n 
 
LIBRARY OF CONGRESS. 
 
 G^l 
 
 d%ajt.:r-__. ©opp-igljt "tya.. 
 
 UNITED STATES OF AMERICA. 
 
Humphrey's 
 
 YeceRinARian. 
 
CD. p. K^fJL^, &.V. 4> 
 
THE 
 
 VETERINARIAN 
 
 A MANUAL 
 
 PRACTICAL USE 
 
 TO OWNERS OP 
 
 Domestic Animals 
 
 /: j 
 
 / 
 
 W. P. HUMPHREY, D. V. S. 
 
 Price, $3.00. 
 
 („APK 27 1888 <7 
 
 Published by X^ J^S"^ 
 Humphrey's Veterinary and Family Medicine Manufacturing Company 
 Netware, N. J. 
 
 \ 
 
Copyright 1888, by 
 
 Humphrey's Veterinary and Family Medicinj 
 
 Manufacturing Company. 
 
 Electrotyped and Printed by 
 W. H. Shurts, 876 Broad St., Newark, N. J. 
 
 
This little work is respectfully dedicated to all interested in 
 the welfare of the Horse and other domestic animals, by 
 
 The AUTHOR. 
 
KINDNESS. 
 
 Kindness to the horse is one of the most impor- 
 tant factors in training; the animal to gentleness and 
 obedience. Become acquainted with your horse by 
 kindness so that he will whinny at your approach. You 
 will then have better control over him. When he is 
 tired, even though you may be impatient to reach a 
 given point, bear with him, recollecting how much he 
 has done for you. Coax him, rather than use the lash. 
 When not in use do not leave him locked up in the 
 stable, to pine for a little fresh air ; for this creates 
 disease, besides causing him to become restive. Give 
 your horse daily exercise ; he needs it as much as you 
 do, and it helps digestion. Have the harness made to 
 fit, to avoid bruises and chaffs. In cold weather have 
 the bit warmed before placing in the mouth, as frozen 
 bits cause smarting sores. In summer always use nets 
 to prevent flies from annoying your horse. Be careful 
 and not drive the horse further, nor faster than would 
 be good for him ; and see that he is properly clothed at 
 all seasons. " A merciful man is merciful to his beast." 
 
PREFACE. 
 
 Our object in publishing this edition is to describe 
 in plain, terse language — easily understood by non- 
 professional men — the different diseases that domestic 
 animals are heir to, with the possible curatives for the 
 same. It has been the custom, in publishing works 
 on veterinary surgery, to indulge in incomprehensible 
 parlance that was but little help to the ordinary 
 reader. 
 
 We herewith present our readers with a work that 
 will — except in desperate cases — enable them to be- 
 come their own veterinarian. The remedies pre- 
 scribed herein are as nearly infallible as possible, and 
 are highly recommended throughout the world. The 
 author is a graduate of the Veterinary College, and, 
 having spent eighteen years as a practitioner, feels 
 competent to select from the many veterinary works 
 the most important notes, in addition to his own valu- 
 able experience. 
 
THE VETERINARIAN. 
 
 AIR. 
 The mistaken idea that a horse or a cow should 
 be penned up in a close, airless box is an ex- 
 ploded theory. Animals need air at night as 
 much as human beings. Let the stable be well ven- 
 tilated, at the same time avoiding draughts, and 
 your animal will be healthier and do you better 
 service than if locked in a hot stable. It is a 
 mistaken kindness to shut out all air, thinking to 
 prevent cold or disease. Close quarters and bad 
 drainage in a stable actually create disease. It 
 has been supposed that a hot stable was necessary 
 to secure a glossy coat. This theory has also 
 been proven erroneous. Nature attends to its 
 own. What is required is fresh air, good drain- 
 age and careful grooming to keep a horse in good 
 condition. It has also been stated that clipping 
 in winter is cruelty. This may be a fact with 
 working or agricultural horses, where they go 
 
10 THE VETERINARIAN. 
 
 slow, and need their winter overcoats; but 
 for a road horse clipping is certainly an 
 advantage. No matter how cold the weather, 
 a horse will sweat after a hard drive. He 
 is led to the stable, and probably blanketed; 
 if clipped he will soon become cool and dry; but 
 with the long winter coat the hair keeps damp all 
 night, thus causing cold. Therefore, it depends 
 wholly upon the work the animal has to perform 
 as to whether it is a kindness or cruelty to clip. 
 
 THE PULSE. 
 
 The blood flows constantly ; experiments have 
 proved it traverses the whole body in a very few 
 seconds in a horse, an ox in about twenty sec- 
 onds ; dog, fifteen seconds ; goat, twelve seconds ; 
 rabbit, six seconds. The great agent of circula- 
 tion is the heart. It is a large, hollow, muscular 
 organ divided into separate compartments for 
 the reception of the blood, and by alternate dila- 
 tions and contractions, assisted by valves, the 
 current is confined to one direction. The arter- 
 ies receive the blood as it leaves the heart, and 
 the impulse arising from the presure of an extra 
 quantity forced into them is communicated first 
 to the column of fluid already within the tube, 
 
THE VETERINARIAN. 11 
 
 and next to the elastic walls, causing them to ex- 
 pand rapidly ; then, by reason of their muscular 
 contractility the flow of blood is equalized and 
 the vessels return to iheir previous calibre. These 
 alternate expansions and contractions are con- 
 tinuous, entirely in accordance with the action of 
 the heart and are demonstrated "the pulse." 
 Without the contractions of the heart there can 
 be no pulse, and therefore, we have to learn 
 the conditions thus exhibited by the arteries are 
 plain indications not only of the heart in health 
 and disease, but of the circulation generally. 
 The arteries in all parts of the body afford simi- 
 lar evidences, but those far removed, as in the 
 limbs, do not as a rule expand immediately on 
 the contraction of the heart, as in larger trunks 
 and those nearer to that organ. A perceptible 
 time elapses and the impulse is also somewhat 
 diminished. There is no pulse in the veins. As 
 the blood passes through the capillaries, which 
 are very small and numerous, the current is less 
 influenced by the force of the heart, the pulse is 
 lost, and the blood returns by the veins in a 
 steady, uninterrupted flow. 
 ; The pulse is conveniently felt at the jaw. At 
 this part the sub-maxillary artery comes from the 
 
18 THE VETERINARIAN. 
 
 inside, and winding along, passes over the lower 
 edge of the bone and mounts upwards on the 
 outer side of the face, in front of the large, flat 
 muscle which closes the jaws. Here the artery 
 of the right side is felt by means of the second 
 and third fingers of the left hand, which are 
 pressed upon it towards the inner side of the 
 bone, while the thumb is placed outside in order 
 to maintain steady pressure. The artery of the 
 left side may be also conveniently examined. 
 The circulation is more active in young animals 
 than in old ones. Observations establish the 
 number of pulsations per minute in different 
 animals, in health, as follows : 
 
 Horses - - - 38 to 42. 
 
 Cattle - - - 50 " 55. 
 
 Sheep - - - 70 " 75. 
 
 Hogs - - - 75 " 80. 
 
 STABLE MANAGEMENT. 
 
 BEDDING. 
 
 The vapor of hartshorn, which is so plentifully 
 given out from the urine of the horse in a heated 
 stable, is a matter of grave consideration to the 
 owner, who, while unable to stand the odor five 
 minutes, fails to appreciate the fact that his horse 
 must breathe the foul air all night. 
 
THE VETERINARIAN. 18 
 
 The subject of bedding comes naturally next 
 in order. The first caution is, frequently to re- 
 move it. The early extrication of gas shows the 
 rapid putrefaction of the urine ; the consequence 
 of which will be the rapid putrefaction of the 
 bedding which is moistened by it. Every thing 
 hastening to decomposition should be carefully 
 removed, where life and health are to be pre- 
 served. The bedding which has been much wet 
 or at all softened by the urine, and is beginning 
 to decay, should be swept away every morning ; 
 the greater part of the remainder may then be 
 piled under the manger ; a little being left to 
 prevent the painful and injurious pressure of 
 the feet on the hard pavement during the day. 
 The soiled and soaked portion of that which was 
 left should be removed at night. In the better 
 kind of stables, however, the stalls should be com- 
 pletely emptied every morning. 
 
 No heap of fermenting dung should be suf- 
 fered to remain during the day in the corner or 
 in any part of the stable. 
 
 UfcHf. 
 
 This negle€ted branch of $table*management 
 is oi. far more consequence than is generally 
 
14 THE VETERINARIAN. 
 
 imagined. The farmer's stable is frequently des- 
 titute of any glazed window, and has only a 
 shutter, which is raised in warm weather, and 
 closed when the weather becomes cold. When 
 the horse is in the stable only during a few hours 
 in the day, this is not of so much consequence, 
 nor of so much, probably, with regard to horses 
 of slow work ; but to carriage-horses and road- 
 sters, so far at least as the eyes are concerned, 
 a dark stable is little less injurious than a foul 
 and heated one. In order to illustrate this, 
 reference may be made to the unpleasant feeling 
 and the utter impossibility of seeing distinctly 
 when a man suddenly emerges from a dark place 
 into the full glare of day. The sensation of 
 mingled pain and giddiness is not speedily 
 forgotten, and some minutes elapse before 
 the eye can accustom itself to the increased 
 light. If this were to happen every day, or sev- 
 eral times a day, the sight would be irreparably 
 injured, or possibly blindness would be the final 
 result. We need not wonder, then, that the 
 horse, taken from a. dark stable into a blaze of 
 light, feeling, probably, as we should under simi- 
 lar ' circumstances,' and unable for a'.tirhe to^see 
 anything around him cli§tfn6tly,' should become a 
 
THE VETERINARIAN. 15 
 
 shyer, or that the frequently-repeated, violent ef- 
 fect of sudden light should induce inflaraation of 
 the eye so intense as to terminate in blindness. 
 
 If plenty of light be admitted, the walls of the 
 stable, and especially that portion of them which 
 is before the horse's head, must not be of too 
 glaring a color. The color of the stable should 
 depend on the quantity of light. At any rate, a 
 soft, mellow light in a stable is the most condu- 
 cive to the healthy repose of the horse. 
 
 FOOD. 
 
 One-half of the diseases of the horse owe their 
 origin to over-feeding with hay. This applies 
 more particularly to young horses, and to such 
 as are not put to severe work. They are ever 
 placed before a full rack, and, like children 
 gorged with bread and butter, they eat merely for 
 amusement, until at length the stomach gradually 
 becomes preternaturally distended, the appetite 
 increases in a relative proportion, becomes 
 sooner or later voracious, and finally merges into 
 a mere craving — it being a matter of indifference 
 what the food is so that the stomach is filled with 
 it. This, depravity. of appetite is^always .accom- 
 panied with more or less thirst. This, naturally 
 
16 THE VETERINARIAN. 
 
 enough, produces general debility of the entire 
 digestive function, including stomach, bowels, 
 liver, spleen, and pancreas ; worms are produced 
 in thousands, and symptoms present themselves 
 of so many varied hues that enumeration, far less 
 classification, becomes utterly impossible. 
 
 Upon eight pounds of hay daily, with a due 
 allowance of oats, a horse can be kept in full 
 work in prime health and spirits. It is better to 
 keep young horses at grass until about five years 
 old, and to work them during that period. When 
 kept in the stable and not worked they are apt 
 to acquire many very bad habits, and if the rack 
 and manger be kept empty with a view of pre- 
 venting the over-loading of their stomachs they 
 will fall inter a habit of playing with and mouth- 
 ing them — a habit which finally degenerates into 
 wind-sucking or crib-biting. 
 
 The horse of the inferior farmer is sometimes 
 fed on hay or grass alone, and the animal — al- 
 though he rarely gets a feed of grain — maintains 
 himself in tolerable condition, and performs the 
 work required of him ; but hay and grass alone, 
 however good in quality, or in whatever quantity 
 allowed, w$ not support a horse, under hard 
 
THE VETERINARIAN. 17 
 
 OATS. 
 
 Oats have been selected as that portion of the 
 food which is to afford the principal nourish- 
 ment. They contain from seven hundred and 
 forty-three to seven hundred and fifty parts of 
 nutritive matter. They should be about, or 
 somewhat less than, a year old — heavy, dry and 
 sweet. New oats will weigh ten or fifteen per 
 cent, more than old ones ; but the difference 
 consists principally in watery matter, which is 
 gradually evaporated. New oats are not so 
 readily ground down by the teeth as old ones. 
 They form a more glutinous mass, difficult to di- 
 gest, and, when eaten in considerable quantities, 
 are apt to occasion colic, or even staggers. 
 
 The old oat forms, when chewed, a smooth and 
 uniform mass, which readily dissolves in the 
 stomach and yields the nourishment which it con- 
 tains. There are no efficient and safe substi- 
 tutes for good oats ; but, on the contrary, it may 
 be safely asserted that they possess an invigora- 
 ting property which is found in no other kind of 
 food. 
 
 OATMEAL. 
 
 Oatmeal forms a poultice more stimulating 
 than one composed of linseed meal alone, or 
 
18 THE VETERINARIAN. 
 
 they may be mingled in different proportions, as 
 circumstances require. In the form of gruel, it 
 constitutes one of the most important articles of 
 diet for the sick horse ; not, indeed, to be forced 
 upon him, but a pail containing it being slung in 
 his box, of which he will soon begin to drink 
 when water is denied. Gruel is generally either 
 not boiled long enough, or a sufficient quantity 
 of oatmeal is not used for it. The proportions 
 should be, a pound of meal thrown into a gallon 
 of water, and kept constantly stirred until it boils 
 — and five minutes afterwards. 
 
 WHITE-WATER. 
 
 White-water, made by stirring a pint of oat- 
 meal in a pail of water — the chill being taken 
 from it — is an excellent beverage for the thirsty 
 and tired horse. 
 
 WHEAT, BARLEY, RYE, ETC. 
 
 Wheat, barley, rye and other heavy grains 
 contain a greater portion of gluten or sticky, 
 adhesive matter than oats. They are difficult of 
 digestion, and apt to cake and form obstructions 
 in the bowels. This will more often be the case 
 if the horse is suffered to drink much water soon 
 after feeding upon them. 
 
THE VETERINARIAN. 19 
 
 Fermentation, colic, and death, are occasion- 
 ally the consequence of eating any great quan- 
 tity of heavy grains. A horse that is fed on them 
 should have very little hay. 
 
 FLOUR. 
 
 Flour mixed with water to the thickness of 
 starch is given with good effect in over-purging, 
 especially if combined with chalk and opium. 
 
 BRAN. 
 
 Bran is given to sick horses on account of the 
 advantage derived from its relaxing the bowels. 
 There is no doubt that it does operate gently on 
 the intestinal canal and assists in quickening the 
 passage of its contents, when occasionally given ; 
 but it must not be a constant food. 
 
 A bran mash made with boiling water should 
 stand until cool. Add a handful of salt, and, if 
 given at night twice a week, with no other grain 
 for supper, it will give the digestive organs a 
 chance to rest, and materially assist digestion, 
 and will also have a tendency to prevent flatu- 
 lent colic. In connection with this, Humphrey's 
 Condition Powders should be used according to 
 directions. 
 
20 THE VETERINARIAN. 
 
 LINSEED. 
 
 Linseed is sometimes given to sick horses — - 
 raw, ground and boiled. 
 
 HAY. 
 
 Hay is most in perfection when it is about a 
 year old. The horse, perhaps, would prefer it 
 earlier, but it is then neither so wholesome nor 
 so nutritive, and often has a purgative quality. 
 When it is about a year old it retains, or should 
 retain, somewhat of its green color, its agreeable 
 smell and its pleasant taste. It has undergone 
 the slow process of fermentation by which the 
 sugar which it contains is developed and its nu- 
 tritive quality is fully exercised. Old hay be- 
 comes dry and tasteless, innutritive and unwhole- 
 some. After the grass is cut and the hay 
 stacked, a slight degree of fermentation takes 
 place in it. This is necessary for the develop- 
 ment of the saccharine principle ; but it occa- 
 sionally proceeds too far, and the hay becomes 
 mow-burnt, in which state it is injurious, or even 
 poisonous. The horse soon shows the effect 
 which it has upon him. He becomes hide-bound; 
 his strength is wasted ; his thirst is excessive, 
 and he is almost worthless. 
 
THE VETERINARIAN. 21 
 
 It is a good practice to sprinkle the hay with 
 water in which salt has been dissolved. It is 
 evidently more palatable to the animal who will 
 leave the best unsalted hay for that of an inferior 
 quality which has been moistened with brine, and 
 there can be no doubt that the salting materially 
 assists the process of digestion. 
 
 ADMINISTERING MEDICINE. 
 
 The most successful method of administering 
 medicine to the horse is by means of a bolus, 
 which is an oblong capsule. When a cathartic 
 is required, Humphrey's Physic Bolus is the most 
 effectual, and the only safe and reliable cathar- 
 tic known on the market. It must be used ac- 
 cording to directions which accompany each 
 bolus. 
 
 A cathartic cannot be given to a horse with 
 safety that will commence to operate in less than 
 about twenty-four hours from the time it is 
 given. If possible, a horse should be given a 
 bran mash, with a handful of salt in it, about 
 twelve hours before giving a bolus. 
 
 DIRECTIONS. 
 
 Take the end of the tongue in the left hand, 
 be careful not to pull hard enough to injure it ; 
 
S2 THE VETERINARIAN. 
 
 place the bolus between the three first fingers and 
 the thumb in the right hand, then put the bolus 
 behind the root of the tongue, pull the hand 
 back a trifle, then push the bolus into the horse's 
 throat, pull the right hand out of the mouth, at 
 the same time let go of the tongue with the left 
 hand, then hold the horse's head up high until he 
 swallows the bolus. If the horse should not 
 commence to physic at the end of twenty-four 
 hours, exercise him until the physic commences 
 to operate, then place him in a stall and never, 
 under any circumstances, allow a horse to be ex- 
 ercised while physicing. A horse should have a 
 box of Humphrey's Condition Powders as a tonic 
 after physicing. 
 
 The safest and easiest way to give a bolus is 
 with a boling iron. This is a simple instrument 
 that every horse owner should possess. Have an 
 oblong ring made of half-round iron, 6x31^ 
 inches, then have welded on each end of the ring 
 a bar of the same size iron, about six inches long. 
 Insert the ring in the horse's mouth, allowing the 
 bars to lay against the outside of the mouth. 
 You can then, with safety, put your hand 
 in the mouth through the ring and push the 
 bolus down the throat. This iron is also very 
 
THE VETERINARIAN. 
 
 handy when you wish to examine a horse's 
 teeth. 
 
 )o( 
 
 BOLING IRON. 
 
 DRENCH. 
 
 The administration of a drench is a much 
 more troublesome affair than the giving of a boll, 
 and in almost all cases more or less of the dose 
 is wasted. The best instrument for giving a 
 drench is the horn of the ox. Bottles are some- 
 times used, but their fragile nature always ren- 
 ders them dangerous. In giving a drench the 
 head must be elevated ; the drench is then care- 
 fully poured into the throat — the head still kept 
 up till it is all swallowed. Allowance should al- 
 ways be made for some waste in giving a drench. 
 
 Very often the horse will refuse to swallow, 
 and hold the liquid in his mouth. When this is 
 the case, hold the mouth of the vessel containing 
 the drench against the roof of the horse's mouth. 
 In this way force the mouth open, then the liquid 
 follows down to the throat, and he is thereby 
 forced to swallow. Never choke a horse to 
 make him swallow, or pour liquid of any kind 
 into the nose. The writer has seen a number of 
 
H THE VETERINARIAN. 
 
 horses die from this abominable practice. When 
 the horse's head is raised the epiglottis is very 
 liable to be open. If this be the case, liquid 
 poured into the nose follows down the wind-pipe 
 to the lungs, causing bronchitis and congestion of 
 the lungs, which is very apt to ultimately result 
 in death. 
 
 BREAKING. 
 
 If you want to tie up your colt, put him in a 
 tolerably wide stall — which should not be too 
 long — and should be connected by a bar or 
 something of that kind, to the partition behind 
 it ; so that after the colt is in he cannot go far 
 enough back to take a straight, backward pull on 
 the halter ; then, by tying him in the centre of 
 the stall, it would be impossible for him to pull 
 on the halter, the partition behind preventing 
 him from going back, and the halter in the cen- 
 tre checking him every time he turns to the right 
 or left. In a stall of this kind you can break any 
 horse to stand tied with a light strap, anywhere, 
 without his ever knowing anything about pulling. 
 For, if you have broken your horse to lead, and 
 have taught him the use of the halter, (which 
 you should always do before you hitch him to 
 
THE VETERINARIAN. 25 
 
 anything), you can hitch him in any kind of a 
 stall, and if you give him something to eat to 
 keep him up to his place for a few minutes at 
 first, there is not one colt in fifty that will pull 
 on his halter. 
 
 HOW TO MAKE A HORSE LIE DOWN. 
 
 To make a horse lie down, bend his left fore-leg 
 and slip a loop over it, so that he cannot get it 
 down. Then put a surcingle around his body, 
 and fasten one end of a long strap around the 
 other fore-leg just above the hoof. Place the 
 other end under the before-described surcingle, 
 so as to keep the strap in the right direction ; 
 take a short hold of it with your right hand; 
 stand on the left side of the horse, grasp the bit 
 in your left hand, pull steadily on the strap with 
 your right; bear against his shoulder till you 
 cause him to move. As soon as he lifts his 
 weight your pulling will raise the other foot and 
 he will have to come on his knees. Keep the 
 strap tight in your hand so that he cannot 
 straigten his leg if he rises up. Hold him in this 
 position, and turn his head toward you; bear 
 against his side with your shoulder — not hard — 
 but with a steady, equal pressure, and in about 
 
THE VETERINARIAN. 
 
 ten minutes he will lie down. As soon as he lies 
 down he will be completely conquered, and you 
 can handle him as you please. Take off the 
 straps and straighten out his legs; rub him lightly 
 about the face and neck, with your hand, the way 
 the hair lies; handle all his legs, and after he has 
 lain ten or twenty minutes let him get up again. 
 After resting him a short time make him lie down 
 as before. Repeat the operation three or four 
 times, which will be sufficient for one lesson. 
 Give him two lessons a day, and when you have 
 reached four lessons he will lie down by tak- 
 ing hold of one foot. As soon as he is well 
 broken to lie down in this way tap him on the 
 opposite leg with a stick, when you take hold of 
 his foot, and in a few days he will lie down from 
 the mere motion of the stick. 
 
 HOW TO ACCUSTOM A HORSE TO A BIT. 
 
