^^^^^^^^^i^ i ^^ I5 V? Sr^Vi "T^^^^^ m S^ '^ kA-V **. ■^ ^^(f ^^ ^ K & ^/^^^ V ^ ?^^^^^m^i^^ cw LEE'S Primary School History UNITED STATES By Susan Pendleton Lee Author of " Lee's Advanced History of the United States,'' " Lee's Brief History of the United States," " Life of General IVilliam N. Pendleton " Richmond, Va. p. F. Johnson Publishing Co, 1897 .1-48- Copyrighted, 1897 ]UL_iO 1929 Americari (JfriVersit^ PREFACE. In response to the requests of many parents and teachers, this Primary History has been prepared for children from eight to twelve years old. In it the story of our country is told simply and truly, in a manner likely to interest youthful readers. The facts and statements can be verified by reference to the author- ities cited in the Brief and Advanced Histories which preceded it. With this series of three histories, no Southern child need remain in ignorance of the origin, growth and prog- ress of the United States, or be taught their history in a one-sided manner. The author hopes that all three books will receive the approval of both teachers and children. (5) CONTENTS. PERIOD I. Chapter I. PAGE. Discovery and Settlement, ^7 Chapter II. 22 First Settlement, ,.,.,... Chapter III. 26 Jamestown Colony, „......- ^^ Chapter IV. Virginia after Smith Left It, 29 Chapter V. The Dutch in New York— Settlement of New England, . 33 Chapter VI. Rhode Island and Maryland . • 37 (7) PAGE. 8 Contents. Chapter VII. Cromwell Favors New England, 40 Chapter VIII. * Other Colonies, New Jersey, North Carolina, South Caro- lina, Pennsylvania, Georgia, 44. Chapter IX. Bacon's Rebellion — Indian Warfare in Virginia and New England, 48 Chapter X. Endof Bacon's Rebellion — Indian Wars in New England, . 51 PERIOD 11. Chapter XI. Growth and Progress of the Colonies, 55 Chapter XII. Discoveries of the French in the North and West, .... 59 Contents. 9 Chapter XIII. PAGK. Savage Indian Warfare, .... 62 Chapter XIV. Settlement of Georgia, 66 Chapter XV. About Some Famous Boys, 69 Chapter XVI. Colonial War, 72 Chapter XVII. The Colonies Prepare for Defence, 74 Chapter XVIII. Progress of Colonial War, 76 Chapter XIX. British Successes, 79 Chapter XX. Condition of the Colonies, 83 Chapter XXI. How Great Britain Oppressed the Colonies, 87 lo Contents. PERIOD III. Chapter XXII. PAGE. Revolutioiiar}^ War — First Continental Congress, .... 91 Chapter XXIII. Revolutionary War, Continued, 97 Chapter XXIV. Revolutionary War, Continued — Resistance in the South, . lo:;: Chapter XXV. Revolutionary War, Continued, 1776-177 7, 105 Chapter XXVI. Revolutionary War, Continued — Burgoyne's Defeat, . . .109 Chapter XXVII. Revolutionary War, Continued, 1 777-1 778, 112 Chapter XXVIII. Revolutionary War, Continued — Clarke Takes the North- west, 1779, 115 Chapter XXIX. Revolutionary War, Continued, 1779-1780, 118 Contents. 1 1 Chapter XXX. PAGE. Revolutionary War, Continued, 121 Chapter XXXI. Revolutionary War, Concluded, 1 781-1783, 124 Chapter XXXII. Peace Restored — American Navy, 127 PERIOD IV. Chapter XXXIII. The Country Under the Constitution — Washington's Ad- ministration, 1 789-1 797, • 131 Chapter XXXIV. Constitutional Government, 134 Chapter XXXV. President Adams — Administration of Adams, 138 Chapter XXXVI. Jefferson's Administration, 140 Chapter XXXVII. Madison's Administration, 1809-1817 — War of 1812, . . 144 PAGE. 1 2 Contents. Chapter XXXVIII. War of 1812, Continued, 147 Chapter XXXIX. James Monroe, the Fifth President, 181 7-1 825, 151 Chapter XL. John Quincy Adams, 1825-18 29 — Andrew Jackson, 1829- i837> 154 Chapter XLI. Martin Van Buren, William Henry Harrison, John Tyler, James K. Polk, 157 Chapter XLH. The Story of Texas, 159 Chapter XLHI. James K. Polk — The Mexican War, 162 Chapter XLIV. Taylor and Fillmore, 1849-1853, 166 Chapter XLV. Franklin Pierce, the Fourteenth President, 1853- 18 57, • -169 Chapter XLVI. James Buchanan, 1857-1861, 172 Contents, 13 PERIOD V. Chapter XLVII. PAGE. Civil War and Reconstruction — Formation of the Southern Confederacy, 178 Chapter XLVIII. Abraham Lincohi, 1 861-1865 — Beginning of the War for Southern Independence, 181 Chapter XLIX. War for Southern Independence, Continued, 185 Chapter L. War for Southern Independence, Continued, 1861-1862 — Campaigns in the West, 189 Chapter LI. War for Southern Independence, Continued — Campaign in the West, 1862, 192 Chapter LII. War for Southern Independence, Continued — Campaigns in the East, 1862, 196 Chapter EHI. War for Southern Independence, Continued — Virginia and Maryland Campaigns, 200 14 Contents. Chapter LIV. PAGE. War for Southern Independence, Continued — Campaigns in Virginia and Pennsjdvania, 1863, 204 Chapter LV. War for Southern Independence, Continued — Campaigns in the West and South, 1863, 209 Chapter LVI. War for Southern Independence, Continued, 1864, . . .213 Chapter LVII. War for Southern Independence, Continued — Affairs in the West and South, 1864 218 Chapter LVIII. War for Southern Independence, Continued — Campaigns in Virginia, 1864, 222 Chapter LIX. End of War for Southern Independence, 1865, 226 Chapter LX. Reconstruction, 1865-1873, 230 Contents. 15 Chapter LXI. PAGE. Andrew Johnson, 1865-1869 — U. S. Grant, 1869-1877, . 234 Chapter LXII. Hayes President, 1877-1881— Garfield and Arthur, 1881- 1885, 237 LEE'S PRIMARY HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES, PERIOD I. CHAPTER I. DISCOVERY AND SETTLEMENT. What this Book is to Tell.- — I suppose that all my young readers know that they live in a large and grand country called " the United States." But you hardly know why this country had this name, or how there came to be so manv States united in one or-overnment. These thin^fs and others about our dear native land are what this little book is intended to tell you. Ancient Ideas of the World. — You know that the world is round like a ball, with the Eastern Continent containing Europe, Asia and Africa on one side of it, and the West- ern Continent containing North and South America on the other. But long ago the very wisest people did not know this. They thought that the earth was flat, and contained only the Eastern Continent with the ocean round it. Change of Opinions. — After a long, long time men learned more about geography ; and some of them began to think that the earth might be round instead of flat. Indeed, some sailors from Norway, made their way across the ocean first to Iceland, and then to Greenland, and even down the Eastern coast of North xAmerica. But before many years, their discoveries were forgotten; partly be- cause they had no good ships to cross the sea, and partly because there were no printed books for people to read. Christopher Columbus. — In the year 1435 after the birth of Christ, there was born in the city of Genoa, 2 (17) i8 Primary History of the United States. in Italy, a boy named Christopher Cohimbus. He was a bright boy, and learned every thing he could ; but he liked more than anything else, to hear about strange lands, and to study the poor maps he could get hold of. A great many ships came to Genoa, and Christopher Columbus would go down to the wharves, and talk to the sailors, and ask them questions about all the countries they had been to. He wished very much to be a sailor, and when he was only thirteen his father got him a place on a ship, and he sailed away. The Queen of Spain Helps Columbus. — As the years went on, Columbus began to think the world was round, and determined to try and find his way round it by sail- ing westward. He was a poor man, and could not himself provide for such a voyage. He, therefore, tried to persuade some of the kings of Europe to help him. At last Queen Isabella of Spain, a sweet and noble lady, listened to his entreaties. Her husband. King Ferdinand, joined her, and three little ships, the Pinta^ the Nina and the Santa Maria^ were fitted up for Columbus. First Voyage. — With these and ninety men he sailed from Palos in Spain, on August 3,1492. He steered to the south- west across the great Atlantic, where no ship had COLUMBUS LANDING ON THE BAHAiMAS. CVCr bcCU before. His sailors soon became frightened, and wanted to turn back, but Columbus did not lose his courage, and persuaded them to go on. America Discovered, 1492. — After sailing for two months they were drawing near to land. He kept a close watch, Primary History of the United States. 19 and early in the morning of October 12, the man who was keeping watch on the Pinta cried out, '' Land ! Land ! " and sure enough there lay a beautiful green coast just before them. This was one of the Bahama Islands, now called Cat Island or Watling Island. Return to Spain. — Continuing his voyage, Columbus discovered the large islands of Cuba and Haiti, on each of which he landed, and collected some of the strange plants, birds and animals found there, to take back to Spain. When the little fleet got back to Palos, about eight months after leaving there, it was greeted with much rejoicing. King Ferdinand and Queen Isabella made a great fuss over Columbus, and gave him many fine titles and rewards. Columbus thought he had come to India, and called the people on these islands Indians. Other Voyages. — Columbus made three other voyages. Once he came to South America, and in his last voyage he saw the shores of Yucatan, and the Isthmus of Panama. What Other Spaniards Discovered. — Other Spaniards followed up his discoveries. Balboa was the first white man who saw the Pacific Ocean. Cortez conquered Mex- ico. Pizzaro conquered Peru. Ponce de Leon came to Florida, and De Soto discovered the Mississippi River. All these Spaniards were busy hunting for gold, and cared noth- ing for the noble lands they had found. Naming of America. — x^.merigo Vespucci, a gentleman of Florence, who sailed many hundred miles along the coast of South America, wrote a book about the New World, which got the name of America from him. The Cabots Discover North America. Canada Dis- covered by Frenchmen. — Five \ears after Columbus dis- covered the West Indies, two English sailors named Cabot crossed the Atlantic much far- ther north, and reached the coasts of North America, which they claimed for the English King. Frenchmen came over also, who sailed up the St. Lawrence River, and claimed all the country along its banks for the French King. ^^"^ <^.^v.oi. 20 Primary History of the United States. Voyages Round the World. — The Spaniards founded St. Augustine in Florida in 1565, but it was a hundred years after America was discovered be- fore any English settlement was made in the United States. Before that time Ma- gellan and Sir Francis Drake had sailed quite ,,,,,,,,,3,,,,,, round the world, gettmg to Europe again without ever turning back. After a while the bold English sailors came again aud explored the coast of North America, and called the land they found Virginia, after Eliza- beth, the Virgin Queen of England. QUEEN ELIZABETH. QUESTIONS. 1. What is this book intended to tell? 2. How did the people think the earth was shaped long ago: 3. What made them change their opinion? 4. What discoveries did sailors from Norway make? 5. Why were they forgotten? 6. Where was Christopher Columbus born? 7. Where is Genoa? 8. What did Columbus determine to do? 9. Who helped him? 10. What were the names of his ships? 11. Which way did he sail? 12. When did he discover land? 13. What was the first island he discovered? 14. What larger islands did he find? 15. What did he take back to Spain? 16. How was he received? 17. What country did he think he had come to? 18. What did he call the people he found? 19. What did he discover in his third and fourth voyages? 20. What white man first saw the Pacific Ocean? 21. Who conquered Mexico? 22. Who conquered Peru? 23. Who discovered Florida? 24. Who discovered the Mississippi River? 25. What were the Spaniards all hunting for? 26. Why was the continent called America? Primary History of the United States. 21 27. Who discovered the continent of North America, and when? 28. What part of it did the French ckiim? 29. When was St. Augustine founded? 30. What two captains first sailed around the workl? 31. Why was part of North America called Virginia? Map of Europe. I. Where is Norway? Pal OS? Map of America. I. Where is Iceland? Greenland? Bahama Islands? Cuba? Haiti? Yucatan? Isthmus of Panama? Pacific Ocean? Mexico? Florida? Mississippi River? South America? West Indies? St. Lawrence River? St. Augustine? 2. Where is Italy? 3. Where is Spain? BLACKBOARD FORM— CHAPTER I. Discoveries. Spanish. English. French. Ancients thought the earth flat. The people learned more about it, and begun to think it round. Christopher Columbus sailed to the west, and discovered America, in 1492. Thought it was India and called the people In- dians. Saw the southern part of North America named after Amerigo wrote a book describing it. Ponce de Leon in Florida, 15 12. Balboa saw the Pacific Ocean, 15 13. Cortez conquered Mexico, 15 19. Pizarro concjuered Peru, 1531. De Soto crossed the Mississippi River America, Vespucci, 1502. who 1541- John and Sebastian Cabot visited Newfoundland and Maryland, 1497, 1498. Jacques Cartier took possession of Canada, 1534. 22 Primary History of the United States. CHAPTER II. FIRST SETTLEMENT. The Virginia and Plymouth Companies. — The King of England thought that he owned all of America be- tween the French on the St. Lawrence River and the Spaniards in Florida. He, therefore, gave parts of it to certain of his subjects. The Virginia Company was allowed to settle anywhere on the coast of Delaware, Maryland, Virginia and North Carolina, and to own that country straight back to the Pacific Ocean. The Plymouth Com- pany had the same rights from New Jersey to Maine, You will see how little these rights were afterwards regarded. The English at Jamestown. — In 1607, three little Eng- lish ships, the Susan Constant^ the Godspeed ^nd i\\Q Discov- ery^ under command of Christopher Newport, anchored off Cape Henry, where the English first landed. This proved an undesirable place to settle, and the little fleet sailed into the Chesapeake Bay, and up a broad river which was called the James, after the English king. Landing on the shore, the men in the ships made a settlement which they named Jamestown, the first successful English colony in America. They had a charter from King James giving them a great deal of land and much power. Their Brave, Good Leader. — There were only a hun- dred of them to form this colony, on the strange coast so far from their English home. But they had a brave, wise man among them. Captain John Smith, who soon became their leader, and they had also a pious, godly minister, Mr. Robert Hunt, for their chaplain. John Smith, in a pam- phlet published in 1631, gives us the following descrip- tion of their first church. " When I went first to Virginia, I well remember we did hang an awning (which is an old sail) to three or four trees, to shadow us from the sun. Our walls were rails of wood, our seats unhewed trees, Primary History of the United States. n 'til we cut planks, our pulpit a bar of wood nailed to two neighboring trees; in foul weather we shifted into an old rotten tent, for we had few better." American Indians. — All the natives of America were called Indians, and in most respects they were all alike. They had red skins, coarse, straight black hair and black eyes, small hands and feet, and slender bodies. All of them were cruel and treacherous, though some were more savaee and less civilized than others. The Indians of THE FIRST CHURCH. Virginia were not so rude and barbarous as some other tribes, and at first showed kindness to the white men. The Indians Eager for Firearms. — These Indians had never seen any firearms, and they were terribly afraid of them. But they soon began to want them, and would do anything to get a gun or a musket and some gunpowder. Once, when some of them had stolen a bag of the powder, they sowed it in the ground, for they thought the black grains were seeds which would grow up and yield them many bags full. James River Explored. — In a few weeks Captain New- port, Captain John Smith and some other white men left 24 Primary History of the United States. Jamestown and went up the river exploring. They knew so little of America that they expected to come to the Pacific Ocean ! Instead of that they came to the falls of the James River where the city of Richmond now stands, and where the Indian King, Powhatan, had one of his towns. Disaster in the Virginia Colony. — In a .short time New- port took the ships back to England, and then the colonists fell into great trouble. The Indians began to hate them and to do them all the harm they could. Their food gave out. Sickness came upon them and they seemed ready to perish. The courage and good sense of Captain John Smith saved them from destruction. Smith's Character and Training. — He was a fearless, energetic man, with firm trust in God, and much practical sense. He had fought in Europe against the Turks, and had learned a great deal in his wanderings. It was so im- portant to get food for the starving English that Captain Smith made journeys among the Indians trying to buy corn with beads, little mirrors and pieces of copper which the Indians greatly prized. His Bravery Saves his Life. — On one of these journeys he took two Indians as guides. They fell in with a party of hostile Indians who began shooting at Smith with their bows and arrows. He whipped off his garters and tied one of his guides to his arm, and used him as a shield. He was then captured and taken before King Powhatan's brother, Opecancanough. Here he again saved his life by showing the chief his pocket compass. Opecancanough carried him from place to place and gave him so much food that Smith thought they were trying to fatten him that they might eat him. Sends Messengers to Jamestown. — To make them friendly he promised that if he might send messengers to Jamestown they should bring back some presents to the Indians. Two red men were therefore sent with a note asking that several articles might be sent to Opecan- canough. Great was the astonishment of the tribe when Primary History of the Ui?ited States. 25 the messengers came back with the promised presents. They conld not understand how the paper could talk to the white men. QUESTlONvS. 1. To what two companies did King James give North America, between Canada and Florida? 2. Where was the Virginia Company allowed to settle? 3. The Plymouth Company? 4. What three ships did Christopher Newport bring into the Chesa- peake in 1607? 5. Where was the first settlement made? 6. How many men were there? 7. Who was their principal leader? 8. Who was Mr. Robert Hunt? 9. How did they show that they wished for God's blessing? 10. Describe the appearance of the North American Indians. 11. Tell their character. 12. What were they soon eager for? 13. What did Captain Newport expect to find when he went up the James River? 14. What did he find? 15. Who saved the colony from destruction when Newport went back to England? 16. What was Smith's character? 17. How did he try to get corn for the colonists? 18. How did he save his life with one of his guides? 19. Why did he think the Indians fed him so well? 20. What made the Indians think that a written paper talked to the white man? 21. Find the Chesapeake Bay, James River, Jamestown. 26 Printajy History of the United States. CHAPTER III. POCAHONTAS. their clubs to hontas, a orirl kill JAMESTOWN COLONY, CONTINUED. Sentenced to Death. — At last Smith was carried be- fore King Powhatan himself, to the royal wigwam where he sat sur- rounded by his wives and warriors. The old king had taken a great hatred of the white men and ordered that Smith should be put to death. A .^^^ large stone was placed in the midst of iip^/tl***^?! ^^^ Indians, and two of them were ^^s ^^^^^m'm o^^^^^d to beat out the white man's brains. Pocahontas Saves Smith and Be- friends the Colony. — They had raised him when the king's daughter, Poca- about twelve years old, who had vainly begged for the captive's life, rushed forward and threw herself over him, shielding his head with her slender body. King Powhatan could not resist this. He allowed Smith to live, and soon sent him back to Jamestown. From this time Pocahontas continued to befriend him and the colony. She brought them food, and frequently warned them of her father's designs against their safety. Smith's Wise Rule. — Smith knew that work was the best thing for the colonists, and he set them to building houses, and cultivating the ground, and getting things to- gether to send to England when the ships should come again to Virginia. Half of the colonists were gentlemen who were not used to work and who did not like it. But Smith insisted on it, and set them an example by taking the hardest tasks himself. When they got angry and swore, he punished them by pouring a cup of water up their sleeve for every oath. Primary History of the United States. 27 ^X- ^>;.!Lio^J"3 x Fire at Jamestown. — When Newport came back in*ten months with a fresh supply of colonists, he found only forty of the first settlers living. The little town took fire and was burned. The church, the dwellings, the storehouses were all consumed, and the settlers left destitute at the be- i^ inning of winter. Smith again encouraged them to work, and got them some food from the Indians. Greediness for Gold. — They might have done w^ell, but u nfort unately they found some yellow earth which,.^ they took for W.i gold, and gave up all useful labor to dig great piles of the worthless stuff. In spite ! of all Smith could say and do they r e- m a i n e d 1 a z \- and wasteful, and so me of them hated him for making them work. Smith's Map of the Chesapeake Bay. — x\ wonderful work which Smith performed was exploring the Chesa- peake Ba}' and making a map of it, and of the rivers which run into it. This map is a good one now, and shows Smith to have been a verN' accurate and observant man. What Effect it Had in England. — Smith's map and description of the new country caused much interest in England. The king gave them a new charter, and more territory, and nine ships with five hundred settlers and sup- plies of all sorts sailed from England. One of the ships was wrecked on the Bermuda Islands, and the rest had a hard time getting to Jamestown. Not long after this Captain 28 Primary Histoiy of the United States. Smith was so horribly burned by the explosion of some gunpowder that he had to go back to England, and never returned to Virginia. QUESTIONS. 1. Who condemned Smith to die? 2. How was his life saved? 3. What did Pocahontas do for the colony? 4. How did Smith set the colonists to work? 5. What punishment did he give them for swearing? 6. How many of the colonists had died before Newport came back? 7. Tell of the fire at Jamestown. 8. Who got the settlers food? 9. For what worthless stuff did they give up all useful labor? 10. Tell of Smith's exploring the Chesapeake Bay, and of the map he made. 11. How many ships and settlers then sailed from England? 12. Where was one of the ships wrecked? 13. Why was Captain Smith obliged to return to England? 14. Where are the Bermuda Islands? Primary History of tJie United States. 29 CHAPTER IV. VIRGINIA AFTER SMITH LEFT IT. Starving Time. — There were nearly five hundred set- tlers at Jamestown when Smith left, with animals, provis- ions and tools. But as soon as he was no longer there to regulate and restrain them, the colonists gave themselves up to idleness and waste. The Indians murdered them, fevers destroyed them, and so many of them died for want of food that this was spoken of as the " Starving Time." In less than a year all but sixty had perished. Lord Delaware Comes and Saves the Colony. — The men who were wrecked in Bermuda, in the mean time, built two suiall vessels, and came to Jamestown. The wretched plight of tlie colony did not encourage them to remain there. So all hands embarked and set sail for Eng- land. Near the mouth of the river they met some ships under Lord Delaware with a fresh supply of settlers and provisions. They turned back, and all came to Jamestown together, and there was never again any thought of giving up Virginia and the colony there, which soon became stronger and more prosperous. Planting of Tobacco. — Governor Thomas Dale, to en- courage the cultivation of the soil, gave each settler some land for his own. The soil is fine for tobacco, and the settlers now began to plant a great deal of it for sale, as well as corn and vegetables for food. Tobacco takes up a great deal of ground and so the Virginia settlers lived apart on their plantations, and did not crowd together in towns. The Virginians had all the Rights of Englishmen. — The English people had been used for many years to make their own laws, and enjoy personal liberty. The charters given to the colonists in Virginia, had secured to them 30 Primary History of tJie United States. all the rights enjoyed by Englishmen at home, and they soon began to exercise tliem. They Begin to Make Their Own Laws. — It was only twelve years after the planting of the colony, that the Vir- ginia House of Burgesses — something like the Legislatures now — met at Jamestown in 1619, and from that time it watched over the liberties of each citizen of the colony. King James was growing very tyrannical in England, and many of his subjects came over to Virginia, where they thought they would have more freedom. Bringing in of African Slaves, 1619. — Two cargoes, of which I must tell you, were brought to Virginia in this year. One brought a number of young English women for wives for the settlers. Any man who wished to marry one of the girls paid one hundred and fifty pounds of tobacco for her traveling expenses. A Dutch ship also brought twenty negroes from Africa and sold them to the planters on James River. Slavery Universal Then. — In those days slavery was practiced everywhere. The Spaniards had made slaves of the natives in the West Indies, and when they found the Indians of little use they brought the negroes from Africa. This was very profitable, and the English brought thou- sands of Africans and sold them to the Spaniards. Even the English Queen took part in this slave trade. White people were also sold as slaves for a certain number of years. Pocahontas Becomes a Christian. — Pocahontas had nothing to do with the white people for some time after Captain John Smith left Virginia, but she was captured and taken as a prisoner to Jamestown. She became a Christian, and was baptized and given the name Rebecca. She Marries and Dies in London. — She afterwards married one of the EnoHshmen — Mr. John Rolfe — who took her to London. The King and Queen and the people of London made a great fuss over her. You may see in the State Capitol in Richmond, Vir- ginia, a portrait copied from one taken of " The Lady Primary History of the United States. 31 Rebecca " when she was in London. Qneen Victoria sent this portrait to the State of Virginia. Pocahontas died near London, leaving one little son. Result of Her Marriage. — The marriage of their princess with an Englishman made peace between the Indians and the white men as long as old King Powhatan lived. After his death, his brother laid a plan to kill all the English on the same day. First Massacre, 1622. — The colonists lived scattered about on their plantations, and the Indians were free to go and come where they pleased. This made it easy for them to get among the whites, who did not dream of any danger. Suddenly, on the twenty-second of March, 1622, the Indians rose up at noon, and began to butcher the whites. Before any resistance could be made, three hun- dred and forty-seven of the colonists, men, women and children, were slain with great cruelty. Second Massacre, 1644. — This massacre alarmed the whites so much that the Assembly passed a law forbidding any peace to be made with the Indians. For over twenty years matters remained quiet between them. Then Ope- cancanough, who had lived to be a hundred years old, stirred up the red men to another massacre. There were more white people in the colony, and five hundred of them were murdered before any successful resistance could be made. QUESTIONS. 1. How many white people did Smith leave at Jamestown? 2. What happened to them within a year after he left? 3. What two small vessels came to Jamestown in the meantime? 4. Where did the colonists intend to go? 5. Who turned them back? 6. Who gave each settler land for his own? 7. What plant did the settlers most cultivate? 8. What rights did the colonists in Virginia possess? 9. When did they begin to make their own laws? 10. Why did many Englishmen come over to Virginia at this time? 11. How were wives provided for the colonists? 12. When were negro slaves brought over to Virginia? 13. Where was slavery practiced at that time? 14. Who had the Spaniards made slaves of in the West Indies? 32 Primary History of the United States. What nation brought African slavCvS to the Spaniards? Tell about Pocahontas after John Smith left? Whom did she marry, and where did she die? Where may you see a portrait of her? What effect did her marriage have on the Indians and white people? 20. When was the first Indian massacre? 21. How many white people were killed then? 22. When was the second massacre? 23. How many were killed in it? Settlement of ginia. BLACKBOARD FORM— CHAPTERS II, III, IV. f 1606. North America, from Florida to Delaware, given to Virginia Company. North America, from New Jersey to Maine, given j to Plymouth Company. 1607. First English settlement at Jamestown, Virginia. Captain John Smith the leading spirit in the colony. American Indiaps all alike in appearance, and all cruel and treacherous. Smith's courage and coolness give him influence among them. Pocahontas saved his life and protected the colony. She became a Christian and married an Eng- lishman. The colony suffered from sickness, from the In- dians, and for want of food. In the Starving Time all died but sixty. Lord Delaware kept them from going back to England. Governor Dale gave the settlers land for their own. Much tobacco was planted. 1619. Virginians made their own laws. African slaves brought to Virginia by the Dutch. English wives brought over. 1622. First Indian massacre. [ 1644. Second Indian massacre. Vir- Primary History of the United States. 33 CHAPTER V. THE DUTCH IN NEW YORK — SETTLEMENT OF NEW ENGLAND. Henry Hudson, 1609. — Two years after the founding of Jamestown, a bold Dutch captain, Henry Hudson, sailed across the Atlantic into New York harbor and went up the broad river which bears his name, hoping to find his way with his good ship ^^ Half-moon ^''^ into the Pacific Ocean. The Dutch then settled a colony on the island where the city of New York now stands, and called the «* li* = ' '^if\ % \ / ■p^mJ^ ^^^^S '^^^^^- THK HALF-MOON ON THK HUDSON, 1609. country New Netherland. Other Dutch settlements were made in New York, New Jersey and Delaware. Dutch Settlers. — These Dutch settlers were thrifty and prosperous, and as they brought over without charge all who wished to join them, their numbers soon increased. They traded with the Indians for furs, and even went up the Connecticut Valley for that purpose. At first they had peace with the Indians, but, after a while, when the sav- ages had learned to drink rum, — "fire-water," they called it — strife arose between them, and both white and red men murdered and destroyed each other. 34 Primary History of the United States. Swedes in Delaware. — Settlers came from Sweden also. They made their home in Delaware, which they called New Sw^eden. They were industrious and successful in culti- vating the soil, but they were a peaceful, submissive folk, and soon fell under the power of the Dutch. Second English Colony, 1620. — The second English colony in America was planted in Massachusetts in 1620, a whole year after the House of Burgesses made the first American laws in Virginia. Captain John Smith had MANHATTAN ISLAND. visited and made a map of the Northeastern coast, and had named it New England. The Pilgrims at Plymouth. — This second set of colo- nists were Puritans, who greatly disliked the Church of England, and left their homes that they might worship God as they pleased. They went first to Holland, and then came to America, in a little ship called " The Mayr flower'^ On account of these wanderings they called themselves " Pilgrims." They wanted to come to New Jersey, but a storm drove them farther north, and they landed at Plymouth, Massachusetts, on December it, 1620. Primary History of the Ujiited States. 35 Sufferings of the Pilgrims. — The weather was very cold, and the poor Pilgrims suffered so much that before spring half of them had died. They brought their wives and their children with them, and, like the Jamestown settlers, they had a brave soldier, Captain Miles Standish, to defend them. No Trouble with Indians. — Unlike the Virginians, they had at first no trouble with Indians. Some deadly sickness had killed the coast tribes off, and the white men often found their wigwams with no inhabitants, but with sup- plies of food which saved them from starving. A year after settling at Plymouth, the English made a treaty of peace with the Indians nearest them, the Wampanoags. This treaty was not broken for fifty years. Massasoit, the chief of these Indians, showed the colonists how to plant corn, and was very friendly with them. Puritans Come to New England. — King Charles I., of PvUgland, was more tyrannical than his father, and chose that all his subjects should worship God just as he did. So the Puritans, to get away from him and the English services which they bitterly hated, came by hundreds and thousands to New England, and founded Boston, Salem and other places in Massachusetts, and made settlements also in Connecticut, New Hampshire and Maine. Though King Charles was an unreasonable tyrant, he granted char- ters to these various colonies under which they enjoyed con- siderable liberty. Character of the Puritans. — These Puritan colonists were brave, hardy, industrious people who led Christian lives, but they were men of a hard spirit and thought nobody right but themselves. They thought they came to America to gain "freedom to worship God." But they soon showed that they would allow no freedom to any one to worship in any way but their own. Indeed no one was to share their liberty who differed from them in any way. Their Intolerance. — They sent back to England some members of the English Church who came to Massachu- setts. At first they permitted all freemen to take part in 36 Primary History of the United States. making the laws, but afterwards forbade any man to vote who was not a member of one of the Churches. The ministers now became very important and took great part in the government. QUESTIONS. 1. What is this chapter about? 2. V^ho was Henry Hudson? 3. When did he sail up the Hudson River? 4. What did he expect to find? 5. Where was the first Dutch colony settled? 6. Where did they make other settlements? 7. What sort of people were the Dutch settlers? 8. What made strife between them and the English? 9. Where did the Swedes settle? 10. When and where was the second English colony settled in America? 11. Who gave the name New England to the northeastern coast? 12. Why did the Puritans leave England? 13. Why did they call themselves Pilgrims? 14. In what ship did they come to America, and where did the}' land? 15. Tell of their sufferings. 16. Why did they have no trouble with the Indians? 17. Who showed them how to plant corn? 18. Why did many Puritans flock to New England? 19. What towns did they found in Massachusetts? 20. In what other States did they make settlements? 21. What sort of charters did King Charles give these colonists? 22. What was the character of the Puritans? 23. How did they think everyone should worship God? 24. Who were the only people who could vote? 25. Find the places on the map. BLACKBOARD FORM— CHAPTER V. '■{ T» + V. c ffi f I Dutch came to New York. Duten settlements, 1 g^^^i^^^ ^^^ Manhattan Island, in New Jersey and ^^°9- i Delaware. Pilgrims landed at Plymouth, Massachusetts, 1620. Suffered from sickness and exposure, but had no trouble with the Indians, Second English J Puritans came over and settled Massachusetts, Colony, 1620. I Connecticut, New Hampshire and Maine. Brave, industrious, upright, but intolerant and uncharitable. Permitted no one to vote who did not worship as they did. Primary History of the United States. 37 CHAPTER VI. RHODE ISLAND AND MARYLAND. Roger Williams. — One young Puritan preacher, Roger Williams of Salem, said that the magistrates had nothing to do with a man's religious opinions ; that their business was to protect him and his property, and not to regulate his soul. The other Puritans took such offence at this that Roger Williams had to make his escape from their power. Beginning of Rhode Island. — He went through the snow to some friendly Indians south of Salem, where he was joined by some of his followers, and made a settlement at a point in Rhode Island which he called Providence. Not long after going to the Indians, Williams became a Baptist. After a while he got a charter from England which gave the settlers in Rhode Island a good deal of liberty. Mistress Anne Hutchinson. — Another person whom the Puritans drove out of Massachusetts was Mistress Anne Hutchinson. She had some queer notions, and said that God told her what He had not told any body else. She would preach and tell the people what she thought. There were many quarrels about her, but, at last, she and her disciples were expelled from the , km^mt W I colony. Mrs. Hutchinson Y W^ m i , was afterwards killed bv - — -* the Indians. ^ thk hidden i-oh. Indian Cruelty in the Connecticut Valley, — When the English settled in the Connecticut V^alley they found the 38 Primary History of the United States. Indians there very hostile and crnel. These savages did all they could to destroy the white people. They would hide themselves and murder the colonists as they went to their work, or plowed in their fields. Sometimes they burned them to death, and tortured them in horrid ways. Massacre of the Pequots by the Puritans, 1637. — The Pequots did so many barbarous deeds that at last the white men banded together and attacked the Pequot fort near Stonington. There were seven hundred Indians there, and the whites killed all of them but five. This bloody massacre terrified the Indians, and for thirty years they did not trouble the white people in New England. Lord Baltimore in Maryland. — You have seen that Virginia was settled by Knglish Churchmen, and New England by English Puritans. The next English colony was given by King Charles I. to Lord Baltimore. He was a devout Roman Catholic, and established a settlement of men of his faith in the region which he called Mary's land after the King's wife. Religious Freedom in Maryland. — Lord Baltimore was a very liberal man, and he allowed all Christian people to come into his colony, and worship as they pleased. His colonists came over in the Dove and the Ark^ and called themselves the " Pilgrims of St. Mary's." Ships of the First Settlers. — It will be well for you to remember the names of the ships which brought the first white settlers to our country. The Sitsan Constant^ the Godspeed and the Discovery to Virginia ; the Mayfloiver to Massachusetts ; the Dove and the Ark to Maryland, and also the Half-7noo7i with its sturdy Dutchmen to New York. QUESTIONS. 1. Who was Roger Williams? 2. How did he offend the Puritans? 3. Where did he go to escape them? 4. What settlement did he make? 5. What Church did he then join? 6. What did Mistress Anne Hutchinson believe? 7. How did the Puritans punish her? Prwiary History of the United States. 39 8. What did the Indians in the Connecticut Valley do to the white people? 9. How did the whites punish the Pequots? 10. What effect did this massacre have? 11. Who settled the colony of Maryland? 12. After whom did he name it? 13. To what Church did he belong? 14. How did he treat all other Christian people? 15. What ships brought the first colonists to Virginia? 16. What to Massachusetts? 17. To Maryland? 18. To New' York? 19. Where is Rhode Island? 20. The Connecticut Valley? Stonington? Maryland? 40 Primary History of tlie United States. CHAPTER VII. CROMWElvIv FAVORS NEW ENGLAND. "Why the Puritans came to New England. — There was great strife in England between the King and the Parli- ament which was mostly made up of Puritans. While it went on, the Puri- tans came in large numbers to New England, and the colonies there b e- came very flourish- ing. At last, the Parliament took the King a prisoner, and cut off his head in 1649. His friends ^ fell into disgrace, and now many of them came over to Vir- /It/ ginia. Oliver Cromwell. England was then ^-^r--. for nearly ten years governed by Oliver Cromwell, who was called the Eord Pro- tector and who was SPEAKER'S CHAIR, HOUSE OF BURGKSSSS, 1700. ^ glCat aUCl gOOQ ruler. He was very favorable to New England, and granted it many privi- leges. The Virginians loved the King, and only sub- mitted to Cromwell and the Parliament because they had Primary History of the United States. 41 no strength to resist them. From this loyalty to the King Virginia was called the Ancient Dominion, or Old Dominion. Intolerance of the Puritans. — Four of the New Eng- land colonies had banded together to resist the French on the North, the Dutch on the West, and the Indians in their midst, who now and then became threatening. This union made them much stronger, and able to be more stern and intolerant. They would not permit Rhode Island to join >TUL KS AND PIIJ.OKV. their confederacy. They refused to allow any liberty to Presbyterians or members of the Church of England. Cruelty towards Quakers. — They not only drove the peaceable, harmless Quakers out of their colonies, but when some of them persisted in coming back and preach- ing their peculiar doctrines, they flogged them, put them in jail, burned them with hot irons, and wound up by hang- ing both men and women. The preachers themselves en- couraged these cruel acts. 42 Primary History of the United States. Charles II. and New England. — Oliver Cromwell died in 1658, and in 1660 Charles II. was restored to the Eng- lish throne. He was not a tyrant like his father, but was too dissipated and selfish to be a good ruler. He was quite kind to New England, and gave good charters to Connecti- cut and Rhode Island. Massachusetts had always been very bitter against the King and had sheltered two of the men who had cut off his father's head. This, the King, of course, resented, and when Massachusetts disobeyed his orders he took the charter from her and made her a royal province. Charles II. Unkind to Virginia. — You may think that the King- would be especially kind to Vir- ginia, where the people had been so loyal to him, but he was not. He made Sir William Berkeley Gov- ernor of the colony, and encouraged him and others to oppress the people very much. The new Par- liament in England made laws which were very injurious to the colonies. They would not allow any trade to be carried on except in English ships, and to English ports. The Colonies Taxed Unjustly. — One of the rights which the people of the colonies most prized, especi- ally in Virginia and Massachusetts, was to lay their own taxes, and to say how the money raised by them should be spent. England now interfered with this right, and herself imposed heavy taxes upon the American colonists. In Virginia, these taxes were to be paid in tobacco, which was the principal crop, and was used as currency. How the Virginians Resisted the Taxes. — When the planters found they could not get out of paying the unjust OLD STOVE- TOL, -STATE CAPI- 1770. Primary Histojy of the United States. 