JK 716 
 ♦ .B6 
 
 ECONOMIC TRACTS, No. XXII. 
 
 Civil-Service Examinations 
 
 BEING QUESTION PAPERS, WITH ACTUAL ANSWERS OF 
 • SUCCESSFUL AND UNSUCCESSFUL CANDIDATES 
 
 EDITED, WITH AN INTRODUCTION 
 
 BY 
 
 R. R. BOWKER 
 
 NEW YORK 
 
 THE SOCIETY FOR POLITICAL EDUCATION 
 31 PARK ROW 
 li 
 
 H3- ^ ■ — m 
 
The Society for Political Editcation, 
 
 {ORCAiVJZED i8So.) 
 
 OBJECTS.-The Society was organized by citizens wiio ];elieve that theW, 
 cess of our government depends on the active political influence of educated intelligence 
 and tliat panics are means, not ends. It is entirely non-pariisan in its organization' 
 and IS not to be used for any oiher purpose than the awakening of an intelligent 
 niterest in government methods and purposes, tending to restrain the abuse of parties 
 and to promote party morality. 
 
 Among its organizers are numbered Democrats, Republicans, and Independents 
 who difTer among themselves as to which party is best fitted to conduct the govern- 
 ment ; but who are in the main agreed as t.o the following propositions : 
 
 a.Tvote^'n.sfbl M.^lii"'^" '° '" '''' ^'°'^^ lllL/J'^^^-"^^"^^ "^"^' ^^ convertible on de- 
 Office-holders must not control the suffrage Labor hi^ « rio^hf »^ fK^ i,- u . 
 
 Public service, in business positions, should tore? by Taxe7 exceo't^for '^:'v:f ''"' ''"^"^- 
 depend solely on fitness and good behavior nenses governmenc ex 
 
 beVefemleJsry punisheZ ""' ^°""P^'°" ""^^ oP^rTT'"'''' ""^^ ^^ '''''''''^ ^^"™ ^^"- 
 
 timSpanies" """'" '^ ^^'^'^P-^-t of na- NeUher\l^e public money nor the peopled 
 
 Coins made unlimited legal tender must pHse""" "' '° subsidize private enter- 
 
 E^fs o? ti'e ';i?M ^"'"'^ '' ''•'''' '" '''' ■™^'- , ^ public opinion, wholesome and active.'un, 
 
 Sound currency must have a metal basis, and g3Tf'p'o{;ur SStuiCj;?'' '^ ''' ^^"^ ^*^^^ 
 
 Persons who become members of the Society are not, however, required to endorse 
 the above. 
 
 METHODS.-The Society proposes to carry out its objects by submitting from 
 time to time to its members lists of books which it regards as desirable reading^ on 
 current political and economic questions ; by selecting annual courses of reading for 
 Its members; by supplying the books so selected at the smallest possible advance 
 beyond actual cost ; by furnishing and circulating at a low price, and. in cheap form 
 sound economic and political literature in maintenance and illustration of the princi^ 
 pies above announced as constituting the basis of its organization ; and by assisting in 
 the formation of reading and corresponding circles and clubs for discussing social 
 political, and economic questions. ' 
 
 vear?'''''''''n''^'''''-''" "^--^y -— ged by a Committee, .elccte<l from 
 >ear toyear. 1 he correspondence of the Society is divided among five Secretaries 
 .n^.^...^. for the Fast, the Xorthwest. the .Southeast, the Southwest, and the Pac^^ 
 
 It is suggested tiiat branch organizations be formed wherever it is possible (and 
 
 form a Club o ten persons, each of whom shall be an active member >f this Society 
 Will be entitled to a set of the tracts issue<l for the current year. 
 
ECONOMIC TRACTS, No. XXII. 
 
 Civil-Service Examinations 
 
 BEING QUESTION PAPERS, WITH ACTUAL ANSWERS 
 OF SUCCESSFUL AND UNSUCCESSFUL CANDIDATES 
 
 EDITED, WITH >AN INTRODUCTION BY 
 
 r^r! bowker 
 
 NEW YORK 
 
 THE SOCIETY FOR POLITICAL EDUCATION 
 
 31 PARK ROW 
 
 1886 
 

Civil-Service Examiaations. 
 
 The United States Government is the largest single 
 employer *o£ labor in this country. Its pay-rolls include 
 120,000 people. When it pays wages, whether it is the 
 salary of the President of the United States or the day's 
 wages of a laborer at the commonest work, every penny 
 has to come out of the pockets of the people. Even if 
 they do not pay taxes, they have to pay government ex- 
 penses all the same, since they pay higher prices for rent 
 and for all they buy because of the taxes. When Uncle 
 Sam, therefore, pays for a day's work he ought to get the 
 best day's work that can be had for the money. Un- 
 fortunately he has often had the worst instead of the 
 best service, because in hiring men a great many consid- 
 erations have come in with which a private employer 
 would not have to deal. Men who have been workers 
 in "politics" thought it proper that they should be paid 
 for that kind of work by " getting an office," and they 
 consequently felt it less their duty to do the real work 
 for which the salary was really paid. It has also been 
 the frequent custom to employ great numbers of men in 
 the navy yards a few days before election (virtually to 
 buy their votes), and then to turn them out into the cold 
 a few days after the election. It was difficult to stop 
 this because the politicians thought it to their interest to 
 keep up the system. What is true of the national govern- 
 ment is also true in less degree of each State in the 
 
2 CIVIL-SERVICE EXAMINATIONS. 
 
 Union, and each city or town. They ought to get the 
 best service at a fair rate, but they have often paid the 
 highest prices for the poorest kind of work. 
 
 ^' Civil-service reform " had two things to accomplish : 
 first, to prevent the government service, the service of 
 the whole people, from being misused for politicians or 
 parties ; second, to provide for choosing fit men for the 
 public service, on truly democratic principles. 
 
 Usually, after each election, the politicians who had 
 won wanted places for their friends. They began this 
 cry as long ago as the time of Thomas Jefferson. But 
 Jefferson refused to remove good officers, unless they had 
 been violent partisans. The party workers, nevertheless, 
 kept up their pressure, and by the time of Jackson it was 
 recognized that "to the victors belong the spoils." This 
 meant that the half of the American people which won 
 in an election were entitled to look upon the other half as 
 victims of war. This was a very un-American, un-demo- 
 cratic, un-republican spirit. 
 
 The pressure on appointing officers to put new men 
 in could not be satisfied without turning tried men out. 
 The appointing officers found a great part of their time 
 used up by office-seekers, when they should have been 
 doing the public business. They did not like to put out 
 trained men, and put in new ones who would have to 
 waste much time in training. Moreover, the men who 
 were put in, knowing they might be turned out at the next 
 election, in their turn, took less pains to learn their work 
 well. And they felt obliged to give a good deal of their 
 work to the politicians who got them in, instead of to the 
 whole people which paid them their salary. They be- 
 came literally the " retainers " of politicians, who used 
 them to pack conventions and influence nominations, till 
 outside citizens began to find that they had almost 
 
CIVIL-SERVICE EXAMINATIONS. 3 
 
 no influence in politics at all. Democracy was, in short, 
 becoming a sham ; an oligarchy of office-holders was run- 
 ning the country. The public service was saved from 
 utter corruption only by the native strength and honesty 
 of American character. 
 
 The remedy first suggested for this evil was, naturally 
 enough, to prevent removals, so that there would be no 
 chance for the politicians to put their men in. But it 
 was not possible to prevent the removals of good men 
 without tying up public officers so that they could not re- 
 move inefficient men. No business can be conducted 
 without constantly weeding out the poor stuff.. This was 
 not a safe cure. The true remedy was found in prevent- 
 ing unfit appointments by examining applicants as to 
 their fitness. The " worker " who was a mere tool of a 
 politician thus had no chance. It was also found that by 
 referring applicants to a Board, which should report to 
 the appointing officer the best four men from whom to 
 choose, he was relieved of much of the pressure which 
 took his time from public work. The Civil-Service Com- 
 mission was appointed to work out this plan, and it 
 proved that the best method of preventing the misuse of 
 the service was also the best method of choosing the 
 most fit men — namely, competitive examinations. 
 
 The common-sense employer, when he has to hire a 
 new man, tries to find out what sort of a man an appli- 
 cant is, and how fit he is to do the work he applies for. 
 If two men desire work, and there is work for but one, it 
 is only fair that the work should be given to the man who 
 has trained himself to be best fitted for it. If it were 
 not for this there would be no inducement to men to be 
 industrious and to learn a trade, but a premium would 
 be put on ignorance and idleness, and our whole Ameri- 
 can system, which is founded on education and on giving 
 
4 CIVIL-SERVICE EXAMINATIONS. 
 
 every man a fair chance, would break down. The diffi- 
 culty in doing this in the case of the government service, 
 has been that, the '' government " being the employer, no 
 one person was interested like a private employer in test- 
 ing those who applied for work. Many of those people 
 who had to do with employing labor felt under obliga- 
 tions to the persons who helped to elect them to office, and 
 they consequently cared more to please their backers than 
 to see that the people got its money's worth when it em- 
 ployed them. To overcome this difficulty the civil-ser- 
 vice laws were passed. They provided simply that those 
 seeking government employment should give, as nearly 
 as differing circumstances would permit, the same evi- 
 dence of being able to do good work that men would 
 give who sought to enter the service of a private em- 
 ployer. 
 
 A private employer is pretty sure, first, to ask a man to 
 give some account of himself, where he has been and 
 what he has done ; then to require " references " from 
 those who have known him ; then to judge whether the 
 man is physically capable for the work he wants to do ; 
 then to judge of his general intelligence or education ; 
 and, lastly, to ascertain whether he has special fitness for 
 the particular kind of work he is particularly to do. This 
 is the general plan of the civil-service examinations. 
 One set of questions brings out what the man has to say 
 of himself, his age, experience, etc. Blank forms for 
 "references" or "testimonials " are given him, in which 
 those who have really known him may answer questions 
 so drawn that they must tell plainly and straightforwardly, 
 without dodging, how long they have known him and 
 what they know about him. Another form gives a sur- 
 geon's report on his physique, in cases where physical 
 ability is important, as for police, firemen or watchmen. 
 
