*.0 N Oo "^oo^ 0° ^^*. ^°>€ up i 1 ■«! t-vil. 3 m. iiiiiiiaiiiiiia ^ [1^ HISTORICAL SKETCH WAR OF THE REBELLION, 1861 TO 186^, MOVEMENTS OF THE FEDERAL AND CONFEDERATE ARMIES; CHRONOLOGICAL LIST OP ENGAGEMENTS; RECON- STRUCTION PROCEEDINGS; PROCLAMATIONS, STATISTICAL TABLES, ETC. COMPILED AND EDITED BY EDGAR A/ WERNER. ^■V RIGHT- ^«S*J n/oi ^ ALBANY, N. Y. : WEED, PARSONS AND COMPANY. 1890. ^.^.•x Entered according to act of Congress, in the year eighteen hundred and ninety, By EDGAR A. WERNER, In the office of the Librarian of Congress, at Washington. / v\^ WEED, PARSONS AND COMPANY, PRINTERS AND ELECTROTYPE ALBANY, N. Y. CONTENTS- Pack. Secession of Soutli Carolina , 1 Secession of Georgia, Florida and Alabama 2 Secession of Mississippi, Louisiana and Texas 2 Jefferson Davis elected president of the seceded States 3 Apathy of the general government 4 Attitude of the Border States 4 Surrender of Fort Sumter 5 President Lincoln calls for 75,000 troops 5 Mob attack on Federal troops at Baltimore 6 Destruction of the Norfolk Navy Yard C Blockade of Southern ports 7 Confederates attack Camp Jackson, Mo , 7 Engagements at Rich Mountain and Laurel Hill. 8 Assassination of Colonel Ellsworth 9 Congress convened in extra session jq Forward movement of the Federal army 10 First battle of Bull Run H Reorganization of the Army of the Potomac 12 Martial law proclaimed in Missouri 12 The Confederates invade Kentucky I3 Capture of Confederate forts at Hatteras Inlet 13 Engagements at Carnifex Ferry and Romney 14 Ambuscade of Federal troops in Virginia I4 General McClellan supersedes General Scott 15 Federal naval expedition to Port Royal 15 Surrender of Forts Walker and Beauregard 16 Arrest of Messrs. Slidell and Mason 17 The Federal army invade North Carolina 19 Capture of Roanoke Island ... 19 Engagement at Mill Springs, Ky 20 Capture of Fort Henry by Federal gunbeats 20 Evacuation of Bowling Green 21 Bombardment and capture of Fort Donnelson 21 IV Contents. Page. Surrender of Nashville 23 Indian massacre at Pea Ridge 23 Capture of Island Xo. 10 ... 23 Battle of Shiloh 24 Reorganization of the Army of Virginia 25 Forward movement of the Federal army 25 Engagements at Williamsburg and West Point 26 Naval battle between the Monitor and Merrimac 26, 222 Battle of Winchester 27 Federal occupation of Newbern and Beaufort 28 Operations of the Federal army in Florida 28 Surrender of New Orleans 29 Surrender of Memphis 30 Retreat of the Federal army under General Banks 31 The Federal capital in peril 32 Corinth, Miss., abandoned by the Confederates 32 Engagements at Seven Pines and Fair Oaks 33 Seven days' retreat of the Army of the Potomac 34 Engagements at Gaines' Mills and Chickahominy 34 Battles of Savage Station and Mai vern Hill 35 Bombardment of Vicksburg 35 General Pope in command of the Army of Virginia 36 Federal troops evacuate Harrison's Landing 36 Manassas — second battle of Bull Run 37 General Lee's army invade Maryland 37 Engagements at South Mountain and Harper's Ferry 38 Sharpsburg, Md., — the battle of Antietam 38 Louisville and Cincinnati menaced 39 Rout of the Confederates at luka 40 President Lincoln calls for 600,000 troops 41 Emancipation of the slaves 41 Federal cavalry raid in Mississippi 42 Federal brigade captured by General Morgan 43 General McClellan superseded by General Burnside 43 Battle at Fredericksburg 43 The Federal army recross the Rappahannock 46 General Banks succeeds General Butler at New Orleans 46 Operations of the privateer " Alabama." 47 Siege of Vicksburg 49 General Grant assumes command in person 49 Concentration of the Federal army at Milliken's Bend 50 Confederates abandon Grand Gulf and Port Gibson 51 Contents. v Page, Surrender of Vicksburg, Miss., July 4, 1863 52 Confederate attack on Helena 53 Evacuation of Jackson, Miss 53 Confederates recapture Galveston 54 Marmaduke attacks Springfield, Mo 54 Port Hudson, La., invested by the Federal army 56 Army of the Potomac at Chancellorsville 57 Stonewall Jackson mortally wounded 58 Hooker's army recross the Rappahannock • 59 Federal cavalry raids in Virginia 59 Grierson's cavalry raid through Mississippi 60 Confederate attack on Cape Girardeau 61 General Lee's army in the Shenandoah Valley 61 President Lincoln calls for troops to repel the invasion 63 General Meade succeeds General Hooker 62 Battle of Gettysburg 63 Lee's army recross the Potomac 64 Capture of Morgan's Confederate cavalry 65 Bombardment of Fort Sumter and Charleston 65 Quantrell's guerillas attack Lawrence, Kansas 68 Federal campaign in the Red River country. 68 Confederates under Shelby invade Missouri 69 General Lee prevented from reinforcing Bragg 70 Lee's army recross the Rapidan 71 The Confederates evacuate Chattanooga 71 Battle of Chickamauga . . . , 72 The Federal army fall back on Chattanooga 73 General Thomas in command of the Army of the Cumberland 74 Confederates driven from East Tennessee 75 Forward movement of the Army of the Potomac 75 Battles of Lookout Mountain and Missionary Ridge 77 General Burnside evacuates Lenoir 78 Federal army falls back to Knoxville , 79 Retreat of the Confederates under Lougstreet 79 The Army of the Potomac cross the Rapidan 80 General Banks' expedition against Texas 81 Operations of Confederate privateers during 1863 82 Operations of the Federal blockading fleet 83 Engagement at Beans' Station 85 General Averill's raid in South Western Virginia 85 The Confederates aggressive in Tennessee 87 Failure of General Seymour's Florida expedition.. . 87 vi Contents. Page. Unsuccessful effort to liberate Federal prisoners 88 General Kilpatrick's raid in Virginia 89 Federal expedition into the Gulf States 90 Destruction of Mobile and Ohio railroad 91 Surrender of Fort DeRussey, La 91 Alexandria, La., occupied by Federal forces 93 Federal abandonment of the Red River country 93 Lt. -General Grant in command of the Armies of the U. S 94 Forward movement of the Army of the Potomac 95 Battle of the Wilderness 95 General Grant within fifteen miles of Richmond 100 Battle of Cold Harbor 101 Federal occupation of City Point 101 Operations in the Shenandoah Valley 103 General Sheridan at the gates of Richmond 103 General Sherman's campaign against Atlanta. 104 Confederate evacuation of Resaca, Ga 104 Federal occupation of Kingston and Rome 105 Capture of Pine Mountain 106 Confederates evacuate Kenesaw Mountain 106 The Confederate army evacuate Atlanta 108 Admiral Farragut's fleet in Mobile bay 108 The massacre at Fort Pillow 109 Confederate General Morgan's last raid 110 Confederate successes in North Carolina 110 Battle of Monocacy Ill Washington threatened by the Confederates Ill The Federal army cross the Appomattox 112 General Grant's campaign against Petersburg 113 Explosion of the mine under the fortifications 114 Confederates in possession of the Weldon railroad 116 Battle of Hatcher's Run 117 Operations in the Shenandoah Valley 118 Battles of Winchester and Fisher's Hill 118 Battle of Cedar Creek, Va., — Sheridan's ride , 119 Confederate invasion of Missouri 120 Sinking of the privateer Alabama 121 Capture of the privateer Florida 121 Destruction of the Confederate ram Albermarle 122 Confederate attempt to recapture Atlanta 122 Defeat of the Confederates at Franklin, Tenn 124 Engagements at Nashville and Franklin 124 Contents. vii Page. Defeat of tlie Confederates at Murf reesboro 125 Sherman's March to the Sea 125 Federal columns unite at Milledgville 127 Federal cavalry raids in Georgia 127 Sherman establishes communications with the Federal fleet 128 Capture of Fort McAllister and Savannah 128 Destruction of Pocatoligo bridge, S. C 129 Federal cavalry raid in Mississippi, Alabama and Florida 130 Naval expeditions against Fort Fisher 130 Surrender of Forts Fisher and Caswell 132 Capture of Fort Anderson and Wilmington 133 The situation in South Carolina in 1865 133 Confederates fall back on Columbia 134 Burning of Columbia 134 Destruction of the public buildings at Fayetteville 136 The Confederates concentrate at Bentonville 136 Junction of the Federal armies at Goldsboro 137 The Stars and Stripes again float over Fort Sumter 137 Sheridan sweeps the Shenandoah Valley 138 Confederates under Lee assume the aggressive 138 Concentration of the Federal forces under General Grant 139 Confederate army flanked at Five Forks 140 Capture of Fort Mahone 140 Evacuation of Petersburg and Richmond 141 Retreat of the Confederates under General Lee 142 Surrender of Lee's army to General Grant 143 Surrender of Johnston's army in North Carolina 144 Assassination of President Lincoln 145 Final operations in Virginia and North Carolina 145 Suspension of hostilities in Georgia and Alabama 146 Flight of Jefferson Davis from Richmond 146 Capture of Jeff. Davis at Irwinsville, Ga 147 Surrender of the last of the Confederate armies 147 Reconstruction of the Seceded States 149 Chronological list of engagements 164 Naval battle between the *' Monitor " and '* Merrimac " 222 President Lincoln's Inaugural, 1861 241 President Lincoln's Cabinet 251 The Confederate government 251 Proclamation of an intention to emancipate slaves 252 The Emancipation Proclamation 255 End of the Rebellion proclaimed 257 viii Contents. Page. Universal Amnesty Proclamation 2(51 Population by States, 1850 and 1860 263 Presidental vote of November, 1860 264 National debt in 1865 265 Soldiers furnislied to the Union army 267 Fluctuations in price of gold, 1863 to 1878 268 Gold value of Confederate currency 269 RECORD OF THE REBELLION. THE CIVIL WAR. The Slaveholders' Rebellion, the seeds of which had been germinating for more than thirty years, was formally inaugu- rated in November, 1860. The election of Abraham Lincoln to the Presidency was the pretense under which the conspiracy was set on foot. The time was propitious. The country was virtu- ally without a government; those who held the reins of power, with few exceptions, were the master-spirits of the insurrection; the public funds were prostituted to the uses of treason; the arms of the nation had been transferred to southern depots; the keys of our public arsenals were in disloyal hands; our army was so dispersed that it could be of no assistance to the country it preferred to serve; our navy was absent in distant seas. The o-overnment was at the mercy of men who had sworn to de- * Secession of the State of South Carolina. On November 9, 1860, the shipping in Charleston harbor hoisted the Palmetto flag and the same day an unsuccessful at- tempt was made to remove the government arms to Fort Moul- trie. On the 10th a bill calling a State convention passed the Legislature of South Carolina. The Convention met at Colum- bia on the 17th of December, adjourned to Charleston on account of the small-pox, and on the 20th, passed an or- dinance of secession, by a unanimous vote. December 24, 1860, Governor Pickens issued a proclamation declaring South Caro- 1 2 Historical Sketch of the lina a '* separate, sovereign, free and independent State," "with the right to levy war, conchide peace," etc., etc. On the night of the 2Gth, Major Anderson transferred his small force from Fort Moultrie to Fort Sumter, in order to strengthen his position, and on the following day, Fort Moultrie and other Federal jDossessions were seized in the name of the revolted State. Secession of Georgia, Florida and Alabama. In the meantime other States had prepared to follow the lead of South Carolina. Meetings were held in the principal cities of the South, and the secession of that State was celebrated by bonfires, the firing of cannon and other demonstrations of ap- proval. In Georgia secession was feebly resisted by Alexander H. Stephens and others; but they yielded after a brief struggle. The Legislature met at Milledgeville December 19th, at which a convention of Southern States was urged; and an address to the people of South Carolina, Alabama, Mississippi and Florida issued. Januarys, 1861, Forts Pulaski and Jackson were. seized by order of Governor Brown; on the 16th the convention met at the Capitol, and on the 19th, an ordinance of secession was passed by a vote of 208 to 89. Subsequently the ordinance was signed by nearly all the members. Alabama and Florida were even more prompt; the former called a convention at Montgomery, on January 7, 1861, at which an ordinance of secession was passed on the 11th, by a vote of 61 to 11, and a convention of disloyal States to meet at that place February 4th was recommended. The latter State held a convention at Tallahassee on the 3d of January; occupied some days in preliminary arrangements; proclaimed her '^grievances" in a series of resolutions on the 7th, and adopted an ordinance of secession on the 11th, by a vote of 62 to 7. Mississippi, Louisiana and Texas follow suit. Mississippi called a convention at Jackson, January 7, 1861; a committee was appointed with instructions to report, as speedily as possible, an ordinance providing for the immediate with- War of the Rebellion. 3 drawal of the State from the Federal Union. The ordinance • was passed on the 9th, by a vote of 84 to 15, and on the day following, the forts and other government property were seized. Louisiana called a convention to meet at Baton Rouge Janu- ary 23, 1861; at which an ordinance of secession was passed the 26th, by a vote of 113 to 17. A proposition to refer it to the people was voted down. Simultaneously with the passage of this ordinance, the United States branch mint, custom-house, the arsenal at Baton Rouge, Forts Jackson and St. Philip, the revenue cutters Eohert McClelland and Leiuis Cass and the marine hospital, were severally seized. The treachery of General Twiggs had made the work of treason easy in Texas. A State convention met at Galveston February 1, 1861, and passed an ordinance of secession, to be voted on by the people February 22d, aud if adopted, to take effect March 1st. The State was declared out of the Union March 4th, Governor Houston was deposed, and on March 0th Fort Brown surrendered by arrangement between Captain Hill and the Texas Commissioners. Jefferson Davis Elected President of the Seceded States. By agreement between the six seceded States, the Southern Congress met at Montgomery, February 4, 1861. Howell Cobb, late Secretary of the U. S. Treasury, presided. A '* Constitu- tion for the Provisional Government of the Confederate States of America" was formed, to ^^ continue one year from the inau- guration of the President, or until a permanent constitution or confederation between the said States shall be put in operation, whichsoever shall first occur." [Substantially same as the Con- stitution of the United States.] It was adopted February 8th, and on the same day Jefferson Davis, of Mississippi, was elected President, and Alexander H. Stephens, of Georgia, Vice-Presi- dent of the " Confederate States." On the 18th, Mr. Davis was inaugurated, and on the 21st, he nominated the members of his Cabinet. Among the acts of the Montgomery Congress was one declaring the establishment of the free navigation of the Missis- 4 Historical Sketch of the sippi river. March 11, 1861, the permanent Constitution of the Confederate States of America was adopted. Apathy of the General Government. During all this time the General Government remained passive. The President (James Buchanan) claimed that he had no power to resist the rebellion, while Secretary Floyd used the War De- partment for the benefit of treason, and Secretary Thompson held the position of an acknowledged spy. The accession of Messrs. Dix and Holt to the places made vacant by the resigna- tion of those disloyal Cabinet officers, imparted new vigor to the Federal arm; but the conspiracy had obtained such headway, that they were comparatively powerless. The steamship Star of the West, with reinforcements for Major Anderson, was fired upon from Fort Moultrie and the battery at Morris Island, on the 9th of January, and compelled to put out to sea. Major Anderson demanded explanations, and was informed that the act had the sanction of the government of South Carolina. Attitude of the Border States. February 9, 1861, Tennessee, and on the 1st of March Mis- souri, voted against secession. North Carolina, Virginia, Maryland and Kentucky severally professed a desire to remain in the Union, if certain concessions were granted. Various plans of adjustment were proposed in Congress, the most im- portant of which was that proposing amendments to the Con- stitution declaring that slavery be prohibited in all territories north of 36° 30', and proteeted in all those south of that line. Resolutions guaranteeing non-interference with slavery in any State of the Union passed the House by a unanimous vote. The report of the Committee of Thirty-three also passed both Houses by a constitutional majority. A Peace Conference, composed of delegates from some twenty States, met at Washington the 1st of February, and permanently organized, February 5, 1861, with ex-President John Tyler as Chairman. The sessions continued until the 27th of the month, when a plan of adjustment, similar War of the Rebellion. 5 to that proposed in Congress, was agreed upon by a majority of the Commissioners. Attack upon and Capture of Fort Sumter, S. C. President Lincoln^s inaugural, delivered March 4, 1861, fore- shadowed a pacific policy, but declared an intention to assert the supremacy of the Constitution by *^ holding and possessing" the government property. The Southern Commissioners, sent to demand the recognition of the Confederate Government, were informed, on the 9tli of April, that they would not be rec- ognized in their official capacity. The garrison at Fort Sumter being in a famishing condition, an attempt was made to supply it with provisions. This was resisted, and General Beauregard received orders from the Confederate Government to reduce the fort. On the lltli of April he summoned Major Ander- son to evacuate. The latter refusing, fire was opened on Fort Sumter, on the morning of April 12, 1861, from Fort Moultrie and the adjacent batteries. The fire was returned, and the bombardment continued with slight intermission for thirty-four hours, when, the works within the fort taking fire, the feeble garrison was compelled to surrender. The evacuation took place Sunday, the 14th, when Major Anderson and his command em- barked for New York. The Federal force was 100, including laborers; that of the Confederates about 7,000. President Lincoln Calls for Troops to Suppress the Rebellion. The seizure of Fort Sumter revolutionized public sentiment in the North. On the 15th of April, President Lincoln issued a proclamation calling for 75,000 troops to suppress the rebellion, and ordering an extra session of Congress to meet on the 4th of July. The free States responded promptly, while the border slave States, with the exception of Delaware, denounced the proclama- tion as an ^^ attack upon the South.^' April 17th, \^irginia passed an ordinance ** repealing the ratification of the Constitu- tion of the United States by the State of Virginia," which action was subsequently ratified by a pretended vote of the people. On the 24th of the same month, she *' deeded " her sovereignty to the 6 Historical Sketch of the (( Confederate States.'