne 
 with christian resignation. 
 
STDRBRIDGE AND SOUTHBRIDGE. 93 
 
 He died on the third day of Jane, 183G, in the 89th year 
 of Ills age. 
 
 BENJAMIN HYDE, the father of Joshua Hyde, bore 
 arms in the French war, and also in the war of the RevoUi- 
 tion. We should be glad to state liis services more in de- 
 tail, had we the desired information. His sons, John and 
 Othniel, were in the service about eight months. Of Josh- 
 ua we have spoken particularly. Here is another instance 
 of the father and three sons taking the field together in the 
 struggle for independence. It is a manifestation of a patri- 
 otic .spirit, of a Ingh order. Benjamin Hyde senior, had 
 twelve children, and, as we are informed, most of them 
 lived to advanced life. 
 
 Dea. JOHN PHILLIPS was in the war of the Revolu- 
 tion about seven weeks. He is the only survivor (1855,) 
 in Sturbridge and Southbridge, of those men who were in 
 the service. 
 
 JOSHUA HYDE.— Mr. Hyde was born in Sturbridge, 
 and was the son of Benjamin Hyde, who had a large 
 family. We shall name his sons who were in the Revolu- 
 tionary war. He was in the service during the most criti- 
 cal period of the Revolutionary contest. He was one of the 
 corps commanded by Gen. Sullivan, who gained such dis- 
 tinguished credit in his masterly retreat in Rhode-Island, 
 August 1778. Gifted with a very retentive memory, it may 
 not be out of place to sketch some important particulars re- 
 lated by him with lively interest, and which are in accord- 
 ance with historic facts. The retreat was under the cover 
 of night, conducted with the utmost caution and stillness, 
 and eflected by the break of day. This adroit movement 
 was no less memorable than a signal victory. The ob- 
 ject of Sullivan's expedition was to expel the British 
 from Rhode-Island. The expected co-operation of the 
 French troops failed. In consequence of this failure, it 
 would have been rashness in the extreme, for Sullivan to have 
 hazarded an r ngagement. Finding themselves in this perilous 
 
94 HISTORICAL SKETCH OF 
 
 condition, many of Sullivan's troops deserted. Desertion, 
 of this sort, of inexperienced troops, was one of tlie severe 
 trials to be eiicoantered. The subject of our sketch was not 
 composed of such materials. This was the first attempt at 
 co-operation with French troops. It did not at the com- 
 mencement, promise very flattering results. Their temper- 
 ament, habits and mode of discipline, were totally unconge- 
 nial with those of the Americans. The utmost prudence 
 was requisite to harmonize such discordant materials. The 
 exertions of Washington, with able coadjutors, were effec- 
 tual in allaying the spirit of discontent. The interposition 
 of France in our behalf, evidently exasperated the British. 
 Their conduct was afterwards marked with cruelties, and 
 stratagems totally inconsistent with civilized warfare. One 
 or two instances are cited, in confirmation of this remark. A 
 regiment of light horse, at Old Tapan, on the North River, 
 was surprised, and almost entirely cut ofiC. Another much 
 larger body of troops under the command of Pulaski, was 
 slaughtered, with the exception of a small remnant, under 
 much more aggravating circumstances. Such cruelties 
 had the effect of uniting more firmly the Americans, and 
 of firing them wiih a more unyielding spirit of resistance. 
 These instances are not cited to revive feelings of resent- 
 ment, but to exhibit the influence of the passions, stimulated 
 by hostility. Mr. Hyde was at West-Point, at the defec- 
 tion of Arnold. Our remarks on that event, are in connec- 
 tion with the sketch of Obed Walker. 
 
 The hardships, incident to this period of Mr. Hyde's life, 
 without doubt, gave him more vigor of character, and firm- 
 ness of physical constitution, and better prepared him for 
 the active services of a long life. Not favored with the ad- 
 vantages of even a common education, he cheerfully bestow- 
 ed them upon his children, and as cheerfully aided in the 
 education of the rising generation, and also in the support 
 of religious worship. His attendance at church on the Sab- 
 bath, was uniform. He expressed to the writer his firm 
 
STUEBRIDGE AND SOUTHBRIDGE. 95 
 
 belief in the necessity of religion. He was plain in his 
 manners, economical in his habits, and judicious in his 
 calculations. He read very little ; but a good share of com- 
 mon sense, and keen observation, enabled him to judge, 
 with a good degree of accuracy, of public men and meas- 
 ures. 
 
 He left for his widow and children, a very handsome 
 estate, which was the fruit of his own industry and per- 
 severance. He died Sept. Sth, 1838, aged 77. 
 
 Benjamin D. Hyde, Esq. who has for many years been 
 in the practice of law, is a son of Joshua Hyde. 
 
 The Hon. Emery Washburn has allowed us to copy his 
 sketch of the character of Col. Crafts, from his valuable 
 and interesting history of Leicester Academy. 
 
 " CoL. EBENEZRR CRAFTS was born in Pomfret, 
 Conn. September 3d, 1740, and was graduated at Yale 
 College, 1759. Soon after this, ho engaged in mercantile 
 business in his native town. At the age of twenty two, he 
 married Mehitable Chandler, and, soon after, moved to 
 Sturbridge, where he continued to pursue the same business 
 m'which he had been engaged, and by attention and assi- 
 duity, acquired thereby a large estate. At the commence- 
 ment of hostilities, he held the command of a company of 
 cavalry, which he had raised and organized, and joined the 
 Army with it at Cambridge, in 1775. He remained in the 
 service till the British troops evacuated Boston, when he 
 returned to Sturbridge, and was soon after elected the Col. 
 of a regiment of Cavalry, which office he held till his re- 
 moval from the County. At the time of the insurrection, 
 known as the " Shay's Rebellion," he marched with a 
 body of one hundred men, under Gen. Lincoln, in the win- 
 ter of 1786 and 1787, into the western counties, where he 
 rendered prompt and essential service in suppressing that 
 alarming but ill judged outbreak. With the enlarged and 
 patriotic views of Col. Crafts, the importance of educating 
 the rising generation early attracted his attention. The 
 people were about to assume the solemn trust of self-gov- 
 
96 HISTOEICAL SKETCH OF 
 
 ernment. and, to do this with success, they should be able 
 to understand and appreciate the wants and duties of a free 
 people. 
 
 The condition of the common Schools was depressed ; the 
 number of public institutions for education was few ; and 
 the idea of establishing such an institution in this country, 
 occupied his thoughts for some time before any measures 
 were taken to accomplish it. He, at first, conceived the 
 plan of founding an academy in the pleasant village where 
 he resided. But the opportunity that presented, as has 
 been already stated, for procuring a suitable building in 
 Leicester, and the co-operation of Col. Davis in the scheme, 
 induced him to direct his efforts to its establishment in 
 that place, with the zeal and success which I have already 
 had occasion to notice. By his efforts in this, and other be- 
 nevolent enterprises, and that general revulsion of businessi 
 which after the close of the war, proved so disastrous to 
 New-England, he became so much embarrassed in his af- 
 fairs, that he was induced to sell his estates here, and re- 
 move to Vermont, where he, in company with Gen. New- 
 ell, of Sturbridge, had purchased a township of land, a 
 few years previous. This took place in the winter of 1790, 
 and 1791, and tlie town, out of respect to its founder, took 
 the name of Craftsbury. In 1792, he resigned his place as 
 a trustee of the Academy, up to which lime he cherished 
 and promoted its interests, and shared in its early struggles, 
 against the same difficulties, which were embarrassing his 
 own affairs. In 1786, Col. Crafts was honored with the 
 degree of A. M. from Harvard University. 
 
 It is not easy for the present generation to understand, 
 how new and unbroken was the wilderness into which Col. 
 Crafts removed with his family. To the generation that 
 was upon the stage a half century ago, it was familiarly 
 known as fbe " new State," and, towards it, was the foot 
 of the emigrant from the older counties in Massachusetts 
 directed till that time. Scarce a town in that region, that 
 
STDRBRIDGE AND SOUTHBRIDGE. 97 
 
 had not more or less of its early settlers from the County of 
 Worcester, and Col, Crafts had already been preceded by 
 Col. Davis at the time of his removal. At ihat time, there 
 was no road opened for more than twenty miles from 
 Craftsbury, and, it being winter, the females of his family 
 were drawn that distance, upon hand sleds over the snow. 
 Here he gathered around him a number of excellent fami- 
 lies from Sturbridge and neighboring towns, and a little 
 commuuity was formed, of which he was the acknowl- 
 edged head. For twenty years, he stood to it in the rela- 
 tion of a patriarch, a friend and counsellor, whose intelli- 
 gence all understood, and whose friendship and fidelity all 
 esteemed. His generous hospitality, his energy of charac- 
 ter, his calm dignity, and his pure and christian life, acting, 
 as they did, upon a well educated, sympathising commu- 
 nity, exerted an influence, and stamped a character upon 
 the people, and fortunes of the town he planted, which is 
 plainly perceptible to this day. In this he found a ready 
 and efficient auxiliary in his son, whom we have mentioned, 
 and other members of his own immediate kindred. In this 
 community he resided till his death. May 24th, 1810, at the 
 age of 70, respected and beloved by a constantly widening 
 circle of friends and acquaintance. The academy are in 
 possession of an excellent likeness of this founder of the in- 
 stitution, from an original portrait formerly in the posses- 
 sion of his son, the late Hon. Samuel C. Crafts, in which it 
 is not difficult to trace indications of that character lhat 
 distinguished him in the middle and more active period of 
 his life. He was a man of great energy and firmness, and, 
 though liberal in his views and sentiments, he was inflexi- 
 ble in the maintenance of principle, and, with the opportu- 
 nities he enjoyed, sucli a man would not fail to make his 
 influence widely felt. 
 
 But it is chiefly of this influence, as connected with this 
 institution, that it is proper to speak in this place. As class 
 after class of hopeful and educated young men have gone 
 9 
 
98 HISTORICAL SKETCH OF 
 
 out from this academy to perform their parts in the various 
 departments of Hfe, they have unconsciously been his agents 
 in disseminating principles, upon the maintenance of which 
 depends the permanence and prosperity of the republic it- 
 self And, in paying this brief and huirible tribute to his 
 memory, it is hoped that it may be regarded in the light of 
 meet, though tardy justice to one who conceived and car- 
 ried out the plan of founding the institution. His successor 
 in the board of trustees was Gen. Timothy Newell," 
 
 Col. Crafts settled in the centre village of Sturbridge. 
 The present hotel, which has for more than half a century 
 been occupied as a public house, was built by him ; and 
 the majestic elms in front, were probably planted by his 
 hand. Col. Crafts certainly deserves this record of remem- 
 brance by so able a hand. 
 
 Capt. DAVID COREY was in the army seven weeks. 
 He was a brother of Dr. Jacob Corey, senior. They were 
 the sons of Jacob Corey, who resided about a mile north- 
 westerly from the centre of the town, on the first Brookfield 
 road. David became the proprietor of the real estate of the 
 father, where he was born, and resided till his death. The 
 father was one of the original settlers. Many of his de- 
 scendants have settled in various sections of the country, 
 and hold a respectable standing. 
 
 Capt. JOHN BOYDEN. — Capt. Boyden was a revolu- 
 tionary soldier. We have no data to determine the time of 
 his continuance in the army, but the impression is, that his 
 services were not of short duration. He came into Stur- 
 bridge, in early life, from Medfield. He was a highly re- 
 spected citizen. He went out as Captain of a company, to 
 suppress the Shays insurrection. 
 
 BENJAMIN WALKER was in the army about one 
 year, and died in the service. 
 
 Lieut. JOHN SALMON was for a considerable length 
 of time in the service ; whether in the capacity of an officer, 
 or private, we have not been informed. 
 
STURBRIDGE AND SOUTHBRIDGE. 99 
 
 CALVIN MARSH was in the army a short Ume, and 
 died in the service, at Roxbury. 
 
 JOSEPH SHAW was a revolutionary soldier. The time 
 of his service was sufficient to enable liiin to draw a pen- 
 sion. 
 
 DANIEL PLIMPTON, a brother of John and Elias 
 Plimpton, was in the army about one year. 
 
 JOSHUA GERROLU was in the army nine months. 
 He was a brother of Capt. Gerrold, who resided in the 
 southerly part of the town. Capt. Gerrold was probably in 
 the service, but we have not been able to obtain positive in- 
 formation on this point. 
 
 NAHUM SMITH was in the Revolutionary war" three 
 years. The writer assisted Mr. Smith in procuring a pen- 
 sion according to the provisions of the first act, limiting the 
 pension to those who were needy. Smith appeared before 
 Chief Justice Parker to make oath to the declaration of his 
 services. We notice this circumstance, because of the inter- 
 est the Judge manifested in those men, who had thus served 
 their country. He was gratified that provision was made 
 for them, and thought that the bounty of the government 
 should not be confined exclusively to the needy. Subse- 
 quent acts were in accordance with his views, then expressed. 
 Mr. Smith was in a number of battles, and was subjected to 
 peculiar hardships. 
 
 NATHAN FISKE enlisted into the service at the age of 
 sixteen, near the close of the war, and from the best infor- 
 mation we can obtain, was in actual service two several 
 periods. The writer was well acquainted with Mr. Fiske. 
 He was well known to be a very capable man. Habits of 
 indulgence, more common in his day, than at present, 
 checked liis usefulness, for a number of years. He had 
 an excellent farm, on Fiske Hill, and was one of the noted 
 brotherhood, of that name. 
 
 JOSHUA FISKE, a brother of Nathan, was in the army. 
 How long, we have not been able to ascertain. He died in 
 the service of his country. 
 
100 HISTORICAL SKETCH OP 
 
 ELIPHALET ALLEN was in the Revolutionary war. 
 We have not been able to obtain particulars, or the extent 
 of liis services, 
 
 RUFUS CLARK was in the Revolutionary war, with 
 the exception of short intervals, from its commencement to 
 the close. He was in the engagements against Burgoyne, 
 and was present at the surrender of the British army. He 
 was also present at another surrender, equally memorable, 
 at Yorktown. Those two events, Mr, Clark never forgot. 
 Well might he often speak of them with laudable pride. 
 He received one or two wounds in battle. There is no 
 doubt he acted his part faithfully and bravely for his coun- 
 try. He was one of the many, who came from Medfield. 
 
 ELIJAH CARPENTER was in the French war about 
 one year. He was also in the Revolutionary service about 
 eight months. He was a while at Roxbury. 
 ► Capt. TIMOTHY PARKER.— We have previously re- 
 marked, that by reference to the town records, it will ap- 
 pear that Capt. Newell, Capt. Crafts and Capt. Parker, 
 were actively engaged, at an early period, in preparing their 
 companies, for the approaching conflict. One of the mili- 
 tary regulations of the day, was to keep a portion of the 
 militia, called minute-men, in readiness, at short notice, for 
 active service. They were considered auxiliary to the reg- 
 ular establishment, and not so much to be depended upon 
 as regular troops. Some of the early engagements prove 
 the truth of this remark. A great portion of this kind of 
 troops became gradually incorporated with the regular 
 forces. Hence the necessity of preparatory discipline. Capt. 
 Parker was the commander of one of the companies of min- 
 ute men. We are informed by aged men, that he was in 
 active service with his company in several campaigns. He 
 sustained the reputation of a good oHicer, and a decided pa- 
 triot. Some years after the close of the war, he removed to 
 the town of Holden. The writer recollects very well of 
 seeing Capt. Parker several times. He was a man of unusr 
 
STURBRIDGE AND SOUTHBRIDGE. 101 
 
 ual size, possessing prominent and striking features. His 
 whole demeanor exhibited a man who would not be first to 
 turn his back to the enemy. Capt. Parker, united with an 
 exemplary moral, the christian character. 
 
 JOSEPH CHENEY. — Mr. Cheney was Lieutenant of a 
 company of minnte-men. It is presumable this was Capt. 
 Parker's company. He was in active service, but we do 
 not recollect, nor are we able to collect particulars, in rela- 
 tion to his revolntionary services. He was a prominent sup- 
 porter of civil and religions institutions. He was hospitable, 
 companionable, and always ready to perform acts of kind- 
 ness. This venerable man was constantly to be seen in the 
 house of public worship. We presume he would not quail 
 in scenes of danger, but, if we mistake not, he did not pos- 
 sess that high degree of firmness which characterized a 
 great portion of the men of the revolution. He died at 
 an advanced age. 
 
 SAMUEL SHUMWAY was in actual service about 
 one year. He was a thrifty farmer, a useful townsman, and 
 an exemplary christian. He died Oct. 2d, 1842, in the 
 ninety third year of his age. He bequeathed to the Congre- 
 gational Society one hundred dollars. 
 
 ABIJAH SHUMWAY was more than one year in the 
 Revolutionary war. He died many years since, leaving a 
 widow who until the time of her death, continued to draw 
 a pension, on the ground of her husband's services. She 
 lived to the advanced age of about 95. 
 
 The Shumways resided in that portion of the town called 
 Shumway-Hill, where some of the descendants of those rev- 
 olutionary men still reside. We can speak of them, in com. 
 mendable terms, for their industrious and exemplary habits, 
 and christian character. Their grand-father was the first 
 settler of the tract which is in possession of the third gener- 
 ation, Abijah and Samuel. 
 
 JOHN COREY, a brother of David Corey, was in the 
 service about eight months in the year 1776, in the state of 
 9* 
 
102 HISTORICAL SKETCH OP 
 
 New- York. It was at that dark period of the contest, to 
 which we have more than once alluded, and of which we 
 have often heard the veterans of the revolution speak, 
 
 SAMUEL RICHARDSON was in New-York about the 
 same length of time, and probably in the same company 
 with John Corey. 
 
 OLIVER PLIMPTON.— How long he was in the ser- 
 vice, we cannot speak definitely. He must have been quite 
 young. If as prompt and energetic in military duty as he 
 was afterwards as a man of business, he sustained the repu- 
 tation of a good soldier. Our first acquaintance with him 
 was in the year 1811. He was then fully occupied as a 
 farmer, and discharged the duties of a magistrate. Possess- 
 ing a vigorous mind, and quick apprehension, although 
 not a lawyer, he generally decided correctly the numerous 
 contested suits which were brought before him. He was 
 much employed for many years in disposing of actions of 
 this sort, and lothers by default. It is well known to those 
 who can remember that period of our history, that actions 
 before magistrates, and the higher Courts, were much more 
 numerous, in proportion to the population, than at the pre- 
 sent day. The change may be ascribed in a great degree to 
 a less stringent mode of coercion in the collection of debts, 
 and the temperance reformation. Oliver Plimpton was ac- 
 tive in municipal concerns, and represented the town at 
 several periods in the General Court. His farm, garden, 
 and buildings, exhibited discreet management, good taste 
 and convenience. The visitor always enjoyed a pleasant 
 and social interview in his accomplished fiimily. His ap- 
 pearance was dignified and commanded respect. The even- 
 ing of his days was in some degree shaded by too much in- 
 dulgence. The early period, consecrated to his country, 
 will be especially remembered. It is also to be remembered, 
 that during the Revolutionary war, and the subsequent pe- 
 riod, to the commencement of the temperance reformation, 
 the opinion was prevalent, that ardent spirit of some sort, 
 
STURBRIDGE AND SOUTHBRIDGE. 103 
 
 was indispensable for the human constitution engaged in la- 
 borious exercise. Many a strong man found it not easy to 
 overcome habits thus contracted. 
 
 MOSES PLIMPTON, a brother of Oliver Plimpton, was 
 in the army, and died in the state of Rhode-Island, while in 
 actual service. 
 
 Capt. SAMUEL NEWELL.— We well remember Capt. • 
 Newell, a neighbor of Oliver Plimpton, who was in the 
 Revolutionary war, excepting at short intervals, dnring its 
 continuance. We have heard him speak of the hardships 
 and sufferings incident to some portions of that period. " Fre- 
 quently straightened in the necessary supplies of food and 
 clothing, subjected to the inclemency of the weather, and the 
 rigors of winter, our condition demanded the greatest self- 
 denial. Those who have not encountered the trials by ex- 
 perience, have but a feeble conception of the reality. We 
 know something of the cost of our independence, and how 
 to prize it. Our labors, our property, and much of the 
 choicest blood of America, were sacrificed on the altar of 
 our independence." It was literally so. This is the price of 
 that priceless inheritance which those suffering men have 
 transmitted to their posterity. After the all-absorbing ob- 
 ject was accomplished, Mr. Newell returned to his occupa- 
 tion and pursued it with great industry till his death. He 
 was a very exemplary man, and of the strictest integrity. 
 His moral character passed through the ordeal untarnished. 
 Capt. Newell was in several important engagements, but we 
 do not remember with certainty when or where. 
 
 We subjoin a few remarks in connection with a particular 
 period of Capt. Newell's revolutionary services. It was a 
 period of the conflict which the descendants of the fathers of 
 the Revolution should keep particularly in remembrance. 
 We have been reminded by Mr. Moses Newell, a nephew, 
 that Capt. Newell was in the battle at Brandy-wine, which 
 occurred in Sept. 1777, and probably, in the battle at Ger- 
 mantown, which was in the early part of the following Oc- 
 
lO-l fflSTORICAL SKETCH OF 
 
 tober. The first battle continued dnring the most of the 
 day, and resulted in a severe loss of the Americans. Ac- 
 cording to the statement of the enemy, our loss, in killed 
 and wounded, was one thousand, and four hundred taken 
 prisoners; and their loss was comparatively small. In 
 this engagement, Fnrgusson, a Col. of a regiment of Brit- 
 ish riflemen, made the first experiment of his newly invented 
 rifle. It is probable that worked to their satisfaction in cut- 
 ting down the rebels, as they were termed by the mother 
 country. Washington made a skillful retreat. The British 
 claimed also the victory, in the battle at Germantown, but 
 that was purchased at a much dearer rate. It was so nobly 
 contested, against fearfnl odds, by the Americans, that the 
 result was for some time doubtful. The British claimed 
 that our loss, in killed and wounded, was twelve hundred, 
 and that theirs, but a little more than half that number. 
 Gen. Washington again made a masterly retreat. If the 
 British statement be correct, we had lost, in killed, wounded 
 and taken prisoners, about two thousand and six hundred 
 men, in those two engagements. A severe and distressing 
 loss ! It must be remembered that the British had at this 
 time, in that quarter, their best troops, in large numbers, 
 commanded by their best officers. These forces, they 
 deemed sufficietit to crusli the rebels. For a while, every 
 thing gave way before them. They took possession of the 
 large cities and towns, in rapid succession. Our troops 
 poorly fed, and thinly clad, were compelled to retreat from 
 place to place. Gloomy and appalling was the aspect around 
 them. Washington was, no donbt, pained to the heart, at 
 the losses and sufferings of his brave men, whom he loved 
 with almost parental affection. He clearly saw that great 
 sacrifices must be made, and a vast amount of suffering en- 
 dured, and that the blood of his beloved men must freely 
 flow, before the great end in view, would be attained. 
 Defeats and retreats, he no doubt expected. Although the 
 losses of men were severe, he was very careful of the lives 
 
STURRRTnOF. AVn SOnTTTPRTDGK. 
 
 105 
 
 of his men. He knew well the forces of the enemy, and 
 how they must ultimately be defeated, if defeated at ail. 
 He knew it must be done, by this kind of severe and pro- 
 tracted discipline of his own troops, and by worrying ont, 
 so to speak, the enemy. It was a hard lot for America, but 
 it must be endured, if she would win the prize of indepen- 
 dence. 
 
 STEPHEN NEWELL, a younger brother, was in the 
 service, several limited periods, and held the rank of orderly 
 Sergeant, an office of some responsil)ilit3^ He loved to 
 dwell on the unwearied trials and etTorts of that day, and 
 to witness their cheering effects. He was industrious and 
 correct in his habits, and possessed firmness, and decision 
 of character. As a townsman he was frequently elected to 
 take a part in the management of its interests. 
 
 Mr. Newell, with a party, arrived at the battle-ground 
 about the time Burgoyne surrendered. He probably be- 
 longed to Capt. Mason's company. 
 
 CALEB ALLEN.— Mr. Allen was born in Sturbridge, 
 where he lived and died. He was in the service the great- 
 est portion of the Revolutionary war, and during the darkest 
 hours of its history. In 1776, he was stationed in the 
 city of New-York, afterwards at the Eights of Harlem. 
 He was afterwards in the battle at White-Plains, which 
 gave a cheering impulse to the Americans. 
 
 It is worthy of notice, that the military and citizens, in 
 large numbers, are accustomed to gather on the battle- 
 ground, in military style, to celebrate that engagement, 
 which occurred on the 28th of Oct. 1776. The military 
 exhibit the movements of hostile parties, although a blood- 
 less engagement. The effect is to keep that and other 
 revolutionary events, in lively remembrance. The banks 
 of the Hudson were the theatre of many such thrilling 
 transactions. The visitor, in traversing that ground, is con- 
 stantly reminded of the stirring realities of the Revolution. 
 If \vc mistake not, he was in the engagements at Trenton 
 
106 BISTORICAL SKETCH OP 
 
 and Princeton. Allen liad a very retentive memory, which 
 was a store-house of amusing anecdotes, and many interest- 
 ing facts, in relation to the Revolution, at command on all 
 occasions. He remembered all the officers, and their traits 
 of character. He loved to speak of the noble bearing of 
 Washington, and of the daring, and eccentricities of Put- 
 nam. If any bold enterprise was in contemplation, Putnam, 
 in his frank and familiar way of address, would say, 
 " George, you plan, and / will fight." This pithy expres- 
 sion is a full developement of the character of each. Wash- 
 ington had no superior in planning. No man could fight 
 more courageously than Putnam, The writer has heard 
 Allen narrate the privations and sufferings of the American 
 army. He would remark, at the same time, " although our 
 sufferings were so severe, we had no idea of abandoning 
 the cause in which we were engaged. Although we were 
 frequently obliged to flee from the enemy, we did not des- 
 pair of ultimate success." Mr. Allen was in stature about 
 six feet four or five inches, broad shoulders, and of great 
 muscular power. Always in humble circumstances, he 
 during the last years of his life, possessed no other means 
 of support besides his pension. He died at an advanced 
 age. 
 
 His services to his country, entitle him to honorable re- 
 membrance. 
 
 As we have remarked of Benjamin Hobbs, no monument 
 tells the snot where lie his bones. 
 
 COMPORl^ JOHNSON.— The writer was well ac- 
 quainted with Mr. Johnson. A native of Sturbridge, he 
 was boin in the year 1747. His military services were not 
 less, perhaps more than three months. He had an uncom- 
 monly retentive memory, and was ever ready to entertain 
 the hearer with revolutionary reminiscences, and other mat- 
 ters of interest, touching the early settlement of the town. 
 We speak of memory, as it was the principal historical 
 record, on which many, of his day, depended. He was a 
 
STURBRIDGE AND SOUTHBRIDGE. 107 
 
 farmer, and kept a public house for many years. He was 
 tall, erect, and of a firm physical constitution. He died on 
 the 13th day of Feb. 1839, at the great age of 91 years. 
 
 JOSHUA MASON. — Mr. Mason was a native of 
 Stnrbridge, and entered the service at the age of fifteen or 
 sixteen, near the close of the war. He was in the army 
 about six months. His dependence for a livelihood was on 
 his own personal efforts. In the early part of his life, he 
 was employed as a hired man, generally at the rate of seven 
 dollars a month. Economy and keen calculation, began to 
 develope results in his favor. A strict adherence to this 
 course of life, enabled him to sum up, some years before its 
 close, about one hundred thousand dollars. This is an ex- 
 traordinary estate for a farmer, considering that it was ac- 
 quired under no peculiarly favorable circumstances. Econo- 
 my was one of the cardinal virtues of his time, and carried out 
 by him to an unusual degree of exactness He was leni- 
 ent to his creditors, and sometimes extended such indul- 
 gence as resulted in heavy losses. He cheerfully patron- 
 ized our common school system, and was gratified to wit- 
 ness the proficiency of children. His diet was of the simp- 
 lest kind, not tinctured, in the least, with modern dainties. 
 His uniform good health, vigor, and protracted life, may 
 be imputed, in a great degree to his abstemious mode of 
 living. He was in person, tall, very erect, possessing a 
 visage indicative of the keen calculating powers within. 
 Mr. Mason died in 1849, aged 82. 
 
 SIMON MASON, an older half-brother of Joshua, was 
 in the service two or three several periods. He drew 
 a pension. Although in easy circumstances, and the pos- 
 sessor of property amply sufiicient for the support of him- 
 self and family, we recollect the gratification he expressed 
 in being thus remembered by his country. it revived 
 afresh, in his old age, the events of the Revolution, and 
 kindled up a cheering animation in his countenance and 
 
108 HISTORICAL SKETCH OP 
 
 language. It was a manifestation of gratitude which cheer- 
 ed the heart of many an aged veteran. Mr, Mason was a 
 saving, close-calculating man ; very plain in his dress and 
 manners, perfectly honest and honorable in his dealings. 
 He was also an exemplary christian. He lived to a great 
 age. 
 
 ASAHEL CLARK bore arms in the French war. He 
 was one of the first settlers of that portion of Sturbridge, 
 now Southbridge. 
 
 JOSHUA HARDING was in the Revolutionary war, 
 and was what was called one of the three-year men. We 
 have spoken of him in another place, as prominent in town 
 affairs. 
 
 OLIVER ROBBINS, ABEL GUNN, JAMES DYER, 
 THOMAS DYER, JESSE SABIN, CHARLES WEST, 
 ROBERT EDWARDS, and NATHAN BROWN, were 
 also in the Revolution. 
 
 Robert Edwards was the father of Mr. Jacob Edwards, 
 still living, and the grand-father of William, Jacob, and 
 John Edwards, who have, for many years been extensively 
 concerned in mercantile business in Southbridge. 
 
 Capt. JOHN CONGDON was in the Revolutionary war, 
 several campaigns. After the close of the war, he was 
 master of a vessel several years, in the employment of the 
 noted Gerard. He removed to Sturbridge, where he passed 
 the latter part of his life, in agricultural pursuits, highly 
 respected. 
 
 DUTY MARSH was in the Revolutionary war. He 
 was a brother of Silas Marsh, whose character is sketched 
 in another place. 
 
 ASA HOMER, DANIEL MORSE, and JEREMY 
 MORSE, bore arms in the Revolution. 
 
 Asa Morse was the owner of the noted farm, on Lebanon- 
 Hill, (so called,) now owned by his son, Parker Morse, 
 containing about three hundred acres of land. Asa Walker, 
 (one of the seven sons of Nathaniel Walker,) was the first 
 
STORBRIDGE AND SOUTHBRIDGE. 109 
 
 settlor of this farm, and probably the first settler of Lebanon- 
 Hill. This eminence has not only the attraction of a very 
 productive soil, but of a most delightful view of the sur- 
 rounding country. Fourteen churches arg here to be seen. 
 They are certainly no doubtful evidence of thrift and 
 moral character. Hatchet Hill, (so called,) is more ele- 
 vated, and the view more extensive, bnt Lebanon-Hill has 
 the superiority in point of soil. 
 
 LEMUEL CLARK was in the service during most of the 
 war. With lively interest he would speak of the events of 
 the Revolution. 
 
 JOSEPH TOWNE, JOEL BARRIT, THOMAS JAMES, 
 ENOS MORSE, HINSDELL HAMANT, THOMAS 
 WAKEFIELD, MARVIL JACKSON, ELIJAH MARCY, 
 AARON MARSH, JEPHTHAH CLARK, WALTER 
 FREEMAN, and JACOB CLEAVELAND, were in the 
 Continental Army for the term of six months, in the year 
 1780. The roll from which the names are taken, includes 
 many whose names are mentioned in other places. Proba- 
 bly some of the above named individuals were in the ser- 
 vice at other periods of the war. We are indebted to Mr. 
 Joseph Clark for the above names on the roll, found among 
 the papers of his father, and also for the names of other 
 Revolutionary soldiers. 
 
 PAMENIAS THAYER, a native of Sturbridge, was 
 about three years under Gen. Wayne, in the war which 
 broke out with the Indians, in 1791. He has stated to the 
 writer, that he was present when the Indians surrendered. 
 This war was a severe trial to the physical constitution. 
 Mr. Thayer never afterwards enjoyed firm health. 
 