CIVIL-SERVICE EXAMINATIONS. 5 
 
 A second set of questions tests the general intelligence 
 of the applicant, his knowledge of writing, reading, 
 arithmetic, and other acquirements which every capable 
 American should have to some extent. A third set of 
 questions ascertains how fit he is for the particular kind 
 of work he has to do, testing either his experience and 
 special knowledge in it or his special capability for learn- 
 ing it. These papers are marked separately, and the 
 mark given to each paper depends upon the importance 
 of the information it gives for the place sought. Thus, 
 for a watchman, physique and testimonials would count 
 most, while for an ordinary clerkship, physique would 
 scarcely count at all, and general intelligence would be 
 the main thing. 
 
 There has been a great deal of nonsense talked and 
 written about asking a man who had to clean streets 
 questions about ancient history, astronomy, and San- 
 skrit. A few examples of actual examination papers 
 show how false that talk is. Throughout the civil ser- 
 vice, according to the new system, the questions have been 
 concerned either with the elementary education which 
 every American citizen ought to have, with the specific 
 technical knowledge that a man requires for the position 
 sought, or with the grammar-school or higher education 
 on which appointment to very responsible positions ought 
 to be based. The answers of successful and of unsuc- 
 cessful competitors from actual examination papers ap- 
 pended to these examination questions, will illustrate 
 further the practical workings of the system. 
 
 Of course, a private employer judges a great deal by a 
 man's bearing, by how he talks, and above all by how 
 he sets to work if a chance is given him ; and it is some- 
 times said that this cannot be got at by any system of 
 written examinations. This is more or less true, but in 
 
6 CIVIL-SERVICE EXAMINATIONS. 
 
 these examinations, the marking from the man's own ac- 
 count of himself, and of what his previous employers 
 or those who certify to him have to say, partly takes the 
 place of talk face to face, and the system of " probation " 
 gives a chance for trying a man at actual work. The 
 successful candidate is not fully appointed for three or 
 six months ; during that time he is kept at the work he 
 was chosen to do, and if he fails to do it well he is 
 dropped. If he succeeds, he gets his permanent ap- 
 pointment. 
 
 It is also said that, after all, private influence has a 
 good deal to do with employment in private business, 
 that is to say, a merchant will take his brother, or his 
 nephew, or his wife's cousin sooner than he will take an 
 entire stranger. This is true only to a certain extent. 
 The man who succeeds in business takes the best help he 
 can get, and takes his relatives only where they are as 
 good as other applicants. If he is weak-minded enough 
 to let his family instead of himself run the business, he 
 has to suffer the consequences. Uncle Sam is placed by 
 the national civil-service law in a position similar to that 
 of the private employer. He gives his preference to 
 those members of his own family, so to speak, who fought 
 in the war for the Union. If the candidates show equal 
 fitness, and one of them has been a soldier or a sailor in 
 the war, the law requires that he shall be given the place. 
 "Persons honorably discharged from the military or 
 naval service, by reason of disability resulting from 
 wounds or sickness incurred in the line of duty, shall be 
 preferred for appointments to civil offices." On the 
 other hand, a soldier who is not competent does not get 
 the place over a competent private citizen. Thus Uncle 
 Sam is protected from giving places to those who cannot 
 do their money's worth of work. This is a test which 
 
CIVIL- SERVICE EXAMINATIONS. 7 
 
 cannot be objected to by any fair-minded applicant, 
 whether he is a soldier or not a soldier. To give places 
 to men only because they were soldiers would be to build 
 up a military caste. 
 
 The " merit test," as it has been well called, has proved 
 most satisfactory in practice. It has relieved appointing 
 officers from "pressure," and given them time to attend 
 to their proper work. It has given to the public service 
 more efficient clerks. It has protected them from being 
 at the mercy of politicians. The heads of departments 
 in our cities have borne testimony to its capital workings 
 in their fields. And in Boston, a prominent politician 
 who "did n't take much stock in civil-service reform," 
 said that the Boston system of registering and selecting 
 laborers "has worked well, and has relieved the honest 
 and industrious laborers of many impositions under 
 which they have heretofore suffered." This has caused 
 the gradual extension of civil-service reform, till now it 
 includes over 15,000 places in the national government ; 
 State systems, covering also the cities, in New York 
 (including some 14,000 places) and in Massachusetts ; 
 and city systems East and West. It should be the aim 
 of every good citizen to help extend this reform. 
 
 The objections still raised against the merit system 
 are, for the most part, such as exist against any system of 
 appointment. No system is perfect. It is true, for in- 
 stance, that bad men may get into office, perhaps from 
 State prison, or men may go out of office into State 
 prison, under the competitive-examination system as 
 under other systems. But the chances are less. The 
 objections of the mere politician, whom it deprives of his 
 power, are a testimony in its favor. It is not true that 
 civil-service reform destroys parties, as he falsely alleges ; 
 it makes them mean more, because it puts them again 
 
8 CIVIL-SERVICE EXAMINATIONS. 
 
 under control of the people. One serious source of dis- 
 satisfaction with the reform that should be mentioned, 
 is the disappointment of those who have passed their ex- 
 amination and are not appointed. It arises from the 
 natural mistake of supposing that this gives them an ab- 
 solute right to government employment. The facts are 
 simply, that the government has certain work to do, and 
 for that it requires a certain number of men. If more 
 apply, they cannot all get places, and some must be dis- 
 appointed. If twelve apply for one place, of whom six 
 are pronounced fit, and four certified to the appointing 
 officer as highest, the eleven, the five, the three, will be 
 disappointed in the degree in which they have come 
 near to success. But no system could prevent this. 
 
 The " spoils system," indeed, and some of these criti- 
 cisms upon the "merit system," are based upon a doctrine 
 that would utterly destroy the American nation. The 
 idea that every citizen has " a claim " upon government 
 for place, or that those faithfully doing for the public 
 what they are paid to do, should be "rotated" out of 
 office to give the next man a chance, develops presently 
 into a weak socialism that would take all the independence 
 out of Americans and make the nation a great paternal 
 workhouse. The only safe doctrine is that of President 
 Cleveland, that "public office is a public trust." The 
 competitive-examination system is, as a matter of fact, the 
 only truly democratic system. It gives every man a fair 
 chance, no matter how poor he is or how little political 
 influence he has. In the practical, every-day life of the 
 world, a man's success depends upon his own vigor and 
 intelligence. The civil-service examination is simply a 
 test of that same vigor and intelligence. In short, 
 the civil service under the present reform has changed 
 from the favoritism and corruption which the " spoils sys- 
 
CIVIL-SERVICE EXAMINATIONS. 9 
 
 tern " involved, to a truly American basis, on which each 
 man, whether he has or has not money or friends, is made 
 to stand on his own feet and given an equal chance to 
 earn his own living. 
 
 The papers given herewith show the actual workings 
 of the system in its varied applications in the national. 
 State, and municipal services, to different grades of work. 
 The lowest grade is first given, as shown by the use in 
 Boston of a "civil-service-reform " method for selecting 
 laborers, not competitive in form, but practically so 
 when the choice comes actually to be made. The next 
 papers are the examinations for policemen, for which 
 class physique, common-sense, and some local knowledge 
 are the chief requirements. The Brooklyn papers are 
 used, since in this city there has been perhaps the most 
 complete development of this method for municipal ser- 
 vants of this class. The New York City method adds, 
 for police and firemen, a practical athletic test in running, 
 climbing, etc. The next grade illustrated is that of 
 letter-carrier, of course in the national service, and hand- 
 writing, arithmetic, and geographical knowledge are the 
 vital subjects, and physique drops out. Finally, an ex- 
 ample is given of the examination for the scientific 
 position of house inspector (called sanitary engineer) in 
 New York City. Here the technical paper is that of 
 chief importance. In each case of the competitive ex- 
 aminations, the answers of a successful candidate are 
 given at the left-, and of an unsuccessful candidate at the 
 right-hand side of the page. It will be seen (contrary 
 to the favorite satire on the system) that if the applicant 
 shows common-sense, a good deal of bad spelling is 
 forgiven him. The system varies somewhat, it will be 
 seen, in the national, State, and local boards ; and it is 
 also to be noted that the methods of examination are 
 
lO CIVIL-SERVICE EXAMINATIONS. 
 
 constantly being improved in the direction of " prac- 
 tice," not of "theory," as the result of expe-rience and 
 of the consultation of the various boards with each other 
 Thus, the New York City board has, since the examina- 
 tion quoted, adopted a much better form of application 
 from those desiring to enter the service. In this way is 
 fulfilled the true spirit of civil-service reform — the 
 American principle of being at once practical and 
 progressive. 
 
THE BOSTON REGISTRY OF LABORERS. 
 
 In Boston, the Massachusetts Civil-Service Commis- 
 sion has introduced a "merit system" for the benefit of 
 laborers, on a non-competitive basis, which is as follows : 
 
 An applicant for work as a common laborer has, first, 
 to produce certificates from two respectable citizens, as 
 shown in the accompanying paper marked "A." 
 
 Then the clerk asks him the necessary questions to fill 
 out the form No. i, as shown in the accompanying paper 
 marked " B " ; and the statement is sworn to. 
 
 Subsequently a card is filled out, as shown by "C." 
 An " M " in red ink indicates military service. A figure 
 in blue ink indicates the number in the applicant's 
 family depending upon him for support. The cards, 
 when filled out in this way, are handed in to police 
 head-quarters and sent out to the divisions indicated. 
 The patrolman on the beat where the applicant lives, or 
 a special officer detailed by the captain, writes on the 
 card " steady and industrious," or words equivalent, if 
 the man is all right ; if he is a drunkard, or neglects his 
 family, or sells liquor, or has been convicted of any of- 
 fence within the past year, the officer so states. 
 
 Where the report is satisfactory the man is entered on 
 the register as one qualified to be a teamster or driver, 
 but willing to work as a com-mon laborer. Whether he is 
 certified for work as a driver, or as a common laborer, is 
 determined by the kind of service for which the first req- 
 uisition calls on which he is entitled to be certified, If 
 
 II 
 
12 CIVIL-SERVICE EXAMINATIONS. 
 
 he is first certified as a common laborer, and does not 
 happen to be selected (double the number called for 
 being certified by the commission), he may be certified on 
 the next requisition as a driver. The commission does 
 not reject any man who applies for work as a common 
 laborer (that is, when the register is open for additions to 
 the list) and who produces the requisite certificates, un- 
 less it appears from his own statement, or from the police 
 reports, or from some other responsible source, that he is 
 not physically qualified, or that he sells intoxicating liquor, 
 or is in the habit of using such liquor to excess, or has 
 been convicted of some offence against the laws of the 
 commonwealth during the year last past. If he appears 
 to the registration clerk to be physically incapable he 
 may be required to produce a certificate from a reputable 
 physician. 
 
