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 Entered according to act of Congre.'g, in the year 1893, by Julia Iv. Henning, 
 in the office of the Librarian of Congress at Washington. 
 
 RICHMOND, VA, 1893. ^ ^Zc^ ^j.jyj 
 
Geography of Virginia. 
 
 MAP QUESTIONS. 
 
 1. Trace the outline of Virginia cm the map, and tell what object it 
 resembles in shape. \ 
 
 2. Bound Virginia. 
 
 3. What river separates Virginia from Maryland V 
 
 4. What four mountain ranges lie on the boundary? 
 
 5. Into how many counties is the state divided ? 
 
 6. Name the largest {Rochui&'hcun)- What is its principal 
 town? {Harrisoiihurg). 
 
 7. Name the smallest county {^/^le.V.)- What important city is situ- 
 ated in this Co.? {AlexciJi dria). 
 
 8. What two counties lie east of Chesapeake Bay? 
 
 9. What name is often given to this part of the state ? ( TJie 
 
 ''Eastern Shore.") 
 
 10. Name the most northerly county. What is its chief town ? 
 ( Winchester). 
 
 11. What is the most easterly count}' ? The most westerly ? 
 
 12. Which border Chesapeake Bay on the west ? 
 
 13. Which lie on the Potomac ? 
 
 14. Which touch North Carolina ? West Virginia ? Tennessee ? 
 Kentucky ? 
 
 15. Point out the county in which you live, and bound it. 
 IG. Name its chief city or town. Its farm products. 
 
 17 What streams drain it ? 
 
 18. What ranges of mountains cross Virginia. 
 
 19. In what counties are Ba.lsa.Tn Mt.i White Top: Elliotts 
 Knob; Peaks of Otter; Luraij Cave: JWitaral Bridge; 
 jy'atural Twnnelf 
 
 20. Name the mineral springs of Bath Co.; of Rockingham Co. 
 
2 CEOdRAPHY OF VIKGINIA. 
 
 21. Wliat rivers of Virginia empty into Chesapeake Bay, and in what 
 general diiection do they flow V 
 
 22. Desc-ribe the James, the most, important river of Va. 
 
 28. Name its /Yz; £3 principal branches (C., A^., R., C. App.) 
 
 24. What rivers form the Roanoke ? The York "? The RajDpahannock? 
 
 25. Describe the Shenandoah river. 
 
 26. What three branches of the Tennessee R. rise in the southwest- 
 ern fiart of the state? 
 
 27. Where is Lake Drummond ? 
 
 28. What small mountain-lake is in Giles Co. V 
 
 29. Where is Old Point Comfort V 
 
 20. Describe Hampton Roads. AVhat i.s it? 
 
 31. What two capes at the entrance of Chesapeake Bay ? 
 
 32. Locate the Dismal Swamp. 
 
 33. What health resort on the coast of Princess Anne Co. ? 
 
 34. Name and locate the capital of the State. 
 
 35. Name two seaport cities, and tell w^here they are. 
 3G. What town is situated at the head of York Rivea- V 
 
 <J8. Where is Mt. Vernon, the residence and burial-place of Washing- 
 ton? 
 
 37. In what county were George II 'ashingtou and Eobt. E. 
 Lee born ? 
 
 39. Where is Red Hill, the home of Patrick Henry ? ( Charlotte 
 
 Co-) 
 
 40. In what county is Montpelier, once the home of James Madison ? 
 
 {Orange Co.) 
 
 41. Point out Monticello, the residence of Thos. Jefferson. 
 
 42. Where is Charlottesville, the seat of the University of Va. ? 
 
 43. Locate Farmville; Roanoke; Lynchburg; Petersburg; Newport 
 News; Fredericksburg; Gordonsville; Lexington; Staunton; James- 
 town; Danville; Manchester. 
 
 44. Name the j)rincipal railroads of Va. 
 
 45. Over what lines and through what towns would you pass in go- 
 ing from Richmond to Washington? From Richmond to Staunton? 
 From Norfolk to Washington ? 
 
 46. On what waters would you sail in going from Richmond to Balti- 
 more? From Richmond to Washington ? From Norfolk to Washing- 
 ton? 
 
 VIRGINIA. 
 
 Lat.-36°3i; to 39°S7' N. | Area.-42,450 square miles. 
 
 Long.— 75°13' to 83°37' W. [ Population (1890),— 1,655,980. 
 
GEOGRAPHY OF VIRGIXIA. 3 
 
 SITUATION— SIZE. 
 
 Virginia lies on the eastern coast of the United States, midway be- 
 tween Maine and Florida, and is the most southern of the Middle At- 
 lantic group of States. If a line were drawn through Virginia, and 
 extended around the earth from east to west, it would pass through 
 
 Chinci, Asiatic Turkey, Greece, and the southern part of 
 
 /Spain — showing that these countries are in the same latitude as 
 Virginia; that is, they are the same distance from the equator. Vir- 
 ginia is surrounded on all sides, excei)t the extreme east, by the states 
 of North Carolina, Tennessee, Kentucky, West Virginia, and Marlyand. 
 The Atlantic Ocean washes the eastern coast for a distance of J^O 
 
 miles. 
 
 The southern hounclary-line, separating Virginia from North 
 Carolina and Tennessee, is J^Jj^Q niiles long. The greatest 
 length of the Sta,te, from Accomac Co. (on the xitlantic) to Lee Co. 
 
 (in the southwest corner), is ^^^ miles. Its greatest iviclth 
 
 from north to south is IQ^ miles. The boundary line of the entire 
 
 state in 1^00 miles long. 
 
 The territory of Virginia measures 42,450 square miles, 2,325 square 
 miles being water. A square mile is equal to a square which is a mile 
 long and a mile wide. It would take 42,450 squares of this size to 
 cover the whole surface of Virginia. 
 
 The state contains twenty-five and one-half million acres of land, 
 about one-thii'd of which is cultivated. 
 
 Virginia ranks twenty-nintli among the states of the Union in 
 size; in ^oi^nl-Ation, fifteenth. 
 
 Questions: — Where does Va. lieV To what group of states dees it 
 belong? What countries are in the same latitude as Va. ? WlAt states 
 surround it? (Point out these on the map.) How long is the Atlantic 
 coast line? What is Virginia's greatest length? Its greatest width? 
 What is the length of the entire boundary line ? How many square 
 miles of surface has Virginia ? How much is water ? What is a square 
 mile? How many acres of land in the state? How much is cultivated? 
 How does Va. rank among the states in size ? In population? 
 