43 English taxes in any other way, they stopped planting tobacco, prefering rather to be poor than to submit to the meddling with their rights. The Virginia House of Bur- gesses under Governor Berkeley, instead of standing up for the liberties of the people, helped the Governor to trample on them for fourteen }'ears. QUESTIONS. 1. Why did the Puritans come in large numbers to New England? 2. When did the Parliament cut off Charles I. 's head. 3. Where did many of the King's friends come after his death? 4. Who governed England for ten j^ears? 5. What sort of a ruler was he? 6. Which of the colonies did he favor? 7. Why was Virginia called the Ancient or Old Dominion? 8. Why did the New England colonies band together? 9. Which colony did they keep out of this union? 10. How did they treat members of other churches? 11. Tell of their cruelty towards the Quakers. 12. When was Charles II. restored to the English throne? 13. Why was he not a good ruler? 14. To which of the New England colonies did he give good charters? 15. Why did he dislike and ill-treat Massachusetts? 16. Was he very kind to his loyal subjects in Virginia? 17. How did he encourage the 'Governor to treat the people? 18. How did Parliament interfere with the trade of the colonies? 19. What right did the people of the colonies highly prize? 20. How did England interfere with this right? 21. How were the taxes to be paid in Virginia? 22. How did the Virginians resist the tax? 23. How long did the House of Burgesses and Governor Berkeley trample on the liberties of the people? BLACKBOARD FORM-CHAPTERvS VI, VII. ,^ , J . r Lord Baltimore settled Maryland and granted Maryland, 1634. | religious freedom. r Roger Williams, driven from Massachusetts, Rhode Island, 1636 | founded Rhode Island. ( Indians became very cruel in New England. t Pequot massacre caused peace for thirty years. ' Puritans drove Mistress Anne Hutchinson away. Persecuted and murdered the Quakers. Hated the English King and Church. Oliver Cromwell favored New England. Charles II. unkind both to Massachusetts and Virginia. Colonies taxed unjustly. Virginians would not plant tobacco to be taxed. 1637 1649. 1660. 44 Primarv History of the United States. CHAPTER VIII. OTHER COLONIES, NEW JERSEY, NORTH CAROLINA, SOUTH CAROLINA, PENNSYLVANIA, GEORGIA. America Given Away by the English Kings. — I have told you how King Charles's grandfather gave great tracts of land to the Virginia and Plymouth Companies, and how his father Charles I. gave part of the territory of Virginia to Lord Baltimore. How King Charles II. Gave the Colonies Away. — King Charles II. now set to work and gave away enormous regions which already belonged to other people. To his brother the Duke of York he gave the country between the Kennebec and St. Croix Rivers, and all that between the Connecticut and the Delaware. This region, you remember, had been settled by the Dutch, who had a flourishing col- ony called New Amsterdam on Manhattan Island. The EngUsh Seize New York. — The Duke of York sent out English warships to attack the Dutch. New England furnished soldiers to help him. A good many English emigrants had settled among the Dutch, and when the English forces appeared in the harbor at New Amster- dam, there was no resistance made to them. The whole Dutch possessions passed into the power of the English, and New Amsterdam became New York. New Jersey Formed. — The colony of New Jersey was formed out of the territory south of New York, and the whole Atlantic coast belonged to the English. Great Gift to Lord Culpeper. — King Charles now pro- ceeded to give to Lord Culpeper, one of his favorites, all that part of Virginia between the Potomac and the Rap- pahannock Rivers, which was already owned and settled by numbers of Englishmen. He then gave another lord all the dominion of land and water called Virginia for thirty-one years. Primary History of the United States. 45 Establishment of North and South Carolina. — The region which now composes North and South Carolina, part of which belonged to Spain and part to the Virginia Company, was bestowed by the King upon a company of his friends, as far west as the Pacitic Ocean. A good many white people from Virginia and the Northern colonies had already settled in North Carolina, and innnigration was encouraged to it and to South Carolina also. Beginning of Pennsylvania, 1681. — Another colony owed its beginning also to Charles II., but not as a gift. The Duke of York had sold wliat is now the State of Delaware to some Quakers, and the King made a grant to William Penn, another Quaker, of the land west of the Delaware which now forms the State of Pennsylvania. William Penn's father had lent King Charles a large sum of money, and the King paid his debt by this grant of land, which he william penn. said must be named Pennsylvania, or Penn's Forests. William Penn's Peaceable Dealings with the In- dians. — The Quakers are a peace-loving people, and William Penn desired to avoid quarrels and strife with the Indians. He therefore held a council with the Indian chiefs, at a place which is now in the city of Philadelphia, and agreed to pa\- them for the land and to be friends with them. Treaty with the Indians. — The Indians were very much pleased with the kind w^ords of their " white broth- ers," and signed the treaty offered them, after which they all smoked " the pipe of peace." Penn then had a city laid out and called it Philadelphia, or Brotherly Love. Some day you may see the white marble monument which marks the spot where his treaty was made. Settlement of Georgia, 1733. — Georgia, the last of the thirteen English Colonies in America, was not settled until fifty years after this time. Character of the Huguenots. — English, Scotch and Germans came to the Colonies in considerable numbers. 46 Primary History of the United States. Perhaps the most important immigration was that of the French Protestants, Huguenots as they were called. Thou- sands of these came to America seeking refuge from perse- cution. Some of them settled in Virginia and the more northern colonies, but by far the greatest number came to South Carolina, where they established themselves on the Ashley and Cooper Rivers. They were excellent people, upright, sincere, courteous and thrifty, and their descend- ants have no superiors in our whole country. QUESTIONS. 1. Who had given land to the Virginia and Plymouth Companies? 2. Who to Lord Baltimore? 3. What regions did Charles II. now give to his brother, the Duke of York? 4. Who had settled the southern part of it? 5. Where was New Amsterdam? 6. How did the Duke of York take possession of it? 7. How did he change the name of New Amsterdam? 8. What was formed out of the territory south of New York? 9. What great gift did King Charles make to Lord Culpeper? 10. Did this land belong to the King? 11. What did he do with the whole of Virginia for thirty-one years? 12. To whom did he give North and South Carolina? 13. To whom did that country already belong? 14. Were there any white people in North Carolina? 15. Who founded Pennsylvania? 16. Why did the King let William Penn have that region? 17. Why was it called Pennsylvania? 18. How did William Penn avoid quarrels and strife with the Indians? 19. Tell of the treaty he made with them. 20. What now marks the spot where the treaty was made? 21. What did Penn call the city he laid out? 22. Which was the last of the English colonies in America? 23. When was it settled? 24. Who were the Huguenots? 25. Why did they come to America? 26. Where did the greatest number of them settle? 27. What sort of people were they? 28. Where is the Kennebec River? The vSt. Croix? The Connecti- cut? The Delaware? 29. Where is Manhattan Island? 30. Where is the Potomac River? The Rappahannock? 31. Where is North Carolina? Delaware? Pennsylvania? Phil adelphia? Georgia? The Ashley River? The Cooper River? Primary History of the United States. 47 BLACKBOARD FORM-CHAPTER VIII. f English king gave America away more than once. Charles II. gave the Carolinas to a set of his t favorites. Establishment of f Gave the Dutch possessions to his brother, the New York, New j Duke of York. Jersey and Dela- '\ New York, New Jersey and Delaware formed ware, 1674, [ from them. {Granted Pennsylvania to William Penn in pa} - ment of a debt. William Penn made a treaty with the Indians. Gave part of Virginia to Lord Culpeper. All of it to another man for thirty years. Many people came from Europe to the colonies. The Huguenots excellent settlers. 48 Primary History of the United States. CHAPTER IX. bacon's rebellion INDIAN WARFARE IN VIRGINIA AND NEW ENGLAND. Governor Berkeley's Tyranny. — I have told you that Charles had placed a tyrannical governor over Virginia. Because the Virginia people would not quietly submit to injustice and oppression, Governor Berkeley became more and more unreasonable. One of the members of the Council who opposed his arbitrary measures was a fine young Englishman named Nathaniel Bacon, against whom Berkeley took a great dislike. Virginians Lived in the Country. — The Virginians did not crowd togetlier in towns as the people of the New Eng- land colonies did. Their chief occupation was planting tobacco, and they lived scattered about on their planta- tions, along the river banks. Hostile Indians Attack the Settlers. — Since the massa- cres under Opecancanough they had little trouble with the Indians living near them. But more hostile Indians came down from the mountains, and others crossed over from Maryland, who attacked and alarmed the colonists greatly. Governor Berkeley did nothing to protect the whites, and they found they nnist take their defence in their own hands. Berkeley W^ill Not Give Bacon a Commission. — An at- tack upon Bacon's plantation decided him to take up arms against the Indians. He was so brave and active, that the other Virginians at once chose liim for their leader, and asked Governor Berkeley to give him a commission to com- mand them. Berkeley refused to do it. Bacon Marches Without One. — The Indians were so threatening that the whites could not wait until the gov- ernor mieht be in a better humor, so a number of them Primary History of the United States. 49 marched with Bacon to meet the savages, and gave them severe punishment. The governor was so much enraged at Bacon's going against the Indians that he said the men who went with him should be severely punished. Berkeley Forced to Allow a New Assembly. — The people of Virginia showed such opposition to the gover- nor, that he w^as obliged to dissolve the tyrannical i\ssembly and allow another one to be elected. Bacon was made a uiember of this new Assembly, which at once set about repealing bad laws and making good ones. Promises Bacon a Commission. — Governor Berkele\' would scarcely agree to any thing they did, and would not permit Bacon to take his seat until he asked pardon for his disobedience. This Bacon did, and the governor then promised a commission to him and to send him against the Indians. Bacon Obtains His Commission. — Instead of keeping this promise the Governor laid a plan to have Bacon killed. The Indians were again committing great outrages, and four hundred men joined Bacon to go against them. They went first "to Jamestown and asked for the commission, wdiich the governor found himself obliged to sign. Berkeley's Hatred of Bacon. — x-ls soon as Bacon and his men had gone to fight the Indians, Berkeley's rage burst forth. He proclaimed Bacon a rebel and a traitor, and said the commission was a worthless one. Bacon hearing of this turned back to force Governor Berkeley to take back his abuse and confirm his commission. The People Side with Bacon. — All the men in that part of Virginia sided with Bacon, so the governor did not wail for his coming, but got into a ship and sailed across the Chesapeake to Accomac, taking- with him all the powde- and shot the Virginians had stored away for their defence. The Virginians Depose Berkeley. — The men of Vir- ginia then came together, and declared that Berkeley had given up his office by going away, and was no longer governor. 50 Primary History of the United States. Acts of Bacon's Convention. — A convention met which took an oath to protect Bacon and join him against the Indians. They signed a paper stating how they were oppressed by the navigation laws, the unjust taxes, and their want of protection against the Indians, and said if the king sent soldiers against them because Berkeley had declared them rebels and traitors, they would resist those soldiers until the king learned the true state of affairs. This was in 1676, a hundred years before another Decla- ration of Independence was drawn up by another young Virginian. QUESTIONS. 1. What is this chapter about? 2. How did Governor Berkeley continue to treat the Virginians? 3. Why did he take a great dislike to Nathaniel Bacon? 4. Why did the Virginians live in the country and not in towns? 5. What Indians now came and attacked the colonists? 6. Did Governor Berkeley do anything to protect them? 7. Why did Bacon take up arms against the Indians? 8. What did the Virginians ask Governor Berkeley to give him? 9. Did the governor do it? 10. Did Bacon wait for this commission? 11. What made Governor Berkeley very angry? 12. How was the governor obliged to yield to the people? 13. Who was made a member of the new Assembly? 14. What did this Assembly at once begin to do? 15. What was Bacon forced to do before he could take his seat? 16. What did Governor Berkeley then promise him? 17. Did he keep his promise? 18. How was he obliged to sign the commission? '" 19. How did he show his rage when Bacon and hi« men went-te fight the Indians? 20. What did Bacon do when he heard of this? 21. Did the people side with Bacon or the governor? 22. Where did the governor go? 23. What did he take with him? 24. Why did the Virginians say he was no longer governor? 25. What did the convention which then met take an oath to do? 26. What did they complain of in the paper they signed? 27. What did they say they would do if the king sent soldiers against them as rebels and traitors? 28. How long was this before the Declaration of Independence? 29. Where is Accomac? Primaiy History of the United States, 51 CHAPTER X. END OF bacon's REBELLION — INDIAN WARS IN NEW ENGLAND. Bacon Defeats the Indians. — After this Bacon went against the Indians, and defeated them so completely at " Bloody Run " near Richmond that they never did any more fighting in Virginia. Bacon's Men Burn Jamestown. — Berkeley collected an army in Accomac and came back against Bacon and his "rebels." Bacon's men burned the city of Jamestown to keep the governor from taking possession of it. Bacon's Death. — In the midst of the turmoil and fight- ing Bacon died of a fever. He was secretly buried by his friends, to prevent his enemies from illtreating his body, and no man knows where his grave is. Berkeley then hunted down Bacon's followers, and hung twenty-two of them. Strife Between the Planters and the Governors. — The Virginians were more oppressed after this by Berk- eley's successors, who tried to get money from them in every way. But the planters showed themselves ingen- ious in resisting and disobeying their obnoxious laws. Indian Wars in New England. — The white people in New England had great trouble with the Indians, about this time. The colonists in Massachusetts had some years before taken sides with the Mohegan Indians against the Narragansett tribe in Rhode Island, and had helped Uncas, the Mohegan chief, to slay Miantonomo, chief of the Nar- ragansetts. John Eliot, Missionary to the Indians. — Much had been done to make Christians of these Indians. John Eliot, a good and learned man, had translated the Bible into their language, Many other missionaries joined him, 52 Primary History of the United States. and there were four thousand " praying Indians " in Massa- chusetts, when the last serious trouble occurred there. King Philip's War, 1675. — As the white people be- came more numerous and stronger the Indians grew jealous of them. They knew how to use firearms now, and could fight on equal terms. Philip, king of the Wampanoags, the son of Massasoit, who had been such a friend of the Pilgrims, became the leader in a bloody war in the summer of 1675. Canonchet Joins Philip. — Canonchet, the Narragansett chief, had never forgiven the whites for the murder of his father, Miantonomo, and he joined in the war. The Nip- mucks in the Connecticut Valley took it up, and there were murders and burnings and torturings all through New England. It was a dreadful time, for no man's home or life was safe from the savage red men. The Whites Destroy the Indians and Sell Them. — The white people attacked the Narragansetts in Rhode Island and destroyed almost all the tribe. Philip and Canonchet were slain at different times and their followers either killed or captured. Among the prisoners was Philip's little son, nine years old. The whites carried this child and their other captives to the West Indies and sold them for slaves. This defeat broke the Indian power in southern New England, but in Maine they continued their savage warfare. QUESTIONS. T. Where did Bacon defeat the Indians? 2. Why did his men burn Jamestown? 3. How did Bacon die? 4. Why did his friends bury him secretly? 5. How did Berkeley treat Bacon's followers? ^ 6. How did the governors after Berkeley treat Virginians? 7. Did the planters submit to them? 8. Where was the great trouble with the Indians at this time? 9. Which tribe did the colonists take sides with? 10. Whom did they help Uncas to slay? IT. Who was John Eliot? 12. What did he do to make Christians of the Indians? 13. How manv "praying Indians" were there in Massachusetts? 14. Why did the Indians grow jealous of the white people? Primary History of the United States. S2> 15. Who was the leader of a blood}- war in 1675? 16. Why did Canonchet join Philip? 17. Where did the Nipmucks live? 18. Why was it a dreadful time in New England? 19. What did the white people do to the Narragansetts? 20. What became of Philip and Canonchet? 21. Who was one of the prisoners? 22. What did the white men do with'him and the other captives? 23. What effect did this defeat have in southern New England? 24. Where did the Indians continue to fight? BLACKBOARD FORM— CHAPTERS IX, X. Bacon's Rebellion, 1676. King Philip's War, 1675- Governor Berkeley would not protect Virginia against Indians. Virginians forced him to give Bacon a com- mission to do it. Bacon defeated the Indians, and marched against Berkeley, who called him a rebel. Berkeley ran away to Accomac, and raised an ■{ army. Virginians took Bacon's part, deposed Berkeley, held a convention and made new laws. Berkeley came back to fight Bacon. Bacon's men burned Jamestown to prevent Berkeley taking possession of it. Bacon died of fever and was buried secretly. L Berkeley hung twenty-two of his followers. f John Eliot and others taught the Indians and I made Christians of many. { Another bloody war. j The whites triumphed. I Philip and Canonchet were slain, and their [ followers sold as slaves. PERIOD I— BLACKBOARD REVIEW. DISCOVERY AND SETTLEMENT— CHAPTERS I-X. f America, by Columbus, 1492. I Pacific Ocean, by Balboa, 15 13. Spanish Discov- I Florida, by Ponce de Leon, 1513. eries. | Mexico, by Hernando Cortez, 15 19. I Magellan's ship goes round the world, 1519-22. t Mississippi, by Ferdinand de Soto, 1542. 54 Primary History of the United States. English D i s c o V eries. by John Cabot, by Sebastian Cabot, ' Newfoundland, or Labrador 1497. Mar3dand and Virginia 1498. Virginia, by Sir Humphrey Gilbert, 1584 Virginia at Jamestown, 1607. New England, 1620. Maryland, 1634. The Carolinas, 1663. [ Pennsylvania, 1681. America named after Amerigo wrote a book about it. French Discoveries. | Canada, by Jacques Cartier. Vespucci, who Settle- ments. Indians. f Dutch Settle- ments. } Swedish I Settle- [ ment. Character of tiers. Self-government. Slavery. Set- New York, 1609. New Jersey. -! Delaware. f Everywhere treacherous and cruel. I Pocahontas saves John Smith's life and the Vir- \ ginia colony. I Massacre of whites in Virginia, 1622, 1644. t Pequots massacred in New England, 1637. f Puritans worshiped God after their own way, and thought everyone else wrong. Were grave, bigoted, and persecuted those who differed with them. Virginians worshiped God after the manner of the Church of England, and did not meddle with other people. Virginia people lived in the country. \ Other colonists lived in town and in the country. f First House of Burgesses elected in Virginia, 1619. I New England governed only by church mem- J bers and preachers. Colonies claimed the right as Englishmen to lay their own taxes and say how the money i must be spent. Bacon rebelled against Berkeley's tyranny in Virginia, 1676. Continual strife between the people and the royal governors. {Introduced by the Dutch, 1619. Practiced in all the colonies. New England sold the Indians as slaves. Primary History of the United States, 55 PERIOD II. CHAPTER XL GROWTH AND PROGRESS OF THE COLONIES. Twelve Colonies Established. — I have now told yon of the beginning of twelve of the American colonies — New Hampshire, Massachusetts, Rhode Island, Connecti- cut, New York, New Jersey, Delaware, Pennsylvania, Maryland, Virginia, North Carolina, and South Carolina. Alike in Some Things, Different in Others. — In manv tilings these colonies were alike, in others different. There were people from the different countries of Europe in each one, but the most of the colonists everywhere were English, who spoke the English language and read the English Bible, and all loved their liberty and thought they had the right to make their own laws and lay their own taxes. Slavery in the Colonies. — You have read of the Dutch bringing African slaves to Jamestown and of the Massa- chusetts people selling the Indians to the West Indies. Slavery was not then objected to anywhere, and negro slaves were found in all the colonies. Occupations in New England. — The cold climate and poor soil of New England forced the white people there to make their livinor in other wavs than bv farmino-, so they took to ship-building, to fishing and trading. They lived together in towns, and this made it easy for them to attend their churches and to have schools for their children. Education in the Colonies. — In Virginia, where, as I have told you, the planters lived apart to raise their crops, it was not possible for the children to attend schools. The oldest sons of the rich planters were sent to England to be taught and trained. The younger children 56 Priinaiy History of the United States. had to get their teaching at home from their parents or tutors. Churches were biiilt where the planters could ride to them in good weather, and some of them are still standing. First and Second Colleges in America. — Before the Pilgrims founded Massachusetts, preparations were made in Virginia to build a college at Henrico, and to establish schools for the white children and for the Indians. The dreadful massacres of which you have read put a stop to these efforts, and the first college in America was founded by John Harvard near Boston in 1636. The second American college was established at Williamsburg, in Virginia, in 1693, and was called William and Mary, after the king and queen, who gave a large sum of money to set it going. The third college was Yale, in Connecti- cut, founded in 1700. Life in the Colonies Between New England and Vir- ginia. — Between New England and Virginia, the people both built towns and lived on farms, while the settlers in the Carolinas lived mostly in the country. Solemn Ways of the Puritans. — The New England colonists kept up the grave manners and sober dress and stern habits of the Puritans. They tried to abolish Christmas, and other church festivals ; gave their chil- dren Bible names — Benjamin, Timothy, Jonathan, Oba- diah, x\bigail, Priscilla, Truth and Patience ; dressed them in ugly, prim-looking clothes, cut their hair off that it might not curl, and allowed them very little in the way of amusement. The Quakers, too, were very solemn, and quiet in their dress and habits, and thought everything should be done by rule. The Southern People More Lively. — In Maryland, Virginia and the Carolinas the life of the people was freer and brighter. The planters lived in large houses, with the cabins of their slaves around them, and showed great hospitality to strangers, and to each other. The poorer whites welcomed any who came to their humbler dwell- ings, and shared with them whatever they had. All Primary History of tJie United States. 57 classes were fond of amusements, and balls, horse-races and other sports were encouraged. James II. Driven from the Throne. — Charles IT. died in 1685, and his brother James II. proved to be such a bad king that tlie English people drove him from the throne in three years, and put William and Mary there in his stead. Harm James II. Did to the Colonies. — During his short reign James did all the harm he could to the Amer- ican colonies. He sent Andros to govern the country from Maine to Delaware. Andros was a great tyrant. He took the charter from Rhode Island, and was about to take away that of Connecticut. Story of the Charter Oak. — Night came before the matter w^as settled. Suddenly some one blew out the candles, and when they were lighted again the charter was gone. Captain Wadsworth had stolen it in the dark- ness, and hid it in a hollow oak tree, from which it was brought in safety when William and ]\Iary came to the throne. James's Treatment of the Other Colonies. — James was friendly to New York and Pennsylvania, but was as unkind to Maryland and Virginia as he was to New England. He tried to get entire possession of Mary- land and illtreated Virginia. When the Assembly insisted on protecting the liberties of the people, the king ordered it to be dissolved, and put Robert Beverley in prison be- cause he led the opposition against oppression. He also sent to Virginia and sold into slavery for ten years numbers of Englishmen who had opposed him in England. When he was deposed the English people everywhere had cause to be thankful. QUESTIONS. 1. What twelve colonies have you read of? 2. How were these colonies all alike? 3. What were the occupations of the New England people? 4. Why could not the children in Virginia go to school like those in New England? 5. How were they educated? 58 Primary Histojy of the United States. 6. Tell of the first, second and third colleges in America. 7. Where did the people in Virginia live? 8. In New England? 9. In the other colonies? 10. Tell of the solemn ways of the Puritans. 11. How were the Southern people different in character? 12 How long did the English people let James II. reign? 13. How did he treat the colonies? 14. Tell the story of the Charter Oak. 15. To which colonies was he friendly? Colonies alike. Different. Colleges. BLACKBOARD FORM— CHAPTER XI. f Were settled in the fear of God. J All used the English language. I Held slaves. [ Thought it their right to govern themselves. f New England people lived in towns. Had public schools. I Were grave and intolerant. \ Southern people lived in the country. Children were taught at home. Were social and gay. Middle colonies lived both in town and country. Harvard in Massachusetts, 1636. William and Mary in Virginia, 1693. Yale in Connecticut, 1700. Primary History of the United States. 59 CHAPTER XII. DISCOVERIES OF THE FRENCH IN THE NORTH AND WEST. Champlain Founds Quebec, 1608. — I told you in the first chapter that the French laid claim to Canada. A year after the English came to Jamestown, Champlain founded the city of Quebec. Why Champlain had to go West Instead of South. — He proved to be a great explorer. His first expedition was with the Huron Indians against the Iroquois in New York. In this journey he discovered the lake which bears his name. His firearms gained the victory over the Iroquois, who never forgave the French for coming against them. Their enmity made it unsafe for Champlain to explore their country, so he turned his steps westward among tribes which were friendly. Early French Explorations. — Before the Pilgrims came to Plymouth Rock, Champlain and the Jesuit priests, and some French traders had visited the Great Lakes, and estab- lished mission stations and trading posts among the Indians. Desire to Find the Mississippi River. — The accounts which the missionaries gave of the great West made the governors of Canada eager to take possession of it for France. No white man had ever seen the Mississippi River since De Soto was buried beneath its waters. Discovered by Marquette and Joliet. — Marquette and Joliet set out in their canoes to discover it. They floated down the Wisconsin River into the Mississippi — " Meche Sepe " they called it, — and down as far as Arkansas. Then they grew weary and came back to Canada. La Salle's Expeditions. — Hearing of the fine country which Joliet had seen, the Chevalier La Salle went to France and got help from the king to explore the whole length of the Mississippi. Father Hennepin was sent to 6o Pf^tmary History of the U^iited States. explore the northern part of the river, while La Salle under- took to find its outlet. Reaches the Mouth of the River. — After many delays and disappointments La Salle, in 1682, reached the mouth of the great river, to which he gave the name of " St. Louis," and called the whole country through which it flowed "Louisiana." Near the mouth of the river La Salle planted a cross with the arms of France and took posses- sion of all the country through which it flowed for the French King. Brings Out a French Colony to the Wrong Place. — La Salle then went back to France, and got ships, with sol- diers and settlers to establish a colony. Unfortunately they took a wrong course in the Gulf of Mexico, and landed four hundred miles from the Mississippi on the coast of Texas. Here the colonists underwent great hardships, and La Salle started to bring aid to them from Canada. On the way he was murdered by some of his followers, and it was left to others to possess the vast territory he had discovered. Louisiana Settled. — In 1699, D'Iberville made the first settlement in Louisiana at Biloxi, and France maintained her claim to the whole Mississippi Valley. What the Names of Places Will Tell You. — If you look on the map, you can tell where the French priests and traders made their way, by the names of the different places. St. Louis, St. Mary, St. Francis, and names of. other saints show where the missionaries went. Eaii Claire^ Prairie du Chien^ and similar titles also point to the early French explorers. QUESTIONS. 1. When and by whom was Onebec founded? 2. Why did he go west instead of south? 3. How far did he and the priests push their explorations? 4. Who discovered the northern part of the Mississippi River? 5. Who went down to its mouth? 6. To what place did he bring his colony from France? 7. What became of him? 8. When and by whom was Ivouisiana settled? 9. Who claimed the whole of the Mississippi Valley? 10, What will the names of places there tell you? Primary History of the United States. 6i BIvACKBOARD FORM— CHAPTER XII. f Quebec founded by Champlain, 1608. Great Lakes visited by Champlain. I Mississippi River partly explored by Marquette French Discoveries I , ami Joliet 1673. and Settlements. Y c f """l 1 '"'''" "" '^' month 1682. I La fealle takes possession of the country for France, 1682. I Lands his colony in Texas by mistake, 1684. [ Louisiana settled by D' Iberville, 1699. 62 Primary History of the United States. CHAPTER XIII. SAVAGE INDIAN WARFARE. Differences in the English and French Colonies. — In 1688, when William and Mary began to reign, there were 200,000 white people in the American colonies, and about 12,000 in New France. But the English held only the narrow territory between the Atlantic and the mountains, while France claimed the whole country west of the mountains, and had established missions and trading posts in various places. All the Indians except the Iro- quois, were friendly to the French. Cruel Indian Warfare. — War soon broke out between France and England, and the French in America stirred up the Indians to attack the English colonies. Horrible cruelties were practiced during this war and one which followed it in Queen Anne's time. Massacres and Burnings in New England. — The In- dians would steal over the snow on their snowshoes, and set fire to the towns and villages at night when all the people were asleep, and then butcher those who tried to escape from the flames. Sixty people were massacred in this way one night at the village of Schenectady. More than one hundred were slain at Durham. Sometimes a large part of all those living in a town would be put to death. Both French and Americans Pay for Scalps. — The governor of Canada paid for English scalps, and at last the colonists had to offer ten pounds for every Indian scalp. Story of Mrs. Dustin. — These fightings and cruelties kept up for seventy years, and the Southern colonies suf- fered from them too. At different times the white people showed great heroism. Nine Indians near Boston carried off Mrs. Dustin with her baby, her nurse, and a boy of Primary History of the United States. 63 thirteen. The poor babe was killed, and the others made to suffer in many ways. The boy heard the Indians say that they would put the prisoners to torture and told Mrs. Dustin. In the night, while their captors were asleep, Mrs. Dustin and the other white stole the tomahawks and killed and scalped all the Indians but two who got away. There is a marble monument at Boscowen in New Hamp- shire to show where this bold deed took place. Indian Fighting in the Carolinas. — In North and South Carolina the colonists suffered greatly, but were at last able to put the red men down. In North Carolina the Indians robbed, tortured and killed numbers of whites, but were, in the end, so badly defeated and cowed that they left the colony and went North to join the Five Nations of the Iroquois in New York. Expedition Against Canada. — The New England people sent soldiers against the French in Canada, and a fleet which captured Nova Scotia ; and when peace was made. Nova Scotia and Newfoundland were left to the English. Spotswood's Good Government in Virginia. — Alex- ander Spotswood, appointed by Queen Anne, was the best gover- nor Virginia had ever had. He pro- tected the liberties of the people, and put down the pirates, in the Chesapeake, and killed their leader Blackbeard. He opened iron mines, set up iron furiikces and foundries, and manufactured shovels, hoes, plows, pots, and irons, - and such things, cheaper and better than they could be brought from England. First Expedition West of the Mountains. — Spotswood also got together a company of gentlemen and soldiers, and with some Indian guides crossed the Blue Ridge Mountains in 1716, and was the first white man to behold and examine the great Valley of Virginia which lies west of them. ALEXANDER SPOTSWOOD. 64 Primary Histoiy of' the United States, Settlement of the Valley of Virginia. — The Indians did not live in this valley, but came there in bands to hunt. It was a wild region with great forests and spark- ling streams. The whites, at first, shrank from settling in its lonely regions, but, sixteen years after Spotswood first looked down upon it. Joist Hite brought several families of Germans from Pennsylvania to the neighborhood of Winchester. BLOCK HOUSE AND INDIAN ATTACK. Scotch-Irish Settlers. — Scotch-Irish settlers in numbers followed, and other Germans. Some of them came through Pennsylvania, and some landed at Norfolk and Williams- burg. The Scotch-Irish were a sturdy, thrifty race. They spread themselves through the valley, and took up its fine lands. Their Building of Forts and Churches. — They built block-houses of logs for defence against the Indians, and then cabins for their families, and stone churches. For Primary History of the United States. 65 some of these churches which are still standing, the women carried sand in their aprons to make the mortar, while the men built the walls. QUESTIONS. I In 1688, how many white people were there in the English colo- 2. How many in New France? 3. Which held the greater amount of territory? 4. Who did the French stir up to fight against the English? 5. Tell something of their horrible cruelties, 6. How long did this Indian fighting keep up? 7. Tell the story of Mrs. Dustin. 8. What was the result of Indian fighting in North Carolina? 9. What countries did New England gain for the English? 10. Who was the best governor Virginia had ever had? 11. Tell of some of the good things he did? 12. When did he cross the Blue Ridge? 13. When and where was the first white settlement in the Valley of Virginia? 14. Tell of the Scotch-Irish settlers. 15. Tell how they built forts and churches. BLACKBOARD FORM-CHAPTER XIII. Indian Wars. \ J" New England-stirred up by Fr. I In North and South Carolina. New England captures Nova Scotia. Spotswood crosses the mountains, 17 16. English Settle- ( Germans in the Valley of Virginia, 1732. ments west of the \ Scotch-Irish settle in Pennsylvania and Vir mountains. I ainia. 66 Primary History of the United States. CHAPTER XIV. SETTLEMENT OF GEORGIA. Oglethorpe in Georgia. — The latest colony, Georgia, was settled by General Oglethorpe in 1733, about the same time that white people moved into the Valley of Virginia. Why He Came. — Oglethorpe was a kind, good man, and he got a grant of land from King George U. and money from Parliament, to make a home for poor Englishmen who were then put in jail when they could not pay their debts. He brought out the first settlers himself, and laid off the city of Savannah. Oglethorpe's Prudent Rule. — Oglethorpe was wise and prudent. He made friends with the Indians, and in- creased his colony by inviting all oppressed and persecuted people to find a home there. Coming of Desirable Settlers. — Before long, there came over thrifty Germans, industrious Italians and sturdy Scotchmen, who were all better colonists than the broken- down English people, and the colony of Georgia became very prosperous. On St. Simon's Island a fortified town called Frederica was built, but this city has disappeared. The Wesleys and \Vhitefield. — Some bands of immi- grants brought their ministers with them, and all Protestants were made welcome. Three famous English preachers, John and Charles Wesley, and George Whitefield, came and spent several years in Georgia, and White- field set up in Savannah the first English orphan asylum. Slavery in Georgia. — Oglethorpe JOHN WESLEY. i-j-i^^ tQ l^^gp i-^^o evil things,' rum and slavery, out of Georgia, but he did not succeed. Negro Primary History of the United States. 67 slaves could stand tlie hot sun better than the white men, and as they were profitable in the Carolinas, the planters in Georgia would have them too. War With Spain and France. — It was a good thing that Oglethorpe had made friends with the Indians. You remember that the Spaniards owned the West Indies, and had set- tled Florida. There was now war between England and Spain, and whitefield. Oglethorpe was ordered to attack Florida. He could not do this, but Georgia was threatened with destruction by a large Spanish fleet. Soldiers Sent to South America. — The other colonies were obliged to send 4,000 soldiers to fight in this war against the Spaniards in South America, only 400 of whom lived to return home. W^ar W^ith France. New England Ships Capture Louisburg. — Besides the war with Spain, there w^as also war with France. The French in Canada and on the coast were close to New England, and there was a great deal of fighting between them. A New England fleet commanded by William Pepperell, a merchant of Maine, captured the strong fortress of Louisburg on Cape Breton Island, but it was given back to France. Improvements in the Colonies. — x\t the time of which we are reading, the colonies had improved greatly in many ways. Boston was the principal town, and the New England shipbuilders had become so skilful that they even built warships for the king's navy. In fifty years the population had more than doubled. Mails and Newspapers. — Regular mails had been es- tablished, and it was thought a fine improvement when letters could go in ten days from Williamsburg to Phila- delphia. The first newspaper in America was printed in Boston, in 1704. Now there were others in New Eng- land, New York, Philadelphia, Maryland, Virginia and 68 Primary History of the United States. South Carolina. But these papers were not carried in the mails. QUESTIONS. 1. When and by whom was Georgia settled? 2. Why did Oglethorpe do this? 3. How did he increase the colonists? 4. What desirable settlers came over? 5. What famous English preachers came to Georgia? 6. Why was slavery introduced into Georgia? 7. With what countries did England now go to war? 8. How many soldiers did the colonies send to South America? 9. What strong French fortress did New England ships capture? 10. What was the principal town in the colonies at this time? 11. Tell of the mails and newspapers. BLACKBOARD FORM— CHAPTER XIV. f Oglethorpe settled Georgia, 1733. [ Brought thrifty settlers. ^ . J Makes friends with the Indians. '^^°^S^^* j Fought the Spaniards. j Other colonies sent 4000 soldiers to fight the [ Spaniards. New England built fine ships. T 4. I Mails established. Improvements. j Newspapers, first in Boston, 1704. " 1^ Then in all the colonies. Primary Hisfory of the United States. 