 The reader perceives that our sketches of some who bore 
 arms in the Revolutionary war, are more brief than those 
 of many others The want of desired information is the 
 occasion of the difference. Those venerated men are gone, 
 and most of those, who knew them best, are also gone. 
 10 
 
110 HISTORICAL SKETCH OF 
 
 Even at this period of removal from them, tlie difficulty of 
 obtaining particulars will be readily perceived. 
 
 ISAAC WARNER, (the father of Roswill Warner, Esq. 
 still living, and long known as one of our active and re- 
 spected citizens,) was a resident of Sturbridge, when he 
 entered the Revolutionary service. He was several months 
 at Cambridge, and was prevented by sickness, from taking 
 a part in the Bunker Hill Battle. His young wife was left 
 at home alone with an infant child. This circumstance is 
 noticed, as one of the multiplied trials of that day. Mr. 
 Warner was afterwards a Captain of the militia, and took 
 an active part with his company in quelMng the Shays 
 Insurrection. He resided in Brookfield, at that time. He 
 was a very conpanionable man, extensively known and 
 respected. 
 
 ELIJAH SHUMWAY (the son of David Shumway, the 
 first settler, wliere Mr. Mason Streeter now lives,) was a 
 while in the Revolutionary war. Lewis, a son of Elijah, 
 informs ns that he has oflen heard him speak of being in 
 the service. 
 
 ASA BULLARD, for many years a resident of Stur- 
 bridge, where he died at an advanced age, was in the arrny 
 a sufficient length of time to obtain a pension. We do not 
 recollect wliere he was born, or where he lived when he 
 entered the service. He was a worthy man. Being in 
 indigent circumstances, his pension was quite a relief. 
 
 ZACHARIAH and EDWARD COB URN, brothers, and 
 natives of Charlton, were both, according to the recollection 
 of aged men, in the Armj''. They Avere for a longtime resi- 
 dents of Slurbridge, where they died. 
 
 Lieut. JOHN TAYLOR was born in Charleston, R, I. 
 Feb. 25th, 1755, being about 21, at the commencement of 
 the Revolution. He ardently espoused the cause of the 
 Colonies, but being of Quaker parentage, and educated in 
 the pacific tenets of that sect, it was not easy for him to 
 overcome his scruples in regard to taking up arms. The 
 
STRUBRIDGE AND SOUTHBRIDGE. Ill 
 
 battles of Lexington and Bunker-Hili, in connection with 
 his strong aversion to oppression, seemed effectually to re- 
 move liis doubts on this point. Having been drafted into a 
 company of militia, he shouldered his gun, and marched 
 to the music of the fife and the drum, to battle for principles 
 which could not be obtained by peaceful means. His ser- 
 vices were mostly confined to the operations of the militia, 
 during the war. He was occasionally in the regular army 
 as a volunteer, or as substitute for his father, who, though 
 decidedly in favor of the cause of the Colonies, could never 
 be induced to bear arms. His residence was some four 
 miles easterly of Watch-Hill light-house, and within one 
 mile of the shore. He became a Lieutenant of the militia, 
 and was much engaged in the defence of the coast. Almost 
 daily, some American craft or vessel was run ashore to es- 
 cape the British cruisers, stationed near Block-Island. The 
 Rliode-Islanders, having cannon stationed along the beach, 
 were ever on the alert to protect the American craft. Often, 
 (as Lieut. Taylor was accustomed to relate some of their 
 adventures) within a mile, in full view of the British man of 
 war, and in the midst of flying cannon balls, would they 
 draw out their cannon, the commander riding astride the 
 gun, and swinging his hat in defiance and contempt of the 
 enemy. We mention this circumstance to show the spirit 
 of the Rhode-Islanders. Like the Green-Mountain boys, 
 they possessed an abundant share of genuine, unflinching 
 mettle. The crew of the British vessel knew very well 
 what would be their destiny, if they approached the shore 
 in their barges. Lieut. Taylor was in Gen. Sullivan's ex- 
 pedition, on Rhode-Island, to which we have alluded in 
 another place. He married Elizabeth Chatman who had 
 three or four brothers in the army. Two of them perished 
 in the notorious Jersey prison-ship. Lieut. Taylor removed 
 to Sturbridge in 1808, where he enjoyed public confidence 
 and public trust. He died in 1841, at the age of 86. He 
 possessed great physical power, and a countenance iudica- 
 
112 HISTORICAL SKETCH OF 
 
 live of sterling courage, a striking specimen of the men who 
 achieved the Independence of their country. Althougii en- 
 titled, probably, to a full pension, he preferred that his ser- 
 vices to his country should be gratuitous, A. P. Taylor, 
 Esq. long well known among us, is a son of Lieut. Taylor. 
 We have spoken more particularly of those who person- 
 ally embarked in the contest. It is not to be inferred that 
 the great work devolved exclusively on them. It must be 
 admitted, they were subjected to more imminent perils, and 
 severer hardships than those who remained at home. The 
 field was the theatre where life was exposed to the deadly 
 power of the enemy. Those, who did not take the field, 
 were alike subjected to the exhausting demands constantly 
 made on their resources. The thrilling anxieties were 
 equally theirs. The female sex sustained their part with 
 heroic firmness. The spirit of liberty was cherished in their 
 bosoms with unrelaxed perseverance. Self-denial was nev- 
 er more nobly exemplified. While the husband, the father, 
 and the brother, were fighting the battles of Independence, 
 the masculine duties were cheerfully discharged by them at 
 home. The hoe, the ax, and the stall, became their fiimi- 
 liar companions. We may readily suppose their pillows 
 bore witness to many a sleepless night. How could they 
 sustain the frequent heart-rending tidings, that a husband, 
 a son, or father had fallen on the field of battle! Here 
 were the keenest trials in that long conflict. Men were 
 called upon to leave at a minute's warning. With many of 
 them, it was their last farewell of home. There was one 
 consoling ingredient in the cup of grief They fell in the 
 defence of a righteous cause. Their memories were em- 
 balmed in many a smitten heart. Tliey claim, likewise, a 
 grateful remembrance of that couulry whose iiideper,dence 
 they scaled with their blood. 
 
STURBRIDGE AND SOUTHBRIDGE. 
 
 113 
 
 Names of the me?i icho were in the Revolutionary and 
 French Wars^ from Sturbridge, 
 
 The letters P. and R. designate French and Revolutionary 
 Wars. 
 
 Lieut. Benj. Felton, f. and r. 
 
 Eliphalet Allen, R. 
 Abraham Allen, u. 
 Caleb Allen, r. 
 Thomas Boyden, f. and r. 
 John Boyden, r. 
 Amos Boyden, r 
 Justus Boyden, r. 
 Nathan Brown, r. 
 Joel Barret, R. 
 Asa Bullard, r. 
 Maj. Asa Co burn, r. 
 Henry Clark, r. 
 Capt. Henry Clark, R. 
 Rufus Clark, r. 
 David Corey, r. 
 Joseph Cheney, R. 
 John Corey, r. 
 Elijah Carpenter, F. and R. 
 Phineas Coburn, r. 
 Col. Ebenezer Crafts, R. 
 Lemuel Clark, R. 
 Asahel Clark, f. 
 Jephiiiah Clark, r. 
 Jacob Cleavcland, r. 
 Capt. John Congdon, r. 
 Zachariah Coburn, r. 
 Edward Coburn, r. 
 Stephen Draper, r. 
 Silas Dunton, r. 
 Benjamin Dix, r. 
 John Dunton, r. 
 James Dyer, r. 
 Thomas Dyer, r. 
 Robert Edwards, r. 
 Cyrus Fay, r. 
 Simeon Fisk, r. 
 Nathan Fisk, r. 
 Joshua Fisk, r. 
 
 10* 
 
 Walter Freeman, R, 
 
 Abel Gunn, R. 
 
 John Gess, r. 
 
 Eleazer Howard, f. and r. 
 
 Benj. Humphrey, r. 
 
 Abijah Hyde, R. 
 
 Joshua Hyde, r. 
 
 Benjamin Hobbs, r. 
 
 John Holbrook, R. 
 
 l?enjamin Hyde, R. 
 
 John Hyde, r. 
 
 Othniel Hyde, R. 
 
 Samuel Hyde, R. 
 
 Joshua Harding, r. 
 
 Hensdale Hamant, r. 
 
 James Johnson, f. and R. 
 
 Joshua Jerold, r. 
 
 Comfort Johnson, R, 
 
 Thomas Janes, r. 
 
 Marvel Jackson, R. 
 
 Wm. Leech, R. 
 
 Jesse Sabin, R. 
 
 Capt. Abel Mason, F. and r. 
 
 Simeon Mason, R. 
 
 Ithamar Merrifield, R. 
 
 Calvin Marsh, R. 
 
 Joshua Mason, R, 
 
 Samuel Morse, R. 
 
 Silas Marsh, r. 
 
 Mr. Morse, r. 
 
 Joseph Mills, R. 
 
 ('apt. Adam Martin, R. 
 
 Aaron Martin, R. 
 
 Moses Martin, r. 
 
 Asa Morse, r. 
 
 Daniel Morse, r. 
 
 Jeremy Morse, r. 
 
114 
 
 HISTORICAL. SKETCH OF 
 
 Duty Marsh, R. 
 En OS Morse, r. 
 Elijah Marcy, r. 
 Aaron Marsh, r. 
 Timothy Newell, R. 
 Capt. Samuel Newell, R. 
 Lient. Stephen Newell, r. 
 Dea. John Phillips, r. 
 Dr. Eben'r Phillips', r. 
 Elijah Plimpton, R. 
 Daniel Plimpton, r 
 Timothy Parker, r. 
 Oliver Plimpton, r. 
 Moses Plimpton, r. 
 John Plimpton, r. 
 Elias Plinipton, r, 
 Primns, (color'd man,) r. 
 Ichabod Robbins, r. 
 Eli Robbins, R. 
 Col. Nathan Rice, r. 
 Oliver Robbins, r. 
 Timothy Smith, r. 
 Nathan Smith, r. 
 Moses Smith, r. 
 John Salmon, r. 
 Joseph Shaw, r. 
 
 Nahum Smith, r. 
 Samuel Shumway, R. 
 Abijah Shumway, R. 
 Mark Stacy, r. 
 Amos Scott, R. 
 William Simpson, R. 
 Elijah Shumway, R. 
 Joseph Towne, R. 
 Parmenas Thayer, Fndiau w. 
 Isaac Upham, R. 
 Jonathan Upham, R 
 Lieut. Nathaniel Walker f. r. 
 Josiah Walker, F. 
 Dennison VVheelock, R. 
 Ralph Wlieelock, R. 
 Benjamin W'alker, R. 
 George Watkiiis, f. 
 Mr. Welch, R. 
 Charles W^est, R. 
 Thomas W^akefield, R. 
 Obed Walker, R. 
 Phineas W'alker, F. and R. 
 Capt. Isaac Warner, R. 
 Thomas Young, R. 
 Lieut. John Taylor, R. 
 
 On the 4th of July, 1838, the two towns united in a cen- 
 tennial celebration of Sturbridge, one hundred years having 
 elapsed from its incorporation. The clergy, and large num- 
 bers from the neighboring towns, joined in the celebration. 
 Tiie address, embracing an interesting sketch of the early 
 settlement of the town, and of revolutionary events, was de- 
 livered by the Rev. J. S. Clark, in the Congregational 
 church, to a crowded audience. After the close of the very 
 interesting exercises in the church, the large gathering of the 
 people, of both sexes, repaired to a long table, on the com- 
 mon, spread with an abundance of good things. Col. Ed- 
 ward Phillips presided at the table. The recollections of 
 the past furnished an ample supply of topics for remark. 
 
STURBRIDGE AND SOUTHBRIDGE. 115 
 
 The presence of a goodly luimbor of Revolutionary Patriots 
 greatly increased the interest of the occasion. Only one, 
 (Dea. John Phillips,) of those venerated men, now remains. 
 One hundred years had developed great clianges. More 
 than three generations had passed away, leaving marked 
 impressions of their works. Such occasions are replete with 
 interest, and tend to revive and perpetuate grateful recollec- 
 tions of those who deserve gratitude. 
 
 EBENEZER DAVIS.— Mr. Davis was a co-temporary 
 with Gen. Newell of Sturbridge, Gen. Danelson of Brim- 
 field, Caleb Amidown Esq. and Gen. Towne, of Charlton. 
 They were all men of distinction, and regarded as men of 
 more than common abilities. They were not distinguished 
 for their learning, or as jurists, orators or statesmen, but as 
 discreet, practical men, exerting a salutary and controlling 
 influ(!ncc around them. Their characters are a common in- 
 heritance, claiming remembrance, especially in this vicinity. 
 Our attention is at this time more particularly confined to 
 that of Mr. Davis. He commenced his active life with the 
 early settlement of this section of country, and passed through 
 those thrilling and critical periods of our history to which 
 we have often alluded. The v/riter, before he came to Stur- 
 bridge, had frequently heard of Fibbij Davis of Charlton, 
 (as he was familiarly called,) not only as a man of wealth, 
 but of intelligence and superior abilities. He had occasioti 
 to call on him several times; once or twice to transact 
 business, and at other times specially to enjoy his edifying 
 conversation. He spoke of his mode of transacting business, 
 and alluded to some of the losses he had sustained. This 
 allusion was made not by way of regret at the losses, but to 
 show his indulgence. The various scenes through which 
 he had passed, were all familiar. It was an edifying treat 
 to hear him bring to view and enlarge upon them. His 
 memory was remarkably retentive at the age of seventy 
 
116 HISTORICAL SKETCH OP 
 
 five. Indeed, he appeared to be in the full possession of all 
 his mental faculties. Every thing about him exhibited 
 characteristics of simplicity and frugality. The furniture of 
 his house was plain and substantial,-— nothing superfluous 
 or ornamental. His mansion was in keeping with every 
 thing within it. It was thoroughly built, commodious, and 
 sufficiently large. His lands were managed in such a 
 manner as to render them productive. His table was al- 
 ways furnished with the substantials of life. 
 
 Whenever the writer called upon him he happened to be 
 alone in his room. At those calls, we remember distinctly 
 seeing the old family Bible, with its brazen clasps, lying 
 open on the bed or table. It appeared to be his familiar 
 companion. His mind was undoubtedly richly replenished 
 from the exhaustless fountain. Books, in his early days, 
 were comparatively few, and opportunities for schooling 
 very limited. How did men like him, as we have more 
 than once suggested, obtain that knowledge which was so 
 discreetly carried out in practice. Without doubt they 
 drank deeply from the Divine fountain, where are to be found 
 the best rules for practice in every condition of life. They 
 were keen observers of men and things, and gathered infor- 
 mation from whatever fell within the scope of their obser- 
 vations. Men of his stamp, and in truth, men generally, 
 thought and examined for themselves, and acted accord- 
 ingly. 
 
 Since writing the foregoing remarks, w« have been fa- 
 vored by the Hon. E. D. Ammidown with some interesting 
 particulars respecting his grandfather, the subject of this 
 sketch. Mr. Davis, while residing with his father, in Ox- 
 ford, his native town, purchased the farm or tract of land 
 in Charlton, before the incorporation of the latter town, 
 which became his residence for life. At that time, most of 
 the surrounding region was in a slate of nature. It was his 
 custom as soon as the day broke, to take his axe, walk 
 through the wilderness to his land, do his day's work, and 
 
STURBRIDGE AND SOUTHBRIDGE. 117 
 
 at night, (as he expressed it,) " take a back trot home." 
 This was the kind of exercise which made men in those 
 days. During some period of the French war, he was en- 
 gaged, (how long we are not informed) in the capacity of 
 commissary, in furnishing suppHes for the troops. In one 
 of their expeditions to Canada, he gave a tlirilhng account 
 of the suffering of the party of troops, with which he was 
 connected. In returning home, they missed the way, in the 
 wilderness, and having exhausted their provisions, were six 
 days without food. Famished, weak, and reduced almost 
 to starvation, they reache 1 a settlement on Sunday. How- 
 ever strange it may seem, they were compelled to encounter 
 the superstitious scruples of the people in grantmg them re- 
 lief, on that day. The party was not in a condition to hold 
 a protracted debate on the subject. The sufferers peremp- 
 torily»declarcd that relief must forthwith be granted, or they 
 should help themselves. There was no longer delay. The 
 relief was granted, A bullock was dispatched and cooked 
 as quickly as possible. The appetite, by this time, had be- 
 come uncontrolable. To some of the sufferers, this prov- 
 ed their last meal. Others, enduring extreme suffering, 
 barely survived. Mr. Davis, with his characteristic pru- 
 dence, observed caution. As he remarked, he connnenced 
 by taking a little of the broth, as the cooking was going 
 on. "With this precaution, he escaped, in a great measure, 
 the distress of some, and the sad destiny of others. By fur- 
 nishing the army with provisions in the way to which we 
 have alluded, it is supposed he laid the foundation of his 
 large estate. After acquiring a little surplus of money, he 
 commenced loaning, at six per cent, taking security on real 
 estate. This was, mainly, his mode of accumulating his 
 property, which was contiinied till the close of his life. In 
 his last days he was heard to remark, with seemmg satis- 
 faciion. "I can look back, on my life, in this respect, and 
 say, I have oppressed no man, nor can any man say, I have 
 
118 HISTORICAL SKETCH OP 
 
 taken more than six per cent for money loaned ; but I al- 
 ways required my interest to be paid annually." 
 
 Up to the time of the settlement of his estate in 1816, 
 there had not been an estate settled through the Probate of- 
 fice, in the County of Worcester, so large as Mr. Davis'. 
 Although a man of exemplary industry and frugality, some- 
 thing more than a strict observance of these virtues, was 
 requisite to amass such an estate. The requisites were, an 
 extraordinary judgment, and extraordinary gifts of calcula- 
 tion. Systematic arrangement characterized all his move- 
 ments, and business transactions. As we have observed, 
 [lis conversation was uncommonly easy, pleasant and edi- 
 fying, and replete with sound common sense. Had he pre- 
 pared himself for either of the professions, there is no doubt 
 he would have been prominent among the first. Hs& he 
 been elevated to the executive chair of the nation, *even 
 with his limited literary acquirements, we hazard the asser- 
 tion, that the reins of government would have been held 
 with a discreet and impartial hand, and his administration 
 would have reflected credit on the country. Can this be 
 said of all who have occupied that high position. Such 
 men must be brought itUo the field, if we would, as a na- 
 tion, regain the elevation we once held in this respect. 
 There is a satisfaction in dwelling upon the sterling virtues 
 of such men. 
 
 Mr. Davis was, in person tall, rather corpulent, of digni- 
 fied deportment, and possessed a countenance of cheerful- 
 ness and intelligence. 
 
 Our late excellent chief magistrate, Emory Washburn, 
 is a grandson of Mr. Davis. 
 
 Mr. Davis died Aug. 10th, 1816, in the T8th year of his 
 age. 
 
 ^Mr. holmes AMMIDOWN, a son of the late Luther 
 Aminidown Esq. has very generously furnished us with the 
 result of his researches, in reference to his ancestors. We 
 give it in his own langnage. 
 
STURBRIDGE AND SOUTHBRIDGE. 119 
 
 "According to the best information I have been able to 
 obtain, the Ammidowns, originally, were French Hugue- 
 nots, from Toulouse in the south Avest part of France. 
 They left that country about the time of the first religious 
 war between the protestants and catholics, which broke out 
 in 1621 ; or at the fall of Rochelle, and the general dispersion 
 of the protestants, in 1629. That city being the principal 
 place of embarkation to English ports, large numbers of the 
 Huguenots, at the time of its surrender to the catholics, left 
 for England, and being of a similar cast of mind upon re- 
 ligious affairs, it was quite natural that some of their num- 
 ber should join the Puritans in forming the New-England 
 colony. 
 
 Roger Ammidown, it is most likely, came out with John 
 Endicot, or John Winthrop, probably with the first named, 
 in 1628, or with the latter, in 1630. 
 
 ■^rhe first emigrants who came out from London, under 
 the charge of Endicot, came for the express purpose, as was 
 set forth, to carry on a plantation, and (o provide a safe 
 retreat, where they might enjoy religious liberty in matters 
 of worship and discipline. This settlement was made at 
 Naunkeak, New Salem, for the benefit of non-conformists. 
 This was the first Colony settlement in Massachusetts, and 
 was described as follows. " All that part of New-England, 
 lying between three miles to the northward of Merrimack 
 River, and three miles to the southward of Charles River, 
 and in length within the described breadth, from the At- 
 lantic ocean to the south sea." The French name was 
 "Amidoun" or " Aimedoun," using the " u" instead of 
 " w" as it is now spelt. " Aimedown" is according to the 
 record, as stated by the author of the early history of the 
 town of Salem, 1637. Our early ancestors were evidently 
 a pioneer people, preferring the frontier settlement ; removing 
 from Salem to Weymouth, at which place Roger Amidown 
 and his wife Sarah, record the birth of their daughter Sarah, 
 in the lOth mo. 6ih, 1640; from thence to Boston, where is 
 
120 HISTORICAL SKETCH OF 
 
 found recorded in the first book of records, alphabetically, 
 the "first child under the letter A." " Lydia," daughter 
 of Roger Amadowne and Sarah his wife, born 2 mo. 22d, 
 1643. This is the year that Suffolk County was incorpo- 
 rated. Next, I find Roger Ammidowne at Rehoboth, in 
 1648. That town was incorporated in 1645 by the Plym- 
 outh Colony, which Colony remained entire until 1685, 
 when it was divided into the three counties as now named, 
 Plymouth, Bristol and Barnstable, and so remained until 
 the year 1692, when that Colony was annexed to the Col- 
 ony of Massachusetts. The town of Rehoboth, as their 
 records show, gave Roger Amidown in 1648, a house lot, 
 between Walter Palmer's house and the mill, besides a piece 
 of salt marsh and other lands. Also, at a town meeting 
 lawfully warned, in June 22d, 1658, lots were drawn for 
 the meadows that lie on the north side of the town, accord- 
 ing to person and estate. Forty nine persons being enlisted 
 to draw, and Roger Ammidowne stands numbered 43. 
 Roger Ammidowne died November 13th, 1673, and left a 
 son, " Ebenezer," who, as the records of that town show, 
 was esteemed one of their public spirited and patriotic men, 
 in the days of the renowned " Indian King Phillip, of 
 Mount-Hope ;" and, as history proclaims, when that town 
 moved to raise funds, by subscription, to carry on that 
 bloody war, this " Ebenezer" responded iti the sum of Is. 
 6d. The destruction of King Philhp, with his followers at 
 Mount-Hope, in 1676, at that period in Plymouth Colony, 
 may justly be claimed as great an achievement as the me- 
 morable declaration, one hundred years afterwards, which 
 accomplished the separation of the United Colonies from 
 Great Britain, in the year 1776. 
 
 Whether this Ebenezer Ammidowu was a martyr in the 
 patriotic cause, history does not show, but it may be so, as 
 his two children, in the year 1689, " Phillip and Henry," 
 are styled as orphans, according to the following record — 
 " William Bradford, of Plymouth Colony, sold to certain 
 
STURBRIDGE AND SOUTIIBRIDGE. 121 
 
 proprietors of land in Rehoboth, a tract of land," and in- 
 cluded with those proprietors, are named Phillip and Henry 
 Ammidowne, orphan children. One of these orphans, Phil- 
 lip, " subseqnently removed to Mendon, and married Ithe- 
 more Warfield. Their first child, Ichabod, was born 1704, 
 and the second, Mary, 170G, and the third, a son, " PhilHp," 
 170S, and tliis Phillip was onr great Grandfather, who mar- 
 ried Snbmit Bullard, and their first child, Caleb Ammi- 
 down, born Angnst, 1736, was onr Grandfather, who mar- 
 ried Hannah Sabin, who was born Feb. 2d, 1741, and died 
 March 4th, 1820. Their children, John Ammidown, born 
 April 5th, 1759; Lnther, born July 8th, 1761 ; and Calvin, 
 born June 21st, 1768 ; and their descendants wore, and 
 many now are, residents of Souihbridge, Our great grand- 
 father's father, Phillip, removed from Mendon to Oxford, 
 about ihc time of the incorporation of that town, in 1713, 
 and died there, March 15th, 1747. Charlton was incorpo- 
 rated in 1754, and onr great Grandfather was an early set- 
 tler ; he died 1779." 
 
 CALEB AMMIDOWN, the father of John, Lnther, and 
 Calvin Ammidown, was born in August, 1736, and died 
 April 13th, 1799, in the 63d year of his age. Being a pro- 
 minent man of the times of which we have particularly 
 spoken, a brief sketch of his character is attempted, as far 
 as we have obtained a knowledge of it. The writer in the 
 former part of his life, recollects very well hearing the 
 elderly men speak of Mr. Ammidown as a man of notoriety 
 and influence, and whose opinion was highly appreciated. 
 More than once we have heard the following anecdote re- 
 lated of him. At some period in the earlier part of his life, 
 he was the orderly sergeant of a militia company. It was 
 thought expedient to memorialize the existing government, 
 in some matter deemed important. "To whom shall we ap- 
 ply to make the draft of the instrument to be sent?" was a 
 matter of consultation among the oflicers of the militia. 
 The captain of the company to which Mr. Ammidown be- 
 ll 
 
122 HISTORICAL SKETCH OF 
 
 longed, proposed his orderly serjeant. Some surprise was 
 manifested. It was concluded that serjeant Ammidown 
 should make the attempt. The object of the proposed me- 
 morial was stated to him. Mr. Ammidown, having pro- 
 cured pen, ink and paper, and making his lap, covered 
 with his leather apron, his writing desk, went to work, and 
 soon produced a document which exactly met their views. 
 This instance is related to show his early aptness as a ready 
 writer. We are informed by our venerable friend, Dea. 
 Phillips, who was well acquainted with Mr. Ammidown, 
 that he was a man of extraordinary abilities. In important 
 questions, his judgment was highly valued. He speaks of 
 him as a legislator, having few superiors, in correct and 
 comprehensive views. As a ready writer, his pen was 
 freely, and profitably used, in the legislature. Although not 
 a very ready debater, he would frequently baffle those who 
 were more learned, and more gifted in speaking. He was 
 fond of collisions of this sort, as an occasion of pleasantry. 
 A rude attack would receive such a retort as could not be 
 comfortably enjoyed. 
 
 The Hon. E. D. Ammidown has furnished us some 
 additional particulars respecting his grandfather, Caleb Am- 
 midown. As he was extensively known, and influential, 
 although moving in the common walks of life, his business 
 talents as well as other traits of character, are worthy of re- 
 membrance. It is not certain that he actually bore arms 
 during the revolutionary struggle, but, during that period, 
 he was actively engaged in discharging various important 
 trusts. After the close of the war, he represented the town 
 of Charlton, several years. This was one of the trying 
 periods, in our history. The state of affairs was such as 
 required the strongest and most discreet men. Mr. Ammi- 
 down was one of the men who took an active part in bring- 
 ing order out of confusion, and adjusting the discordant ele- 
 ments. 
 
STURBRIDGE AND SOUTHBRIDGE. 123 
 
 He was also appointed to survey the confiscated lands in 
 this section of country, including a large part of Charlton. 
 Among his papers are to be seen numerous plans and maps 
 of lands surveyed and lotted out by him. 
 
 He was a member of the Court of Sessions, a Court whose 
 jurisdiction embraced many important matters within the 
 limits of the County. 
 
 For several years he was excise man, under the gen- 
 eral Government. This was a very laborious office, in- 
 cluding the whole County of Worcester. Its duties required 
 an annual inventory of the groceries sold in the county, 
 and the imposition and collection of a specific tax, on the 
 same. It is evident Mr. Ammidown was a working as well 
 as a calculating man. 
 
 In summing up the traits of his character, the most promi- 
 nent were, firmness, resolution, integrity, perseverance, and 
 keen foresight. It was not easy to impose upon him by 
 any ingenious pretexts, or specious pretensions. Mr. Ammi- 
 down was plain in his dress, in his manners, and m con- 
 versation, but not vulgar, or profane. When such men as 
 Mr. Ammidown are entrusted with public concerns, there is 
 little danger but they will be managed with discretion. 
 
 We cannot allow ourselves to pass over in silence, CAL- 
 VIN AMMIDOWN Esq. a son of Caleb Ammidown. The 
 writer enjoyed his acquaintance and frequent manifestations 
 of his generous and benevolent heart. He was ever ready 
 to assist and encourage young men, if they were disposed 
 to assist themselves.. Mr. Ammidown was one of the most 
 efficient men in procuring the incorporation of the town of 
 .Soutlibridge, and m laying a foundation for its future growth 
 and prosperity. He was equally efficient in building up 
 and sustaining the religious society to which he belonged. 
 The religious and civil state of things, when the town was 
 incorporated, was in its infancy, and required such men as 
 Mr. Aniiuidown to place it on a stable basis To effect so 
 desirable an object, he spared no pains. He was ever ready 
 
124 HISTORICAL SKETCH OP 
 
 with an open hand, cheerful heart, and active personal ef- 
 forts to promote any enterprise which promised utiUty. A 
 large proportioti of the expense of erecting the congrega- 
 tional church in Southbridge, was borne by him. In sus- 
 taining stated preaching he was equally liberal. He never 
 rushed precipitately into any project in contemplation, but 
 examined carefully and keenly, bearings and consequences, 
 before he was ready to act. When his mind was made up* 
 he was not easily diverted from his purpose. He carried 
 out in life, that firmness of character which descended as a 
 legitimate inheritance. Honest, high-minded, and possess- 
 ing enlarged views, his controlling aim was to promote the 
 best interests of the community. Mr. Ammidown married 
 a daughter of Kbenezer Davis, whoso character we have 
 briefly sketched. By this connection, his propertyxwas con- 
 siderably augmented, thereby enabling him to enlarge his 
 business, and to be more extensively useful. Mr. Ammi- 
 down was always actively employed, either in iiis own con- 
 cerns or in those of a public nature. It is not improbable 
 he taxed liis physical and mental powers too severely, and 
 thereby shortened the period of his usefulness. He dis- 
 charged the duties of legislator, of a magistrate, and fre- 
 quently of an arbitrator in settling the disagreements of 
 parties. In all these trusts, no one doubted his ability or 
 honesty. In his social habits, cordial, agreeable, and edify- 
 ing, his company was always desirable. Without any dis- 
 paragement to others, it may truly be said, that no man in 
 Southbridge was exerting a more energetic and salutary 
 influence than Calvin Ammidown, up to the time he was cut 
 down in the midst of his usefulness. Mr. Ammidown lived 
 to witness the early and promising growth of the town of 
 which he was eminently one of its fathers. He was, in per- 
 son, a little above the ordinary size, possessing prominent 
 features, and a countenance indicating firniness and intelli- 
 gence. 
 
STDRBRIDGE AND SOUTHBRIDGE. 125 
 
 In his death, all fell, especially in the community where 
 he was intimately known, a great public and private loss 
 had been sustained. 
 
 He was the lather of the lion. E. D. Ammidown, well 
 known to the public, who still continues his active agency 
 in promoting public enterprises and public improvements. 
 
 Mr. Ammidowji died Jan. 5th, lS2o, in the 56th year of 
 his age. 
 
 We remember very well LUTHER AMMIDOWN, Esq. 
 a son of Caleb Ammidown, and a senior brother of Calvin. 
 His influence, being always exerted in inculcating industry, 
 enterprise and virtuous habits, he was an active co-opera- 
 tor in promoting the early growth of Southbridge. He was 
 not only systematic, correct, and judicious in all his business 
 transactions, but far-sighted and discreet in those of a pub- 
 lic character. 
 