 MOUNTAINS AND NATURAL WONDERS. 
 
 The Mountain Ranges of Virginia belong to the Appalachian 
 System. They are the Blue Ridge, the great North or Shenandoah 
 Mtp., the Alleghauies, and the Cumberland Mts. The highest peaks 
 
4 ' (lEOGKAPHY OF VIKGINIA. 
 
 are Balsam ML, (Grayson Co.); White Top, (Grayson Co.); Elliotts 
 Knob, (Augusta Co.): Peaks of Otter (Bedford Co.). The mountain 
 scenery of Virginia is grand and beautiful beyond description. The 
 o-reatest natural wonder in the state is the JVafura/ Bridge, over 
 Cedar Creek, iu Rockbridge county. The "brid'ge'" is a huge mass .of 
 rock spanning the bed of the creek at a height of 215 feet. A wagon- 
 road leads over the top, which is so wide that one might cross it with- 
 out noticing any difference between it and the surrounding country. 
 Within a short distance of the Bridge is the Iscihella, StcUrivay , 
 a natural underground flight of stone steps. The staircase begins 
 in a beautiful cavern, and winds upward under numerous arches for a 
 distance of 400 or 500 feet, opening at last to the sky. This is, perhaps, 
 the only natural underground gtone stairway ever discovered. 
 
 The J\ (itura I TuJinel. ^^ Scott Co., is somewhat like the Natural 
 Bridge — being longer, though not so high. Through it runs a branch 
 of the Clinch river. 
 
 Other places of interest are JjUTdy Cdve, i^ Bage county, and 
 Wei/er's Cave and the ''Chimneys," both in Augusta Co. 
 The "Chimneys" are rOCky columns "^^ to 80 feet high. 
 
 Questions. — To what system do the mountain ranges of Virginia be- 
 long? Name the ranges. Name the highest peaks in the state? What 
 can you say of Virginia's mountain scenery? What is the greatest 
 natural wonder in the state? Where is it? Describe it? Describe the 
 Isabella Stairway. How long is it? Describe the Natural 
 Tunnel, in Scott county. Name other interesting places in Virginia. 
 What are the "Chimneys," and where are they? 
 
 RIVERS. 
 
 Few countries are as well watered as the state of Virginia. Its rivers 
 belong- to two great systems. Those that floAv down the eastex'n slope 
 of the mountains and find their way to the Atlantic ocean belong to the 
 Atlantic System. 
 
 The rivers that flow westward and emjity into the Ohio belong to the 
 Ohio System. 
 
 Tha principal Atlantic rivers are the Potomac, Shenandoah, Eap2:)a- 
 hannock, York, Chowan, James, and Roanoke. The last two extend 
 their course into North Carolina, and reach the ocean by way of Albe- 
 marle Sound. 
 
 The Roanoke River, in the beginning of its course, bears tlie name 
 
GEOGRAPHY OF VIRGINIA. 5 
 
 Roanoke. Farther east, it is called the St aunt 071 ; but, oa unit- 
 ing with the Dau River, it takes again its old name, Roanoke, and flows 
 through North Carolina to Albemarle Sound. The James River, 
 crossing the state from west to east, divides the state into two parts. 
 .N'ortJiside Virginia is the name given to the land north of the 
 river, while that on the south is called Southside Virginia. 
 
 The branches of the OMo River that are in Virginia are the New, 
 Big Sandy, and Tennessee. The Virginia branches of the Tennessee 
 are the Holston, the Clinch, and Powells Rivers. These rivers, with 
 hundreds of smaller streams, drain and water the land, afford the 
 best water-power for manufacturing, and furnish excellent means 
 of transportation (carrying things from place to place). 
 
 Questions — To what two systems do the rivers of Va. belong ? What 
 rivers belong to the Atlantic System ? To the Ohio ? Name the Atlantic 
 rivers. What are the different names of the Roanoke ? How is the 
 state divided by the James? Name the rivers of the Ohio System that 
 are in Virginia. What branches of the Tennessee are in the state ? 
 Give four uses of the Virginia rivers. 
 
 CLIMATE. 
 
 The climate of Virginia varies m different j^arts of the State, on ac- 
 count of the difference in surface. The lowlands of the east ai"e 
 warm, while the more elevated western sections are cool. The 
 mountainous regions are particularly healthful. Afton, in the Blue 
 Ridge, is noted for having the dryest mountain air of any known place. 
 
 The distribution of rain, the light snows, and the short, mild win- 
 ters are highly favorable to a^ricalture (tilling the soil), which is 
 the chief occupation of Virginia, More than half the laboring people 
 of the state are engaged in farming. 
 
 Questions — Is the climate of Virginia alike in all parts of the state ? 
 Why does it vary ? Where is it warm, and where cool '? What part of 
 the state is particularly healthy ? What things are favorable to agi-i- 
 culture in Va. ? What is agriculture ? What is the chief occupation in 
 Va. ? How many of the jDeople are farmers ? 
 
6 GEOGRAPHY OF VIRGINIA. 
 
 SOIL AND PRODUCTIONS. 
 
 The soils of Yirginia are rich and suited to all kinds of crops, the 
 staple products being com, oats, wheat, and tohacco. The 
 finest tobacco in the United States is raised in Middle Vir&'inia 
 and Pledinoilt . Coarser grades are produced in the sections west 
 of Piedmont. 
 
 Cotton is cultivated south of the James. 
 
 Grains are raised in all parts of the state, the largest crops being 
 those of the Great Valley. Fine hay is made in Ftedmont 
 aiicl the Valley, and excellent ivine in Tidewater and Pied- 
 mont. 
 
 other farm products are butter, cheese, honey, and maple-suo-ar- 
 Wild fruits abound— cherries, plums, grapes, crab-ajDples, persimmons, 
 berries of all kinds, &c. These are dried and caniaed in large quanti- 
 ties. Many plants furnish useful dyes and niedicines. Beautiful 
 wild flowers spring up everywhere, converting the whole country into 
 one vast garden of bloom and fragrance. 
 