^ The western part of the State, however, repudiated the transfer, and organized a se]3arate State govern- ment. Attack upon Federal Troops passing through Baltimore, Md. Washington being menaced by the Confederates, troops were ordered to its defense as fast as they could be raised. The first to respond were a regiment from Pennsylvania and one from Massachusetts. The former, being unarmed, was driven back, on arriving at Baltimore; the latter was assailed on its passage through the city, and four of its members killed and thirty wounded. This occurred April 19th, the anniversary of the battle of Lexington. The railroad track was torn up and the bridges destroyed by the secessionists, from Havre de Grace to the city, and troops en route to the National capital were com- pelled to go by way of Annapolis. This condition continued until May 13th, when General Butler sent a detachment through the city, and took possession of Federal Hill. Destruction of the Navy Yard at Norfolk, Va. The rebellion in Virginia had in the meantime assumed for- midable proportions. A force was sent to seize Harper^'s Ferry, but Lieutenant Jones, commandant, being apprised of the inten- tion, destroyed the greater portion of the arms, fired the armory, and withdrew at night with his small command, making a forced march, arriving at Carlisle Barracks, Pennsylvania, on the morn- ing of April 19th. A similar attack being meditated upon Nor- folk Navy Yard, orders were given to load the vessels in the harbor with the munitions in store, and run them out; but before they could or would be obeyed, the channel was blocked with sunken vessels, and the Cumberland alone was able to get out to sea. To prevent their falling into the hands of the enemy, eleven vessels were scuttled and set on fire, and the buildings of the Navy Yard destroyed. The destruction, how- ever, was incomplete, as several of the vessels were subsequently raised by the Confederates and a large amounfe- of ordnance recovered. War of the Rebellion. T Southern Ports Blockaded. April 17, 18G1, Jefferson Davis proclaimed his scheme of piracy; on the 19th of the same month. President Lincoln issued a proc- lamation announcing the bloclcade of all the southern ports, and on the 27th, ordered the extension of the blockade to the ports of North Carolina and Virginia. On May 3d, he issued another proclamation, calling into service 42,000 volunteers, to serve for three years, and increasing the regular army by 22,714 men. Doubtful Attitude of the Remaining Slave States. The rebellion spread rapidly over the remaining slave States. The Legislature of 'J'ennessee passed a declaration of independ- ence, to be submitted to the people on June 8, 1861, and a military league was formed with the Confederate States. The election in the western and central parts of the State resulted in a large majority for, and in the eastern counties in an equally large majority against, secession. April 18, 1861, a State Convention in Arkansas passed an ordinance submitting the question of secession to the people, and on the 6th of May, by a unanimous vote, passed an ordi- nance of secession, and also repealed the ordinances and laws by which the State became a member of the Union. In ]N"orth Carolina an ordinance of secession, and one ratifying the Provisional Government of the Confederate States, were passed May 21st, and a proposition to submit to the people defeated by a vote of 73 to 34. Kentucky maintained a doubtful attitude. Governor Magoffin refused to comply with the President's requisition for troops, and on the 20th of May issued a proclamation warning both tlie Federal and Confederate Governments, against making any occu- pation within the State. A similar position was taken by the '' Border State Convention," held at Frankfort. Attack on Camp Jackson, near St. Louis, Mo. Missouri maintained a similar attitude. The governor of that State, however, was deep in the councils of the Secessionists. 8 Historical Sketch of t^e Troops hostile to the Government were organized, and on the 10th of iMay, Captain Lyon, at the head of a small force, sur- prised and sarroLinded " Camp Jackson/' near St. Louis, and captured 639 prisoners, who were subsequently released on taking the oath of allegiance. On the return of his command to the city, they were set upon by the rabble, on whom they were compelled to fire, killing 27 persons and wounding a large number. On the following day, General Harney, who had been placed in command of the Western Department, issued a proc- lamation pledging himself to do all in his power to preserve the peace, and ordering a battalion of regulars to be placed under the direction of the police commissioners. He also entered into an agreement with the State authorities for the suspension of hostilities, which was violated by Governor Jackson and the Leg- islature. Harney was superseded, and Captain Lyon, promoted to the rank of General, became commander de facto. Jackson having failed in inducing the Federal authorities to withdraw their troops from the State, threw off the disguise of Unionism, espoused the interests of the Confederates, fled from Jefferson City in great haste, issued a proclamation calling for 50,000 troops to ^' repel invasion," and joined General Price, who com- manded a large force in Northern Missouri. He was pursued by General Lyon, who gave the Confederate forces battle at Boon- ville, June ITth, and dispersed them after a short engagement, the latter leaving their dead and w^ounded on the field. Confederates driven from the Valley of the Kanawha. At the same time the war was vigorously prosecuted in Western Virginia. A Confederate camp, 2,000 strong, was surprised by two columns of Federals under Colonel Kelley, June 2d, and pat to flight with considerable loss, leaving their arms and equip- ments behind. Several minor engagements, with no decisive re- sults, followed. General McClellan, commander of the Depart- ment of Ohio, gained a series of brilliant victories. July 11, 1861, a body of Ohio and Lidiana troops under General Rosecrans met the enemy under Colonel Pegram at Rich Mountain, in which War of the Rebellion. 9 60 of the latter were killed, their guns and equipage taken, and the remnant of the command, 600 strong, compelled to surrender as prisoners of war. Two days after, the enemy under General Garnett were overtaken near Laurel Hill by General Morris, and defeated with a loss stated at several hundreds, including the com- mander. On the 19th of the month, General McClellan an- nounced, in an address to his troops, that they ^*had annihilated two armies, killed more than 250 of the enemy, and expelled them from the valley of the Kanawha. " Assassination of Colonel Elmer E. Ellsworth. Even graver, though less encouraging events were transpiring on the line of the Potomac. Virginia was first invaded by the Federal forces on the morning of May 24th. Shortly after mid- night, the N. Y. Zouaves, under the gallant Ellsworth, em- barked for Alexandria and effected a landing about 3 a. m. While the main body were removing the rails leading to the interior. Colonel Ellsworth, with two or three men, proceeded to the Marshall House to tear down a secession flag that floated above it. On his way down stairs he was shot dead by the proprietor, Jackson, who in turn was instantly killer] by Private Francis E. Brownell, of Troy, N. Y. On the 1st of June, Lieutenant Tomp- kins, at the head of a cavalry company of regulars, entered Fairfax Court House, engaged a large force of the enemy, and returned in safety with five prisoners. Unsuccessful Federal attack on Great Bethel, Va. General Banks succeeded General Butler at Fortress McHenry, the latter being transferred to Fortress Monroe. June 9, 1861, General Butler resolved to attack two Confederate forts at Little and Great Bethel. The expedition was under command of General Pierce, and set out at night. Two regiments of Col- onel Bendix and of Colonel Townsend fired upon each other by mistake, killing and wounding 21 men. Finding the first post deserted, they marched upon Great Bethel, when they encoun- tered a masked battery, which they endeavored in vain to storm. After fighting an hour and a half, they retired with a loss of 16 2 10 Historical Sketch of 'The killed and 34 wounded. On the 17tli of the same month. Gen- eral Schenck, with the First Regiment of Ohio Volunteers, made a reconnoissance by railroad to Vienna, W. Va. Near that place, at a bend in the road, a masked battery opened upon him, kill- ing several of his men. The Federal troops ultimately cut their way out of the ambuscade and returned to head-quarters, carry- ing their wounded with them. Congress Convenes in Extra Session. An extra session of Congress met July 4, 1861. Bills sanc- tioning the acts of the President, authorizing a national loan of $250,000,000, a direct tax of $20,000,000, amendatory of the tariff, increasing the military establishment of the government, allowing the executive to accept the services of 500,000 volun- teers, defining and punishing treason, confiscating the property of rebels, etc., etc., were passed. Forward Movement of the Federal Army. The country became impatient for more decisive movements, and the cry of " On to Richmond l'^ became the watchword of the more radical press and politicians. The Cabinet was di- vided. General Scott was overruled, and the order for the ad- vance of the '^^ Grand Army " upon the Confederate caj^ital was given. General Patterson, who crossed the Potomac above Harper's Ferry, July 2d, with a force of some 32,000 men, was directed to follow up the Confederate forces under General Johnston, and prevent their junction with the main body sta- tioned at Manassas This order he neglected to obey. General McDowell crossed the Potomac July 7, 1861, and on the night of the 16th, left Arlington on the fatal expedition against Rich- mond. His army, consisting of some 42,000 men, marched with- out opposition upon Fairfax Court House. His design was to reach Centreville, on the 17th, and give the enemy battle on the 19th, but a delay of two full days was caused by obstructions, the condition of the men, etc. War of the Rebellion. 11 The First Battle of Bull Run, Va. On the 18tli, a division of the Grand Army under General Tyler, having advanced some three miles beyond Centreville, were suddenly opposed by a number of masked batteries on the opposite side of Bull Run creek, which they endeavored in vain to storm. After a sharp engagement, the Federal troops retired with considerable loss. On the morning of the 21st, the attack was renewed. The division under Gen- eral Tyler opened fire at half-past six A. m., on the enemy's batteries, but the latter did not respond. General Hunter in the meantime advanced with a view to gain the rear of the hostile batteries, but found the distance greater than he had sup- posed. He crossed Blackburn's Ford, and reinforced by Heint- zelman's division, advanced toward the Warrington turnpike, while Tyler fired upon the bodies of the enemy who were ad- vancing in front of him upon the troops who had just crossed. The main scene of action occurred on the west side of Bull Run, between Sudley Springs and the Warrington turnpike. The Confederates Reinforced by General Johnston. The Confederates were gradually driven back for a mile and a half beyond the road, when they were reinforced by General Johnston, who arrived by a forced march from Winchester. The fresh troops threw themselves into the woods on the Union right, and drove back the Federal forces, who were exhausted with six hours' fighting. A panic commencing among the Fed- eral teamsters, soon communicated itself to the soldiers, and the retreat degenerated into a disgraceful rout. Efforts were made to check the flying forces, but in vain; and the wreck of the *^ Grand Army^' arrived in Washington the following day. The Fourth Pennsylvania and the battery of volunteer artillery of the Eighth New York militia, whose time expired on the day of battle, '' moved to the rear to the music of the enemifs cannon ! " The number of Federal troops who crossed Bull Run and were thus actively engaged, was 18,000, and the loss was as follows: Officers, 19 killed and 61 wounded; privates 462 killed and 9-17 12 HisTOEicAL Sketch of the wounded; total, 481 killed tind 1,011 wounded. The number of prisoners, " missing," etc., was 1,460. The loss of arms, etc., was 17 rifled cannon, 8 smooth-bores, 2,500 muskets, 8,000 knapsacks and blankets. Reorganization of the Army of the Potomac. General McClellan was immediately summoned to Washing- ton, placed in command of the forces on the Potomac, and set to work to reorganize the demoralized army. Orders for fresh troops were issued to the Governors of the different States, and the places of the regiments whose time had expired were soon filled. In the meantime the rebellion had assumed formidable propor- tions in Missouri. Colonel Franz Siegel met the Confederates under General Rains near Carthage, July 5th, and gained a de- cided advantage against overwhelming odds, after which he re- treated to Springfield, toward which General Lyon was advancing. The latter learning that General McCulloch was marching from the south at the head of a large army, resolved to give him bat- tle, and on the evening of August 9th, at the head of 5,500 troops, marched out to meet him. Having asked in vain for reinforcements, he went into the battle with the firm conviction that he should fall. He engaged the enemy next morning a few miles from the city, fought with rare courage, and fell early in the action. Siegel took command and slowly retreated, first to Springfield and then to Rolla. The enemy were too much cut up to pursue. The Federal loss was 223 killed, 721 wonnded and 291 missing. Confederate loss 265 killed and 800 wounded. General Fremont Proclaims Martial Law in Missouri. General Fremont, having assumed command of the Western Department, proclaimed martial law in St. Louis, August 14, 1861, and on the 31st of the month, issued a proclamation placing the State under martial law, declaring that all persons found with arms in their hands against the government within the military lines should be shot, and granting freedom to the slaves of rebels. The proclamation was subsequently modified War of the Rebellion. 13 by order of the President, so as to conform to the act of Con- gress respecting the confiscation of rebel property. Several minor battles were fought, with various success, General Lane gaining considerable victories on the western border. General Price advanced north-west with a force of some 25,000 Confeder- ates, and, on the 12th of September, appeared before Lexing- ton, which was defended by Colonel Mulligan with a force of 3,500 men. The siege continued until the 20th, when Colonel Mulligan despairing of reinforcements, was forced to surrender. The Federal loss in killed and wounded was about 150. The Confederate Forces Invade Kentucky. September 4, 1861, Kentucky was invaded by the Confederate forces under General Polk, who occupied Columbus. The Legis- lature passed resolutions directing the Governor to use military force to repel the invasion. General Anderson was appointed to the command of the Federal forces, but on account of ill health subsequently resigned in favor of General Sherman. Fresh troops under Generals Buckner and Zollicoffer poured in from the south, and the Cumberland Gap and other strong points were occupied, on the ground that the safety of Tennessee demanded it ! Several arrests were made, among others that of James B. Clay and ex-Governor Morehead. Ex-Vice-President Brecken- ridge sought safety in flight. Capture of Confederate Forts at Hatteras Inlet, N. C. August 27, 1861, a fleet of seven vessels, with several trans- ports, under Commodore Stringham, and a force of some 800 men under General Butler, sailed from Fortress Monroe; they ar- rived off Hatteras Inlet on the afternoon of the 29th, when 315 troops were landed during a severe gale. On the following morning our war ships commenced shelling the Confederate forts. The action lasted some three hours, when the enemy lowered his colors, and our soldiers marched upon the works at double quick. Commodore Barron, the Confederate commander, surrendered unconditionally, together with his forces to the number of 715. On the 7th of October, the Confederates, with M Historical Sketch of ibe 6 steamers and 3,000 troops, attempted to retake the forts, but were repulsed with considerable loss. Federal Victory at Carnifex Ferry. On the 10th of September, General Rosecrans met General Floyd, at Carnifex Ferry, and put his forces to rout, with heavy 'loss. The Federal loss was 16 killed and 102 wounded. On the 23rd of the same month, General Kelley attacked the enemy in large force, at Romney, defeated them after a short engagement, killed 35, with a loss of 3 killed on his own side, and took all the enemy's cannon. Several other skirmishes occurred, but with no decisive results. The night of October 9th, the Confederates landed, with some 900 men, on Santa Rosa Island, Fla., and attacked Wil- son's Zouaves, whom they surprised, and a part of whose camps they destroyed. They were met by a small force of regulars and put to flight, with terrible slaughter. Before they could embark, 350 of their number were killed or wounded. On the night of October 12th, Captain Hollins attacked our blockading squadron at the head of the passes of the Mississippi. He ran his ^^ turtle '' shij) by accident into the Vincennes, cut- ting a hole in her side, but not seriously injuring her, and dis- abling his own vessel. One or two of our ships grounded, but were got off without much difficulty. Ambuscade of Federal Troops in Virginia. October 21, 1861, portions of the Massachusetts Fifteenth and Twentieth the '^California'' and Tammany regiments, under command of General Edward D. Baker, crossed the Potomac at Edward's Ferry, and ascended BalFs Bluff on the Virginia side. They were surprised by the enemy, from 7,000 to 10,000 strong, who were in ambush, when a desperate battle ensued. General Baker fell, mortally wounded, at an early stage of the engage- ment, when Colonel Cogswell, of the Tammany regiment, as- sumed command. The Federal troops, yielding to superior numbers, retreated to the river, and succeeded, some by cross- ing upon a skiff, but the greatest number by swimming, in War of the Eebellion. 15 reaching an adjacent island. Many were, however, drowned in the effort to escape. Federal loss estimated at killed, 223; wounded, 226; missing, 445. The Confederate loss was 36 killed, and 264 wounded. General McClellan supersedes General Scott. On October 31, 1861, G-eneral Scott resigned as Commander- in-Chief of the Federal army, on account of old age and its at- tendant infirmities, and was succeeded by General George B. McClellan. General Scott a few days after sailed for Europe. At the same time, affairs in Missouri bore a gloomy aspect. Charges of extravagance and incompetency were preferred against General Fremont. The Secretary of War, accompanied by Ad- jutant-General Thomas, visited that State for the purpose of in- vestigating the conduct of the Western Department; the result of which was a report by the latter, severely censuring General Fremont. The '^Pathfinder" was in the meantime pursuing General Price. October 25, 1861, his body guard, 150 strong, and White's Prairie Scouts, made a sudden advance upon Springfield, and put 2,000 Confederates to flight, with a loss of but 18 killed, 27 wounded, and 10 missing. The Confederate loss was 106 killed. Four days later. General Fremont entered the town at the head of his army. On the 1st of November, he received the order for his removal; but did not j^i'oclaim it until two days later. He was superseded by General Hunter, who in turn was superseded by General Halleck. A Naval Expedition Sails for Port Royal, S. O. October 29, 1861, the great naval expedition, which had been fitting out for several weeks, sailed for the southern coast. It consisted of seventy-five vessels of various sizes and descrip- tions, and 15,000 troops; the former under command of Com- modore Dupont; the latter under command of General Sher- man. It encountered two heavy gales, one off Hatteras and the other off Charleston, during which the Union, Osceola and one or two smaller vessels were lost. The expedition arrived at Port Royal, South Carolina, November 4th, when it was greeted 16 Historical Sketch of the by Commodore Tatnall and his mosquito fleet; which soon with- drew in disgust. On the following day, Commodore Tatnall renewed his ^'attack/' but a few shots from our big guns ef- fectually disposed of him. The 6th, the weather being stormy, nothing was done. Surrender of Forts Walker and Beauregard. On the morning of November 7th, Commodore Dupont en- gaged the Confederate forts, Beauregard, of 32 guns, and Walker, of 15 guns; the Wabash leading the way, and the other war ships and gunboats following. The batteries from the shore replied with spirit. The action commenced at twenty min- utes past nine, A. m., and lasted until half-past two, p. M., when the batteries were silenced, the forts evacuated, and the Stars and Stripes planted on South Carolina soil. Soon after, the Seventh Connecticut regiment landed and took possession of Fort Walker; and on the following morning our flag waved over Fort Beauregard. Beaufort was also temporarily occupied, the whole white population, with the exception of one man, having fled. The Confederate troops, estimated at full 5,000, retreated before the Federal troops could land, leaving arms, baggage, and personal valuables behind. The Federal loss was 8 killed and 23 wounded. Simultaneously with this, our troops gained a brilliant success in Eastern Kentucky. At Prestonburgh our army divided into two columns: one under Colonel Sill, and the other under General Nelson; the former had several successful skirmishes, and a more serious engagement at Piketown, where he attacked the enemy in the rear, and put him to flight. The latter met the Confederates at Ivy Creek, and gained a victorv over them ; killing 18, wounding 45, and capturing 200 prisoners. Repulse of Federal Troops at Belmont, Mo. On the night of the 6th of November, an expedition some 6,000 strong, under command of Generals Grant and McCler- nand, left Cairo for the South. On the morning of the following day, they arrived at Belmont, Mo. (nearly opposite War of the Rebellion. 