 He was extensi\^ely concerned for many years in mercan- 
 tile and agricultural pursuits. Perfectly honest, faithful, 
 and punctual himself, he required the same of those in his 
 employ. If discreet and faithful management as guardian, 
 or in any other capacity, was sought, no individual could 
 be selected more worthy of confidence than Mr. Ammidown. 
 He was emphatically a peace-maker. If contentious arose 
 within the scope of his influence, his friendly interposition 
 was not wanting to produce reconciliation and peace. As 
 we have remarked of his brother Calvin, he was frequently 
 selected as arbitrator to settle controversies between parties. 
 Tlie writer can testify to his solicitude, in this capacity, in 
 various instances, to ascertain the truth and do complete 
 and impartial justice. If he witnessed dishonesty or im- 
 proper conduct, reproof, though gently administered, was in 
 such a manner as to be felt. His influence was extensive 
 and salutary. Mr. Luther Ammidown also exhibited char- 
 acteristics, emanating from the paternal stock. Mr. Ammi- 
 down was, in person, tall, rather spare, and dignified. His 
 health was delicate. Judicious and methodical in his regi- 
 11* 
 
126 HISTORICAL SKETCH OP STURBRIDGE AND SOUTHBRIDGE. 
 
 men, as in all his concerns, he was able to accompUsh a 
 great amount of business. His keen black eye was an in- 
 dex of that intellectual power and capability which were 
 manifest in all his external conduct. Mr. Ammidown was 
 a supporter of the Baptist Society in Southbridge, and 
 with that denomination attended worship. He left for his 
 children a handsome estate, and not only for them, but for 
 all who knew him, an exemplary character. 
 
 JOHN AMMIDOWN, the oldest son of Caleb Ammi- 
 down, was a worthy man, but of more retiring habits. His 
 pursuits were almost exclusively confined to agriculture. 
 He rarely took a part in public concerns. 
 
SCHOOLS. 
 
 It will not be denied, that the public instruction of the 
 rising generation, from the first settlement of the town, 
 has received as much attention as the condition and ability 
 of the inhabitants would allow. The provision that has 
 been made for such instruction, clearly manifests, that its 
 importance has been fully realized. The school-house was 
 erected, or some place provided, where children might come 
 together to be taught the rudiments of literature, almost si- 
 multaneously with private dwt^lHngs. During some years 
 after the incorporation of the town, and afterwards during 
 the Revolutionary war, the privileges thus enjoyed, were 
 unavoidably very limited. We have heard the remark by 
 one — " I attended school two months," of another, "I at- 
 tended one month," and by another a " fortnight." Re- 
 alizing their own deficiency, they were resolved that their 
 children should be favored with better advantages. Hence 
 the increasing provisions which were made for the instruc- 
 tion of the young. School books, a little more than a half 
 a century ago, were limited to a very few kinds. Perry's 
 and Webster's spelling books, Webster's Third-Part, Pike's 
 abridged Arithmetic, and the New Testament, composed 
 the catalogue of School books. English Grammar was 
 rarely introduced into the schools, as other branches, more 
 simple, were thought to be more profitable for children, 
 with their circumscribed means of instruction. 
 
128 HISTORICAL SKETCH OP 
 
 The branches of study gradually multiplied, as the terms 
 for schooling were protracted. Morse's Geography and 
 Murray's Grammar made their appearance. Murray's excel- 
 lent, and, perhaps, unsurpassed system, awakened a lively 
 interest in that branch of study. Teachers were required 
 to be versed in the English Grammar. It has, for nearly 
 half of a century, held a high rank, and been successfully 
 tanglit in schools. Morse's abridged Geography was intro- 
 duced into schools about the same time. Dr. Morse is justly 
 entitled to the paternity of Geography in America. His 
 great work, containing a large fund of useful information, 
 was the text-book in academies, for a series of years, in this 
 branch of learning. His geographies have given place to 
 others supposed to be better adapted to schools. 
 
 At the early period of which we have been speaking, as 
 the terms of schooling, each year, were short, the limited 
 advantages were, unquestionably, more industriously im- 
 proved than they are at present. The teachers, in those 
 days, generally gave the questions in arithmetic on the 
 slate, for the pupil to solve. This, he was compelled to pon- 
 der upon, and work out, without much light from the 
 teacher. If the question, to the pupil, was enveloped in 
 Egyptian darkness, he must penetrate if, and work out the 
 answer. After he had surveyed it for hours, in every imag- 
 inable point of view, and covered his slate again and again 
 with figures, perhaps a glimpse of light might be discovered. 
 Although this was a rigid mode of prying after truth, it was 
 probably wholesome mental discipline. 
 
 In those primitive days, the minister of the parish kept 
 himself prepared to impart instruction in the higher branches, 
 and to fit young men for college. Many a young man, 
 without much, if any pecuniary aid from others, by his own 
 persevering efforts, obtained a public education. Illustrious 
 examples of this sort may be cited. John Adams, to avail 
 himself of the means of prosecuting his studies, was occa- 
 sionally employed in teaching schools. The young man 
 
STURBRIDGE AND SOUTHBRIDGE. 129 
 
 who thus perseveringly grapples with straightened circum- 
 stances, may not become so distinguished as Mr. Adams, 
 but will act his part well through Hfe. This remark we are 
 sorry to beheve is more apphcable to former times, than to 
 the present. A redundancy of money exerts a deleterious 
 influence on the mind, as well as body, of many a young 
 man. Instances of this sort, are too obvious, and too nu- 
 merous, not to be folt with regret. 
 
 The statute of 17S8 was an important act, in relation to 
 primary schools. It placed tlicm on a firm basis. Fisher 
 Ames, having commenced his brilliant career, led the way 
 in procuring this enactment. He was, through life, not 
 only a distinguished patron of literature, but an active pro- 
 moter of the education of the young. 
 
 Not only pecuniary provision was made to carry out ef- 
 fectually this act, but other auxiliary measures were adopted. 
 The clergymen were considered, ex officio, supervisors of 
 schools. This town has ever been highly favored in this 
 respect. We call to remembrance the Rev. Mr. Lane, the 
 Rev. Mr. Leonard, and their successors in both societies, 
 (the most of whom are siill living,) who have exerted their 
 influence in promoting the prosperity of schools. Mr. Leon- 
 ard labored not only as a pastor, but, for some years, as a 
 teacher of schools, and an instructor of young men, in pre- 
 paring them for college. Rev. Dr. Bond was unwearied in his 
 efforts to promote the improvement of the young. He pre- 
 pared, with much labor, a series of lectures, which were de- 
 signed more especially for young men. Not only the yoimg 
 men, but a great portion of the inhabitants generally, turned 
 out to hear these lectures. Their influence, like leaven, is felt 
 lo this moment. A committee was chosen, yearly, by the 
 town, to visit schools, in connection with the clergymen. 
 This committee usually visited the schools but once in the 
 year, and that was at the close of the winter term. All the 
 parents of each district, with very few exceptions, attended, 
 
130 HISTORICAL SKETCH OF 
 
 when these visits were made. The influence was cheering 
 and salutary on the children. The acts which have since 
 been passed, are a confirmation of this practice, requiring the 
 visits to be more frequent. In regard to government and 
 discipline, there has been a change, which is considered to 
 be an improvement. It is a dictate of humanity that corpo- 
 real correction should not be practised, excepting in cases 
 where subordination absolutely demands it. The observ- 
 ance of judicious rules, in a common school, is as necessary 
 to promote its high end, as in any otlier useful institution. 
 When this fails, a pernicious moral influence is the unhappy 
 result. From long observation, we believe there has been 
 more deficiency in point of discipline, than in any other par- 
 ticular. 
 
 We find, that soon after Leicester Academy was char- 
 tered, which was in 1784, Stnrbridge furnished the Institu- 
 tion with a liberal share of the pupils. Prominent among 
 them, were the children of the Newells, the Paines, the 
 Marcys, the Coreys, the Plimptons, the Aliens, the Curtises, 
 the Fiskes, and the Hardings. Many of them became dis- 
 tinguished in public life. Such facts evince a laudable 
 spirit, and a laudable attention to early instruction. It will 
 be noticed, as an era of memorable distinction, in the life of 
 Col. Crafts, that he was the founder of Leicester Academy. 
 As trustee of that Institution, he was succeeded by Gen. 
 Newell. 
 
 The common school is designed to prepare, in elementary 
 instruction, the great body of the community, for the every- 
 day business transactions of life, and to lay the foundation 
 for other useful information. For this purpose, it embraces 
 every class of the community, excepting the learned profes- 
 sions, and those whose pursuits may require more scien- 
 tific knowledge than is to be acquired in the common school. 
 The common school is suflicient to accomplish an object so 
 expansive in its contemplations. Tlic elementary branches 
 taught, are reading, pronunciation, orthography, writing, 
 
STURBRIDGE AND SOUTHBRIDOE. 131 
 
 arithmetic, geography, and English grammar. A thorough 
 knowledge of these branches is sufl5cient for the purposes 
 above stated. There is no period, or condition in life, in 
 which there should be contentment with present literary 
 attainments. The common school is also designed to incul- 
 cate those moral and religious principles, which are intended 
 to mould the character for individual and social happiness. 
 The more its high purposes are contemplated, the more we 
 are impressed with its importance, and with the foresight, 
 and wisdom of our ancestors. 
 
 On the common school, rests, in no small degree, the per- 
 petuity of our republican government. One of the principal 
 securities of despotism, is the ignorance of the community. 
 Very closely allied, are science and rational liberty. They 
 mutually support and perpetuate each other. Rational re- 
 ligion and rational devotion reject all communion with ig- 
 norance. Ignorance, insffkd of being the '' mother of devo- 
 tion," with much more propriety, can be called the mother 
 of superstition and persecution. She has been one of the 
 powerful agents in fattening the soil with the blood of mar- 
 tyrs. It must always be borne in mind, that to learn how to 
 get a living, is one of the most essential branches of edu- 
 cation. 
 
 The primary school has its appropriate sphere of useful- 
 ness. The Sabbath School contemplates another indispen- 
 sable department of instruction. Both are in a manner 
 hardly perceptible in their operation, working out momen- 
 tous results, and are the strongest securities of civil liberty. 
 The chief Book for the Sabbath School is the Bible, the in- 
 exhaustable fountain, the inftillible source of wisdom. The 
 contemplation of its priceless and sublime truths can hardly 
 fail of exerting a happy influence on the youthful mind, 
 designed to shape its course unerringly through this world, 
 and upward to a state of endless fruition. 
 
 As the Sabbath School has, for a period of more than 
 thirty years, been exerting an important and extensive in- 
 
132 HISTORICAL SKETCH OF STHRBRIDGE AND SOUTHBRIDGE. 
 
 fluence on moral and religions character, we subjoin a 
 sketch in relation to its origin and progress. Robert Raikes, 
 of Great Britain, is entitled to the honor of its paternity. 
 Like leaven, its inflnence has been noiselessly at work, de- 
 veloping the most salutary effects. The commencement of 
 a school of this kind in Sturbridge, bears date about the 
 year 1S20. A few children were collected together, during 
 the intermission, on the Sabbath, arranged in classes with 
 teachers, and recited short lessons from the Bible and cate- 
 chism, which they had committed to memory. 
 
 The school gradually increased in numbers and interest, 
 from year to year, until it presented a systematic organized 
 establishment. Question books, to render the instruction 
 more methodical, and libraries, to increase the interest, were 
 introduced. When it was not convenient for the children 
 to attend in the church, Sabbath Schools were held in the 
 remote parts of the town. Lay members of the churches, 
 in the Brookfielcl Association, were appointed to visit the 
 schools throughout the Association once a year. This ar- 
 rangement was very successfully practised several years. 
 Improvements may unqestionably be still made in Sabbath 
 School instruction. The young, possessing so many invit- 
 ing attractions, will always, in an enlightened community, 
 enlist a deep interest. 
 
REMARKS UPOx\ FOREST TREES, 
 
 BURYING GROUNDS, HIGHWAYS, &e. 
 
 Forest trees claim our particular attention. They present 
 not only scenery grand and beautiful in a countless variety 
 of forms, but are indispensable for support and comfort. 
 When their value is fully realized, there is little danger of 
 bestowing too much attention on their growth and preserva- 
 tion. Forty years ago, the supply of wood for fuel, and 
 other necessary purposes, was abundant. From that time 
 to the present, the quantity has been reduced more than 
 half, and the price more than doubled. The great blow of 
 1&I6, prostrated many of our best wood lots. The laud of 
 most of them has been converted to other uses. This, to- 
 gether with the increased demand for fuel and lumber, is 
 one cause of the great reduction. We may add, a want of 
 due care in its preservation, as another. At the period 
 above mentioned, good hard wood, at the door, might be 
 purchased, at eight and nine shillings per cord. We must 
 be allowed to say, that the ax has been a little too freely 
 used to be consistent with economy and judicious husband- 
 ry. We are not aware, that a remark of this sort is appli- 
 cable to the management of our farms in other respects. 
 There seems to have been an impression, that there was no 
 danger of diminishing the growth of wood too much. Al- 
 though the best timber has been cut off, judicious manage- 
 12 
 
134 HISTORICAL SKETCH OF 
 
 ment will do much towards restoring a necessary supply. 
 Observation has taught us, that much of our thin soil can- 
 not be more profitably used, than by allowing a new growth 
 to spring up, after the wood has been cut off, and continu- 
 ing it as a wood lot. It has been remarked that a young 
 growth shoots up rapidly, on this kind of land. In cutting 
 the large trees, where it is not intended to clear the lot, 
 great care should be observed, in regard to the saplings or 
 young trees. Who has not noticed with regret the unneces- 
 sary havoc and waste resulting from a want of due care ? 
 The destruction of a portion of the young trees, is some- 
 times almost inevitable. We remember very well, even 
 when wood was plenty, the caution that was observed, in 
 this particular, by some farmers. Every young tree, espe- 
 cially, if handsome, must stand unharmed. The cattle 
 were forbidden to make any depredations in wood lots. We 
 would further remark as it respects home use, and the mark- 
 et for the sale of wood, more of our land may be con^-erted 
 into wood land, and a sufficiency remain for tillage and pas- 
 turage. Who is not gratified, in witnessing a neat thrifty 
 wood lot, and rambling an hour, occasionally, in a forest I 
 How congenial with delightful and sublime meditations I 
 
 The former variety of trees in our forests, mostly, if not 
 entirely, still exists. We have five or six species of the 
 oak, two of the maple, two of the ash and the chestnut, 
 two of the walnut, two of the birch, the elm, the butternut, 
 the pine, and some others. The oak furnishes materials for 
 three very valuable purposes — viz : for fuel, for building, 
 and for tanning. The same may be said of the hemlock. 
 The rock-maple was formerly, principally depended upon 
 for sugar and molasses. The walnut, chestnut, and butter- 
 nut superadd materials very acceptable at our firesides and 
 social interviews. Nuts and apples were the principal 
 treats at neighborly visits, in early times. The pine is a 
 tree of beautiful symmetry, and, as an evergreen, almost un- 
 rivalled. The rock-maple, having a luxuriant and rich fo- 
 
STURBRIDGE AND SOUTHBRIDGE. 135 
 
 liagc, is an excellent shade tree. The upland ash is a neat 
 isynimetrical tree, of beautiful foliage. The elm is the mon- 
 arch of our ornamental trees. Those, in the center village, 
 mnst be almost coeval with the first settlement of the town. 
 Generation after generation has witnessed them still ex- 
 panding and towering in stately grandeur. There let them 
 stand in their increasing greatness, the noble inheritance 
 of many future generations. 
 
 Good taste, comfort, and pleasure, demand increased at- 
 tention to ornamental trees about our houses, and in our 
 villages. They are the beautiful decorations of nature, and 
 always attract with pleasure the notice of the traveler 
 and visitor. Trifling, indeed, is the expense of such rich 
 and durable ornaments. Highly commendable is the pre- 
 vailing taste, in thus beautifying the depositories of the 
 dead. How congenial with the feelings is the beautiful 
 and refreshing grove, and how suitable to those hallowed 
 spots, where we love to linger and revive sweet, though 
 mournful recollections, of those quiet sleepers. The grove 
 seems to shelter them from the angry blasts and raging 
 tempests. It is well calculated to foster, and perpetuate the 
 best feelings of our nature, as well as the endearing remem- 
 brance of relatives and friends. 
 
 The old burying ground in Sturbridge is one of those 
 cherished spots of remembrance. It contains the ashes of 
 those hardy pioneers, who first laid the ax at the roots of 
 an unbroken forest. The changes through which they 
 passed, their joint toils and conflicts, their joys and sorrows, 
 must have rendered their homes, and the very soil, pecu- 
 liarly dear to them. This was the spot selected and pre- 
 pared by them for their final resting place. There rest 
 Mr. Dennison, and his worthy companion, the first female 
 born in town. There sleeps Col. Marcy, who was the most- 
 prominent man in the first organization of the town. There 
 rest from their labors the Rev. Nathan Rice, the Rev. 
 Joshua Paine, and the Rev. Otis Lane, the three first settled 
 
136 HISTORICAL SKETCH OP 
 
 ministers of the parish in Sturbridge. There sleep very 
 many of that band of sterHng and self-donying men, who 
 fought and bled, not only for themselves, but for posterity. 
 There lie many of the original settlers, who were, no doubt, 
 worthy and industrious townsmen, without a monument to 
 designate their sleeping dust. Let it remain a hallowed 
 spot, untouched by the hand of violence. Let the evergreen 
 be a perpetual emblem of the freshness with which their 
 memories are cherished. 
 
 The ?teio burying ground, (so called,) was purchased by 
 the town in the year 1826, or 1827. As to its situation, 
 and the nature of the soil, it is a pleasant and desirable lo- 
 cality for the mansions of the dead. Many repose there, 
 who, a few years since, mingled with us in the busy scenes 
 and social endearments of life. They are remembered as 
 venerated men, as fond parents, as companions united by 
 the most tender relation, and as children, very dear to the 
 parental heart. How desirable that a spot, so often alluring 
 thither our hearts and footsteps, should be made increasingly 
 attractive by appropriate beauties of nature and art? There 
 reposes the Rev. Zenas L. Leonard, the first settled minister 
 of the Baptist society, in Sturbridge. Tiiere lie the remains 
 of the venerated Dr. Jacob <^orey, the elder. This ground 
 is beautified with many handsome and well wrought mon- 
 uments, reviving afresh names and worth not to be forgot- 
 ten. The old burying ground carries us back to scenes, 
 events, and characters, of which we are attempting an ad- 
 ditional memorial ; the ?icw more forcibly reminds us al- 
 most daily, that we shall soon be the companions of in- 
 animate dust. 
 
 REMARKS ON HIGHV.AYS. 
 
 The Worcester and Stafford Turnpike-Koad was com- 
 pleted in 1812. It proved, for a scries of years, to be of 
 public utility. A route was opened by it from the east to 
 
STURBRIDGE AND SOUTHBRIDGE. 137 
 
 the south, ihrongh the center of Sturbridge. Stage-coaches 
 well sustained by passengers ran daily each way, conveying 
 the United Staies mail. During the war of 1S12, (so call- 
 ed,) it was a great thoroughfare for the transportation of the 
 munitions of war. Here might be seen, at all times of the 
 day, the huge Peimsylvania team, bearing a load almost suf- 
 ficient to freight a common sloop. Nor was it uncommon 
 to see Kentucky horsemen, performing on horse-back, a 
 journey of hundreds of miles. It is a little marvelous, that 
 the discovery had not been made, even at the late peiiod 
 when this road was located, that it is much easier to master 
 a hill by a circuitous, than by a direct course over its sum- 
 mit. This road is a striking illustration o( the old theory, 
 now exploded. Perhaps we may account for it, in some de- 
 gree, on the ground, that the course of our ancestors was al- 
 ways upward. Modern obstacles would not have been re- 
 garded as such by them. There is no doubt, that an undulat- 
 ing high-way is favorable, both as it respects the fatigue and 
 durability of the animal. It must be conceded that the 
 change, in this respect, is an important improvement. The 
 abundance of travel, on this road, gave to the central village, 
 as well as to many others, an air of thrift and enterprise. The 
 public-house, in the center of t'ae town, was well patron- 
 ised, for a long period, and a profitable establishment. 
 About the year IS12, Messrs. Curt and Merrick succeeded 
 Abijah Brown, as keepers of this house, and they were 
 succeeded by D. K. Porter, Esq. and Mr. Porter, by Mr. 
 Cromwell Bullard. All these gentlemen had an interest in 
 the stages. This interest, in connection with the avails of 
 the house, rendered the concern profitable, and was conduct- 
 ed in an acceptable manner to the public. The establish- 
 ment furnished a profitable market for the farmers. 
 
 The new highway from the center, to Southbridge, shun- 
 ning Fisk-Hill, was built in 1839, at an expense, a little 
 exceeding ^5000. It has evidently been a great public im- 
 provement. The traveler, for a little more ease, foregoes 
 12* 
 
138 HISTORICAL SKETCH OP 
 
 the pleasure of an admirable landscape, spread out before 
 him, in passing over Fisk-Hill. Within twenty years, the 
 highways have been greatly improved, in changes of loca- 
 tion and mode of construction. The public begin to be 
 aware that practical skill is requisite to repair, or make a 
 good road. 
 
 The introduction of rail-roads left a multitude of the 
 country villages in rather a discouraging state of business. 
 This has been their effect on the center village of Stnr- 
 bridge and vicinity, but an enterprising spirit will gradually 
 overcome such discouragements. It does not follow, be- 
 cause this great change has operated thus unfavorably, for 
 a while, at least, on particular localities, that it will not 
 prove a great public benefit. The effect of rail-roads 
 is, not only greater dispatch, and less expense in trav- 
 elling and transportation, but an equalization of the val- 
 ue of the products and resoiu'ces of the country, and a 
 more familiar acquaintance with its various parts. Equal- 
 ity, in value of the products of the country, is compatible 
 with the general good. The more familiar the acquain- 
 tance with the various interests of the country, the safer, 
 and easier the transaction of business ; and we may confi- 
 dently calculate, the more secure the Union. By this great 
 change the permanent wealth of the country is greatly en- 
 hanced. Indiscreet locations there unquestionably have 
 been. They have multiplied faster than the interests of 
 the country have warranted. 
 
 An extensive bed of plumbago, in the southerly part of 
 the town, is worthy of notice. The grounds, containing this 
 mineral, are owned by Mr. Tudor of Boston. The mine 
 has been considerably wrought, and has undoubtedly been 
 a source of profit to the proprietor. From ten to twenty 
 hands are usually employed. This spot has attractions for 
 
STURBRIDGE AND SOUTHBRIDGE. 139 
 
 visitors; not for its beauties, for it has none, but for wliat is 
 totally of an opposite character. Here the visitor may wend 
 Ills way through long, dark and deep avenues, wrought out 
 by the miners, under pendent rocks, rough, and as ragged 
 as he can possibly imagine, every moment threatening his 
 destruction. 
 
 Soon after the working of the mine was in progress, two 
 young men were killed, and several others injured by the 
 caving in of an immense mass of rocks. No serious acci- 
 dent has since occurred. The process of obtaining the. lead, 
 is by breaking the rocks in pieces, where it is found in 
 strata, or veins. Not unfrequently masses of pure lead are 
 found, weighing ten, twenty, and sometimes fifty pounds. 
 Since Mr. Tudor has been the owner, the quantity obtained, 
 for twenty years in succession, has averaged about twenty 
 tons annually. There is another mine of plumbago in Stur- 
 bridge, on the farm of Capt. Lyman Morse. It is probably 
 extensive, and judging from the polish it gives to stoves, it 
 is of superior quality. 
 
 Some years since, iron oar was dug to some extent, and 
 made a business of some profit. It is now suspended, if not 
 abandoned. 
 
 This town is well supplied with stones and rocks for the 
 constructing of fences, bridges, and the necessary purposes 
 of buildings. 
 
 The greenstone, said to be one of the most durable kinds 
 of rock, abounds in the south-westerly part of the town. 
 The time may come when they may be brought more exten- 
 sively into use. 
 
 Few towns are more highly favored, with rills, brooks, 
 and ponds, than Stnrbridge. Stnrbridge has not less than 
 five ponds of various sizes, and conveniently located for the 
 inhabitants, in the several sections of the town. They yield 
 an abundant supply of (.choice fish, at all seasons of the 
 year. The trout is found in many of our brooks. These 
 ponds are beautiful sheets of water, surrounded by forests 
 
140 HISTORICAL SKETCH OF 
 
 and rural scenery. It was formerly a custom of the inhabi- 
 tants, on certain days in the Autumn, to gather about these 
 ponds to enjoy a season of festivity and amusement. Pork, 
 fish, green corn, crackers and cider, composed the bill 
 of fare. Although not much particularity was regarded, in 
 preparing them for the palate, nothing could relish better. 
 These festivities were seasoned with toasts, jokes, and an 
 abundance of other sorts of pleasantry. After the enjoy- 
 ments of the table were closed, some exhibited their adroit- 
 ness in swimming, some in pitching quoils, and all as their 
 fancy dictated. All quit, at a seasonable hour, much grati- 
 fied This gathering was called, a Squantum ; a name, no 
 doubt, of Indian origin, and, in .sound, very much in keep- 
 ing with the character of the occasion. 
 
 Something must be said of the Q,uineboag, of which we 
 feel some degree of pride. Although a small river, it is not 
 surpassed in beauty and utility. Taking its rise in Union, 
 it flows along in a meandering course, through Holland, a 
 corner of Brimfield, through the width of Sturbridge, form- 
 ing the boundary, some distance, between Sturbridge and 
 Southbridge, and the boundary between Southbridge and 
 Charlton, and Southbridge and Dudley. It then enters 
 Connecticut, passing down a delightful valley, until it min- 
 gles its waters with the Thames. Its whole extent is about 
 sixty or seventy miles. It furnishes a nnuiber of water 
 privileges in Holland, one in Brimfield, not less than four 
 in Sturbridge, eight or ten in Southbridge, and others, al- 
 most in an equal proportion through Connecticut. Through- 
 out its whole length, the greatest portion of these excellent 
 water privileges is now occupied by mechanical and man- 
 ufacturing establishments, beautified with almost countless 
 villages, where the hum of industry and the spirit of enter- 
 prise constantly meet the eye and ear. AW this has been 
 accomplished within about forty years. It would be a 
 gratifying result to ascertain the number of persons em- 
 ployed, and the amount invested in these establishments. 
 
STTJRBRIDGE AND SOUTHBRIDGE. 141 
 
 It is believed, it would fully confirm onr asseiiions in rela- 
 tion to the utility of this river. The industrious foreigner, 
 as well as the American, finds encouragement for industry. 
 
 In regard to the scenery of this river, it is not of that bold 
 and imposing grandeur which is beheld with admiration on 
 some of our largo rivers, but its beauties are of a milder as- 
 pect. The admirer of such scenery, will find himself richly 
 rewarded in surveying what oven this river presents. He 
 may beliold it now skirting, in a m« andering course, an 
 overhanging forest ; now stealing its way through a dense 
 grove; now gliding along through a verdant valley ; now 
 dashing over beds of rocks; then falling over dams, exhib- 
 iting resplendent sheets of pearls, and constantly varied, 
 and varying in its progress. The painter may here find 
 ample scope for the ingenuity and skill of his pencil. We 
 could designate among many, a charming retreat below 
 Col. Wight's mills. It exhibits a delightful view of blended 
 water, meadow and forest scenery. After one has been 
 overwhelmed with the grandeur of the cataract, it is a grate- 
 ful transition of the feelings to turn the eye on a scene like 
 this. 
 
 How admirably has the Creator adapted his works, not 
 only to the support and convenience of man, but to the 
 highest gratification of his imagination. If Sturbridge and 
 Soutlibridge are surpassed by many towns in the Common- 
 wealth, in. fertility and productiveness of soil, they have few 
 rivals in rural scenery. 
 
AGRICULTURE. 
 
 No one doubts that agriculture, and whatever is connect- 
 ed with its improvement, is of the first importance. Its 
 origin is commensurate with the primeval existence of man. 
 It has flourished in a greater, or less degree, according to 
 the state of civilization. Human subsistence, and the re- 
 sults of every useful enterprise, are chiefly indebted to, and 
 dependent upon this interest. Wherever it has prospered, 
 the other departments of useful industry have generally, if 
 not uniformly, been in a correspondent degree of prosperity. 
 Although the Roman nation, in its palmy days, was em- 
 phatically a military people, adding conquest to conquest, 
 Agriculture was deemed of too much consequence to be ne- 
 glected. Her matchless bard could sing in lofty and thrill- 
 ing strains, of the exploits of heroes, and of the mighty work 
 of founding a nation; and in numbers equally moving, of 
 rural life, of the arts of the husbandman, and of tne manner 
 of treating mother earth, to enable her to be fruitful. Cin- 
 cinnatus, a name almost as familiar to us as one of our 
 brightest sons, could cheerfully resign the highest public 
 trust, to literally follow the plough. The same may be said 
 of many an illustrious Roman commander. It was to them 
 no less honorable to wield the plough than the sword. 
 The example was powerful in its influence. We have an 
 example still more illustrious, in our own Washington. 
 Who does not know that it was his cherished desire to quit 
 
HISTOEICAL SKETCH OP STURBRIDGE AND SOUTHBRIDGE. 143 
 
 the highest public responsibilities, to attend to the cultiva- 
 tion of the soil 1 We have also our Webster, the Marsh- 
 field farmer, as well as the pre-eminent statesman and jurist. 
 He loved the farm, and to be among flocks and herds. 
 The occupation of the farmer is not only honorable, but pre- 
 ferable to all others in promoting health. Observation has 
 established the fact of its superiority for health, and a vig- 
 orous physical constitution. The farmer is not at all par- 
 ticular, in regard to his diet, or in any fear that his digestive 
 organs will not faithfully and ably perform their appropri- 
 ate functions. Rarely is he annoyed with dyspepsia and 
 its brood of evils. 
 
 During the French, and more especially during the Rev- 
 olutionary war, very little progress was made in agricul- 
 tural improvements. The struggles for conquest, and es- 
 pecially for independence, rendered the neglect of agricul- 
 ture inevitable. As soon as the soldier's armor could be 
 safely put oif, the implements of husbandry were cheerfully 
 resumed. The soil, but recently in its virgin state, required 
 less additional nutriment to render it productive. The im- 
 plemetits of husbandry were then limited in kinds, and in a 
 rude state of workmanship. Most of the farmers, with a 
 little aid from the blacksmith, were their own manufac- 
 turers of the utensils for husbandry. The workmanship of 
 the plough, and the cart requiring more skill, was a more 
 exclusive occupation. Necessity compelled them to turn 
 their hands to such diversity of labors. This necessity de- 
 veloped ingenuity, and prepared them for improvements. 
 They were not satisfied with the old beaten path. They 
 well knew there was meaning in the homely saying, "a 
 jack at all trades is skillful in none." Hence the various 
 branches of mechanism became gradually separate pursuits; 
 and great improvements were the result. The ax, sixty 
 years ago, although it possessed very little beauty, or sym- 
 metry, performed wonderful execution in the hands of our 
 ancestors. Ten cords of wood a day, in he forest, was not 
 
144 HISTORICAL SKETCH OP 
 
 an nmisual day's work. Modern wood-choppers would feel 
 quite satisfied with themselves, if they performed half as 
 much. The pitchfork, now in use, is a brilhant, well pro- 
 portioned instrument. A stick, with a natural crook, was 
 formerly selected for a scythe snath. It was heavy, and 
 uncouth in its appearance. Now we have the well propor- 
 tioned, handsomely wrought instrument. Notwithstanding 
 the improvements, so well adapted to degeneracy in physi- 
 cal strength, our ancestors would overmatch us in the 
 amount of labor performed, even with their implements. 
 Hence improvements in utensils of this sort, have become 
 doubly necessary. 
 
 The plough holds the first rank in point of importance. 
 Its indispensable and extensive utility gives it superior 
 claims on ingenuity for improvement, to any other instru- 
 ment. We remember that three and four yoke of oxen 
 (not quite twelve, as in the daj'^s of Elisha) were required 
 for the old breaking up plough. A specimen of the old 
 breaking up plough, made in 17S0, is now in the possession 
 of Col. David Wight. Tiie first owner was his grand- 
 father, David Wight. Dimensions — beam, 6 1-2 feet, han- 
 dles, 5 1-2 feet, mould board, 3 inches thick, and 2 feet 2 
 inches in length. The handles at the ends, spread 3 feet. 
 The bottom of the coulter unites with the point of the share. 
 All wood, excepting t!ie coulter and share. It now appears 
 to be perfectly sound. At the ploughing match in 1850 or 51 
 in this town, it was brought out from its place of retirement 
 to the field of competition, drawn by two yoke of oxen, and 
 held by a colored man .by the name of Samuel Welden, up- 
 wards of SO years of age. It was highly gratifying to the 
 venerable old man, to show how furrows were cut sixty 
 years ago. Comparing this plough with those of the pre- 
 sent day, the contrast is a striking illustration of the im- 
 provement in this implement. 
 