 The forests of Virginia yield valuable tirnher. Here we find the 
 yellow pine, cedar, cypress, locust, gum, juniper, mulberry, oak, maple, 
 birch, &c. Three other important forest productions are oah-bark 
 (used in tanning and dyeing), charcoal, and sumac leaves. 
 
 Questions. — To what kind of crops are the rich Virginia soils suited? 
 Name the chief products. Where is the finest tobacco raised ? What 
 sections produce the coarser grades? Where is cotton cultivated? 
 Where are the grains produced, and what is the chief grain section? 
 Where is fine hay made ? ^Vine ? Name other farm products. Give 
 names of some of the fruits that grow wild. How are these jDiepared 
 for use ? ^Vhat are made from many plants ? For what are the for- 
 ests valuable chiefly? Name the principal forest trees. Name three 
 other forest products. For what is oak-bark used ? 
 
 BIRDS AND WILD ANIMALS. 
 
 Along the coast and among the mountains are found the black bear, 
 the deer, lynx, and wild-cat. 
 
 The fur-bearing animals are the otter, beaver, and mink. Foxes» 
 raccoons, hares, squirrels, and opossums are seen in all parts of the 
 state. 
 
 The poisonous serpents are the rattle-snake, copperhead, and mocca- 
 ■in. 
 
GEOGRAPHY OF VIRGINIA. 7 
 
 The " game birds " of Tidewater are swans, geese, canvas- 
 bachduchs, teal, brant, ^c. 
 
 Tarkeys, pheasants, and partridegs abound in the in- 
 land counties. 
 
 In addition to these, numerous song-birds throng the fields and 
 woods, and fill the air with sweetest melody. Chief among these is the 
 mocking-bird, so named because in its singing it imitates, or •' mocks," 
 all other birds, besides giving voice to its own natural, delightful 
 tones. 
 
 Questions— Name four wild animals of Va. Which are the fur-bear- 
 ing animals ? What wild animals are found in all parts of the state ? 
 Name the poisonous serpents, What are the game-birds of Tidewater ? 
 Of the inland counties ? 
 
 MINERALS. 
 
 Virginia is richer in minerals than any other land of its size, and is 
 first among the stateg in the variety and beauty of its building-stones. 
 There is every reason why mining should become one of the most im- 
 portant industries of the state. 
 
 The principal metals are gold, silver, iron, copper, lead, zinc, plumbago, 
 cinnabar, cobalt, tin and manganese. 
 
 Granite of finest quality, brownstone, and sandstone are the princi- 
 pal building-stones. 
 
 Other minerals found in the state are marble, salt, coal, mica, ochre, 
 asbestos, whetstone, soapstone, emery, white glass sand, kaolin, (tine 
 white clay, from which china-ware is made), brick and fire clays, roof- 
 ing-slates, g3'psum, marl, greensand, &c. 
 
 Jronoccnrs in every part of the state except Tidewater, while 
 the first successful iron furnaces in America were established in Middle 
 Virginia. The largest deposits of coal ^^^ "^t^ Middle Virginia 
 and Appalachia. 
 
 Great quantities of salt are produced in the Qj'eat Vallei/ ^^ 
 Washington and Smyth counties. It is obtained by heating brine, which 
 is raised from underground by means of artesian wells that penetrate 
 a solid bed of I'ock-salt. 
 
 Lead occurs in many parts of the Great Valley, the richest 
 mines being those of Wythe Co. 
 
 The fertilizing minerals (used for fertilizing the soil) are found 
 chiefly in Tidewater. They are gypsum, marl, and greensaud. 
 
S GEOGRAPHY OF VIRGINIA. 
 
 Mineral Springs abound in Virginia. The waters of these springs 
 ai-e used by many persons, instead of medicines, and are considered 
 very healthful. The most noted are the Hot, Warm, and Heahng 
 Springs of Bath Co.; the Rockbridge Alum, Rockbridge Baths, and 
 Cold Sulphur, of Rockbridge Co.; the Rawley Springs, of Rockingham 
 Co. ; the Alleghany Springs, of Montgomery Co. 
 
 Questions — What can you say of the mineral wealth of Virginia ? 
 Name the chief minerals. What are the principal building-stones? 
 Name other minerals. What is kaolin? Where does iron occur? Where 
 were the first successful iron furnaces in America? Where are the 
 largest deposits of coal ? What section and what counties produce 
 large quantities of salt? How is it obtained? What section yields 
 lead? In what county are the richest lead mines? W^here are the fer- 
 tilizing minerals chiefly found ? Name them. Name some of the most 
 noted mineral springs of Virginia. For what are the waters of these 
 springs useful ? 
 
 INDUSTRIES. 
 
 We have seen that agricuUltre (farming) is the chief industry of 
 Virginia. Manufacturing and commerce are, however, large- 
 ly carried on— also, dairying, flashing, and stoclc-raising. 
 The extensive grass lands of the state afford excellent grazing for cat- 
 tle. Horses, mules, sheep, hogs, milch-cows, oxen, and other cattle, are 
 raised in great numbers. 
 
 In Virginia, the great quantity of j-aw material, the fine water- 
 VOWer, and the convenient ways of transportation, are favorable 
 to manufacturing. By "raw material" we mean materials from which 
 articles of use are manufactured— as, raw COtton, before it is made 
 into cloth ; iron before it is manufactured into stoves, &c. 
 
 The principal manufactures are tohacco, flou?% iron, steel, 
 cotton-goods, lumiber, and leather. 
 
 Other important manufactures are carriages, railroad cars, liquors, 
 machinery, clothing, boots and shoes, farming tools, &c. 
 
 The fine siiuaMon of Virginia (in the middle of the Atlantic coast), 
 
 her excellent harbors, her rivers, railroads, and canals, are 
 great aids to the commerce of the state. Two ship canals — the "Albe- 
 marle and Chesapeake" and the "Dismal Swamp Canal" — greatly in- 
 crease the trade in the eastern part of the state. 
 
GEOGRAPHY OF VIKGiNIA. 9 
 
 Norfolk and Portsmouth are the chief sliipping--ports. The principal 
 
 exports are cottoTi, HouT , tobacco, lumber, oysters, and 
 
 early vegetables- Va. flour is shipped in large quantities to 
 southern countries, because it is not affected by the heat. 
 