 You should use a large, smooth snaffle bit, so 
 as not to hurt his mouth, with a bar to each side, 
 to prevent the bit from pulling through either 
 way. This you should attach to the head-stall of 
 your bridle, and put it on your colt without any 
 reins to it, and let him run loose in a large stable 
 or shed some time, until he becomes a little used 
 
THE VETERINARIAN. 27 
 
 to the bit, and will bear it without trying to get 
 it out of his mouth. It would be well, if conve- 
 nient, to repeat this several times, before you do 
 anything more with the colt; as soon as he will 
 bear the bit, attach a single rein to it. You 
 should also have a halter on your colt, or a bridle 
 made after the fashion of a halter, with a strap to 
 it, so that you can hold or lead him about with- 
 out pulling at the bit much. He is now ready 
 for the saddle. 
 
 THE PROPER WAY TO BIT A COLT. 
 
 Farmers often put bitting harness on a colt the 
 first thing they do to him, buckling up the bitting 
 as tight as they can draw it, to make him carry 
 his head high, and then turn him out in a field to 
 run half a day at a time. This is one of the 
 worst punishments that could be inflicted on the 
 colt, and is very injurious to a young horse that 
 has been used to running in pasture with his 
 head down. Colts have been so seriously injured 
 in this way that they have never recovered. 
 
 A horse should be well accustomed to the bit 
 before you put on the bitting harness, and when 
 >'ou first bit him you should only rein his head 
 up to that point where he naturally holds it, let 
 
THE VETERINARIAN. 
 
 that be high or low; he will soon learn that he 
 cannot lower his head, and that raising it a little 
 will loosen the bit in his mouth. This will give 
 him the idea of raising his head to loosen the bit, 
 and then you can draw the bitting a little tighter 
 every time you put it on, and he will still raise 
 his head to loosen it; by this means you will 
 gradually get his head and neck in the position 
 you want him to carry them, and give him a nice 
 and graceful carriage without hurting him, 
 making him mad, or causing his mouth to get 
 sore. 
 
 If you put the bitting on very tight the first 
 time he cannot raise his head enough to loosen 
 it, but will bear on it all the time, and paw, 
 sweat and throw himself. Many horses have 
 been killed by falling backward with the bitting 
 on; their heads being drawn up, strike the ground 
 with the whole weight of the body. Horses that 
 have their heads drawn up tightly should not 
 have the bitting on more than fifteen or twenty 
 minutes at a time. 
 
 HOW TO SADDLE A COLT. 
 
 The first thing will be to tie each stirrup-strap 
 into a loose knot to make them short, and pre- 
 
THE VETERINARIAN. 29 
 
 vent the stirrups from flying about and hitting 
 him. Then double up the skirts and take the 
 saddle under your right arm, so as not to frighten 
 him with it as you approach. When you get to 
 him rub him gently a few times with your hand, 
 and then raise the saddle very slowly, until he 
 can see it and smell and feel it with his nose. 
 Then let the skirt loose, and rub it very gently 
 against his neck the way the hair lies, letting him 
 hear the rattle of the skirts as he feels them 
 against him, each time getting a little further 
 backward, and finally slipping it over his shoul- 
 ders on his back. Shake it a little with your 
 hand, and in less than five minutes you can rattle 
 it about over his back as much as you please, and 
 pull it off and throw it on again, without his pay- 
 ing much attention to it. 
 
 As soon as you have acustomed him to the 
 saddle, fasten the girth. Be careful how you do 
 this. It often frightens the colt when he feels the 
 girth binding him, and making the saddle fit 
 tight on his back. You should bring up the 
 girth very gently, and not draw it too tight at 
 first — just enough to hold the saddle on. Move 
 him a little, and then girth it as tight as you 
 choose, and he will not mind it. 
 
THE VETERINARIAN. 
 
 You should see that the pad of your saddle is 
 all right before you put it on, and that there is 
 nothing to make it hurt him, or feel unpleasant 
 to his back. It should not have any loose straps 
 on the back part of it, to flap about and scare 
 him. After you have saddled him in this way, 
 take a switch in your right hand to tap him up 
 with, and walk about in the stable a few times 
 with your right arm over your saddle, taking hold 
 of the reins on each side of his neck with your 
 right and left hands; thus marching him about 
 in the stable until you teach him the use of the 
 bridle and can turn him about in any direction, 
 and stop him by a gentle pull of the rein. Al- 
 ways caress him, and loose the reins a little every 
 time you stop him. 
 
 You should always be alone, and have your 
 colt in some light stable or shed, the first time 
 you ride him — the loft should be high so that 
 you can sit on his back without endangering 
 your head. You can teach him more in two 
 hours' time in a stable of this kind, than you 
 could in two weeks in the common way of break- 
 ing colts — out in an open place. If you follow 
 this course of treatment you need not run any 
 risk, or have any trouble in riding the worst kind 
 
THE VETERINARIAN. 31 
 
 of a horse. You take him a step at a time, until 
 you get up a mutual confidence and trust be- 
 tween yourself and horse. First teach him to 
 lead and stand hitched; next, acquaint him with 
 the saddle, and the use of the bit; and then all 
 that remains is to get on him without scaring 
 him, and you can ride him as well as any horse. 
 
 HOW TO MOUNT THE COLT. 
 
 First gentle him well on both sides, about the 
 saddle and all over, until he will stand still with- 
 out holding, and is not afraid to see you any- 
 where about him. As soon as you have him thus 
 gentled, get a small block, about one foot or 
 eighteen inches in height, and set it down by the 
 side of him, about where you want to stand to 
 mount him; step up on this, raising yourself very 
 gently. Horses notice every change of position 
 very closely, and if you were to step up suddenly 
 on the block it would be very apt to scare him; 
 but by raising yourself gradually on it, he will 
 see you without being frightened, in a position 
 very nearly the same as when you are on his 
 back. 
 
 As soon as he will bear this without alarm, un- 
 tie the stirrup-strap next to you, and put your 
 
32 THE VETERINARIAN. 
 
 left foot into the stirrup, and stand square over 
 it, holding your knee against the horse, and your 
 toes out, so as not to touch him under the shoul- 
 der with the toe of your boot. Place your right 
 hand on the front of the saddle, and on the op- 
 posite side of you, taking hold of a portion of the 
 mane and the reins, as they hang loosely over his 
 neck, with your left hand; then gradually bear 
 your weight on the stirrup, and on your right 
 hand, until the horse feels your whole weight 
 on the saddle. Repeat this several times, each 
 time raising yourself a little higher from the 
 block, until he will allow you to raise your leg 
 over his croup, and place yourself in the sad- 
 dle. 
 
 There are three great advantages in having a 
 block from which to mount. First, a sudden 
 change of position is very apt to frighten a young 
 horse who has never been handled; he will allow 
 you to walk up to him, and stand by his side 
 without scaring at you, because you have gentled 
 him to that position; but if you get down on 
 your hands and knees and crawl toward him, he 
 will be very much frightened; and upon the 
 same principle, he would be frightened at your 
 new position if you had the power to hold your- 
 
THE VETERINARIAN. 33 
 
 self over his back without touching him. The 
 first great advantage of the block, then, is to 
 gradually gentle him to that new position in 
 which he will see you when you ride him. 
 
 Secondly, by the process of leaning your 
 weight in the stirrup, and on your hand, you can 
 gradually accustom him to your weight, so as not 
 to frighten him by having him feel it all at once. 
 And, in the third place, the block elevates you so 
 that you will not have to make a spring in order 
 to get upon the horse's back, but from it you can 
 gradually raise yourself into the saddle. When 
 you take these precautions, there is no horse so 
 wild but that you can mount him without mak- 
 ing him jump. When mounting, your horse 
 should always stand without being held. A 
 horse is never well broken when he has to 
 be held with a tight rein when mounting; 
 and a colt is never so safe to mount as when you 
 see that assurance of confidence, and absence 
 of fear, which cause him to stand without holding. 
 
 An improved plan of mounting is to pass the 
 palm of the right hand on the off-side of the sad- 
 dle and, as you rise, lean your weight on it; by this 
 means you can mount with the girth loose; or 
 without any girth at all. 
 
34 THE VETERINARIAN. 
 
 HOW TO RIDE A COLT. 
 
 When you want him to start do not touch him 
 on the side with your heel, or do anything to 
 frighten him and make him jump. But speak to 
 him kindly, and if he does not start pull him a 
 little to the left until he starts, and then let him 
 walk off slowly, with the reins loose. Walk him 
 around in the stable a few times until he gets 
 used to the bit, and you can turn him about in 
 every direction and stop him as you please. It 
 would be well to get on and off a good many 
 times until he gets perfectly used to it before you 
 take him out of the stable. 
 
 After you have trained him in this way — which 
 should not take you more than one or two hours 
 — you can ride him anywhere you choose without 
 ever having him jump or make any effort to 
 throw you. 
 
 When you first take him out of the stable be 
 very gentle with him, as he will feel a little more 
 at liberty to jump or run, and be a little easier 
 frightened than he was while in the stable. But 
 after handling him ,so much in the stable he will 
 be pretty well broken, and you will be able to 
 manage him without trouble or danger. 
 
 When you first mount him take a little the 
 
THE VETERINARIAN. 35 
 
 shortest hold on the left rein, so that if anything 
 frightens him you can prevent him from jumping 
 by pulling his head round to you. This opera- 
 tion of pulling a horse's head round against his 
 side will prevent any horse from jumping ahead, 
 rearing up, or running away. If he is stubborn 
 and will not go, you can make him move by pull- 
 ing his head round to one side, when whipping 
 would have no effect. And turning him around 
 a few times will make him dizzy, and then, by 
 letting him have his head straight, and giving him 
 a little touch with the whip, he will go along 
 without any trouble. 
 
 Never use martingales on a colt when you first 
 ride him; every movement of the hand should go 
 right to the bits in the direction in which it is 
 applied to the reins, without a martingale to 
 change the direction of the force applied. You 
 can guide the colt much better without it, and 
 teach him the use of the bit in much less time. 
 Besides, martingales would prevent you from 
 pulling his head round if he should try to 
 jump. 
 
 After your colt has been ridden until he is 
 gentle and well accustomed to the bit, you may 
 find it an advantage, if he carries his head too 
 
36 THE VETERINARIAN. 
 
 high or his nose too far out, to put martingales 
 on him. 
 
 You should be careful not to ride your colt so 
 far, at first, as to heat, worry, or tire him. Get 
 off as soon as you see that he is a little fatigued; 
 gentle him, and let him rest; this will make him 
 kind to you, and prevent him from getting stub- 
 born or mad. 
 
 TO BREAK A HORSE TO HARNESS. 
 
 Take him in a light stable, as you did to ride 
 him; take the harness and go through the same 
 process that you did with the saddle, until you 
 get him familiar with it, so that you can put it 
 on him and rattle it about without his caring for 
 it. As soon as he will bear this, put on the lines, 
 caress him as you draw them over him, and drive 
 him about in the stable till he will bear them 
 over his hips. The lines are a great aggravation 
 to some colts, and often frighten them as much 
 as if you were to raise a whip over them. As 
 soon as he is familiar with the harness and the 
 lines, take him out and put him by the side of a 
 gentle horse. Always use a bridle without blink- 
 ers when you are breakiug a horse to harness. 
 
 Lead him to and around a light sulky or pha. 
 
THE VETERINARIAN. 37 
 
 eton; let him look at it, touch it with his nose, 
 and stand by it till he does not care for it; then 
 pull the shafts a little to the left and stand your 
 horse in front of the off-wheel. Let some one 
 stand on the right side of the horse and hold 
 him by the bit, while you stand on the left side, 
 facing the sulky. This will keep him straight. 
 Run your left hand back and let it rest on his 
 hip, and lay hold of the shafts with your right, 
 bringing them up very gently to the left hand, 
 which still remains stationary. Do not let any- 
 thing but your arm touch his back, and, as soon 
 as you have the shafts square over him, let the 
 person on the opposits side take hold of one of 
 them, and lower them very gently to the shaft- 
 bearers. Be very slow and deliberate about 
 hitching; the longer time you take the better, as a 
 general thing. When you have the shafts placed 
 shake them slightly, so that he will feel them 
 against each side. As soon as he will bear them 
 without scaring, fasten your traces, etc., and 
 start him along very slowly. Let one man lead 
 the horse, to keep him gentle, while the other 
 gradually works back with the lines till he can 
 get behind and drive him. After you have 
 driven him this way a short distance, you can get 
 
88 THE VETERINARIAN. 
 
 into the sulky, and all will go right. It is very 
 important to have your horse go gently when you 
 first hitch him. After you have walked him 
 awhile there is not half so much danger of his 
 scaring. Men do very wrong to jump up behind 
 a horse to drive him as soon as they have him 
 hitched. There are too many things for him to 
 comprehend all at once. The shafts, the lines, 
 the harness, and the rattling of the sulky, all tend 
 to scare him, and he must be made familiar with 
 them by degrees. 
 
 WARRANTY. 
 In the purchase of a horse the buyer should 
 take, with the receipt, what is termed in law a 
 warranty. The best way of expressing it is in 
 this form : 
 
 Newark, N. J., August i, 18— . 
 
 Received of S. E. Ryman three hundred dollars, 
 for a black mare, warranted only five years old, 
 sound, free from vice, and quiet to ride and, 
 drive. 
 
 $300. R. M. ROSS. 
 
 A receipt which , includes simply the word 
 il warranted," extends merely to soundness. 
 " Warranted sound," has no greater extent ; the 
 
THE VETERINARIAN. 3$ 
 
 age, freedom from vice, and quietness to ride and 
 drive should all be especially named. This war- 
 ranty embraces every cause of unsoundnsss that 
 can be detected, or that is inherent in the con- 
 stitution of the animal at the time of sale, as well 
 as every vicious habit which he has previously 
 shown. In order to establish a breach of the 
 warranty, and then be enabled to return the 
 horse or recover the price paid, the purchaser 
 must prove that it was unsound or viciously dis- 
 posed at the time of sale. In case of cough, the 
 horse must have been heard to cough previously 
 to the purchase, or as he was led home, or as 
 soon as he had entered the stable of the pur- 
 chaser. Coughing, even on the following morn- 
 ing, will not be sufficient; for it is possible that 
 he might have caught cold by a change of 
 stabling. If he is lame, it must be proved to 
 arise from a cause that could not have occurred 
 after he was in the purchaser's possession. No 
 price will imply a warranty, or be deemed equiv- 
 alent to one; the warranty must be expressly 
 stated. 
 
 A fraud in the seller must be proved, in order 
 that the buyer may be enabled to return the 
 horse or maintain an action for the price. The 
 
40 THE VETERINARIAN. 
 
 warranty should be given at the time of sale. A 
 warranty, or a promise to warrant the horse, 
 given at any period previous to the sale, is of no 
 effect; for the horse is a very perishable com- 
 modity, and his constitution and his usefulness 
 may undergo a considerable change in a few 
 days. A warranty after the sale is also of no ef- 
 fect, as it is given without any legal considera- 
 tion. In order to complete the purchase, there 
 must be a transfer of the animal, or a written 
 memorandum of agreement, or the payment of 
 some sum, however small, as earnest-money. No 
 verbal promise to buy or sell is binding without 
 one of these accompaniments; and the moment 
 either of them is effected, the legal transfer of 
 property, or its delivery, is made, and whatever 
 may happen to the horse, the seller retains, or is 
 entitled to, the money. If the purchaser exer- 
 cises any act of ownership — as by using the 
 animal without leave of the seller, or by having 
 any operation performed upon him, or medicines 
 given to him — he makes him his own. 
 
 If the horse should afterwards be discovered 
 to have been unsound at the time of warranty 
 and sale, the buyer may return him. Although 
 not legally compelled to give notice to the seller 
 
THE VETERINARIAN. 41 
 
 of the discovered unsoundness, it is best that 
 such notice should be given. The animal should 
 then be tendered at the house or stable of the 
 seller. If he refuses to receive the animal, 
 humanity dictates that he should be sent to a 
 livery stable, in preference to tying him up in the 
 street; an action can be maintained, after the 
 horse has been tendered, for the necessary ex- 
 penses of keeping him as well as for the price 
 paid. The keep, however, can be recovered only 
 for the time that necessarily intervened between 
 the tender and the determination of the action. 
 It is not legally necessary to return the animal as 
 soon as the unsoundness is discovered. The 
 animal may be kept for a reasonable time after- 
 wards, and even proper medical means may be 
 resorted to for the removal of the unsoundness; 
 but courtesy, and indeed justice, will require 
 that the notice should be given as soon as pos- 
 sible. 
 
 HORSE SHOEING. 
 
 When the delicacy of organization of the foot 
 is considered — its extreme sensitiveness and 
 wonderful adaptability for the purpose of loco- 
 motion, the enormous wear and tear incident 
 
42 THE VETERINARIAN. 
 
 upon the constant use in the service of man, its 
 liability to abuse and injury, and the consequent 
 suffering of the dumb animals, and pecuniary loss 
 to the owner — it is surprising that there has been 
 so little real improvement in the art. While the 
 past half century has been so fruitful of results 
 in almost every other branch of industry, it has 
 witnessed few in this. This is due in a great 
 measure to the indifference of the artisan to 
 whom the care of the horse's foot is committed, 
 who, ignorant of the nature and structure of the 
 living member before him, so recklessly handles 
 and mutilates it, in much the same manner as his 
 ancestors years before him. 
 
 The feet of most of the horses of the present 
 day, and especially those used for draught pur- 
 poses and heavy work in our large cities, are in 
 bad condition. A healthy, vigorous foot is the 
 exception, even among horses used for lighter 
 work. Brittle, shelly hoofs, ridged and dished, 
 indicating internal derangement; withered frogs, 
 with the centre arch or stay entirely absorbed, 
 high heels bound up by hard, unyielding crust, 
 all these deformities and many others are charge- 
 able in some degree to bad shoeing. Sometimes 
 injuries are attributed to the blacksmith that are 
 
THE VETERINARIAN. 43 
 
 due to accident or the brutality of the driver. 
 Veterinarians may propose theories, but lack the 
 practical experience and opportunities of obser- 
 vation which the workman alone can have, while 
 the number of the latter who have combined 
 scientific education with a thorough knowledge 
 of the detail of their profession, has been too 
 small to stamp any decided character upon it. 
 The question then presents itself, why not teach 
 the mechanic the design of the structure, to 
 the repair of which his lifetime is devoted. 
 
 The operation of paring out the horse's foot 
 is a matter requiring both skill and judgment, 
 and is, moreover, a work of some labor when 
 properly performed. It will be found that the 
 operator errs much oftener by removing too little 
 than too much; at least it is so with the parts 
 which ought to be removed, which are almost as 
 hard and unyielding as flint, and, in their most 
 favorable state, require considerable exertion to 
 cut through. 
 
 No general rule can be given applicable to the 
 paring out of the feet of all horses, or even of the 
 feet of the same horse at all times. It would be 
 evidently unwise, for example, to pare the sole 
 as thin in a hot, dry season, when the roads are 
 
44 THE VETERINARIAN. 
 
 broken up, and strewed with loose stones, as 
 would be proper in a moderately wet one, when 
 the roads are well bound and even; for, in the 
 case first named, the sole is in constant danger of 
 being bruised by violent contact with loose 
 stones, and therefore needs a thicker layer of 
 horn for its protection; while the latter case offers 
 the most favorabe surface that the greater part 
 of our horses ever have to travel upon, advantage 
 of which should be taken for a thorough paring 
 out of the sole, in order that the internal parts of 
 the foot may derive the full benefit accruing 
 from an elastic and descending sole; a condition 
 of things very essential to the due performance 
 of their separate functions. To take another 
 illustration: horn grows very freely, especially 
 toward the toe, in horses with upright feet and high 
 heels, and such are always benefitted by having 
 the toe shortened, the heels lowered and the sole 
 well pared out; whereas, in horses with flat feet 
 and low heels, horn grows sparingly, and the toe 
 of such feet being always weak, admits of very 
 little shortening. Such heels being already too 
 low, they should scarcely be touched with the 
 rasp; and the sole presents such a small quantity 
 
THE VETERINARIAN. 45 
 
 of dead horn, that the knife should be used with 
 great discretion. 
 
 The corners formed by the junction of crust 
 and bars should be well pared out, particularly 
 on the inside; for this is the common seat of 
 corn, and any accumulation of horn in this situa- 
 tion must increase the risk of bruising the sensi- 
 tive sole between the inner part or heel of the 
 coffin bone and the horny sole. Little, if any- 
 thing, is gained by allowing the bars to project 
 beyond the surface of the sole. The power of 
 resisting contraction cannot possibly be in- 
 creased by this arrangement, and the projecting 
 rim is left exposed to the danger of being broken 
 and bruised by contact with stones and other 
 hard substances; and the method is further at- 
 tended with the disadvantages of making the 
 cleaning out of these corners a work of consider- 
 able ingenuity with so unweildy an instrument as 
 a common drawing knife. It is much preferable 
 to pare them down to a level with the sole, or 
 very nearly so; avoiding, however, every ap- 
 proach to what is styled " opening Out the heels," 
 a most reprehensible practice, which means cut- 
 ting away the sides of the bars so as to show an 
 apparent increase of width, between the heels, 
 4 
 
46 THE VETERINARIAN. 
 
 which may, for the time, deceive the eye, but is 
 in reality a mere deception, purchased at the ex- 
 pense of impaired powers of resistance in the 
 bars and ultimate contraction of the feet. It is 
 palpable that the removal of any portion from 
 the sides of the bars must diminish their sub- 
 stance, and render them weaker, and consequently 
 less able to resist contraction. 
 