17 Columbus, Ky.), where they encountered the enemy, in Lirge force. The latter, after a spirited engagement, were driven from their position, their camp, 12 pieces of artillery, a large amount of arms, ammunition, stores, etc., etc., and 300 prisoners taken. The Confederates being reinforced, the battle w^as renewed; our troops were attacked while embarking, and a fearful slaughter, on both sides, ensued. The Federal loss Avas: killed, 90; wounded, 173; missing, 235. The loss of the enemy was 261 killed, -427 wounded, and 278 missing. Arrest of Confederate Ministers Slidell and Mason. November 8, 1861, Commodore Wilkes captured Messrs. Sli- dell and Mason, Confederate Plenipotentiaries to France and England. Stopping at Havana, on his return from the African coast, and learning of their intended departure from that port, in the British mail steamer Trent, he determined to intercept them. Overtaking them in the straits of the Bahamas, he brought the ship to, by a gun across her bow, arrested the "Ministers" and their secretaries, and arrived at Fortress Mon- roe with his prisoners. Agreeably to orders from Washington, he sailed for Boston with his distinguished prisoners, where he consigned them to the hospitalities of the Commandant of Fort Warren. On December 26th, Secretary Seward announced to Lord Lyons the determination of the Federal government to accede to the demand of England for their surrender. November 18, 1861, the Virginia '^^ Peninsula" (Accomac and Northampton) was occupied by our troops, 3,000 Confederates were dispersed, and the supremacy of the Federal authority as- serted. November 23, Colonel Brown, commander at Fort Pickens, opened fire upon the Confederates under General Bragg. He was assisted by the war ships Niagara and Richmond. The fir- ing continued all day, and was rencAved the following day. Fort McRea was honeycombed, Warrington was nearly destroyed, and the Pensacola navy yard partially burned. Federal loss, 5 killed and 7 wounded. That of the enemy, 5 killed and 23 wounded. 3 18 Historical Sketch os the The Confederates Driven out of Western Virginia. December 13, 1861, 750 Federal troops under Colonel Milroy engaged the enemy, nearly 2,000 strong, at Camp Alleghany, Western Virginia, and after a short but desperate engagement, put them to rout, killing and wounding 116. By this action the Confederates were finally driven out of Western Virginia. December 17, a regiment of Indiana troops under Colonel Mellick, attacked a regiment of Texan Rangers at Green Eiver, Ky. The engagement lasted over two hours, when the latter fled, leaving 33 of their dead on the field. Our loss was 10 killed and 22 wounded. December 12, General Pope surprised a Confederate camp near Clinton, Mo., broke it up, took 250 prisoners, 70 wagons filled with clothing and other valuable trophies. On December 18th, another division of his army, under Colonel Davis, surprised another camp near Milford in the same State, took 1,300 pris- oners, 1,000 stand of arms, 55 wagons, a large number of tents, several hundred horses, etc. December 20, General Ord's brigade of the Army of the Potomac engaged the enemy near Drainesville, Va., and gained a brilliant victory over them. Our loss was 7 killed and 61 wounded; that of the enemy 43 killed, and 143 wounded. The Situation at the Opening of 1862. The Potomac was blockaded tind the enemy still continued more or less indirectly to menace Washington. They occupied Manassas, the peninsula above Fortress Monroe, Thoroughfare Gap. and the other keys to the Shenandoah Valley. In the West they were still aggressive. They occupied Southern and Southwestern Kentucky; held Bowling Green and Cumber- land Gap; dominated over the Cumberland and Tennessee rivers, and held our flotilla at bay at Columbus. They were mas- ters of the entire southern coast with the exceiDtion of Port Royal, Fort Pickens, Ship Island, and one or two insignificant points on the Eastern Florida coast. War of the Rebellion. 19 The Federal Army Invade North Carolina. The government was, however, making gigantic preparations to assume tlie aggressive, both by land and sea. General McClellan was slowly perfecting his scheme of conquest against Virginia; General Halleck was weaving a web of strategy in the West; General Burnside was preparing to invade the North Car- olina coast. January 12, 1862, the latter sailed for Hampton Roads with a large fleet and a land force of from 16,000 to 18,000. Its destination, kept a profound secret until after it had departed, was found to be Pamlico Sound, by way of Hat- teras Inlet. The expedition encountered fearful storms. Some of the vessels were found to be of so heavy draft as to be unable to cross the bar. The New York, with a large quantity of arms, stores, etc., was totally wrecked; while the Pocahontas shared a similar fate, 75 horses being drowned on board the latter. Many days were consumed in getting the fleet into the sound. Investment and Capture of Roanoke Island, N. C. On the 7th of February, 1862, an attack was commenced on Roanoke Island, N. C, which was strongly fortified by the enemy, and garrisoned by some 4,000 troops, under command of General Henry A. Wise. The attack was opened by gunboats, which bom- barded the forts, while the troops landed beyond the reach of their guns. On the morning of the 8th the attack was resumed in earn- est. The Federal land forces, commanded by Generals Foster, Parks and Reno, marched through a swamp upon the enemy's in- trenchments, suffering considerable loss. The intrenchments w^ere carried by storm, the Confederates abandoning them and running toward the upper end of the island hotly pursued by the Federal forces. There being no means of escape, they uncondi- tionally surrendered to the number of 2,527. The Federal loss was 35 killed and 200 wounded; that of the enemy was less as they fought under cover. Among their killed was Captain 0. Jennings Wise, editor of the Richmond Enquirer. The Confed- erate commander made a lamentable exhibition of cowardice, feigning sickness, skedaddling to Nag's Head, and subsequently 20 PIlSTOKICAL SkETCFI OF THE ** making a masterly retreat " toward Richmond. On the fol- lowing day a portion of our fleet pursued the Confederate flotilla as far as Elizabeth City, where the latter, under command of Commodore Lynch was overhauled, and four gunboats destroyed. Edenton, Elizabeth City and other towns in North Carolina were subsequently occupied by the Federal forces. Federal Bayonet Charge at Mill Springs, Ky. Simultaneously with these brilliant triumphs, operations even on a grander scale were going on in the Southwest. On the 19th of January, 1862, the Federal forces, under General Thomas, met the enemy under ZoUicoffer, at Mill Springs, Ky., on the Cum- berland river. The action commenced at day-break and lasted until afternoon, when our troops, making a bayonet charge, the enemy broke and fled in confusion behind their intrenchments. They escaped across the river under cover of the darkness. Our loss was only 38 killed and 194 wounded. The enemy left 115 dead on the field, including their commanding general, F. K. Zollicoffer. The Confederate loss was 190 killed and 160 wounded. The Federal forces captured 10 cannon with cais- sons filled with ammunition, 100 wagons, 1,200 horses and mules, and a large amount of small arms, ammunition, etc. Capture of Fort Henry by Federal Gunboats. On the 6th of February Fort Henry, on the Tennessee river, was attacked by our flotilla under command of Commodore Foote. This fort mounted 17 guns and 10 mortars, but was oc- cupied by only a sufficient number of men to work the guns. On a hill were encamped some 5,000 troops, who fled on the ap- proach of the Federal forces, and succeeded in reaching Fort Donnelson, some fifteen miles distant. Our land forces, who had disembarked some distance below, did not arrive in time to par- ticipate in the engagement, and the victory was therefore wholly a naval one. After a short but vigorous bombardment. General Tighlman and 60 men surrendered, and the Stars cind Stripes were planted on the soil of Tennessee. The only casualty on our side was the disabling of the gunboat Essex and the scald- War of the Rebellion. 21 ing a few persons to death. After the capture, three or four gunboats ascended the river as far as Florence, Alabama. They captured two steamers and a gunboat while the enemy burned six steamers loaded with staves to prevent their falling into our hands. The Confederates Forces Evacuate Bowling Green, Ky. The enemy, who, to the number of 90,000 occupied Bowling Green, being menaced by General Buell from the north, and by Generals Grant and McClernand from the soath, evacuated this famous stronghold, and fell back rapidly toward Tennessee. A portion of them at least were supposed to make an attempt to reinforce Fort Donnelson, while another jDortion hurried to the defense of Nashville. Bombardment of Fort Donnelson, Tenn. But the tide of success had set m favor of the Union armies. General Grant left Fort Henry on the 12th of February, with a large force divided into two divisions, while six regiments had accompanied our flotilla up the river. The fort was garrisoned by 20,000 troops, under the command respectively of Generals Buckner, Pillow and Floyd. It was invested by land on the 12th, and on the following day occasional skirmishing took place. The gunboats, six in number, commanded by Commodore Foote, commenced a vigorous bombardment on the 11th. The water batteries were soon silenced; but not until the steering apparatus of two of our gunboats were shot away, and severe injuries had been inflicted upon the others. The attack by water was found to be impracticable owing to the great elevation of the works; and tlie disableii vessels were sent to Cairo for repairs. Temporary Success of the Confederate Sortie. The enemy, chafing under their confinement, sallied forth from their intrenchments on the morning of the 15th, making a vigorous attack upon McClernand's division, which formed the right of our army. The Federal forces were 23ressed back for a time and one or two of their batteries temporarily taken. The Union left, under General Smith, was at this critical moment 22 IliSTOKicAL Sketch of the ordered to attack the enemy^s intrenchments. Those were after an obstinate resistance carried, our right again assumed the offensive, the lost ground was regained, the captured batteries were recovered, the enemy were driven back within their lines, and our forces obtained a commanding position, when darkness put a period to the work of carnage. Unconditional Surrender of Port Donuelson. The next morning the Union forces made a simultaneous ad- yance from all j^oints, when a flag of truce came from General Buckner, proposing a conditional surrender. General Grant declined the modest proffer and demanded that it should be un- conditional. The Confederate general, after protesting against the conditions as '' ungenerous and unchivalrous '^ submitted to the fortunes of war. Fourteen thousand of the enemy laid down their arms — Generals Pillow and Floyd, accompanied by 5,000 troops, having deserted their comrades and ran away during the night. The Federal loss was 446 killed, 1,735 wounded, and 150 missing; that of the Confederates was 231 killed, 1,007 wounded and 13,829 prisoners. The Federal Forces occupy Nashville, Tenn. This signal victory created the most unbounded enthusiasm at the North and the wildest consternation at the South. Com- modore Foote, taking advantage of the panic existing among the enemy, pushed up the river with five gunboats, reached Clarks- ville, where the Confederates were supposed to be in large force and occujDied it. The enemy had in the meantime fallen back upon Nashville, where it was said the '^last ditch ^^ was to be dug. Our forces now appeared against the city from two direc- tions: General Buell from Bowling Green, and General Nelson, with steamers up the Cumberland. The Governor and Legisla- ture immediately left for Memphis, as well as many of the more prominent citizens. The gunboats in process of construction, and the railroad bridges north of the city were destroyed. On the 23d the advance of General Buell appeared opj^osite the city; Nelson and his column arrived a few hours later. A con- War of the Rebellion. 23 ference with the local authorities was had on the 25th, resulting in an agreement on terms for formal surrender. On the^ day following, the mayor issued a proclamation, urging the citizens to resume their usual avocations. Indian Massacre at Pea Ridge, Ark. While these brilliant victories were succeeding each other with such marvelous rapidity in Tennessee, our arms were no less successful west of the Mississippi. General Curtiss marched against Price, who occupied Springfield, surprised and put him to rout, pursued him over the line into Arkansas, and defeated him in several minor engagements. The latter, reinforced by McCulloch, Van Dorn and Pike, who commanded a brigade of savages, made a stand at Pea Ridge, Ark. A desperate battle, lasting three days and resultiug in a decisive Federal victory, was fought. The action commenced March 6th, when the enemy at- tacked our right and rear. Next morning our center made the attack, while the enemy vigorously assailed our right, the fight lasting all day at these points. At the close of the day the Fed- eral army had a decided advantage. On the morning of the 8tb, General Curtiss changed his front so as to face the enemy; Gen- eral Siegel drove him from the heights, our center and right pushed forward, driving his left and cross firing on his center. His front was broken and he was driven in confusion through the defiles of ^^cross-timbers." The fight was in some respects the most desperate of the war. The Indians scalped many of our men, and becoming frenzied with the sight of blood, are said to have turned upon their white allies and committed in- discriminate slaughter. General McCulloch and a large number of prominent Confederate officers fell. The Federal loss was 203 killed, 972 wounded and 174 missing; that of the enemy was 1,100 killed, 2,500 wounded, 1,600 captured and missing. Capture of Island No. 10, Tenn. Meanwhile our flotilla and forces designed for the conquest of the Mississippi were active. March 2, 1862, Commodore Foote made a reconnoissance to Columbus, where the enemy were 24: Historical Sketch of ^ he strongly fortified, and moved against it on the 4th, for the pur- pose of attacking it. The enemy had, however, evacuated it and fallen back on Island No. 10, forty-five miles below. Gen- eral Pope, anticipating this, had made a forced march from Hannibal to New Madrid, a few miles below this island, where, after a severe engagement, he established batteries and prepared to prevent the retreat of the enemy toward Memphis. The in- vestment of the island by the Federal fleet commenced March 16t]i; on the 20th, Commodore Foote telegraphed ^^that it was harder to take than Columbus.^^ Still our forces ^'made haste slowly.^^ A canal through a swamp on the main land west of the island, by which a part of our gunboats could pass below it and the passage of the river from the Missouri to the Kentucky shore was cut under direction of Colonel Bissell. General Pope also phinted his batteries so as to cut off all access by the river from below. The Confederate gunboats made various at- tempts to silence or run them, but failed. The investment be- ing thus completed, preparations for an assault were made, when, at midnight on April 7th, two Confederate officers boarded our boats with offers to surrender the island to Commodore Foote. Early next morning our forces landed, but found most of the enemy had fled to the mainland. They were, however, pursued and headed off, from 3,000 to 4,000 prisoners taken, and 100 siege pieces, several field joieces, and an immense quantity of small arms captured. The Battle at Shiloh, Tenn. Almost simultaneously with this a great battle was fought at Shiloh, on the shores of the Tennessee river. The enemy, after the capture of Nashville, retreated toward the south-west, estab- lished themselves at Corinth, Avhere they w^ere largely reinforced and where they prepared to make a stand. Our advance under General Grant, which had pursued them as far as Pittsburg Landing, w\as attacked by the combined Confederate forces under Generals Beauregard and Sidney Johnson, on Sunday morning, April 6th. The battle raged with terrific violence for War of the Rebellion. 25 many hours. Our forces, borne down by superior numbers, gradually retreated toward the river, when our gunboats opened fire upon the advancing foe, and thus saved us from utter rout. General Buel arrived in the evening, immediately crossed the river, and our army thus reinforced assumed the offensive the following morning," the partial disaster of the day before was re- trieved and a brilliant victory won. The enemy were driven back to Corinth; General Johnson was killed and General Beau- regard wounded in the arm. Our loss w\is 1,735 killed, 7,882 wounded, and 3,956 (consisting of the brigade of General Pren- tiss, captured by the enemy on the 6th) '' missing." That of the Confederates was 1,728 killed, 8,012 wounded, and 959 cap- tured. Re-organization of the " Army of Virginia." Operations in Virginia, which had been partially suspended during the winter, were in the meantime resumed. March 8, 1862, the President issued an order directing the general com- manding to organize the ^^ Army of Virginia" into four corps. On the 11th, another order was issued relieving General McClel- lan from supreme command, and limiting his jurisdiction to operations in the field. The advance of the Federal forces from Washington commenced March 6th, it having been ascertained that the enemy were falling back from their position at Centre- ville. The latter evacuated Manassas before the arrival of our forces— their extreme rear guard having left but a few hours before the arrival of our advance. They had succeeded in carry- ing pretty much every thing away, and what they could not bear off, they burned. T\\i pursuit was continued a short distance and then abandoned, and our forces returned toward Washington. The Federal Army Move " On to Richmond." It was originally determined by General McClellan to attack Richmond from two points, directly in front and indirectly by way of James river. McClellan embarked at Alexandria, with an army variously estimated at from 90,000 to 120,000 men; went down the Potomac on steamers or transports; landed at Fortress 4 26 HiSTOKiCAL Sketch of the Monroe, and pnshed for Yorktown, which he reached April 4th. This phace was strongly fortified, and garrisoned b}^ a considerable force under General Magruder. The attack was opened on the 5th, and the work of investment vigorously commenced. While the work was progressing, several sharp skirmishes occurred, the most important of which took place at Lee's Mills, on the 16th, when the Vermont brigade charged on the enemy's intrench- ment, carried and held it against overwhelming odds, but were forced to abandon it, after a loss of 35 killed and 120 wounded. The approaches to the phice were finished on the 6th of May, and preparations for a vigorous attack made. During the night, however, the enemy evacuated it, leaving behind 70 heavy guns and a large amount of stores and camp equipage. Federal Victory at Williamsburg, Va. They fell back to Williamsburg, their rear closely pressed by our forces. Here they made a stand, and a sharj) engagement occurred, resulting in a brilliant Federal success, and a pledge by General McClellan that he would *^ Drive the enemy to the wall." The Federal loss was 456 killed, 1,400 wounded and 372 missing. That of the enemy, 1,000 killed, wounded and prison- ers. Another sanguinary engagement occurred at West Point — an engagement that at one time threatened to prove a disaster, but which finally resulted in our favor. The Confederates ul- timately succeeded in making good their retreat toward Rich- mond. Our troops followed, but, owing to the bad condition of the roads, made comparatively slow progress. Naval Engagement at ^ampton ^oads, Va, Other events equally thrilling, if not equally momentous in their results, signalized the war in the extreme East. The steam frigate Merrimac, converted into an anomalous sea mon- ster, suddenly made her appearance in Hampton Roads, March 8, 1862. Several Federal war ships lay at anchor, among them the Minnesota and Cumberland. After firing a shot which killed five men, she ran into the latter. The ill-fated vessel fought nobly for a time, but being virtually " stove ih,'^ soon began to War of the Rebellion. 