 The cards returned by the police are arranged in alpha- 
 betical order for easy reference by name. The entries on 
 the register are in the order of numbers. There is also a 
 book in which the numbers are kept under headings 
 showing the kind of work for which the applicant has 
 applied, or for which he alleges capacity. The headings 
 of a page, given with " D," show how it is done. When, 
 for insta.nce, the health department calls for five team- 
 sters, the clerk takes the numbers that appear under 
 the head of teamsters, marking them as they appear in 
 the extreme left-hand column — with " M " or " N," which 
 indicates military or naval experience, if they have had it, 
 — with " X " if they have had previous experience in city 
 work of the kind called for in the requisition, and with 
 the figure denoting the number of dependents. The whole 
 list can be gone through in a few minutes. 
 
 Then, when he has all the numbers of teamsters before 
 him, with the marks which denote the preferences to be 
 
CIVIL-SERVICE EXAMINATIONS, 1 3 
 
 observed, he can readily pick out the ten to be certified. 
 He makes a memorandum of their numbers, and then 
 takes the register and writes out the certification on the 
 form provided. When the men are employed the num- 
 bers are checked, and a record made on the register 
 giving date, department, etc. 
 
 When an applicant wants to be certified for a special 
 kind of work, such as stone-cutting, or gardening, he is 
 required to produce certificates from his former employ- 
 ers as to his capacity to do such work. 
 
 The regulations provide that when the service calls for 
 men possessing superior physical qualifications the officer 
 making the requisition shall so state, and the selection 
 will, so far as practicable, be made from those marked at 
 the time of registration as possessing such qualifications. 
 
 As showing the general intelligence of applicants for 
 the labor service, it is found that about four fifths are able 
 to read and write. 
 
 Up to November, 1885, about 1,100 laborers had been 
 registered, 800 certified for employment, and 400 em- 
 ployed. Under 100 were rejected on the report of the 
 police as bad, or as having given false addresses. A dif- 
 ficulty arose at the outset from the fact that there were 
 several thousand unemployed laborers in Boston, who 
 would be turned against " civil-service reform " by design- 
 ing politicians, if most of them were enrolled and only a 
 few hundred got work. Public announcement was there- 
 fore made that registration would cease as soon as suffi- 
 cient were enrolled to supply the probable needs of the 
 departments for the next six months, and tickets for ex- 
 aminations were issued to applicants in the order of their 
 coming. 
 
 The results are stated as follows by Commissioner Bug- 
 bee : " The heads of departments are greatly relieved ; 
 
14 CIVIL-SERVICE EXAMINATIONS. 
 
 and the laborers who formerly spent days and weeks 
 hanging about the city yards and the corridors of the City 
 Hall, soliciting the influence of the bosses and the coun- 
 cilmen, have their applications passed upon without delay, 
 and in accordance with fixed rules which they can all un- 
 derstand. Those who are registered are told that it will 
 not improve their chances of getting city work to bring 
 any more certificates or references, or to bring any influ- 
 ences to bear upon the Commissioners or the heads of 
 departments ; that they are not sure of obtaining city 
 work ; and that, if employed, they should not stop trying 
 to get work elsewhere." 
 
 A. — Certificates from Citizens : 
 
 Boston, Nov. ^7, i88^. 
 To the Civil Service Commissioners : 
 
 I hereby certify that I have known Petei^ Brow7i^ living 
 at 2^ Wall St.^ in Boston, for (state how long you have 
 known him) ten years j that he is able-bodied, and of 
 temperate and industrious habits ; and that he is qualified 
 for employment as a teamster in the labor service of the 
 City of Boston. 
 
 Name, George Smith. 
 
 Residence, 75 Brighton St. 
 
 Occupation, Boss Truckman. 
 
 B. — Applicant's Statement : 
 
 No. I2IJ. Boston, Nov. ^7, i88^ 
 
 I, Peter Brown, hereby declare that I am Jj* years of 
 age ; that I am now living at 25 Wall St. j that I am a 
 citizen of the U. S. j that I have depending iijDon me 
 for support wife and S childreji j that I was in the military 
 service of the United States as 2, private for three years in 
 time of war, and that I received an honorable discharge 
 
CIVIL-SERVICE EXAMINATIONS. 
 
 15 
 
 therefrom ; that I was last employed by yohn Barnum 
 as a driver, for five yrs.j that I was previously employed 
 as a teamster by George Smith, and that I am qualified by 
 experience to perform the duties of a teamster ; that I 
 am not a vender of intoxicating liquors, or in the habit of 
 using intoxicating liquors to excess ; that I have not been 
 convicted of any offence against the laws of the Common- 
 wealth during the year last past. 
 
 ('J^^Y^^.^) Peter Brown. 
 Sworn to before me, yohn Brown, 
 
 Justice of the Peace. 
 REFERENCES : 
 
 NAME. 
 
 RESIDENCE. 
 
 OCCUPATION. 
 
 75 Brighton St. 
 SO Myrtle St. 
 
 Truckman. 
 Stable-keeper. 
 
 George Smith, 
 yohn Barnum. 
 
 REMARKS : 
 
 5 //. c? in. Wt. 160. Blk hair. Ruddy comp. Robust. 
 Would like to be driver in Health Dep., but willing to work 
 as Com. laborer. 
 
 C. — Card Register, with Police Endorsement : 
 
 
 M 
 
 I2I3. 
 
 6. 
 
 Brown, Peter. 
 
 
 2S Wall St. 
 
 
 Teamster or C. L. 
 
 
 Police Div. 10. 
 
 
 Steady, industrious. 
 
 
 yohji yones. 
 
 213. 
 
i6 
 
 CIVIL-SERVICE EXAMINATIONS. 
 
 D. — Response to Requisition : 
 
 Office of the Commissioners, Boston, i88 
 
 Sir : 
 
 In response to your requisition dated 
 
 for laborers to serve as 
 
 in the - Department, I have the honor 
 
 to certify to you, in accordance with the instructions of the 
 
 Commissioners, the following _ 
 
 names, selected in conformity to the rules and regulations 
 for employment in said branch of the service. 
 
 The Commissioners furnish below such information as 
 they possess in regard to the character and capacity of 
 the persons contained on this list ; and the certification 
 of a larger number of names than you have called for is 
 for the purpose of enabling you to exercise your discre- 
 tion in the selection of those best fitted for the work. If 
 those selected are found incompetent or untrustworthy, 
 they can be discharged. The power of removal^ existing 
 by law, on the part of any officer or board is not impaired by 
 any thing contained in the Civil- Service rules. 
 
 The rules require that the names of those selected and 
 employed shall be entered on the accompanying blank, 
 and returned as soon as practicable to the office of the 
 Commissioners. 
 
 Heading of Registry Page. 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 ^^ 
 
 
 
 
 6 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 >.^ 
 
 
 
 
 'A 
 
 
 
 
 
 >. 
 
 £^ 
 
 ^5 
 
 
 
 c 
 .2 
 
 Name. 
 
 Resi- 
 dence. 
 
 Citizen- 
 ship. 
 
 Age. 
 
 S 
 
 C 
 
 K o 
 
 ^5* 
 
 Refer- 
 ences. 
 
 Re- 
 marks, 
 
 '5) 
 
 
 
 
 
 d 
 
 (u a 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 ^ 
 
 1- > 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 r'^ =« 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 UJ^ 
 
 ^ 
 
 
 
BROOKLYN POLICE EXAMINATION. 
 
 CIVIL SERVICE OF THE CITY OF BROOKLYN. 
 
 EXAMINATION FOR 
 
 Patrolmen, Doormen, and Bridge Keepers.* 
 
 N. B. — Perfect Standing, loo ; Minimum, 70. The 
 
 weight given to the subjects on this examination is 
 as follows : 
 
 Physique, 40. Requisite minimum, 70 per cent, or 28 
 
 Testimonials, 30. " " 70 " "21 
 
 Intelligence, 20. " " 70 " " 14 
 
 Experience, 10. " " 50 " " 5 
 
 Applicant No. 78. Applicant No. 99. 
 
 Age, 
 
 26 30 
 
 Nativity, 
 
 not given U. S. 
 
 Occupation, 
 
 Seaman. Fireman Stone trde 
 
 Weight, 
 
 168 lbs. 173 ibs. 
 
 Height, 
 
 6 ft. I in. * 5 fi- 9f ^'«- 
 
 * Note by Editor. — The questions are given, as printed on the ex- 
 amination blanks, in the large, plain type, across page. The smaller 
 italic type shows the actual answers to the questions, those on the 
 left by a successful, those on the right by an unsuccessful candidate. 
 
 17 
 
1 8 CIVIL-SERVICE EXAMINATINOS. 
 
 Normal Chest measurement, 
 
 39 in. 41 in. 
 
 Chest measurements — 
 At forced expiration, 
 
 37 "^- 39a ^'«- 
 
 At forced inspiration, 
 
 41 in. 42f in. 
 
 Chest expansion,, 
 
 4 ^*'^- 3i i^' 
 
 Is there evidence of any hereditary disease ? 
 
 No No 
 
 Do you think the applicant a man of temperate habits ? 
 
 Apparently Apparently 
 
 What is his statement as to the same ? 
 
 Claims to be Claims to be 
 
 Is there any indication of disease of the organs of respira- 
 tion or their appendages ? 
 
 No No 
 
 Is there any indication of disease of the heart or blood- 
 vessels ? 
 
 No No 
 
 Is there any indication of disease of the brain or nervous 
 system ? 
 
 No No 
 
 Is there any evidence of venereal disease, past or present ? 
 
 No No 
 
 Are there any indications of hernia or hemorrhoids ? 
 
 No No 
 
 Is the sight good ? 
 
 Yes Yes 
 
 Is the hearing good ? 
 
 Yes Yes 
 
 Is the applicant apparently a sound man in all respects ? 
 
 Yes Yes 
 
 Do you think the applicant is in every way physically 
 qualified for the position ? 
 
 Yes Yes 
 
CIVIL-SERVICE EXAMINATIONS. tg 
 
 Rating as to physical examination. 
 
 The applicant's mark on Phy- The applicant's mark on Phy- 
 
 sique papers was 37 out of 40. sique papers was 34.40 out of 40. 
 
 E. A. Lewis, 
 
 Surgeon. 
 
 TESTIMONIALS. 
 
 The testimonials were in reply to the following form of 
 
 letter sent out by the Secretary of the Commission : 
 
 There is on file in this office an application for appointment in the 
 service of the City of Brooklyn, as policeman, signed by 
 
 who refers to you as having knowledge of his character and of his 
 competence for the place to which he seeks to be appointed. 
 