69 CHAPTER XV. ABOUT SOME FAMOUS BOYS. I must now tell you of some boys who were growing to be men at this time, and who had a great deal to do with the making of the United States. George Washington. — The most famous of these was George Washington, who was born on the Potomac River in Virginia, in 1732. George's father died and left the lit- tle boy for liis mother and brother to bring up. His Education. — He got his education at a neighbor- hood school and at -^ <- '_ home, where he also learned to ride and to shoot, to fence and to dance. He was a good, dutiful son, and though he had set his heart on being a sailor he gave it up because it grieved his mother so much. A Young Surveyor. - well, for, when he was only seventeen years old. Lord Fair- fax, a friend of his brother, made him surveyor of vast tracts of land in the Valley of Virginia which the king had given to him. It was a wild country covered with forests. There were few settlers, and bands of Indians roved through it in the hunting season. His Hard Life a Useful Training. — Young Washington led a rude, hard life examining the country and laying it off. He slept in the settler's cabins, or under the trees, and fed on coarse and scanty food. But this was the very training he needed. His maps and plats are so accurate ^^4;lv^ WASHING ION S Slk\lMNG OUARTPRSAT SOI^DIP R's rest -He must have studied his lessons 70 Primary History of the United States. that not one of them has ever been found wrong, and he learned to observe the country closely, and to know the habits and ways of the backwoodsmen, and of the Indians. GRKENWAY COURT, THE) HOME OF LORD FAIRFAX, CI.ARKE COUNTY, VA. Benjamin Franklin. — I have not room to tell you of other youths from Virginia, South Carolina, and other colonies whose names you will read again and again, but I must say something of a Massachusetts boy, Benjamin Franklin. Franklin was a good deal older than Washing- ton, but was associated with him in many important affairs. Franklin's Education. — Franklin's father was a candle- maker in Boston, and took the boy from school at ten years old to fill the candle- moulds. Little Benjamin was so fond of books and of learning that nothing could keep him from it. At twelve years of age he was put to learn printing under his brother. Runs Away From Home. — He be- came a fine printer, and studied all the BENJAMIN FRANKLIN, books that camc in his way. But his brother was not kind to him, and so Benjamin ran away to Philadelphia, where he got work, and became a useful, prominent man. Primary History of the United States. 7 1 His Scientific Discoveries. — Franklin lived to an old age, and was distinguished in many ways. He was the first man to find out that the lightning was caused by electricity, and he invented lightning-rods to protect houses. ^ He also made Franklin stoves, which made it much easier to w^arm the houses. QUESTIONS. 1. When and where was George Washington born? 2. How was he educated? 3. At what age did he become a surveyor? 4. What good did his training do him? 5. When and where was Benjamin Franklin born? 6. How was he educated? 7. At what age did he begin to learn printing? 8. What did he become as he grew older? 9. What famous discovery did he make? 10. What did he invent? BI.ACKBOARD FORM— CHAPTER XV. ^ -ITT I,- ( Born in Virginia, 1732. George Washing- j^^i^^^ted at home. "• (. Surveyor at seventeen. . . n \r { Born in Boston, 1706. benjamin ii^rank- 1 ^earned printing when twelve years old. ^^"- ( Famous as a statesman and philosopher. 72 Primary History of the United States. CHAPTER XVI. COLONIAI. WAR. The Colonies Make War Against the French. — The wars of which you have read, except when the whites had defended themselves against the Indians, had begun in Europe and had been taken up by the colonies. But in 1750 a war against the French was begun by the colonists themselves. France Claims all the Mississippi Valley. — In the seventh chapter, I have told you how the French in Can- ada took possession of the West and Northwest, how they had explored the Great Lakes, and the Mississippi River, how they had planted a settlement near its mouth, and had claimed the whole valley through which it flowed for France. Builds Forts in Many Places. — To make this claim good they had built forts and trading-posts at several places between the Lakes and the Gulf of Mexico, and had some flourishing settlements in what is now Illinois. They had built a fort at the mouth of the Niagara River, another at Crown Point on Lake Champlain, in New York ; and were now pushing down to take possession of the Ohio River and the large region through which it flows. The Colonies Owned the Northwest. — All the coun- try from the Atlantic to the Pacific had been granted by the English king to the first settlers in Virginia and New England. In 1744 the Six Nations made a deed to the Virginia Colony granting to it all the lands the king of England had given to it. They Resist the French Claim. — Although the colo- nists had not yet made settlements west of the Alleghany Mountains, they had learned from Indian traders and hunt- ers what a fine country it was, and they were not willing that the French should take it for their own. Primary History of the United States. 73 The Indians Wanted No White Owners. — Pennsylva- nia sent Benjamin Franklin to talk with the Indians along the head-waters of the Ohio River, who said they did not wish any white people to take possession of the country, and sent to tell the French so. England Helps the Colonies. — The governor of Can- ada did not mind this, but went on building forts down towards the Ohio. When the English government knew how the French w^ere trying to take the Ohio country for their own, they told the king of France that he must stop it, and sent the Virginia colony cannon and powder and told them to defend their territory against the French. QUESTIONS. 1. Why did the colonies make w-ar against the French in 1750? 2. Why did France claim the Mississippi Valley? 3. Where did the French build forts? 4. What claim did the colonies have to the Northwest? 5. What claim did Virginia have to it? 6. Why were they unwilling that the French should take it? 7. What did the Indians think about it? 8. What did the English government do about it? 74 Primary History of the United States. CHAPTER XVII. THE COLONIES PREPARE FOR DEFENCE. Ohio Company. — The English Parliament gave im- mense tracts of land on the Ohio to a company of Virgin- ians who were to settle the conntry and trade with the Indians. Colonial Soldiers not Afraid. — The colonists had learned the ways of both the French and the Indians, and were not afraid of the red men, as they had been at one time. They knew how to make secret and sndden marches, to track their foes, and to be ever on the watch, and to bear defeat and torture, as well as the savages themselves. Notice Sent the French. — Before beginning to fight. Governor Dinwiddie thought it best to send a notice to the French commander on the Ohio that the region be- longed to Virginia, and if he went on building forts there the Virginians would make war on him. Washington's Embassy.' — George Washington was chosen to carry this bold message. He was just twenty- one years old when he set out with only one or two companions on his long and dangerous journey across mountains and rivers where there were no roads and few white men, and through Indian settlements to find the French commander. Two Long Journeys. — It took Washington a month to reach the Chevalier de Saint Pierre at a post fifteen miles south of Lake Erie, and six weeks to make his way back to Williamsburg over the snow-covered mountains and frozen streams. Washington's Advice. — He brought no satisfactory news, but was sure that the French intended to occupy the country on the Monongahela river, and he advised Governor Dinwiddie to build a fort at the junction of the Primary History of the United States, 75 two rivers which form the Ohio, at the point where Pitts- burg now stands. The French Seize the Ohio Fort. — This fort was half done, but, before the small army of Virginians sent under Washington's command to defend it got there, the French came and drove the colonists off and then finished the fort, which they called Fort Duquesne. ^Vashington Obliged to Surrender Fort Necessity. — Washington's small army made a fortification, which he called Fort Necessity, to protect themselves against the much larger number of French soldiers, and fought them bravely for a whole day. They could not keep that up, however, and surrendered, under the promise that they should go home safely and not be troubled by the Indians. This promise the French did not keep, and they suffered much from the savages on their retreat. QUESTIONS. 1. Why did Parliament give land to the Ohio Company? 2. Why were not the colonial soldiers afraid of the French and Indians? 3. What notice did Governor Dinwiddie send to the French com- mander? 4. Who carried the message? 5. How long did it take him? 6. What did Washington advise Governor Dinwiddie to do? 7. What did the French do to the Virginia fort? 8. What did they call it? 9. Where was Fort Duquesne? 10. What happened to Washington's small army at Fort Necessity? BLACKBOARD FORM— CHAPTERS XVI, XVII. f War against the French, 1750. France built forts all through the Mississippi Valley. Colonies- resisted this. Colonial War. \ England helped them. Washington sent to tell the French that the Northwest belonged to Virginia, 1753. French seized and garrisoned Fort Duquesne, _ Washington defeated at Great Meadows, 1754. 76 Prtmary History of the United States. CHAPTER XVIII. PROGRESS OF COLONIAL WAR. Aid Sent to America. — France and England now sent out men and arms to help on the war in the colonies. The English general, Braddock, came to take command in Vir- ginia, bringing a fine body of British regulars. Three other armies were to move in different directions against the French. Braddock's March Against Fort Duquesne. — Braddock set out from Alexandria in Virginia, in April, 1755, with his own troops and a number of Virginia soldiers, and Colonel Washington as his aide. He could not understand that he had to march through a wild, rough country, and began his journey in a fine coach, although there were no roads. He despised the provincial troops, and could not believe that there was any great danger from the Indians. Time Lost on the Way. — The English dawdled for more than two months along the road to Fort Duquesne, and the French had ample time to get a large force of whites and Indians to meet them. Surprised by Indians. — As Braddock's force was march- ing gayly along with their flags flying and their bayonets glistening in the sun, on a bright July morning, it was suddenly attacked by bullets and musket shot, although no enemy could be seen. This was what Colonel Washington had warned General Braddock to guard against. British Troops Did Not Know What to Do. — The British officers and men did not know how to resist what they could not see. The provincials, who knew all about Indian ambushes, at once hid themselves in the same way behind the trees and rocks along the road, and fired from shelter as their foes were doing. Retreat of Braddock's Army. — The British troops were so terrified by the war-whoops of the Indians and the Primary History of tJie United States. 77 continual attack from unseen foes, that they retreated in great panic, leaving their cannon and their baggage as they ran. In vain the officers tried to stop the headlong flight. A Disastrous Battle. — Alore than seven hundred were slain, among them General Braddock and three-fourths of the officers. Colonel Washington had two horses killed under him. He helped to carry General Braddock from the field, and buried him at Great Meadows. Sir William Johnson's Success in New York. — This defeat discouraged the colonies so much that the expedi- tion against Fort Niagara was given up. Sir William Johnson, however, defeated the French and Indians near Lake George, and built Fort William Henry to defend the Hudson River against the French. Exile of the Acadians. — The fourth movement against the French, upon the Acadians in Nova Scotia, was en- tirely successful. The Acadians refused to become subjects of the English king, and seyen thousand of them were taken away from their homes and carried by the English ships to different parts of the colonies. A number of their descendants are now living in the western part of Louisiana. War Fiercer Than Ever. — x\ great war now broke out in Europe which raged for seven years, and France and England fought in America harder than before. Montcalm Captures Forts in New York. — The French general, Montcalm, made friends with the Indians, and, at first, defeated the English in New York, and captured several of their important forts, and got control of Lake Ontario, Lake Cham- plain and Lake George. W^illiam Pitt Secures Victory to Eng- land. — After this, a great statesman, William Pitt, took the head of affairs in England, and managed so well that the English soldiers and English ships once more became vic- torious in Europe. MONTCALM. 78 Primary History of the United States. Abercrombie's Defeat. — General Abercrombie was given a fine army of 15,000 men to attack Montcalm's forces, and drive them from New York ; but instead of capturing Fort Ticonderoga, which Montcalm had built on Lake Cham- plain, the British force met with a great defeat. This was the last battle the French won. QUESTIONS. 1. What aid came from Europe to carry on this war? 2. Who came to command in Virginia? 3. Tell of his march against Fort Duquesne. 4. What happened to him on a bright July morning? 5. What did the Provincial troops do? 6. What did the British regulars do? 7. How many were killed? 8. Tell of Braddock's defeat? 9. What success did Sir William Johnson have in New York? 10 Why were the Acadians exiled from Nova Scotia? 11. Where are their descendants now living? 12. How long did a great war now rage in Europe? 13. What success did the French General Montcalm now have in New York? 14. What great statesman took the head of affairs in England? 15. What was the last victory of the French in America? Primary History of the United States. 79 CHAPTER XIX. BRITISH SUCCESSES. Capture of Louisburg, and Fort Duquesne and the New York Forts. — The British then captured IvOuis- burg, and one colonial force seized Fort Frontenac, and another under Colonel Washington took Fort Duquesne and changed its name to Fort Pitt. The next year the British also captured the forts of Niagara, Crown Point and Ticonderoga. Siege of Quebec, 1759. — General Wolfe, who had taken Louisburg, now laid siege to Quebec, the strongest fortress the French had. It stood on a small plain at the top of steep cliffs 300 feet high, and was defended by 7000 soldiers. After trying for months, Wolfe, at last, found a path up the cliffs, so steep that it seemed almost impossible to climb. The English Climb the Heights of Abraham. — The English were rowed to the foot of this path in the darkness of the night. A French sentinel hailed them as they passed him, but as they answered him in French, he thought they were his countrymen, and told them to go on. The sturdy English then clambered up the steep narrow path and by morning 4000 of them had gained the top and had hauled up two small cannon with them. Surprise and Defeat of the French Garrison. — The French garrison w^as ut- terly surprised to find its enemies in its rear, and tried to drive them off. The fighting on both sides was desperate, and many were killed. Generals Wolfe and Montcalm each received a mortal wound. Deaths of Wolfe and Montcalm. — As Wolfe lay dying, he heard the shout, " They fly, they fly ! " '' Who fly ? '^ 8o Primary History of the United States. said the hero. "The French," was the reply. "Then I die happy," whispered he as he breathed his last. Mont- calm also was glad to die before he saw Quebec surren- dered. Canada Surrendered to the English. — The city was given up at once, and within a few months the whole of Canada passed into possession of the English, and New France came to an end. Monument at Quebec. — You may be sure that the col- onies rejoiced greatly over the defeat of the French. If you ever go to Quebec, you will see on the Heights of Abraham a tall marble monument to the memory of both General Wolfe and Marquis de Montcalm. England Gains Great Possessions. — Three years after this, peace was made in Europe, and all the lands claimed by France east of the Mississippi river, were given to England. What the Colonies had Lost, and What they had Learned. — The colonies lost 30,000 men and $11,000,000 during the Colonial war, but their people learned to de- pend upon themselves instead of England, and had gained valuable experience, and important ideas of self-govern- ment. Their officers and soldiers had also learned some- thing of the discipline and tactics of the British army, and had found that they could march and fight as well as the regulars did, — sometimes better. Indian Wars in the South. — While the Northern col- onies had been thus fighting with France a cruel Indian war had raged in the South. Governor Lyttleton attacked the Cherokees west of the Carolinas who had always been friendly to the whites. Lyttleton's fierce attack roused all the cruelty of the savages, and there were bloody contests, murders and burnings on both sides before the Indians were subdued. Pontiac's ^A^a^. — The Indians in the Nortliwest liked the French and hated the English, and formed a conspiracy to destroy them so that they should not keep their hold on Canada and the French forts. Poutiac, the gigantic chief Primary History of the United States. 8i of the Ottawas, headed the uprising, and the war which fol- lowed was called " Pontiac's War," which lasted for two years. Success of the Indians. — The Indians captnred most of the western forts, and tortnred and slew the English garri- sons. They also ravaged along the frontier, especially in Pennsylvania, killing the settlers with horrible crnelties. Bouquet Defeats the Indians at Bushy Run. — At last, in 1764, Colonel Henry Bouquet collected a strong force and defeated a large body of Indian warriors at Bushy Run, and Pontiac's War soon came to an end. This put a stop to Indian outrages for ten years, and the white people be- gan to move into the country west of the Alleghany Moun- tains. QUESTIONS. 1. Where was the Fortress of Louisburg? 2. Frontenac? 3. Who captured Louisburg? 4. Frontenac? 5. Fort Duquesne? 6. Who now laid siege to Quebec? 7. How did he reach the fortress? 8. Who defended it? 9. Tell of the deaths of W^olfe and Montcalm. 10. What was the result of the taking of Quebec? 11. What monument may you see on the Heights of Abraham? 12. What did England gain when peace was made? 13. What had the colonists lost during this war? 14. What had they learned? 15. What bloody war had been fought in the meantime in the South? 16. What did the Indians in the Northwest try to do to the English? 17. Why was the war called Pontiac's War? 18. How did the Indians carry it on? 19. When and where were they at last defeated? BLACKBOARD FORM— CHAPTERS XVIII, XIX. f Fort Duquesne taken, 1754. Washington defeated at Great Meadows, 1754. p , . , ^ I Braddock defeated and killed near Fort Du- -p?pnpIfc;nrpJ qUCSUC, I755. rrencn successes. Montcalm captured forts in New York, 1757, I 1758. 1^ Abercrombie defeated at Ticonderoga, 1758. 82 Prhnary History of the United States. Colonial successes. Sir William Johnson victorious near Lake George, 1755. Nova Scotia taken and rebellious Acadians exiled, 1755- Ivouisburg captured, 1758. Forts Niagara and Ticonderoga taken, 1759. Quebec taken by Wolfe, 1759. f England gained Canada and the Mississippi Results of Colonial J Valley. War. j The colonists learned discipline and self-govern- [ ment. {Cherokees defeated in South Carolina. Pontiac's War, 1763. Bouquet defeated the Indians at Bushy Run, 1764. Primary Hisiory of the United States. 83 CHAPTER XX. CONDITION OF THE COLONIES. Progress in the Next Eleven Years. — For eleven years after Pontiac's War, there was no more fighting in the colonies, which continued to grow and prosper. Education was encouraged so much that six new colleges and a num- ber of schools had been started. There were a good many living room in a colonial home about the middle of the i8th century. newspapers, and there were regular mails, though some went only once a week, and others once a month. Luxury of the Rich. — Those who were rich built fine houses, and had elegant furniture and clothing brought from Europe. At the North, these grand mansions were in or near the towns. At the South they stood in the midst of broad plantations, with tlie houses of the numerous slaves near by in the " quarters," as they were called. Usefulness of the Slaves. — These slaves were trained to be carpenters, blacksmiths, wagon-makers, tailors and shoe-makers, and taught to spin and weave and do many Primary History of the United States. good other things, so that besides working in the fields they could make everything used on the great estates except the __ finery and luxuries at ^¥:^l^^:rTt^^ the -great house." Comfort Among the Middle Classes.-There was much difference be- tween the classes of society everywhere. But the middle classes lived in comfort in L houses of stone or lo[ ^^^ i" ^LJf-s- where they had home- ^_ " made furniture and often ANTIQUE BEDSTEAD. WOOdCU plates and dishes. There was plenty to eat, and the strang-er was alwavs wel- come. ^^-^j"^^^ Daniel Boone in Kentucky. — In 1769, ^-^^ Daniel Boone with a half dozen other men went from North Carolina to hunt and antique stand. explore what is now Kentucky. No Indians lived in Kentucky, but bands of them went there to hunt. They did not want any white men there, and soon killed all of Boone's party except himself and his brother. His Lonely Stay There. — In the spring Daniel sent his brother back to get more men and some powder and shot from North Caro- lina, while he re- mained for months all by himself in the wilderness. Settlement of Boonesborough. — After two years, Daniel Boone returned to his home, and took his own family and several others to Kentucky and settled at Boonesborough. ^^S DANIEL BOONE. ANTIQUE SOFA. Primary History of tJic United States. 85 Dangers from Indians. — I do not think you would like to have been with them, they were in so much danger from Indians. Once a party of red m e n captured Boone's little daughter and carried her ofif, and her father had to collect a band of men and fight before he could rescue his child. Beginning of ^- Tennessee, 1769. — In the same year that Boone went to Kentucky from North Carolina across the mountains to Watauga in Tennessee. North Carolinians Seeking oppressed by English governor in Carolina, and they went where they and their children could be free. Their leaders gj were two Virginians, James Robertson and ANTIQUE CHAIR. Jauics Scvlcr, who formed a government for the settlement, with a written constitution ; and set up courts of justice. QUESTIONS. 1. Tell of the growth and progress of the colonies during the next eleven years. 2. How did the rich people everywhere live? 3. Where were the fine houses in the North? OLD COLONIAL MANTEL, FROM THE HOME OF DANIEL MORGAN. a large number of people moved Liberty. — They the /I. were ANTIQUE TABLE. 86 Primary History of the United States. 4. At the South ? 5. What were the vSoutherii slaves trained to do? 6. How did the middle classes live? 7. When did Daniel Boone go to Kentucky? 8. Tell of his lonely stay there. 9. When and where was the first settlement in Kentucky? 10. Why would you not have liked to live there? 11. What happened to Boone's little daughter? 12. When and where was the first settlement in Tennessee? 13. Why did North Carolinians go there? 14. Who were their leaders? Primary History of the United States. 87 CHAPTER XXL HOW GREAT BRITAIN OPPRESSED THE COLONIES. You remember that the English had fought the French more than once, and had taken all their land in America from them, and also that the English government had been very harsh to the colonies. The wars had cost a great deal of money, and England now determined to make the colo- nies pay it. Oppressive Laws and Unlawful Taxes. — The new king, George III., therefore, made many unjust aud oppres- sive laws. The colonies were to trade only with England, and were to pay a tax on all luxuries and many needful things. Wine, tea, silks, laces, broadcloth, plate, sugar and molasses and other things had a high duty laid on them, and England said she would keep an army in the colonies, and pay for it out of these duties. Virginia and Massachusetts Insisted on Their Rights. — Virginia and Massachusetts had, from the first, iusisted on their right to lay their own taxes, and to say how their money should be spent. The other colonies had followed their example, and now all were determined to oppose these unlawful taxes. Non-Importation Agreements. — The people signed agreements that they would not buy or use any of the things which England had taxed, and Virginia and South Carolina declared that no more African slaves should be brought into the colonies. The Stamp Act. — When the Americans stopped buying the taxed goods Parliament took the duties off most of them and passed a Stamp Act. All business papers in the colonies were to have an English stamp on them, or be of no account, and the people had to pay for the stamps. Virginia, North Carolina and the Other Colonies Oppose the Stamp Act. — The first open resistance to the 88 Prim my History of the United States. Stamp Act was in Virginia, where Patrick Henry made a famous speech against it, and the Assembly passed resolu- tions condemning it. In North Carolina the militia assem- bled in arms, and prevented any stamps being sent on shore from the king's ships. Britain had no right to tax them unless they were allowed to send members to represent them in Parliament, and all resisted the Stamp Act. Repeal of Stamp Act Does Not End the Strife. — Finding that the act was so odious England repealed it. But the strife in America did not cease. In Boston citi- zens had a fight with some British soldiers, and in North Carolina 3000 " Regulators," who refused to pay the unjust taxes, were only put down by Governor Tryon after a bloody contest on Alamance Creek. Duty on Tea. — Then England sent a number of ships to America laden with tea on which a duty was to be paid. Tea had become a fashionable drink and was much liked, and the Americans used a good quantity of it. But when they found that England wished to get money out of them they refused to buy any more tea. Destruction of Tea. — Some of the ships were sent back with all their tea aboard. The cargoes of others were put into damp cellars, where they spoiled. At Annapolis a shipload was burned in broad daylight, and in Boston a number of men disguised as Indians boarded two tea ships at night and threw the tea into the water. Port of Boston Closed. Committees of Correspond- ence. — The English government was very angry at this, and ordered that no more ships should go to Boston. This and other unjust acts roused the Americans greatly. Com- mittees were formed in the different colonies to cori'espond and consider how they could best preserve their liberties, and conventions were held to discuss and determine what the several colonies should do. A Congress of the Colonies Called. — One of these con- ventions held in Virginia, in 1774, elected delegates to a General Congress of the colonies which was to determine what they must do to secure their rights from England. Primary History of the I ^nitcd States. 89 QUESTIONS. 1. What oppressive laws and unjust taxes did George III. lay on the colonies? 2. Did the colonies think he had a right to tax them? 3. What were the non- importation agreements? 4. What was the Stamp Act? 5. Did the colonies submit to the Stamp Act? 6. Where was the first resistance to it? 7. Where did the militia prevent the stamps being sent on shore? 8. Did the repeal of the Stamp Act end the strife? 9. Whereabouts in the North was the fighting about the taxes? 10. In the South? 11. What did the Americans do when the taxed tea was sent over? 12. How was the tea destroyed? 13. Where was it burned in the daytime? 14. Where thrown overboard at night? 15. How did the English government punish Boston? 16. How did the colonies resent this? 17. To what did the Virginia Convention of 1774 elect delegates? BLACKBOARD FORM— CHAPTERS XX, XXI. f Growth and progress ever3'where. Condition of Colo- J Daniel Boone in Kentucky, 1769. nies. I Settlement of Kentuck}'. 1771. [^ Watauga Settlement in Tennessee, 1769, f Heavy taxes laid. I Stamp Act passed, 1765. „ .,• , p. . J Resisted by the colonies and repealed, 1766. lintisn uppression. j ^^^^^ ^^^ burned at Annapolis, and thrown over- I board at Boston, 1773. [ Steps taken for combined resistance. PERIOD II— BLACKBOARD REVIEW CHAPTERS XI-XXI. Colonies alike [ -^^ speaking English, holding slaves, and believ- t ing the Bible. Different. | In their dispositions and manner of living, {Harvard, in Massachusetts, 1636. William and Mary, in Virginia, 1693. Yale, in Connecticut, 1700. 90 Pi'ijuaiy History of the United States. French in the North and West. French Victories. Colonial victories. f Charaplain settled Quebec, 1608. Champlain visited Great Lakes, Marquette and Joliet explored part of the Mississippi River, 1673- La Salle explored the whole river, 1682. La Salle destined the country for France, 1682. La Salle landed his colony by mistake in Texas, 1684. D' Iberville settled Louisiana, 1699. Indian wars stirred up by the French. Spotswood crosses the Blue Ridge, 1716 Valley of Virginia settled, 1732. Oglethorpe settled Georgia, 1733. Great improvement in all the colonies First newspaper in Boston, 1704. George Washington born, 1732. Benjamin Franklin born, 1706. Colonial War, 1750. France built forts from Canada to Gulf of Mexico. Virginians resist. (Over Washington at Great Meadows, 1754. Over Braddock, near Fort Duquesne, 1755. Over Abercrombie, at Ticonderoga, 1758. f Sir William Johnson, near Lake George, 1755. I Nova Scotia captured, 1758. \ Duquesne, Niagara, and Ticonderoga taken, 1759. I Quebec taken by Wolfe, 1759. [ England gained all the French possessions. Indians defeated in Pontiac's War, 1764. Kentucky settled, 1771. Tennessee settled, 1769. Stamp Act, 1765. Tea destroyed, 1773. Colonies resisted British oppression and tax- ation. primary History of the United States. 91 PERIOD III CHAPTER XXII. REVOLUTIONARY WAR — FIRST CONTINENTAL CONGRESS. General Congress, 1774. — The first General Congress met in Philadelphia in September, 1774. It was composed of the wisest and best men from twelve of the colonies, Geor- gia alone having sent no members. The meetings were held with closed doors, and only their results published. Peyton Randolph of Virginia was chosen president and Charles Thompson of Pennsylvania secretary. Each Colony Declared a Distinct Body. Petitions to the King. — This Congress declared that each of the colo- nies was a separate political body, and that each should have an equal vote. It was not yet prepared for indepen- dence, but sent a petition to the king which set forth the grievances of the colonies and begged his majesty to redress them. But this the king and Parliament had no idea of doinof, and before lono^ the colonists found themselves obliged to take up arms to maintain and secure their lib- erties. Indian War in Virginia. — Before the great struggle of the Revolution began, the Virginians had once more to fight desperately against the Indians who were committing great outrages along the western borders of Pennsylvania and Virginia. Forces Raised to Defend the Frontier. — In the spring of 1774, the frontiersmen assembled to defend themselves and drive the Indians back. Governor Dunmore called out 3000 soldiers for this war. Half to be under him and half under General Andrew Lewis. Lewis's Army at Point Pleasant. — Lewis's force was composed of men from the southwest counties of Virginia 92 Primary History of the United States. and from western North Carolina, wearing their homespun hunting shirts and carrying their chimsy rifies and muskets. Eleven hundred of them camped near the mouth of the Great Kanawha on the night of October 9. Attack and Defeat of the Indians. — Cornstalk, the In- dian commander, crossed his men over the Ohio, hoping to fall upon Lewis while his army was asleep. Their ap- proach was, however, discovered. The whites sheltered themselves among the trees and rocks, and, after a desper- ate fight of many hours, succeeded in punishing the In- dians so severely that they stole away northward in the night, and for a while the frontiers were free from outrage. Why the Revolutionary War Was Fought. — But now there was a harder and more trying war before the colonies than any they had fought against the Indians, French or Spaniards. They were now to fight their Eng- lish friends and brothers, not for defence against cruelties and outrages, but for the sake of their rights and liberties, which they held dearer than their lives. The Colonies Gravely Consider Their Duty. — Con- ventions to decide upon their dut)^ were held in the different colonies, and Com- mittees of Correspondence were established between them. Patrick Henry, in a speech in the second Virginia Convention, de- clared that "an appeal to the God of bat- tles" nuist be made, and uttered the famous words, "Give me liberty, or give '■^^^ me death." To curb this spirit of resist- ance in Virginia Lord Dunmore took all the powder from the colony, but was forced by the soldiers to pay for it. First Fight of the Revolution, 1775. — The first fight of the Revolution was at Lexington in Massachusetts. The British general. Gage, had 3000 British soldiers in Boston. The men of New England were everywhere arming themselves, and collecting ammunition and supplies. General Gage determined to seize and destroy what had PATRICK HENRY. Pri?nary History of the United Slates. 93 been stored at Concord, and sent 800 of his soldiers to do this. The Minute Men at Lexington. — Warning of their march was sent throughout the country. The " Minute Men " flew to arms, and seventy of them barred the way of the English troops at Lexington. The British major, Pitcairn, shouted to them, "Disperse, ye rebels!" and ordered his men to fire, which they did, killing seven of the " Minute Men," and woiniding nine others. This was the first bloodshed in the Revo- lution. As the English marched on, the New Englanders assem- bled rapidly and fought so stoutly that 273 British soldiers were slain before getting back to Bos- ton, the American loss be- ing 89. Effects of the Fight at Lexing- ton. — News of this attack of the Brit- ish on the " Minute Men " at Lexing- ton spread like wild-fire, and the Americans at once made ready for war. Israel Putnam, leaving the plow in the furrow, rode on one of his plow- horses to join the army before Boston, and John Stark left his home in New Hampshire in ten minutes after learning what had happened at Lexington. Ethan Allen Takes Ticonderoga. — Ethan Allen, from Vermont, collecting a small band of " Green Mountain Boys," marched to Ticonderoga in the night, and sum- moned the commander to surrender the fort. " By whose authority? " questioned the officer. "In the name of the Great Jehovah and the Continental Congress," replied Allen, and the fort with fifty men and nearly 200 cannon was given up to him. OLD PULPIT AND CHANCEL OF ST. JOHN'S. Prima jy History of the United States, 95 The Distant Colonies Aroused. — The distant colonies were equally aroused. The night that the news of Lex- ington reached Charleston, South Carolina, the citizens seized the roval arsenal and distributed the arms found OI.D POWDER HORN, WII.LIAMSBURG, THE MAGAZINE FROM WHICH DUNMORE REMOVED THE POWDER. there. Georgia also took the powder from the king's magazine in Savannah. Soldiers and supplies and money were ordered to be raised everywhere. QUESTIONS. 1. When and where did the first General Congress meet? 2. Which colonies sent no members? 3. What did the Congress declare each colony to be? 4. Was it prepared for independence? 5. Where did Indian warfare break out this same year? 6. Tell of Lewis's arm}'^ at Point Pleasant. 7. Who attacked this army at night? 8. What was the result of I^ewis's victory? 96 Primary Hhtory of ihc United States. ;t ww^^^^^^!^ "Minute Men?" 15- vvhat were the effpptc r^f fi, ^ i . '6. What did Israel Put , am ind f^,"" ^Lexinj^to,,? 17. Tell how Kthan A le , tooT t/ ' ^'^ ''"' . '"1 (99) lOO Primajy History of the United States. Morgan with his riflemen from the Shenandoah Valley marched to Quebec under Benedict Arnold and was there taken prisoner. American Army Goes to New York. — Washington now found that the British were moving towards New York, and he took his men there to meet them. QUESTIONS. 1. When did the second Continental Congress meet? 2. Tell of Gage's rule in Massachusetts. 3. What did Congress at once form? 4. What was the first name of our country? 5. What was the only money they had? 6. Wlio was chosen commander-in-chief of the Continental Army? 7. Describe him. 8. What was the first real battle of the Revolution? 9. What did Washington do as soon as he reached the army? 10. Where did the soldiers come from? 11. Tell how Washington drove the British from Boston? 12. Why did the efforts to seize Canada fail? 13. Where did Washington take his army when the British left Boston? PERIOD III.— REVOLUTIONARY WAR. BLACKBOARD FORM-CHAPTERS XXII, XXIII. First Continental Congress, 1774. Second Continental Congress, 1775. Indians defeated at Point Pleasant in Vir- ginia, 1774. Revolutionary War to defend the rights and War. 1 liberties of the colonies. First Battle, Lexington, Massachusetts, 1775. Washington commander-in-chief, 1775. I Battle of Bunker Hill, 1775. \ British driven from Boston, 1776. Revol utionary Primary History of the United States. loi CHAPTER XXIV. REVOLUTIONARY WAR, CONTINUED — RESISTANCE IN THE SOUTH. Patriots and Tories. — All the x\mericans were not in favor of taking up arms against England. Those who did so were called" Patriots," those who opposed it were known as " Tories." There was quite a number of these Tories, and strife arose between them and the Patriots, especially in the South. The greater part of the people were eager for freedom. The Southern colonies raised and equipped soldiers, appointed committees of safety and gave directions for the drilling of the militia, and the manufacture of gun- powder. Battles of Great Bridge and Moore's Creek. — Lord Dunmore, in Virginia, and the Governor of North Carolina opposed these acts, and made war on those colonies with the aid of the Tories. In a battle at Great Bridge near Norfolk, Dunmore's forces were severely handled, and in North Carolina at Moore's Creek the first decided American victory was won by the Patriots. Mecklenburg Resolutions. — Before this, the people of Mecklenburg, North Carolina, had declared their right and intention to govern themselves. Not Yet Ready for Independence. — With all this, neither Congress nor the colonies understood that they must cut loose from England and set up for themselves. They loved the mother country and hoped to obtain their rights while continuing subjects of the king. King George's Harsh Measures. — But the king meant to use every means to crush them. He gave orders to his warships to attack and destroy all the vessels of the loa Primary History of the United States. colonists and the towns along the coast. He hired German soldiers, Hessians, to fight the Americans, and took steps to stir np the Indians against them. Congress Determines to Resist. — When Congress learned how bitter the king and the English government were, it acted promptly for defence, and advised the colo- nies to form new governments for themselves. South Carolina Forms the First State Government. — South Carolina was the first to organize an independent government for herself with a president, a legislature, courts and an army. John Rutledge was made its presi- dent, and Christopher Gadsden came back from Congress to command its army. Congress Decides to Cut Loose from England. — The Virginia delegates were instructed by the convention of their colony to propose that Congress should " declare the United Colonies free and independent States." Richard Henry Lee, of Virginia, on the 7th of June, offered a resolution, which was seconded by John Adams, of Massa- chusetts, that there should be an imme- diate and entire separation from Great Britain. Declaration of Independence. — This was agreed to, and on the 4th of July, 1776, in Inde- pendence Hall, Philadelphia, all the members of Congress signed the Declaration of Independence, which had been drawn up by Thomas Jef- ferson, of Virginia. Virginia the Second Indepen- dent State. — Before this Declara- tion of Independence was signed, George Mason had drawn up the Bill of Rights and a Constitution for Virginia, and that colony, like South Carolina, had organized herself into RICHARD HKNRY LEE. GEORGE MASON. a State, with Primary History of fJic United States. 103 Patrick Henry as her first governor. Others of the colo- nies were regulated by their old charters, or by their committees of safety. South Carolina Attacked. — South Carolina had also resisted successfully an attempt made by a British fleet to capture Charleston. Defence of Charleston. — Soldiers came from North Carolina and Virginia to assist in the defence of the city. A JOHN ADAMS fort of saudbags and palmetto logs was hastily made, to defend the entrance to the harbor. The shot from the vessels buried themselves in the soft pal- metto and the sand, while the guns from the fort did great harm to the ships, which at last gave up the contest and sailed away. Sergeant Jasper's Brave Deed. — In the heat of the fight, the flag of South Carolina was shot down and fell outside the fort. Sergeant Jasper seeing this, sprung from the wall, seized the flag, tied it on a new flag-staff and planted it again on the ramparts in full view of the enemy and in spite of their hot firing. This victory before Charleston left South Carolina and Georgia free from battle for two years. THOMAS JEFFERSON. QUESTIONS. 1. Who were the "Patriots" and "Tories"? 2. What did the Southern colonies do to prepare for war? 3 Where was the battle of Great Bridge fought? 4. Where did the Americans win their first victory in the Revolu- tion? 5. What had the people of Mecklenburg, North Carolina, already done? 6. Did the colonies yet know that they must separate from Great Britain ? 7. What harsh measures did King George take? 8. What did Congress then advise the colonies to form? 9. Which colony formed the first State government? 104 Primary History of the United States. 10. What colony proposed to declare the United Colonies free and independent States? 11. Who drew up the Declaration of Independence? 12. When and where was it signed? 13. Which colony became the second independent State? 14. Tell of the attack and defence of Charleston. 15. What was Sergeant Jasper's brave deed? Primary History of the United States. 