 The frog should never be cut or pared, except 
 in very rare cases of horses with unusually fast- 
 growing frogs. The first stroke of the knife re- 
 moves the thin horny covering altogether, and 
 lays bare an under surface, totally unfitted, from 
 its moist, soft texture, for exposure, either to the 
 hard ground or the action of the air, in conse- 
 quence of which exposure it soon becomes dry 
 and shrinks; then follow cracks, the edge of 
 which, turning outward forms rags; these rags 
 are removed by the smith at the next shoeing, 
 by which means another similar surface is ex- 
 posed, and another foundation laid for other 
 rags; and this process continues, until finally the 
 protruding, plump, elastic cushion, interposed 
 by nature between the navicular joint and the 
 ground, and so essential to its preservation from 
 injury, is converted — by this senseless inte er- 
 
THE VETERINARIAN. 47 
 
 ence — into the dry, shrunk, unyielding apology 
 for a frog, to be seen in the foot of almost every 
 horse that has been regularly shod for a few- 
 years. The frog is provided within itself with 
 two very efficient modes of throwing off any 
 superfluous horn with which it may be troubled, 
 and it is very unwise in man to interfere with 
 them. The first and most common of these 
 modes is the separation from the surface of the 
 frog of small, bran-like scales, which becoming 
 dry, fall off in a kind of whitish scurf; the other, 
 which is upon a large scale, and of rare occur- 
 rence is sometimes called "casting the frog." 
 A thick layer of frog separates itself in a body, 
 and shells off as deep as a common paring with a 
 knife; but this very important difference is to be 
 noted between the two operations — that nature 
 never removes the horny covering until she has 
 provided another horny covering beneath, so that 
 although a large portion of frog may have been re- 
 moved there still remains behind a perfect frog, 
 smaller, it is true, but covered with horn and in 
 every way fitted to sustain exposure; while the 
 knife, on the contrary, removes the horny cover- 
 ing but is unable to substitute any other in its 
 stead. The frog should therefore be left to 
 
48 THE VETERINARIAN. 
 
 itself. Nature will remove the superfluous horn, 
 and the rags do no harm, since, if they are un- 
 molested they will soon wholly disappear. Mind 
 that the shoe is intended for the foot, and not 
 the foot for the shoe, and that it is therefore 
 peculiarly proper to make the shoe to fit the 
 natural form of the foot, instead, as is often the 
 case, of paring, burning and rasping the foot 
 until it fits the shoe, which is made according 
 to the smith's notion of what the form of the 
 horse's foot should be. No amount of paring 
 can bring the foot of a horse to an unnatural 
 figure, and also leave it sound and safe for use. 
 The truth really is, that the shape of the shoe 
 cannot by any possibility influence the shape of 
 the foot; for the foot being elastic, it expands to 
 the weight of the horse in precisely the same de- 
 gree, whether it is resting upon the most open or 
 the most contracted shoe. It is the situation of 
 the nails and not the shape of the shoe that 
 determines the form of the foot. If the nails be 
 placed in the outside quarter and toe, leaving the 
 heels and quarters on the inside — which are the 
 most expansive portions — free, no shape which 
 we can give to the shoe can of itself change the 
 form of the foot. It must not, however, be in* 
 
THE VETERINARIAN. 49 
 
 ferred from this, that the shape of the shoe is 
 therefore of no importance; quite the contrary 
 being the case, as has been already shown. As 
 the shape of the foot is in no degree changed by 
 the form of the shoe, that form should manifestly 
 be adopted which produces the greatest number 
 of advantages with fewest disadvantages. A 
 small clip at the point of the toe is desirable, as 
 preventing displacement of the shoe backward. 
 It need not be driven up hard, as it is simply re- 
 quired as a check or stay. The shoe should be 
 sufficiently long to fully support the angles at the 
 heels, and not so short — as is too often the case 
 — that a little wear imbeds the edge of it in the 
 horn at these parts. 
 
 The foot surface of the shoe should always 
 have a good, flat, even space left all around for 
 the crust to bear upon ; for it must be remembered 
 that the crust sustains the whole weight of the 
 horse, and should therefore have a perfectly even 
 bearing everywhere around the shoe. 
 
 Before removing the old shoes care should be 
 taken to raise all the clinches of the nails to pre- 
 vent injury to the crust, and to avoid giving pain 
 to the horse; even after clinches are raised, if 
 the shoes cannot be easily drawn off, those nails 
 
50 THE VETERINARIAN. 
 
 which seem to hold most firmly should be 
 punched, or drawn out, that the shoe may be re- 
 moved without injury to the hoof, and without 
 weakening the nail-hold for the new shoeing. 
 
 The shoe being removed, the edge of the crust 
 should be well rasped to remove so much of the 
 horn as would have been worn away by the con- 
 tact with the ground, had it been unshod. In no 
 case should the rasp be used on the surface of 
 the hoof, except to make the necessary depres- 
 sions for the clinches, after the new shoe has 
 been put on, and to shape the hoof below the 
 line of the clinches of the nails. The hoof, above 
 this line, will inevitably be injured by such treat- 
 ment, which is one of the most fruitful sources 
 of brittleness of the horn, which often results in 
 " sand-crack." 
 
 In fitting the shoe on the foot, it should never, 
 while red-hot be burned into its place, as this 
 would so heat the sensitive sole as to produce a 
 serious derangement. 
 
 It is a certain fact that by burning, a crust will 
 form on the bottom of the foot that will eventu- 
 ally crumble off, and in a very short time the 
 shoe will become loose. And this is not all — 
 the hot iron will cause contraction of horn, 
 
THE VETERINARIAN. 51 
 
 which the reader will readily remember if he has 
 ever placed horn against hot iron and noticed 
 the manner in which it will curl. 
 
 The shoe having been so fitted that the foot 
 exactly touches it in every part, the next step is 
 to nail it fast to the hoof. 
 
 Upon the number and situation of the nails 
 which secure it depends the amount of disturbance 
 that the natural functions of the foot are destined 
 to sustain from the shoe. If the nails are numer- 
 ous and placed back in the quarters and heels, 
 no form of shoe, however perfect, can save the 
 foot from contraction and navicular disease. 
 
 If, on the contrary, they are few and placed 
 in the outside quarter and toe, leaving the inside 
 quarter and heels free to expand, no form of 
 shoe is so bad that it can, from defective form 
 alone, produce contraction of the foot. 
 
 The fear, very commonly entertained, that a 
 shoe will be cast almost at every step, unless it is 
 held to the foot by eight or nine nails driven high 
 up into the crust, is utterly groundless,, as both 
 theory and practice concur in asserting. If the 
 presence of a nail in the crust were a matter of 
 no moment, and two or three more than are 
 necessary were merely useless, no great reason 
 
52 THE VETERINARIAN. 
 
 would exist for condemning the common practice 
 of using too many nails; but it is far otherwise; 
 the nails separate the fibres of the horn, which 
 never by any chance become united again, but 
 continue apart and unclosed, until by degrees 
 they grow down with the rest of the hoof, and 
 are finally, after repeated shoeings, removed by 
 the knife. 
 
 If the clinches chance to rise, they must be at 
 once replaced, as such rising imparts to the nails 
 a freedom of motion which is certain to enlarge 
 the size of the holes; and this mischief is often 
 increased by the violent wrenching from side to 
 side which the shoe undergoes in the process of 
 removal by the smith. As these holes cannot 
 possibly grow down and be removed under three 
 shoeings, it will be found that even with seven 
 nails the crust must always have twenty-one of 
 these separations existing in it at the same time; 
 and as they are often from various causes ex- 
 tended into each other, they necessarily keep it 
 in a brittle, unhealthy state, and materially in- 
 terfere with the security of the future nail- 
 hold. 
 
 Before leaving this* subject it should be re- 
 marked, that contracted feet — that is, feet that 
 
THE VETERINARIAN. 53 
 
 have shrunken and become narrow at the heels, 
 and of which the frog has become materially re- 
 duced in size — are often, and doubtless most fre- 
 quently, caused by inflammation arising from im- 
 proper shoeing. In such cases, and often when 
 horses are lame in the foot from other causes, the 
 horseshoer will pinch and punch the horse in the 
 shoulder until from pain the horse responds, 
 then he will look with pride and say that is 
 where the lameness is. 
 
 The foot is a very finely constructed affair, 
 subject at all times to contusions, bruises and ac- 
 cidents, which causes it to be much more liable 
 to lameness than the broad shoulder with its 
 heavy bones and large, strong muscles. 
 
 It is the. custom of many blacksmiths to " set 
 the shoes well off at the heels," and to carry the 
 seating or the level of the upper side of the shoes 
 so far back that the heels, instead of resting on a 
 flat surface — as they would on a properly fitted 
 shoe — rest on the slopes of the seating, which are 
 in this respect simply two inclined planes, so 
 placed that, at each step taken by the horse, his 
 heels must be pressed together, until a greater or 
 less contraction is made manifest, but at too late 
 a period to enable us to remedy the evil; for 
 
54 THE VETERINARIAN. 
 
 there is no means by which this contraction of 
 the foot can be cared — although, when it exists 
 only to a slight extent, the internal portions ot 
 the foot will sometimes accomodate themselves 
 to its new form. So far as disease is the result 
 of bad shoeing, it can be obviated by so forming 
 the shoe that it will afford a sufficient and per- 
 fectly secure and level support for the heels. 
 
 If we carefully observe the form and size in 
 the frog in the foot of a colt of from four to five 
 years old, at its first shoeing, and then note the 
 changes which it undergoes as the shoeings are 
 repeated, we shall soon be convinced that a visi- 
 ible departure from a state of health and nature 
 is taking place. At first it will be found large 
 and full, with considerable elasticity; the cleft 
 oval in form, open, and expanding, with a con- 
 tinuous, well-defined, and somewhat elevated 
 boundary; the bulbs at the heels fully developed, 
 plump and rounded; and the whole mass occu- 
 pying about one-sixth of the circumference ol 
 the foot. By degrees the fullness and elasticity 
 will be observed to have diminished; the bulb at 
 the heels will shrink, and lose their plumpness; 
 the cleft will become narrower, its oval form dis- 
 appear, the back part of its boundary give way, 
 
THE VETERINARIAN. 55 
 
 and it will dwindle mto a narrow crack, extended 
 back between the wasted, or perhaps obliterated, 
 bulbs, presenting only the miserable remains of a 
 frog, such as may be seen in the feet of most 
 horses long accustomed to be shod. 
 
 QUARTER CRACK AND TOE CRACK. 
 
 The author has never failed to cure either of 
 these troubles if his advice was followed. Draw 
 lines from the hair to the crack, about one to one 
 and one-half inches long, in the shape of a V, on 
 each side of the crack. Cut well down so that 
 the bottom of the groove bleeds; then touch the 
 top of the crack at the hair with a red hot iron, 
 and give the V shaped pieces a chance to bulge 
 — which they will do in a few days. 
 
 There is a set of instruments for closing 
 quarter cracks, which consists of a tool for mak- 
 ing mortices on each side of the crack in the 
 wall of the foot, a clamp, and a powerful pair oi 
 forceps for compressing the end or point of the 
 clamps into the hoof. 
 
 The author has used these instruments in a 
 number of cases with complete success for hold- 
 ing the hoof together below the V shaped pieces. 
 It has also been his practice to keep the horse 
 
56 THE VETERINARIAN. 
 
 shod with good bar shoes, and use plenty of 
 Humphrey's Gilt Edge Hoof Ointment, to 
 promote the growth of the horn. 
 
 Veterinary Surgeon F. P. Robergeo, at 1741 
 Broadway, New York, is the inventor of a steel 
 spring, known as Robergeo's Hoof Expander, 
 that does away with the clamp on the 
 patient's foot, and the author has been in- 
 formed by those who have used both methods, 
 that the spring is preferable to the method he 
 has given, and advises its use. In cases of con- 
 traction of the feet these springs are superior to 
 anything ever invented, without a doubt, and 
 persons using them will find the Gilt Edge Hoof 
 Ointment very beneficial for softening and pro- 
 moting the growth of the foot. 
 
 FORGING. 
 
 Forging is caused by the hind foot being 
 thrown forward and striking against the bottom 
 of the shoe of the fore foot, before it can get out 
 of the way. The only way to overcome this 
 trouble is to increase the action of the horse in 
 front, and retard the action of the hind limbs. 
 The proper way to obviate this trouble is by 
 using light shoes in front, slightly raising the 
 
tHE Veterinarian. 5* 
 
 heel, to give the foot a chance to get off of the 
 ground sooner. 
 
 Do not cut the toe of the hind foot; make the 
 hind shoe so that it will extend pretty well be- 
 hind. Make the projecting portion heavy, and 
 let the foot project a little over the toe of the 
 shoe. 
 
 PRICKED. 
 
 Prick of the foot is an injury caused either by 
 the horse picking up a nail, or an accident of 
 this kind may happen while the horse is being 
 shod. The horseshoer may or may not be to 
 blame; but it might happen without any care- 
 lessness on his part, that a nail will split or take 
 a direction entirely different from the one he had 
 reason to expect. If the nail splits^. large por- 
 tion comes out of the horn in a proper manner; 
 it is possible that a small section^may penetrate 
 the sensitive laminae. The horseshoer could not 
 notice that a small portion of the nail had not 
 come out. When such an accident happens, if 
 there is any part of the nail left in the foot, get 
 it out at all hazards. Make a good free opening 
 in the foot, until the blood starts freely. Then 
 pour into the parts a few drops of muriatic acid, 
 
5& THE VETERINARIAN. 
 
 or turpentine, dress the sore with Humphrey's 
 Gilt Edge Hoof Ointment, or pine tar and oak- 
 um. Tack on the shoe; every night stuff the foot 
 with oil meal. As a rule the author does not ad- 
 vise working lame or sick horses, but in cases of 
 prick of the foot the animal will generally do 
 much better to be kept at work, even if he is 
 lame, than he will standing in the stable. It 
 may be necessary to take the shoe off, from time 
 to time, to let any puss escape that might be 
 penned up. 
 
 TO PREVENT INTERFERING. 
 
 For a horse that interferes in front, artistic 
 shoeing as a rule is of little or no avail ; among 
 horsemen they are called nigger footed horses, and 
 a man that has owned one of them is sure never 
 to purchase another, for they are of very little or 
 no value. A horse may interfere behind when he 
 is first brought from the country and first com- 
 mences to travel on the city pavements; but with 
 proper shoeing he will soon stop it. The horse 
 that interferes behind should have his foot prop- 
 erly leveled, cutting away the horn, slightly low- 
 ering the outside of the foot, to throw the ankle 
 out, thereby giving the opposite foot a chance to 
 
THE VETERINARIAN. 59 
 
 pass. Do not disfigure the foot. Weight the 
 outside of the shoe and raise the inside of the 
 foot by making the inside of the shoe the thick- 
 est. If a horse should interfere after shoeing, 
 put more weight on the outside of the shoe; do 
 not put more than two nails on the inside of 
 the shoe, and those near the toe. The horn on 
 the inside should be left to project a trifle over 
 the outside of the shoe. It will probably take 
 two or three shoeings to stop the horse from in- 
 terfering behind. 
 
 WATER. 
 
 The watering of the horse is a very impor- 
 tant but disregarded portion of his general man- 
 agement, especially by the farmer. He lets his 
 horses loose morning and night, and they go to 
 the nearest pond or brook and drink their fill, 
 and no harm results; for they obtain that kind of 
 water which nature designed them to have, in a 
 manner prepared for them by some unknown in- 
 fluence of the atmosphere, as well as by the de- 
 position of many saline admixtures. 
 
 With working or road horses in cities, not 
 having an opportunity to go to the brook or 
 pond, the important question of water is easily 
 
60 THE VETERINARIAN. 
 
 settled. Give them a little at a time, as often as 
 you see fit; but never less than three times a 
 day. 
 
 PINK EYE. 
 
 In the spring and fall especially — oftener in 
 the spring — the disease known as pink eye is 
 most prevalent. It is in all probability caused 
 by some peculiar atmospheric influences which 
 exercise an injurious effect upon the animal. 
 This may be said to be the exciting cause; but 
 there are many other influences which may produce 
 the disease. Ill-ventilated stables, or the horses 
 not receiving a sufficient supply of wholesome, 
 nutritive food, may produce it. It more fre- 
 quently occurs in large cities, and especially in 
 New York, where it can be found any time of the 
 year. Experience teaches us that, if animals are 
 compelled to breathe impure air, and have not 
 sufficient exercise, they are more liable to con- 
 tract this disease. But all are subject to it. 
 
 Various names are given to this disease : in- 
 fluenza, distemper, catarrhal fever, epizootic, and 
 epidemic catarrh. 
 
 At some periods the disorder will run through en- 
 tire stables; at others it will attack them "piece- 
 
THE VETERINARIAN. 61 
 
 meal," and in situations where no connection 
 can be traced. 
 
 I have never taken particular caution to pre- 
 vent its spreading, but it is certainly better to 
 separate the infected, if possible, from well 
 horses. 
 
 SYMPTOMS. 
 
 Considering the disorder as produced at sea- 
 sons of the year when horses are naturally weak, 
 in consequence of this being the time they 
 are shedding their coats, and taking into account 
 the situation, in its simplest form it bears some 
 resemblance to common fever; though there are 
 still strong characteristic distinctions between the 
 diseases. 
 
 To a practitioner, the look — the eye at once 
 betrays the malady. Either it exhibits that 
 woe-begone aspect which extreme depression 
 might give; or else its upper lid, instead of being 
 simply dependent is nearly closed, while the eye- 
 lid on the inner side is of a very slight or yellow- 
 ish-red color; the head appears to hang from, 
 rather than supported by the neck. The coat 
 looks dull, having lost its gloss. The extremities 
 —ears and legs — are cold; but the mouth dry, hot 
 
62 THE VETERINARIAN. 
 
 and feverish. The pulse is accelerated, but very- 
 weak. The respiration undisturbed. The dung 
 is voided in small qauntities. The urine scanty, 
 and passed with difficulty. The horse cannot be 
 induced to look at food, but turns from it as 
 though he despaired of possible recovery. 
 
 It is impossible to lay down any absolute line 
 of treatment. Where debility is marked the 
 treatment must be very mild and excessively cau- 
 tious. Where the disorder, however, appears 
 with customary tone, and exhibits some strength 
 to stand active measures, it is well to be particu- 
 larly careful as to the mode of treatment. There 
 exists no apparent disturbance of the breathing, 
 at least not enough to create alarm. 
 
 Other symptoms often present themselves with 
 the foregoing. Cerebro-spinal meningitis may be 
 produced, so that you will have various forms of 
 this disease. In other cases the breathing is very 
 much affected, which is perhaps more percep- 
 tible at the nostrils than at the flank. The 
 throat is sore. The bronchial tube soon becomes 
 involved, and you hear a peculiar noise by plac- 
 ing the ear against the throat. 
 
 Many cases exhibit catarrhal symptoms; that 
 is, the membrane of the nose is reddened and 
 
THE VETERINARIAN. 63 
 
 from the nostrils is poured out a yellow viscid 
 matter. This matter is generally of a yellowish, 
 but in some cases turns to a greenish hue. The 
 general temperature of the body may be in- 
 creased to 105 °. 
 
 On other occasions the disorder commences 
 with vertigo; the brain is attacked — so when the 
 animal walks out he staggers and can hardly 
 keep his legs. 
 
 An accompaniment of pink eye is swelled legs. 
 The author considers this a good symptom, and 
 when this appears he thinks the patient's chances 
 for recovery are very much improved. 
 
 TREATMENT. 
 
 Pure air is the first great consideration — and 
 plenty of it. Turn the animal loose, if possible in 
 a box stall, rather than keep in a close stable. 
 Use covering according to the season ; rub the 
 legs well and keep the blood in circulation ; 
 bandage the legs ; support the system and de- 
 pend, to a great measure, upon nature for the rest; 
 as this disease must have its run, despite of all 
 medicine. 
 
 Provided you see the case in its early stages, 
 give the animal every morning and evening alter- 
 
64 THE VETERINARIAN. 
 
 nately, Humphrey's Veterinary Fever Rem- 
 edy and Humphrey's Veterinary Nerve 
 Remedy, and one-half pint of milk. Use stim- 
 ulants; give liquor acetate of ammonia, two and 
 one-half ounces, sweet spirits of nitre one 
 ounce, every noon ; give ale or beer but don't 
 over-feed. Get the bowels to act by giving injec- 
 tions ; in some cases it may be necessary to 
 administer a laxative of either one-half pint 
 raw linseed oil, or two or three drachms of 
 aloes. Do not push this treatment too far, for 
 fear of super-pergation. If the throat is sore 
 keep it well bathed with Humphrey's Good 
 Samaritan, or apply mustard — but the former 
 is preferable and most effective. 
 
 As the animal shows signs of convalescence — 
 the eye clear, the pulse firmer, and returning ap- 
 petite, body and limbs more of a natural temper- 
 ature, etc., give Humphrey's Condition Pow- 
 der. This treatment comes as near being abso- 
 lute as any yet discovered. 
 
 PURPURA HEMORRHAGICA. 
 
 The cause of this terrible malady is some 
 putrid condition or* a charbonous affection 
 of the blood. The skin and mucous membrane, 
 
THE VETERINARIAN. 65 
 
 and it is quite possible, that many parts of the 
 body may be affected. The attack is sudden. 
 The body, head and limbs enlarge; conscious- 
 ness is partially lost. The horse stands and the 
 breathing is quickened. Through the skin there 
 exudes serum with blood. The nostrils and 
 lips enlarge, and part of the swollen tongue pro- 
 trudes from the mouth. The appetite is not quite 
 lost, although deglutition (swallowing) is difficult. 
 Thirst is great. There is generally no trouble in 
 detecting this disease at the start. There will 
 be a slight swelling of the limbs that will possibly 
 disappear by exercise — but it will shortly return. 
 The swelling is very sudden and surprising. 
 Such a swelling means symptoms of purpura. 
 Exudation (discharge of bloody matter) takes 
 place. On a white limb you can see red spots 
 from which the liquid is oozing. Small vescicles 
 (bladders on the skin) appear on the limb and 
 also in the mucous membrane. The mucous 
 membrane of the nose may become a mass of 
 corrupt matter. There will be a peculiar drop- 
 sical swelling, which may first show itself in con- 
 nection with the eye. It is necessary to watch 
 the case closely for fear of sloughing (a dropping 
 out of the skin and flesh). 
 
66 THE VETERINARIAN. 
 
 Purpura is, in all probability, the sequel to 
 some other disease, due to poison in the blood, 
 which causes the blood to be more fluid and de- 
 stroys coagulation (curdling) to a certain extent. 
 It is due more frequently to bad ventilation, bad 
 drainage, etc., than any other cause. 
 
 TREATMENT. 
 
 Place in comfortable quarters, where the 
 patient can get plenty of fresh air, and bathe the 
 nostrils with cold water. Local remedies will 
 benefit the patient but little; give good, nutri- 
 tive food, but not enough to over -load the 
 stomach; give Humphrey's Veterinary Blood 
 Remedy as directed; give one-half ounce chlor- 
 ate of potash in the water, three times a day; if 
 the bowels are constipated give one of Hum- 
 phrey's Physic Bolls. You may also give for 
 this disease, two ounces of spirits of turpentine 
 blended with two eggs, and repeat it in two days. 
 If the patient is likely to die of suffocation call a 
 veterinary surgeon to perform tracheotomy, (in- 
 cision into the windpipe,) which will afford tem- 
 porary relief; but the final recovery will be 
 doubtful, if the horse is bad enough off to re- 
 quire such treatment. 
 
ME VETERINARIAN. 6^ 
 
 COLIC. 
 
 The premonitory symptoms are sudden in 
 their nature. The animal is first observed paw- 
 ing violently, showing evident symptoms of great 
 distress, shifting his position almost constantly, 
 and manifesting a desire to lie down. In a few 
 minutes these symptoms disappear, and the ani- 
 mal is again easy. ' But the same uneasiness 
 again returns, increasing in severity until the 
 animal cannot be kept upon his feet; the pulse is 
 full — but scarcely altered from the normal 
 standard. As the disease advances, the symp- 
 toms become more severe, the animal at times 
 throwing himself with great force upon the 
 ground, as though he were shot, looking anx- 
 iously at his sides, sometimes snapping at them 
 with his teeth, and striking his belly with his 
 hind feet. The symptoms vary but little from 
 those of inflammation of the bowels, the condition 
 of the pulse and the remission of pain being the 
 distinguishing features. The extremities are of 
 a natural temperature; there are frequent but 
 ineffectual efforts to stale, and a cold sweat be- 
 dews the body. 
 