2T sink, and went down with a large number of persons on board. The monster then attacked the Congress, and after half an hour's sharp contest, in which the latter was riddled with shot, compelled her to strike her colors. After being run ashore, she was burned t(5 the water's edge. The Minnesota, on trying to come to the rescue of her unfortunate sisters, ran aground, but night coming on, the unequal contest was suspended. The " Monitor " Attacks the " Merrimac." The rest of our fleet bid fair to be destroyed the following day; but providentially the iron-clad Monitor' arrived during the night, and next morning boldly attacked the Merrimac. A fight without a parallel in naval warfare ensued. It lasted five hours. The combatants frequently ran into each other with all their force, and hammered away at each other with murderous violence. The Monitor was struck more than twenty times by balls, without material injury; while the Merrimac was so badly disabled that she had to put back to Norfolk for repairs. Our loss during the two days was 369, of whom 136 were killed, wounded or drowned, on board the Congress; while nearly an equal number perished on board the Cumberland.^ Rout of the Confederates at Winchester, Va. Our forces under General Shields gained a brilliant victory near Winchester, Va., on the 23d of March. Some 20,000 Confeder- ates, under General Jackson, were encamped near Strasburg. Shields having advanced toward them, suddenly fell back as if afraid to meet them. They followed him rapidly until near Winchester, when he suddenly fell upon them and put them to rout with fearful slaughter. Our own loss was very heavy, ag- gregating 567 in all. That of the enemy was 80 killed, 342 wounded and 269 prisoners. The houses for nearly twenty miles on the track of the flying foe were filled with the dead and dying. General Shields having been wounded. General Banks led the pursuit in person. * For more detailed accoiiut of battle between the Monitor and Mefrimac see page 222 post. 28 Historical Sketch of the Federal Occupation of Newborn and Beaufort, N. O, While these great victories were being achieved east and west, eqnally brilliant successes signalized our operations along the southern coasts. General Burnside was dealing hard blows to the rebellion in North Carolina. Newborn was captured March 14, 1862. The vessels comj^rising this expedition left Hatteras Inlet on the 12th; proceeded up the Neuse river and landed the troops eighteen miles below the town. The latter marched twelve miles during the first day, dragging their cannon by hand, bivouacked for the night, continued the advance at daybreak, and, came u^oon the enemy's intrenchments, defended by eight regi- ments of infantry, 500 cavalry, and three heavy batteries. After an engagement of four hours, their works were carried by assault. The enemy retreated in great confusion along the railroad, but prevented successful pursuit by burning the bridges. In the meantime our ships appeared off the town which the Confeder- ates had abandoned, after having set it on fire in several places. But the flames were extinguished by our troops, the place oc- cupied, and the Stars and Stripes flung to the breeze. We cap- tured 46 heavy and 18 light guns, 5 steamboats, a number of sailing vessels, a large amount of military stores, and 413 prisoners. The Federal loss was 91 killed and 466 wounded; that of the enemy was somewhat less, as they fought behind intrenchments. Subsequently Beaufort was occupied without opposition, as were several other points of importance. Fort Macon, N. C, was taken on the 25th of April, after a bombardment of four hours. Victories of the Federal Army in Florida. Commodore Dupont was at the same time winning brilliant laurels farther south. An expedition sailed from Port Royal early in March for Florida and Fernandina. Jacksonville and St. Augustine were successively taken. Fort Marion also surrendered without resistance, on the 12th of March. Fort Pulaski, on the Savannah river, was also invested after almost incredible labor. It was garrisoned by 400 men and was manned by heavy guns. Our batteries were placed on Tybee Island, from 1,700 to 3,500 War of the Kebellton. "^ v.,rrt, from the fort. On the 10th of April the enemy was sum- 'm n d tol^-nder, and Refusing, fire wa. immediately opened At the end of eighteen hours' bombardment a breach was «, but therfsistanee was kept up t-lve honr. o„ger Preparations for storming it were made, when on «« l"'^^h fort surrendered, witlx all its stores, guns and garrison. Oui ;i waso'ly one' man killed, and but four were injured w,th.n the fort . ^^^^^^ Expedition against New Orleans, La. Commodores Farragut and Porter had long been malung preparations for a demonstration agamst New Or lean . The foi- LTlmmanded the naval squadron while the aUer com- manded the fleet of mortai-s and gunboats fitted out in iNew Yof The vast armada, consisting of forty-five sail, left its indezvou in the early part of April, ascended the Mississippi a^ a rh^d off Ports Jaekson and St. Philip, seventy-five miles b low «^ city, on the 17th of that month. A d--^^ -'^b-" St et hed aero s the nver, while the forts commanded the s ream fom opposite banks, for a long distance. The bombardment wropeTed on the 18th and continued six days. Great damage Ts done to the forts; while the enemy endeavored to destroy our vessels by hurling fire rafts against them. The Federal Fleet Pass Forts Jackson and St. Philip. At len""usand yards of the fort. The effect was most damaging, 132 Historical Sketch o's the and the Confederate guns were soon silenced. The wooden ships followed, forming a second line of attack. The bombard- ment was resumed on the 14th and continued until sunset, when, in the expressive language of Admiral Porter, " the fort was re- duced to a pulp.^' A joint and Land Naval Attack by the Federal Forces. A reconnoissance was made by General Terry, and it was arranged that a joint land and naval attack should be made at three a. m. on the morning of the 15th. The assaulting party was formed in two separate columns, one consisting of a naval brigade, 1,200 strong, under Commander Breese, and the other, 3,000 strong, under General Ames. The former advanced against the seaward front of the fort, under a terrible fire. A desperate charge was made, but our forces were compelled to fall back. But while the enemy were giving their whole attention to this attack by only a brigade of our forces. General Ames was quietly entering the eastern side of the fort, facing the river. The enemy^s works at this point consisted of seventeen immense bomb-proof traverses. Seven of these were sj)eedily gained, and the eighth was reached, but subsequently regained by the enemy. Surrender of Fort Fisher and Fort Caswell, N. O. Here a desperate contest, lasting nearly eight hours, ensued. The fleet pounded away at the batteries still in the possession of the enemy. At four p. m. one-half of the fort was in our possession, and the contest was maintained until nine P. M., when our exhausted troops were reinforced. A final charge drove the enemy from the fort toward the extremity of the point, where the surrender was made. The number of prisoners taken was 1,900. Our loss was quite heavy, that in the military division being 691. Ad- miral Porter^s loss was about 600. Among the captures were 55 heavy guns. The capture of Fort Fisher was immediately fol- lowed by that of Fort Caswell and all the fortifications com- manding the channels of Cape Fear river. On the morning after the capture of Fort Fisher an explosion occurred, by which over 200 of our brave fellows were either killed or maimed. War of the Rebellion. 133 Capture of Fort Anderson and Wilmington, N. O. After the capture of Fisher and the other forts, the enemy rapidly retreated toward AVilmington, vigorously followed by our land and naval forces. The river was thickly sown with torpe- does, and our vessels were compelled to advance very cautiously. February 11th, 1865, a formidable movement against the city Avas made, which resulted in advancing our position some ten miles, meeting with considerable opposition, and losing some sixty men in killed and wounded. On the 17th, the Federal fleet attacked Fort Anderson, the last strong point on the river, just below Wil- mington, while General Schofield, who now commanded the dis- trict, advanced by land, hoping to cut off the retreat of the enemy. On the night of the 19th the enemy evacuated the fort, and succeeded in escaping capture. They left behind them ten heavy guns and a large quantity of ammunition. They made a slight stand on the 20th, but soon surrendered. Fort Anderson having fallen, Wilmington became untenable, and on the 21st the enemy began to evacuate it. On the 22d — Washington's birthday — it was occupied by our forces, and the stars and stripes were run up from the City Hall. The main portion of the Confederate garrison escaped; our captures, including those at Fort Anderson, aggregating 700 j^risoners and 30 guns. The Situation in South Carolina in 1865. Meantime, General Sherman was dealing crushing blows to the rebellion in South Carolina. The movement from Savannah, northward, commenced January 16th, by the transport from that city to Beaufort of Howard^s command, which consisted of Blair's and Logan's corps. Slocum, who commanded the left wing, started four days later, working up the right bank of the Savannah to Sister's Ferry. Owing to the high water and the want of pontoons a crossing was not effected until February 4th. At the same time, Howard had driven the enemy from Pontaligo, occupied and burned McPhersonville, and was moving across the Salkehatchie. Blair, who had the advance, effected the passage of the river, in the face of the enemy, who made a de- 134 Historical Sketch of- the termined but unsuccessful stand. Two positions were thus gained on the Charleston aud Augusta railroad, which prevented the enemy from concentrating their forces. They rapidly re- treated, behind the Edisto, to Branchville. This place was threatened by the Seventeenth corps, which compelled the Con- federates to destroy the bridges crossing the river. The Confederate Forces fall back upon Columbia, S. C. Orders were given by General Sherman to destroy the railroad, which was thoroughly done. In the meantime, General Kilpatrick made a diversion with his cavalry force toward Aiken, w4th a view to threaten Augusta. February 8th, General Williams occupied Graham^s Station, and on the 10th reached Blackwell, from which place to Windsor the destruction of the railroad w^as con- tinued. General Sherman now directed a movement on Orange- burg. On the 12th, the Seventeenth corps encountered the enemy at Orangeburg bridge, and dislodged him after a stubborn fight. Our forces emerged from the swamp, crossed the river and took possession of Orangeburg. General Blair destroyed the railroad as far as Lewisville, and on the 14th forced the enemy to retreat across the Congaree and burn the bridges behind them. Our army then headed directly for Columbia, South Carolina. On the 15th the enemy were found in strong position on the Little Congaree, but they were flanked, compelled to abandon the bridge and fall back upon the city. On the same day the head of our column appeared on the south bank of the river, opposite Columbia, but the bridge had been destroyed by the Confed- erates. A crossing was, however, effected on the next day, three miles above, by the Saluda and Broad rivers, and the city was approached from the north. Burning of Columbia, the Capital of South Carolina. On the 17th the place was occupied. General Sherman ordered the destruction of all arsenals and public property not needed for our own use, as well as all railroads, depots, and machinery useful in war to an enemy, but to spare all dwellings, colleges, schools, asylums, and harmless private Wak of the Eebellion. 135 property. A high wind blew, and General Wade Hampton, commanding the Confederate rear guard, ordered all the cot- ton, public and private, to be burned. The flames commum- cated to some of the buildings, but the fire was partially sub- dued by the efforts of our soldiers. Before one snigie building had been fired by our orders, the smoldering fires, set by Hamp- ton's order, were rekindled by the wind, and commumcated to the buildings around. About dark they began to spread, and got beyond the control of the brigade on duty withm the city. The whole of Wood's division was brought in, but it was found impossible to check the flames, which, by midnight, had become unmanageable, and raged until about four A. m„ when, the wind subsiding, they were got under control. The Flames Extinguished by Federal Soldiers. General Sherman, in his report, says: - I disclaim on the part of my army, any agency in this fire, but on the contrary, claim that we saved what of Columbia remains unconsumed. And, without hesitation, I charge General Wade Hampton with hav- ing burned his own city of Columbia, not with a malicious intent, or as the manifestation of a silly ^ Roman stoicism,' but from folly and want of sense in filling it with lint, cotton and tmder. Our officers and men on duty worked well to extmguish the flames; but others not on duty, including the officers who had long been imprisoned there, rescued by us, may have assisted m spreading the fire after it had once begun, and may have in- dulged in unconcealed joy to see the ruin of the capital of South Carolina. During the 18th and 19th, the arsenal, railroad de- pots, machine shops, foundries and other buildings were properly destroyed by detailed working parties, and the railroad track torn up and destroyed down to KingsviUe and the Wateree bridge, and up in the direction of Winnsboro." Heavy Rains Impede the Movements of the Federal Army. Leaving Columbia, General Sherman made a feint toward Char- lotte, N. C, whither Beauregard had retreated. Our movement north was seriously impeded by heavy rains, which continued many 136 Historical Sketch of the days. The Twentieth corps reached Hanging Rock on the 26th, and the left wing pushed rapidly toward Cheraw. In the mean- time the right wing had broken up the railroad to Winnsboro, and then hurried for Peay's Ferry, when it was crossed over the Catawba, the Seventeenth corps moving straight on Cheraw, via Young's bridge, and the Fifteenth by Kelly's bridge. Detach- ments were sent to Camden to burn the bridge over the Wateree, also to break up the railroad from Charleston to Florence. On the 2d of March a portion of the Twentieth corps entered Chesterfield, while on the 3d, the Seventeenth corps entered Cheraw, the enemy retreating across the Pedee. Prom this point the army was put in motion toward Fayetteville, N. C, which place was reached, without serious opposition, on the 11th of March. Here there was some lively skirmishing with Wade Hampton's forces, but no general engagement. The arsenal and other public buildings at Fayetteville were destroyed. Defeat of the Confederates at Bentonville, N. C. At this point General Slierman jDut himself in communication with General Schofield. The same day the gunboat Eolus, Cap- tain Young, United States navy, also reached Fayetteville, and through her he continued to have communication with Wilming- ton until the day of his actual departure. While the work of destruction was going on at Fayetteville two pontoon bridges were laid across Cape Fear river, one opposite the town, the other three miles below. On March loth the army commenced mov- ing on Goldsboro, feigning a movement on Raleigh. The fol- lowing day the enemy under General Hardee, were discovered in an intrenched position. A sharp engagement ensued, result- ing in the defeat of the enemy, and the capture of 3 guns and 217 prisoners. One hundred and eight Confederate dead were buried by us. The enemy concentrated near Bentonville, where they were attacked on the 19th. Our advance being repulsed and our entire line, temporarily pushed back, a new line was formed behind hastily-constructed intrenchments, against which the enemy made five assaults, but unsuccessfully. They with- War of the Rebellion. 137 drew during the night. The 20th, Sherman attacked with his whole army, and the enemy that night fell back to Smithyille. The Federal loss was 191 killed, 1,168 wounded, and 287 missing. Confederates, 267 killed, 1,200 wounded, and 1,625 missing. Junction of Federal Armies at Goldsboro, N. C. The next day Sherman was at Goldsboro, which Schofield had already occupied. The three armies formed a junction on the very day appointed by Sherman. Schofield commenced his march from Newbern to Goldsboro on March 6th. He was op- posed by General Bragg, who first made a stand at Kingston, where he was largely reinforced. On the 7th there was active skirmishing with the enemy, and on the 8th a portion of the Federal skirmishing line was captured. Our loss in prisoners was about 600 men, while 3 guns were captured by the enemy. In following up the attack the enemy were repulsed. On the 10th they were attacked and so vigorously pushed that they were compelled to fall back across the Neuse, leaving the way open to Kingston, which was occupied by our forces on the 13th. Eight days from that time General Schofield's army was in Goldsboro. The Stars and Stripes Float over Fort Sumter, S. C. The capture of Columbia, South Carolina, and the possession of the railroad from Charleston to Augusta, by our forces, ren- dered the *' cradle of secession" untenable. The evacuation commenced on the night of February 15th, and was quietly carried on two days and nights. Early on the morning of the 18th it was discovered that the Confederate works were aban- doned, when our forces hastened to take possession. The Fed- eral flag was immediately hoisted over Fort Sumter by a detach- ment of the Twenty-first U. S. Colored Troops, while Fort Moultrie and the works on James Island were simultaneously occupied. Soon after the city was entered by our forces under General Schimmelpfennig, a formal tender of surrender was made by the municipal authorities. The enemy previous to re- tiring set fire to all the buildings in which cotton was stored. 18 138 HisTOEicAL Sketch of the The flames sj^read on every side, and for a time the city seemed doomed; but thanks to the exertions of our soldiers, the fire was arrested and Charleston rescued from the doom which she so richly merited. The enemy destroyed all their iron-clad vessels in the harbor, and left behind them 450 cannon, most of them rifled, and many of them of English manufacture. General Sheridan Sweeps the Shenandoah Valley. On February 27th, General Sheridan commenced a movement up the Shenandoah valley, leaving a small force behind him at Winchester. Eeaching Waynesboro, his advance, under Gen- eral Custer, met the enemy in force, when an engagement took place, resulting in the rout of the latter. We captured 11 can- non and 1,G00 prisoners. The day following Charlottesville was captured by our forces. Sheridan now moved southward toward the James river, in two columns. One under command of Gen- eral Diven took a direct southern course to Prattsville, destroy- ing all the bridges, mills and manufactories along the Rivanna river, as far as Columbia. The other division struck for Lynch- burg, destroying the railroad as far as Amherst, a distance of forty miles; while Diven's division proceeded westward along the banks of the James river, destroying every lock on the canal as far as Dugaldsville, twenty miles from Lynchburg. On account of the high water in the river, Sheridan was unable to cross, so he moved around the north side of Richmond, and crossing at Deep Bottom, joined General Meade's army south of Petersburg. This " raid " was especially damaging to the Con- federates and went far toward making Richmond untenable. The Confederates under Lee Assume the Aggressive. The long inactivity in front of Petersburg was at last broken. On the 25th of March General Lee suddenly attacked our forces south of the Appomattox, at Fort Steadman. By massing his forces at this point, and hurling them suddenly and impetuously against the weakest point of our long line he hoped to break it, and thus compel General Grant to raise the siege. He massed three divisions of his army in front of the fort above named, and War of the Eebellion. 