105 CHAPTER XXV. REVOLUTIONARY WAR, CONTINUED, 1776-1777. Large Army at New York. — The British fleet sailed from Charleston to New York. General Washington had fortified Brooklyn Heights and other places to defend the city. Bnt there were more than 30,000 English and Hes- sians in the British army, while the Americans had not so many as 11,000. W^ashington Leaves Long Island. — After a stout fight 'on Long Island, Washington withdrew his men in the night and crossed them all safely to Manhattan Island. He came over in the last boat, after having been on his horse for forty-eight hours. Retires Up the Hudson. — The British followed him closely, and Washington thought it best to give up the city of New York and its defences, and took his army to a strong position up the Hudson. White Plains and Fort Washington. — At White Plains General Howe got the better of the xlmericans in battle. After this the British captured Fort Washington with a garrison of 3000 Patriot troops. Washington was obliged to retreat with a great part of his men, first to New Jersey and then across the Delaware River to Pennsylvania. General Howe thought that he had gotten entire possession of New Jersey, and stationed troops at different places. Congress .Alarmed. — Congress was so much alarmed when Washington fell back into Pennsylvania that it removed at once from Philadelphia to Baltimore. Decrease of Washington's Army. — Washington's small army was growing smaller, because the soldiers would go home when their term of service was over. So Washington determined to do something with them while he had them. Battle of Trenton. — On Christmas night he crossed his army over the Delaware River, full of floating ice, and io6 Privmry History of the United States. marched nine miles in the snow and sleet to attack the British camp at Trenton. It was fearfully cold and one American soldier froze to death. The Hessian garrison at Trenton was completely surprised, and looo of them were taken prisoners. Battle of Princeton. — Lord Cornwallis, the British gen- eral, was very angry at this and marched with 7000 men to attack Washington, who had not more than half as many. There was so much ice on the Delaware that the Ameri- cans could neither bring more men over nor retreat them- selves. Cornwallis then said he would surely "bag the fox." But Washington slipped by him in the night and attacked the rear of the British army at Princeton, which he severely defeated. Winter Quarters at Morristown. — Washington then put his men into winter quarters at Morristown, and by skillful movements, when spring came on, forced the British to give up most of New Jersey. British Capture Philadelphia. — General Howe now put a number of his men on shipboard and sailed with them through the Capes of Virginia and up the Chesapeake Bay to attack Philadelphia from the south. Washington marched to meet and, if possible, head them off, but his army was so poorly equipped and so badly fed that it was no match for the larger British force, finely supplied with everything. Brandywine and Germantown. — In the battle of Brandywine Creek, on September 11, the Americans were severely defeated, and again in October at Germantown. The forts which defended the Delaware River were then cap- tured by the British, so that the river was open to their vessels. The United States Destitute of Supplies. — The difficul- ties and disasters of the American armies were not only because they were smaller than those of the British ; their arms and ammunition were poor and scanty, and they were destitute of proper food and clothing. No Good Money. — The paper money issued by Congress never had any real value, and was daily becoming more Prijuary History of the United States. 107 worthless. When the soldiers succeeded in oettino; their small pay it would buy nothing- of any value for themselves or their families. Soldiers Unwilling to Leave their Homes. — Many of them who were willing to defend their own homes did not wish to march far away to fight for the other colonies, although there were numbers of good and true patriots ready to give up everything for the good of the whole country. G#® ^TWJENTY SH1JLI.IMGS CurreiitMoney ofYiRGlNJA Pursuant io Ordinance of \ -!# FAC-SIMILE OF VIRGINIA NOTE IN HISTORICAI^ SOCIKTV COI.I.ECTION. QUESTIONS. Where did the British fleet go from Charleston? How many British sokliers were there? How did Washington get his men away from Long Island? Where did he take his army when he gave np the city of New York? In what battle did General Howe defeat the American army, and what fort did he capture? To what States was Washington obliged to retreat? What did Congress do when Washington fell back to Penn- sylvania? 8. Why was Washington's army growing smaller? 9. Tell of the battle of Trenton. 10. The battle of Princeton. 11. Where did Washington's army spend the winter? io8 Primary History of the United States. move against Phila- 12. Where is Morristown? 13. In what direction did General Howe i delphia? 14. Why was Washington's army no match for the British forces? 15. In what two battles were they soon defeated? 16. Of what were the American soldiers destitute? 17. Was the paper money issued by Congress good? 18. What were many of the soldiers unwilling to do? Revolutionary War BLACKBOARD FORM— CHAPTERS XXIV, XXV. f Battle of Great Bridge, Virginia, 1775. First American victory, Moore's Creek, North Carolina, 1775. South Carolina formed the first State govern- ment, 1776. Declaration of Independence, 1776. British driven off from Charleston, 1776. Americans driven from Long Island, 1776. Battle of White Plains, 1776. Washington's retreat into Pennsylvania, 1776. Battle of Trenton, 1776. Battle of Princeton, 1777. Philadelphia captured by British, 1777. Battles of Brandywine and Germantown, 1777. Primary History of the United States. 109 CHAPTER XXVI. RKVOLUTIONARY WAR, CONTINUED — BURGOYNK'S DEFEAT. Encouragement from New York. — In the midst of the disappointment and defeat which seemed the lot of Wash- ington's army, there came a bright ray of hope and encouragement from New York. Schuyler's Measures for Defence. — General Schuyler, in command there, had been fortifying against an advance from Canada. By advice from General Washington he had destroyed the bridges, blocked up the roads, flooded the flat lands, driven ofl' all the horses and cattle, and cut down the forest trees so as to hinder marching through them. So that after meeting no resistance until he got to the Hudson River, then General Burgoyne foimd the progress of his fine army sadly hindered. Qriskany and Bennington. — One part of it was defeated at Oriskany, and forced to retreat. Another part, over 1000 strong, was sent into Vermont to seize horses and cattle for Burgoyne's men. Here General John Stark assembled 1400 militia and attacked the British, saying to his command, " Now men there are the red-coats. Before night they must be ours or Molly Stark will be a widow." In a short time the whole invading force was either killed or captured, with all the arms and artillery. These suc- cesses encouraged the Americans who flocked in numbers to Schuyler's aid. Sad Fate of Miss McRae. — A young American girl, Miss McRae, was carried off at this time by some Indians of Burgoyne's army, who afterward murdered her and showed her scalp in the British camp, which outrage stirred up more hatred and revenge against the invaders. Gates Put in Schuyler's Place. — It now looked as if Schuyler's efforts were to be crowned with victory, when suddenly Congress sent General Gates to command in his no Primary History of the United States. stead. Gates was a vain iiiaii and a poor general, but he had good officers under him. Burgoyne's Defeat and Surrender, 1777. — In a battle at Bemis Heights on September 19, and another on October 7, Burgoyne attempted in vain to break through the American lines and carry their entrenchments. They were so ably led by Generals Arnold and Morgan that the British met with great loss and accomplished nothing. Burgoyne then retreated to Saratoga and on October 17, surrendered his whole army, 5000 strong, with all its arms, cannons and supplies. Effects of Burgoyne's Defeat in Europe. — This success not only encouraged the Americans, but it gained the United States much respect in Europe. Congress had sent Silas Deane, Benjamin Franklin and Arthur Lee as com- missioners to France to obtain help and recognition. Secret Aid to the Commissioners. — Up to this time they had received no public encourage- ment, though arms, ammunition and some money had been secretly furnished them, and some fine young soldiers had come over to fight in the American army. One of these, the Marquis de Lafayette became a great friend of General Washington. France Makes an Alliance with the United States. — After the American vic- tory at Saratoga France recognized the United States as an independent nation, and made a treaty of friendship and alliance with them in February, 1778. QUESTIONS. T. Where did a ray of hope now come from? 2. What had Schuyler done to defend the State of New York from the British? 3. Who was bringing an army down from Canada? 4. In what two battles were parts of this army defeated? 5. Tell of the battle of Bennington. 6. What was the sad fate of Miss McRae? 7. Who did Congress now put in Schuyler's place? S. What sort of a general was Gates? LAFAYETTE. Primary History of the United States 1 1 1 9. What happened at Bern is Heights on September 19, and October 7? 10. When and where did Burgoyne surrender his army? 11. What effect did Burgoyne' s defeat have in Europe? 12. What nation first recognized the United States, and made a treaty with it? 13. What young Frenchman became a great friend of General Wash- ington's? 112 Primary His tary of the United States. CHAPTER XXVII. REVOLUTIONARY WAR, CONTINUED, 1777-1778. Gates's Efforts to Supplant ^A^ashington. — Burgoyne's defeat brought trouble as well as help to America. Gen- eral Gates took all the credit of it to himself, and supposed that he could now turn out General Washington and take his place as he had done that of General Schuyler. For- tunately Washington and his friends discovered the plots against him, and the best men in the country rallied to the support of the commander-in-chief. Valley Forge, 1777-1778. — Washington's army spent this winter at Valley Forge, twenty miles from Philadel- phia, and suffered untold hardships from cold, hunger and exposure. I have told you before of the lack of money. This constantly increased. Sufferings of the Soldiers. — The soldiers were half naked, barefooted and nearly starved. They had no shelter but huts which they put up, scarcely any blankets and very little food. Even when provisions could be gotten, people would not haul them to camp for the worthless paper money. Besides this, Congress was very incom- petent, and the soldiers from the different States, especially from New England, were very jealous of each other. Washington's Greatness Under Trials. — Washington showed himself greater than ever in the midst of all these trials. He had his wife and other ladies to come and spend the winter at Valley Forge that they might help to cheer the soldiers up. Greene and Steuben. — He persuaded General Greene to be the quartermaster-general, so that the army might be better cared for, and he set Baron Steuben, who had come from Prussia, to drill and discipline the soldiers. He him- self was cheerful, calm and hopeful at all times. Once, Isaac Potts heard the general praying aloud to God that the Primary History of the United States. 113 Americans might be given success, and told his wife that the Lord would surely answer that prayer. Coming of the French Fleet. — In July, 1778, a French fleet with 4000 soldiers came to help the Americans. Vio- lent storms prevented any great battle on the sea and injured the French ships so much that they had to sail to the West Indies for repairs. British Evacuate Philadelphia. Battle of Monmouth. — Theil: approach decided the British to leave Philadelphia and return to New York. On their wa\' across New Jersey, the Americans fought and defeated them at Monmouth Courthouse, which was the last real battle in the Northern States. " Captain Molly."— In this battle Molly Pitcher took her husband's place when he was wounded, for which brave deed she was called " Captain Molly," and had a sergeant's warrant and half-pay for life, 8 1 1 4 Primary History of the United States. British Outrages Along the Coast. — When the French fleet left, the British vessels ravaged the coasts of New England and New Jersey, and also took possession of Savannah. Indian Attacks and Massacres. — At the same time, the Tories stirred up the Indians, who attacked the whites and committed horrible cruelties and massacres from New York southward as far as Georgia. General Sullivan with 3000 men punished the Northern Indians for their bloody deeds, and the brave backwoodsmen from Virginia, the Carolinas and Georgia, put their Cherokee enemies to flight and de- stroyed their towns and provisions. QUESTIONS. 1. What did General Gates try to do after Burgoyne's defeat? 2. Where did Washington's army spend the winter of 1777 and 1778? 3. Tell of the sufferings of the soldiers at Valley Forge. 4. How did the soldiers from the different vStates feel toward each other? 5. Tell of Washington's greatness under these trials? 6. V^hat did he do to cheer the soldiers up? 7. What is the story of Isaac Potts? 8. When did a French fleet come ? 9. What did their approach decide the British to do? 10. Where were they defeated on their way to New York? 11. Who was Captain Molly? 12. V^hy was the French fleet obliged to go to the West Indies? 13. What did the British vessels then do? 14. Tell of Indian fighting in the North and South? BLACKBOARD FORM— CHAPTERS XXVI, XXVII. ' Colonial successes in New York. Battle of Oriskany, New York, 1777. Battle of Bennington, Vermont, 1777. Burgoyne defeated and forced to surrender at Saratoga, New York, 1777. R e V o 1 u t i onar v France becomes the ally of the United States, 1778. YY^^ ^ \ vSufFerings at Valley Forge, 1 777-1778. Washington great under trial and discourage- ment. British feared the French fleet and left Phila- delphia, 1778. Battle of Monmouth Courthouse, New Jersey, 1778. Primary History of the United States, 115 CHAPTER XXVIII. REVOLUTIONARY WAR, CONTINUED — CLARKE TAKES THE NORTHWEST, 1 7 79. Virginia's Love for Kentucky. — In the twentieth chap- ter you learned liow Daniel Boone and his friends had settled Kentucky. Emigrants continued to move into that fertile region, and in 1776 the legislature of Virginia made it the county of Kentucky and gave it a regular county government. They also furnished the people with powder to defend themselves against the Indians. George Rogers Clarke. — One of the leading men was George Rogers Clarke from Virginia. He studied affairs around him, and found out that the Indians were stirred up by the British, and that the best way to prevent this would be to capture the British forts in the Northwest. Governor Henry Assists Him. — He told this to Governor Henry and three other Virginians — Thomas Jefferson, GEORGE R. CLARKE. Gcorgc Wy thc aud George Mason. They encouraged him, and Governor Heniy^ gave him power to enlist 300 men to go against the forts, but he never raised much more than half that number. French Settlers Afraid of the Back-woodsmen. — The country around the forts was, you remember, settled by the French, and when the English took possession of the forts they did not interfere with the settlers. These people were terribly afraid of the backwoodsmen, and Clarke felt that he must take them by surprise if he were to keep them from helping the English. Kaskaskia Taken by Surprise. — He got some hunters as guides and marched through the forests to Fort Kaskas- kia in Illinois, early in July, 1778. They captured a 1 1 6 Primary History of the Uiiited States. soldier, who led them into the fort where a ball was going on. The surprise was complete. In a few moments, fort, ofarrison and commander were seized without bloodshed. French Settlers Make Friends with Clarke. — The French people of the neighborhood made friends with Clarke, as soon as they heard that the French king was an ally of the United States. Cahokia was taken in the same way, and Vincennes hoisted the American flag. British Occupy Vincennes. — The British did not tamely submit to this, and General Hamilton soon occu- pied Vincennes with 500 whites and Indians. Clarke de- termined to recapture Vincennes. It was winter time and the country was half covered with water and ice. Hamil- ton never dreamed that the x\mericans would come against him, and let numbers of his men go home. Clarke's Heroic March. — This was Clarke's oppor- tunit}'. He collected about two hundred men, and marched 250 miles straight across the country, through forests, marshes and sw^ollen streams. Sometimes the men waded for days through the swamps, holding their arms above their heads. Their provisions gave out, and they would have perished from hunger and exhaustion but for the two canoes they found, some rafts they made, and the courage which animated them. Capture of Vincennes. — Still they kept on, and on February 22d, 1779, came close to Vincennes. The gar- rison was completely surprised and compelled to surrender, two days later. The soldiers were released on parole, but tlie officers were sent to Virginia. County of Illinois. — The country captured was at once made the county of Illinois, and was governed as Virginia governed her other counties. This forced the British to give up the Northwest, when peace was made. QUESTIONS. 1. When (lid the legislature of Virginia esta1)lish the county of Kentucky? 2. What did George Rogers Clarke find out about the Indian fighting? 3. How did he think tliat could be prevented? Primary History of the United States. 117 4. To whom did he tell what he thought? 5. How did Governor Henry assist him? 6. By whom had the country around the British forts been settled? 7. What did these French people think of the backwoodsmen ? 8. How did Clarke plan to keep them from helping the English? 9. Where was Fort Kaskaskia? 10. Tell how Clarke captured it? 11. Why did the French settlers make friends wnth Clarke? 12. What two other forts were taken in the same way? 13. Tell how the British occupied Vincennes? 14. What time of the year was it when Clarke set out to recapture it? 15. Tell of his heroic march. 16. Of the sufferings of his soldiers. 17. W^hen and how did he capture Vincennes? 18. What became of the garrison and officers? 19. How did Virginia immediately govern the country captured? 20. What did this force Great Britain to do when peace was made? ii8 Primary History of the United States. CHAPTER XXIX. REVOLUTIONARY WAR, CONTINUED, 1779-1780. Fighting in the Southern States. — From this time the fighting was ahiiost all in the Southern States. The Brit- ish ships ravaged the coast and captured Savannah. Gen- eral Washington sent the Virginia and Carolina troops to defend the South. Private Aid Keeps Washington's Army from Mutiny. — The rest of his small army went into winter quarters at Morristown, where they suffered even more than they had done at Valley Forge. If some patriotic men and women had not sent Washington seven or eight thousand dollars to spend for his soldiers, many of them would have muti- nied and gone home. Lincoln Forced to Surrender Charleston. — Sir Henry Clinton again attacked Charleston. General Lincoln made a gallant defence, but he was so much outnumbered both on sea and land that he could accomplish nothing, and sur- rendered the city and his army on May 12th, 1780. After this blow Congress sent General Gates to command in the South, and he soon made bad worse. Another French Fleet. — The coming of another fine French fleet and army cheered General Washington, who began to plan how he might drive the British from New York. Arnold's Treachery. — Just at this point, Washington learned that General Arnold had turned traitor to his country. Arnold had been a fine soldier and was much trusted, and when he asked to be given command of the fort at West Point on the Hudson, his request was im- mediately granted. Importance of West Point. — West Point defended the Hudson River against the British ships. Arnold had been very extravagant, and was nmch in debt. He needed Primary History of the United States. 119 money and thought he might get a large sum by selling West Point to Sir Henry Clinton. Capture of Major Andre. — The arrangements for this shameful bargain were made between Arnold and Major John x\ndre, Sir Henry Clinton's aide. Matters were nearly completed when i\ndre was captured by three Pa- triotic soldiers as he was riding back to New York dressed like a countryman. Andre's Sad Fate. — The Americans refused to take his money and set him free. They searched him, and found the agreement with Arnold and a plan of the fort hid in his stockings. The men then took him to an American camp, and he was tried and hung as a spy. Arnold es- caped to the enemy, and did all he could to injure his country and his countrymen. Tarleton's Cruelties in South Carolina. — After captur- ing Charleston, the British overran South Carolina and did great damage there. One of their most cruel com- manders was Colonel Tarleton. At the Waxhaws, Tarleton defeated a Patriotic force and then killed and mangled the men who surrendered. Partisan Leaders. — Sir Henry Clinton thought he had conquered South Carolina,but the greater number of the peo- ple continued true to the Patriot cause, and partisan bands led by Sumter, Marion, Pickens and others, together with " Light-Horse Harry Lee's Legion " of cavalry kept up a con- stant warfare upon the British outposts and detachments. Sumter's and Marion's Men. — Sumter's men had only swords uiade from saws, and poles with knives on the end for lances. They melted up pewter plates and dishes to get bullets for their rifles, but they fought so constantly and boldly that Sumter was .;;- known as " The Game Cock." Francis /^^ Marion was known as " The Swamp Fox " ^^^^' because his men lived in the swamps, and ) attacked the enemy wherever a small body of troops marched or camped. marion. 120 Primary History of the United States. QUKSTIONS. 1. Where was the fighting ahiiost all done after this time? 2. Who did General Washington send to defend the South? 3. How was mutiny prevented in Washington's own army? 4. When and why was General Lincoln forced to surrender Charleston ? 5. Whom did Congress send to command in the South? 6. How was Washington cheered up at this time? 7. Who turned traitor at this time? 8. What command had just been given him? 9. Why did he want to sell West Point? 10. Who made the arrangements on the British side? 11. Tell of Andre's capture and execution? 12. What became of Arnold? 13. How did the British behave in South Carolina? 14. Who was Colonel Tarleton? 15. What did he do at Waxhaws? 16. Who were the famous partisan leaders in South Carolina? 17. How were Sumter's men armed? 18. Why was Francis Marion called the "Swamp Fox"? BLACKBOARD FORM— CHAPTERS XXVHI, XXIX. f Kentucky made a Virginia county, 1776. j George Rogers Clarke captured Kaskaskia, 1778. George Rogers Clarke captured Vincennes, 1779. Revolutionary , Northwest made the county of Illinois, Vir- War. ] ginia, 1779. Charleston surrendered to the British, 1780. Arnold a traitor to his country, 1780. L Andre hung as a spy, 1780. Primary History of tJie Ihiited States. 121 CHAPTER XXX. REVOLUTIONARY WAR, CONTINUED. Battle of Camden. — I have told you that Gates was a poor general. He undertook to fight at Camden, not know- ing that Cornwallis had a much larger army than his. He was badly defeated, his army was scattered, and he did not stop retreating until he reached Hillsborough in North Carolina. Cornwallis Moves Northward. — The British gained other successes, and Lord Cornwallis moved towards North Carolina, intending to overrun that State, and then over- come Virginia. As he advanced, he sent out two large bodies of cavalry to scour the country west of him. Tarle- ton was to keep near the army and Ferguson, with twelve hundred men, was to go towards the mountains to rouse the Tories, and subdue the rebels. Ferguson Threatens the ^A^estern Settlements. — Fer- guson sent threatening messages to Watauga and other set- tlements west of the mountains, but Shelby and Sevier did not wait to be attacked in their houses. Patriot Army Assembles. — Summons were sent to Southwest Virginia, and-, on September 29, a thousand men from Virginia, North Carolina, Watauga and Holston assembled at the Watauga Sycamore Shoals. Advance Against Ferguson. — Parson Doak blessed their undertaking, and the backwoodsmen set out to find Fer- guson. Other North Carolinians joined them until they numbered 1840. Most of them were on horseback and were armed with tomahawks, scalping knives, and small- bore rifles. Ferguson pretended to despise these hardy backwoodsmen, but he took a strong position on King's Mountain and sent for more soldiers. King's Mountain. — The Patriot force was afraid he might escape them, so Colonel Campbell picked out 910 of his 122 Primary History of the United States. best men, gave them the best arms, mounted them on the best horses and set out hi haste for King's Mountain. They marched fifty miles in eighteen hours, and sur- rounded Ferguson's position. The men tied their horses to the trees and left them. Campbell ordered each man to look well to his priming and then to go forward and fight till he died. Victory of the Patriots. — This order was so well obeyed that the whole British army, 1150 strong, was either killed or captured and their arms secured. Ferguson himself was killed. The victorious troops had received no orders from either Congress or State. They had marched and fought as Patriots, to defend their homes and their families, and when their purpose was gained they gave up their prisoners to the Continental authorities and went quietly home. Effects of Their Success. — But they had done a great deed. The Patriots throughout the South were encouraged to new efforts, and from that time began to inflict severe injuries upon their enemies everywhere. General Greene in Command. — Washington now sent General Greene to take command in place of Gates. Greene was a great soldier like Washington. He soon reorganized his army and took them into a healthy region, and sent General Morgan to threaten Cornwallis on his left flank. Tarleton Defeated at the Cowpens. — Tarleton marched to meet Morgan, whom he found strongly posted at " The Cowpens." Here a fierce battle was joined in which Tarleton's force suffered an overwhelming defeat. Morgan moved northward, Cornwallis received reinforcements and followed the American army, of which Greene had taken command. Greene's Retreat to Virginia. Guilford Court House. — The pursuit was very close, but Greene brought his men safely to Virginia and then, moving once more into North Carolina, fought another bloody battle at Guilford Courthouse on March 15, 1781. Both sides claimed the victory, but Cornwallis had to retreat to Wilmington, while Greene advanced again into South Carolina. Primary History of the United States. 123 Battle of Eutaw Springs. — The Partisan forces were now active and bold, and captured one British post after another. After another bloody fight at Eutaw Springs on September 8, the British were obliged to withdraw to Charleston and the war in the Carolinas was over. QUESTIONS. 1. Tell of Gates's defeat at Camden. 2. Why did Cornwallis march toward North Carolina? 3. What forces did he send out to the west of him? 4. To whom did Ferguson send threatening messages? 5. What did the western settlements at once do? 6. Tell of the army which they raised. 7. To what size did it grow? 8. How were they armed? 9. What did Ferguson do when he heard they were coming? 10. Tell of Campbell's advance upon King's Mountain. 11. Of the victory there. 12. What became of the victorious troops? 13. What was the effect of their success? 14. Whom did Washington send to take command in Gates's place? 15. Who fought the battle of the "Cowpens"? 16. Where did Greene retreat before Cornwallis? 17. What bloody battle was fought in North Carolina in 1781? 18. What showed that the Americans were victorious? 19. What battle ended the war in the Carolinas? 124 Primary History of the United States. CHAPTER XXXI. REVOLUTIONARY WAR, CONCLUDED, I781-I783. War Transferred to Virginia. — You have read of fight- ing in New England, New York, New Jersey, Pennsylvania and the Carolinas, besides which the British had ravaged along the coast from Maine to Georgia. The last part of the Revolutionary War was now to be fought in Virginia. Ships were sent into Chesapeake Bay, and a large British force under the traitor Arnold ravaged, burned and de- stroyed along its shores and up the James River as far as Richmond. The State Impoverished by Fighting. — Virginia had done a great deal of fighting from Canada to Georgia, and most of the British and Hessian prisoners were quartered in the vState. Money was as scarce there as anywhere else, and the whole State was very poor. Governor Nelson Raises Men and Supplies. — But her governor, General Nelson, made a desperate effort, and not only collected several thousand fresh soldiers, but procured food for the army and pay for the men by pledging his pri- vate fortune. Washington sent Lafayette to take command, and gave him all the troops he could spare. Cornwallis and Tarleton in Virginia. — Lord Cornwallis was now in Virginia with a fine force about twice as large as that of Lafayette. He employed Tarleton and his men to scour the country and steal and destroy wherever they went. Washington's Successful Manoeuvres. — When Wash- ington learned of this he threatened the city of New York so much that Sir Henry Clinton took away three of Corn- wallis's regiments to strengthen his own forces. Cornwal- lis, therefore, took his army to Yorktown and made strong fortifications there. Primary Histoiy of the United States. 125 More Help From France. — And now another large fleet and army came from France to help America, and Colonel Laurens, the American Minister to Paris, succeeded in bor- rowing a good quantity of gold and silver money for the United States, so that their prospects were brighter. "Washington Moves Against Cornwallis. — As soon as the French ships came, General Washington sent Lafa}'ette NKLSOX HOUSK, YORKTOWN, ON WHICH GENERAI, NELSON RFOUHSTED THE GUNNERS TO DIRECT THEIR GUNS. word not to let Cornwallis slip away from Yorktown, and set out for Virginia with a number of his soldiers. Comte De Grasse took the French ships into the Chesapeake Bay. Siege of Yorktown. — Lafayette had his men near York- town to watch Cornwallis. Washington joined him there, and, by the middle of September, had 16,000 troops assem- bled, 7000 of them French, 5500 Continentals, and 3500 Virginia militia, A regular siege was laid to Yorktown, 126 Primary History of the United States. and the French ships came up York River to bombard the town. Governor Nelson's Patriotism. — Governor Nelson paid five guineas to the gunner who sent a cannon-ball crashing through the walls of his house. You may see the marks of it there to-day. Cornwallis Surrenders. — It was impossible for the Brit- ish to hold out against this attack on land and water, and on October 19, 1781, Lord Cornwallis surrendered his whole army, 7037 men. This gave great joy to all the Americans, and was really the end of the war. QUESTIONS. 1. Where was the last part of the Revolutionary War fought? 2. Who commanded the British force which ravaged that State? 3. Why had Virginia become much impoverished during the war? 4. Who raised and provided for. several thousand fresh soldiers? 5. Whom did Washington send to command in Virginia? 6. How large was Cornwallis's army? 7. What did he employ Tarleton to do? 8. How did Washington weaken Cornwallis's force? 9. Where did Cornwallis then go and put up fortifications? 10. What aid did France send? 11. What did Colonel Laurens succeed in doing? 12. What did Washington do when the French fleet came? 13. Where did Comte De Grasse take his French ships? 14. Where did Washington join Lafayette? 15. How many troops had he soon assembled there? 16. Tell of the siege of Yorktown. 17. Tell the story of Governor Nelson's patriotism? 18. What did the attack on land and water compel Cornwallis to do? 19. When did he surrender? 20. And how many men? 21. What was the result of his surrender? Primary History of the Ihiited States. 127 CHAPTER XXXII. PEACE RESTORED — AMERICAN NAVY. Treaty of Peace. — England acknowledged the States independent, and a treaty of peace was made in 1783. Washington Returns to Private Life. — Washington issned a farewell address to his soldiers and then disbanded the American x\rmy. He himself went gladly back to his home in Mount Vernon. He did not take a cent of pay for his long and valuable services, but only allowed Con- gress to pay his expenses, of which he kept a strict account. Boundaries of the United States. — When peace was made, England ga\'e up to the States the Northwest which had been captured by George Rogers Clarke, and since that time had been governed by the State of Virginia. The boundaries of the States were, therefore, Canada on the north, the Mississippi on the west and Florida on the south. American Navy in the Revolution. — The States were so poor that they could only put a few ships on the sea, and the British had destroyed nearly all of these. John Paul Jones. — One ship captain, John Paul Jones, performed some gallant feats at sea, and won a great name for himself. He had a poor ship, badly armed, which he called Bo)i Homme Richard. Battle with the "Serapis." — He did not hesitate to attack the Serapis^ a fine, well-equipped British man-of-war. The ships came so close together that they fired into each other's windows. Some of the Richard's gun's burst, and she was riddled with shot. The British captain asked Jones if he would surrender. " I have just begun to fight," he replied, and tied his ship to the SerapiSy which soon surrendered. Jones had just time to put his men on her when the Richard sank into the waves. This fight was seen from the English coast, and gained great reputation for Jones. 128 Primary History of the United States. Washington a Great Soldier and Patriot. — His admi- rable management of his small and poorly furnished armies, and his skill in detecting and foiling the plans of the British generals, showed Washington to be a great soldier. He was courageous under defeat, patient and calm when he was abused and ill-treated. He had excellent judgment in choosing the best men to carry out his plans, and proved himself in all things one of the wisest and purest of patriots, and a great and good man. Virginia's Generosity. — Before the Revolution ended, EXTERIOR OF MOl'NT VERNON. JIMM Virginia made a great present to the new Republic. Mary- land refused to sign the Articles of Confederation unless the country north of the Ohio, which Virginia owned and gov- erned, was to belong to the whole country. Gives the Northwest to the Union. — In 1781, Virginia ceded the whole vast region to the United States, thus giving away by far the largest part of her possessions, and Maryland at once signed the compact. This region after- wards became the Northwest Territory, and the five States Primary History of the United States. 129 of Ohio, Indiana, Illinois, Wisconsin and Michigan were formed out of it, later on. QUESTIONS. I. When was the treaty of peace made, and the United States acknow- ledged independent by England? What became of General Washington after the war? How much pay did he take for his services? What were the boundaries of the United States when peace was made? Why was the American navy so small during the Revolution? 6. What shipcaptain made a great name for himself? 7. What was the name of his ship? Describe the battle between the Richard and \.\\^ Serapis ? How did Washington prove himself a great soldier? How a wise patriot? What great present did Virginia make to the Republic before the close of the war? Why did she do this? What States are now formed of the region gave away? which Virginia thus Revolutio narv War. BLACKBOARD FORM-CHAPTERS XXX, XXXI, XXXII. Battle of Camden, South Carolina, 1780. Battle of King's Mountain, North Carolina, 17S0. Battle of Cowpens, South Carolina, 1781. Battle of Guilford Courthouse, North Carolina, 1781. Battle of Eutaw Springs, South Carolina, 1781. War transferred to Virginia, 1781. French fleet and army joined Washington in besieging Cornwallis, 1781. Cornwallis surrendered at Yorktown, Virginia, 1781. England acknowledged the United States in- dependent, 1783. Washington retired to private life, 1783. Naval fight between Serapis and Bon Homme Richard, I'j'jf). Virginia gave the Northwest to the United i States, 1 78 1. (British oppression and unjust taxation. Stamp Act, 1765, Tax on tea, 1773. r Bunker Hill, 1775. Long Island, 1776. by I White Plains, 1776. 1 Brandywine and Germantown, i777- Charleston, South Carolina, 1780. L Camden, Guilford Courthouse, 1780, 1781. Causes of Revolu- tionary War. Battles won British. t30 Pri,n„,y History „/ the United States. Battles won Americans. by British Generals. American Gen erals. Princeton, 1776. Oriskany, 1777. Bennington, 1777. Saratoga, 1777. Kaskaskia, 1778. Vincennes, 1779. King's Mountain, 1780 Cowpens, 1781. ^utaw Springs, 1781. L Lornwalhs's surrender, 17S1. r Gage. I Howe. Clinton. Burgoyne. Cornwall is. f Washington. ' Lincoln. Gates. Greene. Morgan. -1 Arnold. Schuyler. Putnam. Sumter. Marion. Lee. ^775- Primary History of the United States. 131 PERIOD IV. CHAPTER XXXIII. THE COUNTRY UNDER THE CONSTITUTION — WASHING- TON'S ADMINISTRATION, 1789-1797. All Troubles Not Over. — All the troubles of the country were not ended when the fighting ceased and England acknowledged that the United States was an independent nation. Debt and Jealousy. — The long years of war had destroyed the crops and the cattle, the ships and the trade. Nearly everybody was poor and in debt. The government owed a great deal of money to France and Germany, and, as you have seen, had nothing to pay with. Besides this, the States were jealous of one another, and began to make laws to suit themselves, which were sometimes hurtful to the other States. Efforts to Raise Money. — When Congress tried to make what we now call a tariff" — that is, lay a duty or tax on cer- tain things brought in from other coimtries — some of the States refused to pay it and issued paper money for themselves. Need for Strong Government. — It soon became plain that something must be done to establish a good, strong government, and Virginia called a convention of the States to meet and decide what was best to be done. Federal Convention, 1787. — The Federal Convention met in Independence Hall, Philadelphia, where the Decla- ration of Independence had been signed. There were fifty- five members from twelve States — the wisest and best men in the land. Rhode Island would have nothing to do with it. Among the members were Dr. Franklin, eighty-one years old, and General Washington, who was chosen president of the assembly. 132 Primary History of tJic United States. Troublesome Questions. — Great differences of opinion were soon shown. Some of the members wished for three republics, others for one republic with three presidents. The larger States thought themselves entitled to more power than the small ones, because they had more people. The small ones insisted that each should have an equal share in the government. How They Were Settled. — These difficulties were set- tled by having one republic with one president, and a con- gress with two separate parts. In the Senate each State, large or small, has two members and equal power. The House of Representatives is made up of men elected by each State in proportion to its population, so that the lareer States have more members than the small ones. Further Difficulties. — By this time the Northern States had sold most of their slaves to the South and had insisted on taxing them heavily. The Southern States said that if the slaves were taxed they must also be counted among the population. After much opposition it was agreed that they should be counted as they were taxed, five negroes to be held equal to three white men. Slave Trade Continued. — Then Virginia and some other States wished to stop the African slave trade at once. New England and South Carolina opposed this. Carolina wanted the Africans to work her crops, and New England made a great deal of money by stealing the blacks from Africa and selling them in America. So they carried their point that the slave trade should go on for twenty years longer. QUESTIONS. 1. What troubles were left to the country when the Revolutionary War ended? 2. How did the States feel toward each other? 3. What is a tariff? 4. Which State called the Federal Convention? 5. When and where did it meet? 6. What State would have nothing to do with it? 7. Who was the oldest member of it? 8. Who was chosen president of it? 9. How did the members differ about the form of government? primary History of tJic United States. 133 10. How did the large and small States differ? 11. What form of government was chosen? 12. Where has each State equal power? 13. Where have the larger States more members? 14. What had the Northern States done with their slaves? 15. How was it agreed that the negroes should be numbered? 16. What States wished to stop the African slave trade at once? 17. What States opposed this? 18. Why? 19. How long was the slave trade to be continued? 134 Primary History of the United States. CHAPTER XXXIV. CONSTITUTIONAL GOVERNMENT. Political Parties. — The strongest differences were between the Federalists, who thonght the general govern- ment should have almost all the power, and the Anti- Federalists, or State Rights Party, who believed that the individual States should retain the greater part of it them- selves. Constitution Adopted, 1787. — At last the difficulties were settled, and the convention agreed upon a Constitution for the United States. General Washino-ton signed it first, and then the delegates from the twelve States. After this the States themselves had to ratify the Constitution, which then became the highest rule and authority of the United States, so far as the powers granted by it were concerned. Rhode Island was the last State to agree to it, but she did so in 1790. The Supreme Court. — Besides the Congress to make the laws and the President to see that they were executed, the Constitution established a Supreme Court of wise and learned men to judge and decide when they were broken. These are called the I^egislative, Executive and Judicial branches of our government. Many other important mat- ters were also regulated by the Constitution. Amendments to the Constitution. — It was found neces- sary to add to the Constitution. There have been fifteen additions or amend- ments to it — twelve of them within a few years, the other three sixty years later. James Madison of Virginia has been called the " Father of the Constitu- tion," because he did more to prepare and establish it than any one else. JAMES MADISON. General Washington the First Presi- dent. — General Washington was elected the first President, Primary History of the United States. 135 a new Congress was chosen, and the Constitutional Govern- ment begun on March 4, 1789. Washington was inaugu- rated in New York City, April 30. Difficulties of Washington's Administration. — Wash- ington was elected twice, and continued to be President for eight years, until 1797. The new nation had many troubles in that time. Congress found it very hard to raise money in any way which did not give offence to some of the States. Part of the army had to be sent to Pennsyl- vania to put down an insurrection which broke out there, because Congress had laid a tax on whiskey. WASHINGTON'S ROOM AT MT. VERNON, SKETCHED AUGUST T9, 1896. Indian Outbreaks. — In 1790 there were 4,000,000 people in the United States, and numbers of them began to move west into the country north of the Ohio. The Indians did not want the white people among them, and began to annoy and destroy them. They gathered an army and defeated General St. Clair in Ohio, with great slaughter.. But General Wayne at last subdued them, and forced them, to make peace. Foreign Trouble. — Besides the trials at home, there were others abroad. Engfland and France each tried to? 136 Primary Histojy of the United States. impose on the young- Republic, and force her again into war. Washington a Great Statesman. — But Washington showed himself as wise and strong in peace as he had been in war. By prudent use of his authority he prevented strife, quieted turmoil, compelled Europe to respect the United States, and proved himself a great statesman as well as a great general. Washington's Death. — Washington refused to become President for a third time. He retired to Mount Vernon, where he died in 1799, beloved by his country, and revered by the whole world. QUESTIONS. 