 More horses die from colic, caused by indiges- 
 tion, than from any other disease. More horses die 
 
68 THE VETERINARIAN. 
 
 while having colic by being over-doctored than 
 die for want of treatment. It is a singular fact 
 that nine men out of ten who see a sick horse 
 know just what will cure him; but let one of 
 their own horses get sick and they don't know 
 anything that is good for him. Don't take any 
 of their advice. If your horse has colic do as 
 directed in this work, and your horse has all the 
 medicine he needs. 
 
 Flatulent colic is an accumulation of gas in 
 the stomach and intestines, occurring more often 
 in the spring and fall than at any other season. 
 Horses fed on corn are most subject to these at- 
 tacks, in consequence of this kind of food fer- 
 menting readily in the stomach, more particu- 
 larly when green. If the accumulation of gas 
 thereby occasioned is not arrested, it soon swells 
 the stomach and intestines to such an extent as 
 to cause the diaphragm, or walls of the stomach, 
 to give way, and death of the animal ensues. 
 The author has known cases to terminate in 
 death in less than half an hour from the observa- 
 tion of the first symptoms, so rapid is the course 
 of this disease. The symtoms are the same as in 
 spasmodic colic, with the exception of the swell- 
 ing of the abdomen. I have had remarkable 
 
THE VETERINARIAN. 
 
 success by using Humphrey's Celebrated 
 Colic Cure, and can safely recommend it. 
 
 When a hor.se has the colic he should be 
 treated just as any intelligent physician would 
 treat a human being. There is no necessity of 
 pouring an entire drug store into the stomach of 
 the horse, at the suggestion of knowing friends. 
 The patient should be treated in a rational man- 
 ner — by the same means and with the same skill 
 as if one of our own race were concerned. It is 
 cruel to see an animal trotted up and down the 
 street, followed by a man, with whip in hand, 
 when the horse is the subject of excruciating 
 pains, and the sweat pouring off him like rain, 
 from sheer agony. The custom is decidedly 
 wrong. Reason confirms this opinion, and what 
 reason teaches, man should endeavor to put in 
 practice. No physician would dare advise a man 
 to rise from a sick bed, and run up or down 
 stairs, for if he did so he would very shortly find 
 himself without practice. 
 
 If the patient is inclined to roll, by all means 
 let him do so — on the ground, rather than in a 
 narrow stall. 
 
 Give the patient a wide stall and plenty of bed- 
 ding. Let him lie down, rise and tumble about 
 
70 THE VETERINARIAN. 
 
 as much as he chooses; but watch and see that 
 no accident happens him. 
 
 TREATMENT. 
 
 When there is swelling of the abdomen it is the 
 writer's practice to make an opening in the flank 
 on the right side, about three inches in front of 
 the hip, at the thinnest place which can be found, 
 by careful manipulation with the fingers, with a 
 proper instrument known as the trocar and 
 canula — an instrument about five inches long. 
 This should be plunged through the flank with 
 the point directed slightly towards the opposite 
 shoulder. The stilletto is immediately with- 
 drawn, and the tube allowed to remain until the 
 formation of gas has ceased. If you get a 
 watery discharge through the tube, you have an 
 unfavorable symptom. This operation may be 
 performed with perfect safety. If you have a 
 proper instrument it is almost impossible for any 
 unfavorable results to follow. 
 
 My own practice is to give in the first stages 
 of colic, as a cathartic, one of Humphrey's Phy- 
 sic Bolls, under the -impression that by so doing I 
 do not certainly detract from the power of other 
 medicines in relieving the patient. Humphrey's 
 
THE VETERINARIAN. 71 
 
 Celebrated Colic Cure, if used as directed, is 
 as perfectly safe and reliable as any remedy that 
 can be compounded, for a horse with colic. 
 Every well-regulated stable should be always 
 provided with this remedy; but, if by chance you 
 have run short of it, give the patient sulphuric 
 ether and laudanum, one ounce of each, in half a 
 pint of water, once every two hours until relief 
 is obtained; or you may give one-half ounce of 
 chloral hydrate in one-half pint of water, every 
 two hours. A good wisp of straw vigorously ap- 
 plied to the belly, flanks and limbs may be bene- 
 ficial, as you thus preserve the equilibrium of 
 circulation. 
 
 An enema of soap-suds should be administered 
 often. If the patient does not retain the injec 
 tion, but expells it as soon as you withdraw the 
 syringe, it is considered a very unfavorable symp- 
 tom. Mustard applied to the abdomen is very 
 advantageous; about one-quarter of a pound will 
 be sufficient. When convalescing, if the patient 
 appears to have a fever, give Humphrey's Fever 
 Remedy as directed. 
 
 CBRKBRO SPINAL MENINGITIS. 
 This disease in the horse generally appears to 
 
72 THE VETERINARIAN. 
 
 the greatest extent among those breathing impure 
 air, and receiving improper food. Several years 
 ago this malady was almost unknown, but has of 
 late become extensive among animals. The 
 disease is comparatively new, as will be seen 
 from the fact that, until recently, writers on vet- 
 erinary surgery have failed to mention it. It is 
 impossible to say what the exciting cause 
 is, but enough is known about the disease to 
 show that it is due to atmospheric influences, 
 local causes, grass containing narcotic properties, 
 vegetable poison, etc. 
 
 There has been in the flats and meadows of 
 New Jersey many cases of cerebro spinal menin- 
 gitis, supposedly caused by the miasmic gases 
 prevailing in that particular district. It is act- 
 ually a congestion, followed more or less by in- 
 flammatory action of the covering of the spinal 
 cord and brain, due to a congested state of the 
 blood vessel. The sympathetic system seems to be 
 involved to some extent, perhaps to some noxious 
 condition of the blood. Anything that is debili- 
 tating tends to produce it. It is more severe and 
 fatal in crowded stables, especially when it as- 
 sumes an epidemic form. 
 
THE VETERINARIAN. 73 
 
 SYMPTOMS. 
 
 Sometimes it shows itself by loss of power, 
 especially in the hind parts; the appetite is im- 
 pared — or perhaps the animal cannot swallow — 
 due to complete paralysis of the throat. Some 
 show the brain to be affected, and others the 
 spine. Death may ensue in twenty-four hours 
 from the time you see the animal in apparently 
 good health. The temperature is not changed to 
 any great extent. In some cases it increases, in 
 others decreases. In early stages the pulse is not 
 materially changed, though it may be slower 
 than natural. The horse is apt to fall or lie 
 down, and is unable to rise. 
 
 This may be taken for azoturia or vice versa. 
 The urine is not so dark as in azoturia. 
 
 Accompanying loss of power of the hind parts 
 you will have brain disturbances, and a comatose 
 state which, in a few hours, will be followed by 
 delirium, which lasts in some cases until death. 
 One symptom is paralysis of the throat, which 
 gives some non-professional men the idea that 
 the horse has diphtheria. It is the author's 
 opinion, from long practical experience, that the 
 disease known as diphtheria, has never actually 
 existed among horses. 
 
74 THE VETERINARIAN. 
 
 If you give the horse a pail of water he will 
 pretend to drink; but if you watch, you will per- 
 ceive that little, if any water, disappears. He is 
 unable to drink, his bowels will be constipated, 
 he has very little or no appetite, and extreme 
 thirst. When he lies down, stretched out, he 
 may kick with his hind feet, or paw with his fore 
 feet. If he is down and unable to rise, prick his 
 legs with a pin or the point of a knife; if he re- 
 fuses to respond, his feeling in the parts is gone, 
 and you may consider the case unfavorable. 
 
 My experience has been, when the disease 
 assumed an epizootic form, that it came from 
 the horse drinking water containing drainage 
 from the stable, or water standing in pools in or 
 about the place, or both. 
 
 TREATMENT. 
 
 To prevent the spreading of the disease and 
 relieve congestion, blister the spinal column, and 
 top of the head with Humphrey's Spavin Blis- 
 ter. Apply the blister to the back from the 
 top of the shoulder to the root of the tail 
 Give injection of soap-suds, or warm water and 
 salt. Give Humphrey's Veterinary Nerve 
 Remedy as directed, and powdered nux vomica, 
 
THE VETERINARIAN. 75 
 
 in one drachm doses, ®nce a day. Humphrey's 
 Good Samaritan may be used with advantage 
 to stimulate the limbs, by applying it, and giv- 
 ing the horse a thorough rubbing down. It 
 may also be applied to the throat. Slings may 
 be used, if the loss of power is so great that he 
 cannot bear his weight on his limbs. If the loss 
 of power is entire the case may be considered 
 hopeless. 
 
 PNEUMONIA. 
 
 INFLAMMATION OF THE LUNGS. 
 
 By pneumonia, or inflammation of the lungs, is 
 meant either a highly congested or an inflamma- 
 tory condition of the lungs, arising from various 
 causes, as close or badly ventilated stables, vio- 
 lent or extraordinary exercise, or sudden changes 
 from heat to cold. Cold applied to the external 
 surface of a heated animal drives the blood from 
 the skin to the internal organs, often causing 
 congestion of the lungs. Pulmonary diseases are 
 more prevalent in the spring and fall, particu- 
 larly if the weather is cold and damp. 
 
 This disease is generally ushered in by a 
 shivering fit; the horse is sometimes attacked 
 very suddenly. He refuses food. 
 
76 THE VETERINARIAN. 
 
 The respiration becomes disturbed, sometimes 
 suddenly, at other times more slowly; legs, ears 
 and muzzle cold; cough sometimes present; 
 staring coat; membrane of nose reddened or 
 leadened-hued; the animal hangs his head in or 
 under the manger, stands with his feet wide 
 apart, remaining in one position, with no inclina- 
 tion to move. The pulse varies very much; it is 
 sometimes full and quick, at other times weak 
 and scarcely perceptible. 
 
 In these cases the ear is found of the greatest 
 advantage in enabling one to detect to a certainty 
 the true condition of the parts affected. If the 
 attack is sudden — coming on after any violent 
 exercise — and the pulse is quick, weak and 
 scarcely perceptible, by the application of the ear 
 to the animal's side the case is decided, in the 
 absence of all sounds, to be one of congestive 
 pneumonia. 
 
 When the disease assumes an inflammatory 
 character, the breathing becomes disturbed, the 
 mouth hot, flanks heaving, and the nostrils 
 expand and contract violently. Humphrey's 
 Spavin Blisters must be applied to the sides 
 and breast. 
 
 In these cases blood may be taken to good ad* 
 
THE VETERINARIAN. 77 
 
 vantage. Bleed from the neck at least four 
 quarts, after which place in a cool stall where he 
 can get plenty of fresh air; place a pail of cool 
 water before him. Give the patient, every four 
 hours, Humphrey's Fever Remedy, in full-sized 
 doses. Use this treatment until the beating of 
 the pulse diminishes, then give twice a day, 
 Humphrey's Veterinary Nerve Remedy in 
 one-half pint of milk. Give frequent injections 
 of soap-suds or warm water and salt. 
 
 The horse should be kept on a low diet for a 
 few days, as bran mashes, carrots, or green food; 
 but no hay should be allowed, and a pail of water 
 should be kept before him. 
 
 When the horse is convalescing give Hum- 
 phrey's Condition Powder as directed. 
 
 CORNS. 
 
 The first effect of contraction of the hoof is 
 to bruise the sensitive parts within their horny 
 limits at that part of the foot formed by the 
 crust and bar, causing lameness, which may be 
 acute or chronic. These bruises are commonly 
 called corns. The reason why this portion of 
 the foot should be so severely bruised is obvious. 
 The crust and bar forming a triangular space be- 
 
ft THE VETERINARIAN. 
 
 tween which a considerable portion of the sensi- 
 tive laminae lie, this bar by its resistance of the 
 encroachments of the crust, causes a two-fold 
 pressure upon the sensitive parts, acting much as 
 a vice, and thereby diminishing the triangular 
 space. Upon examination of the foot the horn 
 is found hard, dry and brittle, with a strong 
 tendency to crack on very slight concussion. On 
 removing a portion of the horn at the part of the 
 foot indicated, the parts are found to be con- 
 tused, sometimes slightly, and at others severely. 
 In the latter case the feet are in such a condition 
 as to require prompt attention, or discharge of 
 matter may take place, forming a sinus, or pipe- 
 like opening, through the quarter, sometimes 
 passing through the coronet, and producing a 
 condition or disease known as quitter, which 
 often terminates in permanent lameness and de- 
 formity. 
 
 When the lameness is of a chronic character, 
 the poor beast, owing to his deprivation of speed, 
 is compelled to suffer. 
 
 By way of treatment, the hoof around the corn 
 should be cut away so as to prevent pressure 
 from the shoe; the corn should be well cut out, 
 and muriatic acid applied. He should then be 
 
THE VETERINARIAN. 79 
 
 carefully shod, and, if the frog is elastic, a bar 
 shoe, nicely fitted, with a perfectly level bearing, 
 would be best; if, however, the frog is hard and 
 unyielding, such a shoe may prove injurious. 
 Flax-seed poultices frequently applied to the feet, 
 together with the use of Humphrey's Gilt 
 Edge Hoof Ointment, will be found effectual; 
 a run at grass, without shoes, will also prove bene- 
 ficial. 
 
 GLANDERS. 
 
 This fatal and much-dreaded disease has 
 baffled the efforts of veterinary surgeons in times 
 gone by and still continues to do so. It is, with- 
 out a doubt, contagious; yet, as different diseases 
 are confounded with it, which may be detected by 
 the competent practitioner, no animal should be 
 condemned until symptoms peculiar to glanders — 
 which cannot well be mistaken, if the disease is 
 fully developed — have manifested themselves. 
 The suspected animal should be removed and 
 kept from all possible contact with any others. 
 
 It is necessary for the attendant to use the ut- 
 most caution when around a glandered horse, as 
 the disease is freely communicated from the ani- 
 mal to man by inoculation. 
 
 The most common cause of this disease is the 
 
80 THE VETERINARIAN. 
 
 impure air of close, ill- ventilated and filthy sta- 
 bles, which acts injuriously upon the organs of 
 respiration, destroys the constitution, debilitates 
 the system, and renders it susceptible to the at- 
 tacks of disease. Neglected catarrh, also, some- 
 times terminates in glanders; hard work and bad 
 food, together with sudden changes from ex- 
 posure to cold and wet weather to hot stables, are 
 likewise reckoned among the causes. 
 
 The symptoms are : discharges from one or 
 both nostrils of a glossy, thick, gluey nature, fre- 
 quently sticking about the nostrils in consider- 
 able masses. This is a peculiarity which other 
 discharges do not possess. This discharge is not 
 always copious, as is generally supposed. The 
 Schneiderian membrane of the nose changes to a 
 dusky, or dirty yellow, or leaden hue; ulcers ap- 
 pear upon the membrane; a peculiar raising of 
 the nasal bones will be observed, which the 
 author has never noticed in any other disease; 
 the discharge is sometimes mixed with blood, and 
 is often fetid; and one or both of the submax- 
 illiary glands are swollen and adhere to the jaw- 
 bone. Too much reliance, however, should not 
 be placed upon this swelling, as it frequently ac- 
 companies other diseases; but the character of 
 
THE VETERINARIAN. 81 
 
 the discharge, and the raising of the nasal bones 
 are peculiarities not easily mistaken when the 
 disease is developed. As all the other symptoms 
 will be found accompanying other diseases, too 
 much care cannot be exercised in deciding upon 
 a case of this disease previous to a full develop- 
 ment of the symptons. 
 
 All treatment thus far has proved a failure. 
 
 COCKED-JAW. 
 
 This distressing malady, otherwise known as 
 tetanus, is one generally arising from neglected 
 wounds, such as are occasioned by a horse pick- 
 ing up a nail; in which case the wound, instead 
 of being kept open by the owner, or his attend- 
 ant, is suffered to close up, in consequence of 
 which, if there is the slightest disposition to 
 ulceration, matter is formed under the horn or 
 hoof, which develops the most alarming symp- 
 toms, usually in about two weeks after the wound 
 has healed. When locked-jaw is the result of 
 wounds, it is called symptomatic, or traumatic; 
 when existing without apparent cause, it is called 
 idiopathic. The latter is said to be caused in 
 some cases by the action of worms in the intes- 
 tines, and it is known to have been brought 
 
72 THE VETERINARIAN. 
 
 the greatest extent among those breathing impure 
 air, and receiving improper food. Several years 
 ago this malady was almost unknown, but has of 
 late become extensive among animals. The 
 disease is comparatively new, as will be seen 
 from the fact that, until recently, writers on vet- 
 erinary surgery have failed to mention it. It is 
 impossible to say what the exciting cause 
 is, but enough is known about the disease to 
 show that it is due to atmospheric influences, 
 local causes, grass containing narcotic properties, 
 vegetable poison, etc. 
 
 There has been in the flats and meadows of 
 New Jersey many cases of cerebro spinal menin- 
 gitis, supposedly caused by the miasmic gases 
 prevailing in that particular district. It is act- 
 ually a congestion, followed more or less by in- 
 flammatory action of the covering of the spinal 
 cord and brain, due to a congested state of the 
 blood vessel. The sympathetic system seems to be 
 involved to some extent, perhaps to some noxious 
 condition of the blood. Anything that is debili- 
 tating tends to produce it. It is more severe and 
 fatal in crowded stables, especially when it as- 
 sumes an epidemic form. 
 
THE VETERINARIAN. 
 
 success by using Humphrey's Celebrated 
 Colic Cure, and can safely recommend it. 
 
 When a hotse has the colic he should be 
 treated just as any intelligent physician would 
 treat a human being. There is no necessity of 
 pouring an entire drug store into the stomach of 
 the horse, at the suggestion of knowing friends. 
 The patient should be treated in a rational man- 
 ner — by the same means and with the same skill 
 as if one of our own race were concerned. It is 
 cruel to see an animal trotted up and down the 
 street, followed by a man, with whip in hand, 
 when the horse is the subject of excruciating 
 pains, and the sweat pouring off him like rain, 
 from sheer agony. The custom is decidedly 
 wrong. Reason confirms this opinion, and what 
 reason teaches, man should endeavor to put in 
 practice. No physician would dare advise a man 
 to rise from a sick bed, and run up or down 
 stairs, for if he did so he would very shortly find 
 himself without practice. 
 
 If the patient is inclined to roll, by all means 
 let him do so — on the ground, rather than in a 
 narrow stall. 
 
 Give the patient a wide stall and plenty of bed- 
 ding. Let him lie down, rise and tumble about 
 
84 THE VETERINARIAN. 
 
 the reason that every time you raise the head to 
 give medicine the horse is sure to be thrown 
 into spasms, that he will not recover from for 
 hours. This is why I use the hypodermic syringe 
 as a mode of giving horses, suffering from locked- 
 jaw, medicine. 
 
 Administer hypodermically, night, morning and 
 noon, one grain of strychnine dissolved in acetic 
 acid and water. Approach the patient very 
 carefully. 
 
 If the disease comes from a wound, treat the 
 wound locally. While the horse is suffering 
 from this disease keep a pail of oatmeal gruel 
 where he can get it without any exertion. Have 
 it made fresh every morning, noon and night: 
 also keep a reasonable amount of clothing upon 
 the patient. 
 
 When a horse, afflicted with locked-jaw, lies 
 down, he will seldom rise of his own accord; 
 therefore it is necessary to raise his head gently; 
 hold for a few moments until he regains his equi- 
 librium, then with the assistance of a man at the 
 tail, help him to his feet at once. If the horse is 
 able to masticate food, give Humphrey's Nerve 
 Remedy sprinkled on his food, in doses as per 
 directions. 
 
THE VETERINARIAN. 85 
 
 FARCY. 
 This is regarded by the author as an incipient 
 stage of glanders, or as a type of the same disease, 
 and with proper management is curable. Ex- 
 periments prove that the virus from a farcied 
 horse will produce glanders by inoculation, in a 
 sound one, and that the glandered matter will in 
 like manner produce farcy. There are two dis- 
 tinct varieties or stages of farcy: one, which is 
 called water farcy, is altogether superficial, 
 being confined to the lymphatic vessels of the 
 skin and readily yields to medical treatment; 
 the other variety, button farcy, makes its appear- 
 ance in the extremities, generally upon the inside of 
 the hind legs, which become completely engorged; 
 but the swelling is very different from the ligament- 
 ary thickening, being very uneven or lumpy, ex- 
 cessively tender, and painful to the touch. 
 Small abscesses are formed, which at first dis- 
 charge a healthy pus, but soon ulcerate, and dis- 
 charge a thin, sanious matter. These abscesses, 
 or tumors, first make their appearance on the in- 
 side of the hind legs, and then on the fore ones in 
 like manner; the neck and lips come next in 
 turn, and they may afterwards appear in all parts 
 
68 The veterinarian. 
 
 while having colic by being over-doctored than 
 die for want of treatment. It is a singular fact 
 that nine men out of ten who see a sick horse 
 know just what will cure him; but let one of 
 their own horses get sick and they don't know 
 anything that is good for him. Don't take any 
 of their advice. If your horse has colic do as 
 directed in this work, and your horse has all the 
 medicine he needs. 
 
 Flatulent colic is an accumulation of gas in 
 the stomach and intestines, occurring more often 
 in the spring and fall than at any other season. 
 Horses fed on corn are most subject to these at- 
 tacks, in consequence of this kind of food fer- 
 menting readily in the stomach, more particu- 
 larly when green. If the accumulation of gas 
 thereby occasioned is not arrested, it soon swells 
 the stomach and intestines to such an extent as 
 to cause the diaphragm, or walls of the stomach, 
 to give way, and death of the animal ensues. 
 The author has known cases to terminate in 
 death in less than half an hour from the observa- 
 tion of the first symptoms, so rapid is the course 
 of this disease. The symtoms are the same as in 
 spasmodic colic, with the exception of the swell- 
 ing of the abdomen. I have had remarkable 
 
THE VETERINARIAN. 65 
 
 and it is quite possible, that many parts of the 
 body may be affected. The attack is sudden. 
 The body, head and limbs enlarge; conscious- 
 ness is partially lost. The horse stands and the 
 breathing is quickened. Through the skin there 
 exudes serum with blood. The nostrils and 
 lips enlarge, and part of the swollen tongue pro- 
 trudes from the mouth. The appetite is not quite 
 lost, although deglutition (swallowing) is difficult. 
 Thirst is great. There is generally no trouble in 
 detecting this disease at the start. There will 
 be a slight swelling of the limbs that will possibly 
 disappear by exercise — but it will shortly return. 
 The swelling is very sudden and surprising. 
 Such a swelling means symptoms of purpura. 
 Exudation (discharge of bloody matter) takes 
 place. On a white limb you can see red spots 
 from which the liquid is oozing. Small vescicles 
 (bladders on the skin) appear on the limb and 
 also in the mucous membrane. The mucous 
 membrane of the nose may become a mass of 
 corrupt matter. There will be a peculiar drop- 
 sical swelling, which may first show itself in con- 
 nection with the eye. It is necessary 1o watch 
 the case closely for fear of sloughing (a dropping 
 out of the skin and flesh). 
 