 Will you kindly answer the following questions, and sign and 
 return this sheet to this office by first mail. 
 
 ^^^ A failure to promptly return this sheet, the Commission is 
 compelled to regard as a refusal to certify to the character or compe- 
 tence of the applicant. 
 
 5^" In rating the applicants, weight is attached to the FULNESS 
 and PRECISION of the replies, to which special attention should there- 
 fore be paid. 
 
 How long, when, and where have you known the ap- 
 plicant ? 
 
 over Ten Years in Brooklyn The applicant {colored) was a 
 
 E. D. faithful and honest body servant 
 
 Where does he now reside ? to ^^ during seven years' service 
 
 N Oxford St. Bklyn " ^^ ^he 23^ Rgt., N. G. S. N. Y. 
 
 What is his occupation ? • 
 
 y^ . or. ex-Ca^t. 
 
 Engineer & Seaman 
 
 Did he ever learn a trade ? If so, what ? 
 Yes Engineer 
 
 Is he related to you by blood or marriage ? 
 No 
 
 Under what circumstances did you form his acquaint- 
 ance ? 
 
 attending School 
 
4 
 
 20 CIVIL-SERVICE EXAMINATIONS. 
 
 Has he been in your employment or worked or been 
 employed with or under you ? If so, state as precisely 
 as possible when, for how long, where and in what 
 
 capacity. 
 
 Never employed or worked 
 together 
 
 Have you otherwise had occasion to know or observe 
 him in his trade, occupation, or profession ? If so, state 
 
 fully the circumstances. 
 
 No He has been at Sea 
 
 What do you know about his habits with respect to 
 temperance ? 
 
 / know him to be Strictly tem- 
 perate 
 
 What do you know about his character with respect to 
 
 honesty and truthfulness ? 
 
 / know hhn to be Strictly Hon- 
 est and Truthful 
 
 What do you know about the character of his asso- 
 ciates ? 
 
 His associates are good 
 
 Has he ever to your knowledge been placed in any 
 position where his courage was tested ? If so, state 
 circumstances and his conduct. 
 
 Yes have known hi?n to Save 
 Three lives from Drowning 
 
 What causes you to believe it would be wise in the 
 interest of the City to appoint him to the position of 
 
 POLICEMAN ? 
 
 / believe him to be a cool headed 
 ma7i siich as we require on the 
 Police 
 
 Signature, 
 
 Please here state your own residence. 
 Please here state your own occupation. 
 Note by Editor, — Names, etc., are of course omitted in this reprint. 
 
CIVIL-SERVICE EXAMINATIONS. 21 
 
 [One of five similar Testi- 
 monials. — Ed.] 
 
 The applicant's mark on Testi- The applicant's mark on Testi- 
 
 monials was 27 out of 30. monials was 17.66 out of 30. 
 
 INTELLIGENCE. 
 
 DICTA TION. 
 
 One of the Examiners will read slowly and so dis- 
 tinctly that each person being examined can hear him', 
 the exercise for dictation accompanying this paper. Copy 
 compactly and as much of the dictation as possible^ and be 
 careful of the spelling. 
 
 It shall be the duty of the Com- it it shal be the duty of the 
 
 misionr to conduct all examano- cormission to conduct all examona- 
 
 tions held under these regulations, tion ^c held under thies regula- 
 
 andto assertain the fitness of can- tions and to asertain the Fitness 
 
 didates for the service of the citys of Canidate For the Service of the 
 
 in respect of caracter knoledge and City In respect of carrecttor knowl- 
 
 ability for the branch of the ser- eag and ability For the Branch of 
 
 vice into tuich they seek to enter. the Servis In to Which they Seek 
 
 to enter 
 
 PENMANSHIP. 
 
 Note by Editor.— This was a test of handwriting, following a copy, 
 and, of course, cannot be reproduced here. 
 
 ARITHMETIC 
 
 I. Add $9,201.41 
 
 306.29 
 4,287.26 
 
 842.18 
 1,620.49 
 
 16.2s7.63 I42S7>^3 
 
22 CIVIL-SERVICE EXAMINATIONS. 
 
 a. Subtract from 8,792,406 
 
 
 901,844 
 
 
 7.8^0.362 
 
 8go6.02 
 
 3. Multiply 4,906 
 
 
 by 809 
 
 
 44,154 
 
 
 39,248 
 
 
 3.9^8.954 
 
 44190-52 
 
 4. Divide 48,721 by 46 
 
 
 46)48.72i(/q5P+A 
 
 \^No answer made.'] 
 
 46 
 
 
 272 
 
 
 230 
 
 
 421 
 
 
 414 
 
 
 5. Write in words the figures $90,604.50 
 
 Ninty Thousand Six hundred nine million six hundred and 
 and four Dollars and Fifty cents Four dolars and Fifty sents 
 
 6. Write in figures Four hundred thousand and one. 
 
 400.000.001 40000. 
 
 LOCAL QUESTIONS. 
 
 I. How would you proceed from the Bridge entrance 
 to Raymond Street Jail ? Give the streets through 
 which you would pass. 
 
 / would go down Sands st. by the of Sands St to gold St to 
 Navy, up navy to Flushing ave myrtle down myrtle to raymond 
 and then take a short cut through St fale. * 
 
 Navy park to raymond st, and tip 
 to Jail. 
 
CIVIL-SERVICE EXAMINATIONS. 2% 
 
 2. Eft)w would you proceed from the South Ferry to 
 the City Hospital ? Give the streets. 
 
 Up Atlantic ave to Court Court I Wold go up atlantic St to 
 
 to city hall, fulton to Dekalb ave henry St and down henry to the 
 
 DeKalb ave to Hospital at ray- horspittal. 
 niond st. 
 
 3. Give the streets through which you would pass in 
 going from Hamilton Ferry to Jewell's Wharf. 
 
 Saccett 6^ Columbia ^ Atlan- Fulton St Court St and Cor- 
 
 tic sts. lumbia St. 
 
 4. Give your idea of the duties of a Policeman. 
 
 To prevent crime if possible My eyedear is as I think Wold 
 
 and if crime is committed find be to arrest eney person viorlatin 
 out the guilty parties and arest the laws 
 them to preserve law and order in 
 our streets and obey the orders of 
 his superior Officers at all times 
 
 5. Name a few crimes which render the person com- 
 mitting them liable to arrest and punishnient. 
 
 Murder Burglary Larceny Stealing intoxucaksion. Drunk' 
 
 Drunkardniss — Vile Language ardness 
 High way robery. indecient ex- 
 posure, fast driving. Purgery 
 Contemp — Assault ^c. 
 
 6. What course must be pursued under the law toward 
 a person committing a crime before he can be punished ? 
 
 He must have a fair and im- First ketch him and then try 
 
 partial trial either by fudge or if him, 
 neccesary by fury 
 
 7. Name some of the penalties which may be imposed 
 upon persons convicted of crime. 
 
 For Murder the extreme penalty [No answer made.J 
 
 is death, but may be snt to states 
 prison for all other crimes the 
 punishment is either states Prison 
 Penetenary County Jail or House 
 of reffuge 
 
24 CIVIL-SERVICE EXAMINATIONS. 
 
 8. On arresting a disorderly person, what should be 
 done, if he refuses to accompany you to the precinct ? 
 
 Get assistance if not an officer call For helpe 
 call on a citizen 
 
 9. To which position would you prefer to be ap- 
 pointed. Patrolman, Doorman, or Bridge Keeper? 
 Give your reasons in full. 
 
 Patrolman Dooreman 
 
 Because I expect in time by 
 good behavior cfc. To Get pro- 
 moted to something better. 
 
 10. How should a Patrolman act toward citizens ; 
 and toward his superior officers ? 
 
 He shozild act sivel and courteas \^No answer made ^ 
 
 to all citizens and obey the comands 
 of his superior officers 
 
 The applicant's mark on Intel- The applicant's mark on Intel- 
 
 ligence paper was 17 out of 20. ligence paper was 10 out of 20. 
 
 EXPERfENCE. 
 
 1. What is your trade or occupation ? 
 
 /. am : an. able. Seaman, also Stone Trade 
 
 a Engineer 
 
 2. Where and with whom are you now at work? 
 How long have you been at work there ? 
 
 /. am, not, working, at.presant I a?n now at IVarking For 
 
 Daykin and Son In Fulton St 
 near Hudson. Av 
 
 3. If not now at work, state where and with whom you 
 were last at work, and state why you left that work. 
 
 / was Traviling Engineer at \^No answer made.'\ 
 
 Tarrytow7i for the New croton 
 Acqueduct and left on purpose to 
 come here and be examined for 
 Police force 
 
 4. Have you followed more than one trade or occupa- 
 
ClViL-SERVlCE EXAMINATIONS. 
 
 2S 
 
 tion ? If so, state what trade or occupation you have 
 followed other than the one you have already mentioned. 
 
 /. have, drove express waggon I have done Publict Wating 
 
 and have been member of Life 
 Saving Station, also for the 
 Municipal Electric Light Co 
 puting up wire &^ Lamps 
 
 5. What experience, if any, have you had specially fitting 
 you for Patrolman, Doorman, or Bridge Keeper ? 
 
 During my experience as Sea- I have no experience 
 
 man df Life Saving crew I have 
 been exposed to all sorts of weather 
 and changes of climates and I 
 have never worked any place but 
 in the open air andean stand any 
 kind of weather 
 
 6. Have you ever been placed in any position where 
 your courage has been tested ? If so, give the circum- 
 stances fully. 
 
 /. saved, one boy from, drown- I have not 
 
 ing at old penny bridge Newtown 
 creek and a man at the foot of 
 North /^th st — and I man (Sr* i 
 woman in San Francisco. Cal. 
 
 N. B. Have. Discharges, from 
 U. S. Merchant Marine Service 
 in my pocket if Neccessary 
 
 The applicant's mark on Ex- The applicant's mark on Ex- 
 perience paper was 9. i out of lO. perience paper was 5.66 out of 10. 
 
 The applicant's rating was as The applicant's rating was as 
 
 follows : ^ follows : 
 
 Physique . . . . . . 37 Physique 34-40 
 
 Testimonials .... 27 Testimonials . . . . 17.66 
 
 Intelligence . . . . . 17 Intelligence 10 
 
 Experience 9.1 Experience .... 5-66 
 
 Total 90.1 67.72 
 
 He was second in the test, and He was below the minimum 
 
 was successful. of 70, and was not eligible. 
 