 Questions — What is the chief industry of Va. ? Name five impor- 
 tant occupations. What makes Va. a good place for stock-i-aising ? 
 Name the live stock of Va. What three things are favorable to manu- 
 factures? Name others. What five things help the commerce of the 
 state ? Name two important canals in the eastern part. What 
 are the chief shipping-ports of Va. ? Name- the principal exports. 
 What is largely shipped to southern countries? Why? 
 
 RAILROADS. 
 
 The most important railroads of Virginia are ^he Richmond, Freder- 
 icksburg, and Potomac; the Richmond and Alleghany; the Richmond 
 and Petersburg; the Richmond and Danville; Virginia Midland; 
 Norfolk and Western; and the Chesapeake and Ohio. On the Ches. 
 and Ohio R. R., at Greenwood Depot, near Afton, is the oldest tail- 
 
 jiel in the world. 
 
 Questions — Name the principal railroads of Va. — Point them out on 
 the map. 
 
 SURFACE AND NATURAL DIVISIONS. 
 
 The surface of Virginia shows six natural divisions that cross the 
 state from northeast to southwest, and ditfer in sarfaA'e clilliaAe 
 soil, ^^^prodlictioJlS. The land along the coast is a low plain, 
 level with the ocean; but as we go westward it rises gradually, like a 
 stairway, ending in ranges of high mountains in the western j^art 
 of the state. These divisions, named in regular order from east to 
 west, are Tidewater Virginia, Middle Virginia, Piedmont, Blue Ridge, 
 Great Valley and Appalachia. * 
 
 Questions — Into how many sections (divisions) is Va. divided ? In 
 what direction do they extend ? How do they, differ? Describe the 
 surface of Va. as we go from east to west. Name the six divisions in 
 regular order. 
 
 * By law the state is agriculturally divided into three sections — Tidewater, 
 Middle Virginia and the Great Valley. 
 
10 GEOGRAPHY OF VIRGINIA. 
 
 TIDEWATER. 
 
 Tidewater is the name given to the eastern and southeastern part 
 of Virginia, and comprises about one-fourth of the state. It extends 
 one hundred miles back from the ocean, and is nearrly as large as the 
 whole state of Maryland. Its surface consists of loivlands, with 
 marshy places along the coast. The western boundary of Tidewater 
 is marked by a ridge of hills about 150 feet high. The rivers falling- 
 over the hills make excellent water-power, vt^hich assists greatly 
 in manufactui-ing. On tbis account, the most important manufacturing 
 cities of the state are situated along this line of hills between Tide- 
 water and Middle Va. The eastern part of Tidewater is divided by 
 Chesapeake Bay, which is 200 miles long and from 4 to 40 miles wide. 
 For 70 miles of its length it lies altogether within the limits of Virginia, 
 the rest of it being in Maryland. It drains parts of Maryland, Virginia, 
 West Virginia, Delaware, and Pennsylvania. It is navigable to its head 
 for large vessels, and Ijas many good harbors. Hampton Eoads, at 
 the mouth of James river, is one of the finest harbors in the world. 
 
 The bay is noted, also, for its ^ne fish and Oljsters, and is con- 
 sidered "the greatest oyster-bed in the world." From its waters mil- 
 lions of bushels of oysters are taken yearly, and are shipped chiefly to 
 Baltimore, Philadelphia, and New York. Lohsfers, Crabs, and 
 terrOljillyS also, abound. More than thirty l^inds of food-fishes 
 crowd the waters of Tidewater Virginia, and are caught in thousands — 
 among them, mackerel, herring, shad, sturgeon, bass, and 
 blue-jish. 
 
 Old Point Comfort, on the bay, is a noted health resort. 
 In this section is Dismal Swamp, a vast timber region covering 
 a tract of SOO square miles. Its rich, wet soil produces a thick growth 
 
 of cypress, ceda,r, juniper, and gum trees, from which large 
 quantities of shingles, staves, railroad ties and ship lum- 
 ber are made. 
 
 Lake Drummond, the largest lake in Virginia, lies in the midst of 
 Dismal Swamp. It is six miles in diameter, and is noted for the purity 
 of its water, which will remain unchanged for years. 
 
 The soil of Tidewater is a light, sandy loam, underlaid 
 
 with clay. It I'as been somewhat injured by the wrong kind of 
 cultivation, but can be fertilized by using gypsum and marl, {Loam 
 is earth which can easily be crumbled to dust.) 
 
 The chief productions are fruits and early vegetables, which 
 are raised in "market-gardens" and shij)ped in large quantities to north- 
 ern cities. This is called ''truching /'' and is the most imjaortant 
 industry of Tidewater. The trade in strawberries, potatoes, 
 and peanuts is especially large. MgS ^^^ pomegranates thrive 
 
GEOGRAPHY OF VIRGINIA. 11 
 
 well in the open air. Excellent wijie is made from the Scuppernong 
 grapes of this section. 
 
 Thousands of game-birds— 5z:^Y)^7^5, geese, canvas-baclc 
 ducks, teal, brant, SOra, ^c— crowd the inlets and marshes, 
 and are caught in large numbers. 
 
 To Tidevvater belong the fertilizing minerals, cfypsUDl Tiiaj'l 
 
 and greensand- 
 
 Questions — What part of the state is called Tidewater? How wide 
 is it? How large? Describe its surface. What marks the western 
 boundary of Tidewater ? How are these hills useful ? How is water- 
 jDOwer useful ? Where are the chief manufacturing cities of the state 
 situated? What large bay is in Tidewater ? How long and how wide 
 is it ? How much of it lies in Va. ? What states are drained by it ? 
 What is its principal harbor ? For what is the bay noted ? (Ans. — 
 Good harbors, fine fish and oystex's.) Where are the oysters shipped? 
 ■A- CTllstaceon is an animal having a crust-like shell. Name three 
 crustaceans of Chesapeake Bay. How many kinds of food-fishes in the 
 waters of Tidewater? Name some. What noted health-resort on the 
 bay ? What large swamp is in Tidewater? For what is it noted ? How 
 large is it ? Describe its soil. What does it produce? What are made 
 from the timber of its trees ? What lake in Dismal Swamja ? For what 
 is it noted ? Describe the soil of Tidewater. How can it be fertilized ? 
 What is loam ? What are the chief productions ? Name an important 
 industry of Tidewater. What is "trucking"? What tropical fruits 
 thrive in the open air? What is made from Scuppernong grapes? 
 Name six game birds of Tidewater. What minerals are found in this 
 section? 
 