THE VETERINARIAN. 
 
 Physic Bolls, followed by Humphrey's Veter- 
 inary Blood Remedy, according to directions. 
 
 CRAMP. 
 
 This complaint occasions considerabe alarm to 
 the owner of a horse, from the peculiarity of 
 the symptoms. A horse is found to go suddenly 
 lame, lameness continuing, dragging one leg after 
 him as though it were dislocated or broken. 
 Upon taking a whip and striking him he will 
 sometimes go two or three steps in a natural 
 way, and then the leg drags again. Such in- 
 stances have been pronounced fractures. By the 
 young veterinarian such a mistake has been 
 made. 
 
 For treatment, friction by hand-rubbing, with 
 an application of Humphrey's Good Samar- 
 itan and a dose of Humphrey's Celebrated 
 Colic Cure is advised. Usually the animal will 
 be found all right upon the following day. 
 
 HYDROCELE. 
 This disease, commonly known as dropsy of 
 the testicles, sometimes affects the stallion. It 
 consists of a collection of serum in the tunica 
 vaginalis, or bag containing the testicles, fluctu- 
 ating when pressed by the hand, but free from 
 
THE VETERINARIAN. 
 
 tenderness or pain. Its causes are obscure, but 
 it is supposed to result from injuries, such as 
 strains, etc. 
 
 For treatment, the scrotum should be punc- 
 tured, and the serum let out by means of a troca 
 and canula; a weak solution of tincture of iodine 
 injected into the tunica vaginalis; or equal parts 
 of port wine and water of zinc lotion, (to one 
 ounce of water add one grain of chloride of zinc), 
 or lime water may be used with very good effect. 
 The animal should be well secured before these 
 preparations — particularly the first — are used, as 
 the pain thereby caused may render him for the 
 time unmanageable. Give Humphrey's Blood 
 Remedy, as directed, to regulate the system. 
 
 SADDLE AND HARNESS GALLS. 
 
 These are bruises caused by friction and 
 moisture, occurring most frequently in warm 
 weather. The parts are rubbed raw, and some- 
 times bleed. The treatment is simple and 
 effectual. Use Humphrey's Carbolic Heal- 
 ing Powder, for healing all kinds of sores and 
 wounds on horses and cattle. If the parts are 
 rubbed raw uncommonly easy, give Humphrey's 
 Condition Powders. 
 
80 THE VETERINARIAN. 
 
 impure air of close, ill-ventilated and filthy sta- 
 bles, which acts injuriously upon the organs of 
 respiration, destroys the constitution, debilitates 
 the system, and renders it susceptible to the at- 
 tacks of disease. Neglected catarrh, also, some- 
 times terminates in glanders; hard work and bad 
 food, together with sudden changes from ex- 
 posure to cold and wet weather to hot stables, are 
 likewise reckoned among the causes. 
 
 The symptoms are : discharges from one or 
 both nostrils of a glossy, thick, gluey nature, fre- 
 quently sticking about the nostrils in consider- 
 able masses. This is a peculiarity which other 
 discharges do not possess. This discharge is not 
 always copious, as is generally supposed. The 
 Schneiderian membrane of the nose changes to a 
 dusky, or dirty yellow, or leaden hue; ulcers ap- 
 pear upon the membrane; a peculiar raising of 
 the nasal bones will be observed, which the 
 author has never noticed in any other disease; 
 the discharge is sometimes mixed with blood, and 
 is often fetid; and one or both of the submax- 
 illiary glands are swollen and adhere to the jaw- 
 bone. Too much reliance, however, should not 
 be placed upon this swelling, as it frequently ac- 
 companies other diseases; but the character of 
 
THE VETERINARIAN. 11 
 
 vantage. Bleed from the neck at least four 
 quarts, after which place in a cool stall where he 
 can get plenty of fresh air; place a pail of cool 
 water before him. Give the patient, every four 
 hours, Humphrey's Fever Remedy, in full-sized 
 doses. Use this treatment until the beating of 
 the pulse diminishes, then give twice a day, 
 Humphrey's Veterinary Nerve Remedy in 
 one-half pint of milk. Give frequent injections 
 of soap-suds or warm water and salt. 
 
 The horse should be kept on a low diet for a 
 few days, as bran mashes, carrots, or green food; 
 but no hay should be allowed, and a pail of water 
 should be kept before him. 
 
 When the horse is convalescing give Hum- 
 phrey's Condition Powder as directed. 
 
 CORNS. 
 
 The first effect of contraction of the hoof is 
 to bruise the sensitive parts within their horny 
 limits at that part of the foot formed by the 
 crust and bar, causing lameness, which may be 
 acute or chronic. These bruises are commonly 
 called corns. The reason why this portion of 
 the foot should be so severely bruised is obvious. 
 The crust and bar forming a triangular space be- 
 
THE VETERINARIAN. 
 
 which he has been standing. If this course is 
 adopted, one or two washings will generally suf- 
 fice. The harness, also, should be well washed 
 and not used for two or three months; nor 
 should the horse be placed in his former stall for 
 a less period, and not even then until it has been 
 thoroughly cleaned and white-washed. 
 
 Give Humphrey's Blood Remedy, as per di- 
 rections. 
 
 If the above treatment does not cure the ani- 
 mal, put in a stone jar, one pound unslacked 
 lime, two pounds flour of sulphur, sixteen pints 
 of water. Set on the stove, or in a regular water- 
 bath until it boils. During the interval, stir con- 
 stantly, to insure a complete mixture and keep 
 the lime and sulphur from depositing in the bot- 
 tom of the jar; for should this occur the jar will 
 crack. The mixture must be stirred with a 
 wooden spatula or glass rod. Keep it boiling 
 about fifteen minutes; then set it aside for twelve 
 hours, at the end of which pour off the clear 
 liquor, and use while fresh. This remedy will 
 cure the mange on horses and cattle, and is also a 
 sure cure when used on a man having itch. It 
 is not adapted to curing sheep, as the sulphur 
 is said to injure the wool. The only objection 
 
THE VETERINARIAN. 
 
 to its use is its very unpleasant odor. Before 
 applying this mixture the animal should be 
 thoroughly washed with warm water and com- 
 mon brown soap; then wipe the animal dry and 
 apply the sulphur mixture by means of a sponge. 
 One application, if properly applied, will usually 
 suffice to kill the parasites. Should it fail in the 
 first instance a re-application will do no harm. 
 
 POLL EVIL. 
 
 This disease arises from blows inflicted upon 
 the poll or back part of the head of animals 
 whose blood is impure, or in a morbid condition. 
 Horses going in or out of stables with low door- 
 ways frequently strike their heads; pulling back 
 upon the halter, and blows inflicted by passionate 
 grooms, are among the exciting causes of this 
 much dreaded complaint. The same injuries in- 
 flicted upon an animal in perfect health seldom 
 cause any essential trouble; but when the blood 
 is in a morbid condition, fistulous abscesses are 
 formed, which are seldom curable by merely local 
 treatment, even when the disease is treated in its 
 earliest stages. 
 
 The author has faith in the seton in such 
 cases, but depends principally upon constitu- 
 
76 THE VETERINARIAN. 
 
 The respiration becomes disturbed, sometimes 
 suddenly, at other times more slowly; legs, ears 
 and muzzle cold; cough sometimes present; 
 staring coat; membrane of nose reddened or 
 leadened-hued; the animal hangs his head in or 
 under the manger, stands with his feet wide 
 apart, remaining in one position, with no inclina- 
 tion to move. The pulse varies very much; it is 
 sometimes full and quick, at other times weak 
 and scarcely perceptible. 
 
 In these cases the ear is found of the greatest 
 advantage in enabling one to detect to a certainty 
 the true condition of the parts affected. If the 
 attack is sudden — coming on after any violent 
 exercise — and the pulse is quick, weak and 
 scarcely perceptible, by the application of the ear 
 to the animal's side the case is decided, in the 
 absence of all sounds, to be one of congestive 
 pneumonia. 
 
 When the disease assumes an inflammatory 
 character, the breathing becomes disturbed, the 
 mouth hot, flanks heaving, and the nostrils 
 expand and contract violently. Humphrey's 
 Spavin Blisters must be applied to the sides 
 and breast. 
 
 In these cases blood may be taken to good ad- 
 
THE VETERINARIAN. 73 
 
 SYMPTOMS. 
 
 Sometimes it shows itself by loss of power, 
 especially in the hind parts; the appetite is im- 
 pared — or perhaps the animal cannot swallow — 
 : due to complete paralysis of the throat. Some 
 show the brain to be affected, and others the 
 spine. Death may ensue in twenty-four hours 
 from the time you see the animal in apparently 
 good health. The temperature is not changed to 
 any great extent. In some cases it increases, in 
 others decreases. In early stages the pulse is not 
 materially changed, though it may be slower 
 than natural. The horse is apt to fall or lie 
 down, and is unable to rise. 
 
 This may be taken for azoturia or vice versa. 
 The urine is not so dark as in azoturia. 
 
 Accompanying loss of power of the hind parts 
 you will have brain disturbances, and a comatose 
 state which, in a few hours, will be followed by 
 delirium, which lasts in some cases until death. 
 One symptom is paralysis of the throat, which 
 gives some non-professional men the idea that 
 the horse has diphtheria. It is the author's 
 opinion, from long practical experience, that the 
 disease known as diphtheria, has never actually 
 existed among horses. 
 
96 THE VETERINARIAN. 
 
 zinc into the opening; but in ordinary cases the 
 bathing will be sufficient. If the animal appears 
 to be debilitated and feverish, give internally, 
 Humphrey's Veterinary Nerve Remedy, as 
 directed. 
 
 SURGICAL CASES. 
 
 NEUROTOMY, OR NERVING. 
 This is one of the most important operations 
 in veterinary practice, and one that has been 
 much abused, not only in Europe, but even more 
 so in the United States. The operation consists 
 in cutting out a portion of the metacarpal nerves 
 on each side of the legs, thus destroying the sen- 
 sibility of the foot. From the instantaneous re- 
 lief experienced by the animal in all cases of foot 
 lameness, no matter from what cause, an oppor- 
 tunity has been afforded to dishonest persons for 
 imposing upon the public by availing themselves 
 of this practice; an opportunity which has been 
 freely used, and thus a valuable operation has 
 been brought into undeserved disrepute. The 
 cases likely to be benefited by this operation, 
 are few, and should be selected with great care; 
 
THE VETERINARIAN. 97 
 
 otherwise the loss of the animal's hoof may be, 
 and often is, the termination of the case. 
 
 The operation is recommended by veterinary 
 authors in incurable cases of lameness of the 
 navicular joint; but sufficient caution is not im- 
 pressed upon the mind of the reader to enable 
 him to guard against the fatal results which too 
 often follow. 
 
 In deciding upon a case for this operation, an 
 animal should be selected with a foot as free 
 from contraction as possible; free from corns; 
 free from inflammation; with a concave ground 
 surface; open heels; hoof free fiom rings or 
 roughness; and no bony deposits within the hoof. 
 In such a case the operation may be performed 
 with success. 
 
 A horse that has been foundered should not, 
 under any circumstances, be operated upon, as 
 Ossification of the laminae frequently follows such 
 an attack. Before performing any operation, the 
 animal's bowels should be opened. Give one of 
 Humphrey's Physic Bolls. After the opera- 
 tion has been performed, care should be taken in 
 driving the animal; for it should be remembered 
 that no matter what accident may happen to the 
 f66t, the animal is unc6fiscidus of pain. 
 
98 THE VETERINARIAN. 
 
 The feet should be frequently examined to see 
 whether the horse has picked up a nail, or other- 
 wise injured the foot; for such injuries would 
 otherwise remain undiscovered until too late to 
 save the animal's life or usefulness. The horse- 
 shoer should be informed of the operation, in 
 order to guard against pricking the animal's foot 
 in shoeing. 
 
 It is necessary, previous to the operation, that 
 the feet should be perfectly cool, which condition 
 may be obtained by frequent bathing with cold 
 water for several days previous. The horse is 
 cast, the foot to be operated upon loosened, and 
 brought forward by an assistant, resting it upon 
 a bed of straw. An incision is made about two 
 inches above the fetlock, between the cannon 
 bone and back sinew, raising up with the forceps 
 the cellular membrane, and carefully dissecting 
 out the nerve. The precaution should be taken 
 of placing the finger upon it, as the artery has 
 been taken up and cut off before the mistake 
 was discovered. Having fairly exposed the 
 nerve, pass a curved needle armed with a strong 
 thread under it, and by carefully drawing it up 
 and down, the nerve may be readily separated. 
 A knife is then passed under the nerve, and by a 
 
THE VETERINARIAN. 99 
 
 quick motion the nerve is severed at the upper 
 part. After the struggles of the animal cease, 
 the cut nerve may be raised with the forceps, and 
 from one-half of an inch to an inch removed. 
 This second cut causes no pain. The wound is 
 then closed by three single stitches. After oper- 
 ating upon both sides in like manner, the animal 
 is allowed to rise. Bandages should then be 
 placed upon the leg, and kept saturated for sev- 
 eral days with cold water. 
 
 INFLAMED VEINS. 
 
 The jugular or neck vein sometimes becomes 
 inflamed in consequence of being injured by a 
 bungling bleeder. A swelling is first noticed, 
 followed by a gaping in the incision in the neck, 
 from which an acrid fluid oozes. The horse can 
 live when one jugular vein is entirely destroyed. 
 Inflammation of the vein often causes oblitera- 
 tion of the vein, sometimes causing some dis- 
 turbance to the circulation, especially when the 
 head is held down. 
 
 For treatment, bathe the part well with cold 
 water, into which a small portion of tincture of 
 myrrh is thrown, and give one of Humphrey's 
 Physic Bolls. Blister the swollen parts with 
 
100 THE VETERINARIAN. 
 
 Humphrey's Spavin Blister; repeat the blister 
 if necessary, and a cure is soon effected. 
 
 It frequently becomes necessary, in order to re- 
 lieve the animal from some painful disease, to re- 
 sort to operations in surgery; this is a very 
 important branch of veterinary practice. When 
 it becomes necessary to use the knife, the animal 
 should be spared all useless torture. In severe 
 operations, humanity dictates the use of some 
 anaesthetic agent to render the animal insensible 
 to pain. Chloroform is the most powerful of 
 this class, and may be administered with perfect 
 safety, providing a moderate quantity of air is in- 
 haled with or during its administration. Sul- 
 phuric ether can be successfully used and is 
 preferable. In minor operations, the twitch, 
 the side-hobble, or the foot-strap, is all that 
 is necessary. 
 
 CASTING. 
 When a horse is to be cast for an operation, 
 force must be used for its accomplishment. The 
 hobbles have been preferred for that purpose by 
 veterinary surgeons generally. They consist of 
 four leather straps, very stout, with strong 
 buckles, with D rings fastened about the middle 
 
THE VETERINARIAN. 101 
 
 of the strap, to be buckled, one around the 
 pastern just above the hoof of each leg, and a 
 half-inch rope about twelve feet long, with a 
 piece of chain about eighteen inches long fastened 
 to one end of the rope, and a swivel with a 
 thumb screw at the other end of the chain, and a 
 very strong pad-lock. To throw the horse, 
 fasten the clevis to the D ring on the front leg, 
 on the side that you wish to come uppermost 
 when the horse is thrown. The end of the rope 
 is then passed from the hobble on the fore foot, 
 through the D of the hind foot of the same side, 
 then to the other hind foot, through D, then to 
 the other front foot through D, and lastly 
 through the D of the first foot. After this, much 
 of the ease and safety of the throw depends on 
 bringing the legs as near together as possible. 
 This should be done by gradually moving them 
 nearer to each other, without alarming the horse, 
 which will very much facilitate the business, and 
 is really of more moment than is generally sup- 
 posed. A space sufficiently large should be 
 chosen for the purpose of casting, as some horses 
 struggle much, and throw themselves with great 
 violence a considerable way to the one side or the 
 other; and they are liable to do this if the feet 
 
102 THE VETERINARIAN. 
 
 have not been brought near together previous to 
 attempting to cast. The place should also be very 
 well littered down. The legs having been 
 brought together, the assistants must act in con- 
 cert. One, particularly, should be at the head, 
 which must be carefully held throughout, by 
 means of a strong snaffle bridle; another should 
 be at the hind part, to direct the fall, and force 
 the body of the horse to the side desired. 
 Pursuing these instructions, the animal may 
 be at once, rather let down than thrown, by 
 a dexterous and quick drawing of the rope — all 
 the assistants acting in concert. When the 
 horse is down draw chain tight through the D 
 rings, fastening them securely by inserting pad- 
 lock in one of the links. The moment 
 the horse is down, the person at the head must 
 throw himself upon that member and keep it se- 
 cure; for all the efforts of the animal to dis- 
 engage himself are begun by elevating the head 
 and foreparts. The rope is tightened. The 
 chain is fixed by inserting the lock through one 
 of the links close to the D rings, to hold them 
 together. 
 
 When the operation is over the screw, which 
 fastens the chain to the hobble, first put upon 
 
THE VETERINARIAN. 10S 
 
 one fore leg, is withdrawn. The chain then 
 flies through the D's of the other hobbles and all 
 the legs are free. 
 
 The author is convinced by experience that 
 this arrangement is far preferable to any hobble 
 arrangement yet seen. It is a mistaken idea that 
 horses must be cast for every little operation; in 
 truth, but few operations require it. 
 
 SIMPLE OPHTHALMIA. 
 
 This disease arises sometimes from a blow in- 
 flicted by a passionate groom, or from other ex- 
 ternal injury, or from a foreign body entering the 
 eye, causing such an irritation in that delicate 
 organ as to sometimes terminate in blindness. 
 
 The symptoms are, considerable swelling and 
 inflammation of the eyelids, their under surfaces 
 being very much reddened, and the vessels 
 highly injected with blood; there is also a cloudy 
 appearance over the cornea, or transparent part 
 of the eye. 
 
 For treatment, bleed from the eye vein. The 
 bowels should be freely opened with one of 
 Humphrey's Physic Bolls. Bathe the eye 
 freely with cold water; after which apply with 
 syringe, twenty grains nitrate silver in two 
 
104 THE VETERINARIAN. 
 
 ounces of water, once a day. Give, internally, 
 Humphrey's Veterinary Nerve Remedy 
 morning and evening, and one drachm of 
 powdered colchicum in a bran mash, at noon ; 
 no grain should be given during the treat- 
 ment ; corn should be especially avoided. 
 
 SPECIFIC OPHTHALMIA. 
 
 Inflammation of the eye, or specific ophthalmia, 
 is known to horsemen as moon-blindness, from 
 the influence which the moon is supposed to ex- 
 ert upon it. This, however, is one of the many 
 popular delusions which fill the pages of many 
 veterinary works. When a horse is once 
 attacked with this disease, he is ever after liable 
 to subsequent attacks, at intervals varying from 
 one to six months, and generally terminating in 
 blindness. This termination, may, however, be 
 warded off for a long time by proper manage- 
 ment; each subsequent attack rendering such a 
 termintion more and more certain, from the in- 
 creased alteration in the structures of the eye. 
 
 The horse may appear perfectly well, and the 
 eyes clear and bright, one day, and the next 
 morning usually one eye will be found closed, 
 more particularly if it is exposed to a strong 
 
THE VETERINARIAN. 105 
 
 light; little or no swelling will be observed; the 
 lining membrane of the eye-lid is quite red, 
 and the eye exceedingly watery and tender. 
 
 The causes of this disease are mainly attrib- 
 utable to hereditary predisposition, or to con- 
 finement in dark stables, and sudden exposure to 
 strong light. Badly ventilated stables, in conse- 
 quence of which the eyes are continually ex- 
 posed to the strong fumes of ammonia arising 
 from the urine, as also hard work in a small col- 
 lar, are supposed to be exciting causes. 
 
 These cases require prompt attention, in order 
 to ward off the serious consequenses which 
 otherwise are in store for the unfortunate ani- 
 mal. The bowels should first be opened with 
 Humphrey's Physic Bolls; give bran mashes 
 only, and when the bowels are opened, give 
 Humphrey's Veterinary Nerve Remedy, as 
 per directions. In about one week, the eye will 
 usually become clear and bright. Use as an in- 
 jection for the eye, twenty grains nitrate silver 
 in two ounces of water twice a day. If the 
 animal is in a plethoric condition, bleeding 
 will be found advantageous; the quantity to 
 be regulated by the condition of the pulse. 
 
106 THE VETERINARIAN. 
 
 Place the animal in a cool, well-ventilated loca- 
 tion, free from any ammoniacal gases. 
 
 BLEEDING. 
 
 Blood-letting in former times was regarded as 
 the sheet anchor in veterinary practice; but that 
 day has passed. It is the author's opinion that 
 bleeding is as much neglected to-day as it used 
 to be abused ; although the practice of bleeding 
 horses upon all occasions cannot be too strongly 
 condemned. Before using the lancet the pulse 
 must be examined, the condition of the animal 
 considered, and the effects upon that pulse must 
 decide the quantity of blood to be taken. The 
 pulse will be found following the front margin of 
 the masseter muscle, which muscle forms the 
 fleshy parts of the head upon each side, called the 
 cheeks. By following the front part of this 
 muscle downward with the thumb, until near the 
 base of the lower jaw, and then passing the fore- 
 fingers under, or inside of the jaw, the pulse will 
 be readily felt; or, to point its location out with 
 more certainty, if an imaginary line is drawn 
 perpendicularly from the front part of the ear 
 downward, it will cross the point where the pulse 
 is located and felt. 
 
THE VETERINARIAN. 10? 
 
 In a healthy condition the pulse beats from 
 thirty-six to forty times a minute; variations 
 above or below this standard indicates a morbid 
 condition of the system. This fact should be 
 borne in mind, in the description of any disease. 
 When bleeding is necessary, the neck should be 
 corded. 
 
 The mode of bleeding is with the fleam and 
 blood-stick. By this method of bleeding, the 
 operation can easily be accomplished by one per- 
 son. After the vein has been opened, the blood will 
 flow freely. When the desired quantity has been 
 drawn the vein must be carefully closed by 
 passing a pin through the centre of the opening, 
 taking up the skin upon both sides and tieing with 
 hair from the mane or tail. 
 
 TENOTOMY. 
 
 This operation is practised for the purpose of 
 strengthening crooked legs or sprung knees. It 
 consists in dividing the flexor tendons, in order 
 to bring the limb straight. There are but few 
 Cases, however, in which the operation would be 
 of much service, and therefore care must be ex- 
 ercised in selecting such cases as are proper. It 
 would hardly be proper in a young horse, as 
 
108 THE VETERINARIAN. 
 
 other means, less objectionable, often succeed. 
 In old horses it would not be prudent, as their 
 limbs are generally stiff and permanently set; 
 nor would it be successful in cases where a stiff 
 joint existed, as is often found in connection 
 with crooked legs and sprung knees. It is 
 always better to give a physic to a horse before 
 performing any surgical operation. Use Hum- 
 phrey's Physic Bolls. 
 