U. S. POST OFFICE CARRIER'S EXAMINA- 
 
 TION. 
 
 [N. Y.] Post Office. — Series No. ii. — Carrier's 
 
 Grade.* 
 
 FIRST SUBJECT \WRITING\ 
 
 Question i. — One of the examiners will read so dis- 
 tinctly that each person being examined can hear him, 
 one of the exercises for dictation accompanying these 
 papers. In general not more than fifteen or eighteen 
 words per minute should be read, nor more than five or 
 six words without pause. Give the sense as much as 
 possible, and be sure that all can hear. Allow two min- 
 utes at the close for punctuation. 
 
 (To Applicant.) — Write as much as you can of the 
 passage read. If from any cause you miss a word, do 
 not pause, but go on with the next words you hear. 
 Write clearly and spell correctly. 
 
 N. B. — Penmanship, orthography, use of capitals, and 
 punctuation will be considered on this sheet ; also all 
 omissions and mistakes. 
 
 Applicant No. 2. Applicant No. 6. 
 
 That no recomendation of any That no reccomendation of any 
 
 person who shall apply for office person who shall apply for office 
 or place, under the provisions of ^r place under the provisions of 
 this act which may be given by this act which may be given by 
 any Senator or Me?nber of the any Senator or member of the 
 
 * Note by Editor. — The questions are given, as printed on the ex- 
 amination blanks, in the large, plain type, across page. The smaller 
 italic type shows the actual answers to the questions, those on the 
 left by a successful, those on the right by an unsuccessful candidate. 
 
 26 
 
CIVIL-SER VICE EXAMINA TIONS, 
 
 27 
 
 house of Representatives except as 
 to the character or residence of the 
 applicant shall be recieved or con- 
 sidered by any person concerned in 
 making any examination or ap- 
 pointment under this act. 
 
 Question 2. — Copy the following precisely : 
 \^Sec. 332, Postal Laws and Regulations, 1879.] 
 
 house of representatives except as 
 to the character or residance of the 
 applicant shall be received or con- 
 sidered by any person concerned in 
 making any exatnination or ap- 
 pointment under this act. 
 
 Letter carriers are forbidden to 
 solicit contributions of money, 
 gifts, or presents, in person or 
 throgh others ; to issue addresses, 
 complimentary cards ^ prints y pub- 
 lications, or any substitute there- 
 for, intended or calculated, to in- 
 duce the public to m.ake them gifts 
 or presents ; to sell tickets on their 
 routes to theatres, concerts, balls, 
 fairs, picnics excursions, or places 
 of amusement or entertainment of 
 any kind, or to deliver any matter 
 while on their routes, except such 
 as may be intrusted to them in the 
 regular course of business. 
 
 Letter carriers are forbidden to 
 solicite contributions of money 
 gifts or presents in person or 
 through others to issue address 
 complimentary cards prints publi- 
 cations or any substitute therefor 
 intended or calculated to induce 
 the public to make them gifts or 
 presents to sell tickets on their 
 routs to theatres concerts balls 
 fairs picnics excursions oi- places 
 of amusement or entertainment of 
 any kind or to deliver any matter 
 ■while on their routes except such 
 as may be intrusted to them in the 
 regular course of business. 
 
 Question 4. — Write in full, in the spaces opposite, the 
 names of the States denoted by the following abbrevia- 
 tions : 
 
 R. I 
 
 Rhode Island 
 
 
 Penn 
 
 Pen nsylvania 
 
 Pennsylvania 
 
 Va 
 
 Virginia 
 
 Virginia 
 
 Fla 
 
 Florida 
 
 Florida 
 
 Ala 
 
 Alabama 
 
 Alabama 
 
 111 
 
 Illinois 
 
 Illinois 
 
 Nev 
 
 Nevada 
 
 Nevarda 
 
 Colo 
 
 Colorado 
 
 Colorada 
 
 Del 
 
 Delaware 
 
 Delaware 
 
 Mo 
 
 Missouri 
 
 Mexico 
 
28 
 
 CIVIL-SERVICE EXAMINATIONS. 
 
 o 
 
 a. 
 
 O 
 
 (U 
 
 -4-> 
 P. 
 
 o 
 U 
 
 CO 
 
 
 'd ^ TS ^ "d 
 
 (U ^ (U o OJ 
 
 > o "3 c > 
 
 OJ o <u o 
 
 p^:z;q:z^q 
 
 • cfl c/} O 
 .S .S ""^ C/2 
 
 *^ f^ o 
 
 N On On ONh-^r 
 
 s s 
 
 - § 
 
 '=^^ 
 c m 
 
 o 
 
 $:! 
 
 o 
 
 o 
 . U 
 
 o S ^ 
 
 [i, o 
 
 
 oi 
 
 o 
 
 o 
 
 fcOD 
 >^ 
 
 .^ o 
 
 ^^ >; 
 
 
 o 
 u 
 
 •^*>:^^3 
 
 
 ^ 
 
 S "^ 
 
 Co 
 
 
 
 >^^^^^ 
 
 o 
 
 z 
 
 < 
 u 
 
 
 V 
 
 
 
 
 v 
 
 
 
 
 Ki 
 
 
 
 
 St 
 
 
 
 
 8 
 
 
 Is 
 
 
 8 
 
 1 
 
 
 
 1 
 
 . Dece 
 
 . Not 
 . Diss 
 
 , 
 
 . 
 
 . 
 
 ^ 
 
 
 
 
 v^ 
 
 
 
 
 « 
 
 • 
 
 V 
 
 * 
 
 ., <o 
 
 V 
 
 ><> 
 
 >^ 
 
 ^^•^ 
 
 
 
 ^ 
 
 
 
 .& 
 
 <1 
 
 ^< 
 
 "N» 
 
 ^.» 
 
 ^ ":2 
 
 •fr* 
 
 %J 
 
 r* 
 
 •^ Q 
 
 Q 
 
 
 Vl 
 
 « V> 
 
 ^ 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 ^ .^ 
 
 <^ Q 
 
 1^ 
 
 G 
 
 ?^ "^ 
 
 -T" ""^ ~" 
 
 CO CO i-t 
 
 « ^ <i '^ 
 
 5J <^ 0^ -ji 
 
 h 
 
 1 
 
 ?<3 s; . ^ 
 
 .^'' 
 
 
 ■^ 
 ^ 
 
 . . "^ . 
 
 ' 
 
 w 
 
 
 "2^^^ 
 « b'^ 
 
 CO 
 
 
CIVIL-SERVICE EXAMINATIONS. 2g 
 
 SECOND SUBJECT \ARITHMETIC\ 
 
 Question i. — Add the following, placing the total at 
 the bottom : 
 
 5,673,911,987 87 5,673,911,987 87 
 
 44,376,013,705 90 44,376,013,705 90 
 
 7,736,910,286 16 7,736,910,286 16 
 
 26,105,321,266 57 26,105,321,266 57 
 
 132,873 63 132,873 63 
 
 8,856,764,397 49 8,856,764,397 49 
 
 1,049,307,000 30 1,049,307,000 30 
 
 95,164,347 20 95,164,347 20 
 
 Ans. ^3.8^3,523.86.3.12 Ans. ^3,8^3,323,686.12 
 
 Question 2. — In one year there were 1,146,107,348 
 letters, 324,556,440 postal cards, and 852,180,792 news- 
 papers mailed in the United States. How many more 
 cards and newspapers were mailed than letters ? 
 
 Give the operation in full. 
 
 I. 146. 
 
 107. 
 
 348. 
 
 letters 
 
 1,146,107,348 
 
 324- 
 
 556 
 
 180 
 
 440 
 792 
 
 324,556,440 
 
 852 
 
 1,470,663,778 
 
 I. 176. 
 I 146 
 
 737 
 107. 
 
 232 
 348 
 
 852,180,792 
 618,482,^^6 
 
 Ans. 30. 62p. 884 
 
 Question 3. — A postmaster sold money orders amount- 
 ing to $20,197.75, and out of the proceeds paid money 
 orders amounting to $15,246.90, How much of the 
 proceeds had he left ? 
 
 Give the operation in full. 
 
 $20,197,75 20,197.75 
 
 15.246.90 15,246.90 
 
 Ans. $4,930,83 $4,930.83 
 
30 CIVIL-SERVICE EXAMINATIONS. 
 
 Question 4. — Write in words the following number : 
 101,010,111. 
 
 Alls. One hundred and one One hundred and one milion, 
 
 Million — ten thousand one hun- tenth of a thousands one hun- 
 dred and eleven. dred and eleven. 
 
 Question 5. — Write in figures, ten thousand eight hun- 
 dred and ten dollars and five cents. 
 
 Ans. $10,810.0^ 
 
 .010. 80^. 05 
 
 Question 6. — A letter-carrier delivers on a certain trip 
 9 lbs. of letters, averaging \ oz. each, 19 lbs. of papers, 
 averaging 2 ozs. each, and 6 lbs. of postal cards, averag- 
 ing ten to the oz. How many pieces does he deliver in 
 all (a pound being 16 ounces), and what is the total 
 weight ? 
 
 Give the operation in full. 
 
 9- 
 
 16 
 
 19. 
 
 2>i6(8 
 
 6 16 
 
 19 
 
 2 
 
 8 
 
 16 
 
 10 
 
 6 
 
 34 
 
 32 
 
 9 
 
 288 
 
 152 
 
 152 
 
 
 160 
 
 6 
 
 960 
 
 
 960 
 
 
 
 
 1.400 pieces 
 
 
 
 
 total weight 
 
 
 
 
 
 34 i 
 
 ^ounds 
 
 9 
 19 
 10 
 
 6 
 
 44 pieces 
 16 
 
 264 
 
 44 
 
 704 lbs. 
 
 Question 7. — If a letter-carrier takes 47,520 steps of 24 
 inches each every day, how many miles will he walk in 
 one year ? (A mile is 5,280 feet.) 
 
 Give the operatio?i in full. 
 
CIVIL-SER VICE EXAMINA TIONS. 
 
 31 
 
 47520 
 
 24 
 
 190080 
 95040 
 12)1.1404.80(95040 
 108 xxxx 
 
 60 
 
 to 
 048 
 
 365 
 18 
 
 5280)95040(18 
 5280X 
 
 42240 
 42240 
 
 47.520 
 24 
 
 190080 
 
 95040 
 5280)1140 480(2/^ miles 
 
 10560 X X 
 
 8448 
 5280 
 
 31680 
 31680 
 
 2920 
 365 
 
 Ans. 6,^YO miles 
 
 Question 8. — A regular letter-carrier receives the first 
 year a salary of $600. How much will he earn in 219 
 days at this rate ? 
 