 Stnrhridge contains a variety of soil. Some portions of 
 it, strong and productive, other portions light, but«more fea- 
 
STRUBRIDGE AND SOUTHBRIDGE. 145 
 
 sible. It has ever required industry, wliich has character- 
 ised the people of Slurbridge. A sufficiency of wheat, for 
 nearly a century, was raised in town to supply the inliabi- 
 tants. When they could be abundantly supphed from 
 abroad, with flour, at five or six dollars per barrel, it was 
 fotuid to be more profitable to cultivate something else in 
 heu of it. The present price, eleven and twelve dollars, 
 per barrel, should it long continue, may induce them to re- 
 sume the cultivation of wheat. The flour produced from 
 our soil, would not suffer in comparison with any from 
 abroad, in point of flavor, or richness. Our light soil is very 
 well adapted to the growth of rye, and for the labor bestow- 
 ed, yields a generous crop. The same may be said of 
 Indian corn and potatoes. Since the occurrence of the un- 
 accoimtable blight, the potatoe has been much less aftected 
 by it on this kind of soil. The cause of this disease has 
 hitherto baflaed all investigation, and has greatly reduced 
 the crop, during eight or ten years past. For two or three 
 years last past, it has been less distructive in its ravages, 
 although the potatoe the present year, 1854, in Sturbridge, 
 is one dollar per bushel. Within thirty years, they have 
 been sold as low as 12 1-2 cents per bushel. The usual 
 price, before the appearance of this destroyer, was twenty 
 five cents per bushel. '1 he crop of oats has fallen below 
 what it was twenty-five, or thirty years ago. The cause 
 demands scientific investigation. The crop of indian corn 
 on the same quantity of land, although more manure is re- 
 quired, is equal to what it formerly was. The farmer be- 
 gins to realize that his profits depend, not so much on the 
 extent of his fields, as on cultivation. This will become 
 more and more a practical truth. Ii is obviously a waste 
 of time to cultivate two acres of land, when almost equal 
 profits miglit be obtained from one. The hay from our up- 
 lands has not depreciated in quality, but it is not so -in re- 
 gard to the product of our meadows, in quality and quanti- 
 ty. Most of them were formerly richly clad with foul 
 13 
 
146 HISTORICAL SKETCH OP 
 
 meadow, a kind of grass which made vahiablc hay. This 
 grass formorly so hixiiriant, in ilie valloy of the Hobbs 
 broplc, has in this iocaliiy greatly diiniiiished. bnt not so 
 much so as in other parts of the town. Those meadows 
 havo a rich bottom, and are capal)Ie of being again made 
 very producliv^c. The value of meadow mud for manure, 
 is beginning to be rcaUzcd. 
 
 The land in Southbridge, for all '"agricultural purposes is 
 superior to that of Sturbridge. For the dairy, for fattening 
 cattle, and for tillage, it takes the lead of Sturbridge. Stur- 
 bridgc stands well in regard to butler. As it regards the 
 flavor, the grass of our light pasture land is quite as favora- 
 ble as any other. We may with propriety, say the same 
 of those who have tlie charge of the dairy. As it respects 
 swine, whether the po.rk barrel be consulted, or the market, 
 Sturbridge, from early days, has uniformly held a respecta- 
 ble standing. If the pork barrel by some unlucky occur- 
 rence, becomes empty, the fact is carefully concealed. A 
 commendable pride is manifested here in showing handsome 
 well fattened swine. This animal, if he has generous treat- 
 ment, never fails to be equally generous in the returns he 
 makes. He not only constitutes an essential part of the 
 viands of the table, but gives them all an agreeable zest. 
 He also performs his part well in aiding the products of the 
 garden, the fruilery, and the cornfield. His liberty is very 
 much more restrained than in former days, which is, in 
 every respect, a commendable iiTiprovcmcut. 
 
 Formerly the sheep was considered as indispensable as 
 the swine, the ox, and the cow. Our pasttn-cs were every 
 where decorated with this useful animal'. It is not so now. 
 Here and there we occasionally witness a small group of 
 the descendants of tlicsc ancient settlers, which performed 
 so generous a part in feeding and clothing our fathers. A 
 flock of unmixed native sheep, would he a welcome curi- 
 osity. The introduction of a new race, has rendered our 
 wardrobes more beautiful, but not more substaniild, or du- 
 
STUUBRTDGE AND SOUTIIBUIDGE. 147 
 
 Tabic. As ail elcmoiU for food, the old stock hns the prefer- 
 ence. Soon after the change, which coinnioiiced between 
 thirty and forty years ago, sheep were mnhiplied more than 
 ten-fold. Some of i!ie farmers could number their hun- 
 dreds. In many instances the growth of sheep claimed al- 
 most his exclusive attention. Extremes of this sort are ge- 
 nerally of short duration. Now, as before rernarked, sheep 
 have almost disappeared among us. Whether they can be 
 profitably increased, is a qnesiion for the farmer to settle. 
 Our hills and valleys have lost some of their most inviting 
 attractions since they have been so greatly diminislied. 
 The same may be said of our tables. The delicious, well 
 fattened mutton is now a rare gratification. It formerly 
 held a place on the table equal to the clioicesi beef 
 
 Wc are informed by I)ea. John Phillips of this town, and 
 Dr. Hamant of Union, that an Agricultural Society existed 
 in this town about tlie commencement of the present cen- 
 tury. The Rev. Z. L. Leonard was president, and David 
 Wight Jr. Esq. secretary, during some period of its exist- 
 ence. Dea. Philli[)s, Oliver Plimpton Esq, Abner Lyon, 
 Josiah Walker, and iXathaniel Walker, are remembered to 
 have been members of this society. It held meetings to 
 confer together in relation to agriculture. It is also remem- 
 bered that one of ilie questions for consideration, was the 
 quality and kind of seeds, and for what products the soil 
 was best adapted. There is no doubt, their investigations 
 embraced whatever is connected with agriculture. How 
 long it was in oi)cralion we are not infornii'd. Allusion is 
 hero made to it, to sliow the early and continued interest 
 uniformly manifested in this all important l>ranch of indus- 
 try. The clergyman, as well as the layman, was, at that 
 period, a practical firmer. An anecdote, somewhat pithy, 
 is related of the Kev. Mr. Paine and his hired man. Mr. 
 Paine liivcd to see business move on briskly. He went to 
 the (ield where his uian w;is hoeing, and a little too moder- 
 ately, as Mr. Paine thought. The man had commenced, 
 
148 HISTORICAL SKETCH OP 
 
 and made some progress in his row. Mr. Pai:ie commenced 
 another, soon reached, and soon distanced him. The man 
 cried ont to Mr. Paine, who was moving on with wonderful 
 speed, "Mr. Paine P^ Mr. Paine suddenly stopped and 
 inquired what he wanted. The man exclaimed, "if you 
 
 CHEAT THE CORN, THE CORN .WILL CHE.\T YOU." Mr. PaiuC 
 
 afterwards, in speaking of this trivial occurrence, said it 
 was a profitable lesson to him. He was very well aware, 
 in endeavoring to set his workman an example, he himself 
 had "cheated the corn." 
 
 It is probable this society was organized soon after the in- 
 corporation of the first Massachusetts Agricultural Society, 
 which was in 1792. 
 
 The Worcester County Agricultural Society was iucorpo- 
 rated in JS18. 
 
 The payment of $.5 constituted membership. Individu- 
 als from most, if not all the towns in the County, became 
 members. The interest manifested at the first Cattle Show" 
 in the town of Worcester, promised success and utihty to 
 the enterprise. This interest has been well sustained up to 
 the present time. The exhibitions, in the various depart- 
 ments of agriculture, have been constantly increasing, each 
 succeeding year. It enabled farmers and other geiulemen 
 to become better acquainted with eacli other, and with the 
 state of agriculture througlionl the County. Distinguished 
 individuals from abroad encouraged it by their presence. 
 The ploughing match, and other exercises of tlie tiam, have 
 uniformly excited a lively interest. At these shows, the 
 visitor is gratified with a view of a great variety of choice 
 animals, not only of our own County, but from other por- 
 tions of the state. Here also he witnesses a large coilection 
 of agricultural implements, and each succeeding year some 
 new specimens of ingenuity. Here too arc the fabrics of 
 our cotton and woolen mills, which will not sutler in com- 
 parison with foreign skill. Here, in short, are the countless 
 varieties of products from our fields, gardens and fruiterics. 
 
STDRBRir.GE AND SOUTIIBRIDGE. 149 
 
 The prosperity and iiillucncc of this society may be traced, 
 in a higli cJei^ree, to the exertions of the present Gov. Liincoln. 
 The late Gov, Liiioohi, Iiis father, was the first president of 
 the Society. He was an t-xtensive land- holder, and encour- 
 aged agricnitnre by his practical example. He was fami- 
 liarly called, ^'Parmer Llncoln,^^ a title wfiich lic no donbt 
 valued as highly as any which the Commonwealth and his 
 Country had conferred upon him. The present Gov. Lin- 
 coln, succeeded his father as j)!esidcntj and held the office 
 we believe, more than twenty years. He infused into the 
 society his own energetic spirit, and v/as, in truth, llie mas- 
 ter spirit of the society. It is probable that neither father, 
 !;or son, felt a deeper interest in the various other high 
 (rusts to which they v.'cre elevated than in this 
 
 The comnicncement of the present StnrbridgeFair, was a 
 gathering of the farmers and others in the Autumn of 1H42, 
 for the purpose of awakening more interest in husbandry 
 and the mechanic arts. They brought together tlieir best 
 oxen and other handsome animals. The Show was impos- 
 ing, and to many new, and excited a gratifying curiosity. 
 It was a pleasant occasion for examination and remarks, 
 in relation to the qualities of the various animals. It passed 
 •off so much to the satisfaction of all present, as to encour- 
 age another attempt the next year. Tlie succeeding year 
 it assumed a more systematic organization. A desire was 
 soon manifested in the adjacent towns, to unite with Slur- 
 bridge, in promoting the interest of tlie Fair. Hero we 
 would make the gratifying remark, that the several towns 
 united in this enterprise, have advanced harmoniously to- 
 gether, cheerfully encouraging and sustaining it. A requi- 
 site number of officers were appointed, and other suitable 
 regulations were made. Simeon A. Drake was the first 
 president, and the Rev. Mr. Cutting of Southbridgo deliv- 
 ered the first address. Uy the third year, it had all the 
 forms and arrangements of a regidarly organized Agricul- 
 tural Society. A department was provided to receive spe- 
 13* 
 
150 HISTORICAL SKETCH OP 
 
 cimens of the dairy, of the productions of the field, the gar- 
 den, the fiiiitery ; also of the muniifactory, the mechanic 
 arts, and the handi-work of the ladies. To the ladies, the 
 remark is dne, that they have manifested a landable spirit, 
 in promoting the prosperity of the enterprise, and in giving it 
 a lively interest by their presence, and" the specimens of their 
 ingenuity. Success could hardly be expected, without such 
 cheering encouragement. The name, Fnir^ could not with 
 propriety be applied to the society, without their presence. 
 The profits and quality of the dairy, are also due to their skill 
 and attention. The flavor of the butter in this town and 
 section of country, will not suffer in comparison with that 
 of any other section, not excepting the celebrated Orange 
 County butter. The cow has always held a high rank in 
 sustaining human life. It was a promment recommenda- 
 tion of the promised land, that it flowed with milk and 
 honey. What is there better adapted to the growth and 
 health of children, than milk 7 and what more palatable, 
 and nutritious to the adult, than the old fashioned dish of 
 bread, apple and milk? Hence the importance of such 
 treatment to the cow, as will enable her to make generous 
 returns in quantity and quality. There has evidently been, 
 within a quarter of a century, great improvement in the 
 cow, in point of beauty and profit. The man who keeps 
 only one, is not satisfied with mere mediocrity. 
 
 Within the same period, much more attention than for- 
 merly has been paid to the size, symmetry, training, and es- 
 pecially to the matching of oxen. Tn New-England, the 
 labors of the. ox on the farm are indispensable. This docile, 
 noble animal is entitled to kind hnd liberal treatment in the 
 pasture, in the stall, and in the performance of his useful 
 labors. Harsh and violent treatment,* in discipline, is rarely 
 necessary. The skillful and humane teamster avoids it if 
 possible. The same remark is applicable to the horse, even 
 if lie be restive and refractory. The ploiighing match is an 
 attractive part in the Show, always gathering a large circle 
 
STtlRBRiDGE AND SOUTHBRIDGE. 151 
 
 of curious spectators; it exhibits the skill of the ploughman 
 OS well as the training of the team. Exercise on the cart, 
 requiring more muscular power, equally developcs the train- 
 ing. In the contest, care sJionld lie strictly observed that 
 the animal is not urged beyond his strength. This is espe- 
 cially to be regarded, ns all the exercises of the learn are 
 exciting. The preparation of the animal, for competition 
 of this sort, is a preparation for general utility. The figure 
 and <^encral appearance of oxen, are objects of curiosity and 
 particular attention at the public shows. Honcj we may 
 calculate on the advantage to he derived from them in this 
 branch of industry. A selection of ihc clioicest animals, in 
 point of beauty and profit, is always made for exhihiiion. 
 The effect is a laudable spirit of rivalry, excited and kept 
 in lively exercise by the annual return of the public exhi- 
 bitions. 
 
 The horse, uniting great beauty with qualities for cxfen* 
 sive usefulness, holds an elevated rank in the family of do- 
 mestic animals. It may be doubted, wliether in this respect, 
 he has a superior. He performs his part faithfully and 
 nobly for men in all the varied conditions of life. He is the 
 pride of the man who moves in state, as well as the hiuub- 
 lest individual. The principal use of the liorse, for more 
 than a century after the settlement of this country, was for 
 the saddle. Qualifications for this purpose were cl.iefly 
 sought. Long journeys were performed by both sexes on 
 horseback. The horse was a brave, and an indispensible 
 co-helper in the achievement of our independence. 'J'hrice 
 arduous would iiave been Washington's task without his 
 trusty steed. 
 
 What more attractive, than a cavalcade, or a company of 
 cavalry performing its cvoluiions in martial style ? With- 
 out the presence of this majestic animal, the show would 
 be deprived of one of its crowning attractions. The spec- 
 tacle would be highly gratifying to witness some of our dig- 
 nified fathers, clad in the costume of their day, maving 
 
152 
 
 HISTORICAL SKETCH OP 
 
 gracefully on the horse. If the change in the mode of trav- 
 eling is iDoro agreeable to case, it is very doubtful wlictiier 
 it is so as to hcalih and vigor. The horse has not degen- 
 erated in size or heanly, alihongh ti)e period of his use- 
 fulness is contracted. The price of the horse, the ox and 
 the cow, has doubled within half ofa century. 
 
 In regard to Hortictdture, public exhibitions have exerted 
 a favorable influence in respect to the quality and variety 
 of choice fruit. Formerly, the apple was mostly used for 
 cider. Tije quality, not tlionght tnaterial for a beverage, 
 was ncgjpctod for other purposes. Its principal use now is, 
 as a luxury, and a wholesome nutriment. In this respect, 
 its vahic is more and more realized. The preparation of 
 the soil, the tree itself, ilio quality, quantity, and variety, 
 are all receiving more attention. The specimens exhil)ited 
 at our Fairs, confirms the iruth of this remark. Tiiey 
 would not discredit any Fair in our County. 
 
 What view more attractive than the orchard, in the Au- 
 tumn, with its varieties of rich and beautiful fruit ? The 
 kinds of apples have mostly changed within half a cen- 
 tury. The early high-sweeting, which must have been 
 amo))g the first settlers, still liolds its standing, in the orch- 
 ard. The old spice apple, quite common many years ago, 
 and an excellent winter fruit, is now rarely seen. Within 
 a h\v years, there has been a great increase, in varieties of 
 apples, and a great improvement in the flavor. 
 
 'J'he pear is now claiming more attention than even the 
 apple. The varieties, many of which are very delicious, are 
 almost without limit. At one of our Fairs, Mr. Thomas 
 Bond, of North Brookfield, exhibited between seventy and 
 eighty different kinds. Fifty years ago, we do not recol- 
 lect more than four or five did'erent kinds of pears. A 
 large, late, sweet pear, excellent for baking, was here and 
 there to be foimd in some rich locality. Thus fiivored, the 
 tree grew to a large size, and yielded abundantly. Gardner 
 Watkins Esq. had a tree of this kind, which produced, one 
 
STURBRIDGE AND SOUTHBRIDGE. 153 
 
 year, thirty bushels more than was used in the family, which 
 he sold lor one dollar per bushel. The writer remembers 
 very well the tree, and the pears. It may be doubted 
 •vhether this pear has its superior, after cooked, among all 
 
 e modern varieties. The cherry, the plumb, the peach and 
 the grape, arc claiming increased attention, as not only very 
 grateful to the taste, hut as highly ornamental to our dwell- 
 ings, gardens, and fields. Fruit trees yield a rich compen- 
 sation for all the labor bestowed. The cultivation of plants 
 and flowers is awakening a more lively interest ihan for- 
 merly. It is a niatiifeslation of good taste, as well as a 
 delightful amusement, to be thus interested in the beautiful 
 displays of nature. 
 
 The boundless ways in which Providence is ministering 
 to our support and enjoyment, are a constant appeal to our 
 gratitude. He has comipcted human industry and human 
 ingenuity with personal and social happiness. This benev- 
 olent arrangement the agricidiuralist daily witnesses and 
 enjoys. The spring cheers him, with its flattering hopes, 
 its countless variety of developing beauties; the summer 
 and autnmti with their returning bounties; and the winter 
 with its well stored garners. 
 
 Capt. Simeon Hooker and Maj. Jacob Upham, are entit- 
 led to the credit of making the first movements in attempt- 
 ing to establish an Agricultural Society in this part of the 
 Coimty. They have continued its active proinoters. But 
 to no one is the Society more indebted than to Mr. Luther 
 Hamant, for his unwearied efforts, in promoting its growth 
 and prosperiiy. He has made agriculture and horticulture 
 his study and pursuit. 
 
 This Society was incorporated in the year 1855, by the 
 tiame of " Worcester South Agricultural Society," including 
 Sturbridge, Souihhridge, Dudley, Webster, Oxford, Charl- 
 ton, Spencer, Brookfield, North Brookfield, West Brookfu-ld, 
 Warren, Brimfield and FIi»lland. Mr. Luther Hamant 
 headed the petition, praying for the incorporation, and vis- 
 
154 HISTORICAL SKETCH OP 
 
 iteJ the several (owns ninrc tlian once, to cnronrayc the 
 object, and to obtain llie ivqiiircd amount to entiHe them to 
 an act of incorporation. 'I'he simi ah'oady raised hy con- 
 tribution exceeds thirteen hundred dohars. Whatever is 
 rai.M^d for the benefit of the Society, must be invested ac- 
 cording to the provisions of the stat:ite. For every one 
 thousand (lobars^ so invested, tlie society receives annually, 
 from the treasury of the Comnionweahh, iho sum of two 
 hundred dollars, and in thai proportion for a greater amount 
 raised, and not to exceed from the (Jornmonwealih, six hun- 
 dred ilollars. The act making provision in this wny, to 
 encourage agriculture, rellecis credit on our statute l)ook. 
 The appropriation can hardly fail to answer tliC designed 
 purpose. It is worthy of notice, that tJHM-o has been a 
 cheering degree of harmony, m promoting the purposes of 
 the society. 
 
 In closing our remarks on this subject, we respectfrdly 
 remind the connnuuiiy of the importance of progressive at- 
 tainn^euis in this nobh^ science. We esjiecially refer to 
 those who constitute much the largest portion of the popu- 
 lation of Massachiiscils, Connecticut, and Rhode-Island. 
 Tliesc states, possessing a vast amount of caf)iia!, vested in 
 various kinds of mamifacture, and a large portion of their 
 industry, devoted to this interest, may, wnh great propriety, 
 be called manufacturing states. It is not for a moment to 
 be miderstood, that this intero'st should, in iis operation, or 
 expai:siou, be a cheelc, but raiher an encouraging stimulus 
 to the prosperity of agriculime. To promote such an object, 
 and lo avoid to;) much dependence on other sections of the 
 country for supplies, the yef)n)anry in these Stales should 
 realize the importance of endeavornig to turn thi-ir lands to 
 a more and more profiiable account. 'J'here is no doubt 
 great advancement may be made in this |)articular. '^riie 
 sod may be made many fold more produciivc and profita- 
 ble; than it is at present. New-i-Jnglund has not that exu- 
 berant soil which characterizes some ])arls of our country; 
 
STURBRIDGE AND SOUTIIBRIDGE. 155 
 
 but slio Ims a soil capable of yielding a generous return for 
 skillful nnd persevering iiuliistry. Tiierc is no compeiition 
 more InndaMc, and profitaI)le, ilian that which lends to ad- 
 vance and elevate this all iniporiaiit interest. Its products 
 are dejijgncd to meet the claims of necessity, comfort, and 
 enjoyment. Agricnitnral Societies are exerting a povverfnl 
 agency in accomplishing sncli desirable purposes. Tht; man 
 wlio is making his lands, and his sioclc more profitable and 
 beanlifnl, will he sure to awalccn a kindred spirit in others. 
 Much of our soil, at the cast, lias iiereiofore produced such 
 crops of wheat, as encouraged farmers to lieslow particular 
 attcniiou upon its culiivalion. We sec not wliy the ex- 
 periment may not again be tried with success. Even the 
 farmers, at the oast, are almost entirely dependent on oth- 
 er portions of the country for Hour at this time, 1S55, at 
 ihirleen dollars per barrel. It is believed their interest will 
 prompt them to attempt to avoid such dependence. 
 
 We subjoin a brief statement of some striking improve- 
 ments made by Dr. Samuel Ilariwell, of Southl)ridge. 
 Some six or eight years since, he commei:ced a most ihor- 
 ough improvement of a piece of land, lying about half of a 
 mile southerly of the lower village, in Southbridgc. The 
 tract, containing about twenty-five acres, had, previous to 
 1830, been principally occupied as a pasture, yielding but 
 small profits. About twelve acres of the land still remain 
 a pasture. ""I'hc other portion is divided iiuo lots, for til- 
 lage and mowing, and "for the production of various kinds of 
 fruit. Seven beautiful lots, cixlosed by handsome walls, 
 are appropriated almost exclusively to tillage and mowing. 
 From these lots, the rocks and stones, which were ahiuid- 
 ant, have been almost entirely removed, and the surface 
 made quite level, where the natin-c of the gromid would 
 admit. 'I'he soil, for culiivalion, was plowed fourteen 
 inches in depth ; viz — seven inches with a sward |)Io\v, and 
 seven inches with a sub-soil plow. The Doctor examined, 
 
156 HISTORICAL SKETCH OP 
 
 by experiments, the nature of the soil, and what treatment 
 it required to render it most productive. 
 
 The orchard of peach and apple trees, covering a number 
 of acres of land, enclosed also by a wall, is in a very flour- 
 ishing condition, and contains many kinds of choice fruit. 
 The Doctor has also, in another locality, nearly a hundred 
 thrifty pear trees, which will soon produce an abundancr-, and 
 many varieties of this delicious kind of fruit. The im- 
 provement of the pasture is probably equal to other im- 
 provements of which we have spoken. A beautiful road 
 for carriages passes nearly through the land. A very con- 
 siderable expense has been incurred in making these im- 
 provements. Nothing more is now to be done, than to keep 
 the land in its present productive condition. The average, 
 anmially, of the whole products of the land, is about six 
 hundred dollars. The cost of labor and manure does not 
 exceed three hundred dollars; leaving a clear profit of 
 three hundred dollars. Experiments of this sort are worthy 
 of special attention. The farmer, in his attempt at improve- 
 ments, must, of course, govern himself according to his 
 ability. They certainly afford a high degree of pleasure, as 
 well as profit. 
 
 The Doctor's example has beconie contagious in the 
 neighborhood of his land. Others are making similar im- 
 provements. 
 
 The first Show of the Society, after its incorporation, was 
 on the third day of Oct. i855. Although the weather, in 
 the morning, was forbidding, the gathering of both sexes, 
 representing the various industrial pursuits, was large. 
 
 Amos Felion Ksq. the first president, under the new or- 
 ganization, presided. 
 
 The Hon. Ainai^a Walker delivered an address, eminent- 
 ly i)ractical, and well worthy the practical attention of the 
 New-England farmer. The plowing (always commanding 
 particular attention) was considered superior to that of any 
 former occasion. The same may be said of the oxen, and 
 other animals. Since the commencement of our Shows, 
 
BTDRBRIDGE AND SOUTHBRIDGE. 157 
 
 there is a striking improvement in all our useful animals. 
 The town-hall exiiibited a greater variety of the produc- 
 tions of nature and art, than at any former Fair. We al- 
 lude to this exhibition, merely to show that public expecta- 
 tion, thus far, has been fully realized in regard to the pros- 
 perity and utility of the Society. The public journals, high- 
 ly to their credit, favor the public with statements, in de- 
 tail, of the proceedings of Agricultural Societies. The hap- 
 py influence of those societies is greatly promoted by such 
 encouragement. 
 
 14 
 
TEMPERANCE REFORMATIOIf, 
 
 As this movpment was intended to produce an important 
 change in habits and practices tolerated in llie community, 
 a sketch of its early operations may be a useful record. At 
 the period of its commencement, about 1820, ardent spirits 
 were generally and abundantly used among all classes of 
 people. The use had been increasing for many years, and 
 the extent of its use, and its effects, were very far from be- 
 ing fully realized. Such was its insidious and controling in- 
 fluence, that the community was unconsciously in the broad 
 road to ruin. Ardent spirits were deemed essentially neces- 
 sary in the revolutionary struggle. It was not easy to dis- 
 continue the habit, after the struggle was over. The use 
 was regulated by legal enactments. In accordance with 
 these enactments, public houses and stores were licensed to 
 an almost unlimited extent, to dispense the article. It had 
 become a prolific source of profit to the vendors. Almost 
 every household was provided with a variety of cordials for 
 domestic use, and to meet the demands of civility. Many a 
 cellar was stored with the choicest juice of the grape, and 
 other liquors of more potent influence. The bar-room, the 
 training-ground, the muster-field, the ball-room, the Inde- 
 pendence jubilee, always exhibited striking manifestations 
 of its coniroUing power. Liberality in distributing the ex- 
 hilarating beverage was an indispensable reqiiirement from 
 the successful candidate for civil, or military promotion. 
 
HISTORICAL SKETCH OP STURBRIDGE AND SOUTHBRIDGE. 159 
 
 Even in discliarging the last sad rites to the remains of 
 departed friends, its consohng inflnence was deemed indis- 
 pensable. The Bar, the Bench, and even the Pnlpit, occa- 
 sionally, had recourse to its power, to render their argu- 
 ments and persuasions more lucid and impressive. We 
 might enlarge in this way to an ahnost indefinite extent. 
 The rational use of men's physical and intellectual facul- 
 ties became strangely suspended, at frequent intervals. This 
 was an alarming phenomenon. Suspicions began to exist, 
 that this derangement of our important functions might be 
 traced to too much latitude given to the appetite. The 
 wider the eyes were opened, the more confirmed men be- 
 came in these suspicions. The first inquiry was, what 
 must be done to check the evil? The first expedient sug- 
 gested, was, that moderation must be observed. But this 
 was soon found to be too indefinite, and too mild a correc- 
 tive. The urgent claims of the appetite could not be cm-bed 
 by such rational restraint. Hence, something more power- 
 ful must be devised. It was reported, that a venerable mat- 
 ron had discovered a sovereign remedy, and that remedy 
 was total abstinence. Nothing is clearer, than that this 
 would be an effectual remedy, if carried out. It laid at 
 once the ax at the root of sturdy habits, which required 
 no ordinary power of self denial to subdue. The war must 
 be carried directly into the enemy's camp. Total absti- 
 nence soon became the rallying point. Although a standard 
 was raised, bearing such a significant motto, etlbrts were 
 requisite to secure a triumph. Men were not wanting to 
 embark in the work. Changing a little the style of our re- 
 marks, we remember well the effect of two sermons, preach- 
 ed by the Rev. Dr. Hewett of Connecticut, on the Sabbath, 
 in Sturbridge, at the commencement of this reformation. 
 lie drew to the life, a picture of the evils of intemperance. 
 Many of our good njcn were not a liitle disturbed at what 
 they deemed unwarrantable exaggerations. It however 
 aroused men from their lethergy, and prompted them to 
 
160 HISTORICAL SKETCH OP 
 
 examine the foundation of sucii bold assertions. The result 
 of the examination was, that the preacher's assertions con- 
 tained much more truth than fiction. The Rev. Dr. Bond, 
 our then mmister of the Congregational Society, embarked 
 in the enterprise with his whole heart. It was character- 
 istic of the man to count the cost before he put his hand to 
 the plough. When once there, his course was onward. 
 His influence soon became contagious. Mr. Bond was early 
 in the field, and soon witnessed cheering results from his la- 
 bors. The Rev. Dr. Vail, then of Brimfield, was an effi- 
 cient and successful co-worker. We believe the Rev. Dr. 
 Snell was an earlier pioneer. Well known to be a man of 
 superior mental power and forecast, and equally discreet 
 in devising the best mode of checking, or repressing an evil, 
 much was expected from his energies in the enterprise. 
 We were often favored with the zealous and well directed 
 efibrts of these men. 
 
 Societies were formed on the principle of total abstinence. 
 Meetings were frequently held, and various methods devised 
 to persuade all to become supporters of this principle. The 
 increase of numbers exceeded the most sanguine expecta- 
 tion. It is not to be understood, that accessions were made 
 without correspondent efforts. Many a strong Layman em- 
 barked heartily in the enterprise. We could name the Hon. 
 Linus Child, the Hon. A. D. Foster, the Hon. Judge Thom- 
 as, then young men, whose addresses made an effective 
 impression. Many a reformed inebriate told the plain, feel- 
 ing, unvarnished tale of his dcgredation and recovery. 
 These were some of the agencies employed to arrest the 
 progress of the evil. Gratifying results were constantly de- 
 veloping from year to year. Contrast the present, with the 
 then prevalence of the evil, a most cheering change must be 
 the irresistible conviction. Where are the distilleries which 
 were then thickly scattered over the Commonwealth 7 
 Where the unnumbered licensed houses '? These gratifying 
 results must be ascribed exclusively to the power of per- 
 
STURBRIDGE AND SOUTHBRIDGE. 161 
 
 suasion. No coersive agency was, for many years, employ- 
 ed. It does not follow, that such an agency may not be 
 successfully brought in aid of this enterprise. The idea, 
 however, should not, for a moment, be indulged, that it 
 should supersede, or check persuasive eflbrls, which have 
 accomplished so much. 
 
 It is, beyond a doubt, the duty of every man, when sat- 
 isfied that habits and practices exist, prejudicial to the 
 prosperity and happiness of the community, to exert his in- 
 fluence to arrest, and, if possible, suppress them. The ef- 
 forts should be in proportion to the magnitude of the evil. 
 This was viewed, at the period of which we are speaking, 
 after mens eyes were fully opened, to be oneof an alarming 
 character, especially as it affected the rising generation. 
 Although the use, at that period, was almost without limits, 
 yet there were some redeeming circtimstances which do not 
 now exist. The wine, the brandy, the rum and gin, were 
 then comparatively free from those pernicious ingredients, 
 with which they are now ackilterated. The adulteration is, 
 of itself, an irresistible argument against the modern use. 
 The only infallible antidote against the poison, is, " taste 
 not, touch not." 
 