1. Where did the Federalists think that most of the power should be? 2. How did the State Rights Party differ from them? 3. When was the Constitution adopted? 4. Which was the last State to agree to it? 5. What is the Legislative branch of our government? 6. The Executive? 7. The Judicial? 8. How many amendments have been made to the Constitution? 9. Who is called the Father of the Constitution? 10. Who was the first President? 11. When did the Constitutional Government begin? 12. How long did Washington continue President? 13. How many people were there in the country in 1790? 14. Tell of the Indian fighting in Ohio. 15. Of the Whiskey Rebellion in Pennsylvania. 16. What did England and France try to do to the young Republic? 17. What did Washington show himself to be? PERIOD IV— UNDER THE CONSTITUTION. BLACKBOARD FORM— CHAPTERS XXXHI, XXXIV. Beginning of Con- f Troubles from debt, and jealousy between the- stitutional Gov- < States, ernment. I Federal Convention, 1787. One President, elected by the States. Senate, two members from each State. House of Representatives, members in proportion Form of Govern- ment. I to population. Supreme Court. Primary History of tJic United States. 137 Slave trade. | Allowed to go on until 1808. ^•, ^- i Adopted, 1787. Constitution. | Ratified by the States. f Washington first President, 17S9. I Vermont became a State, 1791. „^ , . ^ -n, • Kentucky a State, 1792. Washington Presi- ^ ^^^^^^ inauguration, 1793. dent, 1789-1797. Tennessee a State, 1796. I A great statesman as well as general. [ Died, 1799. 38 Primary History of the JJjiited States. CHAPTER XXXV. PRESIDENT ADAMS — ADMINISTRATION OF ADAMS. The Next Four Presidents. — The next four Presidents were John Adams, of Massachusetts, Thomas Jefferson, James Madison and James Monroe, from Virginia. Adams was only elected for one term, but the other three were each in office for eight years. John Adams, 1797- 1801. — Mr. Adams was a strong Fed- eralist, who believed that the general government should have great power. In a difficulty which arose with France he advised Congress to pass laws which many persons thought contrary to the Constitution. This made him very unpopular. The two political parties were very bitter against each other, and the anti-Federalists proved the strongest. Progress of the Country. — I do not wish to weary you with accounts of politics and differences of opinion, but I am sometimes obliged to tell you of what the people were thinking and doing. Other things are very interesting in the progress of the country. Sixteen States. — By the end of Washington's adminis- tration Vermont, Kentucky and Tennessee had been added to the original thirteen States. The population had risen to 5,000,000 people. Material development and prosperity went on rapidly. Increase of Comfort. — The hard coal of Pennsylvania came into use, as well as the soft coal of that State and of Virginia and New Jersey, and people could make their houses warm in winter more cheaply and easily. As the country grew larger, good roads for traveling were needed, and turnpikes were made from different points. Moving the National Capital. — General Washington had chosen a place for the national capital, and while Mr. Primary History of the United States. 139 Adams was President the government moved from Phila- delphia to Washington City. It was a straggling village, surronnded by forests and marshes. Mrs. Adams's coach- man lost his way in the woods while driving his mistress from Baltimore to Washington. Whitney's Cotton- Gin. — The Americans invented many machines, even in those early days. HH Whitney's cotton- gin is the most famous of these. It took a woman a whole day to pick one pound of cotton free from the hard black seeds. Whitney's gin cleaned hundreds of pounds with less trouble. Cotton grows in the Southern States, and negro labor was important to cultivate it. New England set up factories to spin and weave it, and also brought in the Africans to till it, so she w^as willing for the South to have all the slaves she wanted. Increase of Education. — The number of schools and colleges also increased. Printing presses were found every- where, and hundreds of newspapers were published. Under the Constitution every man could worship God as he pleased, and the different churches grew and flourished. Sunday schools were opened all over the land, and traveling preachers carried the gospel to the most distant settlements. QUESTIONS.. 1. Who were the next four Presidents? 2. For how long was Adams elected? 3. Each of the other three? 4. What made Mr. Adams very unpopular? 5. What three States had been added under Washington's adminis- tration? 6. What enabled the people to live in more comfort? 7. To get about with more ease? 8. When did Washington become the national capital? 9. What sort of a place was it at first? 10. Tell of Whitney's cotton-gin. 11. What effect did it have on the slave trade? 12. Tell of the increase of education. 140 Primary History of the Uniied States. CHAPTER XXXVI. JEFFERSON'S ADMINISTRATION. Jefferson the Third President, 1801-1809. — You remem- ber that Jefferson wrote the Declaration of Independence. He was a great statesman, and a wise and learned man. He was a true Democrat and thought the States should preserve their rights, and the people govern themselves, but that the majority should never tyrannize over the minority. Purchase of Louisiana. — Jefferson did great things for the country. He bought from France for $15,000,000 all the land she claimed on both sides of the Mississippi. Out of this region the present States of Louisiana, Mississippi, and most of Alabama, were formed, as well as all the States and Territories between the Mississippi and the Rocky Mountains, and the Northwest as far as the Pacific Ocean. Lewis and Clarke Explore the Northwest. — Congress allowed Mr. Jefferson to send and explore this great new purchase. Two of his Virginia neighbors, Meriwether Lewis and William Clarke, led an expedition up the Mis- souri across many snowy mountain ranges, and among the wild Indian tribes. They passed down the rivers which bear their names, into the Columbia, and then to the Pacific Ocean. It was more than two years before they got back to St. Louis to tell of their great discoveries. New England Opposes Buying Louisiana. — New Eng- land was averse to the purchase of Louisiana because she thought it would increase the number and power of the Southern States. Some of the people there even threat- ened to secede from the Union and set up a separate republic. War with Tripoli. — England and France both tried to make trouble with the United States in various ways, but the only real war in Mr. Jefferson's time was with Tripoli. Primary History of the United States. 141 Piracy of the Barbary States. — The Barbary States were great pirates, and required that every ship which sailed into the jMediterranean should pay them a tribute. Instead of paying this money to Tripoli, Mr. Jefferson sent STATUE OF JEFFERSON. a fleet under Commodore Preble to chastise the Barbary States. Decatur and the " Philadelphia." — The United States frigate Philadelphia, in chasing one of the pirate vessels. 142 Primary History pf the United States, ran aground and fell into the hands of the pirates. To prevent their using her, I^ieutenant Stephen Decatur and a party of seamen sailed a small boat into the harbor of Tri- poli and burned the Pliiladelphia. Ohio the Seventeenth State. — Ohio was part of the land given by Virginia to the United States. It had been agreed that slavery was not to be permitted there, and Ohio was the first of the States which never held slaves. Close of Slave Trade, 1808. — I have told you of the agreement that the slave trade should go on until this year. Mr. Jefferson and many other Southern men were greatly opposed to it, and were very glad when Congress decided that it should cease in the United States. Fulton's Successful Steamboat, 1807. — Twenty years before this time, John Fitch, from Connecticut, and James Rumsey, in Virginia, had both made boats which were moved by steam. Robert Fulton improved upon their work and made a boat which proved a complete success, and led the way to steam travel on all the waters of the world. QUESTIONS. 1. Who was the third President? 2. What sort of a man was he? 3. What great purchase did he make from France? 4. What States lie in this region? 5. Who explored the great Northwest? 6. Where are the rivers which bear their names? 7. Why did New England oppose the purchase of Louisiana? 8. Wliat did she threaten to do? 9. What was the only real war in Mr. Jefferson's time? 10. Why did he send a fleet against Tripoli? 11. Tell of Decatur and the frigate Philadelphia. 12. Which was the seventeenth State? 13. How did it differ from all the rest? 14. What important event happened in 1808? 15. When and by whom was the first successful steamboat made? BLACKBOARD FORM— CHAPTERS XXXV, XXXVI. f John Adams inaugurated, 1797. John Adams, Presi- J Population, 5,000,000, 1800. dent, 1797-1801. j Capital at Washington, 1800. 1^ Education and comfort increased steadily. Primary History of the United States. 143 f First inauguration, 1801. Ohio became a State, 1802. Louisiana purchased, 1803. Jefferson, Presi- ' War with Tripoli, 1803. dent, 1801-1809. I Lewis and Clarke explored the Northwest, 1804. Second inauguration, 1805. I Fulton's steamboat, 1807. [Slave trade abolished, 1808. 144 Priinary History of the United States. CHAPTER XXXVII. MADISON'S ADMINISTRATION, 1809-1817. A Troubled Time. — The eight years of Madison's rule was a stormy time. I have told you that England was constantly making trouble after the close of the Revolu- tion. She claimed the right to stop American ships on the sea and search them, and often took away their sailors, declaring that they were Englishmen. This interfered greatly with American commerce. Indian War in Ohio. — She also stirred up the Indians in the Northwest, and at last fierce war broke out there. The Indians were led by their chief Tecumseh and his brother Elkswatawa, or the Prophet. General William Henry Harrison raised an army and marched against the Indians and defeated them in the battle of Tippecanoe, where the Prophet commanded them. War With England Necessary. — Presidents Washing- ton and Jefferson had tried in peaceful ways to avoid war with England. She went on stopping American ships, and taking their best sailors, on pretense that they were Englishmen, and the United States determined to fight for their rights on the sea as they had done on land. Only New England was opposed to the w^ar, because it would interfere with her commerce. War Declared. — War was formally declared in June, 181 2, and lasted for two years and eight months. There was fighting both on land and sea. The British navy was the finest in the world. The Americans had not a great many warships, but they were good vessels, manned b>' stout sailors, and they won brilliant victories over the British ships. American Ships Victorious. — The first naval victory was gained by the American ship Constitution under Cap- tain Hull, which captured the English frigate Gtierrierc^ Primary History of the United States. 145 after a hard fight of two hours. No British frigate had ever surrendered before. The same Constitution^ " Old Ironsides," afterwards took another frigate, \\\^Java. Cap- tain Stephen Decatur, in his ship the United States^ brought the Macedonian as a prize into Newport. Lawrence Defeated by the " Shannon." — Captain o^ii?. j,^'^1^?fM.T0HeAV£.>^ £-^> V7 Lawrence, with the Hornet, captured the British Peacock, and was then given command of the frigate Chesapeake, which he fought against the British frigate Shannon. He was soon mortally wounded, and although with his dying 10 146 Primary History of the United States. breath he called out, " Don't give up the ship," the Chesa- peake was forced to surrender. Perry's Victory on Lake Erie. — England was much surprised that her ships should ever be conquered, and the United States were very proud of their successes. There was a British fleet in I^ake Erie, and Captain Oliver Perry was directed to do what he could to destroy it. Perry had to build his own vessels. After much difficulty in getting them ready, he sailed to meet the British fleet. Perry's own ship was soon disabled, but he got into a little boat, with his flag in his hand, rowed to the next best ship, and fought the battle so well that in two hours he won the victory. " We have met the enemy and they are ours," was the message he sent to General Harrison, commanding on the land. Other captures were made at sea, but I have not time to tell you of them all. British Victories on Land. — Most of the land battles, in this war, were fought in or near Canada. During the first year, the success was on the British side. General Hull surrendered his garrison at Detroit, and the whole of Michigan, to the English general, Brock, and his Indian' ally Tecumseh. Part of General Harrison's army, 1000 strong, was surprised by a British and Indian force, at the Raisin River, and many of them were tortured and slain by the savages. QUESTIONS. 1. What right did England claim on the sea? 2. Where did she stir up war? 3. Who was the Indian chief? 4. Who defeated the Indians in the battle of Tippecanoe? 5. Why did the Americans determine to fight with England? 6. Why was New England opposed to the war? 7. When was war declared? 8. How long did it last? 9. Tell of the victory of the Co7istitution over the Giierriere. 10. Of victories won by other United States ships. 11. Of Lawrence's defeat. 12. Were his last words obeyed? 13. Where did Perry win a great naval victory? 14. Where did he get his ships? 15. Tell of the battle? 16. Where were most of the land battles of this war fought? 17. Which side was successful during the first year? Primary History of the United States, HI CHAPTER XXXVIII. WAR OF l8l2, CONTINUED. Battle of the Thames. — After Perry captured the British fleet, General Harrison pressed forward into Canada. His army was in- creased by volunteers from Ohio and Kentucky. Perry took the soldiers across the lake in his own and the captured vessels and, on October 6, 1813, Gen- eral Harrison won a fine victory over the English and Indians on the river Thames. HARRISON. Tecumseh was killed, the power of the Indians was broken, and Michigan was recovered by the United States. Chippewa and Lundy's Lane, 1814.— Further American victories were won, at Chippewa and "~ Lundy's Lane near Niagara, by Generals Jacob Brown and Winfield Scott against the British general, Drummoud. Further Efforts of the British. — The British now sent their ships to ravage the American coast, and also ordered an army of 12,000 men to advance into New York by the route Burgoyne had taken in the Revolution. This was met at Plattsburg by General McComb. McDonough's Victory, 1814. — The English captain, Downie, at the same time, attacked the smaller American fleet on Lake Champlain expecting to overcome it easily. When Captain McDonough saw the British vessels ap- proaching, he kneeled down and prayed that God would give him the victory. He and his sailors then fought des- perately and forced the British ships to surrender. The GENERAL SCOTT. 148 Primary History of the United States. British general, Prevost, at once fell back before McComb, and withdrew into Canada, leaving- his wounded men and all his guns and stores behind him. Burning of Washington. — A British fleet sailed up the Potomac and landed 5000 men who marched to Washing- ton, where they burned the Capitol and other public build- ings, and many private houses. Baltimore was saved by the guns at Fort McHenry. The War in the South. — Tecumseh had stirred up the Indians in the South, who committed bloody deeds against the whites. At Fort Minims, in Alabama, the Creeks attacked the settlers who had fled thither for protection, set the fort on fire and butchered or roasted 400 of them. Horseshoe Bend. — The whites in the neighboring States at once collected an army for de- fence, and General Andrew Jackson de- feated the red men at Horseshoe Bend, killed their leader and broke their power. New Orleans Fortified. — The British now sent a strong army against Louisiana. General Jackson took command at New Orleans, and gathered all the soldiers he ANDREW JACKSON. Qould gct froui Louislaua, the other Southern States, and Kentucky. He threw up breastworks of cotton bales and swamp mud, to protect his men. Battle of New Orleans, 1815. — Sir Edmund Packenham with 12,000 British veterans attacked Jackson's lines on Jan- uary 8, 1 81 5. The battle raged for hours. Both sides fought valiantly. Jackson's inexperienced soldiers and new recruits, concealed behind their breast- works, did not fire until the enemy came andrew jackson. very close, then they mowed them down with their skillful rifle-firing. Americans Win the Day. — Packenham and other gen- erals were killed. Two thousand British soldiers were Prhnary History of the United States. 149 shot down, and Lambert, the surviving general ordered his men to retreat. Jackson had won a noble victory, with a loss of seventy-five men, only eight on the east side of the Mississippi, but he did not feel strong enough to pursue the British, who got on their ships and sailed away. Close of the War. — This was the last battle of the war. Peace had already been made in Europe, before it was fought, but there was no telegraph to bring the tidings to America. The United States had gained great respect by their successes, and England has never again claimed the right to take sailors from American ships. Decatur Punishes the Barbary States. — After the war with England ceased. Commodore Decatur took some of the fine war ships into the Mediterranean and captured several of the pirate vessels. He then compelled each of the Barbary States to give up their American captives, to let American vessels alone, and to sign treaties of peace with the United States. Louisiana and Indiana. — Louisiana became a State in 1 81 2, and Indiana four years later, in 1816. QUESTIONS. 1. Where did General Harrison win a victory in 1813? 2. What was the result of it? 3. What generals won victories at Chippewa and Lundy's Lane? 4. How many British soldiers were sent into New York? 5. Who won a great victory on Lake Chaniplain in 1814. 6. What did McDonough do when he saw the British ships coming? 7. Tell of the burning of Washington. 8. Who had stirred up the Indians in the South? 9. Tell of the butchery of Fort Mimms, 10. Who defeated the Indians at Horse Shoe Bend? 11. Tell of Jackson's defence of New Orleans. 12. Of the battle there. 13. Who won it? 14. Was there any more fighting? 15. What did the United State gain during this war? 16. How did Commodore Decatur punish the Barbary States? 17. What were the next two States to come into the Union? t50 Primary History qf the United States, BLACKBOARD FORM— CHAPTERS XXXVII, XXXVlII. Madison, Presi- dent, 1809-1817. War of 181 2. New States. < First inauguration, 1809. Battle of Tippecanoe, 181 1. War with England, 1812. English victories on land, 1812. American victories at sea, 1812-1813. Perry's victory on Lake Erie, 1813. Battle of the Thames, 1813. Chippewa and Lundy's Lane, 1814. McDonough's victory, 1814. Battle of New Orleans, 1815. i Peace made, 1814. (Louisiana, 1812. Indiana, 1816. Barbary States punished. Primary History of the United States. 151 CHAPTER XXXIX. JAMES MONROE, THE FIFTH PRESIDENT, 1817-1825. James Monroe, President, 1817-1825. — James Monroe, of Virginia, was chosen the fifth Pres- ident. He was elected for a second term, and so continued in office for eight years. These were peaceful years. There was so little political difference among the people that his first term was called " The Era of Good Feeling." Purchase of Florida. — The United States were at peace with all other nations, and Qrrew and prospered very 1 r^ 1 T 1 \ J JAMES MONROE. much. General Jackson put down an Indian outbreak in Florida, and Mr. Monroe bought Flor- ida from Spain, giving in exchange for it the United States claim upon Texas, and $5,000,000. Steamboats and Wagon Trains. — All the land between Canada and the Gulf of Mexico thus belonged to the Republic, and several new States were soon formed. Steamboats plied on the rivers and lakes. Long trains of emigrants moved across the prairies with their clumsy cov- ered wagons. Mississippi was admitted to the Union in 1817 ; Illinois in 1818, and Alabama in 181 9. Bad Feeling Between the North and the South. — I told you that the first years under President Monroe were full of good feeling, but before long a very bad spirit began to show itself This arose from different interests in the North and the South. National Bank and High Tariff. — To pay the debt caused by the war with England a national bank had been set up, and a high duty or tariff was laid on foreign goods. 152 Primary History of the United States. The Northern people favored both these things, because they held stock in the bank and because they wished their manufactured goods to be bought and used. The Southern people were opposed to both, and found the tariff very op- pressive. Slavery Question Agitated. — There was even greater difference of feeling on the subject of slavery. At first, as you have seen, all the States held slaves. Then as the negroes did not flourish in the cold climates, they were gradually sold to the South. Then the Quakers and those who thought like them began to declare that slavery was a sin, aud to petition Congress to abolish it. Slavery Allowed by the Constitution. — The Constitu- tion allowed the holding of slaves as property, and Congress in 1793 declared that it had no power to interfere with it. You have seen that New England, to make money for her- self, combined with South Carolina to prolong the African slave trade. Increase of Abolitionism. — The Quakers persisted in denouncing slavery, and taught many Northern people to believe that it was contrary to the Bible. This the South- ern people knew was not true, and although many of them would have been glad to see slavery come to an end, they knew that neither Congress nor the Northern people had any right to interfere between them and their slaves. Opposition to Missouri. — When Missouri applied to be made a State there was a great disturbance. It was part of Louisiana, where slavery already existed. The Northern politicians were afraid of the South getting too much power in Congress, and they said Missouri should not come into the Union unless she gave up her slaves, and also that there should never be a slave State west of the Mississippi, which was entirely contrary to the Constitution. Missouri Compromise. — At last the difliculty was set- tled by the " Missouri Compromise." Missouri was allowed to become a State and retain her slaves, on condition that no more slavery should be permitted north of her southern boundary, 36° 30^ This cut off the Southern people from Primary History of the United States. 153 their lawful right to the great Northwest, and made trouble for many years. Missouri and Maine. — Maine became a State in 1820, and Missouri in 1821. QUESTIONS. 1. Who was the fifth President? 2. How long did he continue in office? 3. Why was the first part of his term called the era of good feeling? 4. What country did he buy from Spain? 5. How did people now emigrate to the W^est? 6. What three new States were added in the next two years? 7. W^hy did bad feeling spring up between the North and the South? 8. Why did the North favor the national bank and high tariff? 9. Why did the South oppose them? 10. On what subject did they differ even more widely? 11. W^ho began to declare slavery a sin? 12. Was the Constitution opposed to slavery? 13. Had not New England kept it up? 14. What did the Quakers teach many Northern people to believe? 15. Had anyone any right to interfere with the South? 16. Why was opposition made to Missouri coming in as a State? 17. What did the Northern politicians say she must do first? 18. Was not this contrary to the Constitution? 19. What was the Missouri Compromise? 20. From what did it cut off the Southern people? 21. When did Maine become a State? 22. Missouri? 154 Primary History of the United States. CHAPTER XL. JOHN QUINCY ADAMS, 1825-1829 ANDREW 1829-1837. JACKSON, Adams Chosen by the House of Representatives. — The sixth President was the son of the second one. He was chosen by the House of Representatives and was never popular. He favored a new tariff, which was thought so bad that it was called "a bill of abominations." Notable Events. — In John Quincy Adams's time the Creek Indians were moved from Geor- gia to a ''reservation" west of the Mississippi, where their descendants still are. The two distinguished ex- Presidents, John Adams and Thomas Jefferson, both died on the fourth of July, 1826. Jefferson was eighty- three and Adams ninety-three years old. Andrew Jackson, 1829-1837. — An- drew Jackson, " the hero of New Orleans," was elected the seventh President by a large majority. He was a strong Democrat, who believed in the rights of the people. He did not think that the govern- ment ought to make roads and internal improvements, and vetoed bills passed for that purpose ; and also opposed a high tariff to favor American manufactures, and advised Congress to lessen the duty on foreign goods which com- pelled the Southern people to pay high prices for indifferent Northern articles. Opposition to the Tariff. — Congress paid no heed to General Jackson's advice, but passed a still more oppressive tariff in 1832. The whole South was earnest against this, but South Carolina took a very strong position. JOHN QUINCY ADAMS. Primary History of the United States. 155 South Carolina Nullifies the Law. — You have read that New England had several times threatened to with- draw from the Union. South Carolina now took a similar stand. Her people met in convention and passed an " Ordinance of Nullification." This declared that the tariff should not be collected in the State, and that if the United States tried to force the State to pay the duties she would at once secede from the Union. Tariff Compromise. — John C. Calhoun, the great South Carolina statesman, Daniel Webster and others argued long in Congress whether a State had the right to secede. General Jackson believed in State rights, and disliked the tariff, but it was his duty to enforce the laws passed by Congress, and he made ready to send soldiers against South Carolina. Henry Clay, the " Great Pacificator," who had brought about the Missouri Compro- mise, persuaded Congress to lower the tariff. South Carolina lessened her opposition, and the President had no cause to use force against her. Indian Wars. — There were two Indian wars during Andrew Jackson's term of office. One, led by Black Hawk in the Northwest, was put down by General Atkinson at the battle of Bad Axe. Three years later the Seminoles in Florida, under the guidance of Osceola, fought the United States troops for two years. At one time they surrounded and slew Major Dade and all his no soldiers except one man. Colonel Zachary Taylor at last defeated the Seminoles and they were sent across the Mississippi. Arkansas and Michigan. — iVrkansas became a State in 1836, and Michigan in 1837. DANIEL WEBSTER. ZACHARY TAYLOR. 156 Priinary History of the United States, QUESTIONS. 1. Who was the sixth President? 2. Did the people like liiiu? 3. What tariff did he favor? 4. Tell of the removal of the Creek Indians. 5. Who died on the fourth of July, 1826? 6. How did Andrew Jackson become President? 7. To what measure was he opposed? 8. Did Congress heed his advice about the tariff? 9. What part of the country was opposed to the high tariff? 10. What section had frequently threatened to secede? 11. What Southern State now took a similar stand? 12. What was the Ordinance of Nullification? 13. Who argued in Congress whether a State had the right to secede? 14. Why did General Jackson prepare to send soldiers against South Carolina? 15. Who persuaded Congress to lower the tariff? 16. How did this relieve the trouble? 17. What two Indian wars occurred in Andrew Jackson's time? 18. Who fought the battle of Bad Axe? 19. Who was the Seminole chief in P'lorida? 20. Tell of Dade's massacre. 21. Who defeated the Seminoles? 22. What two States came in, in 1836 and 1837? BLACKBOARD FORM— CHAPTERS XXXIX, XL. f "Era of good feeling. " Florida purchased, 1819. -, T. -J 4- North and South disagreed on the National i'8f;-i8?. ^ ^^"^' ^^^ ^""''^ and Slavery. ' ^* North opposed to Missouri coming into the Union. Missouri Compromise, 1S20. Mississippi, 1817. Illinois, 1818. New States. \ Alabama, 18 19. Maine, 1820. Missouri, 1821. John Adams and Thomas Jefferson died July 4, 1826. John Ouincy Adams, Presi- -i Political troubles, dent, 1825-1829. ;M Andrew Jackson, President, 1829- 1837. Democrat, opposed to a high tariff. South Carolina nullified the law, 1832. Tariff Compromise, 1832. Black Hawk War, 1832. Florida War, 1835, New States I Arkansas, 1836. New States. | Michigan, 1837. Primary History of the United States 157 CHAPTER XLI. MARTIN VAN BURKN, WIIvUAM HENRY HARRISON, JOHN TYLER, JAMES K. POLK. The Eighth President, 1837-1841. — Martin Van Bnren of New York was President after Andrew Jackson. Dur- ing his four years there was great money trouble in the country, and much political quarreling. For years, as the country seemed growing and prosperous, the merchants, the farmers, the banks, and everybody had been doing business on credit. By this time most people were in debt, and there was not money enough to pay the debts off. What is called " a panic " came on. Merchants and banks failed, and there was great distress. Political Doings. — The abolitionists went on attacking the Southern States, and making such a stir that at last the United States Senate and Representatives each passed resolutions which declared that, under the Constitution, the Southern States had a right to hold slaves, and that Congress ought not to interfere with them. Railroads and Steamships. — Steam cars came into use while Jackson was President, and now steamships began to cross the ocean. But neither the trains nor the vessels went as fast as they do now. William Henry Harrison, 1841. — General William Henry Harrison, of Ohio, " Old Tippecanoe," as the peo- ple liked to call him, was the ninth President. His in- auguration was on a stormy day, and the old general took a severe cold from which he died, on April 4th, just one month after it. John Tyler, 1841-1845. — John Tyler, of Virginia, who was Vice-President, became President as soon as General Harrison died. As he was put into office by accident, 158 Primary History of the United States. some people called him " His Accidency," instead of " His Excellency." Mr. Tyler did not agree in politics with Congress and the Whig party which had elected him. He vetoed several bills which Congress passed, hoping to relieve some of the money troubles, and also two high tariff bills. Important Events of Tyler's Time. — Dorr's Rebellion in Rhode Island made a great stir. That State was governed by the old charter of the JOHN TYLER. colouy. No Vl\^\\ couM vote unless he owned property. Dorr and his followers rebelled against this law, and set up a new government. Fortunately the trouble was quieted without bloodshed, and a better law was made. Ashburton Treaty. — In Tyler's time, too, Daniel Web- ster and Lord Ashburton made a treaty which settled the boundaries between Maine and Canada, about which there had been a great deal of squabbling. Annexation of Texas. — Far more important than all other deeds of the time was the annexation of Texas. QUESTIONS. 1. Who succeeded Andrew Jackson as President? 2. Why was there great money trouble in his time? 3. Who continued to stir iip political strife? 4. What resolutions did Congress pass on this subject? 5. What new modes of travel had come into use? 6. Why did the people call the ninth President ' * Old Tippecanoe' ' ? 7. How long was he President? 8. Who was the tenth President? 9. How did he come into office? 10. How did he show that he differed with Congress? 11. Where did Dorr's Rebellion take place, and why? 12. What was the Ashburton Treaty? Primary History of the United States. 159 CHAPTER XLII. THE STORY OF TEXAS. Texas Resolves to Become Independent. — Texas had once belonged to France, and then passed into the power of Spain, and became part of Mexico. It had a fine cli- mate and soil, and many persons from the United States settled there. When there were 20,000 of them they would not submit to the oppressions of the Mexican laws, but set up an independent government for themselves. To do this they made a revolution and fought some bloody battles. Siege of the Alamo. — You may still see in the city of San Antonio the famous fort of the Alamo. Here the Mexican general, Santa Anna, with 4000 soldiers, besieged 172 Texans for eleven days. When the little garrison was at last overpowered, every one but a woman, a child and a servant was put to death Not long after this Santa Anna had 300 surrendered prisoners massacred at Goliad. San Jacinto. — The brave Texans could not submit to these cruelties. They flocked to Gen- eral Sam Houston, of Virginia, who was their commander-in-chief., Houston fell back a long distance until he had his enemies where he wanted them, on the plain of San Jacinto. The Mexicans Defeated. — Here he fought and defeated the Mexican army, which was twice as large as his own, on April 12, 1836. The Americans en- couraged each other by crying out, Houston. " Remember the Alamo ! " " Remember Goliad ! " and killed or captured nearly all the Mexicans. Santa Anna had his leg shot off and was taken prisoner. This victory i6o Prhiiary History of the United States. secured the independence of Texas. It became a sepa- rate republic, and made General Houston the first presi- dent. Annexation of Texas, 1845. — -^ large immigration from the United States followed the independence of Texas, and in Mr. Van Buren's time the people had asked to be annexed to the United States. Van Buren would not agree to it, but Mr. Tyler thought it would be a good thing. The election for a new President turned upon the question, the Democrats being in favor of receiving Texas, and the Whigs against it. The North Opposed to Annexation. — The Northern States were especially bitter against it, because they thought the South would acquire more power by it, and they wished to keep control of the government. Congress, however, voted for the annexation, and Mr. Tyler signed the bill making Texas one of the States of the Union. Florida, 1845. — Florida also became a State just before Tyler's term of office expired. QUESTIONS. 1. What was the most important deed of the time? 2. To what European countries had Texas formerly belonged? 3. What American country did it become part of? 4. Why did many people from the United States settle there? 5. Why did they set up an independent government for themselves? 6. Where is the fortress of the Alamo? 7. Tell of the siege of the Alamo. 8. Of the massacre at Goliad. 9. Who was the Texan commander-in-chief? 10. To what place did he retreat before his enemies? 11. When was the battle of San Jacinto fought? 12. Who was the Mexican commander? 13. How did the Americans encourage each other? 14. What was the result of the fight? 15. Who was the first president of Texas? 16. What followed the independence of Texas? 17. What did the people ask? 18. What party favored the annexation of Texas? 19. What party was against it? 20. Why did the Northern States especially oppose it? 21. In what year was Texas annexed and Florida made a State? Primary History of the United States, i6i BLACKBOARD FORM— CHAPTERS XLI, XLII. f Great money troubles. Van Buren, Presi- J Steamboats, steam-cars and steamships used, dent, 1837-184 1. j Congress declared that it had no right to inter- [ fere with slavery. Harrison and Ty- ler, Presidents, 1841-1845. Harrison died, 1841. Tyler inaugurated, 1841. Dorr's Rebellion, 1842. Texas independent, 1836. Annexed to the United States, 1845. ^ Florida a State, 1845. H 1 62 Primary History of the United States. CHAPTER XLIII. JAMES K. POLK — THE MEXICAN WAR. Polk, 1845-1849. — James K. Polk, of Tennessee, became the eleventh President on March 4, 1845. ^^ ^^^ elected by the Demo- crats, and his term was full of interest- ing events. Dispute Over Texan Boundaries. — The boundary between Mexico and the new State of Texas was properly the Rio Grande. But Mexico said she would only give up the country north of the Nueces River. Texas was now part JAMES K. POLK. ^f ^|-^g Uuitcd Statcs, and President Polk sent an army of 5000 men to hold the country be- tween the two rivers. The Mexican War. — The Mexicans did not like to have American soldiers on the disputed territory and soon at- tacked them. This was the beginning of the Mexican War. The United States was much aroused, and troops were soon gathered to move against Mexico. Two-thirds of these soldiers were from the Southern States. Palo Alto and Resaca de la Palma. — General Zachary Taylor fought the Mexican general. Arista, who had twice as many men as the American army, and defeated him so severely at Palo Alto one day, and the next at Resaca de la Palma, that he retreated across the Rio Grande. Three Armies Against Mexico. — Three separate armies were now sent against Mexico. General Taylor was to cross the Rio Grande ; General Scott was to land his men at Vera Cruz and march against the City of Mexico ; and General Kearney was ordered to cross the mountains and Primary History of the United States. 163 plains, and seize the northern part of Mexico which is now California and New Mexico. Taylor's Victories. — General Taylor captured Monterey and several other IMexican cities, although the troops de- fending them w^ere twice as many as his own. General Santa Anna, who had been defeated by Houston at San Jacinto, heard that General Taylor had sent some troops to General Scott. He therefore marched against Taylor with 20,000 men. The American army had only about 5000, and Santa Anna summoned it to surrender. "General Taylor never surrenders," was the bold reply. Battle of Buena Vista. — Santa Anna then attacked the little army at Buena Vista. It was a fierce battle, but at the most critical time a regiment from Kentucky and one from Mississippi under Colonel Jefferson Davis went into action. Their rifle firing, and the storm of grape and canister shot from the American cannon, drove the Mexi- cans back, and when night came they retreated. This victory cost the Americans 700 men — the Mexicans 2000. Capture of California. — Each of the United States armies did valiant deeds. Kearney occupied New Mexico and other provinces of Southern Mexico. Before he got to California, Captain John C. Fremont, the great explorer of the Rocky Mountains and the Far West, had captured that region for the United States. Commodore Stockton brought an American fleet up just at this time, and enabled Fremont to set up an American government there. General Scott Takes Vera Cruz. — General Scott bom- barded the city and castle at Vera Cruz until they surren- dered, March 12, 1847. He landed 12,000 American troops, and set out for the City of Mexico. Santa Anna Opposes the American Advance. — Santa Anna had come to command the forces against General Scott. The first fight was at Cerro Gordo. Santa Anna had a strong position in the pass, and expected to beat the Americans back. Scott's engineers, Lee, McClellan and Beauregard, made a road around the steep mountain side, and the first thing Santa Anna knew the Americans 164 Primary History of the United States. attacked him in the rear,. and drove him from the pass with severe loss. Scott moved on, took Jalapa and Pueblo, and then marched toward Mexico by a road which carried him to the south of the city. Taking of Mexico. — It was a long march, and there was bloody fighting. Strong Mexican fortifications were stormed and captured at Contreras, Cherubusco and Cha- pultepec. This castle was very near Mexico, and, after seizing it at the point of the bayonet, the Americans had only to force their way into the city gates. A South Carolina regiment was the first to enter the Belen Gate. By the thirteenth of September, the American army had the whole city in possession, just six months after it landed at Vera Cruz. End of the Mexican War. — The taking the Mexican capital ended the war. When peace was made, Texas, New Mexico, Arizona and California were ceded to the United States. For the last three, we had to pay $15,- 000,000. Iowa, 1846 ; Wisconsin, 1848. — Iowa was made a State in 1846, and Wisconsin in 1848. QUESTIONS. 1. Who elected James K. Polk the next President? 2. What war was fought during his term? 3. Why did President Polk send an army to Texas? 4. Who began the Mexican War? 5. Where did two-thirds of the United States soldiers come from? 6. Who commanded them? 7. What victories did General Taylor win over the Mexican army ? 8. How many armies were now sent against Mexico? 9. What Mexican cities did General Taylor capture? 10. What Mexican general came against him with 20,000 men? 11. How many men did Taylor have? 12. What did General Taylor say when summoned to surrender? 13. Tell of the battle of Buena Vista. 14. What troops saved the day for Taylor? 15. Who captured California for the United States? 16. What general captured Vera Cruz? 17. How many American troops did he land? 18. Who opposed his advance? 19. Tell of the fight at Cerro Gordo, Primary History of the United States. 165 20. In what direction did Scott move against the city of Mexico? 21. Was there any fighting on the way? 22. What had to be captured at Contreras, Cherubusco, and Chapul- tepec ? 23. Where did this last castle stand? 24. What regiment first entered the Belen Gate? 25. How long was this after the landing at Vera Cruz? 26. What territory did the United States gain by the Mexican War? 27. What States came into the Union in 1846 and 1848? 