 Give the operation in full. 
 
 365)600(1 5 m=n 
 
 365 
 235 
 
 r47 
 
 219 
 
 ISO 
 
 219 
 120 
 
 4380 
 219 
 
 26.280 
 
 219)600. oo[$ 2yj^\^ part 
 
 438 XX 
 
 1620 
 1533 
 
 870 
 657 
 213 
 
 73)26280(373 
 219XX 
 
 Ans. ^373^ 
 
 538 
 
 5" 
 270 
 219 
 
 Question 9. — If one mile of railroad requires 115 tons 
 of rails, costing $63.50 per ton, what will the rails cost 
 for a road 46 miles long ? 
 
 Give the operatio?i in full. 
 
32 CIVIL-SERVICE EXAMINATIONS, 
 
 63.50 63.50 
 
 115 115 
 
 31750 31-750 
 
 6350 6350 
 
 6350 6350 
 
 7302.50 46)73025o(^/jc?.jz |4 = \\ 
 
 46 46XXXX 
 
 4381500 270 
 
 2921000 230 
 
 Ans. $33S-9i5'Oo 402 
 
 388 
 
 .145 
 138 
 
 70 
 46 
 
 24 
 
 Questio7i 10. — A substitute letter-carrier, while working 
 for a regular carrier, receives the pay of the latter, which 
 is at the rate of $1.64 per day. If in seven months he 
 earns J218.12, how many days' work does he average in 
 each month ? 
 
 Give the operation in full. 
 
 7)218.12(3 
 
 116 
 
 1.64 
 
 
 2IX 
 
 
 
 7 
 
 
 8 
 7 
 
 
 
 1148) 
 
 2i2.i2(z<5'i44 days 
 1148X ^^ 
 
 II 
 7 
 42 
 
 
 
 
 19732 
 Q184 
 
 648 
 TTTF 
 
 
 ans 
 
 
 
 i.64)3ii6(/p 
 164 
 
 days 
 
 
 1476 
 1476 
 
 
 
 
 
 [The Third and Fourth Subjects were not used in this examination.— Ed.] 
 
CIVIL-SERVICE EXAMINATIONS. 
 
 33 
 
 FIFTH SUBJECT \GEOGRAPHY\ 
 
 Question i. — Name the States that border on the Gulf 
 of Mexico. 
 
 Florida. Alabama. Mississippi. California. 
 
 Louisiana, Texas. 
 
 Question 2. — Name five of the largest cities or towns in 
 the State where this examination is held. 
 
 New York, Brooklyn. Buffalo. Albany, New York Buffalo. 
 
 Rochester. Binghampton. Rochester Troy 
 
 Question 3. — Bound the State in which this examina- 
 tion is held, and name and locate its capital. 
 
 New York is bounded on the On the north by the Do?ninion 
 
 North by Canada. Lake Ontario, of Canada Lake Ontario, East 
 
 and St. Lawrence River, on the 
 East Vermont. Connecticut Mas- 
 sachusetts, on the South New 
 Jersey, and Pennsylvania, on 
 West Pennsylvania. Lake. Erie. 
 Canada and Lake Ontario 
 
 by Vermont, Massachusetts dr* 
 Connecticut West by Lake Erie 
 Lake Ontario Dominion of 
 Canada 
 
 Question 4. — Upon what rivers or other waters are the 
 following cities situated : 
 
 Detroit 
 
 Chicago 
 
 Albany 
 
 Mobile 
 
 Savannah 
 
 Lake Michigan 
 Lake Michigan 
 Hudson River 
 Mobile Bay 
 Atlantic Ocean 
 
 Michigan Detroit River 
 
 Boston 
 
 New York oit Hudson 
 
 Tennessee Mobile 
 
 Florida Savannah 
 
 Question 5. — In what States are the following cities 
 located : 
 
 Lowell Massachusetts 
 
 Syracuse New York 
 
 Bridgeport Connecticut 
 
 Knoxville Tennessee 
 
 Petersburg Virginia 
 
 Lansing Michigan 
 
 Altoona Pennsylvania 
 
 San Antonio Texas 
 
 Massachusetts 
 New York 
 Connecticut 
 Tennessee 
 
 Michigan 
 
 Georgia 
 
 California 
 
34 
 
 CIVIL-SERVICE EXAMINATIONS. 
 
 Davenport Iowa 
 Fort Wayne Indiana 
 
 New York 
 
 \No answer given. ^ 
 
 Question 6. — Name the New England States and their 
 capitals. 
 
 Maine A ugusta 
 
 New IIa77ipshire Concord 
 Rhode. Island Newport dr" 
 
 Providence 
 Connecticut Hartford 
 
 Vermont Montpelier 
 
 Massachusetts Boston 
 
 Question 7. — In what direction is Illinois from Louisi- 
 ana ? 
 
 North. North West 
 
 Question 8. — Into what body of water does the Dela- 
 ware river empty ? 
 
 Chesapeake Bay. Atlantic Ocean 
 
 Question 9. — What river connects Lake Erie and Lake 
 Ontario ? 
 
 Niagara River. St. Lawrence 
 
 Question 10, — Where is Long Island, and what body of 
 water lies between it and the main land ? 
 
 Long Island lies South of Con- New York East River 
 
 necticut, and East of New York. 
 Lonp Island Sound 
 
 The applicant^ rating was as 
 follows : 
 
 Writing .... 64. 
 Arithmetic . . . 93. 
 Geography . . . 84.50 
 
 The applicant's rating was as 
 follows : 
 
 Writing .... 54. 
 
 37- 
 
 Average . . . . 80.50 
 
 He was 14th in the list out of 
 49, and was successful. 
 
 Arithmetic 
 Geography . . 
 
 Average . . . . 45.50 
 He fell below the minimum on 
 the first antl second subjects, and 
 so was not marked on the third, 
 
NEW YORK SANITARY ENGINEER EX- 
 AMINATION. 
 
 Municipal Service, City of New York. 
 
 ARITHMETIC. 
 
 Applicant No. 39. 
 I. Add 756845 
 
 874593 
 981788 
 456894 
 627439 
 568985 
 672633 
 489592 
 
 5428769 
 
 Add 8989898 
 9231749 
 5629376 
 
 843 
 
 2876565 
 
 67876 
 
 95 
 6978428 
 
 33774830 
 
 2. From 93482005 
 Take 86927098 
 
 6554907 
 
 Applicant No. 25. 
 
 5,428,769 
 
 33,774-830 
 
 6554907 
 
 Note by Editor. — The questions are given, as printed on the ex- 
 amination blanks, in the large, plain type, across page. The smaller 
 italic type shows the actual answers to the questions, those on the 
 left by a successful, those on the right by an unsuccessful candidate. 
 
 35 
 
36 
 
 CI VIL. SER VICE EX A MINA TIONS. 
 
 From 6300005 
 Take 2241396 
 
 40s86og 
 
 405860^ 
 
 Multiply 698745 
 
 
 By 7089 
 
 
 6288705 
 
 
 5589960 
 
 
 48912150 
 
 
 4953403305 
 
 • 4^953^93,705 
 
 Multiply 98706 
 
 
 By 608 
 
 
 791648 
 
 
 5922360 
 
 
 60015248 
 
 5^,813,248 
 
 Divide 7296924 
 
 
 By 906 
 
 
 8054 
 
 ^o5m 
 
 Divide 11 760 12 
 
 
 By 12 
 
 
 g8ooi 
 
 The applicant's mark on arith- 
 metic paper was 93.75 out of 100, 
 
 gSooi 
 
 The applicant's mark on arith- 
 metic paper was 75 out of 100. 
 
 TECHNICAL KNOWLEDGE. 
 
 Note by Editor. — The paper on Technical Knowledge, as originally 
 prepared, included other questions which are omitted here, as they 
 were not considered in determining the applicants' ratings. 
 
 17. How would you produce an influx of fresh air and 
 an outflow of bad or vitiated air in a dwelling ; in other 
 words, how would you ventilate it ? 
 
 By providing an opening to ad- \^No answer.^ 
 
 mit the fresh air say below and 
 a counter opening for — say above 
 — for the exit of the vitiated air 
 
CIVIL-SERVICE EXAMINATIONS. 3; 
 
 causing a current, drawing in 
 fresh air from the street and 
 causing it to flow through the 
 house and out at the roof. 
 
 18. What method should be used in removing waste 
 matter and excreta from dwellings ? 
 
 The best way is to have it \No answer^ 
 
 washed away with water. ■ 
 
 21. What should be the size of a drain-pipe for a five- 
 story tenement-house, with two families to each floor ? 
 
 At least 6 inches. I should have the pipes as large 
 
 as possible but at last — 6 inch — 
 
 27. How are drains and sewers flushed ? 
 By letting water -fiow freely in- [No answer. "l 
 
 to them. 
 
 28. Where there are no public sewers how should 
 house-waste be disposed of ? 
 
 It should be collected in small By a Cesspool 
 
 receptacles mingled with earth or 
 other cheap disinfectant and cart- 
 ed away frequently, or it should 
 be buried. 
 
 29. How are sewer gases prevented from entering 
 houses ? 
 
 By means of a trap in the drain By means of S. Traps placed 
 
 near the front wall of the house. at the front and rear of the house 
 
 in the cellar on the soil pipe lead- 
 ing to the Main sewer. 
 
 30. What is a tenement-house ? "^ 
 
 One containing three or more A Building in which Four or 
 
 families. more families reside — 
 
 31. In tenement-houses what air space should be 
 allowed to each individual ? 
 
 about 900 cubic feet. \No answer. '\ 
 
 32. What air space should be allowed in sleeping- 
 rooms ? 
 
 about boo cubic feet. \No answer^ 
 
38 CIVIL-SERVICE EXAMINATIONS. 
 
 33. What material should be used for waste and soil 
 pipes ? 
 
 Iron, Cast iron — 
 
 34. May the same material be used for all discharge 
 pipes from a house ? 
 
 Yes. Yes, 
 
 35. Where may stoneware pipes be used ? 
 
 outside the house under ground I should not use them except as 
 
 if the ground is solid and not short connections 
 newly made 
 
 36. Are there any objections to the use of cast-iron 
 pipes ? 
 
 Yes, there may be flaws in the None if they are well glazed 
 
 casting ; air holes etc. inside. 
 
 37. How should the joints of cast-iron pipes be 
 caulked ? 
 
 They should be caulked with With okaum «5r* Lead — 
 
 oakum with a caulking of lead 
 above it. 
 