 In regard to legislative enactments, there has been a 
 strong desire, from time to time, to make them more effec- 
 tual. The good which has been accomplished by such co- 
 ersive measures, has very probably overbalanced the evils 
 attending them. Perhaps there is nothing within the com- 
 pass of legislation, more difficult to be met, than the subject 
 of our remarks. Experience has rendered this lesson quite 
 familiar. A very small degree of reflection must satisfy 
 any one of the truth of this remark. Habits, long indulged, 
 are stubborn antagonists. It is very much easier to con- 
 vince the understanding of their pernicious tendency, than 
 to arrest the evil. There is a strong propensity to resort to 
 stimulants, under a great variety of circumstances in life. 
 The profits also from the sale of alcoholic liquors, are temp- 
 14* 
 
162 HISTORICAL SKETCH OP 
 
 tations which some men will not resist. Each State has a 
 right to regulate matters of this sort in its own way. a cir- 
 cumstance which renders the universality of prohihitory 
 measures, in this particular, almost hopeless. Those sug- 
 gestions are not made, with a view to oppose legal enact- 
 ments, but merely to show the difficulties of rendering them 
 effectual. The agitation of the pul)lic mind, wherever the 
 subject has been brought before the Legislature, evinces a 
 deep conviction of the evils of intemperance, and a strong 
 desire to resort to every feasible agency, to check, if not en- 
 tirely to suppress it. 
 
 The state of Maine, some four or five years since, passed 
 an act containuig very stringent provisions against the traf- 
 fic in alcoholic Honors. This act, commonly called the 
 Maine law, became a subject of very extensive notice and 
 remark. Our LegislatUYQ passed an act of similar provis- 
 ions in the year 1S52. 
 
 That portion of the act which authorised the seizure and 
 destruction of liquors, was decided by the supreme Court, 
 to be unconstitutional. 
 
 The General Court, the present session, 1855, have passed 
 another act more severe in its penalties, than any previous 
 act. The State of New-York has recently passed an act of 
 similar provisions, and penalties. Tlie States of Connecti- 
 cut, Pennsylvania and some others, have done t)\e. same. 
 Present appearance indicates a vigorous struggle, in the ex- 
 ecution of these coersive measures. 
 
 The prevailing opinion is, that no law ought to exist, 
 which does not meet public approbation to such a degree, 
 that it cannot be effectually enforced. The acts of which 
 we are speaking, if expedient, must claim an exception. 
 No one expects any thing more than a partial execution. 
 They are soon to be fully tested by experiment. 
 
STURBRIDGE AND SOUTHBRIDGE. 163 
 
 A NEW MOVEMENT TO SPREAD THE GOSPEL. 
 
 The year 1810 is a memorable era in the history of this 
 country, in relation to a great moral and religions move- 
 ment. We allude to the organization of the Board of Com- 
 missioners of Foreign Missions. Hence sprang into exist- 
 ence a multitude of auxiliary societies. Immediately after 
 the organization, the Brookfield Association, auxiliary to the 
 Board, was formed, embracing the following towns: viz. — 
 Brimfield, the three Brookfields, Charlton, Dana, Dudley, 
 Holland, Hardwicic, New-Brauitree, Oakham, Sonthbridge, 
 Spencer, Sturbridgo, Warren, and Ware. The Rev. Otis 
 Lane, the Rev. Mr. Fay of Brimfield, and a few others, in 
 the year 1812, met at the house of Dea. Daniel Plimpton, 
 and formed the Sturbridge Auxiliary. The aggregate con- 
 tributed for this noble object, at the disposal of the Board, 
 from year to year, from that time to the present, has princi- 
 pally been made up of small contributions. The tendency 
 of this mode of sustaining the enterprise, has unquestionably 
 been to awaken more uniform and lively interest in it. 
 
 This was the commencement of an enterprise whici) look- 
 ed forward to the universal extension of the Redeemer's 
 kingdom. An objection, urged against it, on its threshhold, 
 was, when our spiritual wants shall have been met at home, it 
 would be sufficiently early to look abroad. This objection 
 was soon silenced by an obviously increased interest in our 
 home wants. The toleration of slavery in some portions of 
 our country, was another objection. These objections man- 
 ifested a very limited, not to say a selfish view of the sub- 
 ject. 
 
 This period is clearly marked with deeper convictions of 
 duty, and more energy of action, in regard to the evangeli- 
 zation of the world. The Redeemer's last command, " Go 
 ye into all the world, and preach the gospel to every crea- 
 
lOi HISTORICAL SKETCH OP 
 
 tiire," was more deeply felt, and the apostolic spirit more 
 clearly manifested. 
 
 This great movement was commenced with an organized 
 system of action, which had been gradually improving and 
 expanding in its operations. Draw the contrast between 
 the state of the world then and noio^ a faint idea may be 
 obtained of what has already been accomplished. A family 
 of co-helpers were almost simultaneously ushered into ex- 
 istence. The Bible Society, the Home Missionary, the Ed- 
 ucation, the Tract Societies, and many other benevolent 
 associations have advanced, hand in hand, with this great 
 enterprise. It might gratify curiosity to know the amount 
 which has been given, in Sturbridge and Southbridge since 
 1810, for these benevolent purposes. To ascertain the 
 amount Vv'-ould be an impracticable undertaking. Some- 
 thing, in this way, has been placed to our credit, every 
 succeeding year. We need have no apprehensions that it 
 has been too large, or that it is an unprofitable investment.' 
 In our sketches of character, we have noticed some bequests, 
 for these objects. To those benefactors, may be added the 
 name of Harmony Allen. The bequest was her last offer- 
 ing from the fruits of her industry. In connection with this 
 enterprise, the name of David T. Lane deserves an affec- 
 tionate remembrance. He was the oldest son of the Rev. 
 Otis Lane. To be a missionary, among the heathen, had, 
 for many years been his calculation and desire. He ap- 
 peared to be eminently fitted for such a destination. Im- 
 mediately after his collegiate and theological studies were 
 closed, death terminated those desires and calculations. For 
 some time prior to his death, there had been premonitions of 
 that disease, so often attended with hopes and fears. A 
 short time before the close of his life, the disease presented 
 so discouraging an aspect, as to cut ofl'all hope. It seemed 
 to be a mysterious ^providence to himself, and his many 
 affectionate friends. He calmly and cheerfully acquiesced 
 in the Divine Will. His example, his unwearied unpre- 
 
STURBRIDGE AND SOUTHBRIDGE. 165 
 
 tending eiforts to do good, very many still remember. Dur- 
 ing ten, or twelve years, he labored incessantly to persuade 
 the young, the niiddle aged, and the aged, to give their 
 hearts to the Saviour. This was his all-absorbing theme. 
 Whenever and wherever he was employed as an instructor 
 of youth, lie was eiiually assiduous to impart religious and 
 literary instruction. The scholars soon felt the influence of 
 a heart full of desire to promote their highest happiness. 
 
 His time in vacations, was principally occupied in visit- 
 ing families, from liouse to house, especially those who 
 could not conveniently attend public worship. After visit- 
 ing in this manner, it was his custom to hold a meeting in 
 the evening. All turned out to hear young Lane speak on 
 the subject of religion. None left with feelings of indifl'er- 
 ence. An impression had been made which was not soon 
 forgotten. The man who rarely passed the threshhold of a 
 church, on the Sabbath, cheerfully attended his meetings. 
 Many an instance of this kind can be cited, and many, in 
 which there is good reason to believe, a saving change was 
 the result. The enquiry is very natural, what gifts did he 
 possess which enabled him to command such fixed atten- 
 tion, and so deep an interest in his e.Khortations7 Not ex- 
 traordinary powers of intellect, for they were not much 
 above mediocrity. But his, was the eloquence of the heart ; 
 feeling dee[)ly the importance of what he uttered. His 
 mind was wholly engrossed in his subject, and expressed 
 with all that earnestness and suitableness of language which 
 his feelings prompted. His exhortations were short, direct 
 and persuasive. When he stopped, all wished to hear him 
 longer. There was an earnestness, in looks and language, 
 which carried conviction that every word was from the 
 heart. It is believed few have accomplished so tnuch in the 
 service of their beloved Master, during so short a career. 
 
 The Rev. Otis Lane's second daughter, Mary, married 
 the Kev. Mr. Dwiglit, the distinguished missionary. Mr. 
 Dwiglit is staiioricd at Constantinople, exerting a powerful 
 influence over an extensive field. 
 
166 HISTORICAL SKETCH OP 
 
 GEN. LA FAYETTE. 
 
 A very gratifying event, in onr history, was a visit from 
 Gen. La Fayette, in the year, 1824. In tliis connection, we 
 shall attempt a brief sketch of the character of the extraor- 
 dinary man, who nobly vohniteered his services and fortune, 
 in the achievement of onr independence. He belonged to a 
 family of high rank, and was the possessor of an ample for- 
 tune. In the year 1777. at the age of 21 or 22, after we 
 had been struggling about two years against an untold 
 amount of difficulties, he quit conjugal endearments, and 
 the flattering prospects of home, to jeopardise his life and 
 fortune with ours, in the conflict. After encountering many 
 obstacles, he reached America. A humble dwelling, situ- 
 ated on Valentine hill, (s3 called,) on the eastern bank of 
 Hudson river, in the vicinity of Fort Washington, is held in 
 cherished remembrance. In this dwelling, Washington, 
 and this noble volunteer, it is said, first met. The inter- 
 view must have been one of thrilling interest. Here, Wash- 
 ington welcomed the young foreign adventurer, to a share 
 in the perils and hardships, which must inevitably be met. 
 Mark the difference of the prospects, and the scene, before, 
 and around him, from the splendors of the French Court ! He 
 was soon honored with a commission of Maj. General. His 
 career, in detail, would embrace many of the most important 
 events of the revolution. The same spirit which prompted 
 him to embark in the cause of America, marked his unfal- 
 tering course in her service. He never shrank from dan- 
 ger, or responsibilities. To notice a single instance ; in the 
 battle of Monmouth, one of the hottest, both in regard to the 
 heat of the day, and the desperate struggle of the conflicting 
 parlies, we see him braving its dangers. 
 
 In this battle, in the presence of La Fayette, the memo- 
 rable rebuke of Washington was administered to Lee. It 
 
STURBRIDGE AND SOUTHBRIDGE. 167 
 
 is evident, that Lee, for some cause, was remiss in duty. 
 The division, under liis command, was retreating in great 
 confusion, which Washington, wlio was commanding in 
 another quarter, discovered. He was instantly on the spot, 
 restored order, and turned the retreating troops to the 
 charge. It was at this juncture, the withering reprimand 
 was given. La Fayette, afterwards remarking upon this 
 incident, said, the severity of the. reprimand was not so 
 much in the toords, as in the look of Wasliington. 
 
 Washington, in closing, says to Lre, " will you command 
 here, and route the enemy 7" The instant reply of Lee 
 was, " I will not bo the Jirst off the field." If Lee had 
 declined the command, Washington intended to give it to 
 La Fayette. Lee, after this, fought bravely, but remem- 
 bered the stinging rebuke. La Fayetre, was not only a co- 
 worker in the field, but in procuring the assistance of 
 France. To accomplish this object, he crossed the ocean 
 several times. He expended a large portion of his estate, to 
 aid the cause of America. He had the command of about 
 5000 men, and was an efficient co-operator with W^ashing- 
 ton in the last triumphant result. He was present at the 
 surrender by Cornwallis, on the 19th day of Oct. 1781. 
 The scene must have been a sublime spectacle, exhibiting, 
 on one side, humiliation and deep mortification, and on the 
 other, joy which could not be entirely suppressed. Corn- 
 wallis' bearing was gentlemanly and dignified, but the oc- 
 casion was extremely humiliating to an officer of his lofty 
 spirit. 
 
 Washington's deportment, always exhibiting the same 
 great man, was such as the occasion demanded. This 
 event sent trinmi)hant joy throughout the length and breadth 
 of America. It is notour intention (o follow La Fayette, 
 with any particularity, through the French Revolution. 
 Being opposed to oppression in every form, he was desirous 
 of improvements in the principles of the French govern- 
 ment, and in the condition of the people. He had fought 
 
168 HISTORICAL SKETCH OF 
 
 with US to establish a republican government, and was de- 
 sirous that principles of a similar character should be in- 
 corporated into the French government. He favored their 
 declaration of rights, and the new constitution, wliich were 
 essentially republican. If he was mistaken in regard to the 
 incompatibility of such a government with the disposition 
 and habits of the French people, he was not alone in the 
 mistake. The American people generally, including many 
 of our distinguished statesmen, favored, and even rejoiced 
 in the change of government wliich the French had adopt- 
 ed. In England, it was landed by such men as Fox, Sher- 
 idan, and Mackintosh, and very many other men of philo- 
 sophic and literary distinction. It was hailed with enthu- 
 siasm by a great portion of the people of England, and in 
 other nations of Europe. But it made no such impression 
 on the mind of Catharine, of Russia, and a few other des- 
 pots. They dreaded the prevalence of republican princi- 
 ples. Bm-ke, in a masterly treatise, came out against the 
 French movements, and with a forecast almost prophetic, 
 portrayed the disasterous consequences. He clearly saw 
 that the French nation was very far from being ripe for 
 such a ciiange. 
 
 The enthusiasm of the French people soon assumed a 
 terrific aspect, and became as ungovernable as the raging 
 ocean. Law, religion, life, character, property, and every 
 thing that renders life desirable, were totally disregarded. 
 This hurricane of anarchy raged in France more than five 
 years. During this pcniod, her soil was steeped with the 
 best blood of France. History presents few parallels of 
 anarcliy, attended with such an elfdsion of blood, so much 
 violence, and such total disregard of all legal restraints, and 
 every rational and humane principle. 
 
 In the early progress of the French revolution, La Fay- 
 ette was very popular, and almost idolized. He had the 
 command of the National Guards, the highest military rank 
 in France. He exerted his utmost energies to save the 
 
STURBRIDGE AND SOUTHBRIDGE. 169 
 
 King and Queen from their fatal doom, but to no purpose. 
 As the storm was becoming more and more terrific, he was 
 compelled to seek safety in flight. He was pursued, taken, 
 and thrown into a prison in Olmutz. His devoted wife, by 
 a favorable turn of fortune, made her escape, and found her 
 way to her husband. His property was confiscated. Most 
 of the relatives of Lafayette were victims to the reign of 
 human butchery. During most of that long and dreary im- 
 prisonment, his wife was his constant companion. This 
 speaks volumes in her praise. Providence had in reserve 
 another refulgent day for this champion of liberty. He was 
 liberated, after about six years, from imprisonment, if we 
 mistake not, by the instrumentality of Bonaparte, He re- 
 turned to France, where he was not forgotten. His counsel 
 was sought, and his voice was again heard in behalf of the 
 best interests of his country. At two several periods, he 
 was elected a member of the national assembly. In the 
 Revolution of 1830, he was again appointed General of the 
 National Guards. It is evident that Lafayette's influence 
 at this period was powerful. Napoleon frequently sought 
 his counsel, although Lafayette never compromitted his po- 
 litical principles to flatter, or encourage that wonderful man 
 in his course. 
 
 In the year 1824, after the lapse of forty years, he revis- 
 ited the theatre, where, in early life, he had performed so 
 generous a part in behalf of oppressed humanity. The an- 
 nouncement of his intended visit was everywhere received 
 with joy. Children liad early learned the name and story 
 of the Marquess Lafayette. When he came, he was receiv- 
 ed with open arms, not as a triumphant conqueror, but 
 as a triumphant benefactor. It was a universal expression 
 of spontaneous gratitude. All, even to the little child, 
 must see and take Lafayette by the liand. He visited every 
 State in the Union. The people of Sfurbridge, invited him, 
 on his way to the South, to favor them with a visit. The 
 request was granted. Such preparations as the occasion 
 15 
 
170 ''historical sketch op 
 
 appeared to demand, were made. A tasteful representation 
 of a triumphal arch was erected over the road, where it 
 enters the common, at the north-east, adorned with garlands 
 and pendants. Thence, two rows of shrubbery were ex- 
 tended to the public house. The artillery and a splendid 
 band of martial music were stationed on the meeting-house 
 hill. The gaihering, from all the neighboring region, ex- 
 ceeded in number, three thousand. The approach of the 
 cavalcade was announced by the artillery. When it arrived, 
 a large man, plainly dressed, of dignified and venerable ap- 
 pearance, alighted from a carriage. That man was Gen. 
 Lafayette. Yery affable, gentlemanly, and of agreeable 
 raianners, he manifested some surprise, as well as high 
 gratification, to witness so large a gathering in a small vil- 
 lage. Four hours were never passed by those present, 
 which would be remembered with more grateful emotions. 
 
 The most touching spectacle was the meeting with his 
 old fellow-soldiers, who, in early manhood, had shared with 
 him the perils and conflicts of our revolutionary struggle. 
 They had taken (heir position, in military style, by them- 
 selves, where the interview took place. Most of them had 
 seen him, and some had been under his command. They 
 related incidents, when and where they were together, 
 which he remembered. Never did reminiscences produce 
 a higher degree of joy. The triumphant result of the 
 mighty struggle was spoken of with the highest satisfaction. 
 They had all become old men. Forty years had passed 
 away since they had terminated together their labors. Well 
 may it be supposed the meeting would be one of the most 
 thrilling interest. What a gratifying change met the eye of 
 the illustrious visitor wherever he went! — a change, in a 
 great degree, to bo ascribed to republican institutions. Such 
 universal expressiorv of grateful respect, although attended 
 with a little excess of enthusiasm, is certainly a commenda- 
 ble precedent, and highly creditable to the American char- 
 acter. It was an expression of gratitude for services rarely 
 recorded in the history of human events. 
 
STURBRIDGE AND SOUTHBRIDGE. 171 
 
 He was attended to this country by his son, George Wash- 
 ington Lafayette, and his private secretary. We are aware 
 that an English author has attempted to throw a shade over 
 the cliaracter of Lafayette, in relation to his course, at the 
 confiinencement, and subsequent progress of the French Rev- 
 olution. The writer had no partiality for republican prin- 
 ciples. It is also very evident he had not forgotten the part 
 Lafayette acted in our Revolution. Under such circum- 
 stances, it is hardly to bo expected that the pen would be 
 guided by an impartial hand. Surely the life of Gen. La- 
 fayette was an eventful one. His name will be transmit- 
 ted to posterity in company with that of Washington and 
 other illustrious benefactors of mankind. His sun rose 
 high, in full orbed splendor, and, if for a time, its pathway 
 was obscured by angry clouds, it went down the same glori- 
 ous sun, not a spot on its disk. 
 
VARIOUS CUSTOMS. 
 
 We may have alluded elsewhere to some of the customs, 
 in the earlier portion of our history, of which we are now 
 about to give a sketch. They arc no further important than 
 to show the simplicity of manners, and the straightened 
 circumstances of our ancestors. 
 
 In respect to travelling and modes of conveyance, carria- 
 ges were unknown, excepting for farming purposes, and the 
 transportation of burdens which could not be done upon the 
 horse. Walking was the usual mode of reaching the 
 church, on the Sabbath, from two, three, four, five, and in 
 some cases, six miles. The family horse, where there was 
 one, performed his part of this duty, in carrying occasion- 
 ally, three and four. The husband on the saddle, wife 
 on the pillion, and an offspring in each of their laps, was 
 not an unusual, or an uninviting spectacle. Rarely was the 
 weather, or travelhng so forbidding, as to prevent a constant 
 attendance, even when the mercury was at zero, and no 
 other warmth in the church, but what the eloquence of the 
 speaker imparted. No fires in the church, excepting here 
 and there a foot-stove, which the infirm were compelled to 
 use. Six hours was the usual period of the services of the 
 day. In the winter, the day was very nearly spent when 
 the worshipers reached their homes 
 
 We remember a husband and wife, both great amateurs of 
 music, who rode every sabbath to meeting in the manner we 
 have mentioned, carrying on their liorse a base-viol and one 
 
HISTORICAL SKETCH OF STURBRIDGE AND SOUTHBRIDGE. 173 
 
 of their liltle ones. Whoever else were absent, they were 
 ready to perform their parts, in the devotions. In the 
 warmest season of the year, the adult males, for the sake of 
 being more comfortable, usually appeared at church without 
 coats and cravats, and the lads without shoes and stockings. 
 Thf^ females were dressed in a style equally simple, adapted 
 to the season. Propriety of conduct was required to be ob- 
 served. The tithing--man knew his duty, and faithfully 
 performed it. The stocks, which were a terror to evil do- 
 ers, were located in the rear of the church. The boys knew 
 very well for what they were designed, and eyed them with 
 awe. We do not recollect an instance in which this mode 
 of punishment was actually put in execution. There is no 
 doubt, that in the early settlement of New-England, the 
 Sabbath was more strictly observed, and the mind less oc- 
 cupied with secular concerns than at present. The statute, 
 which forbid its profanation, was occasionally enforced, as 
 was also the law against profanity. Those laws, although 
 now rarely aroused from their slumbers, may, notwithstand- 
 ing, exert a feeble influence in checking vice. Marriages 
 were then, as at the present time, a custom which was 
 strictly observed. The intention of carrying this custom 
 into etfect, was proclaimed with an elevated voice, immedi- 
 ately after the close of divine service. The tendency of such a 
 proclamation was to neutralize, in some degree, serious im- 
 pressions. Very few in those days thought of evading the law, 
 which provided for the support of public worship. The 
 support of the gospel has now become entirely a mat- 
 ter of conscience. Whether the change, in this respect, is 
 favorable to rnoraljand religious influences, we shall not 
 hazard an opinion. It is certain that religious institu- 
 tions have exerted the most efficient agency in making us 
 what we are, in point of moral character. It is also certain, 
 that they cannot be too sedulously patronized and cherish- 
 ed. Withhold from them a competent support, the tenden- 
 cy is to dampen and paralize that, which is the most valua- 
 15 ♦ 
 
174 HISTORICAL SKETCH OP 
 
 ble to ns as social and accountable beings. They possess 
 the power of elevating, or depressing moral and religious 
 character, in proportion to their encouragement, or neglect. 
 
 We pass to a custom of the farmers in the season of 
 harvesting. What was called a Husking, was common 
 among them. The corn was severed from the ground, 
 transported to the barn, and placed in a suitable condition 
 for the workmen. A sufficient number was invited to dis- 
 patch the work in an afternoon. It was an occasion of 
 merriment and competition, accelerated, at suitable inter- 
 vals, by the quickening draught. Work and conversation 
 went on merrily together. When the work was finished, 
 a plain, wholesome repast, consisting of meats, pies, bread, 
 cheese, butter and other good things, was in readiness, ex- 
 hibiting the good taste and culinary skill of those who pro- 
 vided it. It must be understood that the wife and daugh- 
 ters performed the crowning part, on those occasions. By 
 this mutual interchange of labor and hospitality, the great- 
 est portion of the corn was harvested. 
 
 Raisings were also considered as an affair of similar in- 
 terest, followed by an entertainment of good things. A lib- 
 eral supply of cheering beverage, and a good supper, were a 
 gratifying equivalent for services rendered. Those occasions 
 were generally wound up by feats of wrestlings. A ring 
 was formed for this purpose, and the competition commenc- 
 ed by some of the younger individuals. It was an occasion 
 of intense interest to witness the cautious and adroit move- 
 ments of two skillful wrestlers, almost equally matched. 
 Every point guarded, and every motion of the competitors 
 watched by each other with the keenest vigilance, and al- 
 most equally so, by the spectators. The man of much su- 
 perior muscular power was not un frequently foiled by the 
 quick and unexpected movements of his antagonist. The 
 vanquished party turned in his man, and the contest pro- 
 ceeded in this manner, until the last one was proclaimed 
 victor. The tendency of such athletic exercises was to in- 
 
STURBRIDGE AND SOUTHBEIDGE. 175 
 
 crease physical strength, if not too severely taxed. This 
 was ati exercise very much in practice during the Revolu- 
 tionary war. The ancient "soldiers, it is well known, were 
 inured to athletic feats, to increase strength, and the power 
 of endurance. Although it may not be expedient to resume 
 cuslonjs of this sort, they furnish valuable lessons, in re- 
 gard to the discipline of the physical constitution. As we 
 have more than once remarked, in our investigations, the 
 men and the women, in this respect, are not now, what they 
 were three quarters, or even half of a century ago. Dan- 
 iel Webster's extraordinary mental energies were not cramp- 
 ed, or rendered less useful, by a feeble constitution. It was 
 prepared, in early life, to sustain and give a full display to 
 those wonderful powers of mind. 
 
 Endeavoring to give a faithful sketch of customs and 
 practices prevalent, at former periods, we meet with some of 
 a pernicious influence which we feel bound not to pass over 
 unnoticed. Although now in a great measure abandoned, 
 a record of their former existence may be a useful admoni- 
 tion against their repitition. We have particularly, in view, 
 the practice of gambling, especially the playing at cards. 
 This practice had been gradually increasing for some years 
 before the commencement of the present century. It con- 
 tinued to prevail, more and more extensively, till it reached 
 a degree of alarming influence. A very great portion of our 
 public houses, which were formerly numerous, had their 
 recesses for gamblers. Gentlemen, who claimed an elevated 
 standing, had their private retreats for gambling. Gather- 
 ings, for this purpose, were not only occasional, but almost 
 nightly. They embraced large numbers of the legal and 
 medical professions. 
 
 After the Court had adjourned for the day, many of its 
 ministerial oflicers were spell-bound to the card table during 
 the night. How admirably fitted such nightly prepara- 
 tions must be, for the faithful discharge of their duties to 
 their clients ! The same may be said of many a legislator, 
 
176 HISTORICAL SKETCH OP 
 
 gravely engaged, or ought to be so, during the day, in fram- 
 ing the laws, and at night winning, or losing his hundreds, 
 at the card table. Gambling was the broad road, in which 
 many a young man, on whom rested parental affection and 
 hopes, travelled to ruin. We have known men who have 
 devoted their whole time to this pernicious practice, travel- 
 ling even throughout the States, and rifling men of their 
 money, whenever fit subjects to be cheated could be found. 
 They made for a while, a display of wealth and ostenta- 
 tion, but most of them died in poverty. The curse of Heav- 
 en blasted their hop,?s. This evil was not prevalent to any 
 considerable extent among the farming class of the comnm- 
 nity. Their exemption from it is ascribed in no small de- 
 gree to their retiring and industrious habits. Gambling, 
 cheating and excessive drinking, are generally leagued to- 
 gether. Such a triple alliance is always arrayed against 
 the best interests of society. A blessed change has succeed- 
 ed. Men of respectable standing who occasionally indulged 
 in the practice, realizing its pernicious effects have entirely 
 abandoned it. Their example has exerted a powerful in- 
 fluence in suppressing the evil. The practice is now al- 
 most exclusively confined to those who have no claims 
 to respectability. 
 
 It must be borne in mind, that our ancestors always con- 
 nected something profitable with their recreations. This 
 was especially the case in reference to the old-fashioned 
 Quiltings. The young ladies gathered at a neighbor's, where 
 something of this sort was to be done, for the use of the 
 family, or for a daughter, who was about to exchange her 
 single condition for one more desirable. Seated around 
 their work, the needles were industriously plied, and the 
 circle cheered with jokes and social chat, till it was finished. 
 
 After the task was completed, they were again gathered 
 around the ancient circular table, neatly spread, and abund- 
 antly furnished with such plain and wholesome edibles as 
 the farm produced. If the reader could travel back nearly 
 
STRUBRIDGE AND SOUTHBRIDGB. 177 
 
 a century, and desire to wittipss a group of healthy, bloom- 
 ing, rotund, and cheerful countenances, he might be grati- 
 fied with such a scene as such an occasion presented. The 
 quilting was by no means concealed from the young men 
 in the neighborhood. They were there, in due season, clad 
 in their best, and ready to bear a full share in the enjoy- 
 ment of the occasion. The evening glided imperceptibly 
 away in such social enjoyments as inclination dictated. 
 Would you witness beauty unadorned there it might be 
 seen. Would you see an exhibition of plain hospitality, 
 unaffected civility, and cheerfulness, without extravagance 
 in any of its modern forms, go back to those days of primi- 
 tive simplicity. After the hour had arrived for concluding 
 the convivialities of the occasion, the company separated 
 by pairing off to their respective places of abode. Qiiiltings 
 in the sense of which we have been speaking were peculiar 
 to New-England. 
 
 Some forty or fifty years ago, our forests abounded with 
 a variety of game. Since that period, it has been grad- 
 ually diminishing. The gray-squirrel was very abundant, 
 the black more rare. Partridges and rabbits were numer- 
 ous. Hunting was a f.ivorite amusement for lads and 
 young men. Families could be easily supplied with a vari- 
 ety from the forests, which afforded a very agreeable change 
 for the table. Some families depended mostly on wild game 
 for their supply of fresh meats. The men of those days 
 were expert marksmen. If the squirrel or partridge came 
 within the range of the muzzles of their g»ms, it surely be- 
 came a victim. In order to escape the vigilance of his 
 deadly fire, the poor creature would make the utiTiost ef- 
 forts to flee, or seek some lurking place for refuge, but it 
 was generally all in vain. A glinipse at any vital part, 
 was sufficient to secure its doom. If not quite dead when 
 it fell to the ground, the eager dog would instantly perform 
 the fatal work. 
 
178 EISTORICAL SKETCH OP 
 
 The partridge was still more shy and vigilant. The ut- 
 most camion was necessary to secure her as a victim. If 
 she rose on the wing, her speed was almost a match for 
 lightning. In an unguarded moment, she too, became the 
 victim of the destroyer. Tiie timid hare was instantly over- 
 whelmed with terror at the sight of a human being. The 
 mere ,7-eport of the musket, would frequently lay it pros- 
 trate on the ground. Pigeons were very abundant. In an 
 unguarded moment, dozens were instantly ensnared in the 
 meslies of human device. The innocent and beautiful cap- 
 tives were instantly dispatched. 
 
 The wily fox, carried out the warfare in manly and no- 
 ble style, although at fearful odds. Not so with the enemy. 
 Two or three sturdy men armed with instruments of death, 
 and a pack of hounds, were the usual force arrayed against 
 a single, empty-handed fox. What had the poor creature 
 done to arouse such an array of vengeance against him? 
 Perhaps he had helped himself to a little food to satisfy the 
 cravings of nature, not his, according to the laws of his en- 
 emy. But the real cause was, to make conquest of his 
 beautiful robe for llic sake of little gain. Had the rules of 
 honorable warfare been pursued, there is no doubt the vic- 
 tory would have been his. His enemy dare not meet him 
 in the open field, but must resort to dishonorable stratagems 
 to compass his purposes. The hounds must chase the poor 
 aninials, not unfrequently frotn morning till night, and the 
 hunters lie in ambush, percliance to arrest him in his bound- 
 ing course. If tlie ball performed fatal execution, a glorious 
 victory was the result. Men and hounds gathered around 
 to exult over the fallen victim. Life was gone, and with it 
 all that agility which excites the admiration of the beholder. 
 
 S(piirrel Hunts were very common in the autumn. The 
 mode of conducting them was to select two expert hunters 
 for captains. E;icli captain chose an equal number of his 
 townsmen. A day was a|)pointed for the competition, and 
 judges to decide the result of the contest. The forfeiture of 
 
STURBRIDGE AND SOUTHBRIDGE. 179 
 
 the vanquished party, was the expense of an enterfainnnent. 
 As soon as the day broke, the reports of muskets were 
 heard in every direction. It was a day of terror and 
 slaughter to the indweliers of the forests. The strife was 
 carried on without intermission, till sunset. When it was 
 ended, the parties brought in their booty. It was certainly 
 unwarrantable to take the lives of such an incndible num- 
 ber of those useful animals, at one time. Nor were those 
 recreations in some other respects commendable. Excess in 
 the use of ardent spirits, was not unfrcqnently an attendant 
 evil. What was commonly called turkey shootings, were 
 still more objectionable. It was a barbarous custom. The 
 evening after the sport of shooting was over, often exhibited 
 a scene of carousal, in profanity, gambling and drinking, 
 till a very late hour. We would not be understood that 
 such scenes were witnessed in the earlier period of our his- 
 tory, when sobriety and sound morality characterized the 
 community. 
 