139 by a sudden rush succeeded in surprising and capturing the gar- rison, and turning the guns against the neighboring batteries. Three of these were abandoned and captured; but the enemy in attempting to capture Fort Haswell were checked. Our forces at this point (the First division of the Ninth corps) were rein- forced by the Third division under General Hartranf t, composed mostly of raw troops, which brought its batteries into position aud poured a concentrated fire on the enemy in Fort Steadman. Under cover of this cannonade, Hartranft succeeded, after a desperate struggle, in recapturing it with all its guns. The slauo-hter of the enemy was terrible. No less than 3,000 were placed liors de combat, while we captured 1,800 prisoners. Our loss did not exceed 1,000. General Grant Concentrates his Forces and Assumes the Oflfensive. This engagement was hardly over when General Grant as- sumed the offensive, by attacking the enemy at Hatcher's Run. The Confederate picket line was captured, when a position was taken to await the counter attack of the enemy, which commenced at half-past two p. m. The battle lasted until eight o'clock at night; our forces were then holding their own. This failure of Lee actually sealed the fate of Richmond. It became evident that the enemy would attempt to get away, and, if possible, establish a new -base" at a more southerly point. Thi- General Grant determined to prevent, and immediately took measures to assume the aggressive. He concentrated his forces by ordering the army of the James to the south side ot the river while he sent Sheridan with the Fifth corps, as an in- fantry support, to Dinwiddle Court-House. On the 29th of March he put his forces in motion, and encountered the enemy in large force, when active skirmishing ensued, in which the enemy gained some advantage. The Fifth corps, however, gained an advantageous position on the Boydtown plank road, from which, the next morning (March 31st), it advanced west- ward against the White Oak road. 140 Historical Sketch of the The Confederate Army Flanked at Five Forks, Va. The enemy were encountered in large force at Gravelly Run, when a stubborn engagement ensued, in which Warren's corps suffered a repulse. This exposed Sheridan, and for a time his position was quite critical; but he succeeded in holding his own. On Saturday, April 1st, the Fifth corps were added to the com- mand of Sheridan, who immediately ordered General Griffin to relieve General Warren. Having been thus reorganized, he moved against the enemy, who were strongly intrenched at Big Five Forks, covering the Southside railroad. In the earlier part of the day only the cavalry forces were engaged in the immediate front of the enemy. A stubborn contest ensued. The enemy des^oerately disputed every inch of ground, but were finally driven within their intrenchments. This having been done. Griffin's corps were brought up on the right, the Confederates were completely flanked, and 5,500 prisoners captured. This result was signal and decisive. Grant now knew that he had the game in his own hands, and at daylight of April 2d, he ordered an attack along the whole line in front of Petersburg. The Federal Forces Capture Fort Mahone, Va. Heavy cannonading had been going on during the night. Gen- eral Wilcox was ordered to attack Fort Mahone, on the left, and massed a column for the purpose. Similar dispositions were made at other points along the line. Owing to a mist which hung over the field, the preparations had been concealed from the enemy. At four o'clock the signal was given. The men advanced quietly and in perfect order, with fixed bayonets. That they went to stay was indicated by their being accompanied by a detachment of heavy artillery, prepared to turn and work the enemy's guns. Presently musketry was heard, and the Con- federate picket line was reached; now a hearty cheer, followed by the roar of musketry. The cheering and musketry firing was taken up, and ran along to the left until it was lost in the distance. The artillery on both sides was at work, and 300 big guns belched forth their thunder; but the work was quickly War of the Rebellion. 14:1 done. Harriman, of the Thirty-seventh Wisconsin, acting brig- adier, gave orders to "charge bayonets! double quick! "and away the Federal forces went over breastworks, rifle-pits, fl^^S^^^is, cheveaux de frize, and parapet of the fort into the main work, and the deed was accomplished. Desperate Efforts of the Confederates to Retake the Fort. For one moment the thunderstruck Confederates looked, and then took to flight. But our troops were too quick for all of them, and captured 250. Nine guns were found in the fort, and quickly trained and set at work on an annoying Confederate battery. This, with simultaneous operations to the left, cut the Confederate lines in two. Scarcely were we in quiet possession of the fort, however, when the enemy, having reorganized their forces, and picked up sundry reinforcements, came up with a determined effort to retake it. They made a most desperate assault, standing up manfully against terrific discharges of grape and cannister and withering volleys of musketry, but it was all to no purpose. Four times during the day did they attempt to retake this important position, but were each time sent reeling back in disorder, losing heavily. Confederates Evacuate Petersburg and Richmond, Va. At the same time, the Sixth and Twenty-fourth corps having broken through the Confederate lines in their front, were swung around their left, and came down both upon their rear and flank. Sunday night our troops occupied the entire line of Confederate intrenchments, from the Appomattox above Petersburg to the river below. The Confederates hastily evacuated Petersburg, and before daylight Monday, the 3d, it was occupied by the Na- tional forces. T'he evacuation of Kichmond followed. Sunday afternoon General Lee telegraphed to Jeff. Davis that all was lost. The latter was in church when he received the dispatch, and immediately prepared to leave the city. Before night he and his cabinet had departed, taking with them the '' govern- ment " archives, and such specie as they were able to collect from the banks of the city. Early Monday morning, April 5th, 142 Historical Sketch of the General Weitzel entered Eichmond, and took possession, in the name of the Federal government. Five hundred guns, 5,000 stand of arms, and 6,000 prisoners were captured. The enemy also abandoned 30 locomotives and 300 cars. Previous to leaving the city, General Ewell fired it, and a portion of the business part of the place was destroyed; but the flames were finally arrested by our soldiers. A few hours after its occupation by our forces, President Lincoln, who had been at City Point for several days, entered the city, where he was kindly received by the people. Retreat of the Confederate Army under General Lee. General Lee having been forced to abandon Petersburg and Eichmoncl, rapidly retreated toward Burkeville, with the evi- dent intention of reaching Lynchburg or Danville, and establish- ing a new ^* base '^ in South-western Virginia or North Carolina. But General Grant had taken measures to frustrate this. Sheri- dan with his cavalry was sent to ^Miead off "the Confederate army, while Meade pressed close upon its flank and rear. On the morning of April 5th, the main body of the Confederate army was near Amelia Court-House, forty-seven miles from Petersburg, while Sheridan, by making a wide detour, had reached Burkeville, fifteen miles farther west, and directly on the way to Lynchburg. He sharply attacked the enemy's flank; several corps of Meade's army were close at hand, and the pros- pect of *' bagging" the enemy were most flattering. On the afternoon of the oth, Sheridan telegraphed Grant: " I wish you were here yourself. I feel confldent of capturing the army of Northern Virginia, if we exert ourselves. I see no escape for Lee." The morning of the 6th, General Meade moved the Sec- ond, Fifth and Sixth corps upon the retreating columns of Lee. The Fifth corps made a long march, but was unable to strike the enemy until he had passed. Terms for Surrender of General Lee's Army Agreed Upon. The Second and Sixth corps struck the enemy near Deaton- ville; a sharp conflict followed, resulting in their rout and the capture of several thousand prisoners, including Generals Ewell, War of the Rebellion. 143 Kershaw and Cusfcis Lee. Lee's position was now desperate. He had lost more than one-half his army, while the remainder of his troops were utterly demoralized and dispirited. General Grant, having arrived at the front, addressed, on the 7th, the following note to General Lee: ^'General — The result of the last week must convince you of the hopelessness of further re- sistance, on the part of the army of Northern Virginia, in this struggle. I feel that it is so, and regard it as my duty to shift from myself the responsibility of any further effusion of blood, by asking of you the surrender of that portion of the 0. S. army known as the army of Northern Virginia.^' General Lee replied, that while he did not entirely agree with General Grant as to the '''hopelessness" of his position, he reciprocated the desire to avoid the useless effusion of blood, and asked the terms which would be offered on condition of surrender. Grant replied on the 8th, that peace being his first desire, he should insist upon only one condition: That the men surrendered should be dis- qualified for taking up arms against the government of the United States, until properly exchanged. Surrender of the Army of Northern Virginia to General Grant. Further correspondence followed, resulting in a meeting, which took place on the 9th, when General Grant proposed his terms, which were accepted. The terms were as follows: ^^ Rolls of all the officers and men to be made in duplicate, one copy to be given to an officer designated by me, the other to be retained by such officers as you may designate. The officers to give their individual paroles not to take arms against the United States until properly exchanged, and each company or regimental com- mander to sign a like parole for the men of their commands. The arms, artillery and public property to be marked and stacked, and turned over to the officers appointed by me to re- ceive them. This will not embrace the side arms of the officers, nor their private horses or baggage. This done, each officer and man will be allowed to return to their homes, not to be dis- turbed by United States authority so long as they observe their 144 Historical Sketch of .the parole and tlie laws in force where they may reside/' General Lee replied: ^^I have received your letter of this date, contain- ing the terms of surrender of the army of Northern Virginia, as proposed by you; as they are substantially the same as those expressed in your letter of the 8th instant, they are accepted. I will proceed to designate the proper officers to carry the stipu- lations into effect." The officers gave tlieir personal parole not to serve in the Confederate armies or render aid to the enemies of the Union. The entire number of Confederate prisoners captured in the series of operations, from March 25th to April 3d, was estimated as high as 30,000, and the Confederate loss in killed and wounded, 10,000. The number of men paroled was 26,000. General Johnston's Army Surrenders in North Carolina. Meantime, General Sherman was preparing to give the finish- ing blow to the rebellion in North Carolina. April 10th his army set out for Ealeigh, which was reached on the 13th, and after a considerable skirmish occupied. At the same time Gen- eral Sherman was operating to the westward, to prevent the es- cape of Johnston and his junction with Lee at Danville. The 12th of April Sherman was informed of the surrender of Lee, and immediately communicated the fact in a congratulatory order to his army. General Johnston having intimated a will- ingness to surrender on the same terms as General Lee, a meet- ing between the two chieftains was arranged, which took place on the 15th of April. At this it was arranged that the Confederate forces should be permitted to disperse and go home, carrying with, them their arms and other implements and munitions of war. It was also stipulated that certain polit- ical privileges should be enjoyed by the dispersing forces, which would make them rather victors than vanquished. This arrange- ment was promptly disapproved and repudiated by the govern- ment. Sherman was ordered to give notice of the immediate termination of the truce; the commanders of other departments were notified to pay no attention to the arrangement between War of the Rebellion. 145 Sherman and Johnston, while General Grant hurried to North Carolina to assume personal command. Preparations to resume hostilities were made, and Johnston, seeing that further resist- ance would be hopeless, concluded to accept terms similar in effect to those offered to Lee, with the difference that the paroled prisoners were allowed to retain their horses, their wagons, and five per cent of their small arms, to protect them on their way home. The surrender was made on April 26th, and embraced about 30,000 men. Immediately afterward, the main body of General Sherman's army set out on its return north. Assassination of President Abraham Lincoln. On the evening of April 14th, 1865, President Lincoln, while occupying a private box in Ford's theatre, was shot in the back of the head, by an actor named J. Wilkes Booth. He lingered in an unconscious state until seven o'clock the next morning, when he peacefully expired. Secretary Seward and his son Frederick were assaulted at their residence, about the same time, and both left for dead. Fortunately the assassin did not com- plete his work. The people of the North were intensely exas- perated; the South was charged with the responsibility of the hellish act, and a loud cry for vengeance was raised. But the government warily declined to yield to the popular cry for blood, contenting itself for the time with the trial and execution of the immediate authors of the assassination. The Final Operations in Virginia and North Carolina. The fall of Richmond, and the surrender of the armies of Generals Lee and Johnston, virtually ended the rebellion; at the same time, our armies and navies were hastening to give it the finishing blows at more distant points. On the 2d of April a combined military and naval attack was made on the outer de- fenses of Mobile. This was continued, with short intervals, until the 13th, when the city was surrendered. The enemy lost 1,500 men in killed and wounded, 6,000 prisoners, and 150 guns. Our entire loss during the siege did not exceed 2,000. General Stone- man, of the department of the Cumberland, made a raid of five 19 146 Historical Sketch of the hundred miles through Virginia and North Carolina, captured Salisbury, April 13th, after a sharp encounter, and took 1,400 prisoners, and an immense quantity of provisions, stores, etc., which he destroyed. Suspension of Hostilities in Georgia and Alabama. General Wilson, of the same department, made an extensive raid into Georgia and Alabama. Leaving Chickasaw, Ala., on March 22d, he rode six hundred and fifty miles through a country which the war had hardly touched, destroying every thing in his way. He captured Selma, Alabama, on April 2d, together with 2,400 prisoners and 100 cannon. On the 12th he captured Montgomery, the original capital of the rebel Confederacy, without firing a gun. On the 16th he cap- tured Columbus, Ga., after a stubborn resistance, including its garrison of 2,000 men, and 70 cannon. On the 21st he ap- proached Macon, Ga., when he was met by a flag of truce, by Howell Cobb, announcing the armistice between Sherman and Johnston. Military operations were suspended, and before they were renewed Johnston had surrendered. During this brilliant raid no less than 6,000 prisoners and 200 cannon were captured. Flight of the President of the Confederate States. Jeff. Davis left Richmond on Sunday, April 2d. On the 5th he reached Danville, where he issued a frothy proclamation, an- nouncing his intention of fighting ^' until the last armed foe ex- pired." But the surrender of Lee caused him to change his mind. Accompanied by his family and a portion of his cabinet, he made tracks for the South. He reached Charlotte, N. C, on the 25th, where he made a speech; he reached Yorkville on the 28th, and Powelton on the 5th of May. His intention evidently was to escape either to Cuba or Texas; but General Wilson lay between him and the gulf and the Mississippi river. The party now broke up, Breckinridge striking directly for the gulf coast, while Davis, accompanied by his family, his personal staff and Postmaster Reagan, headed due southward. On May 7th Colonel Harden of the First Wisconsin struck the trail of War of the Rebellion. 147 Davis, and meeting Colonel Pritchard of the Fourth Michigan, a vigorous pursuit was commenced. Harden followed the trail, while Pritchard endeavored to intercept the fugitives at Irwins- ville, Ga. Capture of Jeflferson Davis at Irwinsville, Ga. He reached that place at midnight of the 9th, and learned that Davis was encamped two miles out of town. Before day- light he had quietly surrounded the camp. Meanwhile Harden's men came np from an opposite direction, and Pritchard's troops, supposing them to be Confederates, fired upon them. Several rounds were exchanged before the mistake was discovered. The firing aroused the pursued, who found themselves surrounded. A woman came from one of the tents and asked if ''the women inside could have time to dress." This was granted, and soon after three persons dressed in female attire emerged from the tent, one of them apparently an infirm old lady, carrying a pail in her hand. The ''old mother'' turned out to be Jeff. Davis. The party were taken to Augusta, Ga. , where they were joined by Alex. H. Stephens, who was arrested on his farm; thence they were con- veyed to Savannah, and from there to Fortress Monroe, where Davis was placed in solitary confinement. Davis was subsequently taken from Fortress Monroe on a writ of haheas corpus^ and con veyed to Eichmond, where he appeared in court, and was admit- ted to bail in the sum of 1100,000. The following became his sureties : Horace Greeley, Augustus Schell, New York; Aristides Welsh, David K. Jackman, Philadelphia ; W. W. McFarland, Eichard Barton Haxall, Isaac Davenport, Abraham Warwick, Gustavus A. Myers, William W. Crump, James Lyons, John A. Meredith, William H. Lyons, James Thomas, Jr., Eichmond ; John Minor Botts, Thomas W. Doswell, Virginia. The name of Horace F. Clark, of New York, was added, he having sent a note for that 2:>urpose. Surrender of the Last of the Confederate Armies. May 4th, 1865, General Dick Taylor surrendered all the forces, munitions of war, etc., in the department of Alabama, Missis- 148 Historical Sketch of the War of the Rebellion. sippi and Eastern Louisiana, to General Canby. The terms were substantially the same as those conceded to General Johnston. Included in this surrender Avere the Confederate gunboats in the Tombigbee river. Several minor Confederate forces in different j)arts of the South surrendered in like manner and upon like condi- tions. But the rebellion, although thoroughly crushed in the East and South, still sustained a feeble vitality in Texas. On the 21st of April Kirby Smith launched a defiant proclamation an- nouncing his intention to ^^ fight on, fight ever;" while, as late as the 8th of May, a meeting of the citizens of Richmond county was held, to raise the '^ sinews of war."" But the surrender of John- ston and the capture of Davis had the effect to cool their ardor. On the 23d of May, Kirby Smith sent officers to General Canby, at Baton Rouge, to negotiate terms of surrender. On the 26th the surrender was consummated, and thus the last Confederate army ceased to exist. The surrendered armies rapidly resolved themselves into their original elements. Both officers and men, as a general thing, went to their homes and resumed the pur- suits of peace. RECONSTRUCTION OF THE SECEDED STATES. The overthrow of armed resistance to the National Govern- ment was followed by proclamations, issued by the president, appointing provisional governors to reorganize the governments of the respective States, and reinstate them in their proper rela- tions to the general government and in the exercise of all their functions. The names of the provisional governors, ai^pointed by these proclamations, will be found under the respective States. The president, in various dispatches to the several gov- ernors, informed them that there were four conditions neces- sary, in his opinion, to reorganization, viz., abrogation of the so-called ordinances of secession, the ratification of the consti- tutional amendment abolishing slavery, repudiation of the Eebel debt, and security to the persons and property of freedmen. Upon the cessation of hostilities, reconstruction, or questions involved in the restoration of the people of the insurgent States to the political privileges enjoyed by them in the Union before the withdrawal of their representatives from Congress, in 1860 and 1861, furnished an engrossing theme for discussion and legislation. A brief resume of -the action of conventions. Legis- latures and the people of the insurrectionary States during the year 1865 is here given. Cessation of Hostilities in North Carolina. In North Carolina, the cessation of hostilities was announced by Major-General Schofield, in an order dated April 27', 1865, and on the succeeding day he issued an order declaring persons heretofore held as slaves to be free, and asserting it to be the 150 The Reconstkuctidn duty of the army to maintain that freedom. Wm. W. Holden was appointed provisional governor, June 12th. In July, Presi- dent Johnson ordered the cotton of the State to be restored to her, and directed that the proceeds of all that had been sold should be paid to her agents. On the 8th of August, Governor Holden ordered an election for delegates to a State convention, the election to take place on the 21st of September, and the con- vention to meet on the 2d of October. Repeal of the Secession Ordinance. The State convention met October 2d. The ordinance of secession was declared '^nuU and void"' on the 7th. Slavery was forever prohibited on the 9th, and State and congressional elections were ordered on the 10th, to be held November 9th. On the 12th of October, the convention tabled a proposition to repudiate the Eebel debt. On the 18th of October a telegram was received from President Johnson insisting upon its repudiation, on the ground that the holders of the debt should ''look to that power they tried to establisli in violation of law, Constitution and the will of the people." ''It is their misfortune and cannot be recognized by the people of any State professing themselves loyal to the government of the United States and in the Union. ^' In compliance with this telegram, on the next day — the 19th — the convention, by a vote of eighty-four yeas to twelve nays, passed an ordinance prohibiting the assumption of the debt, and refused to submit the question to the people. The election took place as ordered, Jonathan Worth being chosen governor, over Provi- sional Governor Holden. The ordinances abolishing slavery and repealing the secession ordinance were approved. The Situation in South Carolina. In South Carolina, on the 2d of May, 1865, the Rebel governor, Magrath, issued a proclamation directing that the Rebel stores be turned over to the State officers, and be by them dis- tributed among the people, which was followed, on the 8th of May, by another proclamation, summoning the State officers to the Capitol, to resume their duties. On the 14tli of May, Major- OF THE Seceded States. 