 MIDDLE VIRGINIA. 
 
 Middle Virginia, beginning at the head of tidewater, is from 25 to 
 100 miles wide. Its sWrface is broken by ridges of hills, with broad, 
 fertile valleys between them. This we i^^'^ rolling land,' ^ on 
 account of its wavy, or rolling, appearaace. 
 
 The soil of Middle Va. is enriched by soJldstone I'ocks that 
 are decomposed in the ground. It produces chiefly com, wlieat, 
 and t oho ceo. This tobacco (called " Virginia Leaf ") is, like that of 
 Piedmont, the finest raised in the United States. 
 
 The deposits of iroi% ^"^^ soft coal iii Middle Va. are extensive 
 and valuable. Qold is found in considerable quantities. 
 
 Questions — Where does Middle Va. begin ? How wide is it ? De- 
 scribe its surface. What IS "rolling land?" Describe the soil. Name 
 
12 GEOGKAPHY OF VIRGINIA. 
 
 the chief productions. What is the tobacco of Middle Va. and Pied- 
 mont called, and what can you say of it? "What" minerals are found in 
 Middle Va? 
 
 PIEDMONT. 
 
 Piedmont, the next division to the west, extends in a southwesterly 
 direction throughout the length of the state, and is only about 25 miles 
 wide. The word " Piedmont " means " foot of the mountain," and this 
 division is so called because it lies at the base, or " foot," of the Blue 
 Ridge mountains. Its surface is varied by hills, llVOlUltaijl 
 spurs, valleys and plains. Like Middle Va., it increases in 
 height toward the west. 
 
 The soil in Piedmont (reddish in color) is eni-iched by saJldstOTie , 
 and wodnces grains, fr^iiits, grasses, and tobacco of the finest 
 quality. The heavy crops of grasses afford fine pasturage for cattle, 
 and excellent hay is made. 
 
 Questions — What division lies west of Middle Va.? In what direction 
 does it extend? How wide is it? Why is Piedmont so called? De- 
 scribe its surface. What part of it is highest ? What is the soil? Name 
 the productions. Give two uses of fine grasses. 
 
 BLUE RIDGE. 
 
 Towering on the western side of Piedmont is Blue Ridge, a range of 
 mountains that appear blue in the distance. This section is from 3 miles 
 wide in the north to 20 in the south, where it spreads out in a plateau, 
 or table-land. Its mountains increase in height toward the southwest, 
 the loftiest peak being Balsam Mt. (5700 ft.). The soil of Blue Ridge, 
 like that of Middle Va. and Piedmont, is enriched by sandstone. 
 It iproduces fruits, toll a ceo, grains ^^^^ grasses. The western 
 slopes of the Blue Ridge are poor and unproductive. 
 
 The principal minerals are copper and iron- 
 
 Charcoal is made in large quantities in the forests of this section. 
 
 Questions — Describe the surface of Blue Ridge. How wide is it? 
 In what part are its mountains highest? Name the loftiest peak. 
 Describe the soil. Name the chief productions. What part of the 
 Blue Ridge is unproductive ? Give the principal minerals. What is 
 made in the Blue Ridge forests ? 
 
GEOGKArilY OF VIRGINIA. 13 
 
 GREAT VALLEY. 
 
 Lying uetweeu the Blue l^idge and tUe Alleghauies is the Great 
 Valley, a long tract of Tolluii^ country 2U miles wide. It is a 
 part of the great Appalachian Yalley, that stretches from Canada to 
 Alabama, an 1 is watered by five great rivers — the JcnilCS. StcfUll- 
 ton, Tennessee, A^ew, '^^^ SJlCliandoall. These furnish ex- 
 cellent n-ater-poicei'. ^^^ drain and irrigate (water) the land. 
 The Yalley is so fertile that it has been called "the garden of 
 America." Its soil is made rich hy lij}iestone, ^"^^ produces line 
 <^ rains '^"^ o^j-asses — this being the greatest grain-i)roduciug sec- 
 tion of the state, and an excellent place for stock'-raisili<^ . The 
 liest of Jicnj is cured from its grasses. The Valley abounds in miner- 
 als, the most important l)eing iron, COal, ie((d, ^ud salt. 
 
 QuestioilS — "NMiere does the Great Valley lie V Describe its 'surface. 
 How wide is it? Of what is it apart? What large rivers water the 
 Valley? Name three uses of these rivers. A\'hy has the (neat Valley 
 been called " the garden of America"? Describe its soil. Name tlie 
 productions, and tell the chief one. Name on,e important occujiation 
 of this section. AVhat is made from the rich grasses? (rive the prim-i- 
 pal minerals. 
 
 APPALACIHA. 
 
 Appalachia, the most westerly division of Virginia, is a mountainous 
 section crossed by ranges of the Alleghany System, which enclose long 
 and narrow valleys. Most of the valleys arc fertile and well-watered. 
 The soil is enriched by Uniestone ^^^^ yields heavy cro))s of Jinc 
 rira SSes. Large numbers of cattle ^^^'® raised in this section. \\)- 
 palachia is noted for the richness and variety of its minerals, coal 
 and iron being the most important. Its forests are extensive, and 
 produce great quantities of valuable timber. 
 
 Questions— What is the most westerly division of Vij-ginia? De- 
 scribe its surface. What can you say of its valleys? AVhat is the soil ? 
 Name the chief production. Is it a good place for stock-raising ? If 
 so, why is it? What can you say of the minerals of Appalachia? Of 
 its forests? 
 
11 GEOGUAi'IIY OF VIRGINIA. 
 
 EDUCATION. 
 
 Virginia lias public free schools oi' tiic first rank. They arc sup- 
 ported by taxation, and are controlled by a state Board of Education. 
 
 Among the most noted colleges of the stale are AVilliam and Mary 
 College, at "Williamsburg, next to the oldest college in the United 
 States; the Universit}' of Virginia, at Charlottesville; the Washington 
 and Lee University and the Virginia Militarj' Institute, at Lexington; 
 the Female Normal School, at Farmville; Eaudolph-Macon College, at 
 Ashland; Eichmoud College, at Richmond; Hanii^den Sidney, in Prince 
 Edward county; Emory and Henry, in Washington county. There are, 
 also, many excellent private schools and academies. 
 