 AMPUTATION OF THE PENIS. 
 
 This operation is occasionally called for in 
 the horse, particularly in cases of paraphymosis, 
 or protrusion of the penis, that have resisted all 
 other modes of treatment. The operation, as 
 performed is unneccessarily tedious, and not as 
 successful as it should be. It is only requsite in 
 performing this operation, to place a twitch up- 
 on the animal, and while he is standing, take 
 the penis in the left hand, and with an amputa- 
 ting knife in the right hand, sever it at one stroke. 
 The hemorrhage, although considerable, need not 
 cause any alarm. A piece of soft cotton or 
 sponge saturated with spirits of turpentine, or 
 any other styptic, and placed in the sheath, will 
 soon cause the hemorrhage to cease. Fear of 
 
THE VETERINARIAN. 109 
 
 hemorrhage may deter some persons from per- 
 forming what may appear a bold operation; but 
 the author has not known a single operation per- 
 formed in this way to prove fatal. After the 
 operation, it is safest to give Humphrey's Nerve 
 Remedy, as directed. Keep the bowels open 
 with green or soft food. 
 
 TAPPING THE CHEST. 
 
 This operation consists in passing a round, 
 pointed instrument, sheathed with a canula, into 
 the chest, in order to draw off any accumulation 
 of fluid that may have taken place in the viscus. 
 The instrument is passed, after first making a 
 small incision through the skin, between the eighth 
 and ninth ribs, but not too low down. It is pushed 
 gently forward until it penetrates the pleura, or 
 lining membrane of the chest. The stellet is 
 then withdrawn, and the canula is kept in place 
 until the fluid ceases to run. If, however, a 
 large quantity exists, all of it should not be taken 
 away at one time; for the pressure upon the 
 lungs having been so great, if such sudden re- 
 lief is afforded, nature, unable to accommodate 
 herself to so rapid an alteration, gives way, and 
 the animal consequently dies. It should there- 
 
110 THE VETERINARIAN. 
 
 fore be taken away at one, two, or three tap- 
 pings, as occasion may require. Good, whole- 
 some food should be allowed. Give Humphrey's 
 Condition Powder to the patient as a tonic. 
 
 CESOPHAGOTOMY. 
 
 This operation is occasionally resorted to 
 where any foreign substance, as an apple, potato, 
 carrot, and the like, has lodged in the oesophagus 
 or gullet. Where such obstructions exist, gentle 
 manipulation with the hand should first be re- 
 sorted to; if these are not successful in removing 
 them, the probang is called for, and in case of 
 failure thus to dislodge them, this operation is the 
 only remaining resort. 
 
 It is not necessary to cast the animal. Cut 
 down directly upon the swollen part of the throat 
 and remove the obstruction. The wound may 
 then be closed by means of the suture; that is, 
 by single stitches, at proper distances apart, al- 
 lowing the ends to hang out of the external 
 wound, which may be closed in the same, 
 manner. The animal should be kept on gruel 
 for several days. If the food is seen to ooze out 
 of the wound when He is swallowing, it should be 
 carefully washed away with cold water. The part 
 
THE VETERINARIAN. Ill 
 
 should be syringed with a solution: eight grains 
 chloride of zinc in half pint of water. Give 
 Humphrey's Fever Remedy, as directed, until 
 the wound commences to heal nicely, then give 
 Humphrey's Condition Powders. 
 
 BREAKING DOWN. 
 
 This accident occurs in running, jumping, rac- 
 ing, etc. It is sometimes called a strain of the 
 back sinews, and lets the animal down upon the 
 fetlock, in consequence of a rupture of the liga- 
 ment of the pastern. Horses meeting with this 
 accident are of little value ever after, as they al- 
 ways remain weak in the fetlock. Unless the 
 animal is quite young and valuable, the treatment 
 would cost more than the animal is worth. 
 
 For treatment, apply Humphrey's Good 
 Samaritan, or perhaps a little chloroform; or, 
 if you use water, acetate of lead or opium may be 
 added. Bandage, and bring the parts as near as 
 possible to their natural position. Have a high- 
 heeled shoe put on the afflicted foot. After the in- 
 flammation subsides, apply Humphrey's Spavin 
 Blister around the fetlock, and up to where the 
 ligaments are affected. Repeat the blister if 
 necessary. A sling is sometimes used, but if 
 
112 THE VETERINARIAN. 
 
 the animal will lie down, and the limb is well 
 taken care of, it is better than a sling. A physic 
 boll should be administered directly after the ac- 
 cident has happened. Humphrey's Physic Bolls 
 are the best. 
 
 HERNIA. 
 
 By the term hernia surgeons understand a 
 rupture or protrusion of some of the viscera out 
 of the abdomen, forming a soft tumor. In hu- 
 man practice there are hernias occurring in all 
 the viscera of the body; but in the equine race 
 they are confined, with rare exceptions, to the 
 abdominal viscera, the inguinal hernia being the 
 most common. This appears in the groin, and 
 is a protrusion of the intestine through the ab- 
 dominal ring, which, in the stallion, frequently 
 passes down into the scrotum or bag, constituting 
 scrotal hernia. These hernias sometimes occur 
 during castration, in consequence of the violent 
 struggles of the animal. In such cases it is best 
 to administer chloroform at once, in order to 
 quiet the animal, and prevent violent struggling. 
 The animal should be put on his back, and one 
 hand passed up the" rectum, and one or two fin- 
 gers of the other hand placed upon the scrotum, 
 
THE VETERINARIAN. 113 
 
 when, by careful manipulations, the intestines 
 can generally be replaced. If, however, a reduc- 
 tion cannot be effected, an operation will be nec- 
 essary. The hernia should be exposed by cut- 
 ting through the integument a little upon one 
 side, and coming down upon the hernia; the 
 finger is placed upon it, and a reduction effected 
 by careful manipulation. 
 
 The wound should then be closed by means of 
 the suture. A folded cloth should then be ap- 
 plied to the part, and retained by means of a 
 continuous bandage crossed between the legs 
 from side to side in the form of the figure 8. 
 Sometimes the intestine becomes strangulated, 
 constituting strangulated hernia, the reduction of 
 which requires an operation as before mentioned. 
 If, however, it is found impossible then to re- 
 duce it, the finger should be passed through the 
 opening, if possible, and a probe-pointed bis- 
 toury following upon it, enlarge the opening and 
 replace the intestine. The same treatment as be- 
 fore indicated will be necessary. 
 
 The symptoms of strangulated hernia are very 
 similar to those of acute enteritis, or inflamma- 
 tion of the bowels. These may be regarded as 
 the only hernias to which the horse is liable 
 
114 THE VETERINARIAN. 
 
 After the operation, keep the bowels open with 
 soft food. Give Humphrey's Fever Remedy 
 and Humphrey's Nerve Remedy alternately, as 
 directed, until all inflammation subsides. 
 
 ROWELING. 
 Rowels were formerly much used, but of late 
 years the seton has superseded them. The rowel 
 consists of a round piece of sole leather, cut out 
 in the centre, wound round with tow, which is 
 saturated before using with digestive ointment. 
 The skin is cut through, and dissected upon each 
 side sufficiently to admit the rowel. This is used 
 principally under the jaws and in the breast. 
 The seton answers the same purpose, and is 
 much more convenient. It consists in arming a 
 needle, made for the purpose, with tape, and 
 passing it through the part desired, the seton 
 being coated with Humphrey's Spavin Buster. 
 
 FIRING. 
 
 The object in firing a horse is to produce an 
 external inflammation where counter-action is 
 required, as in spavin, ring-bone, curbs, etc. The 
 operation may be performed upon the animal 
 while standing, 'by placing a twitch and side line 
 upon him; but if the surface to be fired is exten- 
 
THE VETERINARIAN. 115 
 
 sive, and the animal high strung, it is better to 
 cast him, particularly where a number of oblique, 
 vertical or horizontal lines are to be drawn. 
 
 Firing is not practised at the present time to 
 the extent that it formerly was, and when it is 
 practiced every endeavor should be made to 
 prevent, as far as possible, the blemishes which 
 always follow the operation. 
 
 Various forms of irons have been adopted to 
 accomplish this end. The author gives the pref- 
 erence to the feathered iron, which is brought 
 down to a very fine edge. 
 
 Different opinions are entertained by veterinary 
 surgeons as to the advantages resulting from 
 deep firing, as compared with those accruing 
 from surface firing. It is the author's opinion 
 that, if firing is resorted to at all, it should be 
 done effectually. After firing has been per- 
 formed, always apply Humphrey's Spavin Blis- 
 ter to the parts fired. 
 
 TRACHEOTOMY. 
 
 This operation is occasionally called for in 
 cases of strangles, when the swelling threatens 
 suffocation, as it is often the only means of sav- 
 ing the animal's life, It consists in making a 
 
116 THE VETERINARIAN. 
 
 longitudinal incision through the skin immedi- 
 ately over the windpipe and below the larynx 
 cutting through the cartilaginous rings (one or 
 more, as occasion requires), and inserting in the 
 opening a tube of silver made for the purpose 
 through which the animal breathes, instead of 
 through the nostrils. A circular piece is some- 
 times cut out of the windpipe in order to admit 
 the tube more freely, which is certainly the better 
 mode of performing the operation. In case of 
 emergency, a piece of elder with the pith pushed, 
 out will answer temporary purposes. It should 
 be well secured from slipping into the windpipe 
 by means of a piece of string. 
 
 DIARRHCEA. 
 
 This disease often arises in the absence of any 
 inflammatory action upon the mucous surface of 
 the intestines. Give one ounce of prepared chalk, 
 one-half ounce tincture catechue, one ounce tinct- 
 ure ginger, in half pint of water, once or twice a 
 day. Also, give Humphrey's Veterinary Fever 
 Remedy and Nerve Remedy, alternately, as di- 
 rected, twice a day. 
 
 Put a handful of flour in the drinking water 
 for the horse, Gruel, starch, or arrow-root 
 
THE VETERINARIAN. Ill 
 
 should be freely given; good, sweet hay is very 
 advantageous, but no grass or bran mashes 
 should be allowed. 
 
 The causes of diarrhoea are over-exertion, ex- 
 posure to cold, drinking freely of pump or spring 
 water, and over-doses of physic. 
 
 INORDINATE APPETITE. 
 
 Loss of appetite is soon observed and com- 
 plained of by the horse-owner, and in too many 
 instances gives occasion for improper medica- 
 tion. Some horses are particularly choice in the 
 selection of their food, refusing that which is 
 poor, or daintily and languidly picking it over. 
 Horses sometimes eat slowly and daintily in con- 
 sequence of weakness of the digestive organs; 
 in such cases give one of Humphrey's Physic 
 Bolls, followed by Humphrey's Condition Pow- 
 ders, mixed in the food, which will be of great 
 benefit. Boiled potatoes and the like, will also 
 be found beneficial in such cases. 
 
 The disease (for it is no less) of a voracious 
 or depraved appetite, arises from a morbid con- 
 dition of the digestive organs, and is generally 
 regarded by horsemen as a very desirable fea- 
 ture. The owner is greatly surprised, under 
 
118 THE VETERINARIAN. 
 
 such circumstances, that his animal does not 
 thrive. A distinction must be made between a 
 healthy and a morbid appetite. The former is 
 indicated by the animal being ready for his food 
 as soon as he comes in from work, and eating his 
 allowance — if good, sweet provender — with evi- 
 dent relish; but the latter is indicated by a con- 
 stant craving for food and water, without regard to 
 the quality of either, the animal often times in ad- 
 dition to his usual allowance, eating up the litter 
 from under him, which is frequently in a very 
 filthy condition. He is almost constantly craving 
 water, and will drink even from a stagnant pool. 
 We find him tucked up in the flanks, or carrying 
 a big belly; his dung is often soft, slimy, and 
 fetid; he stales largely, and his urine is often 
 very foul; he is dull, lazy, and stupid, perform- 
 ing his work languidly or unwillingly. 
 
 In such cases give Humphrey's Veterinary 
 Fever Remedy and Nerve Remedy, alternately, 
 to regulate digestion. 
 
 RUPTURE OF THE STOMACH. 
 
 Rupture of the stomach or diaphragm, is 
 caused by the stomach and bowels being dis- 
 tended with food far beyond their natural capac- 
 
THE VETERINARIAN. 110 
 
 ity, or by an accumulation of gas in the stom- 
 ach, as in flatulent colic. The diaphragm, or 
 midriff, is often ruptured in cases of flatulence, 
 as is the case also with the intestines. The 
 symptoms sometimes are, that the horse will sit 
 upon his haunches like a dog. As nothing in 
 the way of treatment can be offered in these 
 cases, all speculation upon them is superfluous. 
 
 CALCULUS, OR STONY CONCRETIONS. 
 The presence of these bodies in the stomach 
 and intestines occasions frequent attacks of colic, 
 and sometimes produces inflammation of the 
 bowels. Millers' horses are supposed to be most 
 subject to these accumulations. These abdomi- 
 nal calcule generally have a metallic nucleus, are 
 composed of triple phosphates, and are generally 
 round and smooth. When first taken from the 
 intestines, they are of a brown, greenish color, 
 but they soon become white. When a horse is 
 subject to frequent attacks of colic, not occa- 
 sioned by feeding upon corn, these accumula- 
 tions may reasonably be suspected to be the cause. 
 
 HAIR BALL. 
 Hair balls are occasion ly found in the stom- 
 ach and intestines of a horse, generally ac- 
 
120 THE VETERINARIAN. 
 
 cumulating around a metallic nucleus. There are 
 several in the possession of the author where a 
 piece of iron is the nucleus, and one where a 
 piece of coal afforded the same basis. These 
 balls occasion the same disorders, preceded by 
 the same symptoms, and followed by the same 
 results as the calculus. The animal may recover 
 from a number of attacks of colic, and die at last 
 from the same cause. 
 
 STRANGULATION OF THE INTESTINES. 
 
 On examining horses after death from an at- 
 tack of colic, the small intestines are occasionally 
 found tangled in a knot so as to cause a com- 
 plete obstruction in the passages. This gives 
 rise to colic pains, terminating in inflammation 
 of the bowels and death. The small intestines 
 being but loosely attached by the peritoneum, 
 their outer covering, have free play in all direc- 
 tions, whence the tendency arises to these acci- 
 dents; for the author believes them to spring 
 from accidental rather than natural causes. 
 There may be a simple twisting, or the intestines 
 may be firmly tied into a knot. 
 
 There is another species, called intro-suscep- 
 tion, or intra-susception, which is a slipping of 
 
THE VETERINARIAN. 121 
 
 one portion of the intestines into, or inside of, 
 another portion, thus completely blocking up the 
 passage. There are no symptoms by which either 
 of these conditions may be known; and such 
 cases are therefore treated as cases of ordinary 
 colic, or of inflammation of the bowels, as the 
 case may be. Where, however, such a condition 
 of the parts exists, all treatment will be useless. 
 
 WORMS. 
 
 Four kinds of worms are found in a horse, 
 viz.: thelumbrici, which very much resembles the 
 common earth worm in form; ascarides, so called 
 for their resemblance to a thread; taenia, or tape 
 worm, of which variety but little is known, as it 
 is very rare; and lastly the persecuted bots, con- 
 sidered by farmers and horsemen the greatest of 
 pests, and the most dangerous of all species. 
 
 The lumbrici are most generally found in the 
 intestines, where they sometimes do much mis- 
 chief by their irritating effects. The author once 
 saw a very remarkable specimen of these worms. 
 The specimen was some two yards long, consist- 
 ing of a portion of the small intestine so com- 
 pletely filled with these worms as apparently to 
 render it almost impossible for anything to pass 
 
122 THE VETERINARIAN. 
 
 through it, the worms having accumulated in 
 thousands. These worms are from eight to ten 
 inches in length, round, and perfectly white. 
 There appears to be two varieties of the lumbrici. 
 The other variety is similar in form and length, 
 but has numerous brown transverse lines, at 
 about equal distances from each other, along its 
 entire length. 
 
 The ascarides are found in the large intestines 
 and are white worms from one to three inches in 
 length. It is a somewhat singular fact that, al- 
 though these worms are usually found in the 
 large intestines, their origin, apparantly, is in the 
 stomach of the horse. On opening horses after 
 death, tumors are often found in the stomach, 
 which, upon being cut open, will be found to 
 contain either a thick whitish matter, or knots of 
 small worms, irom half an inch to an inch in 
 length, of precisely the same appearance as that 
 of the ascarides, and believed by the author to 
 be identical with them. 
 
 The symptoms of worms are a rough, harsh, 
 staring coat; irregular or depraved appetite; a 
 whitish, or yellowish- white, shining substance, 
 sometimes observable about the fundament, ac* 
 eQmpanied by a disposition on the part of the 
 
THE VETERINARIAN. 123 
 
 animal to rub the tail; breath occasionally hot 
 and fetid; and in some cases a dry, short cough. 
 The animal becomes poor in flesh and spirits. 
 Various modes of treatment have been adopted 
 with but little benefit. That which has usually 
 been found most successful in the author's prac- 
 tice is, to give of the following a tablespoonful 
 every night, for five consecutive nights: one 
 ounce tartar emetic, two ounces powdered worm 
 seed, two ounces carbonate soda, six ounces pow- 
 dered licorice root, mixed. On the fifth night 
 give one of Humphrey's Physic Bolls. As 
 this medicine sometimes drives the worms into 
 the back intestines, it is well to give an injection 
 of salt and water at once, to eject them. 
 
 CASTRATION.. 
 
 The period at which this operation may be best 
 performed depends, much on the breed and form 
 of the colt, and the purpose for which he is des- 
 tined. For the common agricultural horse, the age 
 of four or five months will be the most proper time, 
 or, at least, before he is weaned. Few horses are 
 lost when cut at that age; though care should be 
 taken that the weather is not too bad, nor the 
 flies too numerous. 
 
124 THE VETERINARIAN. 
 
 If the horse is designed either for the carriage 
 or for heavy draught, he should not be castrated 
 until he is at least a year old; and, even then, the 
 colt should be carefully examined. If he is thin 
 and spare about the neck and shoulders, and low- 
 in the withers, he will materially improve by re- 
 maining uncut another six months; but if his 
 fore-quarters are fairly developed at twelve 
 months, the operation should not be delayed, 
 lest he grow gross and heavy before, and per- 
 haps has begun too decidedly to have a will of 
 his own. No specific age, therefore, can be 
 fixed; but the operation should be performed 
 rather late in the spring, or early in the autumn, 
 when the air is temperate, and particularly when 
 the weather is dry. 
 
 No preparation is necessary for the sucking 
 colt, but it may be prudent to physic one of more 
 advanced age. Give one of Humphrey's Phys- 
 ic Bolls. In the majority of cases, no after 
 treatment will be necessary, except that the ani- 
 mal should be sheltered from intense heat, and 
 more particularly from the wet. In temperate 
 weather he will do much better running in the 
 field than nursed in a close and hot stable. The 
 
THE VETERINARIAN. 125 
 
 moderate exercise which he will necessarily take 
 in grazing, will be preferable to entire inaction. 
 
 The old method of opening the scrotum, or 
 testicle bag, on each side, and letting out the tes- 
 ticles, and preventing bleeding by a temporary 
 compression of the vessel, while they are seared 
 with a hot iron, should be abandoned. There is 
 no necessity for that extra pain of operating with 
 clamps compressing the spermatic chord (the 
 blood-vessels and the nerve), between two pieces 
 of wood as tightly as in a vice, and there left 
 until the following day, when it may be removed 
 with a knife. 
 
 The practice of cording or twitching colts 
 at an early period, exposes the animal to much 
 unnecessary pain, and is attended with no slight 
 danger. 
 
 Another method of castration is by torsion. An 
 incision is made into the scrotum, and the vas 
 defer ens is exposed and divided. The artery is 
 then siezed by a pair of forceps contrived for the 
 purpose, and twisted six or seven times round. 
 It retracts without untwisting the coils, and bleed- 
 ing ceases. The testicle is removed, and there 
 is no sloughing or danger. The most painful 
 operation is the operation of the firing-iron, 
 
126 THE VETERINARIAN. 
 
 though the wound readily heals. It is to 
 be remarked, in this connection, that the use of 
 ether has been found very beneficial in perform- 
 ing the operation in the old way, both in remov- 
 ing all pain, and also preventing that severe 
 struggling which often takes place, and which 
 has sometimes been followed with very danger- 
 ous consequences. With the assistance of this 
 agent, the operation has been safely performed in 
 seven minutes, without any pain to the animal. 
 
 About twenty-five years ago there was a 
 method introduced for castrating horses that has 
 been used with much less danger and causing 
 less pain than by any of the old methods, and 
 that is with the ecraseur. 
 
 To castrate a horse standing, place him in one 
 corner, or back him into the stall; put a twitch 
 on his nose; strap up one forefoot; have a man 
 hold the twitch; hold the knife-blade between 
 the thumb and fingers, point upwards, having the 
 blade one and a half inches above the end of the 
 thumb of the right hand; step up to the horse, 
 on his left side; take hold of the stone nearest 
 to you, between the thumb and index finger; 
 plunge the knife into the stone, and with the 
 same motion cut backwards and outwards, there- 
 
THE VETERINARIAN. 127 
 
 by wounding the stone, and at the same time let 
 it out of the scrotum (bag). Proceed in the same 
 manner with the other stone; then put the chain 
 of the ecraseur around the chords, up as close to 
 the belly as possible, and pinch them both off by 
 turning the screw of the ecraseur very slowly. 
 Some horses will stand comparatively quiet while 
 undergoing this operation, and some will fight 
 and plunge, making it very dangerous for them- 
 selves and the operator. Therefore, the author 
 thinks it is far preferable and much safer, besides 
 causing the animal less pain, by throwing him 
 before commencing the operation. This consists 
 of casting the animal, as recommended in this 
 work, under the heading " Surgical Cases." 
 
 Always throw him on the left side for perform- 
 ing this operation. Tie one end of a rope around 
 the pastern of the right hind leg, pass the other 
 end of the rope between the front legs, then un- 
 der the neck, then bring back around the pas- 
 tern of the right hind leg again; then let this leg 
 out of the hobbles, and draw the foot up close 
 to the right shoulder; then let the stone out of 
 the bag, without wounding the stone, thereby 
 saving the horse much pain. Place the ecraseur 
 around the chord, as close to the body as possible, 
 
128 THE VETERINARIAN. 
 
 and pinch off the chord with a very slow and 
 steady motion while turning the screw of the 
 ecraseur. Proceed in the same manner with the 
 other testicle. 
 
 There is no danger of hemorrhage when this 
 operation is properly performed; only be careful 
 about turning the screw of the ecraseur; always 
 turn it slowly, to give the artery a chance to 
 clot, and the hemorrhage will not amount to a 
 tablespoonful. 
 