151 General Gilmore issued an order declaring mill the governor's acts and notifying the persons interested not to heed his proc- lamation. On the 30th of June, President Johnson issued a proclamation appointing Benjamin F. Perry provisional gover- nor Governor Perry issued a proclamation on the 20th of July, designating the first Monday of September for an election for a State convention. The convention met on the 13th of September, and on the 15th repealed the secession ordinance by a vote of one hundred and seven to three. On the 19th of Sep- tember slavery was declared abolished, "the slaves in South Carolina having been emancipated by the action of the United States authorities." On the 27th, a State election was ordered for the third Wednesday in October, and on the 29th the con- vention adjourned. James L. Orr was elected governor and the Legislature met in October. Ratification of the Constitutional Amendment. On the 28th of October, President Johnson sent a telegram to Governor Perry, who was still acting as provisional governor, expressing the hope that the Legislature would ratify the con- stitutional amendment abolishing slavery. On the 31st of October, the president sent another telegram, expressing ^'deep interest '' in the action of the Legislature on the amendment and the Eebel debt, and affirming his "trust in God that restoration of the Union will not now be defeated." On the 1st of No- vember Governor Perry responded, stating that the debt con- tracted by the State during the rebellion is very inconsiderable, objecting to the second section of the amendment, affirming that '^in good faith South Carolina has abolished slavery, and never wilf wish to restore it again," conveying the information that ^Hhe Legislature is passing a code of laws providing ample and complete protection for the negro," and averring that - there is a sincere desire to do everything necessary to a restoration of the Union, and tie up and heal every bleeding wound which has been caused by this fratricidal war." On behalf of the presi- dent Secretary Seward responded on the 6th of November, stat- 152 The Reconstruction ing that Mr. Johnson "is not entirely satisfied with the explana- tions," that "he deems necessary the passage of adequate ordi- nances declaring that all insurrectionary proceedings in the State were unlawful and void ab mitio; " that the objection to the sec- ond clause of the amendment " is regarded as querulous and un- reasonable, because that clause is really restraining in its effect, instead of enlarging the powers of Congress," and that "the president considers the acceptance of the amendment as indis- pensable to a restoration of her relations with the other States of the Union/' Objection made to the Repudiation of the War Debt. On the 13th of November the Legislature ratified the amend- ment, adding " that any attempt by Congress toward legislating upon the political status of former slaves, or their civil relations would be contrary to the Constitution of the United States as it now is, or as it would be altered by the proposed amendment, iu conflict with the policy of the president, declared in his amnesty proclamation, and with the restoration of that harmony upon which depend the vital interests of the American Union." On the 20th of November, Secretary Seward telegraphed Gover- nor Perry expressing the gratitude of the president and the country at the ratification of the amendment, and trusting that the State will lose no time in disavowing the Rebel debt. This dispatcli also directed the provisional governor to continue to act until relieved by express directions of the presiden:. On the 27th, Governor Perry responded " that the convention hav- ing been dissolved, it is impracticable to enact any organic law regarding the war debt," and advancing reasons against its repu- diation. Secretary Seward replied, stating that the objections urged are of a serious nature, and that the president awaits with interest an official expression upon the subject, from the Legisla- ture. On the 21st of December, the committee on federal relations recommended the appointment of a joint committee to inquire into the amount of the debt and to whom due, and to report at the session of the Legislature iu November, 1866. OF THE (Seceded States. 153 General Sickles nulifies the Amended Code. An act to amend the criminal law was passed December 19, 1865, by the terms of which marked discriminations were made against the colored race. On the 17th of January, 1866, Daniel B. Sickles, Major-General U. S. A., commanding the Depart- ment of South Carolina, issued an order disregarding the code. It provided that the laws should make no discrimination on ac- count of color or caste, and that all laws should be applicable alike to all inhabitants; all methods of industry should be open to all persons, and no freedman should be required to pay any license fee nor submit to any ordinance not imposed on all other persons; no person shall be restrained from seeking employment, and all combinations to compel involuntary labor or to limit com- pensation for labor, or to prevent the sale or hire of lands or tenements, were declared to be misdemeanors, punishable by fine of not exceeding $500, or imprisonment six months, or both. Corporeal punishment was prohibited, except by lawful persons on minors. The vagrant laws applicable to white persons should alone be applicable to colored persons, and numorous other regulations for the proper protection of the freedmen were pre- scribed. , „^ ^ r « Reconstruction in the State of Georgia. In Georgia, a proclamation issued by the Rebel governor, Joseph E. Brown, May 3, 1865, convening the Legislature in extra session, was annulled by Major-General Gilmore on the 14th. On the 17th of June, James Johnson was appointed provisional governor, who, on the 13th of July, ordered an election for dele- gates to a State convention. The election was held on the first Wednesday in October, and on the 25th of the same month the convention met. The secession ordinance was repealed on the 30th. A telegraphic correspondence took place with the presi- dent relative to the Rebel debt, who responded that they should not hesitate a single moment in repudiating every single dollar of it; that it would not do to levy taxes for its payment; that he did not believe the mass of the people of the State would submit to the payment of a debt which was the main cause of their 20 154 The Reconstruction suffering; that those who held it must take it as one of the in- evitable results of the rebellion; and that *^ it should at once be made known, at home and abroad, that no debt contracted for the 23urpose of dissolving the Union of the States can or ever will be paid by taxes levied on the people for such purpose." Secretary Seward responded to a dispatch: "The president of the United States cannot recognize the people of any State as having resumed the relations of loyalty to the Union that admits, as legal, obligations contracted, or debts created in their name to promote the war of the rebellion." On the 4th of November slavery was declared abolished, the government of the United States having emancipated the slaves as a war measure; and hav- ing carried it into full practical effect, provided such acquiescence shall not prevent any citizen of Georgia from making a claim for compensation on the justice and magnanmity of the govern- ment. On the 8th of November the debt was declared null and void, by a vote of 133 to 117, and the same day the convention adjourned. An election was held on the 15th of November, the Legislature met on the 4th of December, and on the following day ratified the anti-slavery amendment. Action Taken by the State of Alabama. In Alabama, Provisional Governor Lewis E. Parsons, who had been appointed June 21, 1865, issued a proclamation, July 20, ordering an election for a convention on the 31st of Ai:\gust, which election was held, and the convention met on the 12th of September, and on the 20th of the same month abolished slavery, ''as the institution of slavery has been destroyed in the State of Alabama," declared the secession ordinance ''null and void," and repudiated the Eebel debt. The convention adjourned on the 30th of September. On the 20th of November the Legis- lature met. It ratified the anti-slavery amendment on the 2d of December, " with the understanding that it does not confer upon Congress the power to legislate upon the political status of f reed- men in this State." A new Penal Code was adopted. It made no discrimination on account of color, except that it prohibited OF THE Seceded States. 155. marriages between white and colored people. Governor R. M. Patton, who had been elected in November, in January, 1866, vetoed three bills, one to regulate contracts with f reedmen, because there was no special law necessary; the second, to extend the old Criminal Slave Code to free persons of color, on the ground of its impolicy and injustice to the negro; and the third, to regulate the relation of master and colored apprentice, because he deemed existing laws applicable to apprenticeship amply sufficient, with- out operating upon a particular class of persons. The Legisla- ture also passed a joint resolution declaring ^'that Alabama will not volnntarily consent to change the adjustment of political power as fixed by the Constitution of the United States, and to constrain her to do so, in her present prostrate and helpless condition, with no voice in the councils of the nation, would be an unjustifiable breach of faith; and that her earnest thanks are due to the president for the firm stand he has taken aganist amendments to the Constitution being forced through in the present condition of afi'airs." Reorganization of the State of Florida. In Florida, on the 8th of April, 1865 Abraham K. Allison, president of the Rebel Senate, announced the death of John Milton, Rebel governor, and appointed June 7th for the elec- tion of a successor. On the 14th of May, Major-General Gil- more issued an order annulling this proclamation, and com- mandmg the people to give it no heed whatever. On the 13th of July° William Marvin was appointed provisional governor, who on the 3d of August, ordered an election for delegates to a State convention, to be held October 10. On the 29th of August, Governor Marvin informed the president of his progress in the work of reorganizing the government. Secretary Seward responded on the 12tb of September, in which he stated that the president approved the work as in the mam judi- cious, and said ^Hhat it must be distinctly understood that the restoration to which your proclamation refers will be subject to the decision of Congress." On the 7th of October Governor 156 The Reconstruction Marvin, in a letter addressed to Secretary Seward, expressed the objection of the people to the ratification of the anti-slavery amendment, and asked the opinion of the president relative thereto. Secretary Seward responded, on the 1st of November, that the president " regards the ratification by the Legislature of the amendment as indisi^ensable to a successful restoration of the true legal relations between Florida and the other States, and equally indispensable to the return of peace and harmony throughout the Republic." Slavery Abolished and Debts Repudiated. The convention met on the 25th of October, and on the 28th annulled the ordinance of secession. On the 6th of November slavery was abolished, ^'slavery having been destroyed in the State by the government of the United States." On the same day, an ordinance was passed submitting the question of repu- diating the Eebel debt to the people, but this was reconsidered on ascertaining that the executive branch of the government demanded it as a condition of recognition, and direct repudiation was adopted. On the 29th of November a State election was held. The Legislature met on the 18th of December, and on the 28th ratified the anti-slavery amendment, ^^ with the understanding it does not confer upon Congress the power to legislate upon the political status of the freedmen in this State." An act passed January 21, 18G6, made the judical tribunals of the State ac- cessible to all the inhabitants, without distinction of color, subject only to the restrictions of the State Constitution; re- pealed all laws theretofore passed, relative to colored persons, except the act preventing their migration into the State, and the act prohibiting the sale of fire-arms and ammunition to them, and made the criminal laws of tlie State, excej^t so far as modi- fied by other legislation, applicable equally without distinction of color. Proceedings Taken in the State of Virginia. In Virginia, on the 9th of May, President Johnson recognized the Pierpont administration as the legal government of the OF THE Seceded States. 16T State. The Legislature met on the 19th of June, 1865, and on the 21st passed a bill submitting to the people of the State the question whether the Legislature should have power to alter the article of the Constitution prohibiting persons from voting or holding office who have held office under the so-called Confederate government, or under any rebellious State govern- ment, or who has been a member of the so-called Confederate Congress, or a member of any State Legislature in rebellion, excepting therefrom the county officers. The question sub- mitted was decided almost unanimously in the affirmative at the State election held on the 12th of October. The Legislature as- sembled on the 4th of December, and passed a bill providing that all qualified voters heretofore identified with ^' the rebellion,^' and not excluded from the amnesty proclamation of President Johnson (with the exception of those embraced in the ^* $20,000 clause "), can recover the right of suffrage by taking the amnesty oath of the 2yth of May, 1865, an oath to support the restored government of Virginia, and to protect and defend the Constitu- tion of the United States. A vagrant law was passed by tha Legislature, by which persons being idle, or who refuse to work for the wages commonly given to laborers, shall be hired out by the officers of the law, for a term not exceeding three months. This law was abrogated by General Terry, on the ground that in some sections combinations had been formed to pay wages much less than would furnish an adequate support. Reconstruction in the State of Mississippi. In Mississippi, Wm. L. Sharkey was appointed provisional governor on the 13th of June, 1865, and on the 1st of July or- dered an election for a convention. The election was held Au- gust 7, and the convention met on the 14th. President Johnson, on the 15th, sent a telegram to Governor Sharkey, expressing the hope that the convention will amend the State Constitution so as to abolish slavery and deny to all future Legislatures the power to declare property in man, and also that it would ratify the anti-slavery amendment. He then continued: ^^If you 158 The Reconstruction could extend the elective franchise to all persons of color who can read the Constitution of the United States, in English, and write their names, and to all persons of color who own real estate,-Talued at not less than $250, and pay taxes thereon, you would completely disarm the adversary, and set an example the other States will follow. This you can do with perfect safety, and you thus place the Southern States, in reference to free per- sons of color, upon the same basis with the Free States/^ On the 21st of August an ordinance was passed prohibiting slavery, the institution having been destroyed m the State, and on the 22d the secession ordinance was declared null and void. On the 1st of October an election was held; the Legislature met on the 16th, and on the 17th Benjamin G. Humphreys was inaugurated governor. State Government of Louisiana Recognized. In Louisiana, there was no interference with the State organ- ization formerly made. In November, J. M. Wells was elected governor. In March, 1866, James T. Monroe was elected mayor of New Orleans, and James 0. Nixon an alderman, both of whom were prohibited from holding office by General Canby, until the pleasure of the president was known, which was sig- nified by their ^' pardon " and assumption of office. The laws of the State relative to laborers and vagrants were stringent, but made no distinctions on account of color. Reconstruction of the State of Texas. In Texas, Andrew J. Hamilton was appointed provisional governor. The State convention abolished slavery, annulled the secession ordinance, repudiated the war debt, required five years' residence for eligibility to the Legislature, made white population the basis of representation for State purposes, and exempted all persons from accountability who, during the war, under author- ity of civil or military power, had inflicted injury upon persons under the new Constitution. OF THE Seceded States. 159 Reorganization of the State of Tennessee. In Tennessee, Wm. G. Brownlow was elected governor March 4, 1865. The suffrage laws made loyalty the test, and ex- cluded from office persons holding office voluntarily under the Rebel government during the rebellion. The laws of the State placed blacks ^nd whites upon an equal footing. The State Government of Arkansas Recognized. In Arkansas the State government headed by Isaac Murphy was recognized by President Johnson as legal. The first meet- ings having for their object the organization of a loyal State government were held in the autumn of 1863. A convention met early in 1864, and framed a State Constitution, abolishing slavery, repudiating the Rebel debt, and annulling the action of the Rebel authorities, with the exception of marriage certificates, acknowledgments of deeds, and other acts of a similar character. A provisional government was organized, with Isaac Murphy for governor. Reconstruction Proceedings in Congress. Congress assembled on the first Monday in December, 1865, and organized by the election of Schuyler Colfax as speaker, and Edward McPherson clerk. Immediately after the organization, a joint resolution was adopted, providing for the appointment of a committee of fifteen, nine from the House and six from the Senate, to which was to be referred all questions relative to re- construction. Various propositions on this subject were intro- duced and referred. Two distinct parties were formed. One held that the work of restoring the Rebel States to their prac- tical relations to the government had been fully accomplished by the president, and the other denied the proposition. The party holding the affirmative of the position was further sub- divided. Some denied the power of the president to exact any conditions of the Rebel States, holding that with the laying down of arms, and their return to peaceful pursuits, they at once became entitled to all their former rights and privileges; while others held, with the president, that when active hostilities 160 The Reconstruction ceased, the Eebel States had no legal civil governments, and that the steps taken by the president to organize valid governments, and the acts he required of those governments as conditions of their recognition by the United States government, were just and legal. The portion of Congress which held that the presi- dent had not completed the work of restoration, also denied his power to do so, insisting that his acts were of a provisional nature, and subject to the revision and sanction of Congress before they could be held to be constitutionally valid acts. This portion of Congress was for some time divided in sentiment as to what fur- ther action must be had before the work of restoration could be deemed complete. One section held that- no Eebel State should be "readmitted^' to its old place in the Union till it had placed all its citizens, without regard to color or caste, on a perfect civil and political equality before the law. Discussion of Plans for Reconstruction. Another section held that the property of leading Rebels should be confiscated, and their political franchises should never be restored, and that the work of reconstruction should be com- menced de novo, by the loyal inhabitants thereof, without regard to color; and that when State Constitutions should be adopted, in which no distinction of color, caste or creed should be inserted, then the State should be entitled to admission into the Union. Another section proposed to offer universal amnesty to the South in return for universal suffrage. And still another section, which finally absorbed all the others, favored the principles embodied in the civil rights and freedmen^s bureau bills, and the constitu- tional amendment. Those who favored the imposition of fur- ther conditions insisted that they were necessary in order to secure to every inhabitant of the country full and equal protection in life and property, and to preserve the nation from any at- tempt at its disruption in the future. This proposition was denied by the supporters of the president. While these propo- sitions were being discussed, elaborated and perfected, persons were claiming seats as senators and representatives from the OF THE Seceded States. 