 The manner of living, of our aucestorsj in diet, dress, and 
 social habits, was unquestionably much better adapted to 
 health and physical vigor, than matiy of the changes which 
 have succeeded. If there has been progress in refinement, 
 in these particulars, it hardly admits of a question, whether 
 it has not been made at too great sacrifices. We remember 
 the old-fashioned boiled disii, the glittering pewter plates, and 
 the generously freighted broad pewter platter, occupying the 
 center of the table. This kind of table furniture has now 
 entirely disappeared. We remember also the healthy, hap- 
 py cheerful group, seated around the ancient circular tables. 
 This kind of table had no annoying angles, and was quite 
 as favorable for social enjoyment as the modern. 
 
 Beans were a very prominent article of food in those 
 days. It was not an undesirable accomplishment, of the 
 matron, to be skilled in baking beans, making rye and in- 
 dian bread, and even bean porridge. The same accomplish- 
 
180 HISTORICAL SKETCH OP 
 
 ment would not be undervalued in the daughter, when so- 
 licited to change her single condition. Hasty pudding, once 
 the theme of a celebrated American bard, was very often an 
 essential element in the morning and evening repasts. Lads 
 as well as adults, were adept sportsmen. The forests 
 abounded in game. They furnished not only healthful 
 sport, but healthful food. The bowl of baked apples and 
 milk, was not confined to the nursery, but was a choice 
 dish for the full grown man. The farm yielded almost all 
 the ingredients for the consumption of the family, not ex- 
 cepting sugar and molasses. 
 
 It was under such a regimen, youth grew up to manhood, 
 exhibiting no doubtful specimens of health and muscular 
 ability. The men and women, likewise, of the times of 
 which we are speaking, possessed superior health, superior 
 physical power, capable of enduring more, and accomplish- 
 ing more than we, at the present day. We believe much of 
 this superiority must be ascribed to diet, dress, and the ex- 
 ercises to which they were inured. It was not till after the 
 close of the war, habits of excess, in the use of stimulating 
 liquors, gradually gained an alarming ascendency. As we 
 have elsewhere remarked, they were thought to be abso- 
 lutely necessary, during that period of severe and compli- 
 cated hardships. 
 
 The neighborly visits of our ancestors, were very fami- 
 liar, and unceremonious ; and the entertainments of the ta- 
 ble plain and simple, perfectly in keeping with such a state 
 of manners. If the hostess happened to be single handed 
 when she had company, it was customary for one or more 
 of the visitors to aid in the preparations for the table. In 
 those days of simplicity, there was no sending, or leaving of 
 cards, no door bells, nor door-keepers, to annonncohow mat- 
 ters stood within, before a call, or visit could be received. 
 These are all the ingenuity of modern taste, and modern re- 
 finement. 
 
STUEBRIDGE AND SOUTHBRIDGE. 181 
 
 It is evident we have degenerated in physical power and 
 endurancej if not in intellectual vigor. We have the high 
 practical example of our progenitors, admonishing us to 
 adopt, essentially, the simplicity of their regimen, and train- 
 ing, not only for our own benefit, but for that of our chil- 
 dren. 
 
 16 
 
^OTIIER SETTLERS. 
 
 JOHN and ELIAS PLIMPTON, brothers, were in ac- 
 tive service during several different periods of the Revolu- 
 tion. The writer assisted their widows in procuring pen- 
 sions, but is unable to state definitely, from memorj'-, the 
 extent of their services, or where performed. Benjamin 
 Hobbs, John and Oliver Plimpton, were, at one period, in 
 the same company, and, if we mistake not, that company 
 was commanded by Capt. Mason. An anecdote of one of 
 their feats is still familiar Their provisions, especially of 
 meat, at one time, had become quite exhausted. Those 
 men were not of the stamp, patiently to submit to starva- 
 tion, or even very spare diet. They accordingly reconnoit- 
 ered the vicinity in search of something to meet the de- 
 mands of the appetite. At last they marked out in a herd 
 of cattle, a handsome, plump animal, about two years old, 
 which they were determined lo secure as their victim. 
 They were well aware that their physical energies must be 
 severely tasked to gain a victory. There was no time for 
 shrinking back, or of holding a parley. The onset must be 
 immediate and unyielding. After a short, but severe effort, 
 John Plimpton was able to seize the animal by the horns. 
 The poor creature might then struggle in vain. Hobbs 
 said, before he had time to come up to assist Plimpton in 
 the struggle, Plimpton had struck the animal two or three 
 blows with his fist on the head, and then picked up a stone 
 
 * Tills sketch was inadvertently not sent to the printer to be inserted in a 
 more appropriate place. 
 
HISTORICAL SKETCH OP STURBRIDGE AND SOUTHBRIDGE. 183 
 
 and repeated the blows, but did not succeed in bringing it to 
 the ground. After Hobbs came up, the animal was dis- 
 patched, and put into a condition to be carried to the camp. 
 OUver Plimpton, during the struggle, was posted as sentinel 
 to give notice, in case of danger. Those three men carried 
 their booty on their shoulders to the camp. The reader ha^j 
 an illustration of their resolution and muscular power. 
 John Plimpton and Elias Plimpton, as we have spoken of 
 others, performed their parts faithfully for their country, 
 and were highly esteemed as neighbors and citizens. 
 
 PETER BELKNAP was not a native of Sturbridge, but 
 came into the town when a young man, and settled on the 
 spot which afterward became the residence of Thomas Up- 
 ham. He and his companion lived to an advanced age. 
 They left four sons and five daughters, who married and 
 settled in town. Penuel, Chester, Alfred and Peter, the 
 sons, were active in town concerns. Penuel and Peter re- 
 presented the town several years in the General Court. 
 One of the daughters married Mr. Rynaldo Plimpton, anoth- 
 er, Capt. Alpheus Wight, another, Samuel Freeman, Esq. 
 another, James Johnson, Esq. and another, Mr. Abijah Dul- 
 lard. Mrs. Plimpton, Mrs. Bullard, and Mrs. Freeman, are 
 the only surviving children. The descendants of the ven- 
 erated pair, are not only numerous in Sturbridge and the 
 neighboring towns, but are numerous and prominent set- 
 tlers in Ohio, Michigan, Illinois, and some of the other states. 
 These descendants are not only increasing in numbers, 
 but are exerting a salutary influence. 
 
 Mr. Belknap and wife, the ancestors, possessed amiable 
 and social qualities, and were highly esteemed and respected 
 as neighbors, townsmen and christians. It is probable their 
 descendants are more numerous than any other family 
 which commenced settlement in town about the same time. 
 To trace all the ramifications from this ancestral stock, 
 fifty years hence, would bo a labor of no inconsiderable re- 
 search. 
 
FISKDALE. 
 
 In regard to that section of the town where Fiskdale is 
 situated, the writer recollects very distinctly its appearance 
 before, and during the changing period, to its present growth. 
 Originally a farming territory, it contained the residences of 
 Moses Allen, Abner Allen, and Capt. Jacob Allen, descend- 
 ants of Moses Allen, the first settler. The observer of the 
 change is forcibly impressed with the contrast between the 
 two periods. Those residences, although in some respects 
 modified, still remain. The use of the water privileges, in 
 this portion of the town, was confined to one small grist- 
 mill, owned by Capt. Jacob Allen. This mill was situated 
 on the western bank of the river, near the point where the 
 large factory dam crosses the river, and at the foot of a deep 
 descent from the road, in the midst of ragged rocks, and 
 scenery which had never been disturbed by the hand of 
 art. In this romantic retreat, Capt. Allen, from youth to 
 advanced age, passed most of his days and nights, in tend- 
 ing this mill. It was the first, and only grist-mill in town, 
 for many years. At the time water privileges began to 
 awaken a new interest, attention was directed to this spot. 
 Dr. Abraham Allen, who became the possessor of his fath- 
 er's real estate, made some progress in building a dam, no 
 doubt with a view to invite attention to this locality. It 
 was found, on examination, to present flattering facilities 
 for a manufacturing establishment. The Hon. J. I. Fiske, 
 who had from the beginning, felt a deep interest in the man- 
 
msTORlCAL SKETCH OP STURBRIDGE AND SOUTHBRIDGE. 185 
 
 iifactnring enterprise, is entitled to the credit of laying its 
 foundation in this place. His memory justly claims the 
 name, the village bears. The great work of building the 
 dam, to which allusion has been made, was accomplished 
 at great expense, and in so thorough a manner as to insure 
 its durability. These preparatory works, requiring ample 
 • resources, progressed rather slowly, for a while, for the want 
 of ready capital to meet expenditures. Lingering doubts 
 still remained, as to the success of the enterprise. Capital- 
 ists did not readily embark in it. Henry Fiske, a brother 
 of Josiah, was, for some years, associated with him, and 
 actively engaged in building houses. The drafts on Hen- 
 ry's resources were so great, that finding himself in a state 
 of embarrassment, he was obliged to quit the concern. 
 
 Discouragements to future progress, seemed, at times, to 
 be almost insuperable, but not so much so as to arrest the 
 perseverance of Josiah. They appeared rather to increase 
 his exertions, and prompt him lo resort to untried expedi- 
 ents. The brick mill having been finished and furnished 
 with excellent machinery, went into operation in the year 
 1829. It produced cotton fg-brics of a superior quality, 
 which found a ready market. The state of aff'airs began to 
 present a more cheering aspect, and held out inducements 
 to enlarge the works. The large stone factory, five stories 
 in height, and 180 feet in length, was completed and went 
 into operation six years after the first. The long stone 
 building, for tenements, was built about the same time. 
 These buildings were constructed of common unwrought 
 stones, gathered in the vicinity. They are supposed to be 
 firm and durable structures, and present an imposing and 
 handsome appearance. The dwelling houses of the village 
 are also handsome, well arranged, and the most of them 
 thoroughly built. A very considerable degree of mercan- 
 tile and mechanical business is carried on in this village. 
 It has a commodious school-house sufficiently large to ac- 
 commodate the children ; a capacious hall for religious and 
 16* 
 
186 HISTOEICAL SKETCH OP 
 
 Other purposes ; and also a Baptist church, which has re- 
 cently been fitted up in an improved style. As much atten- 
 tion is paid to the instruction of children as in any portion 
 of the town. The highways in this village are handsomely 
 laid out, and kept in a good state of repair. The great 
 road, leading to Brookfield, is highly finished, and is a beau- 
 tiful road, built at an expense of about five thousand dollars. 
 This village is so located as to present a handsome appear- 
 ance, and, like many others on the Quinaboag, is beautified 
 with very attractive scenery. It furnishes the farmers with 
 a convenient market for wood and other products of the 
 farm. The village has been gradually growing from year 
 to year, and has convenient territory for its much greater 
 enlargement. 
 
 Since writing the foregoing, we have been favored by S. 
 A. Drake, Esq. with the following statistics. 
 
 The brick-mill was built in 182S, and was put in opera- 
 tion the same year. It contains 88 looms, and preparations 
 for manufacturing No. 30, printed cloths. 
 
 The stone-mill was built in 1834 and 1835, and put in 
 operation in April, 1836. It contains 164 looms and prepa- 
 rations for manufacturing fine printing cloths. 
 
 The real estate, formerly belonging to J. I. Fiske and the 
 Quinaboag Co., at his decease, passed into the hands of 
 the Sturbridge cotton-mills, which was incorporated in 1835, 
 with a capital of $100,000. 
 
 Mr. Harvey Hartshorn, a native of Wrentham, Mass. was 
 the first agent, and conthiued in that trust until the Autumn 
 of 1832. Simeon A. Drake, Esq. succeeded him in the 
 agency, and continued in the discharge of the trust until 
 1854, a period of 22 years. Mr. Wm. B, Whiting, the 
 present agent, succeeded Mr. Drake in the agency. Mr. 
 Drake is the treasurer of the company. A. P. Taylor, Esq. 
 has for a long period filled the accountant department. 
 This company employ about 200 operatives, and transact 
 business to the amount of about $100,000 annually. 
 
STDRBRIDGE AND SOUTHBRIDGE. 187 
 
 During the many changes and embarrassments to which 
 the manufacturing interest has been subjected, these mills 
 have continued in constant operation, and the company- 
 have paid their laborers promptly at the appointed time. 
 We very well remember Mr. Everet, one of the early and 
 efficient members of this company, who is now numbered 
 with the dead. He took a lively interest in promoting the 
 moral and religious welfare of the operatives. 
 
 In J 846. Messrs. Smith and Bates commenced the manu- 
 facture of boots and shoes, in this village. The business 
 having gradually increased, the present firm, Messrs. Ses- 
 sions Bates and Co. manufacture these articles to the amount 
 of 50,000 annually, and employ upwards of 75 hands. 
 
 In 1847. Messrs. Town, CliafTce and Co. built a large 
 brick shop for the manufacture of augers and bits, by steam 
 power. This establishment was purchased by the Messrs. 
 Snell and Brothers. This kind of business is now confined 
 to the locality, of which we have spoken in another place. 
 
 In surveying the great change which has here been made 
 within half a century, one cannot but be deeply impressed 
 with its importance in a private and public point of view. 
 The improvements in mechanical enterprise augment the 
 wealth, not only of the town, but of the country at large. 
 They foster industry by furnishing employment to large 
 numbers who need it. Provision is also made for their lit- 
 erary and religious instruction. When the capitalist can in- 
 vest his money in an enterprise which yields him a fair 
 profit, and at the same time, promotes the interests of the 
 community, it is certainly a laudable investment. It is 
 wealth not of an evanescent nature, but substantial and en- 
 during. 
 
 It is a fact claiming remembrance, that stated religious 
 exercises in this village, bear date quite as early as the first 
 operations of the spindle and the loom. Moral and religious 
 power was indispensable to give them permanent success. 
 For the want of a more convenient place, the attic of a one 
 
188 HISTOEICAL SKETCH OP STURBIDGE AND SOUTHBRIDGE. 
 
 Story building was occupied for this purpose. Although the 
 room was not very attractive in appearance, or accommoda- 
 tion, it uniformly presented a full and an attentive audience. 
 The meetings in tliis room were frequently characterised by 
 a deep and solemn interest. A Sabbath School, the prolific 
 nursery of so much choice fruit, was organized about the 
 same time. The writer enjoyed the privilege of being one 
 of the teachers during a considerable period. He remem- 
 bers well his class of young ladies, always in season, and 
 well prepared for the exercise. Proprietors and agents 
 cheerfully and actively encouraged those religious and intel- 
 lectual exercises. In due time the humble sanctuary gave 
 place to one more capacious and convenient. These all-im- 
 portant interests have been well sustained up to the present 
 time. When the labors of six days have been performed in 
 the factories, the church going bell invites the villagers to 
 the Sactuary, and to the Sabbath School. 
 
SOUTIIBRIDGE. 
 
 Southbridge was taken from Dudley, Charlton, and Stiir- 
 bridge, but mostly from Sturbridge. It was incorporated 
 in the year 1816. Being almost a century identified with 
 the last mentioned town, in civil, social, religious, and mu- 
 nicipal interests — there still seems to exist an identity of 
 character. They were one, in changing an unbroken for- 
 est into a slate of cultivation ; one, in resisting the unjust 
 exactions of the mother country; and one, during along 
 period, in the enjoyment of the fruits of their joint efforts 
 and trials. It seemed very proper to unite them in ihis 
 sketch. Although the severed branch has vegetated more 
 vigorously than the parent stock, it has not occasioned one 
 envious emotion. The feeling has rather been more analo- 
 gous to that of the parent, rejoicing in the prosperity of the 
 child. The harmony of feeling, it is to be hoped, will still 
 be mutually cherished and perpetuated. 
 
 As late as the year 1811, the easterly village of now 
 Southbridge, contained a few dwelling houses, a small 
 church belonging to a Poll Parish, and a sparce population. 
 Very little was done in mercantile and mechanical business. 
 Then, as now, there were there, enterprising and industrious 
 men, whose attention was chiefly confined to the cultivation 
 of the soil. The magnitude of the change, which has since 
 taken place, was then hardly within the scope of the imagi- 
 nation. The Q,uinaboag, the source of this cheering change, 
 was soon to develope its advantages on a broad scale. 
 
190 HISTORICAL SKETCH OP 
 
 We give a brief sketch of what has been done in South- 
 bridge, to promote moral and hterary improvements, as well 
 as public convenience, before we speak more particularly of 
 the manufacturing enterprise. This enterprise has placed 
 them upon a larger scale, and given them more prominence. 
 
 The improvements that have been made in the highways 
 in Soulhbridge, within the last thirty years, are highly 
 creditable to the town. Public convenience has not only 
 been promoted, but the appearance of the town, and more 
 especially, of the villages, greatly improved. The bridge, 
 near the Ammidown's factory, is a structure of superior and 
 durable workmanship. The public buildings exhibit the 
 same laudable and exemplary spirit of enterprise. The 
 Congregationalists, the Baptists, the Methodists, the Uni- 
 versalists, and the Catholics, have their handsome and 
 commodious churches for public worship. Another relig- 
 ious society has recently been organized in the Globe Vil- 
 lage. Its place of worship, at present, is a capacious hall, 
 fitted up for the purpose. The other principal public build- 
 ings are, a town-hall, for municipal purposes, and a large, 
 and well arranged school-house, where children and youth 
 are taught the common and higher branches of literature. 
 The other buildings, occupied for the extensive business 
 carried on there, and the private residences, present a hand- 
 some and tasteful appearance. All this growth, wealth, 
 and enterprise are obviously to be ascribed chiefly to the 
 introduction of the manufacturing interest. Here we also 
 witness very inviting scenery, combining natural and artifi- 
 cial beauties. Commendable attention has been paid to all 
 the other school houses, in the town. They are in a hand- 
 some, convenient, and comfortable condition, for the accom- 
 modation of children and youth, who are there instructed in 
 those elementary branches so eminently useful to prepare 
 them for active life. 
 
 Long experience has tested the superiority of our common 
 school system, over all others, which liave yet been devised 
 
STUEBRIDGE AND SOUTHBRIDGE. 191 
 
 to promote its contemplated purposes. Hence the laudable 
 attention which is bestowed upon it. 
 
 The children in our factories, enjoy equal privileges with 
 those, in other portions of the town, in common school in- 
 struction. This remark will not apply to establishments 
 of this sort in Great Britain, but to ours, as one of their 
 brightest features, in a moral and literary point of view. 
 We repeat, the child of indigence, who labors in a factory, 
 enjoys advantages equal to any others, in acquiring a com- 
 mon education. He has the same encouragement to indus- 
 try and distinction. Republican principles, and republican 
 institutions he is permitted to enjoy in their fullest extent. 
 
 In addition to the pr.blic buildings which we have noticed 
 in Southbridge, is that in which theSouthbridge Bank trans- 
 acts its business. This banking company was incorporated 
 March 3lst, 1836, beginning with a capital of $100,000. 
 The increase of business demanded an increase of capital. 
 In 18.54, the capital was accordingly increased $50,000. We 
 can confidently speak of this Bank as having been faithfully 
 and discreetly conducted. Excepting some occasional re- 
 verses, the stockholders have realized fair profits. Samuel 
 Hitchcock, Esq. was the first president of the Bank. It had 
 the benefit of his prudence and financial talents, for a series 
 of years, and until feeble health compelled him to relinquish 
 the office. Samuel Lane, Esq. has been the cashier, from 
 the beginning. His long continuance in the responsible of- 
 fice, is the best evidence of his fidelity and judicious man- 
 agement. It is gratifying to believe that the Banks, in this 
 Commonwealth, are on a much more safe footing than for- 
 merly, and that they are exempt from that reckless specula- 
 tion which resulted in severe losses to many a needy stock- 
 holder. 
 
 SAMUEL SLATER.— We introduce our remarks in re- 
 lation to the manufacturing interest in Southbridge and 
 Sturbridge with a brief sketcli of the character of the man 
 who has been justly denominated the father of American 
 
192 HISTORICAL SKETCH OP 
 
 manufacturers. This growing? and wide-spreading enter- 
 prise is an imperisiiable memorial of Samuel Slater. Mr. 
 Slater was born in Belper, Derbyshire County, England, on 
 the 9th of June, 1768, His father belonged to a highly re- 
 spectable class of yeomanry, in that section of country, 
 who, like the most numerous, and far the most important 
 class in our country, cultivate the earth, as their chief pur- 
 suit. In this employment, so admirably adapted to the pro- 
 motion of health and a vigorous physical constitution, Mr. 
 Slater passed the juvenile period of his life. As to his early 
 literary instruction, it was chiefly confined to the advanta- 
 ges of a common school. At school, his favorite study was 
 arithmetic, thereby giving early indications of a clear and 
 discriminating mind. Such menial discipline is quite in 
 harmony with the study of the mechanic arts. At this pe- 
 riod, spinning cotton by machinery, was in its infancy. 
 About the year 1775, Jeremiah Strutt commenced this mode 
 of manufacturing in Belper, the residence of the Slater fami- 
 ly. Young Slater, at the age of fourteen, became his ap- 
 prentice, where he remained till the age of twenty one. 
 His faithfulness and extraordinary fitness for the business 
 in which he was engaged, won the confidence and high 
 opinion of his master. He was intrusted, before the close of 
 his apprenticeship, with the chief management of the con- 
 cern. He had in view, some years before he left Mr. Strutt, 
 America, as the theatre of his future operations. He un- 
 doubtedly made all the preparation in his power for such a 
 noble object. It evinced a mind of high order, and expan- 
 sive views. 
 
 On the first day of Sept. 1789, he left his native country, 
 and arrived in New- York, the following November. His 
 only written recommendation was his indenture. Not meet- 
 ing with satisfactory encouragement in the state of New- 
 York, where he remained a short time, his attention was 
 directed to the State of Rhode-Island. After holding a short 
 correspondence with Moses Brown, a man extensively 
 
STURBRIDGE AND SOUTHBRIDGE. 193 
 
 known, liG visited Providence. He there found move invit- 
 ing water-privileges, and men, who were disposed to em- 
 bark with him in the contemphited enterprise. 
 
 William Almy and Smith Brown became his partners, to 
 aid him in the prosecution of his plans. The laws of Eng- 
 land, at that time, prohibited the emigration of their me- 
 chanics, consequently Mr. Slater embarked for this country 
 without the knowledge of even his relatives and friends. 
 He also came without any models, or plans to aid him in 
 the construction of machinery. This was no doubt a ne- 
 cessary precaution. In the contemplated undertaking, his 
 dependence was entirely on his memory and judgment. In 
 making the experiment, he found himself in the most trying 
 circumstances. He then foresaw, that his skill, ingenuity, 
 patience, and perseverance, were to be put to the severest 
 test. He could summon no one to his aid. He must de- 
 pend entirely on his own intellectual resources. The multi- 
 plied, various, and minute parts of the complicated machi- 
 nery for spinning cotton, must all be made and nicely ad- 
 justed by him. One would thnik the accomplishment of 
 such a work, under such circimistances, transcended human 
 power. He did not shrink from the bold attempt. The 
 process was long, tedious, and in tlie highest degree discour- 
 aging. To his perplexities in prosecuting the work, were 
 superadded the doubts and discouragements of his associ- 
 ates. We must remember tliat his reputation and future 
 prospects essentially depended on the issue of this undertak- 
 ing. INotwithstanding all the perplexities he was compelled 
 to encounter, he persevered until he accomplished the object 
 he had so long in contemplation. How long he was en- 
 gaged in this tedious process, we are not informed. 
 
 A report has licen in circulation, that when he had sup- 
 posed his machinery was complete for operation, he was 
 met by some undiscovered difficulties, which seemed to baf- 
 fle all his ingenuity, and that during this paiuHd state of 
 suspense, the solution of the difliculty was clearly revealed 
 17 
 
194 HISTORICAL SKETCH OF 
 
 to him in a dream. This rumor was without any founda- 
 tion, as was also anotlier, that a certain beautiful box was 
 sent to him from England, designed to take his hfe in the 
 act of opening it. There is no doubt, that his sleeping 
 hours were disturbed with machinery, and that very many 
 in his native country would not rejoice at his success hero. 
 When we contemplate what Mr. Slater accomplished under 
 such forbidding circumstances, we must ascribe to him an 
 achievement which has few, if any parallel on record. Mr. 
 Slater had now not only laid the foundation for a princely 
 fortune for himself, but had opened a boundless field for 
 American enterprise, industry, wealth, comfort, and conve- 
 nience. The fame of Samuel Slater was universally spread 
 throughout America and Europe. 
 
 An interview between Gen. Jackson, and Mr. Slater, de- 
 serves notice. Gen. Jackson when President, in his visit at 
 the North, called on Mr. Slater, and addressed him as the 
 father of American manufactures. " I understand" said the 
 President, " you taught us how to spin, so as to rival Great- 
 Britain in her manufactures — you set all these thousands 
 of spindles at work, which I have been delighted in view- 
 ing, and which have made so many happy by a lucrative 
 employment." " Yes, sir," said Mr. Slater, " I suppose 1 
 gave out the Psalm, and they have been singing to the tune 
 ever since." " We arc glad to hear also, that you have real- 
 ized something for yourself and family," said the Vice Presi- 
 dent. " So am I glad to know it," said Mr. Slater, " for I 
 should not like to be a pauper in this country, where they 
 arc put up at auction to the lowest bidder." 
 
 Mr. Slater possessed and practised, in an eminent degree, 
 the moral virtues. He was a model of industry. For twen- 
 ty years after he came to this country, he labored sixteen 
 hours a day. Such an amount of labor must have been a 
 severe tax upon any man's constitution. He was syste- 
 matic in the arrangement of his affV\irs, and scrupulously 
 honest and honorable in all his minute and widely extended 
 
STURBRIDGE AND SOUTIIBRIDGE. 195 
 
 business transactions. He oiicoiiragcd and aided otlicrs, 
 especially those in the same line of business. He possessed 
 (he talent of expressing his thoughts and opinions in a la- 
 conic manner. Speaking of t'nc poor in regard to industry 
 and its eflects, he expresses himself thus, "employment 
 and liberal pay, to the able bodied, promote regularity and 
 cheerfulness in the lionse, and drive tlic wolf from its door. 
 Direct charity," he would say, " places its recipient under a 
 sense of obligation, which treuches upon that independent 
 spirit that all shoul^ maintain. It breaks his pride, and ho 
 soon learns to beg, and eat the bread of idleness without a 
 blush. But employ and pay him, and he receives and en- 
 joys with honest pride, that which he knows he has earned, 
 and could have received for the same amount of labor from 
 any other employer." Mr. Slater possessed the peculiar tal- 
 ent of so expressing himself in respect to matter and man- 
 ner, as to secure the attention, and make a durable impres- 
 sion on the minds of his hearers. 
 
 Did our prescribed limits i^ermit, it would be a pleasure 
 to enlarge upon his charitable and benevolent disposition 
 and acts. 'I'he really needy, always found him ready to 
 give them assistance in the way best suited to their neces- 
 sities. His acts of benevolence were exerted to promote the 
 best interests of society. A Sunday School was established 
 by him for the religious and literary instruction of all in his 
 employment. He taught, himself, and employed and re- 
 warded others for overseeing and instructing. Many an in- 
 digent child received in his Sabbath Schools such impres- 
 sions and such instruction, as prepared the way for his fu- 
 ture usefulness. Mr. Slater's Sunday School was among 
 the first, if not the first that was established in New-Eng- 
 land. His practical economy, not miserly, or even parsi- 
 monious, at home and abroad, and in all his business trans- 
 actions, was an example which every young man who 
 wishes to succeed in business, may safely copy. His econ- 
 omy was an established and controlling principle, adopted 
 
196 HISTORICAL SKETCH OP 
 
 and practised, not exclusively for his own benefit, but for an 
 example to others. It is readily perceived that example 
 tor good or for evil in such a sphere of action, would exert 
 a powerful influence. We might illustrate these remarks 
 by detailing particulars in his manner of life. It was mani- 
 festly his laudable aim to improve and elevate the condition 
 of the poorer portion of the community. 
 
 Mr. Slater's plans, before they were carried into execu- 
 tion, were thorouglily examined in all their bearings. If 
 deemed feasible and useful, they we)^ unwaveringly put 
 into practice. Perseverance and decision were striking 
 traits in his character. In summing up his prominent char- 
 acteristics, the conclusion is irresistible, that he was an ex- 
 traordinary man, and that his name will live as or.e of the 
 most exemplary benefactors of America. 
 
 The writer had the honor of an introduction to Mr. Sla- 
 ter, and of enjoying his edifying conversation at several 
 short intervals. He exhibited great simplicity of manners, 
 and was entirely free from all appearance of ostentation or 
 self-complacency. His utterance was deliberate and rather 
 slow, his countenance somewhat grave, but not austere. In 
 person he was large, corpulent and dignified. Mr. Slater 
 died in 1835 at Webster. 
 
 Designing to be brief in our sketches, we have omitted to 
 speak of Mr. Slater's brother, John, who was connected 
 with him many years in business. We have also omitted 
 to speak of his happy domestic relations, of his large estate, 
 and of the extent of his business transactions. Mr. Slater's 
 life furnishes material sufficient for a volume of edifying and 
 useful instruction. We acknowledge our indebtedness to 
 the author of a very able sketch of Mr. Slater, published in 
 Hunt's Merchant's Magazine of 1819. We recommend the 
 reader to a perusal of that article for a more detailed ac- 
 count of Mr. Slater's character. 
 
 It was to be expected that the introduction of a new mode 
 of manufacturing raw materials into cloth, so dilierent in 
 
SlORBRIDGE AND SOUTHBRIDGE. 19T 
 
 every respect from the old, and upon so extensive a scale, 
 would work a great change in domestic industry. Prior to 
 this period, cloths for domestic use were manufactured al- 
 most entirely in families. The wool, the flax, and the cot- 
 ton, were carried through the various changes for their ap- 
 propriate use, mostly by female hands. Most of the farmers 
 produced flax and wool sufficient for their own supply, and 
 some of them more than was necessary for this purpose. 
 Their calculation was, that their expenses should not equal 
 their incomes. In regard to the manufacturing of cloths in 
 families, the matron was commonly well skilled in this 
 branch of industry, and the daughters were early trained in 
 the same way. The adroit management of the wheel and 
 the loom, combining melody with utility, was considered 
 a valuable acquisition, and a sure passport to the possession 
 of a more desirable position. The effect of this kind of 
 profitable exercise, was physical vigor, and a glowing cheek. 
 It was not necessary to resort to artificial modes of exer- 
 cise, designed exclusively for exercise. The new brood of 
 diseases, preying on the female constitution, was then un- 
 known. The articles thus manufactured, were durable, 
 and well adapted to the varied seasons of the year. Fe- 
 males, as well as males, had their substantial woolen dress- 
 es for the winter. They could fearlessly meet the piercing 
 gales of the North-west, and with equal alacrity, if occasion 
 required, attend to the calls of the sty, the flocks, and heards. 
 But notwithstanding we thus speak, it does not follow 
 that the state of society, and the Country, did not demand 
 the great change, which we are attempting to sketch. We 
 were dependent on foreign nations, for many fabrics, which, 
 if not absolutely necessary, were consistent with rational 
 refinement. This dependence operated greatly to our dis- 
 advantage, in regard to the price of the articles. India cot- 
 ton cloth, very extensively in use, and not a substantial 
 fabric, ranged from fifty cents, to a dollar per yard. Wool- 
 en cloth, for a coat, not of a superior quality, five, or six 
 17* 
 
198 HISTOEICAL SKETCH OF STURBRIDGE AND SOUTHBRIDGE. 
 
 dollars per yard. Tiie same may be said of other cloths. 
 The great reduction in prices, all will allow, is the result of 
 the great change, of which we are speaking, in manufactur- 
 ing. This dependence operated greatly to our prejudice, 
 in consequence of the interruption of commerce by hostili- 
 ties, and other causes. The war of 1812, with England, is 
 an illustration in point. It taught ns the precarious nature 
 of dependence on foreign nations for supplies. This war 
 awakened a strong interest in the newly begun enterprise, 
 and gave it a powerful impulse. Men began to see clearly, 
 that we must make the best of our own resources. Our 
 rapidly increasing population, especially from emigration, 
 demanded a new field of industry, to meet the urgency for 
 .support and employment. The industrious foreigner may 
 now find employment, adapted to his previous instruction 
 and habits. Idleness, the prolific source of immorality and 
 crime, is discouraged, and, industry, by giving it more am- 
 ple scope, is encouraged. 
 