1 66 Primary History of the United States. CHAPTER XUV. TAYLOR AND FILLMORE, 1849-1853. The Twelfth and Thirteenth Presidents, 1849-1853. — General Zachary Taylor grew so popular during the Mexican War that the Whigs elected him President, with Millard Fillmore, of New York, Vice-President. Taylor died in July, 1850, and Millard Fillmore became the thir- teenth President of the United States. How the United States Were Growing. — You have read how the United States had grown from the thirteen colonies along the Atlantic, until they covered the North- west, Louisiana and Florida. Texas and the other terri- tory gained from Mexico almost doubled the size of the Republic, which now stretched across the continent from the Atlantic to the Pacific Oceans. Gold of California. — California had soon proved herself worth very many millions. In 1848, immense quantities of gold were discovered there, some in the river sands, and some embedded in the solid rocks. Crowds of people from all parts of the world soon flocked in, to mine this gold. Great Immigration West. — In 1849, 100,000 men went from the United States alone to these " gold diggings." There were no railroads, and all these people traveled on foot or in wagons across the plains or sailed round Cape Horn. Increase of Wealth and Population. — The gold mined in California gave great wealth to the whole country. To induce immigrants to settle up the Great West, Congress sold tracts of land for almost nothing, and often gave them away if people would go and live on them. Foreigners began to pour in from all parts of Europe, and soon millions came over seeking homes, freedom and wealth. Political Strife. — Along with so much prosperity there was much political strife. Many of the Northern people were determined that the South should not have any share Primary History of the United States. 167 in the new conntry and increased prosperity. Some of them were sincere Abolitionists who had persuaded them- selves that it was sinful to hold slaves ; but more of them wished to destroy slavery because they thought that by doing- so they would reduce the Southern States to poverty and ruin. Wilmot Proviso. — This feeling had grown so strong that the House of Representatives several times passed a bill saying that no slaves should be allowed in any of the new territory west of the ^Mississippi. This bill was con- trary both to the Constitution and to the Missouri Com- promise which allowed slavery south of 36° 30^, and the Senate would not agree to it. Injustice to the South. — It was specially hated by the Southern people. They knew that slavery was not con- trary to the Bible, and that they had an equal right with the North in all the property of the government. Southern soldiers had done their part in establishing the indepen- dence of the country. They had captured the Northwest, had driven out the Indians, and gained the victory in the War of 1 81 2. Two-thirds of the men who conquered "Mexico and won most of the territory in dispute were Southern, and they naturally resented the effort to forbid their moving into the new lands with their slaves, while the crowds of ignorant Europeans were welcomed there. The " Omnibus Bill." — The three great statesmen, Calhoun, of South Carolina, Webster, of Massachusetts, and Clay, of Kentucky, did their best to quiet the ill-feeling and stop the quarreling both in Congress and out of it. They did not think alike, but all desired peace and har- mony in the country. Mr. Clay proposed a bill which was called the " Omnibus Bill," because it contained so many measures. Dissatisfaction Continued. — This bill satisfied few people. The North thought it too favorable to the South, while the South felt that it was strong against her rights. While it was discussed in Congress, Mr. Calhoun and Mr. Webster made some of the finest speeches ever heard. In 1 68 Primary History of the United States. spite of opposition on both sides, the passed as the best thing to be done. California a State, 1850. — California came into the Union in 1850, without slavery. Solid Prosperity. — After a while the miners bought farms and cultivated them, cities were built, law and order were established and California had become prosperous in every way. QUESTIONS. 1. Who were the twelfth and thirteenth Presidents? 2. How had the United States grown in size? 3. When was gold discovered in California? 4. Whom did this attract to the State? 5. How did all these people get there? 6. How did California's gold affect the whole country? 7. Why was political strife mingled with this prosperity? 8. What were the Northern people determined the Southern people should not have? 9. What was the Wilmot Proviso? 10. Why would not the Senate agree to it? 11. Did the South have an equal right with the North to the property of the government? 12. What special services had Southern soldiers rendered to the country? 13. Who were the three great statesmen of this time? 14. What efforts did they make to quiet the disturbance? 15. Why did the "Omnibus Bill" satisfy neither the North nor the South? 16. When did California become a State? 17. Tell of her solid prosperity. BLACKBOARD FORM— CHAPTERS XLIII, XLIV. 1 ie 1849. James K. Polk, ( President, 1845- \ Mexican War, 1846 Battles of Palo Alto and Resaca de la Palma, 1846. California captured, 1846. Mexican War. \ Buena Vista, 1847. Vera Cruz taken, 1847. Mexico taken, 1847. Peace made, 1848. New States / ^°^^' ^^^6. p^ew btates. <^ Wisconsin, 1848. ToT7i^t- A -p-ii r Gold found in California, 1848. more Presidents ^'^^^ emigration to California, 1849. ri. t-'r^r I Political strife between the North and South. 1049 1553. [^ California a State, 1850. Primary Histojy of the United States. 169 CHAPTER XIvV. FRANKLIN PIERCE, THE FOURTEENTH PRESIDENT, 1853- 1857- New Political Parties. — There were now three political parties in the country — the Democrats, the Whigs and the Free-Soil party. In the next four years the Whigs became " Know-Nothings," or the Native American Party, and the Free-Soil men took the name of Republicans. Election of Mr. Pierce. — The Democrats were strong enough to elect Franklin Pierce, of New Hampshire, but they could not quiet the agitation in the country. The " Irrepressible Conflict." — What one of the North- ern leaders called the "irrepressible conflict" between the North and the South had begun, and grew more violent every year, so that Mr. Pierce's four years as President were a stormy time. Personal Liberty Laws.— One clause of the Omnibus Bill had decreed that slaves escaping to free States must be restored to their owners. The Abolitionists set this law at defiance, and many States passed what were called " Personal Liberty Laws," contrary to it ; thus nullifying the laws of Congress, which South Carolina had only threatened to do. Kansas-Nebraska Bill. — This bill allowed the men in the territories of Kansas and Nebraska to settle the ques- tion of slavery for themselves. The Northern people be- came furious at this. They hurried numbers of men to Kansas to vote against slavery, and took up collections in the churches to furnish them with rifles which they called " Kansas Bibles." Terrible Times in Kansas. — Men from Missouri also crowded into Kansas. Riot and bloodshed broke out there. The settlers all went armed and pitched battles 170 Primary History of the United States. were fought between those opposed to slavery and those in favor of it. One fanatical leader, John Brown of Ossa- watoniie, headed parties of Abolitionists who attacked and murdered their slaveholdino- neiohbors at nio-ht. What Science Was Doing. — All this turmoil and un- rest did not check the discoveries and improvements made by science. During this period chloroform and ether, to relieve pain, came into great use. Noble Work of Matthew F. Maury. — This naval offi- cer, a Virginian, was, perhaps, the greatest benefactor of his time. He saved thousands of lives and much money every year, by his maps of the currents in the sea, and those in the air which we call winds. Currents in the Sea. — The way in which he made these maps is very interesting. He persuaded the govern- ment to direct sea-captains to drop overboard, from time to time, bottles in which was sealed up a parchment tell- ing where and when the bottles were dropped. Whoever picked up one of these floating bottles wrote down the time and place at which it was found. This told the direction of the current which had borne it alone. Direction of the Winds. — The ship-captains were also to make notes every day of the strength and direction of the wind, and everything else they saw. They sent up from time to time, little flags marked with their place and time of their departure, and whoever found one of them wrote it down. All the log-books were sent to the Naval Bureau at Washington, and by comparing them Maury made his famous "wind and current " charts which were soon adopted by all civilized nations. Submarine Plateau. — Maury also found out that there was a plateau under the sea J. M. BROOKE, between Newfoundland and Ireland, and thought a telegraph might be laid there. Brooke's Deep-Sea-Sounding Apparatus. — One of Maury's assistants, John Mercer Brooke, of Virginia, in- Primary History of the United States. 171 vented an instrument which brought up materials from the bottom of the ocean. The most tiny and delicate shells were found on the submarine plateau, which showed that the water there was calm and still. First Ocean Telegraph. — Englishmen and Americans then set to work to lay the first ocean telegraph. It was in working order in 1858, and Cyrus Field said of it, " England furnished the money, Maury the brains, and I did the work." QUESTIONS. 1. What were the three political parties in the country at this time? 2. Which of them elected P'ranklin Pierce? 3. Why were Mr. Pierce's four years a stormy time? 4. What was the ' ' irrepressible conflict' ' ? 5. What had the "Omnibus Bill" decreed must be done with slaves escaping to free States? 6. How did the "personal liberty" laws nullify this decree? 7. What question were the settlers in Kansas and Nebraska allowed to settle for themselves? 8. Wliat did the Abolitionists do about this? 9. What were the "Kansas Bibles"? 10. What slaveholders crowded into Kansas? 11. Tell of the terrible times there. 12. What did John Brown do? 13. What important discoveries were made by science at this time? 14. Who was, perhaps, the greatest benefactor of his time? 15. How did he save thousands of lives and much money every year? 16. How did he find the currents in the sea? 17. How did he learn the direction of the winds? 18. Where did Maury find a submarine plateau? 19. Who invented the deep-sea-sounding apparatus? 20. How did it prove that the water was calm and still on the subma- rine plateau? 21. When and where was the first ocean telegraph laid? 172 Primary History of the U7titcd States. CHAPTER XLVI. JAMES BUCHANAN, 1857-61. Another Stormy Administration. — The Democrats elected the fifteenth President, as they had done the four- teenth, and Mr. Buchanan's four years of office were even more stormy than those of Mr. Pierce. The Mormons. — One trouble was with the Mormons in Utah. These were followers of the false prophet, Joseph Smith. Smith professed to have dug up out of the ground some gold plates with the " Book of Mormon " engraved on them. " Land of* the Honey Bee." — Smith taught doctrines and practices contrary to the Bible. He allovv'ed the men to marry a great many wives, and said a woman had no soul unless she was married. People in the several States wotild not permit this, and drove the Mormons from one place to another. After Smith's death, Brigham Young- led the Mormons across the Rocky Mountains to a region which he called " Deseret," " The land of the Honey Bee," but which others called Utah. Trouble with the Mormons, 1857. — When Utah was organized into a territory, the Mormons refused to obey some of the laws of Congress, and President Buchanan had to send part of the United vStates army to compel them to do so. Strife Between the North and South. — The two great sections of the country became more and more hostile to each other, and the North seemed determined to drive the Sotithern people to desperation. It always insisted on a high tariff to protect its manufactures, and continued to worry about slavery. Stories and poems were written filled with false accounts of Southern life and Southern people, and heaping abuse upon them. Primary History of the United States. 173 Dred Scott Decision, 1856. — The question whether, under the Constitution, slavery could be kept out of the territories, now came before the Supreme Court for the first time. That Court is the highest authority in the land, and it decided that slave-owners had as much right to carry their slaves into the territories as their horses or their house- hold goods, and that the government was bound to protect them if they did so. Even the Missouri Compromise was declared unconstitutional. The Abolitionists Enraged. — The opponents of the South were greatly enraged by this decision against them, and became more violent, in Congress and out, in wniting and speaking against the slave-holding States. John Brown's Raid. — Violent acts soon followed violent talk. John Brown, who had done murderous deeds in Kansas, laid a plan to rouse the negroes against their mas- ters and furnish them with weapons to kill them. Many leading Abolitionists encouraged him, and gave him money to buy arms. His first attempt was against Virginia. He collected rifles, pistols and clothing for distribution, and then, with a small body of men, he seized the United States arsenal at Harper's Ferry. He then sent out and captured sixty prisoners from the surrounding country, and carried off horses, carriages and wagons. Brown Captured and Hung. — The negroes did not join him, but remained quietly at home, and in his disappoint- ment he had several persons put to death. Volunteer sol- diers soon marched to Harper's Ferry. One hundred United States troops were sent from Washington under Colonel Robert E. Lee, and by nightfall Brown was attacked and captured in an engine-house where he and his men had barricaded themselves. Two of his sons were killed, Brown himself and four of his followers were tried for treason and murder, and were hung. The Northern people praised him for his evil deeds and declared him a hero and a martyr. The Southerners considered him a traitor and a murderer. Four Candidates Voted For. — When the election came on in i860, there were four candidates ; one put up by the 174 Primary History of the United States. Southern Democrats, one by the Northern Democrats, another by the American Party, and a fourth, Abraham Lincoln, by the Republicans, who were determined to keep the South- ern people out of the territories at any risk. Lincoln Elected, i860. — Lincoln received a majority of electoral votes, though the people who voted for him were a million less than those voting for the others. He did '^ not carry a single State south of the and was thus chosen by vStates hostile to the South. He awkward, ugly man, of plain origin and little education, but he had a good mind and a strong character, and was determined to make his way in the world. He did his best to improve himself, studied law and became a good speaker. He was a violent Republican, and favored a high tariff to protect Northern manufactures. He thought that the Union was older than the States or the Constitution, though the States had formed the Union and adopted the Constitution ; and he held that the South had no rio;hts in the territories. Iff Ohio, ABRAHAM LINCOLN. QUESTIONS. Who was the fourteenth President? What sort of a term did he have? Who were the Mormons? Which of Joseph vSmith's doctrines gave offence? How did the people in the other States treat the Mormons? 6. Where did Brigham Young lead them at last? 7. Wliv did President Buchanan have to send part of the army to 'Utah? 8. Did the North and the South become more friendly? 9. What was done to anger the Southern people? 10. What did the Supreme Court now decide the South had a right to do? 11. How did this Dred Scott decision affect the Abolitionists? 12. What plan did John Brown lay? 13. Who encouraged him? 14. What did he do at Harper's Ferry? Primary History of the United States, ^75 Did the negroes join him? What did he do m his disappointment? Where did he barricade himself? Who attacked and captured him? • What became of him? 15- 16. 17. 18. 20. How did the Northern and Southern people differ in their of him? 21. 22. 23- 24. 25- opinion Who elected the President in i860? What were they determined to do? By what States was Abraham Lincoln elected? Give some account of Abraham Lincoln. Which did he think the older, the Union or the States that formed the Union? BLACKBOARD FORM— CHAPTERS XLV, XLVI. Franklin Pierce, President, 1853- 1857- Buchanan, Presi- dent, 1857-1861. Civil War in Kansas, 1855. Maury made maps of the winds and the curient: of the sea. Found the submarine plateau. First ocean telegraph, 1858. Trouble with the Mormons, 1857. Increase of strife between the North and South. John Brown's Raid, 1859. Abraham Lincoln elected, i860. PERIOD IV— UNDER THE CONSTITUTION. BLACKBOARD REVIEW— CHAPTERS XXXIII-XLVI. Government tablished. Presidents. Es- r Federal Convention, 1787. \ Constitution adopted, 1787. Washington, eight years. John Adams, four years. Jefferson, eight years. Madison, eight years. Monroe, eight years. John Quincy Adams, four years. Jackson, eight years. Van Buren, four years. Harrison. 1 r ^ 1 y four vears. Tyler, j - Polk, four years. vears. l^y^""'' } four . Fillmore, / Pierce, four years. I Buchanan, four years. 176 Primary History of the United States. Increase of tory. Tet American Leaders. Mexican War. Battles. American erals. Gen- American Vic- tories, War of 1812. British Victories, War of 1812. British Leaders. Mexican Generals. f Northwest tetritory given by Virginia, 1784. Louisiana purchased, 1803. I Northwest explored, 1804. \ Florida purchased, 1809. Texas annexed, 1845. California taken, 1846. Part of Mexico bought, 1848. Perry on Lake Erie, 1813. The Thames, 181 3. Constitution captured Guerriere and Java. Chippewa and Lundy's Lane, 1814. McDonough on Lake Champlain, 1814. New Orleans, 18 15. Detroit taken, 1812. Raisin River, 1813. Raids along the coast, 1814. Washingon burned, 1815. S/iafinon captured Cliesapeatze. Brock. Proctor. Ross. Prevost. Packenham. Lambert. Brooke. Clarkham. r Harrison. Hull. Lawrence. ! Perry. I McDonough. Scott. I Brown. L Jackson. '' Palo Alto and Resaca de la Palma. Monterey, Buena Vista. Vera Cruz, Cerro Gordo. Contreras, Cherubusco. Chapultepec. ^ Mexico seized. Taylor. Scott. Kearney. Pillow. Worth. Wool. Ampudia. Arista. Santa Anna. Primary History of the United States. 177 New vStates. Progress and Im- provement. Machinery and Science. [ Vermont, 1791. j Kentucky, 1792. Tennessee, 1796. I Ohio, 1802. I Louisiana, 1812. I Indiana, 1816. Mississippi, 1817. I Illinois, 1818. I Alabama, 1819. I Maine, 1820. \ Missouri, 1821. Arkansas, 1836. Michigan, 1837. Texas, 1845. Florida, 1845. Iowa, 1846. Wisconsin, 1848. California, 1850. Minnesota, 1858. Oregon, 1859. [ Kansas, 1861. Population 3,000,000, 178T. Population 5,000,000, 1800. Population 32,000,000, i860. Whitney's Cotton-Gin, 1793. Steamboats, 1807. Railroads, 183 1. Steamships, 1838. Wheat-Reaper, 1834. Sewing Machines. Electric Telegraph, 1844. California Gold. 1848. y Submarine Cable, 1858. 12 178 Primary History of the United States. PERIOD V. CHAPTER XLVII. civil. WAR AND RECONSTRUCTION — FORMATION OF THE SOUTHERN CONFEDERACY. Consequences of Lincoln's Election. — Mr. Lincoln was elected by the North alone, and was, as I have told you, very strong in his opposition to the South. The Southern States at once felt that under his rule and that of his party they could not hope to retain their rights and independence within the Union. How the Southerners Regarded the Union. — They looked upon the Union as a compact or agreement made between the States for their ow^n good, and they now deter- mined to withdraw from that compact. You remember that New England had several times threatened to secede. Seven of the Southern States now exercised their rights and did so. Secession of the States. — South Carolina was the first. Her convention on December 20, i860, passed an '' Ordi- nance of Secession," by which the State took back into her own hands all the powers she had given up to the Federal government in 1788. By the first of February, 1861, Mississippi, Florida, Alabama, Georgia, Louisiana ; and Texas had also severed their con- ^ nection with the Union. ' Southern Confederacy Formed. — A Congress of the wisest and best men in the seceding States met at Montgomery, Alabama, and formed the Confederate States, with a Consti- tution and a government like that of the United States. JKFFERSON DAVIS. Primary History of the United States. 179 Jefferson Davis, of Mississippi, was elected President and Alexander H. Stephens, of Georgia, Vice-President of the new nation. Why These Things Were Done.^Yon must not sup- pose that these things were done because the Southern people and their leaders did not care for the Union. They loved it very much and had done everything in their power to make it prosperous and strong. But they loved their different States, and their rights, even better than the Union. For years they had tried in vain to preserve these rights in the Union. The loud threats uttered against them showed that it had now become impossible to do so, and they seceded, feeling it their duty to resume their independence. Not to Preserve Slavery. — Neither did the South secede to maintain slavery. The Constitution of the Southern Confederacy forbade the African slave-trade to be renewed. It allowed slaves to be carried into all the terri- tories, but said that the people in a territory might decide whether it should become a free or a slave-holding State. These were rights which the Supreme Court of the United States had declared they possessed under the United States Constitution, and wdiich the Northern people refused to permit them to exercise. Benefits and Evils of Slavery. — The ignorant, heathen Africans had been greatly benefited by their two hundred and fifty years of slavery. Thousands and thousands of them had become civilized and Christianized as they could not have been in any other way. They were the happiest and best cared for working people in the world. Their owners could not therefore pity them, as the Northern x\bolitionists professed to do. There were also many bene- fits to the slave-owning whites, but there were likewise many evils. ]\Iost of the Southern people felt this, and if they had been let alone would have taken steps to get rid of it gradually. But they felt that the North had no right to interfere with them or dictate to them, and to deprive them of their constitutional rights. I So Prima7y History of ike United States. Different Opinions in the Country. — The seceding States had no wish to interfere with the rights of the other States or to go to war with them. They tried at once to open communications with the government at Washington and to settle all questions arising between them peaceably. Many people at the North believed that a State had a right to secede, and that there was no power in the Federal gov- ernment to compel her to return to the Union. Others took the ground that the Union must be maintained at all risks, and that " a little blood-letting " would be good for the South. Minnesota, 1858; Oregon, 1859; Kansas, 1861. — These new States were made during Mr. Buchanan's term, so there was a larger number of Congressmen to vote against the South. QUESTIONS. T. What did the Southern States feel when Mr. Lincoln was elected? 2. How did they regard the Union? 3. Which of them seceded at once? 4. What government did they form? 5. Who were made President and Vice President? 6. Why were these things done? 7. What did the Constitution of the Southern Confederacy forl)id? 8. Had slavery done any good to the negroes? 9. Had it done harm to tlie whites? 10. Did the seceding States wish to interfere with the rights of the other States? 11. What did the Northern people think about secession? 12. What States came into the Union during Mr. Buchanan's time? Primary History of the United States. i8i CHAPTER XIvVIII. ABRAHAM LINCOLN, 1861-1865 — BEGINNING OF THE WAR FOR vSOUTHERN INDEPENDENCE. Peaceable Efforts Unavailing. — All efforts to bring about a peaceable nnderstanding between the new govern- ment and the old one came to nothing. The seceding States took possession of the forts within their limits, which had been bnilt on ground belonging to them for their de- fence, and to support which they had been heavily taxed. The forts in Charleston harbor and on the Florida coast were the only exceptions, and these the Confederate govern- ment hoped to obtain peaceably. United States Troops in Fort Sumter. — President Buch- anan did not believe that he had any right to coerce the seceding States, and South Carolina understood him to say that he would not reinforce the small garrison in Charleston harbor if she did not interfere with it. By permission from Washington, however. Major Anderson took his men in the night from Fort Moultrie into the stronger w^orks at Fort Sumter, and an effort was made to send him more troops and supplies. Lincoln's Inaugural Address. — When Mr. Lincoln was inaugurated on March 4, 1861, he said that no State could "lawfully get out of the Union," and that he would see that " all the laws of the Union should be executed in all the States." The Right of Secession. — Everything about slavery or the tariff or the territories was now forgotten in the ques- tion whether or not a State had a right to secede. The South asserted this right, the North denied it. It was plain that the Federal government would come to no peace- able agreement with the Southern Confederacy. Bombardment of Fort Sumter. — In the meantime prep- arations were made by the Washino;ton oovernment to send p. G. T. BEAUREGARD. 182 Primary History of the United States. armed vessels to Charleston to reinforce Fort Snniter, and the governor of Sonth Carolina was in- formed that they would do so, "peaceably if they could, forcibly if they must." To submit to this would have been to ac- knowledge that the United States had the right to coerce South Carolina, and to place Charleston at the mercy of their troops. General Beauregard, commanding the Confederate forces, at once summoned Major Anderson to surrender, and, when he refused, bombarded Fort Sumter and compelled him to do so. War Begun by the Northern Government. — The firing upon Fort Sumter was in self-defence, and the war really began when ships of war with troops and arms on board approached Charleston. Call for Seventy-five Thousand Soldiers. — The day after Fort Sumter surrendered Mr. lyincoln called for 75,000 men to " suppress " the seceded States. The Northern governors complied with this demand ; the Southern States still in the Union refused to do so. Other States Secede. — The idea of attacking their sis- ter States was so odious to these States that in a few weeks they determined to take part with them. Virginia seceded on April 17 ; North Carolina, Tennessee and Arkansas a few weeks later. Four slave-holding States, Delaware, Maryland, Kentucky and Missouri, never seceded. Dela- ware sympathized with the North. The other three tried to be neutral, that is to take no part in the war on either side, but were taken possession of by the Federal authori- ties. Advantages Possessed by the North. — Neither the United States nor the Confederate States were ready for war. But the former had immensely the advantage. They had 22,000,000 of people and plenty of money, an army, a navy, powder-mills, armories, and manufactories of all sorts. Besides these, by professing to fight against slavery and Primary History of the United States. 183 rebellion, they had the sympathy of the civilized world. The South, with only 9,000,000 of people, 3,000,000 of them negroes, was without an army or navy, had few arms and no means of making- them or of producing gunpowder, and had few manufactories of any kind, and no currency except paper. The Confederate Army. — In the character of her officers and soldiers the South was fully the equal of her assailants. Her sons everywhere eagerly responded to her call for defenders, and her armies were commanded by distinguished soldiers who left the Federal army to take part with their States. The Federal Blockade. — Mr. Lincoln took prompt measures, and ordered everything to be done which could injure the South, whether it was within his constitutional authority or not. The most important step was blockading the Southern ports by the Federal warships, so that Euro- pean or Southern vessels should neither be able to carry out cotton nor bring in the supplies so greatly needed. QUESTIONS. 1. Could any peaceable understanding be made between the old gov- ernment and the new one? 2. On what ground did the Southern Confederacy take possession of the forts within its limits? 3. How did they hope to obtain the forts in Charleston Harbor and on the Florida coast? 4. Did President Buchanan think he had a right to coerce the States? 5. Where did Major Anderson take his men? 6. What did Mr. Lincoln say in his inaugural address? 7. What now became the most important question? 8. What did the North and the South think about it? 9. W^hy did the Southern Confederacy command the surrender of Fort Sumter? 10. Did the bombardment of Fort Sumter begin the war? 11. What did Mr. Lincoln now call for? 12. Who sent him what he asked? 13. Who refused to do so? 14. W^hat other States soon seceded? 15. Why did they do this? 16. What slave-holding States never seceded? 17. Why could not Delaware, Maryland, Kentucky and Missouri remain neutral ? 1 84 Primary History of the United States. i8. What advantages did the North have over the South? 19. What was the difference in the numbers of their people? 20. In what respect was the Confederate army the equal of the Fed- eral army? 21. Tell of the Federal blockade. PERIOD V— CIVIL WAR AND RECONSTRUCTION, BtACKBOARD FORM-CHAPTERS XLVII, XLVIII. Secession of South- ern States. Abraham Lincoln, President, 1861- 1865. Civil War. ' South Carolina, i860, MivSsissippi, 1861, Florida, 1861. Alabama, 1861. Louisiana, 1861. \ Texas, 1861. Southern Confederacy formed, 1861. Virginia, 1861. North Carolina, 1861. Tennessee, 1861. Arkansas, 1861. Bombardment of Fort Sumter, April, i86r. Lincoln called for 75,000 men, April, 1861. 22,000,000 people at the North. 9,000,000 people at the South. North rich and well supplied. South poor and had nothing. Primary History of the United States. 185 CHAPTER XLIX. WAR FOR SOUTHERN INDEPENDENCE, CONTINUED, 1 86 1. What This Book Can Tell. — In this little History I can give you only an outline of the terrible war which had begun, and mention briefly the principal battles and events. Important Points to be Observed. — Before going into the account of the struggle which lasted for four years, I wish you to examine carefully the map of the Southern Confederacy. Observe that its entire northern border was close to the United States. Take notice of its long seacoast wliich was mostly unprotected, and ex- posed to attacks from hostile vessels. Note also the many large rivers running through the Southern States. The Mississippi divided the Confederacy into two distinct parts, the Tennessee and the Cumberland, the xA.rkansas and the Red Rivers flowed for many hundred miles through it, while the Potomac, the James, the Cape Fear, the Savannah and other rivers offered passage for gunboats into the eastern portion of the country. Other Things to be Remembered. — I told you in the last chapter that the North had 22,000,000 of white people, the South only 9,000,- 000 white and black, and m.entioned other great advantages possessed by the p North. I now tell you again that the & South had no desire to injure or make war upon the North. She only wished to be let alone to exercise the right to govern herself. The North denied that she had this right, and took up Joseph e. johnston. arms to prevent her putting it in practice. Preparations for War. — Neither section of the countrv realized how great the struggle would be, but both North 1 86 Primary History of the United States. and South made great preparations for it. Armies were raised, paper money was issued, cannon, muskets, powder, ammunition, wagons, clothing and supplies were manufac- tured by the government workshops at the North, and large quantities were also brought from Europe. The South had no established factories, but set up foundries, powder mills, armories and workshops of all sorts as soon as possible. With her great territory, her small population, and her limited resources, she accomplished enough to make the whole world wonder. First Bloodshed, 1861. — Fighting was to rage in all parts of the South, and bloody battles to be fought in widely different places, but the first outbreaks were in the eastern part. On the nineteenth of April, the people of Baltimore tried to stop the passage through their city of Northern soldiers going against the South. The soldiers fired into the crowd and killed several persons. First Battle of Manassas. — Virginia was close to Wash- ington, and the Federal government was anxious to take possession of her, and to capture Rich- mond, the Confederate capital. For this purpose four different armies were sent against the State. On July 21, General McDowell, with 35,000 well-equipped men, attacked the Confederates, not quite so strong, under General Joseph E. Johnston and General Beauregard, at Manassas, about twenty-five miles south of Washington. "Stonewall" Jackson.— The fighting was desperate and for hours it seemed as if Johnston's wing of the Southern army must be surrounded and defeated. General T. J. Jackson, afterwards called " Stonewall," stood his ground firmly and encouraged his men " to give them the bayonet." Obeying this order, the Confeder- ates forced their assailants back. Just at this time a part of General Johnston's men who had come a long distance attacked the Federals on the flank, and drove them from the field. M'CLELLAN. Primary History of the United States. 187 Rout of the Federal Army. — A panic spread through the Northern troops. They left their cannon and wagons, threw down their arms, and fled for their lives, never stop- ping until they were safely across the Potomac in Wash- ington. Consequences of the Victory. — This victory gave the Southerners many guns and valuable arms, but it en- couraged them to de- r ^ spise their opponents V and to think too highly ! of themselves. It caused : great rage and shame at the North, where peo- [ ^ pie made great exer- [ m^'f^^ tions to raise other t W armies to go and punish f % the South. i ^ McClellan in West- \ ern Virginia. — In Vir- i ginia, west of the Al- | leghany Mountains, ' where many of the peope i had come from Pennsyl- f vania and Ohio, there [, was no liking for seces- sion. A Federal army \.. sent there under General \ McClellan overcame the • >7: ' small bodv of Confed- L- _ _ crate troops sent against ^- J- ^" stonewai.i.") jackson. it, and being helped by the Northern sympathizers, took possession of the whole country. Other Doings in Virginia, 1861. — Little more fighting was done in Virginia this year. General McClellan was given command of the troops in Washington, where he collected and trained a very large army. General Stone- wall Jackson was sent to defend the Valley of Virginia with a part of Johnston's army. The rest of the army 1 88 Primary History of the United States. went into winter quarters, to watch McClellan's move- ments. QUESTIONS. 1. What only can this little book tell? 2. Look at the map and tell of the northern boundary of the Southern Confederacy, of its long seacoast, and large rivers. 3. Did the South wish to make war on the North? 4. What did she wish to do? 5. Why did the North fight against her? 6. What preparations did both sides make? 7. Where was the first bloodshed? 8. First battle? 9. How many armies had been sent to Virginia? 10. When and where was the first battle fought? 11. Who commanded on each side? 12. Give some account of the battle? 13. What did Stonewall Jackson tell his men to do? 14. Which arni}^ was defeated? 15. Tell of their retreat to Washington. 16. What were the consequences of the victory? 17. Why did General McClellan find it eas}- to take possession of Western Virginia? 18. Who was sent to defend the Valley of Virginia? Primary History of the United States. CHAPTER L. WAR FOR SOUTHERN INDEPENDENCE, CONTINUED, 1861- 1862 — CAMPAIGNvS IN THE WEST. War in Kentucky and Missouri, 1861. — As I told you before, Kentucky and Missouri wished to remain neutral in the war, but the Federal government would not permit it and there were battles in both States. At Wilson's Springs in Missouri the Federal general, Lyon, was killed and his army was defeated. Occupation of Kentucky. — General Albert Sidney John- ston was put in command of all the Con- federate forces in the West. He estab- lished his headquarters at Bowling Green, Ky. To keep the Federal gunboats from taking possession of the Mississippi River, Genei-al Polk occupied Columl3us and fortified it so strongly that it was called the "Gibraltar of the West." Before Polk could seize Paducah also, the Federal general, Ulysses S. Grant, established a garrison there. Battle of Belmont, 1861. — In November, another battle was fought in Missouri at Belmont, opposite Columbus. General Grant attacked Belmont with his gunboats and a land force, but was driven off by General Polk's troops with heavy loss. Affairs Along the Coast, 1861. — On the Atlantic coast the Federal warships and gunboats encountered little opposi- tion. Among other places they captured Fort Hatteras in North Carolina and Port Royal Harbor in South Carolina, both very important for blockade running. They made attacks on various other points and kept up a stringent blockade. LEONIDAS POLK. 1 90 Primary History of the United States. Fort Henry and Fort Donelson, 1862. — The campaigns of 1862 opened in the West. To keep the Federal gunboats from penetrating into the heart of the South, Fort Henry had been built on the eastern bank of the Tennessee River and Fort Donelson on the western bank of the Cumberland River. They were only twelve miles apart, and Fort Donelson was much the stronger. Fall of Fort Henry. — On February 6, Fort Henry was attacked by gunboats. The bombardment was very severe and the fort was much injured. Most of the garrison escaped to Fort Donelson, and General Tilghman surren- dered when he had only sixty men left. Fall of Fort Donelson. — Donelson defended Nashville, where there was a large depot of Confederate supplies. The Federal general. Grant, brought 17,000 troops against it on February 12. He bombarded the fort for two days, waiting for more men and for his gunboats. When they came he surrounded the fort and made a combined attack. There were 14,000 men in the fort, who fought gallantly, beating off the gunboats and repulsing the land attack. At night it turned bitterly cold, and numbers of the wounded soldiers froze to death in the sleet and rain. More Federal troops were coming up, and it was found impossible to hold the place. Escape of Southern Generals — General Floyd, chief in command, left the fort in the night with a number of his men. General Pillow followed him. General Forrest took his cavalry away, and when morning came General Buckner surrendered the fort, with some 10,000 men. Results. — The capture of these forts filled the North with joy and the South with grief. The garrison at Columbus N. B. FORREST. was obllgcd to withdraw to Island No. 10, forty miles farther down the Mississippi. The Tennessee and the Cumberland Rivers were open to the Federal gunboats, which at once began to ravage and destroy. Primary History of the United States. 191 General Johnston never had more than 55,000 men against the 100,000 of the Federals. His army was so much diminished by capture, sickness and desertion that Johnston had to retreat into Mississippi. Battle of Elkhorn, or Pea Ridge. — In March a severe battle was fought in Arkansas. At first the Confederates were successful, but when several of their generals had been killed they became discouraged and fell back. QUESTIONS. 1. What is this chapter about? 2. Why could not those States remain neutral? 3. Which side gained the battle of Wilson's Springs? 4. Who was given command of the Confederate forces in the West? 5. Where did he establish his headquarters? 6. Why did General Polk occupy and fortify Columbus? 7. Why could he not take Paducah? 8. Tell of the battle of Belmont. 9. What did the Federal warships accomplish on the coast during 1861? 10. Where were Forts Henrv and Donelson built, and why? 11. Tell of the fall of Fort Henry. 12. Why was it important for the Southerners to hold Fort Donelson? 13. Who commanded the attack upon it? 14. Why was it impossible to hold the place? 15. What Southern generals escaped? 16. Who surrendered the fort? 17. What were the results of their surrender? 18. How many men did General Johnston have? 19. The Federals? 20. When and where was the battle of Elkhorn, or Pea Ridge, fought? BIvACKBOARD FORM— CHAPTERS XLIX, L. f First bloodshed, Baltimore, April 1861. ! First battle, Manassas, July, 1861. Western Virginia taken by Federal troops, 1861. Jackson's Valley campaign, 1861. Battle of Wilson's Springs, Missouri, August, 1861. Civil War J ^^^tle of Belmont, Missouri, November, 1861. ! Fort Hatteras and Port Royal captured, 1861. Fort Henr\' captured, February, 1862. I Fort Donelson captured, February, 1862. Columbus evacuated, 1862. I Battle of Elkhorn, or Pea Ridge, Arkansas, April, I 1862. 