161 Rebel States. Their right to those seats was broadly maintained by the body of the supporters of the president's policy, and as unqualifiedly denied by the majority of those who dissented from that policy, while a third class, composed of a few from each party, insisted on the right to tlieir seats of those only who could take the ''test" oath, that they had not voluntarily aided, encouraged or participated in the rebellion, or held office under it. Terms Agreed on for Admission of Representatives. Those who opposed this view held that even loyal men could not be admitted to seats as representatives of States in which the work of reorganization had not yet been legally perfected. This view was sustained by the majority in each branch of Congress, in the adoption of a concurrent resolution, that no representa- tive or senator shall be admitted from any of the eleven Rebel States, till Congress shall have declared such State entitled to admission. This resolution was reported in the House from the reconstruction committee February 29, and passed the same day by a vote of 109 to 40; and it passed the Senate, March 2, by a vote of 20 to 18. A bill to enlarge the powers of the f reed- men's bureau was introduced into the Senate at an early day in the session, and passed that body on the 25th of January. It went to the House, was amended and passed, on the 6th of Feb- ruary, by a vote of 136 to 33. The Senate, on the 8th, concurred in most of the amendments, and on the 9th it needed but the signature of the president to become a law. The bill was re- turned to the Senate, on the 19th of February, without the ap- proval of the president, and the question of passing it over the veto was lost on the 20th, the vote standing 30 to 18. Passage of Civil Rights Bill over the Veto. Another bill, continuing the bureau for two years, passed the House on the 29th of May, by a vote of 96 to 22. A similar bill passed the Senate June 27. The differences between the two houses were adjusted, and the bill was sent to the president on the 3d of July, who returned it on the 16th without his ap- proval, when it received the sanction of two-thirds of both 21 162 The Reconstruction of the Seceded States. houses — in the House by a vote of 10-i to 33, and in the Senate by a vote of 33 to 12. The civil rights bill passed the Senate February 2, and the House March 9, and the Senate agreed to the amendments of the House March 15, and the bill was vetoed March 27. The bill passed the Senate, over the veto, April 6, by a vote of 33 to 15, and the House on the 9th, by a vote of 122 to 41, and thus became a law. It, in brief, established univer- sal and impartial conditions of citizenship, giving to all citizens, irrespective of race or color, the right to testify in the courts, sue, make contracts, etc., establishing all citizens equal before the law, with the exception of the right to vote and hold office. The result of the war was to leave the south in a very desti- tute condition. To relieve this destitution, the Senate passed a bill on the 9th of March, appropriating $1,000,000. This was amended in the House on the 22d, and authorized limited relief to be afforded through the freedmen's bureau, and the Senate concurred in it. For several months thousands received daily rations through the bureau. April 2, the president issued a proclamation declaring civil war at an end. CHRONOLOGICAL LIST OF ENGAGEMENTS DURING THE WAR OF THE REBELLION, 1861-65. 164 List of Engagemenis of the CO I CO oo o H O xn H o H sjanosijj : eS P9pnnoA\ •p^ms g .^« : g^.« i-HNco lOirt'^t-- rr = S : •SJ8nosiJd; ■pepnnOAX IM -HJi-H^D •psins eg . ^ ■ ■ : C .2 -^ o :>H J3 -^ ^.0^2 -.St) 5;^ o 2 W)c3 ^3 = •13 : c : "^ : <» . a> CO NN «1-H '^3.2 o .5 • '3' cc -J.;; — 1*1 "a EC ^H — ,K So co5 111 ■°3 0^ "s: War of the Rebellion. 165 S : t * : S? ! s S ;eo ^ .^(n<©»o 1 o :g'- : . : "* JO •* i iii •iH ^OfMMtCOeOi-H i SI : ;| : 1 : : : : ^ . . . . a§ CO (M CO ■ t- CO 00 • c3 • C :w . » to ■ w ^. .0 oo; 03 ■ ® a^ o Oh «3 tc ^ • o o SEJ c a : .— CO O-^ o3 K ■ •*<5?K> C CS C3 ^cot-T3_^t3 sJrna^Q o • •■" Tl (T* (M j2 '^ ^ , .^ 2r • GO .« .!3=l'^!Cl : :p^p: CO XI dtJ C-l ■?! c +^ -3 ^ S S « f^.^-Otw' o^f^'P o o o W . _ O Is! *3 J3 *J '^^ »3 _-e-TH" '^.-^ tfl -(JfTHiJrX^JI— 100005 ai£ a c S >, c« O :^ 0^ O t. c3 — c.^. _-a> fc- > t-3;— ' eS oi cer: 3 ill ^CO 3 a l4 O .^ M tH o III s 1 1 . 0) • -^^ ?>a3 ^1(^^ -* CO I- 1- 1- 1- i-HiHrHi-ti-lrHi-lT-l iH 1-1 M s;^i:j 05 CO ic uri t- CO o 166 List of Engagements of the •Bjauosu^ • : :S : : : • t- . • • • : : : • : : ! : M : • : •papunoi^ CO ; ■« :^ : : : ;0 • : : ^ r^u ^ .S : : •P9II!2 . . . -o aV • . . . . . O ■ • jj^l • . . . . •sj8aosu ^ |o5 c3 — 2 > •r- -Ss ■i^'S >sf ;^co *j T) kj; *j :|J Sl3 ^^1= • c3 ._r K 0) .y '^ ^ ffi 2? o m a? oT t> O S-^^ t- !3 O ©5 Oi O « fc- 0)53 0} fupqoBocqiJ^ijSKCQQQ MOJ Cl) d O C O «*E C^ :« cS Sr-(rH55(M(MNO^eO lO t-t-ODiM ^ ^ War of the Rebellion. 167 lO ; ;s ^g S i: CO (M .^5 ?.: I: icia •: ^Jh ■.:^?.^ i 8Sg;^ •OOiO • r-l S'«g CO :S ^t^ oeo s ococc : :^ . . i : : : : : : ' ■ ooo. ^ U : (M g-*^ • -"tl la -O i- §;j; H: C-ICO CO S^ : »o^ OM ;^r^ §5 01 CO OJh o =; 5 — . ^co. ,^co a5 .Oh ZI •■ s- w rf ^ • 2 «^ ?- " :t3 _ _ "do « . g 5-. "Si I'd =3 5 i-scot- 1«^ :^' o _: ^ ^ - a ■■vH'aw «'d.2 ■>*< OS SW f5 «3 05 fl) c -^ :b a ^ M a.3 *J „ aj3 r- © O d 03 u = q> •J2 O i3 = :« !- a ^B I -la '^3 ~ . o 3 . o a ^B c o t- « v3 fe 2 -rt s: - tit) o g *- 0)53 -•^ •-3 C3 C3 d. ; > CO ^ V a 2>f I— I •«« O 1 6 > ■g «>. M^ ^ 123:^ 3~b B «= I- 03 ♦J N CO in <» 05 c CO ^§5 ^^ 168 List of Engagements of the gW 8 . • Ed a 6 saauosuci l*^ ; : : : ; •p8panoj\\ i 1 «?§^S : . • iCiO S? : : : :a . :S : g ^ --coco co^ iCCO Nt-^C-ii-t-- o •psiira Si saanosuti ii ; ': : : • • • ^ : • ■ ! ^ S l-OJ^ OO • • r- t- •papunoAV " • c S "" 00 -* I- (M t- eo c: "=^^ : .-'^ :^ ; : ° •paillM ; c a d fs •fc;^'t5 J . : : : . : . : o : :§ ■•ill? ^ : ■• : • b ■ • .a • • ^ : : T3 ^ • § : -1 S; C •"is : c • > : c . 03 ■JS )th and 31st 111., 7th la., till. Art., 3 Cos. 15th 111 •ht" burned by U.S. Fr . ■ >. > CCO t 3(1 Missouri Cavalry. . 1 1st West Virginia Cav E, 3d U.S. Inf., Cos. Ga Batteries A. F and L, 1 id C, H and K, 3d U. S. ri Cavalry vania Cavalry i Cavalry . t inth Missouri Cavalry t 3d Pennsylvania Caval d Nevp Jersey ambardm , 31st, 33d ecruits of th Ohio, men of etachmen S. Art., ai 21st Missou 7th Kansas 1st Pennsy 1st Missour Detachmen Detach mei 30 men of 3 Citizens' R 3d Illinois ( 9th and 13 2d W. Va ■ ^ ^1 . kSk;==q cod ; 6 c : :S . 3 O e ' • .5 S o • :W ; : ee . . . a : :• ;^ . o ■fei pa o ■u • >< • c3 ■ 4J • : >4 : : es . . . o : 3 <1 c O O ^5> : : :-^ ^^6^3 c : o 5! J. ° Is o ^ % si Lancaster Little Blu Drainesvi Black Wa Salem, M Vienna, \ Anandale Dunksbu Bertrand, Camp Al tain, W riO t- t- t-o:oo^^t;; SSSi .^ggg""^-*;:;?? i > o 1 ^ War of the Eebellion. 169 s S : g : § : t- S^ ^ • • § : : 1 : • N ?3 «o S .g^ : ^ S CO ^«o : :5 i: oco : ■■•:::■ : : :•:.•; . : • : : : ?J 00 S"^ ONOOfO o '-' 0*0 r^JCCO CO :S 1 : ■ 3^M ^ ^ O! ^' sS !=1 S *-i CC' S a 5 .^'3 o^ o »-5 • 05 I'd : a CfAoa 05 -1^ <0' 65 ;s : :S 1=1: : gl^; ': .;z; ss M-d ; • ; t- rg . • o3 >.§ « g . C «^"l ■ = SII : ■.^ 3 Static rdsville Mo., a or Blac S3 ;(S |5, r/5 •^■"•O^ CO c rt t/ '-^ 5 C owle Mum ilfor Mou ,?SS "3^ ciS P^ •3 ?l^ tj P5 S fl K^ a. j> 00 S5^ ■^fCOCC r-l C^5^ m it — .+3 :C^ ^ .0. o o t> 2 o i: fee : • CO : Cog ® !» o3 •pH -}^ '-tf o S C 011^ o ^i tl rf t- 000000 c a> .-?cs c 5 So g O Mg :ph s5^2 I'd j;.20 2 ■-.= «-. O tfi S2 C5 o) 170 List of Engagements of the SJ8nOSTJ ill • 9:: : r ?^ ^ • I/! ^t; ^ ie ■^'*' ^^'Q-^'^'-' r^TS a2«^ -r fCt--HOO 2iS © 3 .s o Boo 53Q War of the Eebellion. 171 o ^'® S : : i : : i : : ; t-OTd OCOiC s 8 §r . :'-' 8 : : i :"' : t-eoc* jccg s sSi: ; i »S ; ; i : : : §-- »o cow 05 1 ;<« »nr-i • s 1 ffl .M N »0 iH iM CO -tHO '-I'-H .' °^ : c-£3 : — o 73 -"^ > .1- CO "O . i 33-0 ►*3 33 3 SHjq o • :,o . ■ a • ■ 3 : C0|-( 'J3 Jc3 ■CQ O . 73 C c a ■ 3 o : CO « CO ira I- "S3 , o coo3 r '— ' a; • ■^ ; C"S St) o cc '^&t>-.2 'E "i ^ -n J S -73 '. r 5 O)^-^ en M^ □ M ,^ a_^ • *j tooo ^^ to -rj< rl .-I S^J i-HWH ^ o ■ o — « : . 2 •^' es ^ fc- © o » o o o t>tT3 . 3 C^ s; rt S^-S S a si*^ ^)A^ ^ §1 eg w tjDa U3 03 -C ^ O 05; SgSf >©J CO »OCO O ej S~ !- O 0^ 23 S ?; t^ =« S 5 O OJ O rt 1-C0 05 a CtD .95 cs -a *J C c 0) m - ^^ « «-> oT. 3 a a O So (B O) 0) 172 List of Engagements of the •saanosuj H ;M §::.§: <^^ : :g : •papanoAi i-- s . : •S •psiira :8 •* .^- : B^ : §§S CO sjaaosiJj pspunoAA -*0 COiMr-l O S^ lO •« » •paillH ce t> c • d So o ots d e = S JcOrt*^ Sis "^ t- P 4j -^ 'E o w^^5ci?.gss o • .2 ■ 1 CO I • ' ' A I tS •' c P-O — ' o MOO -i^'V ' c +J *J *i ■< .^ 5 o ® >! ce '^'-^lOto ^ ^' ■1-= (^^ "^^ " O ^ > K '^ Eh © O © CO (53— C (B © C M© lis ^ © ;§o O X ^«*<-»J •^ c b>- © . •^05 j^oQ o S (B a ^ 04 ^ CO OiOS " — c S go §=2 M;2 :s3 •CO •dw en rt 5:5 o a 61 fc. "2 ^-5 .^8 a a .- :S .S>> C) c >. fcn' 00 CO :Spih a ■^si a' •d o •^ ^ "3 t- O r/J_ t- -t Ctf -J fl O) a c3 3 'Oi— , -u cc COM o— < H S 6f is :a : . ,0 '^ c^ =3 = 3 >.>n-) -^-^^ ==-fi ''^ gt;*^5=25-5ao>jacD £0.-t2>'0-2[rC;O:SK^;« cc o .r:*^ cc a o os-a o « :j3 . *^ ■ 3 : o .02 I'd <1^ -"S ►J c3 HO t- o J3^ eh;^ ^ M iM IM ■<**■*■*-* lO «D !0 t-X)CDC OJOJ CO; THr-t ©^e 5^3 1^' ^ o g cs oiH"^ . (1, o ce-d°^ a c • ® Co S o . 174 List of Engagements of the sjauosjjd p9panoM •pailI3 Sg3S sjaaosuj: papuno^Ai s s •pains 6 H "A O < o "A Em O CJC-l •>.^ \c^>^ eS S O— — - — £-1 O 56« -Do 4J cn'd 02 ^ t; -k^ o c\t -^ ^ ^ -':; CO r-i 7^ -^ iM CO O - rcsUn -*i'0 03 IMCOr-l ^ CO :q CO • o a _ *a O COrH ;> • .-« « • c 33 C -an >> d s a ■ rt \> ; © ®*3 o t> ^ > : '■£ ■ :£^ : : 3 : •JS • 03 w «e5 •C 2 c o -art i 5 ^ > >-2 Q c 03 a 51 o 2 ® o i ^S ©oq lis Ed <1 In front of Horton's M Paint Hock Cumberlan Monterey, Bridgeport darkens H( III 5.9 11 i-!l 3 Is 111 SSjSiSSgJ^^ rrxJ^iO >a iOt^ t-eo COOSO § _ ^ S- ^ < S War of the Rebellion. 175 : :S iH CO 00 . ->!*< - . . . : .§ : ; S : CO NfH(M t- ■ :^3 |-: : ° :S :| ; : 1 lO (M • : : ; '• • ; '■ si; sr^ ; •: CO -N CO ^co --gcS t^OCOWWO (Mcoeoo-* 1 -* JS com 05 5 ^ CO ''*.'"' ' 2- «« 9 >•: o X20 • • *• 6 J : :cS^^^ ■^ o ^ .^5a .^. ■»^ -Si* 2 CC D .tMii 5^ -SO : Sf * ^ S3 • © S o S Co -i!]-^ t>*=s:- =^ •— j::3 d Cti . .S: i^ c- 02 -lis 3^2 ©J3 .-^^ 1^ © (3 © © a © © O 10 CO t- OS S53a^?^S5S ?5§5^^^ c5cS N 176 List of Engagements of the sj9aosia c M^ n^ ca hJ^ fflH ffi o War of the Rebellion. 17" g : : : : .S .8 .^ s • O . -<** S . : i 1 rH CO t; ■ W "- : iC : : : : ■S ■■ : ■ 1 & r j in : : : : : : ,3:1 :s|aiai n : S .05 00 s ^^-^s eOCOr-i ir O 1 s o > o I-, Ph o aa ^ a O.CO a" CO © . . 6 pi 9 *^f« "pHg§aS ?5'~'--^ so l>- _ *j ID ^ ■■2? ■ 3' *.■> hC t- (^ +;> O ^6 o"-^ >ii cC 113111 4J __ 3 +J ^ 43 CD'S *J *3 rHC^ cot- .tut • Q'np5 - 'SJ3 a s t"* '55 p^ K ^ ^ a © © § s o * * ■ ■ . c • :^ . . o •'■» : =3lf * > o : s : 3t-ics OTJ I* ... -=3 tn t? "5 a -a^^c:* « 2 M rf < ® > i2 o fa S3 > =5 if llii =0 i2^ ©1-^ M coeo •^«o 0^3 ^§5^ Eh S ? "da, *r "Ig © C3 S ^ " "m 53 a c s «'* 5 m 03 > S 03 S- > b cs b;a jaCLiC boo >> 3 •-3 o 23 © C M «- O — «o S .2: © i^ • c CST3 © so a "a .2, ^ -2 o ..2 c ^=.=° ° « O© •^ © fe-a t- © fcC 73'^ C j!; (D tC ••J O iT S- ©>s* ■^^^^ u a" . © C Q c«a> gT! 03 a fc-:n_ 3 <^ ^ ss "O acj si- -.2 M °, ^ a-sl? * «»2 = O 1Y8 List of Engagemenis of the ■ sj9nosiJ J : S"^ : .S «o •papuno^ * -i- CO ; ; ; la i'cS?. : : i; •psiira 05 g * -e- o^ (M :«l| o ^ 6 H !^ o o o sj8aosiJtj iOwCii-i-<-<3iie«'l 'p9panOj\i. S S 2 s »o -* CO •PQIIIS O O , oo: I— IlO OOl-H > e« i o © • d . tit ' '-'xi •EL-^;::: ^ « ^ ^ g t^jq .o .2 ''- o ce >,^a)'o © .c ^oix: ^ ™ _ m5 5; _ n:, P '^ D ^ S i2°^ ti72 ,^ c!z: CD ~ ^ CS ^ r73 P _ ^-^ Co tJITJ ^ M c g c5 " "S ©M t, f* o -a "War of the Rebellion. 179 : : • "^ o 8 : o> . ; i s • !- :§S : • eo . ; §:•."' ■ oeo?o ; "-^ g : lO . CO ^ i" (M.-I . »o-* . . oo -^ s a« : : ; :aJS : § ; ; ; § .to :S §^ ^-^ .^ ^ « o«'^;h**J3 •t-iO : JJ ;-=« as- cS •S « a • -^^ -^ OS (MCO :;2; :c :s .. o ; 2 :^ > • • k: • 2x • ^ • w| i?',^ .^s ^:g - W err : o! c : cs 5 O-'b-ia rP^ -> .— a SJi c3 a ct c/3 *^ "5 ^ cs ; o) S :^ o -c? O sjO :o ;5 • ■ 0) --a : -a :^. >>** c 4J j; W CS uj -4J -k^rl^ "r> (-(°0 ^ rK-^r^^^ *->'da3 -u ri o> -*2 a a; S: -i*io iflin 180 List of Engagements of the •SO 6 QQ H O : ' :S :§5 CO 8 &3 ■9J9UOSlJ«I • S3 a> «0 t- ; «5-* • o . o C3 H o •papunoAi CO •-H eo t- T-irc^?'^ — ^ . . ^ i-Hcp • a> u •paillH C>J * : : : : 00 '. ^ _ 1^ < •sjaaosu*<>ONN «S § ;^ '^'=°S S §? o ■* -^ir -*t- -4 . g eo • coco rH CO •P^IUH 1-1 • I : ; rH • . ^ : ;a ^mm "i" .J2 : H • © c > ■. •'3 • : I'd : -Ms .-ol d : >> : M : .2S : ■<] •+3 • o C > • CS IZi t: •-2 rf B'« •a i ^ • : : '■> s o P«« : 1 % O a *S 1 a si . S. Gunboat "Fleet" men of llth Missouri th Missouri State Mil h N. Y. Cavalry, 1st V t Wisconsin Cavalry . t Wisconsin Cavalry, etachments of 4th K Cavalry I Pennsylvania Cavalr th Me., 6th Mich., 7t 30th Mass., 9th Conn., and 6th Mass. Batteri( artion of Hooker's Di Richardson's Div., 2d o O >• 15 31 etachmentof King's th and 42d Ohio, 14th Wis. Battery S H^t^;^;^^^ ;::Ss 5^P §;2 P^ S^^ PS •"a :c3 : :> '. ':§ : ii . H •*E ^ ^S • • o c3 pc] iw ■ ■§ ;2 ; !> sj • S «r > ' 1 •2 a ■ o 1^^ ©=-2 <3 : : 83 •+3 ^ ■ 3 . H .a o^a >'JS - . 'a c II a • © o • i . c Ml .2"S £3 ^1 PI OOO = 1^ o£fl o S.Ja H o^ - jll o © tl II g^ THeaNN NCOM Mec"* ■^la ta oco«o oco i i>^ >. si 3 < "War of the Rebellion. 181 .?§ • CO ■ ... .woo ^ § Sn ; :Sc 02 o )g _ w • eocoNO S S^^~8 : o o o o*^ C5 S's! m IMi-hO cs » a csa Q,0 * OO .r-l HS.2 o-O' 5j ;5^,>'s5 :bd - -c^f^:5; o >> Is g j3 © OJ^'ffl'S „ y a> 3 II "SO 02 O Ot a a O * IS CQ'd ^5 o C 01 o j3 a a c 5 ctf •SI'S a O o aj.:: brc.2 cS c3 O ™ a a ^ '§al . a a5 ® OJO-g^ =8® ^1 . a; sa >, . : ests : - : . o c . c . .^fQ :a ■ : ce (u M : c • oi--- u • (u o .M a 03 c :w§.Sft 3 cS © Q, :o ^ 3 "^ ^oj Jsj 'S'-sr:^ ''s "2 c ^ oco ^^5 iH i-l i-H ri i-HrH rH r-rHi-l r- rH N 55 M IM i^ cs 03 CO tn is o :0 O •- ti-S c3 1§ ^^ • o S?^ So M^^; Oro o. -.2 miS a, "m 5 ^ "S 15 'd 5 *i ^ M-S O O l?2SS SS^ aj3 • r o*; ; > ®^'t, a o a.tf CO M = 'j3 S 83 ®T3 3, i1 3 , J _ _ ca O) 7] = C C M St Sa3«5 ^t: > (£ 33 ^ fQ S S Wak of the Rebellion. 183 : : i i C.|:o in :g c-i ;s i 2 : • g cooco 00 0-1-* em i ■T^HOO «" ^-:i^ : : : : • S'oo : 2o $3S 3 o«o .^'^ : : § § § :s fa ^ •- M . >^< t'-.T! .S -^- «• %^5 a o m t3 " :> c3 rS 0) s (D CI- CO 3 1 ■<*'S»0'J ^ i-l»»J02r-l -*(MmCOCO ,- ^_j.^— 03 ^'Oifa (Deri's en CO Q CO ^fa-:!! c 13 -U 03 rt S ■ 03 ec =: a" - c S ^ .- CO CO cot> Hc«2 faM -c : 3 . CO : w : •T3 ::^ » a ■ •?f . p, :-^ ^ • >. c n StJ W §S ^^ r,^ D ;h 5 '> 3 "u £3 S tS S3 51 a s i^S 3 3 a t^ S Q 5 © "in -O © c ■ o J3 (> 1) • Z, : >.1 ; ,^ : o W « Ed Q anley's and Hamilton's Army of the Mississippi, u Geul. Kosecrans* h Corps, Griffith's and Bar flflpa t Brio:ade, Army of Kansas adeMo. Militia Cavalry. .. th 111., 77th Penn., 4th Ind. h 111., 8th Penn., 3d Ind. Cav ton's Battery cKean's, Davies', Hamilton' ley's Divisions, Army of l 35 urlbut's and Ord's Division! ilmer's Brigade t Cf)rps Army of the Ohio, McCook, and 3d Corps, Gilbertll nion troops commanded Col. Boyle, 9th Kentucky C etachment 4th Iowa Cavalr Jtachment 3d and 4th Ohio 3tachraent 6tb Iowa Cavalr m iO V co« S = c:s P C QQ > © > a 1 i s H S 1 I .2 H © © 4J O ,=5 C<] •< e- w © 4 tn tq 'O" s ' >. O O i CO c tic ■li 1 o 2 1^ is <1 § O 'E c to © . 1 o i ? ,23 c Cl, "2 u © 5^ o © i d © =3 a 0) S3 M s ^ E^K O s JA. W .J JI a §■ B ^r. ^ »o t-so O r- t^» S s CO s a © ■tS OT o o © o a © • a 'C'O u-d © p to a -ilH on: ^::3 ■^«"§*- -o a © o 1 ^ "* Q} © I if ii © •^ =.:*: © S3 o ©ffi^ 0£2 sL © © © s a ;a © © c © © I ! la War of the Rebellion. 185 § §*»S!2g S .g ^ * ?§ t- • * _Oiir3 . S I la I- CO Q N • S t^ •e in a i :sS i : : r" • I^S"* o s .g :" :S : S 05 : S : g 3^ § • i-H C^ O kO (MCC rf 03 C ^ (D S rtO . co-d , ^ ^ «<5 .« , ( ,■^3 " *J 'a — t- CO ^ OD > >> ■^4^ CO tC** 5 u «5 ?? c .2^ a >.t5 > • >, ■Oils • 2 c O CM S = ^ 13.25 ." > *§ S C; ea TO ^-2 i >.= (^ a; So « _ ES '^-dO iS cS o c ^ s :::: « a "J W r^ CO ^ CO 11 C CO ^5 'o'd M :b^ I to O CO o [rH CO<— I 1—1 'dj3 ,co if :5 .2'' :.2 ftp ^3 O g « eS tj)©o 51| SSI -d <«^ c— o a IE . "d aj o d • cs o : - •'d ^?; e.si cp> a g5 o < © .©. o !«ii >- ^1 •r ?5=:/t > = o e« .i2- « 3 — I 3 © 3 jj ^ L> CO a-d M o * 2*^r:3 C CO > ^«© ^ > ©.12 *© 2 Q 5 SZ fe 23S2?MCCIC0»O tS) 24 CD t- 1« CO t— CO •■ >i-nO »ot- o> eieo 186 List of Engagements of the sjauosiJd S^ S" .10 papuno^ . g S: •P911I3 : ; ^ 8 ■SJ8nosiJ(j sSS : . . : S papano_Ai i S -: •pailI3 CO H ;^ < O H CO fM oi 4:1 '"'■^ -.2 EC S ■ J3 -jtH . _, S;s: : > c ^ •0^0 bag ^'hiSc^© r ■ tx ijjT3 tie j'O.rriu-. ui > "13 =*'->i5 CO i- C3 53 <5 ! C _^ '1— H>^ «S S S - td ^> : 3 -C *r^ CO '« m S o S3 a 2 J u rt •- a •^ 00 o c ^ IM ^-S O (M cs iio C t/2 Mg^I 6^ o CO G © © tn to £3 -© gH 2. Ti Tl li «^ S-l s § to fd G © «s • — =^ o a M feO ©'^ © "O © U O ©-S © M GO © !1,,2;; O oJ'C O P 3 O ^bd^ o o . 11 © a 3 ^ 521g^ B c o i, © ^ 7^ >■:; o 13 © © — 0:3 t_f3 © a 2 33 I 3=1 O ■BT K^ ^ ii !^ 188 List of Engagements of the ^ ^ ■so 6 w H o e o ejeuosujj •papanOjVY :S •P9III3 •sjaaosua • : : i : 1 i : : : \ ', \ \ i •papnno^ |3«-^3 i : : :S \ '^ ^S CO •paillH —,0 r,- _ :S C3D 2 o c — ^oPh''^^;^ o§i>5 ^ 11^:11 c« iS ^ vv £; 03 r- C O . :b r-3 ►- e3 01 > --^ O -1-1 S-^ - = ^ .QO c >," ^'13 ^• .'O-C '^^ ^^^■. O r-( O > c C^D ':3 02 o c CO CI ^ -fed O)- O © O 2 05 - X rt 0) OrT* t^ cv' - w 00 OCOU3 -* s ^ ^ s §a^ ^ War of the Eebellion. 189 JO • • : :^ o " ; i : 1 ^ : ; : 1° :§ -* 03 . ii 1 •H- : ; s is^ ,-§: : : ; : r : ; : "* S aa 5S~ • 00 § "S g(M : ;t- .CO to s T^ ■* -^CS S^ . '-* « 2* ■H- * -*'"' : :£i .0) «o s O a •3 ;fi, .2- 3i :^ 15^ = is :1a :o :> o a; ' oj -S?S^ 73 o; O ' - o 3 a 1|?1S| eocc 6X) : EC .2.G ■as O* tj ^ i-H CH (M :o|^9 ^5^ o -I tn 73 S CO - t- >. Prt *J >. = 5- •2 = 2 O o — CO lei S3 So H^ ^3 rS^. > aTcfl c C3 M ^3 2 ?Bn fl a :! 2^ n'^ PM WQ ^ 4^ eS fl 0) hf) Ph •u fn a -Tl ^ ^ ran II fl '.73:3 fl • > © : r* cs '13(15 'd-3 .2 C^'d'D ^02 d G gG.2« S to c g gS« •2g.- t; M G St:* ^ Co -IJ t« m 3 ® -G-G O G btijw c g2 m M-GCOrH GTS— ^ ,oG.| "S o J5 o t3 «C CO „ I s :^ S' ©l^NN S s < 190 List of Engagements .of the •sjeuostJd; : • • ^S : g o •pgpunoAi : CO •P^TITH 8 : : « • • g § ? '-^ ■< H a u pen •saeuosuj '■ ^s in •pepuno^ ^SS - 00 OJ 00 r^tO • (M s CO 53 •P8IU3 : ^. • © : ; • es • & : ■si omac, Major- General s, Maj.-Gen. Reynold's; enl. Couch; 3d Corps, es; 5th Corps, Maj.- th Corps, Maj.-Genl. orps, Maj -Genl. How- Maj.-Genl. Slocura*.. :| 1^ © '. >. O H : 1 ! 1 • £ 11 =5 lit 1 of the Pot> er; 1st Corp: )rps. Maj-G Genl. Sickl Meade; 6 wick; 11th C 13th Corps, Pm : 1 is" ^S.2 3 Army Hook 2d C( Maj.- Genl. Sedg' ard; .C3 fcT ( « • ^ M © 1 G • J2 3 J2 > ;^^ m 5 be m o s d : <^ 1 .y ■ 3 'O W O *3 :S2 « 5 o 5" • 1 &4 : - ^ a. o 51 1 o f- Grand Gulf, Mis Spottsylvania C( /Chalk Bluff an C Mo i c 1 cS • is si 51 *> o *© a o © Offl -o © II s=^g 1 r.s 8-^ - r-iri ^ i rH •j:§i S ^2^ \ C 1^ eS © 03 £-• © £ © u u ©TS ci 3 ^ Mopa © ^ c t: © o5 a -u o TT . © 4; ©^ -O t. c © c a3 aPn o"l = ^■jtf 3 5 a £kJ*^ ce j'^ © «^.2 a' 7 cO •u © S ss*^ o:^ War of the Kebellion. 