SOUTIIBPJDGE FACTORIES. 
 
 The first machines, for manufacturing, propelled by me- 
 chanical power, were those for carding wool, nitroduced in- 
 to this part of the country about the year 180S. Their use 
 was for the purpose of carding the wool of the farmers into 
 rolls, to be spun and woven in families. The clothiers gave 
 the clolh the finishing process, before it was prepared to be 
 made up into garments. 
 
 We are informed, that Dea. Sumner, still living in South- 
 bridge, in the year ISU, manufactured the first wool, de- 
 signed for sale, which was furnished by Calvin and Luther 
 Ammidown, Esqrs. The terms for manufacturing were, 
 that for every pound of wool furnished, a yard of cloth, 
 dressed, ready for use, was to be returned. Those carding 
 machines greatly facilitated the work of carding, and re- 
 lieved many a female hand. Westviile is undoubtedly en- 
 titled to the honor of the first established cotton works, in 
 this vicinity, which was in the year 1812. The venerable 
 Mill having been recently repaired, there stands, as the 
 mother of a very prolific and flourishing progeny around 
 her. The following named individuals, viz : — the Rev. Ze- 
 nas L. Leonard, Moses Fiske, Stephen Newell, John Plimp- 
 ton, Ziba Plimpton, and Nathaniel Rider, commenced the 
 enterprise. Soon being convinced thai more skill and prac- 
 tical knowledge than they possessed, were requisite to carry 
 on the business profitably, the establishment passed mto 
 
200 HISTORICAL SKETCH OF 
 
 Other hands. Here is one of the best water privileges on the 
 Quinaboag river. The cloth thus early manufactured at 
 this mill, if not so highly finished, was strong and durable, 
 and found a ready market among the people in the com- 
 munity. The business of this establishment, in conse- 
 quence of some unfavorable circumstances, was, for awhile, 
 partially suspended. In the year 1853, Mr. Ballard made 
 thorough repairs, and is carrying on the sattinette business, 
 at this mill. A flourishing state of things is liere again wit- 
 nessed. Various other branches of industry are carried on 
 in this village. It is obvious, here are advantages for a 
 very considerable enlargement of business. The village, 
 although the ground is very uneven, is pleasant, being sur- 
 rounded with delightful scenery. In the summer season, 
 when nature is robed in her most beautiful attire, few places 
 present more inviting rural attractions. The river, gliding 
 through the midst of the village, is the crowning beauty of 
 the scene. The sheet of water, rolling over the dam, fur- 
 nishes tlie villagers with uninterrupted music, as well as a 
 constant display of sparkling gems. Connecting these nat- 
 ural advantages with the pleasantness of the place, it may 
 be safely calculated there will be increasing thrift and pros- 
 perity. 
 
 About the year 1812, the interruption and uncertainty of our 
 commercial relations with Europe, gave a fresh impulse to 
 the new enterprise. Y/ater-privileges and water-power were 
 sought and examined with lively interest. The Quinaboag 
 was found to be much richer in those advantages than was 
 ever before imagined. In the year 1813, the next cotton 
 factory was erected by William Sumner, now owned by the 
 Dresser Manufacturing Co. This establishment has carried 
 on, excepting some short interruptions, a successful business 
 for more than forty years. It has a good water-privilege, 
 and every thing around it presents a neat and pleasant ap- 
 pearance. The row of white cottages, for the operatives, 
 situated on a rise of ground, attracts the favorable notice of 
 the visitor. The capital stock of this company is $36,000. 
 
STURBRIDGE AND SOUTHBRIDGE. 201 
 
 In the year 1S14, the foundation of the Globe-Village was 
 laid. In that year the manufacturing of cotton was here 
 commenced by David Fiske, Esq. his son, J. I, Fisko, Na- 
 than Harding, Thomas Upham, Gershom Plimpton, and 
 some others, having formed themselves into a company. 
 The old buildnig of wood, then thought to be an uncom- 
 monly large structure, siill remains, a monument of the en- 
 terprise. There let it stand, a cherished memorial of those 
 men who erected il. 
 
 This company, as in the first instance mentioned, became 
 satisfied that they did not possess such knowledge and skill 
 in the business, as would render it profitable to the owners. 
 Another reason why they were obliged to suspend their op- 
 eration, was that, lo which we have alluded, the inauspi- 
 cious state of our commercial relations, and the want of 
 some protection to this juvenile interest. England flooded 
 us with her fabrics, and was, no doubt, quite disposed to 
 suppress tlie enterprise in its infancy. This establishment 
 passed into other hands, who commenced the manufacturing 
 of wool. Its owners were changed several times, before 
 it fell into the possession of the present proprietors, the 
 Hamilton Woolen Company. 
 
 This is now one of the most successfid establishments in 
 the country. The proprietors of this concern, from time to 
 time, have been subjected to losses, and various other kinds 
 of reverses. The first large dam was swept away, result- 
 ing in a heavy loss. The large and beautiful brick mill, 
 built in 1837 and 1838, with its contents, was laid in ruins 
 by fire, in the year 1850. Loss estimated at $180,000. 
 Fortunately the company were able to sustain this heavy 
 loss. Another building was soon erected on the spot of the 
 old one, with a large addition. 
 
 We give some interesting statistics, showing the amount 
 of capital, and the products of the concern, ^riie Hamilton 
 Woolen Company was incorporated in 1831, with a capital 
 of $200,000, one half to bo invested in real, and one half, in 
 
202 EISTORICAL SKETCH OF 
 
 personal estate. In 1839, the company was authorised to 
 increase their capital $100,000 in real, and $200,000 in per- 
 sonal estate. In 1846, they were further authorised to in- 
 crease their capital stock to an amount not to exceed one 
 million dollars. The amonnt of capital paid in, is ,$000,000, 
 divided into shares of $100. 
 
 The manufacture of de laines was commenced in 1843, 
 and a cotton mill was erected the next year for the manu- 
 facture of the warps. In the year 1850, as the production 
 of de laiiics had increased, a larger cotton warp mill was 
 built, and, the year following, the machinery for de laines 
 was increased. The product of those mills, daring the 
 year ending June 1, 1855, in manufactured de laines, was 
 4,400,000 yards. The hands employed were 545 — 9t)00 cot- 
 ton spindles, and 9000 -worsted spindles, with 18 sets of 
 worsted cards. The cotton, manufactured, was 330,000 lbs. 
 and wool, 530,000, valued at $440,000. Also, 148,000 
 yards of cassimere, valued at about $110,000. One hun- 
 dred hands, and six sets of machines, are employed, and 
 155,000 pounds of wool are manufactured into this article. 
 The de laines printed, as hefoie stated, were about 4,400,000 ^. 
 yards, valued at $700,000. 
 
 The amount invested at Westville, is about $7,000. The 
 company's works are all lighted with gas, at a cost of 
 about $1,500 per annum. 
 
 As this is the largest establishment in the two towns, we 
 have been thus particular in giving its history. We are au- 
 thorised to state, that the de laines here manufactured, are 
 not surpassed in quality, in any country. The company 
 has been highly favored with men skilled in the business. 
 We are indebted to Mr. Ballard, the present energetic agent, 
 for the aid he has given us in obtaining the desired facts. 
 
 Tiiis village now presents, in population, buildings, and 
 many convenient and tasteful iiuprovemcuts, the happy re- 
 sults of the manufacturing enterprise. Its vigorous growth 
 has been promoted and sustained by men of business, men 
 
STURBRIDGE AND SOUTHBRIDGE. 203 
 
 who knew how to turn to a p#fi table account the natural 
 advantages which here exist. Of this number, honorable 
 mention is made of tlie names of a Sayles and a Hitchcock. 
 They were co-workers, and efficient agents, in making the 
 Globe- Village what it is. The former was cut down in the 
 midst of his activity and usefulness. The latter retired some 
 years since, and is enjoying the fruits of his industry and 
 discreet calculations. The old scattered dwellings mostly 
 remain. The mansion of Gershom Plimpton, the first set- 
 tler, considerably enlarged, is still there. Gershom Plimp- 
 ton was the fatlier of the late Gershom Plimpton, Esq. who 
 succeeded to the paternal residence. Gershom, the son, was 
 active in business, and active and influential in public con- 
 cerns. We recollect very well his mother, the venerable 
 widow, a very worthy and capabte woman, who was al- 
 ways ready to interest the hearer with the important 
 events of her day. The oil-mill of Gershom, the younger, 
 was, for many years, in successful operation. The dwel- 
 ling-house of Capt. Samuel Newell, of revolutionary mem- 
 ory, is still in a handsome condition. In the easterly 
 part of the village, on the rise of ground, is the old 
 homestead of Oliver Plimpton, Esq. another soldier of the 
 revolution. In his days of activity, every thing in and 
 around his dwelling, was a model of good taste, and good 
 husbandry. Whether you take your position on any of the 
 eminences around this village, or in the midst of it, the eye 
 is met by a blended variety of natural and artificial beauties. 
 How admirably does the Creator cheer us on in our pursuits 
 of industry, by surrounding us with objects, which cannot 
 fail to delight and charm ! — The men who first prepared the 
 way for the growth and prosperity of the village, are all 
 sleeping in their graves. Moses Plimpton, Ksq. long fami- 
 liarly known among us, and highly esteemed, was the clerk 
 of the first company, then quite a yom)g man. He has been 
 recently removed by death, in a sudden and distressing man- 
 
204 HISTORICAL SKETCH OF 
 
 ner. As the founders of thi^establishmeiit, and as men of 
 sterling worth, their names deserve a record of remem- 
 brance. 
 
 In the year 1813, the first woolen mill erected, in what is 
 now Sonthbridge, was on the old Marcy privilege, so called. 
 It was partially destroyed by fire in 1S14, and soon after, re- 
 built. The company was incorporated by the name of the 
 Charlton Woolen Manufacturing Company. It continued in 
 business, with some degree of success, until peace was rati- 
 fied with Great Britain, in the year 1815. The double da- 
 ties, which had been laid on foreign woolens, were about 
 this time repealed. The country was soon flooded with 
 foreign goods. The consequence was, the ruin of this, and 
 many other of our infant manufactories. 
 
 The Columbian Factofy was erected in 1821, and carried 
 on a profitable business, the most of the time, until it was 
 destroyed by fire, in 1843. This mill contained abont 3000 
 spindles and SO looms, and cost $40,000. Here remains a 
 small village, very pleasantly located, and a valuable water 
 power now unoccupied. It is certainly an inviting spot for 
 industry and enterprise. It reminds us of the late much la- 
 mented Moses Plimpton, Esq. of whom we have spoken. 
 He had the principal charge of this establishment, for many 
 years. This spot, having so many inviting attractions, we 
 predict, will soon prest^nt a renovated business aspect. 
 
 In the year 1836, the Ashland Mills were commenced by 
 Larkin Ammidown, Esq. They were afterwards purchased 
 by Mtssrs. Kimball and Co. and by them so much enlarged, 
 as to render the establishment about equal in value to the 
 Columbian. This mill was also destroyed by fire, in 1819, 
 and has not been rebuilt. The water power is now used 
 for grinding grain, and sawing lumber. 
 
 Our attention is next directed to the central mills, built 
 and owned by the Central Mamifacturing Company. This 
 establishment was built in lb38, at a cost of about ,f 110,000, 
 
STDRBRIDGE AND SOUTHBRIDGE. 205 
 
 and contains 6000 spindles, and about 150 looms. For 
 thoroughness, judicious arrangement, and good taste, in re- 
 lation to the mills, and the buildings connected with them; 
 it is not surpassed, as we believe, by any in the Common- 
 wealth. It exhibits the comprehensive views and sound 
 judgment of the individual who contrived and executed the 
 work. In tracing the history of this great industrial inter- 
 est, experience has taught a profitable lesson, which has 
 been judiciously applied to practice. In works of this kind, 
 there have been, obviously, great improvements, in respect to 
 workmanship and durability. The contrast, in this particu- 
 lar, between factories built at an early period, and those 
 more recently, is very striking. The central factory, of 
 which we have last spoken, fully confirms the truth of this 
 remark. We witness evidence of progress in what is use- 
 ful, and an aiming at higher and higher attainments. 
 
 We are reminded, by this examination, that the manufac- 
 turers of Southbridge have been subjected, at various times, 
 to very serious losses and discouragements. Three very 
 valuable mills, with most of their contents, have been de- 
 stroyed by fire, and two others partially. The laws also in 
 regard to protection, have severely tested the spirit of the en- 
 terprise. Notwithstanding such formidable obstacles, they 
 have persevered, and surmounted them all. In an enter- 
 prise, so extensive in its operations, and even so useful, 
 checks and depressions, have formed a part of its history. 
 Entire exemption cannot hereafter be expected. The past 
 has furnished a useful practical lesson for the future. Fac- 
 tories, of this sort, seem to be peculiarly subject to destruc- 
 tion by fire. The vast amount of property thus destroyed, 
 is a calamity more and more alarming. 
 
 What can be done to prevent, or even to render less fre- 
 quent, the occurrence of such losses, is a momentous in- 
 quiry. Is not more caution, than has hitherto been observ- 
 ed, urgently demanded.^ Cannot ingenuity devise some 
 additional safe-guards against so destructive an evil ? By 
 18 
 
206 HISTORICAL SKETCH OF 
 
 such catastrophes, mnhitudes, for a time, at least, are 
 thrown out of employment, and a vast amount of property, 
 necessary for industry, and the support of life, is totally de- 
 stroyed. 
 
 The writer remembers very well, the origin and progress 
 of this great enterprise. He remembers also the discour- 
 agements which have been surmounted in its progress. 
 
 Experiment has taught us that the operation of this great 
 enterprise, instead of retarding, as was apprehended, has 
 accelerated the progress of agriculture, and given it in- 
 creased encouragement. The territory, necessary for its op- 
 eration, is comparatively trifling. It has converted to 
 wealth and industry, a countless number of water-privi- 
 leges, which had otherwise remained almost useless. Mark- 
 ets for the sale, or exchange of agricultural products, have 
 been multiplied without number. With the natural scenery 
 of our rivers, are now united the utility and beauty of art. 
 With the sound of the water-falls, is mingled the cheering 
 hum of industry. 
 
 Intimately connected with this, and other important in- 
 dustrial interests, is the history of the proceedings of the 
 government in relation to protection. A full narration of 
 those proceedings would require volumes, and no small 
 share of patience to peruse them, therefore only a brief 
 sketch will be attempted in this work. The adjustment of 
 a tariff, touching this important matter, has, for a long se- 
 ries of years, enlisted the first talents of the country, and 
 has been one of the principal questions, which have arrayed 
 parties against each other. However absurd this may seem, 
 as a common interest, the fact is incontrovertible. 
 
 Congress, at the commencement of this great enterprise, 
 was slow in its movements, in regard to protection. Al- 
 though some of the first men of ihe South took the lead, in 
 passing an act in its favor, that portion of the Union soon 
 became generally opposed to protection, on the ground that 
 it would operate against their interest. As it became more 
 
STURBRIDGE AND SOUTHBRIDGE. 207 
 
 and more a party question, many, at the North, no doubt, 
 joined ia the opposition to protection, merely to increase the 
 strength of party. As a matter of duty and policy, it is 
 clearly a dictate of common sense, that government is bound 
 to extend all the aid, in its power, to protect and promote 
 home industry. The English government has uniformly 
 acted on this principle. Rarely has party opposition been 
 so strong as to prevent that government, far-sighted in all 
 its movements, from carrying it out. It is not a selfish 
 principle, but perfectly compatible with the right of self- 
 preservation. 
 
 One of the most distinguished statesmen, who led in 
 measures to protect American industry and enterprise, was 
 Henry Clay, denominated the author of the American sys- 
 tem. He surveyed with the eye of an impartial statesman, 
 all the great and varied interests of the whole country, and 
 shaped his political course accordingly. His elevated mind, 
 to human view, was uninfluenced by sectional, or party 
 considerations. Unwearied in his efforts to obtain such a 
 tariff as would operate favorably, both for revenue and pro- 
 tection, he had the satisfaction, at certain periods in the his- 
 tory of this much agitated question, to witness its success. 
 Daniel Wel)ster, who stood on the highest pinnacle of intel- 
 lectual elevation, uniformly exerted his unrivalled powers 
 to obtain such a tariff". This difficult subject appeared to 
 be as easily comprehended by him, in all its bearings, as 
 any familiar question in mathematics. Again, and again, 
 and again, did he elucidate, and enforce it in Congress, and 
 before admiring audiences, m various sections of the coun- 
 try. Who has not felt, after hearing) or reading his speech- 
 es, that every thing was perfectly clear, said in the best 
 possible manner, and that nothing was left unfinished. Mr. 
 Webster's expansive and towering intellect embraced the 
 whole country. That country he loved, and uniformly, 
 through a long and glorious career, exerted that intellect to 
 promote its best interests. Another man, whose clear and 
 
208 HISTORICAL SKETCH OP 
 
 capacious mind, was long engaged in behalf of American 
 industry, must not be passed over in silence. That man 
 was John Davis. He made himself master of the subject, 
 and fearlessly met the most powerful champions of the op- 
 position. Many of the aged, now remember, with what 
 ability and success he met the arguments of Mr. Mc Duffee, 
 one of the ablest debaters of the South. Mr. Davis, at that 
 time, had but recently entered upon his public career. As 
 his forensic strength had not then been fully tested on the 
 floor of Congress, there were fears that he had taken a posi- 
 tion he would not be able to maintai'i. The result of the 
 trial fully proved that he knew better than others, what he 
 was able to accomplish. His friends were much gratified, 
 and no longer doubted his ability to acquit himself ably and 
 honorably, in whatever he undertook. His constituents 
 honored him with a dinner, and a present of a valuable sil- 
 ver pitcher. 
 
 Another Representative from this district, the Hon. Charles 
 Hudson, is entitled to much credit, for his indefatigable ex- 
 ertions, to procure such a tariff as the interests of the coun- 
 try demanded. In details and statistics, he was unwearied 
 in his labors. In his many speeches, on this subject, his 
 arguments were lucid and conclusive. Very many other 
 dististinguished men might be named, whose talents were 
 exerted on the same side. We might speak of the Hon- 
 Silas Wright, of the democratic party, as one of them, and 
 one of the strongest men in the country. It must be ad- 
 mitted that there was talent of a high order, arrayed agains^ 
 protection, but the talent of this character, was principally 
 confined to the South. John C. Calhoun, although early 
 in favor, afterwards exerted his extraordinary powers 
 against it. 
 
 These remarks are intended merely to show the struggles, 
 the conflicting opinions, and the uns 'tiled policy of the gov- 
 ernment, in regard to protection. It is obvious the great in- 
 terest of which we have been speaking, has been greatly 
 
STURBRIDGE AND SOUTHBRIDGE. 209 
 
 prejudiced, by such a fluctuating policy. It will however 
 live, as we believe, a great and useful interest to us, in this 
 vicinity, and to the country. 
 
 In reference to social habits, moral, educational, and re- 
 ligious privileges, it must be considered, if rightly improved, 
 a favorable circumstance, that manufacturing establishments 
 are generally surrounded with an agricultural population, 
 which is identified with them, in the enjoyment of these 
 privileges. The proprietors of well regulated establish- 
 ments, of this sort, are abundantly sensible of the happy in- 
 fluence of civil and religious institutions ; and, greatly to 
 their credit, have favored them with liberal patronage. As 
 these two great interests are to continue together, in all com- 
 ing time, it is of the first importance that they should move 
 on harmoniously together, mutually promoting each other's 
 prosperity. Harmony in views, and in action, is an essen- 
 tial element to such a result. Cherishing this element, we 
 may confidently look forward to the continued growth and 
 prosperity of both. 
 
 Those concerned in manufacturing establishments, have 
 been charged with aiming at seclusion, and with exerting an 
 undue influence, in the exercise of political privileges. It is 
 not at all strange, that such charges should be in circula- 
 tion, in the heat of political struggles, when parties are not 
 very scrupulous, as to the means of compassing their ends. 
 Vital interests must be sacrificed on the shrine of party. 
 This great evil we believe to be more rife at present, than 
 at any former period of our history. We speak of it here, 
 because it appears to be one of the causes which have hith- 
 erto disturbed the harmony of the two great interests. 
 
 The intelligence and good sense of the people, have hith- 
 erto arrested the progress of this evil, after it had reached 
 such a point, as aroused into action this resistless force. It 
 is a force on which a republic must depend for the correc- 
 tion of evils of this kind. It is a truth which cannot be too 
 strongly, and too frequently inculcated, that the people must 
 18* 
 
210 HISTORICAL SKETCH OF 
 
 be morally and intellectually enlightened, to enable them to 
 exercise discreetly their controlling power. This enlighten- 
 ment from the press, (which is said to be one of the safe- 
 guards of liberty,) is certainly mixed with many dark 
 shades. The remark is applicable to a great share of the 
 effusions from that source in political campaigns, occasions, 
 when truth is more needed than on any other. It is to be 
 lamented that party is exerting such an influence over the 
 press ; in seasons of elections especially, very little depen- 
 >dence is to be placed upon it, to guide the public mind. 
 The party in power must have its journals to gloss over its 
 measures, wise or unwise, right or wrong. It is admitted 
 there are honorable exceptions. The press becomes a dan- 
 gerous engine, when its aims are exclusively directed to 
 compass party purposes. Although compelled to speak thus 
 of our own, it has many redeeming qualities. It is the ve- 
 hicle of a great amount of useful matter, which could not be 
 so easily and cheaply obtained in any other way. 
 
 How can the desired and necessary information, in very 
 many cases, in reference to men and measures, be obtained 
 without the aid of the press? It is admitted to be a ques- 
 tion attended with difficulties. Our ancestors generally 
 judged and acted discreetly, without much dependence on 
 such aid. They examined measures and their effects by the 
 test of sound common sense. Party did not divert them 
 from the exercise of common sense, in their political course. 
 This remark is fully illustrated by reference to the charac- 
 ter and ability of the men who were elected to office during 
 a quarter of a century after the organization of the general 
 government, and during a much longer period after the or- 
 ganization of our state government. 
 
 It is conceded by -all parties, that Washington, and Ad- 
 ams, and Jefferson, and Madison, and Monroe, and the 
 second Adams, were abundantly qualified as statesmen for 
 the highest office in the gift of the people, and that they 
 severally discharged the duties of that position with distin- 
 
STURBRIDGE AND SOUTHBRIDGE, 211 
 
 gnished credit to themselves, and to the country. The same 
 remark holds true in reference to those, who for a long se- 
 ries of years were elevated to the chief magistracy of this 
 Commonwealth. " Is he capable^ is he honest,''^ was an in- 
 quiry which was not disregarded in the exercise of one of 
 the most important privileges of the citizen. Such qualifi- 
 cations have, obviously, for many years, been almost entire- 
 ly neglected. Hence the multiplied crude and indiscreet 
 measures and laws, with which our Commonwealth and the 
 Country have been afflicted. 
 
 We admit that we have advanced an inquiry which we 
 are not able fully to answer. Experience and observation 
 have taught us that an enlightened community will not 
 long tolerate evils, seriously affecting its interests, and real- 
 ized as such, without exerting its power to correct them. 
 Let men think and investigate for themselves, and act ac- 
 cording to the dictates of common sense, which was, as be- 
 fore observed, a striking characteristic of our ancestors, then 
 there will be little danger but that the evils to which we 
 have alluded will be checked. The aspirant for distinc- 
 tion, who possessed no claims to merit, found no sympa- 
 thy, or support, from men of their stamp. 
 
 The manufacturing interest is so intimately connected 
 with all the other important interests of the country, that its 
 prosperity, or depression, is felt by all. This idea we have 
 more than once expressed. It cannot be too deeply impressed 
 on the public mind. 
 
GENERAL GOVERNMENT. 
 
 In the conclusion of our sketch, we subjoin some general 
 remarks on the several administrations of the general gov- 
 ernment, from its first organization to the present time. 
 The mancEuverings and developments of the spirit of party, 
 (so called) during this period, furnishes a prolific theme for 
 curious investigation. This element in our body politic, 
 has, at certain periods, no one will deny, exerted a most 
 unfavorable influence, both at elections, and in the admin- 
 istration of the government. Its influence, to a certain ex- 
 tent, may be a salutary check, but when it marshals an or- 
 ganized faction, the general interests, the general welfare 
 are totally overlooked, and the aims of the faction are ex- 
 clusively regarded. Our history exhibits quite too many 
 repulsive features of this sort, 
 
 WASHINGTON, who was at th^ head of our armies 
 from the commencement, to the triumphant termination of 
 the conflict, was again by the unanimous voice of his coun- 
 try, elevated to the highest civil trust in its gift.* On the 
 30th day of April, 1789, the oath of office was administered 
 to George Washington, President of the United States ; the 
 man who was emphatically " first in war, first in peace ! 
 first in the hearts of his countrymen." 
 
 * The Confederation, styled the United States of America, was in force from 
 1777 to 1789. At the latter period, the Constitution^superseded the Confed- 
 eration. 
 
HISTORICAL SKETCH OF STURBRICGE AND SOUTHBRIDGE. 213 
 
 With the history of Washington's administration, every 
 child ought to be familiar. The historian loves to dwell 
 upon it. Time has ratified it as a model administration, in 
 all its prominent features. The parallel between Washing- 
 ton and Alfred the Great, is very striking in many impor- 
 tant particulars. Each rescued his country from foreign in- 
 vasion; each laid the foundation of his country's prosperity; 
 both were patriots above reproach ; both have secured im- 
 perishable fame. 
 
 Party spirit began to assume a threatening aspect near 
 the close of Washington's administration. Our foreign re- 
 lations, at that period, were the chief causes which arrayed 
 parties against each other. That irreproachable patriot did 
 not escape the scurrilous denunciations of a few turbulent 
 spirits. The great mass of the people frowned with indig- 
 nation upon such conduct. An anecdote related to the wri- 
 ter by the late venerable Dr. Pierce of Crookline, illustrates 
 the common sentiment in regard to Washington, at that 
 time. When a young man, Dr. Pierce was associated with 
 Ebenezer Adams, the distinguished mathematician, as as- 
 sistant preceptor of Leicester Academy. A newspaper 
 found its way into the Academy, which contained some 
 scurrilous remarks against Washington. A question at once 
 arose, what disposition should be made of the paper. It 
 was deliberately decided that some one should take the pa- 
 per with the tongs, and put it into the fire. This appar- 
 ently trivial aff'air, was a significant expression of that high 
 respect and strong affection which was felt, not only in that 
 locality, but throughout the country towards Washington 
 as its political father. The Jay treaty, (so called,) raised 
 a storm which raged somewhat violently for a while. Wash- 
 ington was the man to assuage it. He submitted the treaty 
 to the people for their deliberation, before he made up his 
 own mind on the subject. It summoned to its investigation 
 the first talents of the nation. Volumes were written for 
 and against it. Hamilton, under the signature of Camil- 
 
214 HISTORICAL SKETCH OP 
 
 las, in a great number of articles, spread before the public, 
 the wonderful resources of his mind in favor of the treaty- 
 Washington, after surveying the subject in all its bearings, 
 gave his sanction to the treaty. Practical results evinced 
 the soundness of his judgment. Time, we may safely pre- 
 dict, will not diminish the lustre of the name of Washing- 
 ton. 
 
 JOHN ADx4lMS succeeded Washington in the presidency, 
 March 4th, 1797. He had performed a noble and distin- 
 guished part in the struggle for independence. Through- 
 out this struggle, he was bold, uncompromising, and perse- 
 vering in his course. This same trait of character, he car- 
 ried with him into the presidential chair. He had made 
 himself familiar with the most prominent systems of gov- 
 ernment then in existence, or that had existed. Some of 
 the stringent measures which he recommended, were not 
 favorably received by large numbers, and rendered him 
 somewhat unpopular. The monarchical views with which 
 he was charged, had in reality no foundation. His strong 
 feelings in the prosecution of measures, it is not improba- 
 ble, carried him occasionally beyond the bounds of strict 
 prudence. Opposition increased rapidly during his admin- 
 istration, and obtained such an ascendency as to elect Mr. 
 Jefferson his successor. The principal disagreement of 
 those two statesmen, [we believe, was in reference to our 
 foreign relations. Mr. Adams was charged with preposses- 
 sions in favor of England,^ and Mr. Jefferson in favor of 
 France. They disagreed in some particulars in relation to 
 our home interests. The growth and prosperity of the ris- 
 ing Republic, were, no doubt, the_^controlling motive which 
 actuated both. Mr. Jefferson, possessing a phiJosopliic turn 
 of mind, projected schemes which were deemed visionary. 
 Notwithstanding some of his theories would not bear the 
 test of practical experiment, they evinced a mind reaching 
 after improvements. His administration was very popular 
 ivith his party, and no doubt, justly so in its most important 
 
STTJRBRIDGE AND SOUTHBRIDGE, 215 
 
 particulars. The acquisition of Lonisiania was one of the 
 fruits of his administration Mr. Jefferson was eminently a 
 civilian, without any of the reqiiisites of a military com- 
 mander. In his sphere of action, in the great struggle, the 
 brilliant part he performed, has immortalized his memory. 
 As a statesman, as a patriot, as an able and polished writer, 
 he ranks among the first men of his own, or any other age. 
 During iiis administration, it was high tide with the spirit 
 of party. Very few thought of taking a neutral position. 
 The mighty commotions of Europe deeply agitated the pub- 
 lic mind in America. Both sexes, of all ages, were pro- 
 foundly versed in politics, or imagined themselves so, and 
 were ^quite willing to have it distinctly understood, on 
 which side they were arrayed. 
 
 *THOMAS JEFFERSON entered upon the duties of his 
 ofl&ce, March 3d, 1801, and held it two terms in succession, 
 
 JAMES MADISON held the same high position from 
 March 4th, 1809, to March 3d, 18 J 7. During his adminis- 
 tration, the war of 1812, (so called,) the second war with 
 the mother country, was waged, and prosecuted with vigor, 
 during three years, attended with victories and defeats on 
 both sides. The administration was censured by the op- 
 position, for declaring war before sufficient preparation was 
 made for such a conflict. It is probable the censure was 
 not without some foundation. The war itself was sufficient 
 to arouse and sustain a state of high excitement. Although, 
 in the destruction of life and property, the war was greatly 
 to be deprecated, it is quite sure we lost nothing in the re- 
 sult, in point of martial prowess. It is not our intention to 
 dwell upon the events in detail, although they are full of 
 thrilling interest. Peace was restored in 1815, The news 
 was received with universal joy. We, in the village of 
 
 * The electorial vote for Thomas Jefferson and Aaron "Burr, being equal, 
 no choice was made by the peoide. On the'thirty -sixth ballot by the house of 
 Representatives, Thomas Jefferson was elected President. 
 
216 HISTORICAL SKETCH OF 
 
 Sturbridge, manifested our gratification by illuminating the 
 church and private dwellings. The venerable Gen. New- 
 ell led the way in this movement. His mansion presented 
 a more brilliant and imposing appearance than any other. 
 Mr. Madison manifested a lively interest in the political con- 
 cerns of his country. His mind was thoroughly trained in 
 the school of politics. In constitutional, legislative, and in- 
 ternational questions, his views were clear and comprehen- 
 sive. The cabinet, and not the field, was his appropriate 
 sphere of action. During his administration, it is well re- 
 membered that the Capitol was burnt by the enemy. Had 
 a Washington, a Jackson, or a Taylor, been at the head of 
 the Government at that time, it is presumable such a catas- 
 trophe would not have occurred. Although his qualifica- 
 tions, as before observed, were almost exclusively of a civil 
 character, he filled the executive chair with distinguished 
 ability. His venerable widow, as also the widow of Gen. 
 Hamilton, having each, measured almost a century, have 
 but recently passed away. 
 