 The author thinks it good practice to wash the 
 wounded parts with cold well-water, as it has a 
 tendency to close the mouth of small blood-ves- 
 sels and cleanse the parts at the same time. 
 Then place the foot back in the hobbles before 
 unscrewing them to let the horse up. 
 
 In twenty-four hours after castration give both 
 wounds a good opening with the fingers and take 
 out the clotted blood. In forty-eighty hours 
 after castration put a piece of lard the size of a 
 hickory nut, well up in the wound, with the fin- 
 gers; as a rule this is all the treatment necessary. 
 If there should be any after-swelling of the 
 sheath, puncture it in about four places, near the 
 end, with a small, sharp knife, to let bloody 
 
THE VETERINARIAN. 129 
 
 serum out, which will drop for several hours, 
 and the swelling will rapidly diminish. 
 
 DOCKING. 
 
 This is an operation, whose only sanction is 
 to be found in the requirements of a senseless 
 fashion. " The convenience of the rider," which 
 is sometimes urged in its favor, is the veriest non- 
 sense. In truth, the operation is one of the most 
 useless the brain of man ever devised; since, in- 
 stead of adding to the beauty of the animal, as 
 some assert, it adds deformity. Not many 
 years back, this attempted improvement upon 
 nature became a perfect mania. In England, 
 this cruel practice is still used. It is to be hoped, 
 however, that this operation in the United States 
 will speedily be frowned down. If the operation 
 must be performed, by all means give one of 
 Humphrey's Physic Bolls, about forty-eight 
 hours before operating, to prepare the system. 
 
 The operation as now performed by veterin- 
 ary surgeons, was introduced some years ago. It 
 consists in passing a narrow-bladed knife — a 
 pricking knife will answer — between the coccy- 
 geal bones at the desired point, from above, 
 downwards, cutting outwards and backwards, 
 
130 THE VETERINARIAN. 
 
 on each side, so as to form two flaps, which are 
 carefully brought together over the end of the 
 tail, and secured by the interrupted suture; thus 
 giving protection to the stump of the tail, and 
 making a much neater finish than by any other 
 method which could be adopted. No styptic 
 whatever, is required, and there need be no fear 
 of hemorrhage. The union generally takes 
 place by what surgeons call first intention. 
 
 If, however, the flaps do not fit nicely, healing 
 will not take place without suppuration. This 
 fact should be borne in mind in performing the 
 operation, as much time in healing may thus be 
 saved. 
 
 By the old method, that joint is searched for 
 which is nearest to the desired length of the tail. 
 The hair is then turned up and tied around with 
 tape for an inch or two above this joint, and that 
 lying immediately upon the joint that is cut off. 
 The horse is fettered with the side-line, and then 
 the veterinary surgeon, with his docking ma- 
 chine, or the farmer with his knife and mallet, 
 cuts through the tail at one stroke. 
 
 Some farmers dock their colts a few days after 
 they are dropped. This is a commendable cus- 
 tom, on the score of humanity. No colt was 
 
THE VETERINARIAN. 131 
 
 ever lost by it. The growth of the hair and the 
 beauty of the tail not being at all impaired. 
 
 NICKING. 
 
 This barbarous operation was once sanctioned 
 by fashion, and the breeder and dealer are 
 even now sometimes tempted to inflict the tor- 
 ture of it in order to obtain a ready sale for their 
 colts. It is not practiced to the extent that it 
 used to be, nor is it attended by so many circum- 
 stances of cruelty. 
 
 Give one of Humphrey's Physic Bolls, forty- 
 eight hours before operating. 
 
 The operation is thus performed: The side- 
 line is put on the horse, or, some persons deem it 
 more prudent to cast him, and that precaution 
 may be recommended; the hair at the end of 
 the tail is securely tied together, for the purpose 
 of afterwards attaching a weight to it; the 
 operator then grasps the tail in his hand, and, 
 lifting it up, feels for the centre of one of the 
 bones — the prominence at the extremities guiding 
 him — from two to four inches from the root of 
 the tail, according to the size of the horse. He 
 then, with a sharp knife, divides the muscles 
 deeply from the edge of the tail on one side to 
 
182 THE VETERINARIAN. 
 
 the centre, and, continuing the incision across 
 the bone of the tail, he makes it as deep on the 
 other side. One continued incision, steadily yet 
 rapidy made, will accomplish all this. This will 
 usually be sufficient. Two incisions are some- 
 times made, the second being about two inches 
 below the first, and likewise as nearly as possible 
 in the centre of one of the bones. 
 
 A third incision may be made ; for fashion has 
 decided that his tail shall be still more elevated 
 and curved. Two incisions only are made in 
 the tail of a mare, and the second not very deep. 
 
 When the second incision is made, some fibres 
 of the muscles between the first and second will 
 project into the wound, and must be removed by 
 a pair of curved scissors. The same must be 
 done with the projecting portions from between 
 the second and third incisions. The wound 
 should then be carefully examined, in order to 
 ascertain that the muscles have been equally di- 
 vided on each side, otherwise the tail will be car- 
 ried awry. This being done, pieces of oakum 
 must be introduced deeply into each incis- 
 ion, and confined, but not too tightly, by a 
 bandage. A very profuse bleeding only will jus- 
 tify any tightness of bandage, and the ill conse- 
 
THE VETERINARIAN. 133 
 
 quences that have resulted from nicking are 
 mainly attributable to the unnecessary force that 
 is used in confining these pledgets of oakum. 
 Even if the bleeding, immediately after the 
 operation, should have been very great, the 
 roller must be loosened in two or three hours, 
 otherwise swelling and inflammation, and even 
 death, may possibly ensue. Twenty-four hours 
 after the operation the bandage must be quite re- 
 moved; and then all that is necessary, so far as 
 the healing of the incisions is concerned, is to 
 keep them clean. 
 
 The wounds must remain open; and this can 
 only be accomplished by forcibly keeping the 
 tail curved back, during two or three weeks. For 
 this purpose, a cord one or two feet in length is 
 affixed to the end of the hair which terminates 
 in another divided cord, each division going over 
 a pulley on each side of the back of the stall. A 
 weight is hung at each extremity, sufficient to 
 keep the incisions properly open, and regulated by 
 the degree in which this is wished to be accom- 
 plish 2d. The animal will thus be retained in an 
 uneasy position, although, after the first two or 
 three days, probably not of acute pain. It is 
 barbarous to increase this uneasiness or pain by 
 
134 THE VETERINARIAN. 
 
 affixing too great a weight to the cords; for it 
 should be remembered that the proper elevated 
 curve is given to the tail, not by the weights 
 keeping it in a certain position for a consider- 
 able time, but by the depth of the first incisions, 
 and the degree" in which the wounds are kept 
 open. 
 
 The dock should not, for the first three or four 
 days, be brought higher than the back. Danger- 
 ous irritation and inflammation would probably 
 otherwise be produced. It may after that be 
 gradually raised to an elevation of forty-five de- 
 grees. The horse should be taken out of the pul- 
 leys and gently exercised once or twice every 
 day; but the pulleys cannot be finally dispensed 
 with until a fortnight after the wounds have 
 healed; because the process of contraction, or 
 the approach of the divided parts, goes on for 
 some time after the skin is perfect over the incis- 
 ion, and the tail would thus sink below the de- 
 sired elevation. If the tail has not been unneces- 
 sarily extended by enormous weights, no bad 
 consequences will usually follow; but if consider- 
 able inflammation should ensue, the tail must be 
 taken from the pulley and carefully fomented 
 with simple warm water. 
 
THE VETERINARIAN. 135 
 
 Locked-jaw has in some rare instances fol- 
 lowed, under which the horse generally perishes. 
 The best means of cure, in the early state of this 
 disease, is to amputate the tail at the joint above 
 the highest incision. In order to prevent the 
 hair from coming off, it should be unplaited and 
 combed out every fourth or fifth day. 
 
 THE TEETH. 
 
 THE FIRST APPEARANCE AND SUCCESSIVE CHANGES 
 OF THE TEETH, WITH MARKS AND THEIR 
 DESCRIPTIONS FROM COMMENCEMENT TO MA- 
 TURITY. 
 
 Seven or eight months before the foal is 
 born, the germs, or beginnings of the teeth, 
 are visible in the cavities of the jaws. At 
 the time of birth, the first and second grind- 
 ers have appeared large, compared with the size 
 of the jaws; seemingly filling them. In the course 
 of seven or eight days the two centre nippers are 
 seen. ^ 
 
 In the course of the first month the third 
 grinder appears above and below; and not long 
 after, generally before six weeks have expired, 
 another incisor, (tooth) above and below, will be 
 
136 THE VETERINARIAN. 
 
 seen on each side of the two first, which have now 
 considerably grown, but not attained their per- 
 fect height. 
 
 At two months the centre nippers will have 
 reached their natural level, and between the 
 second and third month the second pair will 
 have overtaken them. They will then begin to 
 wear a little, and the outer edge, which was at first 
 somewhat raised and sharp, is brought to a level 
 with the inner edge, and so the mouth continues, 
 until some time between the sixth and ninth 
 month, when another nipper begins to appear 
 on each side of the first two, making six above 
 and below, and completing the colt's mouth; 
 after which the only observable difference, until 
 between the second and third year, is in the wear 
 and tear of these teeth. 
 
 These teeth are covered with a polished and 
 exceedingly hard enamel; indeed, it is so hard 
 that it almost bids defiance to the action of a 
 file. It spreads over that portion of the tooth 
 which appears above the gum, and not only so, 
 but as they are to be so much employed in nip- 
 ping up the grass and gathering the animal's 
 food — and in such employment even this hard 
 substance must be gradually worn away — a por- 
 
THE VETERINARIAN. 137 
 
 tion of it, as it passes over the upper surface of 
 the teeth, is bent inward, and sunk into the body 
 of the teeth, and forms a little pit in them. The 
 inside and bottom of this pit being blackened by 
 the food, constitute the 7?iark in them, by the 
 gradual disappearance of which, in consequence 
 of the wearing down of the teeth, we are en- 
 abled for several years to judge of the age of 
 the animal. 
 
 The colt's nipping teeth are rounded in front, 
 somewhat hollow toward the mouth, and pre- 
 senting a cutting surface, with the outer edge ris- 
 ing in a slanting direction above the inner edge. 
 This, however, soon begins to wear down, until 
 both surfaces are level, and the mark, which was 
 originally long and narrow, becomes shorter, 
 wider, and fainter. At six months the four nip- 
 pers are beginning to wear to a level. 
 
 The four middle teeth are almost level, and 
 the corners are becoming so. The mark in the 
 two middle teeth is wide and faint; in the next 
 two teeth it is longer, darker, and narrower. In 
 the corner teeth it is longest, darkest, and still 
 narrower. 
 
 The back teeth, or grinders, will not guide us 
 far in ascertaining the age of the animal, for we 
 
138 THE VETERINARIAN. 
 
 cannot easily inspect them; but there are some 
 interesting particulars connected with them. 
 The foal is born with two grinders in each jaw, 
 above and below, or they appear within two or 
 three days after birth. Before the expiration of 
 the month they are succeeded by a third, more 
 backward. The crowns of the grinders are en- 
 tirely covered with enamel on the tops and 
 sides, but attrition soon wears it away from the 
 top, and there remains a compound surface of 
 alternate layers of crusta petrosa, (enamel and 
 ivory), which are employed in grinding down the 
 hardest portions of the food. Nature has there- 
 fore made an additional provision for their 
 strength and endurance. 
 
 At the completion of the first year a fourth 
 grinder usually comes up, and the yearling has 
 then, or soon afterwards, six nippers and four 
 grinders above and below on each jaw, which, 
 with the alteration in the nippers just described, 
 will enable us to calculate the age of the colt, sub- 
 ject to some variations arising from the period of 
 weaning and the nature of the food. 
 
 At the age of one year and a half the mark in 
 the central nippers , will be much shorter and 
 fainter; that in the two other pairs will have un- 
 
THE VETERINARIAN. 130 
 
 dergone an evident change, and all the nippers 
 will be flat. At two years this will be more 
 manifest. 
 
 About this period a fifth grinder will appear, 
 and now, likewise, commences another process. 
 The first teeth are adapted to the size and wants 
 of the young animals. They are sufficiently 
 large to fill the colt's jaws; but when these 
 bones have expanded with the increasing 
 growth of the animal, the teeth are separated too 
 far from each other to be useful, and another 
 and larger set is required. The second teeth 
 then begin to push up from below, and the fangs 
 of the first are absorbed, until the former ap- 
 proach the surface of the gum, when they drop 
 out. Where the temporary teeth do not rise im- 
 mediately under the milk teeth, but by their sides, 
 the latter, being pressed sideways, are absorbed 
 throughout their whole length. They grow nar- 
 row, are pushed out of place, and cause incon- 
 venience to the gum, and sometimes to the 
 cheek, and should be extracted. 
 
 The teeth which first appeared are first re- 
 newed, and therefore the front or first grinders 
 are changed at the age of two years. During the 
 period between the falling out of the central milk 
 
140 THE VETERINARIAN. 
 
 teeth and the coming up of the permanent ones, the 
 colt, having a broken mouth, may find some dif- 
 ficulty in grazing. If he should fall away consid- 
 erably in condition, he should be fed with 
 mashes or cut feed. 
 
 The central teeth are larger than the others, 
 with two grooves in the entire convex surface, and 
 the mark is long, narrow, deep and black. Not 
 having yet attained their full growth, they are 
 lower than the others. The mark in the next 
 two nippers is nearly worn out, and it is wearing 
 away in the corner nippers. 
 
 Is it possible to give this mouth to an early two- 
 year -old ? 
 
 The ages of all horses used to be reckoned 
 from the first of May; but some are foaled even 
 as early as January, and being actually four 
 months over the two years, if they have been 
 well nursed and fed, and are strong and large, 
 they may, with the inexperienced, have an addi- 
 tional year put upon them. The central nippers 
 are punched or drawn out, and the others ap- 
 pear three or four months earlier than they 
 otherwise would. In the natural process they 
 would only rise by long pressing upon the first 
 teeth, and causing their absorption. But. oppo- 
 
THE VETERINARIAN. 141 
 
 sition from the first set being removed, it is easy 
 to imagine that their progress will be more rapid. 
 Three or four months will be gained in the ap- 
 pearance of these teeth, and these three or four 
 months will enable the breeder to term him a 
 late colt of the preceding year. To him, how- 
 ever, who is accustomed to horses, the general 
 form of the animal, the little development of the 
 fore-hand, the continuance of the mark upon the 
 next pair of nippers, its more evident existence 
 in the corner ones, some enlargement or irregular- 
 ity about the gums from the violence used in forc- 
 ing out the teeth, the small growth of the first and 
 fifth grinders, and the non-appearance of the sixth 
 grinder, which, if it be not through the gum at 
 three years old, is swelling under it, and prepar- 
 ing to get through — any, or all of these circum- 
 stances, carefully attended to, will be a sufficient 
 security against deception. 
 
 A horse at three years old ought to have the 
 central permanent nippers growing, the other 
 two pairs wasting, six grinders in each jaw, 
 above and below, the first and fifth level, the 
 others and the sixth protruding. The sharp 
 edge of new incisors will be very evident when 
 compared with the old teeth. 
 
142 THE VETERINARIAN. 
 
 As the permanent nippers wear and continue 
 to grow, a narrow portion of the cone-shaped 
 tooth is exposed by the attrition, and they look 
 as if they had been compressed; but it is not so. 
 Not only will the mark be wearing out, but the 
 crowns of the teeth will be sensibly smaller. 
 
 At three years and a half, or between that and 
 four, the next pair of nippers will be changed, 
 and the mouth at that time cannot be mistaken, 
 the central nippers will have attained nearly their 
 full growth. A vacuity will be left where the 
 second stood, or they will begin to peep above the 
 gum, and the corner ones will be diminished in 
 breadth, worn down, and the mark becoming 
 small and faint. At this period, likewise, the 
 second pair of grinders will be shed. 
 
 At four years the central nipper will be fully 
 developed; the sharp edge somewhat worn off, 
 and the mark shorter, wider and fainter. 
 
 The next pair will be up; but they will be 
 small, with the mark deep and extending quite 
 across them. The corner nippers will be larger 
 than the inside ones, yet smaller than they were, 
 and flat, and the mark nearly effaced. The sixth 
 grinders will have risen to a level with the 6thers, 
 and the tusks will begin to appear. 
 
THE VETERINAEIAN. 143 
 
 The tusks are four in number — two in each 
 jaw — situated between the nippers and the grind- 
 ers, much nearer to the former than the latter, 
 and nearer in the lower than in the upper; but 
 these distances increase in both jaws with the 
 age. 
 
 In shape the tusk somewhat resembles a cone; 
 protrudes from the gum about half an inch, and 
 is sharp, pointed and curved. The appear- 
 ance of this tusk in a horse may vary from four 
 years to four years and six months. It can only 
 be accelerated a few weeks by cutting the gum 
 over it. 
 
 At four years and a half, or between that and 
 five, the last important change takes place in the 
 mouth of the horse; The corner nippers are 
 shed, and the permanent ones begin to appear. 
 The central nippers are considerably worn, and 
 the next pair are commencing to show marks of 
 usage. The tusk has now protruded and is gen- 
 erally a full inch in height. Externally it has a 
 rounded prominence, with a groove on either side, 
 and it is evidently hollowed within. 
 
 The reader scarcely needs to be told that after 
 the rising 6f the corner nipper the animal changes 
 
144 THE VETERINARIAN. 
 
 its name — the colt becomes a horse, the filly, a 
 mare. 
 
 At five years the horse's mouth is almost per- 
 fect. The corner nippers are quite up, with the 
 long, deep mark, irregular in the inside, and the 
 other nippers bearing evident tokens of increased 
 wearing. The tusk is much grown, the grooves 
 have almost or quite disappeared, and the outer 
 surface is regularly convex. It is still as con- 
 cave within, and with the edge nearly as sharp 
 as it was six months before. The sixth molar is 
 quite up, and the third molar is wanting. This 
 last circumstance, if the general appearance of 
 the animal, and particularly his forehand, and 
 the wearing of the central nippers, and the growth 
 and shape of the tusks be likewise carefully at- 
 tended to, will prevent deception if a late four-year- 
 old is attempted to be substituted for a five-year- 
 old. The nippers may be brought up a few months 
 before their time, and the tusks a few weeks; 
 but the grinder is with difficulty displaced. The 
 last three grinders and the tusks are never shed. 
 
 A mare seldom has tusks. 
 
 At six years the piark on the central nippers is 
 worn out. There will, still be a difference ; of 
 color in the centre of the tooth. The cement 
 
THE VETERINARIAN. 145 
 
 filling up the hole, made by the dipping of the 
 enamel, will present a browner hue than the 
 other parts of the tooth; and it will be evidently 
 surrounded by an edge of enamel, and there will 
 always remain a little depression in the centre, and 
 also a depression around the case of enamel; 
 but the deep hole in the centre of the teeth, with 
 the blackened surface which it presents, and the 
 elevated edge of enamel, will have disappeared. 
 Persons not much accustomed to horses have 
 been puzzled here. They expected to find a 
 plain surface of uniform color, and knew not 
 what conclusion to draw when there were both 
 discoloration and irregularity. 
 
 In the next incisors, the mark is shorter, 
 broader, and fainter, and in the corner teeth the 
 edges of the enamel are more regular and the 
 surface is evidently worn. The tusk has at- 
 tained its full growth, being nearly or quite an 
 inch long, convex outward, concave within, tend- 
 ing to a point, and the extremity somewhat 
 curved. The third grinder is fairly up, and all 
 the grinders are level. 
 
 The horse may now be said to have a perfect 
 mouth. All the teeth are produced, fully grown, 
 and have sustained no material injury. During 
 
146 THE VETERINARIAN. 
 
 these important changes of the teeth the animal 
 has suffered less than could be supposed possi- 
 ble. 
 
 At seven years, the mark, in the way in which 
 it has been described, is worn out in the four 
 central nippers, and is fast wearing away in the 
 corner teeth; the tusk is also beginning to be 
 altered. It is rounded at the point, rounded at 
 the edges, still round without, and beginning to 
 get round inside. 
 
 At eight years old the tusk is rounder in every 
 way; the mark is gone from all the bottom nip- 
 pers, and it may almost be said to be out of the 
 mouth. There is nothing remaining in the bot- 
 tom nippers that can clearly show the age of the 
 horse or justify the most experienced examiner in 
 giving a positive opinion. This should be distinct- 
 ly borne in mind. It is easy, from many general 
 signs, to see that a horse is above eight years 
 old; but it is impossible to judge, certainly, how 
 much older. The length and angularity of the 
 nippers, the depth of the super-orbital cavities, 
 and other points of information, may enable a 
 good judge to guess, ^comparatively, but never to 
 speak surely. Dealers have resorted to a method 
 of prolonging the mark on the lower nippers. It 
 
THE VETERINARIAN. 147 
 
 is called "bishoping." The operation is per- 
 formed with a pegging awl. A hole is dug in the 
 now almost plain surface of the teeth, in shape 
 resembling the mark yet left in those of a seven- 
 year-old horse. The hole is then blackened with 
 the point of a black lead pencil, moistened, and 
 dipped in powdered nitrate of silver. Inexperi- 
 enced men would be very easily deceived by this 
 trick. Horsemen, after the animal is eight years 
 old, are accustomed to look at the nippers in the 
 upper jaw, and some conclusion can be drawn 
 from the appearance which they present. It 
 cannot be doubted that the mark remains in 
 them for some years after it has been obliterated 
 in the nippers of the lower jaw. There are 
 various opinions as to the intervals between the 
 disappearance of the mark from the different 
 cutting teeth of the upper jaw. Some have 
 averaged it at two years, and others at one. The 
 latter opinion is more commonly adopted by 
 those most conversant, and then the age is thus 
 determined. 
 
 At nine years the mark will be worn from the 
 middle nippers; from the next pair, at ten; and 
 from the upper nippers, at eleven. During 
 these periods the tusk is likewise undergoing a 
 
148 THE VETERINARIAN. 
 
 manifest change. It is blunter, rounder, and 
 shorter. In what degree this takes place in the 
 different periods, long and favorable opportu- 
 nities can alone enable the horseman to decide. 
 The alteration in form of the tusks is frequently 
 uncertain. It will sometimes be blunt at eight; 
 and at others remain pointed at eighteen. 
 
 After eleven, and until the horse is very old, 
 the age may be guessed at with some degree of 
 confidence, from the shape of the upper surface 
 or extremity of the nippers. At eight they are all 
 oval, the length of the oval running across from 
 tooth to tooth; but as the horse gets older, the 
 teeth diminish in size — and this commencing in 
 their width, and not in their thickness. They 
 become a little apart from each other, and their 
 surfaces become round instead of oval. At nine, 
 the centre nippers are evidently so; at ten, the 
 others begin to have their ovals shortened. 
 At eleven, the second pair of nippers is quite 
 rounded; and at thirteen, the corner ones have 
 also that appearance. At fourteen, the faces of 
 the central nippers become somewhat triangular. 
 At seventeen, they are all so. At nineteen, the 
 angles begin to wear off, and the central teeth are 
 again oval, but in a reversed direction, viz., from 
 
THE VETERINARIAN. 149 
 
 outward, inward; and at twenty-one, they all 
 wear this form. 
 