 Questions. — What can you say of the free schools of Virginia ? Name 
 some of the colleges for higher learning? 
 
 •GOVERNMENT. 
 
 Virginia is divided into ten congressional districts, and is repre- 
 sented in the national Congress at Washington by two Senators and ten 
 Representatives — twelve in all. 
 
 The chief officers of the state government area (lovernor, a Lieuten- 
 ant Governor, and an Attorney-deneral, elected by the people every four 
 years; a Secretary- of the Commonwealth, Treasurer, Aiiditor of Public 
 Accounts, Second Auditor, Railroad Commissioner, Superintendent of 
 Public Instruction, and a Commissioner of Agriculture. 
 
 The laws of the state are made by the Legislature, which meets at 
 Richmond every two years. It is composed of iO Senators, who are 
 elected every four years, and IdO Delegates, who scv\c terms of two 
 years. 
 
 There arc a supreme court, circuit, county, and corjioration coiu-ls, 
 presided over by judges who are aj)pointed by the Legislature. 
 
 Questions. — Into how many congressional districts is Virginia di- 
 vided? Ho Av many rei^resentatives has Virginia in Congress? Name 
 the chief othcers in the state. How long is the Governor's term of of- 
 fice? Where and when does* the Legislature meet? What is the Leg- 
 islature? How many years do the Senators serve? Tho Delegates? 
 Name the Virginia courts? AVho appoints the judges? 
 
CEOGRAPIIY OF VIRaiNIA. l,, 
 
 HISTORY. 
 
 Virgiuia, oi'toii called "the Old Dominion," was settled by people 
 from England. The state was named in honor of the English queen 
 Elizabeth, who was called "the ^'irglll Queen." The first permanent 
 settlement was made at Jamestowilj on an island in James river, in 
 1G09. For a long time, the people struggled hard to secure safe and 
 l^eaceful homes. They were forced to contend with hostile Indians, 
 hunger, sickness, and exposure, with frequent quarreling among them- 
 selves. Had it not been for the eiforts of Capt. John Smith, they would 
 all have perished. However, the little colony grew and prospered. 
 Settlements were made in other places, and, in time, Virginia became a 
 great and powerful state. Soon after the Revolutionary War, which 
 freed the American people from tiie rule of the English, Virginia gave 
 from her own territory the lands out of which were formed some of the 
 most important states of the Union. Many of the noblest and most 
 noted men of our country have been Virginians, including. seven presi 
 dents of the United States (Washington, Jefferson, Madison, Monroe 
 Harrison, Tyler, and Taylor). Among the famous names of later years 
 are those of Gen. Robert E. Lee and Gen. "Stonewall" Jackson, 
 
 Questions. — Wliat is Virginia often called ? By whom was the state 
 settled? In whose honor was it named? Where was the first lasting 
 settlement made ? Tell some of the trials of the new settlers. Who 
 saved the people from perishing ? What became of the little colony ? 
 What war freed the American pcoj^le from the rule of the English ? 
 How did Virginia help in forming the states of the Union? How many 
 presidents of the United States have been Virginians ? Name them. 
 Name two famous Virginians of later ^-ears. 
 
 CITIES. 
 
 Virginia has fifteen cities, Richmond being the laroesi' and most im- 
 portant. 
 
 Richmond (pop. 81,3S8) was founded by Col. Wm. Byrd, in the year 
 ll'iM, and became the capital of the state in 1779. It is situated in 
 Henrico county, on the north bank of the James river, at the head of 
 tidewater. The falls of the river afford fine water-power, making Rich- 
 mond a most important manufacturing city. The chief manufactures 
 are touacgo, floui;, ikon, MAcmxEitv and railuoad cars. Other manufac- 
 tures are cotton goods, stoneware, furniture and bedding, farming 
 tools, coaches, wagons, fertilizers, bricks, steam engines, bark and su- 
 mac, saddlery and harness. Several important railroads and regular 
 
Hi OKOGRAPIIV OF YtRGINIA. 
 
 lines of steameis coimect the city with all parts of tlie Union. Hence, 
 i\iclimou(l is not only a great MANrFACTriuMi place but also an import- 
 ant COMMERCIAL city. 
 
 It lias many public buildings. The most interesting is the Capitol, 
 stancling in the center of a beaiitiful park, or "square." INFany works of 
 art (paintings, statuary, ite.,) grace the Capitol buikliug and the grounds 
 which surround it. Other public buildings are the City Hall, Post- 
 Office, State Libraiy, Govei-nor's ^Fansion, Chamber of Commerce 
 ]>uilding, City Jail, State Penitentiary, City Almshouse, Richmond C*ol- 
 lege, Medical College, Sie. 
 
 Richmond has many large and exjjensive public school buihlings, 
 and hei- free schools rank among the l>est in the country. Hollywood 
 is the most beautiful cemetery. 
 
 Norfolk (pop. ;)4:,871) is next to the largest city in Virginia, and is iu 
 Norfolk county, on the Elizabeth river, eight miles from Hampiou 
 Roads. It is the principal seaport city of Virginia, and is the place to 
 which goods are sent from a large portion of the South and SoutliM^esl, 
 to be shipped to other countries. It is connected with inland places 
 l)y RAiLKOADs, with })laces along the coast b}- canals, and with foreign 
 countries by lines of stkameks. Its situation is very favorable to coii- 
 
 MERCE. It exports COTTON, LIMIJER, OYSTERS, ERCrrs and EARLY VF.OETARLE^* 
 
 and carries on a large trade in naval stores and groceries. 
 
 Among the public buildings of Norfolk are the City Hall, ^Tasonic 
 Temple, Court House and Custom House. 
 
 Petersburg (pop. •J-2,(;(S0) is in Dinwiddle Co., on the Appomattox 
 ]{iver. '2'A miles south of Richmond. The falls in the river make good 
 water-powe]', and the chief manufactures are toracco, FLorR, and iron. 
 Cotton and tobacco are exported. This city exports more manufac- 
 tured tobacco than any other city in the United States. 
 
 Lynchburg (pop. l'.),7U9), in Campbell Co., on the south bank of the 
 James River, is built on rising ground, in the midst of beautiful scenery. 
 The water-power furnished by the river is of the finest, and tobacco, 
 FLOiR, and IRON are manufactured. 
 