 JAMES MONROE entered upon the duties of the office 
 of President, March 4th, 1817. He held the office two 
 terms; the latter terminating 3d of March, 1825. At this pe- 
 riod, the public mind was gradually tending to a more qui- 
 escent state. Mr. Monroe's course was admirably calcu- 
 lated to disarm opposition, and conciliate parties. His sec- 
 ond election was almost, if not quite unanimous. No man's 
 presidential course was more quiet, or less annoyed by 
 party opposition than Mr. Monroe's. If public acquies- 
 cence is a test of the wisdom of measures, Mr. Monroe's re- 
 ceived such a test. He bore arms in the Revokition, and 
 carried the marks of his bravery through life. His services 
 in the field, were, no doubt, remembered with gratitude by 
 his country. He did not possess the native powers of 
 mind of cither of his predecessors, but was well furnished 
 with practical attainments. He had represented his coun- 
 try at the Court of St. James, and was thoroughly versed 
 
STURBRIDGE AND SOUTHBRIDGE. 217 
 
 in diplomacy. He was theoretically and practically an in- 
 defatigable stndent and co-worker in the political aftairs of 
 his country, and was well prepared for the high trust he 
 discharged with so much acceptance to the public. Like 
 some other devoted patriots, his attention was so much en- 
 grossed for the public, that his own private interests were 
 almost forgotten. His possessions consisted almost exclu- 
 sively of a well-earned reputation. During his administra- 
 tion, Florida was ceded to the United States by Spain, and 
 had a territorial government established in 1822. 
 
 JOHN Q. ADAMS, not having received a majority of 
 the votes of the electors, was chosen by the House of Repre- 
 sentatives, President, and entered upon the duties of his of- 
 fice, March 4th, 1825. Mr. Adams possessed superior qual- 
 ifications for the station. Gifted with uncommon native 
 powers of mind, no pains were spared to cultivate and ma- 
 ture them. Mr. Adams was emphatically a ripe scholar, 
 and probably had not a superior in this respect, in the 
 United States. As a legislator, as a diplomatist, in short, 
 as a statesman, his public life furnished abundant evidence 
 of his eminent qualifications for office. Favored with pe- 
 culiar advantages for the acquisition of such attainments. 
 as before remarked, they were industriously improved. He 
 had at several different periods, represented his Country at 
 the first Courts in Europe. In negociating the treaty at 
 Ghent in 1815, although his associates were men no less dis- 
 tinguished than Henry Clay, and James A. Baird, they 
 readily accorded to him the lead in the negociation. In his 
 public career, trammelled by no party restraints, his course 
 was according to the dictates of his own opinion. He 
 made no promises, no bargains, the better to enable him to 
 obtain favor, or office. 
 
 For this sort of manoeuvering, which so disgracefully 
 
 marks the political movements of the present day, John Q. 
 
 Adams had no sympathy. Had he condescended to such 
 
 degredation, he probably might have been more popular for 
 
 19 
 
 # 
 
218 HISTORICAL SKETCH OP 
 
 the time being, especially, in the estimation of men who 
 disregard the means how they compass their ends. During 
 his presidency, we recollect the remark of a gentleman in 
 reference to Mr. Adam's familiarity v/ith the duties of his 
 station. Heading one of his productions, the gentleman 
 observed, "Mr. Adams always writes like a man who is 
 at home on his subject." His administration commanded 
 respect at home and abroad. Although thus peculiarly fit- 
 ted for the highest trust in the gift of the people, his popu- 
 larity was not sufficient to secure a second election. Up to 
 the time Mr. Adams quit the executive chair, it must be ac- 
 knowledged that all its incumbents were fitted to discharge 
 its duties with ability and distinguished credit to themselves 
 and to the country. From this period, we are compelled to 
 believe there has been a marked decline in the fitness of 
 most of those who have been elevated to that position. To 
 what is this declention to be ascribed, but to the unwarrant- 
 able aspirations of party ? General intelligence has not di- 
 minished, but the same cannot be said of the controlling mo- 
 tive to promote the general welfare. 
 
 ANDREW JACKSON, the immediate successor of Mr. 
 Adams, entered upon the duties of the ofiice of President, 
 the 4th of March, 1S29. His second term terminated March 
 3d, 1837. He was fresh from the field of glory. His sig- 
 nal victory, at New-Orleans, Jan. 8th, 1815, added new lus- 
 ter to the high mihtary reputation he had already gained. 
 His popularity secured his election by a large majority. 
 His administration, during both terms, was far from be- 
 ing of a neutral character. In relation to the wisdom and 
 expediency of some of his measures, there was a diver- 
 sity of opinion. Some of his warm adherents did not 
 fully acquiesce in them all. It was thought he assumed 
 too much, and did not sufficiently regard constitutional 
 and legal provisions. In energy of character, and deter- 
 mined execution of purpose, Gen. Jackson strikingly re- 
 sembled Henry the eighth. If a record, made by the highest 
 
STURBRIDGE AND SOUTHBRIDGE. 219 
 
 iegislative authority, did not meet with his approbation, he 
 could command it to be expunged. If a banking institution, 
 deriving its powers from the general government, was, in 
 his opinion, exerting an unfavorable influence, he could 
 doom it to annihilation. If a decision of the Supreme Court, 
 did not harmonize with his construction of the law, he did 
 not hesitate to disregard it; if nulHfication was threatening 
 the integrity of the Union, his frown could, at once, arrest 
 its progress. His course, in many important particulars, no 
 doubt, merited public approbation, and exerted a salutary 
 influence. His administration, in connection with his per- 
 sonal character, commanded respect at home and abroad. 
 It will hold a conspicuous place on the page of history, pre- 
 senting much which ought to be approved, and much of 
 doubtful expediency. His powers of mind, although not 
 thoroughly disciplined in the sciences, were strong and vig- 
 orous. His opinions were probably mostly formed from 
 practical experience, and the keen observation of men and 
 measures. ^The durability af his fame is, undoubtedly, more 
 securely based on his inilitari/, than on his civil character. 
 Decision and frankness characterized his measures. They 
 were such as kept the spirit of party in full exercise. No 
 man heeded its influence less. 
 
 MARTIN VAN BUREN, as the immediate successor of 
 President Jackson, entered upon the duties of the office of 
 President, March 4th, 1837, and held it one term. Mr. Van 
 Buren was not deficient in talents, or in familiarity with 
 the political interests of the country. He entertained a high 
 opinion of Gen. Jackson, and declared at the commence- 
 ment of his presidential career, that he should follow in the 
 foot-steps of his illustrious predecessor. It is very doubtful, 
 if disposed, whether he possessed the requisites essential to 
 carry out the declaration. He was not an exact counter- 
 part of Gen. Jackson. The course of his illustrious prede- 
 cessor, whether right or wrong, was strait-forward, and 
 free from subterfuge, or disguise. His expressed intentions 
 
220 HISTOEICAL SKETCH OF 
 
 were uniformly followed by correspondent action. In this 
 particular, the parallel was very far from being complete. 
 In (he exercise of the veto power, there was a striking re- 
 semblance in their official course. This power, it was gen- 
 erally admitted, was too freely used by both. It is a dan- 
 gerous power in the hands of the man of limited qualifica- 
 tions for the executive chair, as also in the hands of the 
 man wlio is not sufficiently scrupulous of transcending the 
 limits of his authority. In either case, it is subject to abuse. 
 In the hands of the able and upright statesman, it is no 
 doubt, a wise provision in the constitution. It is not our 
 intention to dwell upon the merits, or demerits of Mr. Van 
 Buren's administration, or to impugn his motives. Party 
 spirit ran high, and a troublous state of things existed. 
 
 The currency was in a fluctuating condition, and there 
 existed a want of confidence in the stability of banks. Ex- 
 changes were high, and commerce subjected to serious em- 
 barrassments. Defalcations in those who had the charge 
 of the public revenue, were frequent, and very considerable 
 losses were sustained. In this particular, Mr. Van Buren, 
 as was also President Jackson, unfortunate, in some of 
 their appointments. Mr. Van Bnren is the father of the 
 sub-treasury system. It had long been his favorite meas- 
 ure. Before the close of his administration, there was an 
 unmistakable desire manifested for a change. The opposi- 
 tion resorted to extraordinary movements in their edbrts to 
 accomplish their object. Although there was nothing ex- 
 ceptionable in those movements but a want of manly digni- 
 ty, they have not been deemed of sufficient authority to be 
 repeated. The log-cabin had its day, and will not probably 
 again exert its magic influence in making presidents. If 
 Mr. Van Buren was not successful in the high position to 
 which he was elevated, it does not follow that he has not 
 been useful to his country in other important trusts which 
 he has discharged. We pass from his administration to thcit 
 of President Harrison, which was limited to one month. 
 
STURBRIDGB AND SOUTHBRIDGE. 221 
 
 WILLIAM H. HARRISON was elected President and 
 entered upon its duties, March 4th, I84L 
 
 Gen. Harrison had performed important mihtavy ser- 
 vices for his country, and had very justly gained the repu- 
 tation of a brave and skillful officer. The achievement at 
 Tippicanoe, in a battle with the Indians, in 1810, was sound- 
 ed far and wide in liis praise. He, like Washington and 
 Wayne, had the sagacity to meet the stratagems of the In- 
 dians in their peculiar mode of warfare. This victoiy was 
 followed with decisive results, as it regards the Indians in 
 that quarter. Bravery and skill in defence of one's coun- 
 try, will irresistibly exert a powerful influence on the pub- 
 lic mind. Gen. Harrison had held a seat in the Senate of 
 the United States, and other civil offices, but we must as- 
 cribe his popularity, in an important degree, to his military 
 character. Those who were well acquainted with his civil 
 qualifications, did not hesitate to say, that they believed he 
 would discharge the duties of Chief Magistrate with credit 
 to himself and to the country. The popular current which 
 ran so powerfully in his favor would be no trivial auxiliary 
 in the discharge of his official responsibilities. The gather- 
 ings of the people, to which we have alluded, were a strong 
 and significant expression, not only in favor of a change in 
 the administration, but in favor of Gen. Harrison. 
 
 At the threshold of liis presidential career, one important 
 evidence he manifested of his fitness for the station, was the 
 selection of his Cabinet. It was composed of the first tal- 
 ents of the country, with Daniel Webster at its head. Thus 
 auspicious was the brief presidential career of president Har- 
 rison, when he was removed by death, universally lamented. 
 His character was adorned with sterling virtues. He was, 
 in short, an honest man. 
 
 JOHN TYLER took the oath, of office of President, 
 April (3th, 184L When entering upon its duties, he explic- 
 itly expressed his intention of carrying out the views of his 
 lamented predecessor. His address was a well written and 
 19* 
 
222 HISTOEICAL SKETCH OP 
 
 flattering document. Experience had tanght us that im- 
 plicit confidence is not always to be placed in the fulfillment 
 of promises. So it proved in reference to the promises of 
 Mr. Tyler. His political standing in subordinate stations 
 had commanded respect, and gave flattering assurance that 
 he might sustain a more elevated one with equal credit. 
 Experiment proved that he was unequal to the discharge of 
 the higii trust which accidentally devolved upon him. 
 Perhaps the thought had hardly, for a moment, been enter- 
 tained that it was possible that Mr. Tyler might occupy 
 the place of President Harrison, as such a vacancy had not 
 before occurred in the history of our government. It is be- 
 lieved Mr. Tyler was not at all conscious of any inability to 
 occupy the highest position. He evidently shaped his 
 course with reference to a second term , consequently his 
 measures vacillated with the manoeuverings of party. 
 
 The qualities of a great and impartial statesman, govern- 
 ing himself according to the claims of his station, Mr. Tyler 
 possessed in a limited degree. The Cabinet which Presi- 
 dent Harrison had so discreetly selected, all 'resigned except 
 Mr. Webster. His continuance, a while longer, at least, 
 was deemed indispensable to attempt the settlement of some 
 important questions. Discontent prevailed more and more 
 in consequence of Mr. Tyler's instability, and devious course 
 of conduct. In endeavoring to gain the favor of all parties, 
 he secured the approbation of none. He made very free 
 use o( the veto power. It was unfortunate for him and to 
 the country, that so important a trust should devolve upon 
 him. We sketch his character, thus frankly, as the chief 
 executive magistrate ; as a citizen, it is said to be unexcep- 
 tionable. 
 
 JAMES K. POLK entered upon the duties of President, 
 March 4th, 1845. The indiscreet workings of party, at the 
 time he was suddenly introduced as a candidate for the of- 
 fice, claim special notice. He was comparatively an obscure 
 man, having furnished no special claims to the oflice, in 
 
STURBRIDGE AND SOUTHBRIDGE. i^2S 
 
 services to his country, or as evidence of his abihty to dis- 
 charge its duties. He had been a member of Congress, and 
 held a respectable standing in that body. The nomination 
 was, no doubt, as surprising to himself as it was to the na- 
 tion. The opposing candidate was Henry Clay, whose 
 well-earned fame and transcendant qualifications, were fa- 
 miliar to almost every child in the nation. Every honest 
 man, free from the trammels of party, would exclaim, Henry 
 Clay is the man for President of the United States. The 
 honor and the interests of the nation, at home and abroad, 
 claim him for its chief Magistrate. Henry Clay had for al- 
 most half of a century, exerted his rare and brilliant pow- 
 ers in promoting the best interests of the Union. Although 
 a southern man, he stood aloof from sectional prejudices, 
 and embraced in his expansive views, the whole country. 
 Mark the sequel ! James K. Polk was elected, and Henry 
 Clay defeated ! Such a result is not a very cheering illus- 
 tration of the elective franchise, or of republican principles. 
 One of the most^ if not the 71X081 suitable man could not be 
 I lee ted to fill the most important offi.ce in the gift of the peo- 
 
 ple ! 
 
 Look at consequences. The nation was soon involved 
 in an offensive war with Mexico. It was evidently waged 
 without sufficient cause. The principal cause alleged, was 
 that Mexico had neglected to fulfill her pecuniary engage- 
 ments ; not that she had refused to do so. It is a principle 
 well established, that the declaration of an offensive war 
 should be the last resort of a nation. We cannot escape 
 the imputation of a violation of this humane principle. The. 
 war bore a strong resemblance to those which have been 
 waged and carried on exclusively for conquest. We cannot 
 avoid reflections of this sort, when we call to remembrance 
 our prowess, and the victories attending our arms. Had 
 Mexico been a powerful nation, and a match for us, there is 
 no doubt the action of our government would have been 
 quite different. Whether so or not, justice demanded the 
 
224 HISTOEICAL SKETCH OP 
 
 same course of conduct on our part. A nation is under ae 
 solemn obligations to be governed by principles of justice, 
 humanity, and honorable conduct as individuals, and much 
 more so. If we needed additional acquisitions of territory 
 from Mexico, there was very little doubt they might have 
 been obtained to the full extent of our wishes, without the 
 use of sword, or bayonet. War is certainly to be deprecated, 
 whether in self-defence, or otherwise. Had Mr. Clay been 
 elected, there are strong reasons to believe that every thing 
 would have been effected by negociation, v/hich justice and 
 honor demanded. Although aided by able counsellors, the 
 Executive is regarded as responsible for the acts of the gov- 
 ernment, and consequently he should be competent to con- 
 trol and direct. This position is fully illustrated in our own 
 history, as well as in that of other nations. The war was 
 very hastily declared. It is not to be understood there was 
 not a large and powerful party in favor of it. The almost 
 unbroken series of brilliant victories which crowned our 
 arms, was exceedingly captivating, especially in the minds 
 of the young. When such results follow, many are not dis- 
 posed to examine very minutely the merits, or demerits of 
 the grounds of the conflict. The result of this contest, was 
 a vast extent of new territory, thrown into our hands, and 
 a long and vexed state of things among ourselves, in dispos- 
 ing of it. It revived afresh the question of slavery, and 
 fresh acrimony on this vexatious subject. A compromise, 
 particularly in reference to slavery, was deemed necessary 
 to allay the raging elements, and, if possible, produce more 
 reconciliation throughout the Union. The Compromise 
 Measure, commanding to its aid the first talents of the coun- 
 try, was consummated, in 1850. 
 
 ZACHARY TAYLOR succeeded Mr. Polk in the exec- 
 utive chair, March 4th, 1849. Gen. Taylor had not been 
 very extensively known, especially at the North, before the 
 Mexican war. He was the commander of the first troops 
 which invaded Mexico, and very soon attracted universal 
 
STURBRIDGE AND SOUTHBRIDGE. 225 
 
 attention. His discreet conduct, even from the commence- 
 ment of hostilities, produced a more and more favorable im- 
 pression of him as a commander, and as a man. As those 
 military operations became more extended, and the skill of 
 the commander put to a severer test, he was found equal to 
 the exigences of his position. The public knowing the fear- 
 ful odds, in point of numbers which were arrayed against 
 him, its solicitude was, at times, intense, as to the result. It 
 is said that the Duke of WelHngton, having traced, with 
 great accuracy, the movements of the conflicting parlies, 
 and the perilous situation in which Gen. Taylor was at 
 times placed, pronounced him, after the achievements of 
 some of his signal victories, one of the greatest generals of 
 the age. At the most critical juncture, he was deprived by 
 the orders of his government, of some of his forces. "What- 
 ever might be its intention in so doing, the result rendered 
 Gen. Taylor's success more brilliant. Gen. Jackson who 
 had long known Gen. Taylor, spoke of his military talents 
 in terms of high commendation. 
 
 Such, in brief, had been Gen. Taylor's brilliant course 
 in the Mexican war, that his name became very familiar 
 throughout the country. The general impression was, that 
 no man could have acquitted himself more discreetly and 
 bravely in that responsible position. Under these favorable 
 circumstances, the public being almost captivated with his 
 military character, he was brought forward as a candidate 
 for the presidency. Very many who admired his military 
 talents, doubted his fitness for the highest civil station. 
 Knowing that most of his life had been spent in camps, 
 they inferred that his knowledge, as well as his experience, 
 as a civilian, must be very limited. These doubts, together 
 with the slavery question, and other causes, led to the for- 
 mation of a new parly, denominated the Free-Soil party. 
 The more his qualifications were investigated and devel- 
 oped, the more favorably impressed was the public mind in 
 behalf of the uoniinalion. His literary attainraeuts were 
 
226 HISTORICAL SKETCH OP 
 
 found to be respectable, and that he was by no means igno- 
 rant of the political interests of his country. He was found 
 also to be an honest man, possessed of a good share of com- 
 mon sense, and of great firmness and decision of character. 
 He avowed that Washington should be his model. Al- 
 though a southern man, and a slave-holder, it was believed 
 that neither Southern, nor Northern partialities, or preju- 
 dices, would divert him from such a course, as he deemed 
 would promote the general and best interests of his country. 
 When Gen. Taylor entered upon the duties of his office, 
 he had become generally very popular. Although not prac- 
 tically a statesman, he possessed a strong penetrating mind, 
 and, as we have before observed, a great sliare of common 
 sense. These qualifications, united with correct intentions, 
 enabled him to take a pretty accurate view of the general 
 state of affairs. In the short experiment he was spared to 
 make of his fitness, the country was not disappointed. In 
 this experiment, he furnished incontestable proof that neither 
 threats, nor flattery, could divert him from what he deemed 
 the correct course of his duty as chief magistrate. He was, 
 by no means, tenacious of his own opinions, nor did he al- 
 low himself to transcend the bounds of the executive de- 
 partment. In his opinion, each department of the govern- 
 ment was entitled to the free exercise of its constitutional 
 duties, without executive interference. Nor did he think it 
 within the constitutional scope of the Executive to arrest 
 the progress of a bill by the exercise of the veto power, un- 
 less the case were clearly within that provision. President 
 Taylor commanded respect as a chief Blagistrate, and as a 
 man. His public documents were an undisguised exhibi- 
 tion of his opinions and intentions. 
 
 Public opinion had been gradually increasing in his fa- 
 vor, as a chief Magistrate, and at the time of his death, it 
 was well established, that he was pursuing a judicious 
 course. The materials, however, which secure his durable 
 fame, are mostly confined to his military character. Before 
 
STURBRIDGE AND SOUTHBRIDGE. 227 
 
 one year had elapsed, from the time of his inangeration, 
 the presidential chair was rendered vacant by his much la- 
 mented death. The high trust devolved on MILLARD 
 FILLMORE, the Vice President. During his administra- 
 tion, in the year 1850, the Compromise Act, (so called,) 
 embracing the provision in relation to fugitive slaves, was 
 passed. This period was a thrilling juncture in our politi- 
 cal affairs. An extensive territory, with a large population, 
 had been thrown upon our hands, as the fruits of the war. 
 In regard to the disposition of this immense acquisition of 
 territory, the public mind was greatly agitated by conflict- 
 ing opinions. As, at the time when the constitution was 
 formed, the slavery question was one of great perplexity. 
 Serious apprehensions were indulged that the integrity of 
 the Union was in imminent danger. There were strong 
 and decided feelings, of a large party, that nothing should 
 be conceded to extend, or favor slavery. The slavery por- 
 tion of the Union was equally decided in favor of conces- 
 sions to their interests. The slavery question was in fact, 
 the most momentous in the issue, Whatever might be the 
 arrangement, where such conflicting interests and feelings 
 exist, universal satisfaction cannot be expected. Fortu- 
 nately the country was still favored with the most eminent 
 talents. A Webster, a Clay, and a Calhoun, those brilliant 
 lights, still adorned the Senate. Mr. Webster was, undoubt- 
 edly, the master spirit. Every eye, at the North espe- 
 cially, was watching his movements. Planting himself on 
 the broad basis of the whole country, he resolved to attempt 
 such an adjustment, as he deemed the peculiar state of pub- 
 lic affairs demanded. Mr. Clay labored assiduously in plan- 
 ning and prornotmg the Compromise Measure. He felt 
 that his services for his country were drawing near a close. 
 Mr. Calhoun, although it was well known he possessed 
 strong Southern feelings, manifested a conciliatory spirit. 
 
 The speeches of those men, breathed the spirit of concili- 
 ation. In debating the subject, in all its bearings, Mr. Web- 
 
228 HISTORICAL SKETCH OP 
 
 ster rose equal to himself. He too, felt that his part, in this 
 measure, would be one of the last acts of his public life, and 
 that an amazing weight of responsibility rested upon him. 
 Whatever might be his course, it was hardly to be expected 
 that he would escape party missiles, and party denuncia- 
 tions. They were, in fact, from some quarters, bestowed 
 upon him with an unsparing hand. The provision for re- 
 turning fugitive slaves has been denounced in strong terms. 
 If such a provision was indispensable m the compromise, the 
 trial by jury ought also to be 'mdispensable. We are, how- 
 ever to presume the best was done, that could be done, in 
 existing circumstances. With the exception of the fugitive 
 slave provision, experiment has tended to prove the wisdom 
 of the Compromise Measure. The public feeling was set- 
 tling down to a quiescent state, when it was suddenly 
 aroused again, by an act which we shall hereafter notice. 
 Mr. Fillmore's course was calculated to produce a conserva- 
 tive state of feeling, and to secure respect for his adminis- 
 tration. He was not inclined to any rash, or doubtful meas- 
 ures. His Cabinet was composed of Mr. Webster and other 
 very able men. His example shows the necessity of se- 
 lecting a man for the second office, who is equal to filling 
 the first. He was censured by many, in not exercising the 
 veto power, in the Compromise Act. 
 
 Here we would make a remark in relation to elevating 
 distinguished military men to the office of chief magistrate. 
 Objections have been made to such men on the score of 
 their military character for such a civil trust. The objec- 
 tions probably arise from an apprehension, that the propensi- 
 ty of such men would be to encourage a military spirit, and 
 that this high trust might be in danger of being abused by 
 an ambitious man. Ancient history furnishes many exam- 
 ples of such abuse. Even now, in this enlightened portion 
 of the world, there are large numbers, who are captivated 
 with military achievements. Such achievements are quite 
 a sure passport to civil promotion, as we have been experi- 
 
STTTRBRIDGE AND SOUTHBRIDGE. 22^ 
 
 mentally taught. It must be admitted, that we have not 
 by the trial thus far, realized any of the apprehended evils. 
 The man of correct principles, who has been personally en- 
 gaged, and who has personally witnessed the horrors of war, 
 is, we believe, quite as much inclined to avoid a repetition 
 of them, as the man who has had no such experience. The 
 administrations of Washington, Jackson, and Taylor, con- 
 firms the truth of this remark. It cannot be denied that the 
 military reputation of those men, while incumbents of the 
 executive chair, exerted a controlling influence at home 
 and abroad. The man who can skillfully marshal an army 
 of fifty, or even twenty thousand men, is not an ordinary 
 man. 
 
 It is to be hoped the period is distant in this country, 
 when it will be again necessary to put skill of this sort to 
 the test. The father of our country deemed it necessary to 
 be prepared for war, in a time of peace, although no man 
 would do more to avoid war than Washington. He had 
 witnessed and felt the effects of war; he had realized the 
 blessings of peace. He is an illustrious example for all his 
 successors, not only as a consummate commander, but as a 
 consummate statesman, keeping constantly in view the 
 honor, the harmony, and the highest prosperity of his coun- 
 try. 
 
 Comparing the present qualifications for office, with those 
 which the public demanded, in the days of Washington, 
 Adams, Jefferson, Madison, and Monroe, as before remarked, 
 we are deeply impressed with a lamentable declention. 
 This disregard of qualifications, is not confined to the high- 
 est office, but is strikingly developed in those of a subordi- 
 nate character. Many are not probably fully aware of 
 the adroit management which is practised to secure such re- 
 sults as we witness in the exercise of the elective franchise. 
 How did the present chief Magistrate reach his high posi- 
 tion 7 No disrespect is intended towards the man. He 
 was raised from comparative obscurity, to fill an office for 
 20 
 
230 HISTORICAL SKETCH OP 
 
 which he had given very doubtful evidence of fitness. To 
 what is this great pubUc evil of unfitness attributable? 
 The inquiry involves momentous consequences, and admon- 
 ishes every man to pause, and consider whither such a 
 state of things is tending. Availability has become a 
 weighty matter in selecting candidates for office. The 
 truth is, the public mind can be strangely imposed upon, 
 or has become strangely perverted, even at this enlight- 
 ened period. Passing over men whose qualifications have 
 been thoroughly tested, if all is fair in the selection of an 
 inexperienced man, the experiment is not warrantable by 
 prudence or sound policy. It is too obvious, to admit of 
 a doubt, that men, and not measures, are becoming more 
 and more the controlling motives of action, and men too, 
 whose prominent qualifications consist in promoting the 
 interests of a faction, at the expense of the general 
 good. Hence indiscreet measures, indiscreet legislation, 
 indiscreet appointments, and disastrous results. The laws 
 and the government lose that respect which they ought 
 to command. Public and private interests suffer, and a 
 spirit of bitterness prevails. The Act which was passed in 
 1854, repealing the Missouri Compromise, is one, among 
 other illustrations in point. Can we believe, for a moment, 
 that Wasliington, Jefferson, Madison, Monroe, or Gen. Jack- 
 son, all southern men, would have encouraged or sanctioned 
 the violation of that compact? Although in the form of an 
 act of Congress, it was considered little less obligatory than 
 the provision in the Constitution in relation to Slavery. It 
 is well known that this provision was a compromise to af- 
 fect a union of the States, and to put at rest, discordant 
 views in regard to Slavery. The Missouri Compromise was 
 designed to put at rest the question in regard to the exten- 
 sion of the area of Slavery. There was not the least pretext 
 of public necessity to disturb it. The public mind was 
 generally becoming reconciled to the Compromise of 1850, 
 and was tending to a quiescent state. In the midst of this 
 flattering prospect of general harmony, it is aroused afresh 
 
STUEBRIDGE AND SOUTHBRIDGE. 231 
 
 with the repeal of the Missouri Compromise. The very 
 first movements of this project impressed the pubhc mind 
 with strong disapprobation. It was thought hardly possi- 
 ble, that there was a serious intention to carry it into effect, 
 if practicable. It was considered a rash attempt to vio- 
 late a solemn obligation, which the nation was bound in 
 justice and honor to hold sacred. Developments showed 
 more and more, that the movers were in earnest, and that 
 nothing would be left untried to accomplish their object. 
 
 The arguments in Congress, in opposition to the measure, 
 were powerful and unanswerable. A multitude of remon- 
 strances, containing thousands of names of high respecta- 
 bility, poured into Congress, expressing decided disappro- 
 bation to it. It was considered very doubtful, for some 
 time, whether sufficient strength could be mustered to 
 overthrow the Missouri Compromise. After many power- 
 ful struggles, the measure was at last carried by a bare 
 majority. It must be understood that it was in the power 
 of the delegation from the non-slave-holding States to ar- 
 rest it by an overwhelming majority. P'^'otwithstandiug ar- 
 guments and remonstrances, the fatal blow could not be ar- 
 rested. The event, like the opening of the fabled Pandoros 
 box, has spread its evils over the land. This extraordinary 
 movement may fitly be denominated the crowning act of 
 the spirit of faction. It has occasioned the breaking up 
 of old parties, and involved our political affairs in a state 
 of inextricable confusion. A nmltitude of new parties have 
 sprung into existence, assuming names unknown to ancient, 
 or modern vocabularies. In this chaotic state of things, it 
 is not easy for the man who wishes to be governed by cor- 
 rect principles, to know how, or where to shape his course. 
 He hears of new conventions, new combinations, and new 
 platforms, but in none of them does he witness harmony of 
 views, or purposes. Discord is the predominant element. 
 At no period, has the question of Slavery been agitated with 
 more bitterness, or exerted a more controlling influence. 
 
232 HISTORICAL SKETCH OF 
 
 Kansas is now the theatre where the struggle between Free- 
 dom and Slavery is becoming more and more intense. The 
 prospect is by no means flattering that it will be of short 
 duration. Anarchy reigns in Kansas. The right of free 
 suffrage cannot there be enjoyed. Border interlopers come 
 in, in large numbers, and not only vote, but attempt to con- 
 trol the ballot-box by force. In the frequent altercations 
 and skirmishings which are the consequences of such a 
 state of things, many lives have already been sacrificed. 
 
 The effects of destroying the Missouri Compromise r.re 
 developed, in not a very cheering attitude, in the move- 
 ments of Congress. This year, 18.56, nine weeks were con- 
 sumed in choosing a speaker. Had the Missouri Compro- 
 mise remained undisturbed, there is no doubt all these mul- 
 tiplied evils would have been avoided. The settlement of 
 Kansas would have been like that of other portions of our 
 free territory, already settled. 
 
 In regard to one of the evils of this measure, let the 
 reader bear in mind, that the long session of Congress in 
 1854, was wasted, or principally occupied in destroying the 
 Missouri Compromise, and that about six months of the ses- 
 sion of 1855 and 1856 have already been consumed, mostly 
 ill agitating the Kansas difficulties. Let him calculate, if 
 he can, the draft that has been made our nation for one 
 unwarrantable movement. Our object in sketching these 
 facts, is mainly to exhibit the results of indiscreet and 
 unwarrantable ^measures. They show incontestably that 
 the public interest, and the public prosperity, demand a rad- 
 ical change in the qualifications of public functionaries. If 
 this state of things continues, a train of disastrous results 
 are inevitable. The political affairs of a nation cannot be 
 discreetly and prosperously managed by factions and unfit 
 men. The truth of this remark is obvious. Why is not 
 the correct principle in regard to qualifications, carried into 
 practice, as in the days of the infancy of our republic ? This 
 question involves momentous results as it respects our future 
 
STURBRIDGE AND SOUTHBRIDGE 233 
 
 destiny. The past, furnishes a profitable lesson for the fu- 
 ture. 
 
 The election ot rulers, especially of Chief Magistrate, 
 by the people, was considered one of the most impoitani 
 preferences to a republican government. Is there not still 
 virtue sufficient in the nation, to rescue this invaluable 
 privilege, in some degree, at least, from such abuse ? 
 
 The author would remark in conclusion, that if this hum- 
 ble work should prove in any degree useful, the reflection 
 will aftbrd him some satisfaction, that his endeavors have 
 not been entirely in vain. 
 
LIBRARY OF CONGRESS 
 
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