 38. What is a trap, and how many kinds do you know 
 of? 
 
 A trap is a contrivance which A Trap is a fitting to prevent 
 
 intejposes a seal of water to pre- the Sewer ^as from returning or 
 
 vent the flow of gas. back up through the house — The 
 
 There is the S, trap and the S. Traps. D- Traps, P. Traps 
 
 half S. there is also a trap made — and Green Traps — 
 that causes a ball valve to obstruct 
 the flow of gas. 
 
 39. To what extent should a " trap " be " water- 
 dipped " ? 
 
 At least 2 inches for water At The cellar — 
 
 closets — on the inner bend — and 
 \\ for water facets , sinks and 
 basins. 
 
 40. Where should a soil-jDipe be ** trapped " ? 
 
 The Soil pipe of the house is To prevent the soil from back-^ 
 
CIVIL-SERVICE EXAMINATIONS. 39 
 
 trapped in the drain near the front ing up or returning 
 wall of the house. The soil pipe 
 of a school sink or yard water 
 closet should be trapped shortly 
 after it leaves the receptacle. 
 
 41. Under what circumstances may a trap be 
 "syphoned out," and how would you prevent it ? 
 
 A vacuum forming in the By my Vent pipe — 
 
 sewer will cause the syphoning of 
 of a trap. I would prevent it by 
 connecting the ventilating pipe 
 with the outer side of the trap 
 the suction from the sewer will 
 feed itself from the vent pipe. 
 
 42. How should every sleeping-room in a tenement- 
 house which does not communicate directly with the 
 open air be ventilated ? 
 
 By windows opening in the Either by a light Shaft or pipe 
 
 halls. running at least 2 feet above 
 
 Roof— 
 
 43. How should hallways be ventilated ? 
 By a sky light that can be [No answer.} 
 
 opened. 
 
 44. How many water-closets or privies should be pro- 
 vided for every tenement-house, as compared with the 
 number of its occupants ? 
 
 There should be one for every For a floor with 4 Families at 
 
 three families of six. lest Two — 
 
 45. May cellars, vaults, or underground rooms be oc- 
 cupied as dwellings ; if so, under what conditions as to 
 light and ventilation ? 
 
 They may if the floors are "dry \_No answer. '\ 
 
 and impervious to damp. And 
 if there is a chance for free ven- 
 tilation and the entrance of day- 
 light, (not recommended.) 
 
40 CIVIL-SERVICE EXAMINATIONS. 
 
 46. May animals be kept in a tenement-house ; if so, 
 what ? 
 
 I consider all animals objection- I understand no Animals ex- 
 
 able excepting cats, cept Dogs or Cat are allowed in 
 
 Tenement house 
 
 47. Whose duty is it to cleanse a tenement- or lodging- 
 house, and how often must this work be done ? 
 
 The owners ; and it should be The owner — lessee or occupant 
 
 done constantly. — at least once a week — The 
 
 Hallways etc every day 
 
 48. In case of infectious or pestilential diseases, what 
 power has the Board of Health with reference to the 
 house where it occurs ? 
 
 They have the power to cause To immediately remove the case 
 
 the premises to be thoroughly ven- and cause the house to be disin- 
 tilated, cleansed and disinfected fected. 
 and may if thought proper cause 
 its evacuation. 
 
 49. What proportion of a city lot may be occupied or 
 covered by a tenement-house ? 
 
 About %Q percent \^No answer."] 
 
 50. What shall be the height of ceilings and the area 
 of window space in tenement-houses ? 
 
 Ceilings should be lo feet high [No answer."] 
 
 and window spaces should be 12 
 to iS square feet, 
 
 51. What must be the area of light and air-shafts in 
 tenements of three, four, and five stories high ? 
 
 The area should be 20 square \No answer.] 
 
 feet. 
 
 52. How must water-closets be ventilated ? 
 
 By air shafts from the roof, or In the case of the olcl style 
 
 by windows. Vaults by means of a Vent pipe 
 
 to roof — In case of Hoppers or 
 school sinks by means of Ven- 
 tilators in the doors — 
 
CIVIL-SERVICE EXAMINATIONS. 4 1 
 
 53. What is the object of fresh-air pipe ; and which 
 side of a trap should fresh-air inlet be taken from ? 
 
 To connect the sewage system To prevent the Syphoning of 
 
 of the house with the fresh air Trap also to carry off the foul air 
 
 from outside. and leave the Trap sweet — Frofn 
 
 The fresh air inlet should be the crown of the Trap — 
 taken from, the side of the trap 
 nearest the house. 
 
 54. Should the rain-water leader be "trapped " at the 
 bottom ; if so, why ? 
 
 Yes. It prevents sewer gas No the rain water leader should 
 
 from entering the windows frof?i not be trapped as in Fine weather 
 possible openings in the leader. it will act as a vent pipe 
 
 55. How should lead and iron pipes be connected ? 
 
 A brass nossel or end should be By a Brass Ferrule — Wiped in 
 
 pastured to the lead pipe by means — 
 of a'''' wipe "joint and it should 
 be connected with the iron pipe by 
 means of caulking with oakum, 
 and lead. 
 
 56. State the object of connecting " vent " pipes with 
 traps, on which side the connection should be made, and 
 how it should run through the house. 
 
 The object of connecting vent \_No answer.^ 
 
 pipes zuith traps is to assist the 
 escape of gas and prevent the 
 syphoning out of the traps. 
 
 They should be connected on the 
 side nearest the sewer and should 
 run through the house in a 
 straight line from, cellar to roof. 
 
 58. Draw a section of a five-story tenement showing 
 how waste-pipe should be carried to soil-pipe, and also 
 how the "vent " pipe is applied. 
 
 [Diagram necessarily omitted. — Ed.] \_A^o answer.] 
 
42 CIVIL-SERVICE EXAMINATIONS. 
 
 59. Write out a report to the Board of Health on the 
 following data : 
 
 Five-story tenement, 25 by 65, 4 families on each floor, 
 120 people, hallway in centre, 10 rooms on floor, about 
 8 feet square, windows of inside rooms 2 feet square, 
 opening into hall, 4 privies in yard, sink in living-room 
 fitted with J-S trap. 
 
 Five story tenement, 25 + 65, I should recommend fiezv traps 
 
 j^ families on each floor, 120 peo- to be at least — 
 pie, hallway in center, 10 rooms 
 on floor, about 8 feet square, 
 windoivs of inside rooms 2 feet 
 square opening into hall, ^privies 
 in yard, sink in living room, 
 fltted with \ S trap. 
 
 There should be at least 8 
 privies for the use of the occupants 
 of this House or a school sijzk in- 
 troduced itt place of those that are 
 there. The sinks should be fltted 
 with i^ in. S. traps in the House 
 
 The applicant's mark on Tech- The applicant's mark on Tech- 
 
 nical Knowledge paper was 95.42 nical Knowledge paper was 48. 23 
 out of 100. out of 100. 
 
 CITY INFORMATION. 
 
 1. Name the three most important United States Gov- 
 ernment buildings in the city, and give their location. 
 
 Post Office = Broadway and General Post office B'dw'y 6^ 
 
 Park Row. Sub. Treasury Nas- Park place. Sub Treastuy Wall 
 
 sau cor of wall street Ctistom St — Custo7n House Wall St — 
 House Wall street 
 
 2. Name five principal streets running east and west. 
 Wall St. 14 St. 23 St— 34 St— 42 St— 
 Fulton St. 125 St 
 
 Fourteenth st. 
 
 Twenty third st. 
 
 One hundred ^ twenty flfth st. 
 
• CIVIL^SERVICE EXAMINATIONS. 43 
 
 3. Name five daily newspapers published in the city. 
 Herald. Times. Tribune Staats World — Herald— Times — Tri- 
 
 Zeitung and Sun. bune — Sun 
 
 4. Name three principal public squares below Forty- 
 second street. 
 
 City Hall park. Union Square Madison — Union Square — 
 
 Madison square Thompkins Square 
 
 5. Name three principal public markets, and give their 
 location. 
 
 Washington Market — West st Washintong Market — Vesey 
 
 <2r=" Vesey Fulton Market— South St— Jefferson Market 8 St—^ 6 
 St dr' Fulton Catherine m.arket ave — Centeral Market — 48 St &f 
 Catherine st 6r* South Bdwy 
 
 6. Name five of the departments of the city government. 
 Police, Health, Public Work, W. R. Grace — Mayor — Alx — 
 
 Charities &= Correction, Dock, A. Shaler — Pres. Health Depl. — 
 
 T. S. Brennan — Pres — Charities 
 6^ Correction. Stephen B. French 
 — Pres Police Dept — Henry D. 
 Purroy. Pres — Fire Dept 
 
 7. If you want permission to carry a pistol, to whom 
 do you apply ? 
 
 Suprintendent of Police To. Supt Murray — Police Dept 
 
 8. Name three classes of business that pay license fees 
 to the city. 
 
 Liquors. Theatres. Public Hackmen — Licened Vender's, 
 
 Carriers Theatres 
 
 9. What is the official title of the treasurer of the city 
 of New York ? 
 
 Chamberlain City Chamberlain — 
 
 10. Through what means does the city obtain its sup- 
 ply of water, and what department has charge of it ? 
 
 By means of Aqueduct bring- From Croton Lake through the 
 
 ing water from Croton river the adquetucdt — Dept Public Works 
 
 Bronx dx^c. under direction of — 
 the Dept. of Public works 
 
 The applicant's mark on City The applicant's mark on City 
 
 Information paper was 100 out Information paper was 100 out 
 
 of 100. of ICXD. 
 
44 
 
 CI VIL- SER VICE EX A MINA TIONS. " 
 
 EXPERIENCE. 
 
 [Note by Editor. — The following are copies of the application 
 blanks and appended certificates, which, as filled in by the applicant 
 and his references, are marked as an experience paper.] 
 
 [The applicant\ being duly 
 sworn, says that he is forty-one 
 years of age, that he is a citizen 
 of the United States, and that he 
 is a resident of New York City, 
 N. Y. , and resides at No. \_appli- 
 canfs address] street therein ; 
 that he has not been in the service 
 of the city of New York, and 
 that he has been in the Military 
 service of the United States for 
 3 months as private, Harper^s 
 Ferry, Va., in summer of I^b2, 
 and 30 days as surgeon s steward 
 in summer of 12)62), in Penn., and 
 was honorably discharged. 
 