192 Primary History of the United States. CHAPTER LI. WAR FOR SOUTHERN INDEPENDENCE, CONTINUED — CAMPAIGN IN THE WEST, 1 862. Battle of Shiloh, April, 1862. — General Grant now ad- vanced np the Tennessee River, and landed 38,000 men at Pittsbnrg Landing under cover of his gunboats. General A. S. Johnston had collected about 35,000 troops. With these he attacked Grant at Shiloh on April 6. The Con- federates carried everything before them, capturing thou- sands of prisoners and many guns in spite of the gallant resistance of Grant's force. Death of Albert Sidney Johnston. — A Southern victory seemed secure, when General Johnston was mortally wounded by a minie-ball, and died in a few moments. His successor. General Beauregard, did not push the contest as he might. When the Federals had been forced back to the river-bank, instead of driving them into the water and thus forcing them to surrender, he ordered his men to stop fio^htino-. Buell's Arrival. — Beauregard intended to renew the attack in the morning, but General Buell came up in the night with as many fresh troops as Beauregard had. The Federals attacked in their turn, and the Confederates were forced to withdraw. Over 24,000 men fell in this bloody battle, more than half of them on the Federal side. Island No. 10 — New Orleans. — In two weeks after the battle of Shiloh the Federals captured Island No. 10, and Admiral Farragut passed the forts defending New Orleans, and took possession of that city. General Benjamin F. Butler, who was put in command of the city, tyrannized over it. He insulted and abused the residents who re- mained there. He took their property and allowed his Primary History of the United States, 193 men to take whatever they fancied, and ill-treated the helpless people so much that they called him '' Beast Butler," a title which never left him. Confederate Conscription. — To fill up the armies, the Confederate government ordered that every man between the ages of eighteen and thirty-five should be enrolled as a soldier, and join the army when called for. Later on the Northern government did the same thing. Efforts to Recover Tennessee and Kentucky. — General Bragg was put in Beauregard's place, and collected a fine army in Northern Mississippi. He left part of it to hold General Grant's force in check, and with the rest he pressed northward, sending Morgan's and Forrest's cavalry forces to clear the way. The Federal general, Buell, also took his men from ChattanooQ^a back to Kentuckv to head Braoo- off. Buell got to Louisville first, where his army was rapidly reinforced. luka and Corinth. — Bragg expected Van Dorn to defeat Grant in Mississippi and then join him in Kentucky. In- stead of this Van Dorn and Price experienced two severe blows with heavy loss at luka and Corinth, and the Federal power grew strong in the Southwest. Battles of Richmond and Perry ville. — On August 30, 5000 of Bragg's men under Kirby Smith defeated 10,000 Federal troops near Richmond, Kentucky, :;^nd took 5000 of them prisoners, with their cannon and small arms. Bragg's 52,000 men were scattered on different roads. Buell concentrated all of his, about 75,000, at Louisville. Bragg had taken large quantities of supplies, and numbers of cattle and horses. Buell moved southward to get behind Bragg and cut him off from the Confederacy. Battle of Perry ville. — On October 8, 16,000 of Bragg's men under General Polk had a fierce battle with 58,000 of Buell's forces. After bravely holding his ground all day, and capturing 15 cannon and 600 prisoners, Polk fell back in the night to the rest of the Southern army. Each side lost more than 3000 men in this battle. Bragg did not stop to fight any more. He brought his stores away safely, 194 Primaiy History of the United States. and took his army to Murfreesboro, where he threw up intrenchments. Results of Bragg's Kentucky Campaign. — Both sides were disappointed in this campaign. The North thought that Buell should have surrounded and destroyed Bragg. The South felt that if Bragg had moved faster he might have occupied lyouisville, and by keeping his force to- gether could have gained one great victory instead of two small ones. Battle of Murfreesboro, or Stone River. — On the last day of the year, another battle was fought near Murfrees- boro betv/een Bragg's army and the Federals under Rose- crans. Bragg had 37,712 men; Rosecrans nearly 10,000 more. This bloody contest lasted for three days, and more than 23,000 men were killed and wounded. Nothing deci- sive was accomplished by the continued fighting, and each side claimed the victory. Burning of Holly Springs. — Later in the year Van Dorn succeeded in capturing Grant's fortified camp at Hollv Springs, with 2000 prisoners. He then burned millions cf dollars' worth of Federal stores and supplies, and Grant wa-s obliged to fall back. QUESTIONS. 1. When and where was the battle of Shiloh fought? 2. How many men did General Grant have? 3. General Johnston? 4. What disaster prevented a Southern victory? 5. Who came up in the night? 6. How many men fell in this bloody battle? 7. What two important places on the Mississippi River did the Fed- erals capture in the next two weeks? 8. Tell of Butler's rule in New Orleans. 9. Tell of the first Confederate conscription. 10. Who was put in Beauregard's place? 11. Why did he move northward? 12. What Federal general opposed him? 13. Why did not Van Dorn join Bragg in Kentucky? 14. Who fought the battle of Richmond, Kentucky? 15. How many men did Bragg have? ID. Buell? 17. Who fought the battle of Perryville, Kentucky? Primary History of the United States. 195 18. Where did Bragg take his army and the stores and animals he had gathered in Kentucky? 19. Why were both North and South disappointed in this campaign? 20. W^hat battle was fought on the last day of the year? 21. Which had the most men, Bragg or Rosecrans? 22. Tell of the battle? 23. Who burned Grant's depots at Holly Springs, Mississippi? 196 Primary History of the United States. CHAPTER LIL WAR FOR SOUTHERN INDEPENDENCE, CONTINUED — CAM- PAIGNS IN THE EAST, 1 862. Federal Successes on the Coast. — The war went on this year in the East with varying fortunes. The Federal fleets captured Roanoke Island and New Berne in North Carolina, Fort Pulaski defending- Savannah, Fort Macon at Beaufort, Port Royal and other important coast defences. Numbers of small Confederate gunboats were destroyed, and the difficulty of eluding the blockading ships was greatly increased. The Ram "Virginia." — At the Norfolk navy-yard the Confederates changed the frigate Merrimac into an iron- clad vessel with an iron beak. They armed it with heavy guns and called it Virginia. On March 8 this Vii'ginia attacked the Federal fleet in Hampton Roads. In a few hours she had sunk the frigate Cumberland^ had run the Congress aground and burned her, and had injured the other vessels with shot from her cannon. Then she steamed back into Norfolk Harbor. The "Monitor." — Every sea-board town of the North was terrified by this destruction of the warships, and expected the Virginia to attack it at once. But the Northern ship builders had been at work, too. When the turtle- shaped Virginia returned the next morning to Hampton Roads she was met by the Monitor^ another iron-clad ship, looking like " a cheese-box on a plank." Each vessel was so protected that neither could harm the other, and the battle between them changed the mode of naval warfare all over the world. Spring Campaign in Virginia, 1862. — By spring, McClel- lan had 120,000 men at Washington, Johnston's army Primary History of the Lhtited States. 197 at Manassas had lessened to 30,000, and he withdrew it be- hind the Rappahannock. Mr. Lincohi wished McClellan to follow Johnston, bnt he made the deep Virginia mud an excuse for going to Richmond by another road and took his army by water to Fortress Monroe. Kernstown. — Jackson's force in the Valley was obliged to fall back when Johnston did. He was ordered to keep the Federal army there from going to McClellan. So he turned round and with less than 3000 men, he attacked the Northern force, twice that number, at Kernstow^n, so IMOMTOR AND :me;rrimac. fiercely that reinforcements were at once sent to General Banks from Washington. Johnston at Yorkto^vn. — When Johnston found that McClellan had gone to Fortress Monroe, he took his army to the Peninsula, as the country between the York and the James rivers is called. McClellan laid siege to Yorktown, and Johnston quietly withdrew his army to the neighbor- hood of Richmond. In this retreat there was a stiff little fight at Williamsburg between McClellan's advance and Johnston's rear, but the Southern army brought off all its artillery and wagons in safety. Pri}iiary History of the United States. Destruction of the " Virginia." — When Johnston gave up the Peninsula, the Confederates were obliged to evacuate Norfolk. They found that the James River was too shallow for the I ^irginia to ascend it, and blew her up to keep her from the enemy. Federal gunboats then tried to attack Richmond from the river, but were prevented by obstruc- tions in the water and batteries on the shore. Battle of Seven Pines, or Fair Oaks. — McClellan brought his armv up York River, and moved near Rich- T^ mond, where he threw up huge earthworks. On the last day of May, a severe engagement took place, in which General Johnston was severely wounded and disabled. General Robert E. Lee. — G eneral Robert E. Lee, the youngest son of " Light Horse Harry " Lee of the Revolution, now took command of the Con- federates. The story of the next three years will tell you what a noble man and splendid soldier he was. Jackson's Valley Cam- paign. — Jackson had at this time about fifteen thousand men. The Northern gov- ernment was always afraid that he would advance upon Washington, so they sent four armies against him, each nearly as large as his own. Jackson had taught his men to march so rapidly that they were called " foot cavalry." He did not wait for his foes to come up to him, but attacked them unexpectedly. Within a month he drove back Milroy's advance at Monterey, defeated Banks at Win- chester, and followed his fleeing foes almost to the GENERAI, ROBERT E. LEE. Primary History of the United States. 199 Potomac. Many prisoners were captured and so man}- supplies taken at Winchester that Banks received the name of "Jackson's commissary." Then turning back up the Valley, Jackson beat" Fremont at Cross Keys, one day, and Shields at Port Republic, the next. QUESTIONS. 1. What important coast defences did the Federal warships capture during 1S62 ? 2. Tell of the building of the ram Virginia. 3. Of her attack on the Federal fleet in Hampton Roads. 4. Of the battle between the I ^ijgvna and the Jl/ovi/or. 5. Its effect on naval warfare all over the world. 6. How many men had McClellan at Washington in the spring of 1862 ? 7. How many did Johnston have at Manassas? 8. Where did McClellan take his army to attack Richmond? 9. How did Stonewall Jackson keep more men from going to McClellan ? 10. Where did Johnston go to meet McClellan ? 11. Did he remain there? 12. Why were the Confederates obliged to evacuate Norfolk ? 13. What became of the ram Virginia ? 14. When and where was the battle of Seven Pines or Fair Oaks fought ? 15. Who was severely wounded ? 16. Who took command in his place ? 17. What sort of a man was he? 18. How many men did Jackson have in the Valley at this time? 19. How manv armies were sent against him ? 20. Why? 21. Why were Jackson's men called " foot cavalry ? " 22. What four victories did Jackson gain in a month ? 23. Why was Banks called "Jackson's commissary?" BLACKBOARD FORM— CHAPTERS LI, LIL f Battle of Shiloh, Albert Sidney Johnston killed, April, 1862. I Capture of New Orleans. April, 1862. p. ., „, J Battles of luka and Corinth, Mississippi, 1862. i^ivu war. , Battle of Richmond, Kentucky, August, 1862. Battle of Perryville, Kentucky, October 1862. i Battle of Murfreesboro, or Stone River, December, [ 1862. 200 Primary History of the United States. CHAPTER IvIIL WAR FOR SOUTHERN INDEPENDENCE, CONTINUED — VIR- GINIA AND MARYLAND CAMPAIGNS. McClellan's *' On to Richmond." — McClellan had 115,000 men almost within sight of Richmond and kept asking for more. Jackson's successes in the Valley made Lincoln send reinforcements there instead of to Richmond. Lee and Jackson Against McClellan. — By the middle of June Lee had collected 65,000 men. He then brought Jackson with haste and secrecy to join him in attacking McClellan in his fortifications. Jackson fell on the Federal flank while Lee attacked in front, on June 26. Seven Days' Battles. — Not expecting such an assault, the Federals abandoned their strong position and fell back toward James River. At Mechanicsville, Gaines' Mill, Cold Harbor, White Oak Swamp and Frazier's Farm, Lee's army struck them deadly blows. The Federal troops fought during the day and retreated at night. By the morning of July I they gained a strong position on Malvern Hill. Lee's attack failed to drive them from the Hill, but during the night they again withdrew to Harrison's Landing, where they were protected by their gunboats. Results of the Campaign. — After this move of McClel- lan's, Lee's army returned to Richmond. The Federals had lost 15,000 killed and wounded, the Confederates 16,000, but they had taken 10,000 prisoners, fifty-two cannon, 35,000 small arms and immense quantities of stores. Mr. Lincoln went to Harrison's Landing and found that McClellan had there 86,000 soldiers, more than Lee had in the beginning. McClellan was therefore ordered back to the Potomac and a fresh army went into Virginia under General John Pope. General Pope. — Pope was a boastful man, and the first general to instruct his army to devastate and destroy. Primary History of the United States. 201 Cedar Mountain. — Jackson's corps defeated Pope's advance near Gordonsville on August 9. Lee came up with Longstreet's corps, and Jackson moved off toward the mountains, while lyongstreet pressed on nearer to the rail- roads. Jackson at Manassas. — Jackson's movements were undiscovered until he appeared at Manassas Junction, where he captured prisoners, locomotives and trains and sup- plies. He took what his men could use and burned the rest. Second Manassas. — ^Pope thought he could now sur- round and destroy Jackson. Desperate fighting ensued for two days. Jackson's men suffered severely, but held their own until Lee came with I^ongstreet's corps. Pope had telegraphed a victory to Washington, and there was great horror there when his beaten army was known to be in rapid retreat. Thirty thousand of Pope's soldiers and 12,000 Confederates fell in this brief campaign, and Lee's men again captured cannon, muskets and prisoners by the thousand. Lee in Maryland. — Lee had driven the Federal army from Virginia and now took his own into IVIaryland, cross- ing the Potomac near Leesburg. In their alarm the Wash- ino^ton orovernment again g^ave General McClellan command of their forces. Lee sent Jackson to capture Harper's Ferry, and took the rest of his men to Frederick City. Lee's order telling of his movements was found by the Federals, and McClellan, with 87,000 men, followed hard after him. Capture of Harper's Ferry. — Jackson took Harper's Ferry, with 13,000 prisoners, seventy-three cannon and 30,000 muskets, and then joined Lee near Sharpsburg. Sharpsburg, or Antietam. — Lee's army was reduced by fighting and hard marching to 35,000 men. McClellan's 80,000 attacked him on September 19, on the banks of Antietam Creek. All day long the bloody battle raged. Lee held the field at night and all the next day, but then took his army back to Virginia. Each side lost about 202 Primary History of the United States. twelve thousand men, and neither gained any real advan- tage. Burnside at Fredericksburg. — General McClellan was now superseded by General Burnside, who decided to go to Richmond by way of Fredericksburg. Lee's forces moved to meet him, and each army threw up forti- fications. Burnside had 125,000 men well clothed, housed, fed and equipped, and 370 cannon. Lee had 60,000 men bare-footed and in rags, with scant food and shelter, and 250 guns. BURNSIDE. Battle of Fredericksburg, December 13, 1862. — Burnside's men crossed the river, after bombard- ing the little town fiercely, and attacked the Confederate army on the morning of December 13. The Federals at- tacked boldly, to be everywhere driven back. Six sepa- rate assaults were made on Marye's Hill, the key of Lee's position. It was bitterly cold, and when night came 12,000 Federals and 5000 Confederates lay dead or wounded on the icy plain. For two days Lee waited for another attack, and then proposed to advance, but lo and behold, Burnside's men had retreated in the night to their fortifi- cations across the river. This battle ended active opera- tions in Virginia until spring. Results of 1862. — The Confederacy had been victorious in many pitched battles, and her cruisers, the Alabama^ Florida and the Shenandoah had inflicted great damage upon Federal commerce. But the material gains were all on the Northern side. Federal Advantages. — In the West the Federal gen- erals held nearly all of Kentucky and Tennessee, the southern part of Louisiana and northern Mississippi, and the greater part of the Mississippi River. In Virginia they occupied the Peninsula and the country around Norfolk and Washington. Their armies and gunboats threatened the Confederate communications everywhere. The Fed- eral armies drew many foreign recruits. Greenbacks were Primary History of tJie United States. 203 plentiful, and, though prices were high, work and wages were abundant. Conditions at the South. — The railroads, like everv'- thing else in the South, were wearing out, and there were no means of repairing them. Constant fighting was killing off the men, and there were none to replace them. The strict blockade kept supplies and recruits from coming in, and the paper money was growing less in value every day. The soldiers in the field and the people at home began to suffer for food and clothing. In spite of all this, the cour- age of the people kept up, and the soldiers faced privations and danger with fearless fortitude. QUESTIONS. 1. How many men did McClellan now have before Richmond? 2. How many had Lee collected ? 3. Who came from the Valley to join him ? 4. Which side began the attack, and when ? 5. What did the Federals then do ? 6. Tell of five fierce battles. 7. Could Lee drive them from Malvern Hill? 8. Where did they seek shelter? 9. How long did this contest last ? 10. With which side did the victory remain ? ir. How many men did McClellan take to Harrison's Landing? 12. What Federal general was now given command in Virginia? 13. What sort of a man was he ? 14. Where did Jackson defeat Pope's advance? 15. Which way did Jackson move off? 16. Where did he next appear ? 17. What did he do there? 18. Tell of the battles of Second Manassas. 19. And who won them ? 20. Where did Lee now go ? 21. Who was given command of the Federal army? 22. How did McClellan find out which way Lee was going ? 2X,. Tell of Jackson's capture of Harper's Ferry. 24. How many men did McClellan have at Sharpsburg, or Antietam? 25. Lee ? 26. What was the result of the battle ? 27. Who superseded McClellan ? 28. Where did he take his men ? 29. How many did he have ? 30. How mau}^ had Lee to oppose him ? 31. Tell of the battle of Fredericksburg. 32. What had the vSouth gained during 1862 ? 33. What advantages had the Federals gained ? 34. How was the South growing poorer and weaker every day ? 204 Primary History of the United States. CHAPTER LIV. WAR FOR SOUTHERN INDEPENDENCE, CONTINUED — CAM- PAIGNS IN VIRGINIA AND PENNSYLVANIA, 1 863. Emancipation Proclamation, 1863. — Mr. Lincoln, be- fore he was elected, frequently said that slavery had noth- ing to do with the strife between the North and South. In his inaugural address and first message he declared that he had no intention of interfering with it in any way. The successes of the South and the great victories won by her armies in 1861 and 1862 seem to have changed his mind. They filled the North with anger and disappoint- ment, and made the nations of Europe look with respect and interest upon the brave young nation. These and other reasons induced Mr. Ivincoln to issue, on the first of January, 1863, a proclamation setting all the slaves in the seceded States free. Effects of the Proclamation. — Mr. Lincoln had no right over any slaves, under the Constitution of the United States, and this freeing them at a stroke was wholesale robbery. But he had great power, which he did not hesi- tate to use, and by this stroke he made Europe believe that the South was fighting to maintain slavery, and grati- fied the revengeful feelings of many Northern people. The proclamation could not affect negroes except in the country held by Federal troops. There they generally quit their homes and their work and flocked to the North- ern camps to be fed and maintained in idleness. ^A^est Virginia, 1863. — The Western part of Virginia, which the Federal armies held, was organized into a sepa- rate State, and her government and Congressmen were acknowledged by the authorities at Washington, although the Constitution said that a new State could not be cut off from an old one unless the old State consented. Primary History of the United States. 205 Events of 1863. Affairs on the Coast. — This year, like 1862, was filled with fighting and bloodshed, destruction and death all over the South. Along the coast there was some success to the Southern arms. General Maoruder in Texas, with a land force and some indifferent boats, attacked and defeated the fine Federal gunboats at Galveston, and captured the garrison and stores. A naval effort against the Confederate fort at Sabine Pass was driven off with severe loss. An attempt made by a powerful fleet to seize Charleston, April 14, was utterly foiled by heavy guns in Fort Sumter and other batteries. The monitor Keokuk was sunk and several others so much disabled that Admiral Dupont had to take his fleet back to Port Roval. Hooker in Virginia. — " Fighting Joe " Hooker had been put at the head of the Federal army after Burnside's defeat at Fredericksburg. By the last of April he had a splendid army of 132,000 and more than 400 cannon. Lee had only been able to collect 53,000 men. Hooker's Move. — Hooker took 90,000 men up the Rappahannock intending to get around Lee and strike him on his left flank ; to conceal this move, Sedgwick hooker. with 37,000 men manoeuvred opposite Fredericksburg as if the attack was to be made there. Lee, however, divined the truth. He left some 9000 men to oppose Sedgwick, and marched with the rest to meet Hooker at " Chancel- lorsville." Chancellorsville, 1863. — Jackson made one of his long- forced marches, and got around behind Hooker's army and its breastworks, while Lee engaged its attention by cannon- ading in front. Late in the evening of May 2, Jackson fell upon the unsuspecting Federal soldiers, and soon had them fleeing before him. The Confederates advanced almost to Hooker's headquarters, when night stopped the battle. Jackson Shot. — This wonderful success was counter- balanced by a mortal wound given to Stonewall Jackson. 2o6 Primary History of the United States. J. E. B. STUART. A Southern regiment in the darkness mistook his party foi a squad of Federal cavalry and fired upon it with deadly aim. Victory Won. — General Lee's famous cavalry general, J. E. B. Stuart, took Jackson's place, and the next morning a combined attack on Hooker's flank and front drove his army at all points, took possession of the house at Chancellorsville, and forced the Fede- rals to fall back near the Rappahannock. Sedgwick at Fredericksburg. — In the meantime Sedgwick had driven off the smaller force, had occupied the Confeder- ate lines at Fredericksburg, and was moving on Lee's rear. The Confederate general quickly faced round, and beat Sedgwick as he had done Hooker, and drove him across the Rappahannock. Hooker's Retreat. — Lee then turned once more to give further battle to Hooker, but when he advanced on the morning of the sixth, he found that Hooker too had recrossed the river in the night. The Federal loss in these fights was 17,000; that of the Southern army over 10,000. But Jackson's death was a far more serious loss than any they had experienced. Other generals were brave and patriotic as he, but not one had his military insight, and his power of inspiring his men to do impossible things. Lee's Second Move North. — K^ soon as Lee could reorganize his army, he made a second move northward. On the way Ewell again drove the Federal forces from Win- chester, where he took 4000 prisoners and many guns and stores. Lee's army then pressed on across the Potomac, through Maryland into Pennsylvania. Orderly Conduct of Lee's Army. — The Southern soldiers were forbidden to injure or rob the country, and whatever they ^- ^- ^well. needed was taken by the quartermasters and commissaries g.nd paid for in Confederate money, which was all they had. Prtmajy Histo7'y of the United States, 207 Alarm at the North. — There was great alarm through- out the North when Lee entered Pennsylvania. Each large city expected to see him marching through its streets. The militia were called out, and great bodies of troops sent forward to Washington. K. strong army under command of General Georo^e G. Meade marched to meet the Southern forces. Battle of Gettysburg. — The two armies came into collision at Gettysburg, on the morning of July i. There was fierce george g. meade. fighting for hours, in which the Federal troops were driven back with great loss. They retreated to Cemetery Hill, from which the Southerners could never dislodge them. Other hills were occupied by the Federals in the night and during the morning of the second, and Lee was not able to prevent this because Longstreet's corps had not come up. In the afternoon of the second, and again on the third of July, took place the most deadly struggle ever made in America. Lee's ammunition gave out, so that his cannon could not properly support the desperate charges of the Southern divisions upon the Federal breastworks. Many of these intrepid soldiers clambered over the fortifi- cations and fell dead inside. Their valor could not over- come the numbers opposed to them. The night of the third found both armies too much exhausted for further fighting. Lee waited all day of the fourth expecting Meade to attack him, and as this was not done drew off in the night across the mountains, and finally returned with his forces to Virginia. Results of Gettysburg. — Nearly 45,000 men were slain or injured at Gettysburg. Lee lost some 21,000; Meade 23,000. The victory reanimated the war party at the North, while it was a terrible blow to the Southern cause and its friends everywhere. 2o8 Primary History of the United States, I. 2. 3- 4- 5- 6. .7- 8. 9- lo. II. 12. 13- 14. 15. 16. 17. 18. 19. 20. 21. 22. 23- 24. 25- QUESTIONS. What did Mr. Lincoln say at first about slavery and the war? Why did the successes of the South change his mind ? What proclamation did he issue on the first of January, 1863? When was the State of West Virginia organized .? Was this according to the Constitution ? Tell of the Confederate successes at Galveston, Sabine Pass, and Charleston Harbor. Who succeeded Burnside ? How many men had he collected by the spring ? How many did Lee have ? Which way did Hooker move with 90,000 men ? Whom did he leave at Fredericksburg ? Tell of Jackson's attack at Chancellorsville. Of his being shot. Who took Jackson's place and v^^on the victory ? Why was Lee forced to turn back towards Fredericksburg? Tell of Hooker's retreat. What great loss did the Southern army sustain in spite of this vic- tory ? Where did Lee now take his army ? How did they behave in Pennsylvania ? How did the North feel when Lee entered Pennsylvania? Who was given command of the Federal army ? Where did they come together ? How many days did the battle last ? Tell of the fighting at Gettysburg, Of the results of the battle. BLACKBOARD FORM— CHAPTERS LIH, LIV. ' McClellan's "On to Richmond," Seven Days' Battles, June 26 to July 2, 1862. McClellan superseded by Pope, Cedar Mountain, August, 1862. Second Manassas, August, 1862. Lee in Maryland. Jackson captures Harper's Ferry, 1862, Sharpsburg, or Antietam, 1862. Civil War — Battles. -| Fredericksburg, 1862. Confederate cruisers very successful. Emancipation Proclamation, 1863, West Virginia made a State, 1863, Magruder captures Galveston, 1863. Dupont driven off from Charleston, 1863. Chancellorsville, Jackson killed, 1863. Lee's second move North, 1863, ^ Gettysburg, July i, 2, 3, 1863, Primary History of the United States. 209 CHAPTER LV. WAR FOR SOUTHERN INDEPENDENCE, CONTINUED — CAM- PAIGNS IN THE WEST AND SOUTH, 1 863. Grant Against Vicksburg. — The Confederates still held the Mississippi River between Port Hudson and Vicksburg. This enabled them to cross troops, cattle and supplies from one side to the other. General Grant now bent all his en- ergies to the capture of Vicksburg. The fortifications were so strong that he could do nothing on the northeast of the place or on the river front. So he crossed his men over the river, took them a long way round, and then back again southeast of Vicksburg. J. E. Johnston in Mississippi. — General Pemberton had 34,000 men to defend Vicksburg. General Joseph E. John- ston, who had the chief command of the Confederates in Mississippi, directed Pemberton to come away from Vicks- burg and join him, so that together they might fall upon Grant and drive him back. Vicksburg Besieged. — Pemberton disobeyed Johnston and took his men within the lines at Vicksburg, where General Grant at once besieged him. Close Siege of the City. — Grant's army increased to 80,000 men. Pemberton's force was closely shut up, and Johnston could only collect 25,000 men slowly. Grant's gunboats came up, and shelled Vicksburg day and night in conjunction with the Federal land batteries. Famine. — The Confederates had not ammunition to do much firing, and, worse than this, the food in the city soon failed. Bacon, flour and meal gave out, and were replaced by rations of mule meat, but after a while even the mules were eaten up. The constant firing drove the citizens from their homes to holes and pits dug in the hillsides. The soldiers made similar shelters, and soldiers and citizens starved and suffered alike. 14 2IO Primary History of the United States. Surrender of Vicksburg. — Grant fortified his rear so strongly that Johnston could not cut his way through. Pemberton's men were worn out by the incessant shelling, by famine and sickness. They could do nothing more, and on July 4, the day after Lee's final defeat at Gettysburg, Pemberton surrendered Vicksburg with 31,600 men, and all the guns and muskets he had. The men were paroled and allowed to go home. The Confederacy Cut in Two. — Port Hudson fell into Federal hands a few days later. The whole length of the Mississippi was open to their gunboats, and the Confederacy was practically cut in two. Louisiana, Arkansas and Texas, though thus separated from their sister States, remained true and steadfast to the Southern cause, and continued to fight and suffer for it. Devastation in Mississippi. — After Vicksburg was taken General Sherman and other Federal officers ravaged and destroyed all through Mississippi. Jackson, the capital of the State, was burned, and the cattle and crops utterly de- stroyed. Cavalry Raids. — General Bragg's main army had done no fighting since Murfreesboro. His cavalry, under For- rest, Morgan and others, made many successful raids and dashes against Rosecrans' forces. One of Morgan's raids extended into Indiana and Ohio, where it did great damage and alarmed the entire North. Morgan and numbers of his officers were captured and shut up in the Ohio peniten- tiary. The general and six others escaped after a few months, and got safely back to the South. Bragg in Tennessee. — Bragg had sent soldiers to Mis- sissippi, and in June had only 44,000, while Rosecrans in his front had 70,000. Bragg fell back first to Chattanooga, in the northwest corner of Georgia, and then to the heights along Chickamauga Creek. The Federal forces occupied East Tennessee, and Rosecrans moved after Bragg. Battle of Chickamauga. — The two armies came together in a fierce encounter which raged for two days along Chick- amauga Creek. Primary History of the United States. 211 " The River of Death." — Lee had sent Longstreet with 5000 men to Bragg's assistance. The first day's fight was not decisive. On the second dav, the Federal ri^ht and centre were ronted and fled to Chattanooga. General Thomas, however, commanding the Federal left, held his ground until after nightfall, when he too fell back, leaving his dead and wounded. More than 20,000 men fell in this dreadful battle. Prisoners, guns, arms and supplies were taken in great quantities. Bragg' s Inefficiency. — Instead of Bragg's following up his victor}' and destroying Rosecrans, he was satisfied to besiege the Federal army in Chattanooga, and try to starve it out. Grant at Chattanooga. — The Washington government now ordered General Grant from Mississippi to Chatta- nooga. He brought his victorious men and ofiicers, and soon changed the state of things there. An effort made by Longstreet to drive the Federals from East Tennessee weakened Bragg's army. Grant had 80,000 men, almost twice as many as Bragg, and moved to flank and drive off the Southern army. Lookout Mountain and Missionary Ridge. — Bragg held the north end of Lookout Mountain and also Mis- sionary Ridge and the valley between them. Grant's plans for flanking his enemy were ably carried out b)' his corps commanders, Sherman, Thomas, Hooker and Howard. His superior numbers increased his advantage. They fought bravely, climbed up steep heights, gained point after point, carried the Confederate earthworks, drove their opponents everywhere before them, and often turned their own cannon upon the fugitives. Results of the Battle. — The whole Confederate position was abandoned, and the Southern retreat was continued to Dalton. Grant sent so large a force to East Tennessee that Longstreet was compelled to leave Knoxville and secure himself among the mountains. Mr. Davis was at last obliged to remove Bragg, and put General Joseph H. Johnston in his place. 212 Primary History of the United States. Condition of Things in 1863. — This had been a year of success for the Federal armies. They held and devastated Northern Virginia, Tennessee, a great part of Mississippi, and large regions west of the Mississippi. The disasters to the South had been overwhelming, and there were no means of repairing them. No more men, no money nor means of getting any, and the supplies everywhere were destroyed or exhausted. The North was jubilant, and the South full of patient courage. QUESTIONS. 1. Why was it important for the South to hold Vicksburg and Port Hudson ? 2. Who determined to capture Vicksburg? 3. How many men did General Pemberton have to defend it ? 4. What did General Joseph E. Johnston direct Pemberton to do? 5. What did Pemberton do instead ? 6. With how many men did Grant besiege the city ? 7. Tell of his gunboats. 8. What was tlie condition of the soldiers and people in Vicksburg ? 9. Tell of the surrender of Vicksburg. 10. How many men were surrendered? 11. How did this cut the Confederacy in two? 12. How did the States west of the river act? 13. Tell of the devastation in Mississippi. 14. What had Bragg's army done since Murfreesboro? 15. Tell of his cavalry. 16. Of Morgan's raid into Ohio. 17. His capture and escape. 18. How many soldiers did Bragg have in June? 19. How many did Rosecrans have? 20. To what place did Bragg fall back ? 21. Tell of the battle of Chickamauga. 22. Which side was victorious ? 23. Did Bragg follow up his victory? 24. What Federal officer came to relieve Chattanooga? 25. What had weakened Bragg's army? 26. How many men did Grant have? 27. Where did he attack Bragg? 28. Tell of the battle of Lookout Mountain and Missionary Ridge. 29. To what point did the vSouthern army retreat ? 30. Who was now put in Bragg's place ? 31. What success had the Federal armies gained during 1863 ? 32. What was the condition of the South ? Primary History of the United States, 213 CHAPTER LVL WAR FOR SOUTHERN INDEPENDENCE, CONTINUED, 1 864. Sherman in Alabama.— Sherman, with 30,000 Federal infantry and 10,000 cavalry, swept through Mississippi and Alabama, spreading desolation as he went. He burned Meridian where the railroads centred, with its hospitals, storehouses, depots, and private houses. On his way he destroved the railroads and bridges and burned the cotton and corn, and sent his cavalry eastward to carry on the evil work. Forrest's Victories.— General Forrest pursued the Federal cavalry with only 2500 horsemen and injured them so much at West Point and Okalona that they retreated to Memphis, leaving their guns and their dead and wounded behind. This compelled Sherman to^ re- turn to Vicksburg, and enabled Forrest to advance into Western Tennessee, where he captured Fort Pillow, and performed other daring deeds. Olustee.— In Februarv, General Finnegan, with some 5000 Confederates, defeated Seymour's 7000 Federal troops at Olustee in Florida, so severely that they left the State. 1 • AT Banks in Louisiana.— Butler had been replaced m New Orleans bv General Banks, whose rule was not quite so oppressive. Banks now set out to overrun Louisiana. He had 40,000 men, with gunboats and transports. Battle of Mansfield.— General Dick Taylor, son of old Zachary Taylor, could only collect 15,000 soldiers. With these he attacked Banks at Mansfield, defeated and drove him from the field with great loss. Banks' Retreat.— Banks had learned in Virginia how to retreat, and he did not stop now until he got to New 214 Primary History of the United States. Orleans. But he revenged himself by burning everything he could not carry away along his road. In the campaign he lost 8000 men, killed and wounded ; 6000 prisoners, 35 cannon, besides stores, wagons and small arms. Grant's Plan for Victory. — General Grant had been so successful that he was now made commander-in-chief of the Federal forces Sherman was place m S. GRANT. the West. Grant's plan was to destroy Johnston's army in Georgia, and Lee's forces defending Richmond. If this could be done, he knew the war must come to an end. He therefore ordered Sherman to move at once against Johnston and took command himself against Lee. Battles of the Wilderness. — On the fifth of May, the two armies came together in the tangled "Wilderness" Primary History of the United States, 215 country. Grant had 125,000 men and 325 cannon, Lee 62,000 men and 234 cannon. For two days the battle raged for miles among the thick trees and undergrowth, which was often set on fire by the shot and shell. ''Lee to the Rear." — At one time, on the second day, General Hancock's corps of nearly 40,000 men seemed about to overwhelm Lee's right. At that moment. General Lee put himself at the head of a Texas brigade. and gave the command, " Charge ! " The soldiers cried out, " Lee to the rear," and one of them seized his bridle and said, " General Lee, if you do not go back we will not go forward." The General yielded, and the Texans' charge changed the face w. s. hancock. of the battle. In the two days Grant lost 17,660 men, Lee half as many. Race for Spottsylvania. — Grant now tried to slip by Lee and get between him and Richmond, but Lee was too quick and got to Spottsylvania first. Great earthworks were thrown up, and bloody fighting kept up for twelve days. The Federal forces gained some advantages, and captured several thousand prisoners, but could not drive the Confederates from their defences. Continued Flank Movements. — Forty thousand Federal troops had been disabled, and 38,000 more were sent General Grant, who now began a series of flanking move- ments. Lee was always too quick for him, and by the last day of May Grant was at Cold Harbor, McClellan's old fighting ground. Second Cold Harbor. — Lee, who also had been rein- forced, had 60,000 men behind his breastworks. Against these Grant brought his 113,000 troops in a fierce assault. Lee's soldier's fired so truly from their shelters that they cut down nearly 13,000 of their assailants, remaining almost uninjured. The Federal troops refused to advance again, and offensive operations ceased for awhile. Grant had lost 60,000 men in a month, Lee about 20,000. BRECKINRIDGE. 2i6 Primary History of the United States, Defeat of Sigel, Butler and Hunter. — Sigel was march- ing up the Valley of Virginia to join Grant, but had been defeated at New Market by Breckinridge, and on the same day, May i6, Beauregard had headed off Butler from Petersburg, and had " bottled " him and his 30,000 men up in a neck of land and rendered them useless. Hunter, who took Sigel 's place, overran the Val- ley, burning and destroying as he went. He, too, was forced to retreat. QUESTIONS. 1. Tell of Sherman's devastation in Alabama. 2. Of Forrest's victories. 3. Who fought the battle of Olustee ? 4. Who had replaced General Butler in New Orleans ? 5. With how many men did Banks set out to overrun Louisiana ? 6. With how many soldiers did General Dick Taylor defeat him at Mansfield ? 7. How did Banks revenge himself as he went back to New Orleans? 8. Why was General Grant now made the Federal commander-in-chief? 9. What was his plan for conquering the South ? 10. Where did he take command himself? 11. When and where did Grant's and Lee's armies come together ? 12. How many men and guns had each ? 13. How long did the battle rage? 14. Tell of Lee and the Texas brigade. 15. How many men were lost in these two days ? 16. What was the race for Spottsylvania ? 17. How long did they fight there? 18. How many men had Grant lost at this time? 19. What did Grant continue trying to do? 20. Where were both armies on the last day of May? 21. With what force did Grant assault Lee's 60,000 men? 22. How many of the assailants were shot down ? 23. How many Federals had been lost in a month? 24. How many Confederates? 25. Where was Sigel defeated by Breckinridge? 26. Who had "bottled" up Butler and his 30,000 men ? 27. What did Hunter do in the Valley ? Primary History of the United States. 217 BLACKBOARD FORM-CHAPTERS LV, LVI. 4, 1863. r Siege of Vicksburg, 1863. Surrender of Vicksburg, July The Confederacy cut in two. Morgan's raid, 1863. Bragg in Tennesee. Chickamauga, September 1863. Lookout Mountain and Missionary Ridge 1863. Civil War-Battles. \ Sherman devastates Mississippi and Alabama, 1864. Olustee, Florida, 1864. Mansfield, Louisiana, 1864. Grant in command. Wilderness, Virginia, 1864. Spottsylvania, Virginia, 1864. Second Cold Harbor, Virginia 1864. ^ New Market and Drury's Blutt, i«b4. 2i8 Primary History of the U^iited States. CHAPTER LVIL WAR FOR SOUTHERN INDEPENDENCE, CONTINUED — AFFAIRS IN THE WEST AND SOUTH, 1 864. Sherman's Move Against Johnston. — The same day that Grant attacked Lee in the Wilderness, Sherman moved against Johnston. There were nearly one hundred thou- sand of the Federals, in splendid condition, while Johnston never had so many as 60,000 poorly armed men. Sher- man wished to destroy the Southern army without risking any severe battle. Flanking Movements. — He therefore made some fight in front with part of his force, and sent the other part to Johnston's left to get behind him. By these tactics Johns- ton was compelled to fall back from one fortified point to another. There were bloody encounters again and again, and the Southern army was worn out by incessant watch- ing, fighting and marching, as well as disheartened by the continual retreat. Death of General Polk. — The brave, good General Polk was killed on Pine Knob by a cannon-ball while watching the Federal advance. Removal of Johnston. — Just as Johnston had with- drawn to Atlanta, where he might hope to offer some effectual resistance, he was removed from command by the authorities in Richmond, and General Hood put in his place, with the understanding that he was to fight and not retreat. Siege of Atlanta. — Sherman sent McPherson eastward to destroy the railroads, and proceeded to surround Atlanta as far as he could. Hood attacked the Federals repeatedly with great bravery, but could do nothing effectual against their superior numbers. In one of these fights the Federal general, McPherson, was killed. I Primary History of the United States. 