 Roanoke (pop. 10,159) is situated in Roanoke Co., on the Roanoke 
 Rivoi'. Its manufactures of iron are very important. 
 
 Alexandria (pop. 11,339) is in Alexandria Co., on the Potomac River, 
 seven miles beloAV Washington. It manufactures floi'r, jmachineuy, 
 BRICKS, FERTILIZERS, and WOODEN-WARE, aud carrics on a large trade in coal. 
 It is noted for its excellent schools. 
 
 Portsmouth (pop. 13,2()8) is in Noj.folk Co., on the Elizabeth River, 
 
GEOGRAPHY OF Vll^GTNIA. IT 
 
 opposite the city of Norfolk, witii Avliich it is connected by a ferry. At 
 PortsTiioiith are a dry dock, a U. S. Navy-yard, and a Marine Hospital. 
 The city ex2')oi-ts cottok, Lc:\rBER, and early vegktablks. 
 
 Danville (pop. 10,:{05), in I'ittsylvania Co., on the Dan Puvov, is noted 
 for its trade in touaoco. 
 
 Manchester (pop. 9,2-i(;) is in Chesterfield Co., on James lliver, op- 
 posite Iiichinond, Avith which it is connected hj several hridjijes. Tt 
 manufactures touacco, cotton, pai'f.i;, vlotu, and inox. 
 
 Staunton (pop. 0,975), in Augusta Co., is situated in the midst of a 
 fertile and healthful region, and is surrounded by beautiful niountain 
 scenery. It manufactures fi.otr, tobacco, and irox. 
 
 Charlottesville (pop. 5,5!)1) is in Albemarle Co., on the liivanna 
 lliver. It is the seat of the UNivEusrrv of Viroinia, one of the finest 
 institutions of learning in America. 
 
 Winchester (pop. 5,19G), in Frederick Co., has one of the largest bark 
 and sumac mills in the country. Its manufactures arc considerable. 
 
 Fredericksburg (pop. 4,528), in Spottsylvania Co., on the llappa- 
 hannock Eiver, manufactures iron, flour, and paper. The city does a 
 large trade in grain, Hour, tobacco, and marble. 
 
 Bedford City (poj). 2,897), formerly called Liberty, is situated in Bed- 
 ford Co., on the Norfolk A: Western 11. E. It manufactures tobacco 
 and CIG.A.RS. 
 
 Williamsburg (pop. 1,480), in James City Co., between the York and 
 James rivers, is the oldest city in Virginia, and until 1779 was the capi- 
 tal of the state. It is noted for its William and Mary College, next to 
 the oldest college in the United States, and for its Insane Asylum, 
 the oldest in America. 
 
 QUESTIONS ON CITIES. 
 
 Richmond — By whom was Richmond founded ? In what year ? 
 When did it become the capital ? Where is it situated ? What makes 
 Richmond an important manufacturing city ? What are its chief man- 
 ufactures ? Name others. What makes Richmond an important place 
 for commerce ? Describe the capitol building. Name other public 
 
IS 
 
 (JEOGRAPIIY OF \ IRt^lxVIA. 
 
 buildings. What can you say of the free schools of Ilichmond ? Name 
 tJie most beautiful cemetery V 
 
 Norfolk-What is next to the largest city in the state V Describe its 
 situation. What kind of a city is Norfolk ? How i« it connected with 
 inland places V With places along the coast? With foreign countries'^ 
 V\ hat IS its chief industry ? Name its exports. What large trade does 
 it carry on V Name some of its public buildings. 
 
 Petersburg— Where is it? Names its chief manufactures. What 
 tilings are exported ? What can you say of the tobacco traded 
 
 Lynchburg -How is Lynchburg situated? How does the city get 
 its water-power, and what does it manufacture? 
 
 Roanoke— Locate the city, and give its important manufactures. 
 
 Alexandria— Where is it ? Name its manufactures. What impor- 
 tant trade has it? What of its schools ? 
 
 Portsmouth — Describe its situation. What is a ferry ? Name three 
 places of interest in Portsmouth. What are exports ? 
 
 Danville — Where is Danville ? For Avhat is it noted ? 
 Manchester — Describe its situation. What does it manufacture ? 
 Staunton— How is it situated? Name its manufactures. 
 Charlottesville — Where is it ? For what is it noted ? 
 Winchester — Where is "Winchester ? What can you say of it ? 
 
 Fredericksburg — Locate Fredericksburg. Name its manufactures. 
 What trade has it ? 
 
 Bedford City— What was the old name for Bedford City ? Where is 
 it situated ? What does it manufacture ? 
 
 Williamsburg— Where is Williamsburg ? Wiiat can you say of it ? 
 For Avhat two things is it noted ? 
 
1^1 
 
 GEOGRAPHY UF VIRGINIA. 
 
 lu 
 
 NAMES. 
 
 AREA IN 
 ACRES. 
 
 252,945 
 
 POPULA- NVAIF^ 
 
 AREA IN 
 ACRES. 
 
 173.'433 
 
 1 I'OPTJI.A- 
 TION. 
 
 Ac '-co-mac 
 
 27,277 KingWill'-iam 
 
 9,605 
 
 Ar-be-niavle 
 
 459,238 
 
 32,379 iLan'-cas-ter 
 
 80,486 
 
 7,191 
 
 A]-ex-au'dria 
 
 20,288 
 
 18,597 ILee 
 
 299,294 
 
 18,216 
 
 Al-lc-glia'-ii}' 
 