 This deponent further says : ^ 
 
 Had a public-school education, 
 been a pharmacist for twenty 
 years ^ and for the past six years 
 have practised medicine, having 
 g7'aduated from the University 
 Med. College of the City of New 
 York. 
 
 [Sworn to and signed by the 
 applicant.] 
 
 This application is limited to 
 Sanitary Engineer, 
 
 [Three citizens], residing at 
 No. [address of each] street, 
 severally certify, and each for him- 
 self certifies, that he has been per- 
 sonally acquainted with the above 
 applicant for three years last past. 
 
 [The applicant], being duly 
 sworn, says that he is twenty-one 
 years of age, that he is a citizen 
 of the United States, and that he 
 is a resident of New York City, 
 and resides at No. [applicant s 
 address] street therein ; that he 
 has not been in the service of 
 the city of New York, and that he 
 has 7iot been in the service of the 
 United States. 
 
 This deponent further says : 
 
 / have had experience in en- 
 gineering, steam heating, and 
 plumbing work, and can handle 
 and run machinery, steam-en- 
 gines, a7id know how houses 
 should be constructed in plumbing 
 apparatus, etc. 
 
 [Sworn to and signed by the 
 applicant,] 
 
 This application is limited to 
 Sanitary Engineer. 
 
 [Five citizens], residing at 
 No. [address of each] street, 
 severally certify, and each for him- 
 self certifies, that he has been per- 
 sonally acquainted with the above 
 applicant for y<7z^r years last past, 
 
CIVIL-SER VICE EXAMINA TIONS. 
 
 45 
 
 and believes him to be of good 
 moral character, of temperate 
 and industrious habits, and in all 
 respects fit for the service he 
 wishes to enter, and that each is 
 willing that this certificate shall 
 be published for public informa- 
 tion, and will, upon request, give 
 such further information con- 
 cerning the applicant as he may 
 possess. 
 
 \^Signatures.'\ 
 
 The applicant's mark on Ex- 
 perience-paper was 93.33 out of 
 100. 
 
 The applicant's rating was as 
 follows, his standing on the re- 
 spective papers being multiplied 
 by the "weight" given to that 
 paper in determining the general 
 result : 
 
 go. X I go. 
 
 93-75 X I 93.75 
 
 Handwriting 
 Arithmetic 
 City Informa- 
 tion . 
 Technical 
 
 Knowledge 
 Experience . 
 
 100. 
 
 X I 100. 
 
 95.42 X 5 477.10 
 
 93.33 X 2 186.66 
 
 10)947.51 
 
 General average . . 94.75 
 
 He stood first in the examina- 
 tion out of forty-four applicants. 
 
 and believes him to be of good 
 moral character, of temperate 
 and industrious habits, and in all 
 respects fit for the service he 
 wishes to enter, and that each is 
 willing that this certificate shall 
 be published for public informa- 
 tion, and will, upon request, give 
 such further information con- 
 cerning the applicant as he may 
 
 possess. 
 
 \_Signatures .\ 
 
 The applicant's mark on Ex- 
 perience-paper was 78.66 out of 
 100. 
 
 The applicant's rating was as 
 follows, his standing on the re- 
 spective papers being multiplied 
 by the "weight" given to that 
 paper in determining the general 
 result : 
 
 98. X I 98. 
 
 75. XI 75. 
 
 Handwriting 
 Arithmetic 
 City Informa- 
 tion . . . 
 Technical 
 
 Knowledge 
 Experience . 
 
 100. X I 100. 
 48.23 X 5 241.15 
 
 78.66 X 2 157.32 
 
 10)671.47 
 
 General average . . 67.14 
 
 He fell below the required 
 minimum and was rejected. 
 
PUBLICATIONS: 
 
 The courses of reading recommended to ils members have been as follows : 
 LIBRARY OF POLITICAL EDUCATION. 
 
 First Series. The 4 vols, in box, $3.25. 
 
 NoRDMOFF (Charles). Politics for Young Americans. 200 pp. 75 cents. 
 Johnston (Alex.). History of American Politics. 296 pp. $1.00. 
 Perry (A. L.). Introduction to Political Economy. 348 pp. $1.50. 
 McAdam (Graham). An Alphabet in Finance. 232 pp. $1.00. 
 
 Second Series. The 3 vols, in box, $5.00. 
 
 Blanqui (J. ^.). History of Political Economy in Europe. 628 pp. '$3.00. 
 Jevons (J. S.). Money and the Mechanism of Exchange. 402 pp. $1.75- 
 Mills (J. S.). On Liberty. 204 pp. $1.50. 
 
 Third Series. The 4 vols, in box, $3. 
 
 Brassey (Thomas). Work and Wages. 290 pp. $1.00. 
 
 Wells (David A.). Our Merchant Marine. $1.00. ■ 
 
 Sterne (Si njpn). Constitutional History of the United States. 35o"pp. $1.25. 
 
 Spencer (Herbert). On Education, 75 cents. 
 Sets of the above series or separate volumes may be had at the prices earned, ex- 
 cept when, for the time being, any may be out of print. They are uniformly bound 
 expressly for the Society. 
 
 The Society issues for its members four tracts in each year upon such subjects as 
 maybe selected by the Committee. The following tracts have been already issued, 
 and may be had by applying to the Secretary. The four numbers published in any 
 year will be sent on receipt of 50 cents. 
 
 ECONOMIC TRACTS. 
 
 1881. I ATKrNsoN (E.). What is a Bank? 10 cents. (Out of print.) 
 
 2 Political Economy and Political Science. A priced and classified bibliography by 
 
 Sumner, Wells, Foster, Dugdale, and Putnam. 25 cents. 
 
 3 Present Political and Economic Issues, with suggestions of subjects for debate and 
 
 for essays. 10 cents. (Out of print.) 
 
 4 The Usury Question, by Calvan, Bentham, Dana, and Wells, with bibliography. 25 cents. 
 
 1882. 5 CouRTois (Alphonse). Political Ecojiomy in One Lesson. Translated by W. C. Ford. 
 
 lo cents. , 
 
 6 White (Horace). Money and Its Substitutes. 25 cents. 
 
 7 White (A. D.). Paper-Money Inflation in France: a History and its Application. 25 
 
 cents. 
 
 8 Whitridge (Frederick W.). The Caucus System. 10 cents. 
 
 1883. 9 Canfield (James H.). Taxation. 15 cents. 
 
 10 BowKER (R. R.). Of Work and Wealth ; a Summary of Economics. 25 cents. 
 
 11 Green (George Walton). Repudiation. 20 cents. 
 
 12 Shepard (E. M.). The Work of a Social Teacher; Memorial of Richard L. Dugdale. 
 
 10 cents. 
 
 1884. 13 Ford (W. C). The Standard Silver Dollar and the Coinage Law of 1878. 20 cents. 
 
 14 Shepard (Edwd. M.). The Competitive Test and the Civil Service of States and Cities. 
 
 25 cents. 
 
 15 Richardson (H. W.). The Standard Dollar. 25 cents. 
 
 16 GiFFEN (Robert). The Progress of the Working Classes in the last Half Century. 
 
 25 cents. 
 
 1885. 17 Foster (W. E.). References to the History of Presidential Administrations — 1789-18&5. 
 
 25 cents. 
 
 18 Hall (C. H.). Patriotism and National Defence. 15 cents. 
 
 19 Atkinson (E.). The Railway, the Farmer, and the Public. 15 cents. 
 
 20 Weeks (Jos. D.). Labor Differences and their Settlement. 25 cents. 
 
 1886. 21 BowKER (R. R.). Primer for Political Education. 15 cents- 
 22 BowKER (R, R.). Civil Service Examinations. 15 cents. 
 
 If any member cannot procure these publications from the local booksellers, he 
 should address Messrs. G. P. Putnam's Sons, 27 and 29 West 23d Street, New York ; 
 Jansen, McClurg, & Co., 1 19 State Street, Chicago ; or W. B. Clarke & Carruth, 340 
 Washington Street, Boston, Mass., who are the publishing agents of the Society; or 
 any of the Secretaries. 
 
EXECUTIVE COMMITTEE 
 
 LIBRARY OF CONGRESS 
 
 R. R. BOWKER, New York, Chairman. 
 
 E. M, SiiEPARD, New York, Treasurer. 
 
 A. E. Walradiv-Nqw York, Secretary. 
 
 David A. Wells, Norwich, Conn. "'« «^2 080 366 9 W 
 
 W. C. Ford, Washington, D. C. " ^| 
 
 Geo. Haven Putnam, New York. ^H 
 
 WiLLL\M M. IviNS, New York. 
 
 Office address .•31 Park Row (Room 10) New York. 
 
 Edwin Burritt Smith, Secy for the Northiocst, National Bank Building, 
 Chicago, 111. 
 
 B. R. FoRMAN, Secy for the Southwest, P. O. Box 2415 New Orleans, La, 
 
 F. W. Dawson, Sec' y for the Southeast, P. O. Box D 5, Charleston, S. C. . 
 
 F. W. Zeile, Secy for the Pacific Slope, North Point Bonded Warehouse 
 corner Sansome and Lombard Streets, San Francisco, Cal. 
 
 ADVISORY COMMITTEE: 
 
 Prof. W. G. Sumner, Yale College, Franklin MacVeagh, Chicago, III. 
 
 New Haven, Conn. Gen. Bradley T. Johnson, Baltimore 
 
 Charles Francis A1)ams, Jr., Boston, Md. 
 
 Mass. * John H. Ames, Lincoln, Neb. 
 
 Geo. S. Coe, New York City. Peter Hamilton, Mobile, Ala. 
 
 Horace White, New York City. E. D. Barbour, Boston, Mass. 
 
 A. Sydney Biddle, Philadelphia, Pa. M. L. Scudder, Jr., Chicago, 111. 
 
 Horace Rublee, Milwaukee, Wis. Prest. Andrew D. White, Ithaca, N.~Y. 
 
 Rich'd W. Knott, Louisville, Ky. Archibald Mitchell, New Orleans, La. 
 
 MEMBERSHIP.— Any person who will send fifty cents to one of the Secre- 
 taries, becomes an active member and is entitled to receive all the tracts issued by the 
 Society during any one year. In order to extend the usefulness of the Society, a co- 
 operative membership has been established for such persons as wish to promote political 
 and economic education. The annual fee of. a co-operative member is $5.00, which 
 entitles the member to all tracts of the Society for the current year, and also to name 
 two persons who will have all the privileges of active members. 
 
 Letters of inquiry should enclose return postage. 
 
 Money should be sent by draft, postal order, or registered letter to the Secretary,