219 Atlanta Evacuated. — At last the Confederate army was so shut in at Atlanta, that Hood feared he might be starved out, like Pemberton at Vicksburg, and he evacuated the city on the night of September i. Sherman occupied Atlanta, drove the inhabitants out, destroyed the principal buildings, and laid the surrounding country waste. His success made up to the North for Grant's failure to take Richmond. Public thanks were returned to him and to Admiral Farragut, who had occupied Mobile Bay. Hood Advances into Tennessee. — General Hood sup- posed that if he could get behind Sherman and cut his communications he could force him to leave Georgia. He therefore set off along the route by which Johnston had fallen back. If he had pressed on rapidly he might have accomplished something important. But he delayed so long that Thomas, who was sent to defend Tennessee, had time to collect a large army to meet him. Battles of Franklin and Nashville. — At Franklin the Confederates struck such heavy blows that Schofield retreated in the night, leaving his dead and wounded behind him. But the Confederate loss was nearly double that of the Federals. There were several smaller encoun- ters, and on December 15, Thomas attacked Hood's lines at Nashville, drove out the Southern soldiers, and started them on a rapid retreat, which continued until they had recrossed the Tennessee River. Results of the Expedition. — Hood had not only lost 27,000 men and 72 cannon, but his rash undertaking took from the South all hope of recovering and maintaining a stand in the West and South. The Northern Congress fully understood the importance of Thomas's victory, and gave him a vote of thanks. Sherman's March to the Sea. — There was no force left to oppose Sherman, and he set out on his famous march through Georgia, with 60,000 infantry and 5500 cavalry. He had plenty of wagons and provisions, but the country was fertile and had as yet felt no ravages of war. The soldiers took and feasted on all they wanted, and destroyed 220 Primary History of the United States. the rest. Not only food, but everything within and without the houses was carried off or broken to pieces. A path of destruction sixty miles wide was made from Atlanta to Savannah, and Sherman's report states that $100,000,000 worth of damage was done to Georgia. Fall of Savannah. — The small bodies of Confederate soldiers left in Georgia could offer no effective opposition to the Federal hosts. On December 21, General Sherman occupied Savannah, which he offered to Mr. Lincoln with 150 heavy cannon and 20,000 bales of cotton as a Christmas gift. Price in Missouri. — In September, General Stirling Price made another effort to recover Missouri for the South. For a while he and his 10,000 men advanced without hin- derance, and the Confederates became hopeful of success. But a good many of his men left the army to visit their families. Federal troops were collected to oppose him, and late in October he was attacked and suffered such severe defeat that he retreated to Arkansas with his demoralized army. Death of John Morgan. — Morgan and his cavalry were operating in Tennessee and Virginia. In his last raid upon Cynthiana, Kentucky, he was defeated, and driven into Tennessee. Here he was betrayed to the enemy by the family with which he lodged, and was shot to death after he had surrendered. QUESTIONS. T. Tell of Sherman's move against Johnston. 2. How many men did he have? 3. How many did Johnston have? 4. How did Sherman wish to destroy the Southern army ? 5. What did this force Johnston to do? 6. What effect did this incessant fighting, marching and retreating have on the Southern army ? 7. Tell of General Polk's death. 8. Who was put in Johnston's place, and why? 9. Tell of the siege of Atlanta. 10. Of the evacuation of the city. 11. How did Sherman treat Atlanta? 12. What did the North think of his success? Primary History of the United States. 221 13. How did General Hood think he might force Sherman to leave Georgia ? 14. Where did he go ? 15. Who was sent to defend Tennessee ? 16. Tell of the battle of Franklin. 17. Battle of Nashville. 18. What did the South lose in this expedition ? 19. How did the North show its appreciation of Thomas's victory ? 20. Tell of Sherman's march through Georgia. 21. How did he treat the country? 22. Of his occupation of Savannah. 23. Tell of General Sterling Price in Missouri. 24. Of the slaying of General Morgan. 222 Primary History of the United States. CHAPTER LVIIL WAR FOR SOUTHERN INDEPENDENCE, CONTINUED — CAM- PAIGNS IN VIRGINIA, 1864. Grant at Petersburg. — When Grant failed to get into Richmond, he took most of his army across James River to Petersburg. During the first three days Meade might have captured that city, for Beauregard had only 10,000 men to hold it against four times that number. The Con- federates, however, made so stout a resistance that Grant stopped fighting and went to throwing up earthworks. Lee also made fortifications to defend the place. Lee's Difficult Task. — Lee's army was not as large as the Federal host, and General Grant could get as many more as he asked for. The limits of the Confederacy were so restricted that no more soldiers could be raised, although all men between seventeen and forty-five had been called into service. Food, forage and clothing were even scarcer than men. Lee's army had to defend thirty-five miles of intrenchments around Richmond and Petersburg, and that upon rations which could hardly maintain them. The sick in the hospitals and the people at home fared as badly as the soldiers. There was no money and nothing to buy. Aff"airs at the North. — Prosperity and success prevailed at the North. The Federal army was filled from the Northern States and all parts of Europe, and had the best of arms, food, clothing and supplies of all sorts. Such confidence was felt in General Grant, that the slaughter of his men was not grumbled at. Brilliant Confederate Successes. — From time to time the Confederates would j>erform brilliant feats, kill thou- sands of their enemies and gain some temporary success. Such was Mahone's attack on Gibbon's lines, and Fitz Primary History of the United States. 223 Lee's and Hampton's defeat of Wilson and Kautz at Reams's Station. Grant's Mine. — To blow up a part of Lee's intrenchments and let his men in, Grant had a mine dug some distance und'er the Confederate works. Lee found this out and had other breastworks made back of those undermined, and placed cannon so as to command the threatened spot. Explosion. — To conceal the time of the explosion, Grant threatened Richmond, and Lee was obliged to send troops there ^^'ade hampton. also. When the mine was sprung there were only 13,000 Confederates at Petersburg against 60,000 Federals. With an awful uproar and upheaval the powder in the mine exploded, killing some 300 Confederates, and leaving an opening large enough for a whole army to pass through. At the Crater. — Federal soldiers were now started at a double quick to enter the breach and seize the Confederate lines. But the Southern soldiers fought so sternly, and poured so much shot upon their assailants that they drove them to take refuge in the crater, or deep hole over the mine. Here 4000 men were slain during the day, and their heaped up corpses lay festering in the sun. Grant's Persistence. — But though the Confederates thus gained separate victories, Grant was able, by force of numbers, constantly to extend his intrenchments beyond Lee's, to cut the railroads, and seize one important point after another. He knew that if he lost ten to one of his enemies he must at least wear them out, and he spared nothing to accomplish this. Early Sent to Maryland. — In the hope of forcing Grant to weaken his army for the defence of Washington, Gen- eral Lee now sent Karly with 10,000 men to push down the Valley of Virginia into Maryland and threaten Wash- ington. This was speedily done.- At Monocacy Bridge in Maryland, Early defeated Lew Wallace's force and pressed on until he neared the outer fortifications at Washington. 224 Primary History of the United States, His approach caused great alarm. His army was reported as 30,000 strong, and large numbers of Federal soldiers hurried to Washington. Early's 10,000, worn out with marching and fighting under the burning sun, could do nothing effective against such heavy odds behind strong fortifications, and in a few days returned to Virginia. Sheridan in the Valley. — General Grant now sent Sheridan against Early with 55,000 men, 12,000 of them cavalry. Early's army was also increased to 14,000 men, but was unable to cope with Sheridan's superior numbers. At Winchester, on Septembor 19, he suffered severe defeat, and at Cedar Creek a month later, after gaining a victory in the morning, was utterly routed in the evening, and his men driven panic-stricken from the field. Sheridan's Devastation. — Sheridan proceeded up the Valley, burning and destroying as he went, initil he said a crow could find no food there. Loss of the " Alabama." — In addition to disasters on land, the South had to mourn the destruction of her gallant cruiser, the Alabama. After inflicting immense loss upon Federal ships, the Alabama was attacked and sunk by the Kearsarge just outside Cherbourg, in France. End of 1864. — When 1864 closed, the South was in des- perate straits. Her money was worthless, her resources exhausted, her people and her armies everywhere in suffering and want. The North was victorious and exult- ant, and had 200,000 men in readiness for a final effort against her. QUESTIONS. 1. Where did Grant now take most of his army? 2. How many men had Beauregard at first? 3. Why did not Grant capture this place ? 4. Why could not Lee's army be increased? 5. What were even scarcer than men ? 6. How long a line did he have to defend? 7. What was the condition of things at the North ? 8. Did the Confederates meet with any brilliant successes? 9. Tell of Grant's mine. 10. Of its explosion . Primary History of the United States. 225 11. How many Confederate soldiers were at Petersburg at the time? 12. Could the Federal soldiers get in through the breach that was made? 13. How many men were slain in the crater ? 14. What had Grant's numbers enabled him to do? 15. Why was Early sent into Maryland? J 6. How many men did he have? 17. Tell of the battle of Monocacy Bridge. 18. His approach to Washington. 19. Who w^as now sent against Early? 20. What force did he have ? 21. In what two battles did he totally defeat Early's 14,000 men? 22. Tell of Sheridan's devastation in the Valley. 23. Of the sinking of the Alahauia. 24. Of the condition of the North and South at the end of 1864. 15 226 Primary History of the United States. CHAPTER LIX. END OF WAR FOR SOUTHERN INDEPENDENCE, 1 865. Sufferings at Petersburg. — The early months of the year were terribly cold, and both armies suffered much from it. But Grant's army had plenty of food and fire, while Lee's was destitute of both, and the Southern soldiers sometimes froze to death at their posts. Fall of Fort Fisher, — Fort Fisher, defending Wilming- ton, had beaten off every Federal force sent against it. Early in January a fleet of fifty-nine vessels, five of them ironclads, and 20,000 infantry once more attacked the fort. It was bombarded for three days by 413 cannon, which shattered it to pieces. The infantry then attacked, and after desperate resistance, carried the inner works after midnight, and the fort and garrison were forced to sur- render. Sherman's March Northward. — Sherman with 70,000 men was sweeping up through the Carolinas to join Gen- eral Grant. General Joseph E. Johnston was put in com- mand in North Carolina and told to do what he could to keep Sherman back. He had only some eighteen thousand men, and could not afford a pitched battle. Destruction in South Carolina. — The North hated South Carolina especially, because she had been the first State to secede, and the destruction committed there by Sherman's army far exceeded all the ravages committed in Louisiana, Mississippi, Virginia or Georgia. The fine old mansions of the planters and the negro cabins were alike pillaged and burned, and the pine forests with their resin- factories blazed for many days. Columbia, the State capi- tal, was sacked and fired, so that all its handsome buildings were destroyed, and thousands of people left homeless. Primary Histoiy of the United States. 227 The fire which injured Charleston was caused by an acci- dental explosion of gunpowder. Lee's Desire to Leave Petersburg. — General Lee felt that to save his army from destruction and capture, he must o:et it out of the trenches at Petersburg^. His wish was to move into North Carolina, join General Johnston, and attack Sherman before Grant could reinforce him. Lengthening of the Federal Lines. — General Grant now ordered all the Federal forces to move towards Peters- burg, and extended his lines until they seized all the rail- roads but one, and nearly surrounded the city. The Federal army was 120,000, Lee's only 35,000. Grant kept up a series of attacks which, though frequently repulsed, killed off more and more of Lee's men. Sheridan at Five Forks. — At Five Forks, Fitz Lee drove Sheridan off the first day, but on the second, the first day of April, Sheridan with two infantry corps attacked and defeated the Confederates. Petersburg and Richmond Evacuated. — On the morn- ing of April the second. General Grant attacked Petersburg all along Lee's lines, overpowered the smaller force de- fending them, and made a farther defence impossible. This compelled Lee to withdraw all his men, which he did in the night. Richmond also was evacuated, and both places were soon occupied by Federal troops. Lee's Retreat. — All the Southern soldiers moved to- ward Amelia Courthouse. By some strange oversight they found no food for them there. , Grant's hosts pressed close upon them, and they became exhausted by hunger, hard marching and incessant fighting. Surrender at Appomattox. — By the eighth of April^ General Lee found that the unequal struggle could no longer be maintained since his force was not strong enough to break through the hosts of his foes, and he surrendered with his army to General Grant. The men and officers were paroled, and those who had horses were allowed to take them home with them. All the men paroled were 28,350. 228 Primary History of the United States, End of the War. — This was practically the close of the war. Johnston's army and the troops in the South and West soon surrendered on the same terms with those given to Lee's army. Effects of the Surrender. — This giving up of Richmond and surrender of Lee's army filled the North with exulta- tion and the South with sorrow. For four years the Confed- erates had made the most gallant resistance the world ever saw. They never had in all the four years, as many as 800,000 men under arms. The Federal numbers, from their own reports, were 2,200,000 men. One million of these fell by battle or disease, and 1,200,000 were mustered out of ser- vice after the war. Condition of the Country. — The close of the war left the North in every way prosperous and the South in pov- erty and ruin. She had no money and no banks. The railroads were all broken up, the cattle and horses nearly all gone. The cities and homesteads were in ruins, and the whole system of labor was disorganized. QUESTIONS. 1. Tell of the sufferings at Petersburg at the beginning of 1865 . 2. Where was Fort Fisher ? 3. When and how was it attacked ? 4. Tell of its fall. 5. With how many men was Sherman marching northward : 6. Who was put in command against him ? 7. Why did the North especially hate South Carolina? 8. How did Sherman's army treat the State? 9. Tell of the burning of Columbia. 10. Where did Lee desire to take his army ? 11. Why did he not do so ? 12. How did Grant lengthen his lines? 13. How large was his army ? 14. Lee's army ? 15. Tell of the battle of Five Forks, on the first of April. 16. Of the evacuation of Petersburg and Richmond. 17. Of Lee's retreat. 18. And Grant's pursuit. 19. Of Lee's surrender at Appomattox. 20. How many men were paroled? 21. Tell of the surrender of the other Southern troops. 22. What effect did the giving up of Richmond and the surrender of Lee's army have upon the North and the South ? Primary History of the United States, 229 23. What had the Confederates done for four years? 24. What was the greatest number they had under arms ? 25. How many did the Federals have ? 26. How many of these fell in battle or of disease ? 27. How many were mustered out of service ? 28. In what condition did the close of the war leave the North ? 29. The South? I BLACKBOARD FORM— CHAPTERS LVH, LVIH, UX. ' Sherman tries to pass round Johnston, 1864. Johnston obliged to fall back continually, 1864. General Polk killed, 1864. Hood supersedes Johnston, 1864. Atlanta besieged, 1864. General McPherson killed, 1864. Hood gives up Atlanta, 1864. Hood advances into Tennessee, 1864. Battles of Franklin and Nashville, December, 1864. Sherman marches through Georgia with great de- vastation, 1864. Savannah taken, 1864. Price defeated in Missouri, 1864. Grant against Petersburg, 1864. The South in a desperate condition, 1864. Mine exploded, 1864. Civil War. \ Railroads seized, 1864. Early in Maryland, 1864. Battle of Monocacy, 1864. Battle of Winchester, 1864. Battle of Cedar Creek, 1864. Sheridan lays the Valley of Virginia waste, 1864. Alabama sunk by the Kearsarge, 1864. Fall of Fort Fisher, 1865. Sherman ravages South Carolina, 1865. Columbia burned, 1865. Fire in Charleston, 1865. Battle of Five Forks, 1865. Petersburg and Richmond evacuated, April 2, 1865. Lee's surrender at Appomattox Courthouse, April 8, 1865. Johnston and others surrender, 1865, L The war ended, 1865. 230 Primary History of the United States. CHAPTER LX. RECONSTRUCTION, 1865-1873. Mr. Lincoln's Second Election. — In the fall of 1864, Mr. Lincoln had been elected a second time. Andrew Johnson, of Tennessee, was Vice-President, and, with Lincoln, had been inaugurated on the fourth of March. Mr. Lincoln's Views. — Mr. Lincoln was a kindly man and after the South had been conquered would, no doubt, have treated her in a humane manner. He insisted that no State could get out of the Union, and had already set up State governments in Louisiana and Arkansas. Murder of President Lincoln, 1865. — Unfortunately for the country, and especially for the South, Mr. Lincoln was assassinated on Good Friday night, April 14, in Ford's Theatre in Washington, by John Wilkes Booth, an actor. The whole civilized world was shocked at this crime. Andrew Johnson President. — Andrew Johnson was immediately sworn in as President. He professed to believe that Mr. Lincoln had been killed by the plan and wish of the Southern people. He set a price of $100,000 on the head of Mr. Jefferson Davis, and $25,000 apiece for several other men ; and instituted harsh measures against all Southern people. Fate of Mr. Davis. — Before I go on with my story, I will stop to tell you that Mr. Davis was captured in Georgia, while making his way toward the Mississippi River. He was taken as a prisoner to Fortress Monroe, where he was subjected to inhuman cruelty. He was confined in a damp, stone cell. Heavy irons were put on his ankles. His food and clothing were scanty and miser- able, and he was forbidden to have books, letters, papers or tobacco. This was done to punish him as the represen- tative of the South. For two years he languished in jail. Primary History of the United States. 231 Then he was brought to Richmond to be tried. But there was no case against him. He was bailed out of prison, and the trial never came off. The later years of his life were spent near Pass Christian. He died in New Orleans in December, 1889. Mr. Johnson's Policy. — Mr. Johnson and Congress were each determined to ill-treat the South, but they quarreled about the way in which it should be done. The President, like Mr. Lincoln, said that no State could get out of the Union, and he set up provisional governments in each State. The Plan of Congress. — The North had been fighting for four years to keep the Southern States from getting out of the Union. But now Congress declared that they were out, and could not get in again unless they were " recon- structed." The South was divided into five " Military Districts " governed by Federal generals. Amendments to the Constitution. — Before Mr. Lin- coln's death, the Thirteenth Amendment to the Constitu- tion had been made which abolished slavery forever in the United States. The Fourteenth Amendment was now made. This gave the negroes all the rights of the whites except voting. The Fifteenth Amendment, a little later, gave the negroes that right. No Southern State could return to the Lhiion until it had ratified these amendments. The Southerners Under Defeat. — For four years the South had fought desperately to establish its independence. Failing in this purpose, her people had honestly accepted the decision of battle. They knew their cause was just and they mourned over its defeat, but they had no further purpose to disregard or disobey the laws of the United States. They set themselves everywhere to do what they could to repair the ruin and destruction in their homes and their States. General Lee became a college president, and his officers and soldiers followed his example by working diligently and patiently as they found opportunity. Harsh Reconstruction Measures. — Congress hated the South even more in its defeat than it had done in the 232 Primary History of the United States. liottest time of the war. No man who had taken part in the Confederate government or army, or who had helped the Sonthern canse in any way, was allowed to vote or hold any office whatever. This ruled out almost every respect- able white man in the South, and gave the country up to the lowest characters, to the ignorant negroes and to un- principled Northern adventurers. '* Carpet- Baggers and Scalawags." — For eleven years the South was given up to these Northern " carpet-baggers" ■'1^,, '"rX^i;^ ^ ' '1 ^^^^ Southern "scalawags," and to the ignorant negroes whom they cajoled or bribed to do their bidding. I can give you no idea how they stole, and defrauded and impover- ished the States, while gathering large fortunes for themselves. I f the Southern whites did not tamely submit to the outrages and indignities heaped upon them, then soldiers were sent to overawe them, and riots and bloodshed were the conse- quence. The Freedman's Bureau. — Left to themselves, the blacks were lazy, unprincipled and vicious, but not often spiteful or malicious toward the whites. The Freedman's Bureau gave to the negroes, in many cases, land of their former owners, and encouraged them in every way to be rude and insolent and idle. lAN'S CABIN. Primary Hislory of the United States. 233 QUESTIONS. 1. Who were made President and Vice-President in the spring of 1865 ? 2. What did Mr. Lincohi think of a State getting out of the Union? 3. Tell of Mr. lyincoln's assassination? 4. Why was this bad for the South ? 5. How did Andrew Johnson show his hatred to the South ? 6. What became of Mr. Jefferson Davis ? 7. How was he treated in Fortress Monroe ? 8. How long was he kept there ? 9. Was he ever tried ? 10. When and where did he die? 11. Why did President Johnson and Congress quarrel? 12. What was Mr. Johnson's plan ? 13. What was the plan of Congress ? 14. What was the Thirteenth Amendment to the Constitution? 15. The Fourteenth ? 16. The Fifteenth ? 17. For what had the South fought for four years? 18. When thev were defeated, did they really submit to the United States? 19. What did the men everywhere set themselves to do ? 20. How did Congress show its great hatred to the South ? 21. Who were forbidden to vote or hold office? 22. To whom did this give up the government of the Southern States? 23. How long was the South given up to the "carpet-baggers" and the ' ' scalawags ? ' ' 24. How did they treat the Southern States ? 25. What happened if the Southern whites did not tamely submit ? 26. What had the Freedraan's Bureau encouraged the negroes to do? 234 Primary History of the United States. CHAPTER LXI. ANDREW JOHNSON, 1865-1869 U. S. GRANT, 1869-1877. Impeachment of President Johnson. — The quarrel between Congress and Mr. Johnson continued. He con- stantly vetoed the bills passed by Congress, and in 1868 Congress impeached and tried him. They failed to convict him of treason, and he continued in office until 1869. States Readmitted to the Union. — In Arkansas, the Carolinas, Florida, Georgia, Alabama and Louisiana pre- tended legislatures, elected and armed by Northern soldiers, " carpet-baggers " and negroes, had adopted reconstructed governments formed by themselves, and those States were admitted once more to the Union. Nebraska became a State in 1867. General Grant President, 1869-1877. — In 1868, and again in 1872, the Republican party made Ulysses S. Grant Presi- dent of the Republic. General Grant would not allow Mr. Johnson or Congress to set aside the terms of surrender which he had agreed to and hang the Southern generals. But he did not interfere with the tyranny and oppression of the " reconstructed " governments, and the robbery and ruin of which you read in the last chapter went on all through his term. Alaska, 1867. — In 1867 the territory of Alaska, which is rich in timber, fisheries, furs and gold mines, was bought from Russia for $7,000,000. First Pacific Railroad, 1869. — There are now four great railroads crossing the United States from east to west. The first of these was opened in 1869. By these roads the shortest way from England to China is across the United States. Speculation and Dishonesty at the North. — Many men grew suddenly rich by " army contracts " during the war, Primary History of the United States. 235 and by oppression and robbery in the reconstrncted States. Others songht means to gain wealth also withont working for it, and specnlation and fraud ran riot at the North. Bankers and brokers swindled their cnstomers, and Con- gressmen, government officials and members of the Cabinet, took bribes and joined in schemes to rob the government itself Money Troubles, 1873. — When all this dishonesty came to light, great money tronbles followed. One bank failed for $15,000,000. Other banks, railroads, merchants and rich men lost everything and the poor became still poorer. Indian Wars. — In 1873 there was fierce war in the West with the Modoc Indians, who refused to move from their lands to the Indian Territory. Three years later the Sioux became very hostile to the white settlers near them. Gen- eral Custer and his cavalry did severe injury to the Indians, but, in a battle on Big Horn River, Custer and all his men were killed. After a while the Sioux were defeated and fled to Canada. Centennial Exposition, 1876. — The hundredth year of the republic was celebrated by a great exposition in Phila- delphia. A fine display of products from all over the world was made in splendid buildings built of iron and glass. Millions or people visited this exposition, and per- haps your father and mother were among them. Colorado, 1876. — Colorado is called the " Centennial State," because she came into the Union one hundred years after it was formed. Tilden and Hayes, 1876. — By this time the honest people at the North, as well as the respectable ones at the South, had become weary of the fraud, injustice and oppression so freely practiced. When the election for President came on, Samuel J. Tilden, the Democratic candi- date, received a much larger number of votes than Ruther- ford B. Hayes, the Republican candidate. ' Electoral Commission. — The Republican Congress would not allow a Democrat to be President. An Electoral Commission appointed by it recognized the fraudulent 236 Primary History of the United States. votes of several Southern States instead of the lawful ones and declared Hayes the rightful President, Death of General Robert E. Lee. — In October, 1870, Gen- eral Robert E. Lee died at his home in Lexington,Virginia, The Southern people mourned for their beloved leader, and even his enemies acknowledged him to be a great and good man. All civilized people regard him as a noble. Chris- tian patriot, and one of the greatest generals of the world. Fires in 1871-1872. — In 1871, 25,000 houses and $200,- 000,000 worth of property were burned in Chicago. Great forest fires also destroyed many lives and vast tracts of tim- ber in the Northwest. In Boston, in 1872, $80,000,000 of property perished in a great conflagration. QUESTIONS. 1. When and why did Congress impeach President Johnson ? 2. Tell of the reconstruction of the Southern States, 3. Who was elected President in 1868, and 1872 ? 4. What had General Grant prevented Mr. Johnson and Congress from doing ? 5. Did he hinder any of the tyranny and oppression of the reconstructed governments? 6. Tell of the purchase of Alaska. 7. Of the first Pacific railroad. 8. How did many men at the North grow suddenly rich ? 9. How did others seek to gain wealth without working for it ? 10. What followed all this dishonesty ? 11. Tell of the Modoc War. 12. Of the Sioux War. 13. What happened at Big Horn River? 14. Tell of the Centennial Exposition in 1876. 15. Which is the Centennial State? 16. Who was really elected President in 1876? 17. Who was declared President by the Electoral Commission? 18. When and where did General Robert E. Lee die ? 19. How do all civilized people regard him ? 20. Tell of the great fires in 1871 and 1872. Primary History of the United States. 237 CHAPTER LXIL HAYES PRESIDENT, 1877-1881 GARFIELD AND ARTHUR, 1881-1885. Hayes Befriends the South. — Though Mr. Hayes was elected by fraud, he was a good friend to the South. He withdrew the Federal soldiers, and the carpet-baggers went with them. The Democratic governors chosen b\' the people took control of the States, and from that time Southern people have managed their own affairs, and have EAST FRONT OF THE CAPITOL AT WASHINGTON. done wonders in reviving and developing the industries and resources of their section. Railroad Strikes, 1877. — The enormous fortunes made by a limited number of Northern men seemed to make the laboring classes poorer. This caused great discontent among them. In the summer of 1877, the railroad hands in Maryland, Pennsylvania and New York made a great 338 Prhnary History of the Umted States. " strike " for higher wages. To keep other men from run- ning the trains, the strikers burned the cars and the depots. Soldiers were employed to put down the strikers. Riots occurred in Pittsburg, Chicago and other places, and a number of people were killed. Growth of Population. — For years there had been a large increase of foreign immigration, and in 1880 there were more than 50,000,000 of people in the United States. Garfield and Arthur, 1881-1885. — The Republicans made General James A. Garfield President and Chester A. Arthur Vice-President. Garfield Shot. — On July 2, Presi- dent Garfield was shot in the depot at Washington by a man named Guiteau. He lingered for two months in great suf- fering and then died, and Mr. Arthur became President. Centennial Celebration at Yorktown, 1881. — The hundredth anniversary of Cornwallis's surrender was celebrated at Yorktowu. Many war vessels and soldiers assembled there. Descendants of Washington's French and German officers were among them, and there were fine reviews on land and water. Voyages to the Arctic Seas. — The steamer Jeannette, with a crew and officers of the United States navy, went to explore the ocean north of Asia. In 1881 she was crushed by ice and all save a few of her crew froze or starved to death on the icy Siberian coast. Another expe- dition, under Lieutenant Greeley, to the Polar Sea north of Canada, was equally unfortunate. Of the twenty -four men with Greeley, only six half-dead ones were rescued at the end of three years. Grover Cleveland, 1885-1889. — In 1885, the Democrats put in Grover Cleveland, the since Mr. Buchanan, twenty- J. A. GARFIELD. -ROVER CLEVELAND first President of their party five years before, Primary History of the United States. 239 Labor Troubles. — During this administration the labor troubles became worse than ever. In 1886 there were strikes in many parts of the North and in all departments of work. Anarchists. — In Chicago there was terrible strife and rioting. The leaders there were foreigners, who boasted that they were "Anarchists" — that is, enemies to all gov- ernment. They attacked the police with dynamite bombs which killed and wounded a number of them. The police succeeded in capturing the ringleaders, and four of them were hanged. Charleston Earthquake, 1886. — k. severe earthquake in this year threatened Charleston, South Carolina, with de- struction. The shock was felt for several hundred miles. Benjamin Harrison, 1889. — Benjamin Harrison, the Republican President of 1889, was a grandson of President Harrison of 1841. During his first year of office six new States, North and South Dakota, Mon- tana, Washington, Wyoming and Idaho, came into the Union ; and Oklahoma was cut off from the Indian Territory. Second Election of Grover Cleve- '%&> land.— In 1893 Grover Cleveland became BENJAMIN HARRISON. President for the second time. During Harrison's term and this one, the minds of the people were turned to many political and financial questions which you cannot now understand. Columbian Exposition, 1893. — The four hundredth an- niversary of the discovery of America was celebrated by great naval displays in Hampton Roads in Virginia and in New York harbor. A great Exposition was also held at Chicago. The beauty and magnificence of the buildings and the exhibit of all the productions of industry, science and art were the finest ever made. Chicago Strike. — The Exposition was followed by a great labor strike. From the Pullman Car Company it spread to all railroads in the North and West. No trains were 240 Primary History of the United States, allowed to run. Many lives were taken, and millions of dol- lars worth of property destroyed. Soldiers at length put down the strikers and rioters. You must notice that there were none of these strikes and riots in the law-abiding South. McKinley President, 1897. — "^^^^ Republicans elected William McKinley, of Ohio, and he became the President on March 4, 1897. Progress and Development. — As I told you before, the North was rich, the South utterly poor, in 1865. The whole country has become more prosperous, and the recov- ery of the South from the devastation of the war and the misrule and robbery of reconstruction times is wonderful. Three-fourths of the cotton in the world is grown in the Southern States. They produce immense quantities of coal and iron. Manufactures of all sorts are springing up. The Northern markets are supplied with fruits, vegetables and flowers from the South. Steam and Electricity. — Steam and electricity are the principal forces which have brought about such increase of prosperity. They make railroads and steamboats every- where, and operate all kinds of machinery. Progress of Education. — Besides a system of public schools all over the country, there are now more than three hundred and sixty colleges and universities. Newspapers and books have increased in the same proportion, and many Southern authors have taken equal rank with any of their countrymen. Farewell. — Now, my young readers, I bid you farewell. May what you have learned of your country and your fore- fathers, in this little book, fill you with a desire and purpose to do your duty now as boys and girls, that when you grow up you may be such brave, upright, patriotic men and women as those of v/hoin you have read. The foundations of our country at Jamestown in 1607, and at Plymouth in 1620, were laid in the fear of God, and so long as her peo- ple walk in that fear and uphold the true principles of freedom, she will be an honor and a safeguard to humanity. i6 INVENTION AND PROGRESS. (241) 242 Primary History of the United States. QUESTIONS. 1. How did Hayes prove a good friend of the South ? 2. What have the Southern people done since his time ? 3. What caused great discontent among the laboring classes at the North ? 4. Tell of the railroad strikes in 1877. 5. Of the riots which occurred. 6. How many people in the United States in 1880? 7. Who were made President and Vice-President in 1881 ? 8. What happened to General Garfield ? 9. Tell of the celebration at Yorktown of Cornwallis's surrender. 10. Where did the steamer Jeannette go, and what happened to her? 11. Of Greeley's Arctic Expedition? 12. Who was made President in 1885 ? 13. Tell of the labor troubles during his term. 14. Of the Anarchists in Chicago. 15. Describe the Charleston earthquake in 1886. 16. Who was made President in 1889? 17. What six new States came in during his first year of office ? 18. Who was made President in 1893 ? 19. How w^as the four hundredth anniversary of the discovery of America celebrated ? 20. Describe the Exposition at Chicago. 21. Tell of the great railroad strike the next year. 22. To what section of country were these strikes and riots confined ? 23. Who was made President in 1897 ? 24. Tell of the progress and development of the South, in spite of the destruction there from war and reconstruction. 25. What are the principal forces which have brought about this increase of prosperity ? 26. Tell of the progress of education. 27. With what desire and purpose should this little book fill the minds of its readers ? 28. What principle governed the founders of our country, and how may she continue to be an honor and safeguard to humanity ? BLACKBOARD FORM— CHAPTERS LX, LXI, LXH. f Lincoln's second inauguration, March 4, 1865. Assassinated, April 14, 1S65. ndrew Johnson, President, 1865. Jefferson Davis captured and imprisoned, 1865. The vSouth divided into five military districts. Thirteenth Amendment, 1865. Fourteenth Amendment, 1866. Fifteenth Amendment, 1870. Southern whites oppressed. Freedman's Bureau. South ruled by "carpet-baggers," "scalawags" and negroes. Alaska bought, 1867. Impeachment of President Johnson, 1868. Arkansas, the Carolinas, Florida, Georgia, Louisi- t ana readmitted to the Union, 1868. Reconstr u c t i o n Period. Prwtary History of the United States. 243 f Grant's first inauguration, 1869. First Pacific Railroad, 1869. I General Robert E. Lee dies, 1870. G r a n t, President, j Money troubles, 1S73. 1869-1877. ^ Modoc War, 1873. Sioux War, Custer killed, 1876. I Centennial Exposition, 1876. L Colorado a State, 1876. f Hayes declared to be elected by the Electoral Com- TTflvPc; PrpdflPiif mission, 1877. Ha>es, President, ) pi^e in Chicago, 1877. ''' End of Reconstruction Period, 1877. [ Railroad strikes, 1877. Garfield and Ar T General Garfield inaugurated, 1881. fW P. c?^ f J Garfield shot bv Guiteau, 1881. rs«y' -^^^^^^^"^^' ] Centennial Celebration at Yorktown, i88r. [ Arctic expeditions. 1881. Grover Cleveland, , . u- ^ • r^\ - President. 1885. Anarchists in Chicago, Labor troubles. Anarchists in CI Charleston earthquake, 1886. Benjamin Harrison j North and South Dakota, Montana, Washington, President, 1889. \ Wyoming, Idaho, become States, 1889. Grover Cleveland, / Columbian Exposition, 1893. President, 1893. \ Great labor strike at Chicago, 1894. William McKinley, / Progress and development of the country. President, 1897. "i Farewell. PERIOD V. BLACKBOARD REVIEW. CHAPTERS XLVII-LXII. Abraham Lincoln President, 1861. f South Carolina, December, i860. Mississippi, January, 1861. I Florida, Januarv, 1861. Alabama, January, 1861. Secession of South- Georgia, January, i86k \ Louisiana, January, 1861. Texas, January, 1861. I Virginia, April, 1861. North Carolina, April, 1861. I Tennessee, April, 1861. L Arkansas, April, 1861. Southern Confederacy formed, 1861. Jefferson Davis, President, 186 1, ern States. 244 Primary History of the United States. Battles, 1861. Battles. 1862 1861. Civil War. f Fort Sumter bombarded, April, 1861.^ First bloodshed, Baltimore, April, 1861. First Manassas, July, 1861.* Jackson's Valley campaign, March to June, Wilson's Springs, Missouri, August, 1861.* Belmont, Missouri, November, 1861.* Fort Hatteras and Port Royal captured, 1861. Fort Henry taken, February, 1861. Fort Donelson, February, 1861. Columbus evacuated, 1861. f Elkhorn, or Pea Ridge, Arkansas, April.* j Shiloh, Tennessee, April. I New Orleans captured, April. Seven Days' battles round Richmond, Virginia, 1 June and July.* Cedar Mountain, Virginia, August.'^ Second Manassas, Virginia, August.* Jackson captures Harper's Ferry, September.* I Sharpsburg, or Antietam, Maryland,' September. luka and Corinth, Mississippi. I Richmond, Kentucky.* Perryville.* I Fredericksburg, Virginia, December.* [ Murfreesboro, or Stone River, Tenn., December.* Emancipation proclamation, January i. West Virginia made a State. Chancellorsville, Virginia, May.* Vicksburg besieged. May. Winchester, Virginia, June.* Battles, 1863. J Gettysburg, Pennsylvania, July. I Surrender of Vicksburg, July. Chickamauga. Georgia, September. ! Lookout Mountain and Missionary Ridge, Ten- [ nessee, November. Olustee, Florida, February.* Mansfield, Louisiana, April.* Wilderness, Virginia, May.* Spottsylvania, Virginia, May.* New Market, Virginia, May.* Drury's Bluff, Virginia, May.* Second Cold Harbor, Virginia, June.* Battkis, 1864 \ ?f ^^ ""^ Petersburg, Virginia, June. Monocacy, Maryland, July.^ Siege of Atlanta, Georgia, July. Fall of Atlanta, Georgia, September. Winchester, Virginia, September. Cedar Creek, Virginia, October. Franklin, Tennessee, November. Nashville, Tennessee, December. [ Fall of Savannah, Georgia, December, Confederate victories marked with an *, Primary History of the United States. 245 Civil War. Battles, 1865. Lincoln and John- son, Presidents, 1865. Reconstruction. f Fall of Fort Fisher, January, Burning of Columbia, February. Bentonville, North Carolina, March. Five Forks, Virginia, April. \ Fall of Petersburg and Richmond, April. Surrender at Appomattox Court House, April. Close of the War, May. Union forces, 2,200,000. ^ Confederate less than 800,000. f President Lincoln assassinated, April, 1865. Mr. Jefferson Davis captured and imprisoned. Thirteenth Amendment, 1865, Freedman's Bureau, 1865. Fourteenth Amendment, 1866. South divided into five military districts, 1867. -j South ruled by "carpet-baggers," "scalawags" and negroes. Arkansas, The Carolinas, Florida, Georgia, Louis- iana, Virginia, Mississippi, Texas, readmitted to the Union, 1868. President Johnson impeached, 1868. First Pacific Railroad, 1869. Gen. Grant, Pres- ident, 1 869- 1 87 7. Hayes, President, 1877. Garfield and Ar- thur, Presidents. 1881. Grover Cleveland, President, 1885. Benjamin Harrison President, 1889. Fifteenth Amendment, 1870. Death of General Robert E. Lee, 1870. Modoc War, 1873. Sioux War, 1876. Centennial Exposition, 1876. End of reconstruction period, 1877. Garfield shot, 1881. f Labor strikes. \ Charleston earthquake, 1886. f Two Dakotas, Montana, Washington, \ Idaho, become States, 1889. Wyoming, Grover Cleveland, f Coi.^mbian Exposition, 1893. President, 1893. I William McKinley, President, 1897. FEDERAI. GENKRAI^. McDowell, McClellan. Grant, Buell, Butler. Civil War. \ Rosecrans. Banks, Pope. Burnside, Hooker, Meade. Sherman, Thomas Seymour. Hancock, Schofield, Sheridan. Sedgwick, Hunter, Sigel. 246 Primary Histoiy of the United States. Civil War. CONFEDERATE GENERAI^S. R. E. Lee, Joseph E. Johnston, A. S. Johnston. T. J. Jackson, Stuart, Beauregard. Polk, Forrest, Morgan. Price, Van Dorn, Bragg. Kirby Smith, Longstreet. Magruder, Pemberton, Early. Finnegan, Taylor, Hood. S. f T *i i From the Earliest outhern Literature Period to the ^ «^ «^ «^ t^ «^ «^ t^ t^ t