 431,787 
 
 19,283 :jLou'-doun 
 
 323,745 
 
 33,274 
 
 A niel'-ia 
 
 232,788 
 
 9,068 'Lou-is'-a 
 
 386,445 
 
 16,997 
 
 Aiii'-hcrst 
 
 300,013 
 
 17,551 ! Lun'-en-burg 
 
 367,535 
 
 11,373 
 
 Ap-po-inat'-lox 
 
 203,679 
 
 9,589 ''Mad'-i-son 
 
 234,745 
 
 10,225 
 
 Aii-giis'-ta 
 
 (505,015 
 
 37,005 iMat'-thews 
 
 53,515 
 
 7,584 
 
 V)iu-k'-iiig-liaiu 
 
 351,785 
 
 14,383 iiMeck'-len-bnrg 
 
 414,263 
 
 25,359 
 
 Ijot'-c-tuiirt 
 
 394,092 
 
 14,759 1 Mid'-dle-sex 
 
 80,839 
 
 7,428 
 
 Bath 
 
 500.157 
 
 4,587 !iMout-gom'-er-y 
 
 239,033 
 
 17,742 
 
 Bed '-ford 
 
 493,990 
 
 31,313 jiNan'-se-mond 
 
 259,394 
 
 16,(5!)2 
 
 Bland 
 
 231,683 
 
 4,888 :Nel'-son 
 
 288,137 
 
 15,356 
 
 Brvms'-Avick 
 
 345,976 
 
 17,345 iNew Kent' 
 
 129,609 
 
 5,511 
 
 Buch-au'-aii 
 
 639,262 
 
 5,867 jNor'-folk 
 
 229,647 
 
 77,038 
 
 Car' -roll 
 
 350,090 
 
 15,497 !!North-amp'-ton 
 
 113,255 
 
 10,313 
 
 Ches'-ter-rRkli 
 
 293,074 
 
 30,311 
 
 iNor-thum'-ber-land 
 
 118,197 
 
 7,885 
 
 C!raig 
 
 338,781 
 
 3,835 
 
 Not'-to-way 
 
 234,96(5 
 
 11,582 
 
 Cul'-pcp-e'r 
 
 237,635 
 
 13,233 
 
 Or'-ange 
 
 213,007 
 
 12,814 
 
 Car'-o-line 
 
 335,354 
 
 16,681 
 
 iPage 
 
 174,572 
 
 13,092 
 
 Charles City 
 
 113,405 
 
 5,066 liPat'-riek 
 
 349,776 
 
 14,147 
 
 Char' -lotto 
 
 397,927 
 
 15,077 I'Pitt-svl-van'-ia 
 
 628,134 
 
 59,!)41 
 
 Camp'-bell 
 
 325,599 
 
 41,087 !Pow'-ha-tan 
 
 162,816 
 
 , 6,791 
 
 Clarke 
 
 109,173 
 
 8,071 : Prince Ed '-ward 
 
 218,273 
 
 17,694 
 
 Cum'-ber-laiul 
 
 189,886 
 
 9,484 i Prince George 
 
 171,016 
 
 7,872 
 
 Dick' -en-son 
 
 313,597 
 
 5,077 ij Prince Will'-iaui 
 
 220.685 
 
 9,805 
 
 Din-wid'-die 
 
 326,075 
 
 36,195 Princess Anne 
 
 139,070 
 
 9,510 
 
 E-liz'-a-beth City 
 
 29,897 
 
 16,1()S 
 
 Pu-las'ki j 
 
 195,763 ' 
 
 12,790 
 
 Es'-sex 
 
 160,667 
 
 10,047 
 
 llap-pa-liaii'-nock \ 
 
 175,601 
 
 8,(578 
 
 Fair'-fax 
 
 259,362 
 
 16,655 
 
 Rich'-mond 
 
 117,252 
 
 7,146 
 
 Fan-qiiier' 
 
 413,697 
 
 22,590 
 
 Ro-a-noke' 
 
 195,581 
 
 30,101 
 
 Flii-vau'-na 
 
 180,009 
 
 9,508 
 
 Rock '-bridge 
 
 401,569 
 
 23,0(52 
 
 1^'loyd 
 
 238,348 
 
 14,405 
 
 liock'-ing-hani 
 
 606,775 
 
 31,319 
 
 Fraiik'-liii 
 
 453,200 
 
 24,985 
 
 Riis'-sell 
 
 370,153 
 
 16,126 
 
 Fred'-cr-ie.k 
 
 278,169 
 
 17,880 
 
 Scott 
 
 335,427 
 
 21,(!94 
 
 Green'-ville 
 
 186,738 
 
 8.230 
 
 Smyth 
 
 310,926 
 
 13,3()n 
 
 Gray'-soR 
 
 261 ,686 
 
 14,394 
 
 Shen-aii-do-ali' 
 
 354,598 
 
 19,671 
 
 (iooch'-land 
 
 178,604 
 
 9,958 
 
 South-anip'-toii 
 
 369,618 
 
 20.0 7S 
 
 (Jreene 
 
 107,016 
 
 5,(i22 
 
 Staf'-ford 
 
 163, 90S 
 
 7:.W2 
 
 Glouce.s'-ter 
 
 135,345 
 
 11,653 
 
 Spolt-syl-van'ia 
 
 258,879 
 
 14,233 
 
 Giles 
 
 240,347 
 
 9,000 
 
 Sur'-ry 
 
 138,131 
 
 M,25C) 
 
 Hal'-i-fax 
 
 516,961 
 
 34,324 ; 
 
 Sus'-sex 
 
 298,0(52 
 
 11,100 
 
 Han'-o-ver 
 
 293,569 
 
 17,402 ; 
 
 Ta/.e'-well 
 
 355,847 
 
 l9,Sil9 
 
 Heu-ri'-co 
 
 161,816 
 
 103,394 
 
 War'-ren 
 
 139,391 
 
 8,2S0 
 
 llen'-ry 
 
 368,799 
 
 1S,20,S 
 
 vVar'-Avick 
 
 42,766 
 
 (•|,(5.'")(l 
 
 High '-land 
 
 264,911 
 
 5.352 
 
 Wash'-ing-toii 
 
 368,157 
 
 29,(120 
 
 Isle of Wight 
 
 191,4,51 
 
 11,313 
 
 West-more'-land 
 
 141,9S3 i 
 
 x,:'>W 
 
 James City 
 
 9,277 ; 
 
 5,r)43 
 
 Wise 
 
 454,872 
 
 '.(,345 
 
 King George 
 
 1 1 1 ,()76 
 
 6,641 
 
 Wvk 
 
 315,464 
 
 18,019 
 
 ''•ig and Queen 
 
 194,713 
 
 9,669 
 
 Y()rk ) 
 
 70,983 i 
 
 7,596 
 
 ERRATA. 
 
 Area 
 Augusta Co.— 627,015 acres. 
 Rockingham Co.— 690,560 acres. 
 Wythe Co.— 315,464 acres. 
 

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