191 8 . : ; li^ ■^ e^j" 1 : : s s •H- : S f? i \^: : ;^l ; si : : i • in J5 : ^S: 5S S N ^ s • :^^ oi - 1 S S §5 ;S^ S F O r-l- 0) tH r3r •R T-lC-Jr-' go .§ 02 i-i C^ICO- K6 SPBg S S S 3 OK ^ C 05 73 = = O 0) ^'m "^ . > c-S S^* .'• a O^ rti^Ci W IK ; _ Si C c; 55o : ^=0 CO • 0). a ^P :0 1-5 3^ — O ^^ o o a CO C c O CS - JO »- 1- OS ->1< = 3 a cs tx « :::: •« 2 I a ® © c o '3 I ^ 2 ;^ ©"^ a a ®15 -§1.1 '0£, o 192 List of Engagements of the Em •saauosutj : : ': \ ^ •papano^ 8 ^ * O tl : 1 t- •P^IIIM CO : ^ : : : ^ . sjaaosuj papnnoAi aS •P^IIIH 5^ 2 cs ^-^S^^ . sj 6. ■a r w 1^; t- t3 S ^' s ^; 55 IS O-O >. 035 «5 5R 51 a a © t-i S -^ 68 5 ■a-: ♦J -3 War of the Eebellion. 193 s 8 : QO 1 (NO i2 i i: s § : CO ^" n 1 g : 1 is'- si i : : .to a8 n^- s ^ 2 ^ 1 ;t- S § S t~ ■ ^1! 5S c g- : oj 5*^ -.'Sn ; 'J3 13 !a^§ :^-S e3 ^'Sxj O O °£i IC ■*^-2 ., G O ill 03 •gf." S rt cSTS ^^?? Ph PQ : « :i; ' > • . ■ «s ^ ^ • fl • r^ 'M . o © 'O • en • in --O a3~ -to 0) oT m "^ etf *3 ^ £.— 0) o a „ o ts„ - c '"ri *e ^ = c -o ' ' a :;> K = a S 'O ^ , , '. '. c 2 CO D. a^ ^ O . ■CO ©O to se3 ^ o KC3 53© - cer,— . a) f^ tiC C « ^ 61'^ C ij t-J: S a (D _0 ^ji X as G 'Jo- g « c WO %0 0) ,-o re.2 cQWrao sj cp « 25 T3 - M m a a <» © g SI^O : K2©-§ Orex:^ !©«> Is a>'0 . C c o © {2 o a ■^ fe CO 3 CO ^•g = >. o t-O o 3J »— TO ^ fe-o £ OSES '0:2 O) © "^ =^ - Ph-o a -^° © >.3 i,-S^ C © s eO"C' © 194 List of Engagements x)f the e H "A o o ■SJ8UOSU(i papunoAV P9III3 W Cn ?i>^ ?''^- ir-32; :o- ieS' S ccO. *^ cj Si: > +J -r^^ SS to ;c 3 Eh eoS ; c u3 o sjauosuj : : \\\^ : : i i ; •8 .§ : .S •p8pano^ «o . 1:1 i * • 1 : : : ^ : : •paiira CO r^ * ;• :0 s^ ~ c t- a> s JO' ©2 •'O Si s c ^ 03 C " = 1 ^ = ^ « ® = -^ P « &i C K> (1) C i/J . JS c o o a I is ^© O © ^ O 2 3 .-Hk' © ii©.5b5 ^ Ph «0 05 0>!0 -Nco CO War of the Rebellion. 195 ^ 8 : . •CO ; : : :S : : : <* s S S LS 1 t- [ ': § : N : : ^•- . : i =s : : : S o : 8 *ii— >ra S Cl " --^ t- • o CO o eo ?2 CI CO O CO ^^^' 196 List of Engagements of the H o PR O H sjauosuj; O CO • i« papuno^ 3 :^ •P^IUH . CO • o o o •sjanosuj . .0 .-H • : : : : ; : : •papnnoAi ^ £3 f5 ; : .C5CO § •O^CJ 1 ;s •pailTH Cl CO • OOCO « OCOM' c3 ■|i o . w!?; :q O rt > — c3 (K t- S - .- > [CO "3 > O '■" ,^ >. G =5 5 o :3 © s:^ S M « 'C «2 o u 2 .,'=^ ^H r^^TS ©c^ 'Ct: > .?|5 SO bf^ a. +i s3 -^ .-S-- dss 1 P5>P^Q C3 c o ©O •r S3 C3S iftoo cio — '>-8ro CO ;ss © >£ £ o -ad? © > •— to 'd ^ 61) So 15 S m in ^:- c=: >. ©^-^ ©-a a 03 ©cq t- ai z • © © -73 * "*" e - ^^ © :. War of the Rebellion. 197 s ; ;S : i : : • : CO T-l : 8 : . : : : : i : g^ s^ S| ."= ii P ; ^ i ?§■: :i ! s~ 05C0 :.^\ si ■• isi ^SS si .0 i si ; U . S'' s • • CO ^co CO CO SS § +!■ § : ^ _«D :g ON ">#000 t- m d >o CO «3 >• o Kfl^ u¥ WvT ^^ r^ ^g ^a fpj5 •^ ^ o±2 c« » fe;-l OQ s.y ^ s? sa o O #:; > c fl . . j3 O ^ • : >-b • ^ o " 5 MM 3 :,2 M o cc i: cc fr-co-S a ss o "^ cot- 0, "^ CO ^ = c -Q cS>-l-l S3 O ff3 03 O o^Q Ph CQS 6S - O N tS t, ^ = =3 O o o 0313'C © c d h2 C M O c3 ' O 51 = i^ = be '— ® 2 0:3 ■• ^ CO 3^ P- c o £a H ■^^> ISJ S' CO O — — 'M °5 5 co^s OT coeo 198 List of Engagemenis of the a CO H w o <1 fa O H CO •sj9nosud; «i: M : : ; : S^ : : : : : : : : : •papuno^ ; : :"* : .§ S g . :|g : iiJ: •P9I1I3 11 1^ . ^lO o S| :SS : ;i;: ►J •SJ8O0SUJ : : : . :^S:^i ai : : i : = i : ^ OS Q •papanojVi |s : : S S"* S gl5 .15'^ ^ Sl'^ : CO B4 •pQiira S^^ : : « S« § ot-o^w •># OON . o -so -(So O 2^3 oS © (M rH - +J «* : c o g-- o M ^ 12 -a CIS b3 CO 1 COrrt 2 C-r) O !* 35« OS CO C J3 > o C3 r- t-'0.2: rtJSt^ O C > +J g; O -tJ ?5 C CS' O ^ ©.:X aj.-'^ t- ©"^ o ^ © o War of the Rebellion. 199 i .§ .04 : if g i § g : TO . ; ;0 i; S S : o g - lO .^ : . .«o 1 ss i" ;»§: a'S : ! ; : : • : : aS? : ; gs ^ ^ |^^==« JS ;S o CO S : ■^ ; s^ lO s 1 0.C>H ^ O . O •i2 • >>'^V' :^5ti"^5i^- -J n-.j r'co^i-^p- .'^ ^ rr. ^ cS ^ -S3 o X ^ S3 = g- ■ > cS : rf > . 3 • en C C « :§.25 : ?i o ^O > :i3l|a& =; 5130 Sp..2.>'^b5-^^>"^^o'3 13 .i2 '^r ^^(i^tsomx:^^^ ^ c 10 >i ^ l-H rH T 1 CO ■ -a o M S c M . C S ^o ^ K^ 5 o t. 0) J? rT ^ f^ h r) JST3 .-as « >,C-<-H fl OJ o £0- ^__. o >.x:^ G o •■as £ = .; « fl c -JO <4-( 03 07; O ^ 3 S C =2 o k5 p^Sk;o I § 1^ .. . g .2 0000 ^?o-t< 200 ■^ <& ^ 6 CO H o o o SJ[8UOSUJ List of Engagements of the papuno^i 8 : S . § 5 •paiiia •sj9aosiJ ^O =« G 73 So o = a> o a st3 'Or/" - Q 'O C .'^ ^ 'O 00 ^^ o . S O n:;: ■tf ^ > > (D C " 9 O b > 3^^ xS^ : c^ • ro . C M) lab P 03 B3_£3 « a 03 O/^ ^ c 3 o N eiM fc- > o a> c o S5 0^ c3 O 02 .tro32i>aic-iccscj r = ^ ° C o = = >>^ f-f CO XfX 03 o a EH • 2 C0 05»0 Vx S War of the Kebellion. 201 Cl 05 (M T-l r rl CO 2g : •• .8 o 2 : : .3 , cs_: Sm a ' -2.2 :3 ■£.22 :.2 'rC'-' • a 5 J 5 >.«^ i**^^ 'Iz-f^cc^a 1-1 2b^ = .13 o W^ r-(00 IsS^Sss M 1^ >.. i IBIS'S! tn^ - ^ i^ f<-C^Ji' O-^oJ^S .^.9 © c3 t- O 14 c— © c5 :s i> o • © • I- © .-or*" ttjGh, © j-g >>^ ©.2 15© = S © S o3 ' 26 202 List of Engagements of the 5 zn H < o o H CO •sjauosua : : i:; : : : : ; : ; •papunojv^ • o S" : : .'^SS 1 • '* '\ \ •p9iira : '^ * -* -M »C-«»<«CiO 1 ffl : « sasnosTJti • : • ; ! '. : : : : all^ : : •papunoTV^ -^ o g . t-i-t ^ w^eo g .'- • CO paiira ^1 55 se 3 o CQ > c 3|5F^.f ■s^ C 03 CO C3c3 - o a >S -J3 cc ID'S — c" ifi = - • a S SO^ • o So r • - oW 2 ; .aq o a, " >2S T-l (M CO 2- - be a CO \n Em 32 03^3 C! C ■ © J2l P:i ^ I a <1 -a pa s c ' .2 m t^ C :« o O^ P=^ (JO © <" - NlO t- 05-^ , Q 3 .■:: m .£: fe ^ o a ;3 cS c3 o 3 O O) © Q, g a 3 I 5 204 List of Engagements of the ^ 173 H w o H ■SJ9U0SIJJ ■papnnojvi •peiira saaaostjj ■papnno^ § : t- t-'*iffl(M .IN O •p^in^ m o , -OS c«<3 So M«^, fe :t^i: ^ = 2 ^.^ pop o"^ ^>.©Sc cS O C3 •-_ +J CO *i MS -3 p. o r^ = o ■go :5 felij tf. CP-, ^ o . o 2m P*5 ^>^ So : Ch32£2 O -3 -1 2 «! •so CO iM CO Tf •^ iC CO S3 S S o c 2 § 08 O cS S tc c m J, m O !-^ c ^ o c 2 = War of the E-ebellion. 205 : : : : • : S: :i: 8 g g i o :i: S o :'.: :^ si: i i • • ^§ ogiM«5t^C3» oo> -* jli £ o • . fO o •H- f? ?. g IM CO .-KM lO * g« lo :§'"' ?3 ^ss '"' i iO o J? ^b 6a t- ^:^ ^^-^ ^ o !a. ra 3 ^ = ^ = 5 >^' d5 coo =0 ?3 O OJ !S P5, ^ ^ - 22^ o — *3 fOi-M a 2 1^ .2 -= ° o 2 a5 2 ■o ■ c -"^ • > ; «5 I'd '.^ C 0) » r : •*^ "3 •= PS ^ '^ o -H s-i 3 c or- al uj*' Y « o c o o S SoO o ^ °^ 03 CO, «W CC 'r 03 o c'^ "o o.c g 3 c'co S .2.2 > 2 -t-'-eQ o o o-P^ PhPhS •i-:3 ^ 11 > I pill ^-> O 05 O =S +^•121-1 ==^ t- 3 c CO a :« *^t3 a . ■ - =0 "^ J ■" EC.- o C t- kT i^ 0-kJ'v3 > h C u 3 .05 CI rp T— I 1—1 03 tC .2 2 = G.2 «3 3^? > m M ^ c3*^ 5 (D O C C > aj C :« cS ST - >= : CQ-g .- >. o O o3>— 1 01 cot- :0 •'S2 '^ o •2"^ ro c 73 p* M^t Cd fc, §«Sho .§5 ^ m 10 m 2'^ c « t3 a O o Off . 01 •^ Oi O) £ a> ea C J ir- I I ® ® 0) O •CO §5 a 3 ZZ o 208 List of Engagements of the •SJauosU(j papuno^ 'paillH § : saaaosuj; papuno^ •paiua 8S S . §f= P4 S^5- fc- Sic' cc. ,_ • ' O Oi I. '^■3_— G - 0) S3 -f^ o o5 .=■ H << ^ -e lO m o < iSl Cl CO- CO .22 -n -- PEft- '3 = io 5- -^ ;>5 .2 ."S- .2 v® c o ■ P>, CO-- 0) ,73 «- "^ i^ r- c ^r -c ^ >,»> 1: o £ ^oi cS O aj 0::= — J3 S5 PQ c1 :5| *J&. . — — 1^ i§o^^50 O&H PS »«!0 C5CO ^S MOO © II c cs KOO c «J . N«ffl a . -a .2^ o © n ^ fe c a "CO ^ o 03 o3 ^Si j3 3^ :S^ sa. O O "-clj So® *- CCrK a ? XS ti c : r-ci ■o *^ ■M ^ = _cC-o:M .2 ?* .5 o ^§ 00 fj O O >. :^^ c o W2< h& .ii o c; O t. aj x tn EC'S U -^ -^ Q 3 ,S i ; w s- •00*^0-; [>, = r= <» S 03 M li _0 0) R3 i^ o a :S£2o O 05 SS - « V 'o *^ ai CC CO O W> «S C sJ c c c .2^.5 c >< s lio-s. = 15 §^ 0)^3*^ = o a ;:s?0 Oi ococo 03 H 1^ 1^ o <) o sz; o H CO H o CO ill 56 s m a •r: o ,fe-z a' ffi M e^. :ro E7 03 -a® c s — C r3-;3 ^ ^ ID c s ^ r-'O ■5P -Cm *^ O ;^'^ ijiil TO 5 5 P > © c go «^ O-r-s > a •-5 RS C S War of the Kebellion. 211 ^i s g -H . m I, _; a; ■ gs '.to •T5 O bD IS a> o D. <» o *- CB S 03 0) t/i 'Jo w O «3 . CO = -i"^ o^2 •r-s O t3 02 OS :^ ) ^ ^ !» ♦J ) O r- ■/,• i~ o A p. ■> 'O r N' §2k £i -< Q <5:$ ■ 6f '■'>. ■ -.2 05 3-- o ^-fi o ci-S 2+^ >0 CQE-sCQ 3 bJ^^ h^O ° E 5 Oi o3 CIS 0.3 a = *=< 2■§= O) -^P Ph 0» -"^iC CO ^ r—ic t-00 l■<^? 2l5 ;s-;o -.2 _ . t- a/ — 5 -.S'^^' > a, ^5 Slices; 'C cc tci-* ^ O CP <3 QW! (M (M C? 01 o >> Is -a o '« © o C« CO . o a da 2^' o o- « »OCO CO J^" O 3 War of the Rebellion. 213 30 .CO V> ^5 § OS Cgi-H 053 ^ cc > 9^ ? • O ^ o rt c3 (I) o O '-^ 5 w ""^ t; ^'i '«-' 6xi CO ce o o — >..- CO fc. > ^ ^ . !> . = . c :o :S cS o : 5 c3 :- j3 Cr-I > . p. CO _ r O k1 t"^ . i^ ^<§ --a *^^^ • a :g^co£ cs ri ^s -a -^ic 01 ^""^ Ok : : CO ^ :| . w : : i : : S • * . (M : : :g : : : : : : 1 • * 8 ifi ifi ■ : : siai •1 :i^l ^^t CO ; ; : : ; : ^ : i S SJSg S§ 8 S |S« : 8 gs 5* r,' P3 t« « be- u m o : 'c^< ZOc»&H O C5! -H cO'^ooio i-lri — iH rH T-li-l I^l "^ 'S iH ■- § M ® M OJ OS C35 1— .— I ?l'- o -2 c §-^ o -< fc^ t-3 O c - li li 214 List of Engagements of the H O H ■sj9nos[J(i papuno^ o o go w 'paillH •paillS S 8 g g .< 2^ l=:l ^% «8 O ►^O •C D, OobH 5-2 'dZ C !s c >il C^.^'^P ^ : 55 (Mrl CO c-d "d o •^5 o O " © • 03 >. .2 w 0) o K. n in O •^ to o ,3 o o C^O o :^C3 *^ •SJ8UOSlJtI M. 100 M. 1,769 : aS : : •papuno^ rHCO ^ «5 **g : i ° 1 : : ^ «5o C eg ef5 cast C O J £ c £ «:= I c £ 5 "5 CO S :2^ 03 Oo} o . O be 2 © t- 73 O to War of the Rebellion. 215 Sop ^ .§ :s' ^•8 : aS2$ sS as E? :^**^ :'siii§ 6 ■«= n-a o^ i3 t, a: t3 cbjsSoSH cs : 'n : >" >> ; : -.a .'ts :'a . .*i> a :n • >;::^ =^ as • .- - t- ^ >> 15 s^^^^!:^^^^ C0 05->iH « r-3 c fl o -o CO t- r-i (M jc^ :=^K '^5'^" 4^ fci^j .s *j +j i> ,5 op^;^ 73 ^.2 >N >S ^. VH ^" ^0)+? S >>£ P5f>-a^ Ci3 OS iSOJ a Q i § §5 N N ©5 ?i S 5-1 C-3 .J3 ■d o O ^- c . Q.n c o c: o -C3 — O CO Kit 'o a a . ® O O-rJ = C003 eS O 216 List of Engagements of the i^' saauosuj : "2=* S^ : : ■ ^5 cs a fclcii : • .§3 rw a •popuno^Vi. o •P^IIIM : : Is." ; '■■ % : ^. CO 'SJ9UOSU. • .1 8 d Ed a < o : -^o . ill 5 ^ "6 03 JJ ' .22 §^ -5 Wis. Oav.t h Corps, 8th Corps and 1st and 2d visions 19th Corps, Merritfs, Cust< and Torbett's Cavalry§ 03 a 1 Ed O < C 03 IS < Q Ed Division Custer's Ca t, 4th, r)th, 6th and Cavalry, 15th Mo. Ca Battery H, 2d Mo. Li th Corps and Kautz's erritt's, Custer's and St U. B. Colored etachment 4th U. S. 1- ■IP Colored Company J15th Illino d Mo. and detach m 9th Mo. Militia, liJt U. S. Colored.. .. h 11th. 1.%li and Ki III 'a'2 « ci > © tz; S ^ S S3Q gH ^;*i ^-^ 5 ■H-?^ o t3 CQ C£l o o • c ■ \% \ • F > 5I£ > c i . : : 1 - : : :« : . : t, ". ■ ■ o . • ■ £':•': 03 ■ • C 'i- . : c ■ ai . . • 2 : c ' C > 1 -a S _03 *c . 1 * t 3 > eral Grefrg: killed. -Generals Bidwell and Th venzie, Penrose, Hamlin, jnner wounded. < &4 a;0 . arbytown im's Broo burg, Va . ast Point, ort Donne 1^ of \ HI .5 < -a :> © o|s-a ^hs PH H^ KP 3 c:o 3 U t-^ eco5 <=>-* COf D cgjn c ^ OS ^ t- I- isl- S ^ , .„!« o O.:^ WaE of the ItEBELLION. 217 .8 :: i CD at ■ •:i W i :^ ; : ; r-1 • : i: : : : g 8 § : - : :Sg : : • O : g . g : 1 Hsi .C5 .O-H ^S ;.-^:-^i^i :ai: •:«i _(M lO g g^ iM ■ ^ . «S : S ^ . O . : SS s OQO t- o c -.2 p. o «o . '^ • to t crt J= *j ; CO t- ^5 o ^- -a o :^ ■ x: >^ =^ 5 o •-« eg 6 C..2 Sj OO c So -a act* is O C til sc 2=O^WcqO 2 c C ®,a3+j m © C-- -^^ cc^ jd rt^ oii c-^ H S p o. S c - ^J 2 ^cs' O (D CO © t- 52 o.: O) © *C o^ © © ca — j^ 2 © o .'^ o ~ o oi '*> ss *E o a g 5 -© tiiH o^ *> P o © CO ?5 ^ Sot WIN 218 List of Engagements of the e m H •&I8U0SUJ ^8 : g : ; i i:;=^^! ; •papuno^ w •pQtira !- i ! :2 : i S : "*" "*" •sa8uosu% o *^ ©Ph 2 £ © S3 ^^p o © ^5 « r-ieo co:OOi So 1^ . o wO "a ^ © w O ® '. «-• © — II © a f; « ^S "a ^ S © If So ©'C © o 3 C © O D 0-; ^§ !>-.G3 _© '. 2§ a © e6 = '!>> Ji s^ a -- '^ — Wa.r of the Kebellion. 219 .§? S : S U^ bs* ^1 :o^ S^ CO-* i-H ^ S:^ oil c loo)© -^ :" = § ■C 4J -U fc*- = '^ to ■ c c -d Co a •r ,'0 tfiH feS a© 03.252 ©*j a ee o tc •^ -^ 'is.-- ^O © 5xO T-IO K2 = cS^ ©O OX^o<»5 00 r-i 11-1 CI 0-i i-i ?050 most— -6^. > • a© a-rt 3 a *s CC ■-d^ od tup ^5 •d a a 'd-H © -^.14 "02 a m ot: «> 1 =3 i« CS © S^-^ -d >. =23 ccn c .' • S© "d 'C r„- a a;.- 3 £|i C /•=} i^.^^ -^^^ i? I«> sS-s 220 List of Engagements of the •^ <» to 6 W < pa o fa Q sjauosijj ^:.a' papunOjVL P91l!3 sjeuosuj papunoAi •P8III3 a'^SSS; •;5 : ^ g' ej«o ^ r- CC CO oo i c CO r* — s c -^ Sis .2 " 2 -cJ Cai rig o : Cl CO rt ^ c3 !^^ ';- Oi§.2 fi gi r-i ^ -*CJ :^.; ■t-2 1^ ^ u rt is- =* =^9 03 C (2 -'^ 2 gfS 00 V) C > CD C ; C +j r ^ • £ o 2 S ■52= _- C :s 03 - ^i 2> r-i 6l N C^l t r- r-iC-1 C* sss Wak of the Rebellion. 221 ,3i Mi-H .o .e g S ii i : :SS S S I i" CO lO »— t- o -o^ o 0>0 o :«3 ^lO p -Si ^iO« 2^ c;^Sco ■02 a f2^ :i-3 ' o a : J • o °'-: o c -H ^cc ^ ai .2 fl tuOcS ®^- © . O O) - fl © CO 'm Eo O :^ S ^ ^ : ^-; o a ©O _^0' CQ Q fe Q us . ;, 3 5 — © o o c::: j; — p_ a;_o « : © ^ •^ : o 1 :W !=- : o <£> X -co ir£^<: o *^ o 0_^CO__r^_^0__0 ifj" oo' o' CM lo' o' !y o o o' o' noooc2i^--o -W.O^OO-VOlMt^O'Ot^OO o^oo'o't^ac o^'-<^oc'cn cA c^i •— ( o CO i—i o o t^ I* 0(M CjH g o in > CO CO cc a c I ooooooooooo „'SS n t^ o O O Ci to T o o'o »^ o ■» o ) tc to =^1 o C4tO o !gg lOO 18S i-s S ^-s i-s P&i i-s •-» I** f^ »*; i« '^^ <« S S h S to to to «-5"to °cco OC CO 5-S 5^ i^-O w.-i; =5 £ iS S =« 34 266 National Debt in 1865. -.3 a §■•3 ootoooooo to 0000^0005 o OOvS — wCOO CO NtO wo'" :s*s h5 ® ® 2 "SC C C C C >" C-f C a^ IV, aj Qj i- »ftO> ^■^ o O 'Tl eo I «« (X) F- M O \ t- a> — ■«' r- I CO tE MOO'S" \?o 8 o « 3 o aj 0)5 &"S rf73 £-3-3 O aj:^.- a c =£ o vD in So g g Si }4i'- >^ ^ 55 o 22 o O -3 ;£'5 s SS Enlistments for the Union Army. 267 Soldiers furnished to the Union Army from April 15, 1861, to the close of the war. STATES. Maine New Hampshire , Vermont Massachusetts . . Rhode Island Connecticut New York New Jersey Pennsylvania. Delaware Maryland West Virgrinia District of Columbia Ohio Indiana Illinois Michigan Wisconsin Minnesota Iowa Missouri Kentucky Kansas Tennessee Arkansas North Carolina California Nevada , Oregon , Washington Territory Nebraska Territory Colorado Territory , Dakota Territory , New Mexico Territory Alabama Florida Louisiana Mississippi Texas J ndian Nation Colored Troops" Total Paid by United States Total bounty money . . Enlistments. 72,114 34,629 35,263 152,048 23,699 57,379 484,260 81,010 366,107 13,670 50,316 Commutation 3,156 15,725 3,080 1,810 964 3,157 4,903 206 6,561 2,576 1,290 5,224 545 1,965 3,530 93,441 2,867,345 $610,200 208,500 593, 4U0 1,610,400 141,300 455,500 5,485,733 1,265,700 8,634,300 416,100 1.131,900 16,872 96,900 319,659 1,978,087 197,147 259,147 235,500 15,900 89,372 614,709 96.424 1,533,600 25,052 316,800 76,309 22,500 109,111 79,025 997,530 20,151 31,092 $26,366,616 Bounty. $7,837,643 9,636,313 4,528,714 22,965.550 820,768 6,887,564 86,629,227 23,868,966 43,155,986 1,136,599 6,271,993 861,737 134,010 23,557,373 9,182,354 17,296,205 9,664,855 5,855,356 2,000,464 1,615,171 1,282,148 692,577 57,407 $284,805,400 300,223,500 $585,028,900 When the war closed there were in the field, on the 30th day of April, 1865 1 000 516 men actually in service, and an enrollment of 2,245,063 men subject to draft' This would make the total fighting force of the free States, between the ages of eighteen and forty-five and in good physical health, and not including foreigners not natural- CASUALTIES. Deaths from wounds 96,089 Deaths from disease 184,331 Desertions 199,045 Honorably discharged 174,577 Discharged for disability 224.300 I Dishonorably discharged 5,390 Resignations gg 281 Missing, etc .*."."' 7^062 Total 914^081 * Colored troops organized at various stations in the States 5n rebellion • embrac- ing all not specifically credited to States, and which cannot be so assigned! 268 Fluctuations in the Price of Gold. HIGHEST AND LOWEST PRICES OF GOLD IN NEW YORK, 1862-1878. [Compiled from the Commercial and Financial Chronicle.] Month. January February March April May June July Augrust September... Octuber November December Year ... . 1862. H. mPA 104% 102^ 1023^ 104% 109>^ 120% 116X 124 133X 1333i 134 134 101% 102% 101% 101% 102% 103% 108% 112% 116% 122 129 128% 1863. 160M 1T2% 171% 157% 154% 148% 145 129% 143% 153% 154 152% mVs my^ 133% 152% 139 145% 143% 140% 123% 122% 126% 140% 143 148% 122^ 1864. n. 159% 161 169% 184% 190 250 285 261% 254% 227% 260 243 L. 151% 157% 159 166% 168 193 22'' 231% 191 189 210 212% 1865. H. 234% 216% 201 154% 145%' 147% 146% 145% 145 149 148% 148% L,. 197% 196%^ 148% 143% 128% 135% 138% 140% 142% 144% 145% 144% 285 151% 234% 128% 1866. 144% 140% 136% 129% 141% 167% 155% 152% 147% 154% 148% 141% 136% 135% ]!i4% 125% 125% 1867. H 137% 140% 140% 141% 138% 137% 138% 147 140% 146% 143% 145% 137% 131% 142% 146% 145% 141% 137% 132% 135% 135% 132% 135 136% 138 139% 141 140% 138% 133 167% 1253^ 146% 132^ Month. January February March April May June July August September.. October November.. . December... Year 1868. H. 142% 144 141% 140% 140% 141% 145% 150 140% 137 136% L. 133% 139% 137% 137% 1391^ 139% 1431/^ 143% mvs 133% 132 134% 150 132 1869. H. 136% 136% 132% 134% 144% 139% 137% 136% 162% 132 128% 124 134% 130% 130% 131% 134% 136% 134% 131% 129% 128% 121% 119% 1621^ 1191^ 1870. 123^ 131% 116% 115% 115% 114% 122% 122 116% 113% 113% 111% 119% 115% 110% 111% 113% 110% 1113^ 114% 112% 111% 110 110% 123^ 110 1871. H. 111% 112% 111% 111% 112% 113^ 113% 1133^ 115% 115 112% 110% 110% 110% 1101^ 1101^ 111 111; 111% 111% 112% 111^ 110% 1872. H. 1103^ 111 110% 113% ,114% :ii4% 115% 115% 115% 115% 114% 113% 115% 108%' 1873. L. H. 108% 114% 109% 1 115^ 109% 118U 109% 1191^ 1121^118% 113 113% U2ys 112% 112% 111% 111% 118% 116% 116% n6}4 111% 110% 112% L. 111% 112% 114% 116% 1161^ 115 115 114% 110% 107% 1063^ 108% 115% 1083^ 119% 106% Month. 1874. 18 75. 1876. 18 77. 1878. JaTiuary *. 112% 113 113% 114% 113% 112% 110% 110% 110% 110>^ 112,'^ 112% L. 110% 111% 111% 111% 111% 1103^ 109 109J^ 109% 109% 110 113% 115% 117 1153^ 116% 1173^ 117% 114% 117% 117% 116% L. 111% 113% 114% 114 115 116% 111% 112% 113% 1143^ 114% 112% H. 113% 114% 115 113% 113% 113 112% 112% 110% 113% 110% lei9 L. 112% 112% 113% 1123^ 112% 111% 111% 109% 109% 108% 108% 107 H. 107% 106% 105% 107% 107% 106% 106% 105% 104 103% 103% 103.^8^ 10.5% 104% 104% 104% 106% 104% 105% 103% 102% IO23I 1023^ 102% ioi% 102% 101% March 102 100% April May June July August September October 101% 100% 101% 100% 101 100% 100% 100% 100% 1003^ 100% 100% 100% 100% 1003^ 100% December 110% 115% 1003^ 100 Year 114% 109 117% 111% 115 107 107% 1023^ 102% 100 Yalue of Confederate JS'otes. 26^ PRICE OF GOLD FOR CONFEDERATE NOTES FROM JAN- UARY 1, 1861, TO MAY 12, 1865, INCLUSIVE. 1861. January 1 to May 1 5 pr. May 1 to October 1 10 pr. October 1 to October 15 . . . 12 pr. October 15 to November 15 15 pr. December 1 20 pr. December 15 30 pr. 1862. January 1 20 pr. January 25 20 pr. February 1 25 pr. February 15 40 pr. March 1 50 pr. March 15 65 pr. April 1 75 pr. April 15 80 pr. Mayl 90 pr- May 15 96 pr. June 1 95 pr. June 15 S3 00 for 1 Julyl 200forl July 15 200forl August 1 2 20 fori August 15 2 20 for 1 September 1 2 50 for j September 15 2 50 for 1 October 1 2 50 for 1 October 15 2 50 for 1 Nov. 1 to Feb. 1, 1863 3 00 for 1 1863. February 1 to March 3 10 for 1 March 1 3 85 for 1 March 15 to May 15 2 00 for 1 May 15 6 00 for 1 June 1 6 50 for 1 June 15 7 50 for 1 Julyl 8 00 fori July 15 lOOOforl August 1 10 00 for 1 AugustlS , 15 00forl September 1 14 00 for 1 September 23 14 00 for 1 October 1 13 00 for 1 October 15 . . 12 50 for 1 November 1 13 00 for 1 November 15 . . . $15 50 for 1 December 1 20 00 for 1 December 15 21 00 for 1 1864. Januaryl 21 00 for i January 15 20 00 for 1 February 1 20 00 for I February 15 21 00 for 1 March 1 26 00 for 1 Marchl5 20 00 for 1 April 1 19 00 for 1 AprillS 2100forl Mayl 20 00 fori May 15 18 OOforl July 1 to July 15 18 00 for 1 July 15 to August 15 20 00 for 1 August 15 20 50 fori Septemberl 20 50 for 1 September 15 22 50 for 1 Octoberl 27 00 for 1 October 15 25 00 for 1 November 1 26 50 for 1 November 15 28 00 for 1 December 1 32 00 fori December 15 25 00 fori December 31 51 00 for 1 1865. January 1 60 00 for 1 January 15 65 00 for 1 February 1 50 00 for 1 February 15 46 OOforl March 1 55 OOforl March 15 58 00 fori Aprill 70 OOforl Aprill5 80 OOforl April20 100 OOforl April26 200 OOforl April27 300 OOforl April 28 500 00 fori April29 SOOOOforl April 30 1,000 OOforl Mayl 1.200 OOforl Which was the last actual sale of Con- federate notes. 270 Yalue OB' Confederate Notes. Value of Confederate Currency Legally Established. Be it enacted by the General Assembly of the State of North Carolina, That the following scale of depreciation be and the same is hereby adopted and established as the measure of value of one gold dollar in Confederate currency, for each month (and the fractional parts of the month of December, 1864), from the 1st day of No- vember, 1861, to the 1st day of May, 1865, to-wit. MONTHS. 1861. 1862. 1863. 1864. 1865. January — February March $120 130 150 1 50 150 150 1 50 1 50 200 2 00 2 50 250 •13 00 3 00 4 00 500 5 50 6 50 9 00 14 00 14 00 14 00 15 00 20 00 $21 00 21 00 23 00 20 00 19 00 18 00 21 00 23 00 25 00 26 00 30 00 '■■3506 42 00 49 00 $50 00 50 00 60 00 April May 100 00 July August Spntpmhfir November . ....... $1 10 1 15 December . . . December 1st to 10th, inclusive .... December llth to 20th, Inclusive. .. December 21st to 31st, inclusive ... ^OO^' 'OO^ i> ^ "^ "* ,