 It would of course be folly to expect anything 
 like a certainty in an opinion of the exact age of 
 an old horse as drawn from the above indica- 
 tions. It is contended by some, though denied by 
 others, that stabled horses have the marks sooner 
 worn out than those that are at grass; and crib- 
 biters still sooner. At nine or ten, the bars of 
 the mouth become less prominent and their reg- 
 ular diminution will designate increasing age. At 
 eleven or twelve, the lower nippers change their 
 original upright direction and project forward 
 horizontally, becoming of a yellow color. 
 
 The general indications of old age, independent 
 of the teeth, are the deepening of the hollows 
 over the eyes; gray hairs, and particularly over 
 the eyes and about the muzzle; thinness and 
 hanging down of the lips; sharpness of the 
 withers, sinking of the back, lengthening of the 
 quarters and the disappearance of windgalh* 
 spavins and tumors of every kind. 
 
 Horses kindly and not prematurely used, some- 
 times live to between thirty-five and forty-five 
 years of age. 
 
150 THE VETERINARIAN. 
 
 EXTRACTING TEETH. 
 
 When a carious tooth, or one so unequally 
 worn as to cause mischief is discovered, its re- 
 moval is necessary to the restoration of the ani- 
 mal's health. In order to accomplish this the 
 horse must be cast, and the age of the animal 
 considered, in order to make choice of proper in- 
 struments. If he is young — say from four to six 
 years — an instrument made similar to the key 
 used by surgeon dentists, is the best adapted; if 
 he is old, a pair of forceps of large size, made in 
 the same manner as the tooth-forceps of dentists, 
 will answer, as the roots of the teeth in old 
 horses are comparatively short, and therefore 
 may be easily extracted. 
 
 The molar teeth of horses often want filing on 
 the sides — enough to take off the sharp edges. 
 In doing this we stop the teeth from cutting the 
 cheeks and tongue. 
 
 DENTITION OF ANIMALS. 
 
 Man has 32 Teeth. 
 
 Horse " 40 " 
 
 Mare " 36 
 
 Ox " 32 
 
 Dog " 42 " 
 
 Pig " 44 " 
 
 Sheep " 32 " 
 
THE VETERINARIAN. 151 
 
 SLOBBERING. 
 
 This trouble is often caused by giving the 
 horse too much clover hay; sometimes we are 
 unable to trace it to any cause. By some horse- 
 men it is attributed to a flabby condition of the 
 inside of the mouth near the first molar teeth, on 
 the lower jaw, and called the bags. These are 
 sometimes cut by placing the thumb on the in- 
 side of the lip, and with the fingers of the same 
 hand turn the bag out, and with a sharp knife 
 make a deep incision to the bottom of the bag. 
 Give Humphrey's Veterinary Blood Remedy, 
 once a day, until the wound is healed; the result 
 will be beneficial. 
 
 DISEASES OF THE LIVER. 
 
 Diseases of the liver are of very common oc- 
 currence in the horse, although the singularity of 
 the internal structure of that animal renders it 
 less liable to jaundice than that of the human 
 being. The horse possesses no gall-bladder; in- 
 stead of such a reservoir it has simply a gall- 
 duct, called the hepatic duct, which enters that 
 portion of the intestines called the duodenum, 
 about six inches from the stomach, so that the 
 
152 THE VETERINARIAN. 
 
 gall is emptied into the bowels as fast as it is se- 
 creted. 
 
 HEPATIRRHCEA. 
 
 This is a rupture of the peritoneal coat of the 
 liver, and hemorrhage from it. It occurs most 
 generally in aged horses and is always preceded 
 by structural derangement, or disorganization, 
 which, from the obscurity of the symptoms, 
 escapes notice until it is too late for medical aid. 
 The animal generally does his work as usual 
 until within a few hours of his death, keeping in 
 full condition, and presenting to the eye of his 
 owner no appearance of disease. The symptoms 
 are so gradual in their development as to escape 
 observation until the peritoneum, or covering of 
 the liver, gives way or becomes ruptured, from 
 the great distension of the liver, when the blood 
 flows freely into the abdominal cavity, giving 
 rise to the most alarming symptoms, and the 
 horse often dies within an hour after he is first 
 discovered to be ill. 
 
 The symptoms which are noticeable are sud- 
 denly developed, and generally appear immedi- 
 ately after eating or drinking. The animal will 
 sometimes fall suddenly and die in a few min- 
 
THE VETERINARIAN. 15S 
 
 utes, without having shown any previous indispo- 
 sition; at other times the respiration becomes hur- 
 ried, the belly begins to swell, the pulse becomes 
 gradually diminished and very feeble, partial or 
 general sv» eating takes place, the animal walks 
 with a tottering gait, the membrane lining the 
 eyelids, lips and nose becomes blanched, indi- 
 cating internal hemorrhage, there is a vacant 
 stare in the eye, with great prostration of 
 strength, which soon terminates in death. Upon 
 opening the abdomen it is found filled with dark 
 venous blood, in a fluid state, and the liver is 
 several times its natural size, and exceedingly 
 tender. Where it is possible to detect the exist- 
 ence of the disease in its incipient stages, calomel 
 would be the appropriate remedy, as it is as justly 
 entitled to rank as a specific for the diseases of 
 the liver of the horse, as it is for his master. 
 
 DECAYED STRUCTURE OF THE LIVER. 
 
 This also is a disease of common occurrence, 
 though, like the other diseases of this organ, the 
 symptoms, from their obscurity, are not well 
 understood by the veterinary practitioner, but 
 little attention having as yet been paid to its in- 
 vestigation. 
 
154 THE VETERINARIAN. 
 
 The first symptoms noticed are loss of appe- 
 tite; surfeit; and being hide-bound; rough, star- 
 ing coat; food passing undigested; stools of a 
 clay color; prostration of strength; readiness of 
 sweat; pulse quick, but feeble; respiration hur- 
 ried. 
 
 TREATMENT. 
 
 Give one of Humphrey's Physic Bolls, fol- 
 lowed by Humphrey's Condition Powders, as 
 per directions. 
 
 INFLAMMATION OF THE LIVER. 
 
 Hepatitis, or inflammation of the liver, does 
 not generally exist as a primary affection, though 
 it is frequently found as a sympathetic one, being 
 not uncommonly connected with epidemic, or 
 epizootic diseases, particularly in that which is 
 known to horsemen as pink-eye distemper. 
 
 The most common cause of this disease is a 
 fullness of blood, or a plethoric condition of the 
 system, in consequence of which too much blood 
 is sent to the liver; want of exercise, and too 
 high feeding, particularly with corn, are also 
 causes of inflammation of this important organ. 
 
 The symptoms of' this disease are more ob- 
 scure than those of any other part, and the difH- 
 
The Veterinarian. 155 
 
 culty is materially enhanced by the inability of 
 the animal to assist us with his tongue. Still, by 
 close observation we can trace the symtoms with 
 such a degree of accuracy as to render our treat- 
 ment almost a certainty. The mouth and breath 
 are hot; the extremities cold; the membrane lin- 
 ing the eyelids highly injected, presenting an 
 orange-red appearance; the pulse rises from 
 seventy to one hundred or more a minute, and is 
 soft and full; the appetite lost; the animal looks 
 wistfully and deploringly at his sides; lies down, 
 but gets up again directly; the respiration at 
 times is perfectly tranquil, at other times slightly 
 disturbed and at others again very much dis- 
 turbed and distressing to the animal — so that in 
 fact, the amateur cannot be governed by this 
 symptom — there is usually much tenderness of 
 the right side; and the dung small, hard and 
 generally dark colored. 
 
 In the acute stage the animal is generally in a 
 state of plethora, in consequence of which a 
 small, quantity of blood may be taken to good 
 advantage; but in the absence of plethora he 
 must not bleed. Humphrey's Spavin Blister 
 may be applied to the sides and will be found 
 serviceable. Injections of castiie soap and water 
 
156 THE VETERINARIAN. 
 
 should be used occasionally until the bowels are 
 opened. Give one of Humphrey's Physic 
 Bolls in the first stages. Keep the body warm 
 and bandage the legs with flannel; turn into a 
 loose box-stall, where the atmosphere is pure. 
 When convalescent, give one of the following 
 bolls, night and morning: Of sulphate of iron, 
 two ounces; pulverized gentian root, one and a 
 half ounces; pulverized Jamaica ginger, one 
 ounce; and pulverized anise seed, one ounce; 
 mix with molasses and divide into sixteen parts, 
 or give Humphrey's Blood Remedy as per di- 
 rections, which is decidedly preferable. 
 
 JAUNDICE. 
 
 This disease depends upon an obstruction of 
 the biliary excretions, causing a yellow discolora- 
 tion of the mucous membrane, fat, ligaments, 
 and other tissues of the body; it will oftener be 
 found in connection with other diseases than 
 distinct and independent of them, although it does 
 occasionally exist in a pure, or unmixed form, the 
 symptoms of which are not at first observed by 
 the horseman, on account of their obscurity. 
 The lining membranes of the eyelids and lips are 
 of a yellow or orange color, extending even to 
 
THE VETERINARIAN. 157 
 
 the white of the eye. The dung pale, small, and 
 dry; bowels generally constipated; appetite lost 
 or languid; the animal hangs his head, is dull 
 and mopy, and becomes very poor in flesh. 
 
 In the treatment of this disease the principal 
 reliance is upon calomel; two drachms of which, 
 made into a bolus with flaxseed meal and molas- 
 ses should be given, followed in twenty-four 
 hours by one of Humphrey's Physic Bolls. 
 The animal should have moderate daily exercise; 
 his body should be kept warm; and if there be 
 pain in the right side, apply Humphrey's Spavin 
 Blister. If necessary the calomel may be re- 
 peated in scruple doses, once a week, followed 
 by Humphrey's Condition Powder as a tonic. 
 
 AZOTURIA. 
 
 Azoturia is a disease that attacks a horse that 
 has been working, and then left idle in the stable 
 and fed with nutritious food, producing a large 
 amount of albumen, particularly in the blood, 
 then taken out and exercised, causing an excess 
 of urea and hippuric acid; causing partial or 
 complete loss of power of the hind limbs, due to 
 spasms of the muscles of the loin and tissue, in 
 connection affecting the kidneys more or less, 
 
158 THE VETERINARIAN. 
 
 When it attacks the gluteal muscles it is not so 
 severe as it is when it attacks the psoas muscles. 
 In some cases the covering of the spinal 
 cord may be affected, also the sheath of the 
 nerves. Sometimes the secretion of the kidneys 
 are arrested. The faster the horse is driven 
 the more serious the attack will be. It is most 
 common in the winter months. The symptoms 
 begin to exhibit by an unusual degree of rest- 
 lessness, perspiring profusely, with a disposition 
 to lie down; a stiff gait; weakness in the hind- 
 quarters; frequent pulse; redness of the mucous 
 membrane; anxious expression of countenance, 
 a remarkable swelling of great firmness over the 
 loins and hips. When there is any discharge of 
 urine it is of a dark red or brown color; the ani- 
 mal is more or less bloated; great difficulty of 
 breathing, and if the animal is not relieved death 
 ensues. 
 
 Azoturia is often taken for inflammation of 
 the kidneys. If the animal is properly treated 
 in time, the symptoms will disappear, perhaps, in 
 from four to ten hours, and in two or three days 
 the animal will be well. 
 
 TREATMENT. 
 
 In the first stages give one of Humphrey's 
 
THE VETERINARIAN. 159 
 
 Physic Bolls. Apply blankets immersed in hot 
 water over the loins and cover with a dry- 
 blanket, or you may apply Humphrey's Good 
 Samaritan linament, rubbed in as a sham- 
 poo over the loins; or mustard may be used. 
 If the patient cannot urinate, the water 
 must be drawn with a catheter, (an in- 
 strument for emptying the bladder). Give 
 one ounce sweet spirits of nitre every two 
 hours. If after a few hours the pulse beats 
 rapidly, give twenty drops of tincture of aconite 
 root, every three hours, or give Humphrey's 
 Fever Remedy, which is safe and reliable. Give 
 the patient water in small amounts at frequent 
 intervals, (for he will be thirsty), turning him 
 from side to side often. If there is any improve- 
 ment try to get him up on his feet. He will 
 probably stand but a short time and then lie 
 down again. Do not allow him to lie too long. 
 Use the sling if possible. If the patient seems 
 to be suffering with great pain, give one ounce 
 laudanum and one ounce sulphuric ether or 
 Humphrey's Celebrated Colic Cure, in half- 
 sized doses, in one-half pint of water once in 
 three hours, until he is easier. In the early stages 
 it might be beneficial to bleed. Keep the patient 
 
160 THE VETERINARIAN. 
 
 on his feet as much as possible. When con- 
 valescent give Humphrey's Condition Powder. 
 
 CAPPED ELBOW, OR SHOE BOIL. 
 This is commonly a serous abscess, with con- 
 siderable thickening of the surrounding tissue at 
 the point of the elbow and is generally caused by 
 laying on the heel of the shoe, which bruises the 
 part. 
 
 TREATMENT. 
 
 Throw the horse and with the knife dissect the 
 entire tumor ; close the wound with stitches 
 and bathe with Humphrey's Good Samaritan. 
 After-treatment is the same as that of any 
 wound. If this operation is properly performed 
 there is no danger of the tumor ever returning. 
 
 When a shoe boil is first noticeable, apply 
 Humphrey's Spavin Blister, and nail a joist, 
 two by four, flatwise across the stall, about six 
 inches back of the horse's front feet. Pad the 
 foot every night, thereby changing the manner 
 of his lying down, and the shoe boil will, in all 
 probability, disappear. 
 
 CLEANSING THE SHEATH. 
 This very important part of the care of horses 
 is often neglected, Geldings often become dirty 
 
THE VETERINARIAN. 16i 
 
 or foul in the sheath and should be cleansed fre- 
 quently, as there is nothing more filthy in a horse 
 than a sheath that becomes covered with a scaly 
 sebaceous substance inside. When the sheath is 
 in this state there will always be a lump at the 
 head of the penis, in the mouth of the urethra, 
 called a bean by horsemen. This should be re- 
 moved. 
 
 All that is required for cleansing a horse's 
 sheath is a pail of warm water, a sponge or rag, 
 a piece of castile soap and a piece of lard about 
 the size of a walnut. Care should be taken by 
 the person cleansing the sheath to have his nails 
 trimmed short, to avoid the possibility of scratch- 
 ing. 
 
 In washing the sheath be careful not to pull 
 off the scales; soak them off with warm water 
 and soap. After the parts are cleansed and 
 dried, apply the lard. 
 
 If the urine should be thick and cloudy, give 
 every morning a dose of Humphrey's Veterin- 
 ary Fever Remedy, then take a piece of rosin 
 as large as a hickory nut, crush to a powder, and 
 a tablespoonful of castile soap shavings; mix 
 them with the horse's food for five consecutive 
 nights, by which time the urine will be clear. 
 
162 THE VETERINARIAN. 
 
 STOPPAGE OF THE WATER. 
 The symptoms are violent pawing; shifting 
 position and constantly manifesting a disposition 
 to lie down; anxiously looking at the sides; fre- 
 quent efforts to make water, and a cold sweat 
 breaks out all over the body. 
 
 TREATMENT. 
 
 Relieve the patient of pain by giving Hum- 
 phrey's Colic Cure, as directed, alternately 
 with Fever Specific, No. i. Apply warm salt 
 and water to the loins, and mustard to the abdo- 
 men. 
 
 PROFUSE STALLING. 
 
 This disorder, called also diabetes, is of fre- 
 quent occurrence in the horse, and is attended with 
 debility, impaired appetite and sometimes loss of 
 flesh. The causes are, powerful diuretics, un- 
 wholsome food and foul air. The treatment is 
 simple and effective; a great variety of medic- 
 inal substances being used in its abatement. 
 Give one of the following bolls every day, for 
 five days: one drachm iodine, five drachms 
 powdered liquorice root, followed by Hum- 
 phrey's Condition Powders, according to di- 
 rections. Humphrey's Nerve Remedy can 
 
THE VETERINARIAN. 163 
 
 also be given with decided advantage for this 
 disease. 
 
 STONES IN THE BLADDER. 
 
 These differ from stones in the kidneys in 
 form and external appearance; presenting, in 
 consequence of the constant washings of the cal- 
 culus by the urine, an uneven, or what is called 
 a mulberry appearance; externally, it is of a red- 
 dish-brown color. When these stones are quite 
 large very great inconvenience is occasioned to 
 the animal. 
 
 Stones in the bladder may exist a long time 
 before any perceptible symptoms of their exist- 
 ence are manifested. The urine is generally 
 thick and of a whitish color, with frequent desire 
 to void the urine, accompanied with difficulty 
 and pain; the urine occasionally presents a 
 bloody appearance; in some cases all the symp- 
 toms of colic are present, rendering it difficult to 
 distinguish between the two disorders. If the 
 pain is severe, the animal paws violently, kicks 
 at his sheath, lies down, rolls, and gets up again 
 quickly, sweats in various parts of the body, giv- 
 ing off the odor of urine, give Humphrey's 
 Celebrated Colic Cure to relieve the pain, 
 
164 THE VETERINARIAN. 
 
 then if relief is not obtained, apply to some 
 good veterinary surgeon. 
 
 BOTS. 
 
 These are the larvae of the gad-fly. During 
 the summer months, when the horse is at grass, 
 the parent fly is seen busily engaged in deposit- 
 ing its eggs upon the hairs of the animal, in such 
 places as are easily reached by his mouth. This 
 seems to be an instinctive feature in this insect. 
 The legs, shoulders and body are the parts se- 
 lected for this purpose. The gad-fly is seen 
 hovering in an upright position when about to 
 deposit her egg; she then darts upon the horse, 
 fixing the egg to the hairs by means of a gluti- 
 nous substance; she again prepares another, 
 which is deposited in like manner, until many 
 hundreds are observed covering the hairs of the 
 animal. The rapidity with which these eggs are 
 prepared and deposited is astonishing. They 
 are taken into the mouth by the animal biting or 
 licking himself or his mate, and are hatched upon 
 the tongue, or taken into the stomach and there 
 hatched. If the eggs are recently produced, they 
 pass into the stomach before they are hatched; 
 but if they remain for a considerable time upon 
 
THE VETERINARIAN. 165 
 
 the hairs they are hatched by the warmth of the 
 tongue and they pass into the stomach, where 
 they are developed. This fact may be easily and 
 satisfactorily proven, by taking the newly depos- 
 ited egg in the hand, and then applying a warm 
 fluid, when it will be observed that the egg is 
 softened or dissolved, but does not produce the 
 Bot; whereas, if the egg be old, it will hatch in 
 the hand. 
 
 There are no symptoms by which the existence 
 of bots is indicated, except it be in the spring, 
 when they pass from the horse by the fundament, 
 assuming again the form of a chrysalis to 
 reproduce the parent fly. The symptoms of 
 other diseases, as inflammation of the bowels, 
 etc., are often assigned as indicating the pres- 
 ence of bots; but, although bots may some- 
 times give rise to these conditions, it is worse 
 than folly to jump at the probable cause in 
 such cases and say that it is a case of bots 
 because a horse looks at his sides, and the 
 like. When such an instance is encountered, no 
 matter whether it arise from bots or not, the ani- 
 mal must be treated for the inflammation which 
 is present. If we succeed in controlling it, and 
 restoring the stomach to healthy action, the bots 
 
166 THE VETERINARIAN. 
 
 are no longer troublesome; but if, on the con- 
 trary, we commence drenching the animal for 
 bots, the chances are that we shall kill him. 
 Morbid conditions of the stomach will sometimes 
 so incommode these little creatures as to cause 
 them to escape from their unpleasant situation, 
 which is commonly effected by perforating the 
 walls of the stomach and allowing the fluids to 
 escape into the abdomen, in which case no medi- 
 cal agent will save the animal's life. Fortu- 
 nately, however, these cases but rarely occur. 
 
 You may put them into new rum and keep 
 them for weeks, and on taking them out and ex- 
 posing them to the sun's rays they will manifest 
 vitality. We all know that the moment the 
 breath leaves the horse's body it is subject to the 
 common law of decomposition; but the central 
 organs, where the greatest activity prevailed dur- 
 ing life, are generally the first to succumb. 
 
 The stomach being partly decomposed offers 
 but little opposition to their encroachments. 
 They burst their prison-house and hence are 
 found in the abdominal cavity, and when there, 
 they may be said to have jumped from the " fry- 
 ing pan into the fire." 
 
 Open a horse immediately after death, and 
 
THE VETERINARIAN. 167 
 
 provided his stomach be in a healthy state, you 
 will find that bots have not penetrated beyond 
 the cuticular coat of it; but if he shall not be ex- 
 amined until some hours have elapsed, the bots 
 may be found to have passed through the walls 
 of the decomposed stomach and its peritoneal 
 tunic. 
 
 We contend that the stomach of a horse is the 
 natural habitation of the bot during its minor- 
 ity, and at the proper season, the digestive canal 
 is the usual channel for its introduction into the 
 external world. They are in the same condition 
 as a new-born babe, or an idiot. 
 
 We very much doubt if the bot can at any 
 time, by voluntary act, vacate the body of 
 the horse. Veterinary surgeons have long 
 since discarded the absurd notion, that bots 
 are the cause of any suffering to the horse. In 
 fact, some of the most eminent of them assert 
 that these little creatures, with their rough ex- 
 terior, are rather beneficial than otherwise and 
 that by friction and irritation they arouse the 
 sluggishness of the stomach and thus promote 
 digestion. 
 
 It will be borne in mind that in large cities, 
 where horses are not indulged in a run at grass. 
 
168 THE VETERINARIAN. 
 
 it is no unusual occurrence to find their stomachs 
 free from bots. 
 
 INFLAMMATION OF THE MEMBRANE 
 NICTITANS. 
 
 This affection is commonly called haw or 
 hooks. The membrane affected is somewhat 
 triangular in form, concave on the inner side and 
 convex externally. It is mainly composed of 
 cartilage or gristle and is situated between the 
 eye-ball and the side orbit, at the inner corner of 
 the eye. In a perfectly healthy state but a very 
 small portion of this membrane is visible; but 
 when inflamed it bulges out very considerably. 
 A portion of the membrane covering it becom- 
 ing, as it were, folded upon itself, presents a 
 hook-like appearance, which has been regarded 
 by some persons as a foreign substance, to which 
 the name of " hooks " has been given, and its re- 
 moval with the knife recommended by them. It 
 so happens, however, that this membrane is 
 placed in the eye or attached thereto to serve a 
 useful purpose — that of cleansing the eye from 
 dirt or any foreign substance that may chance to 
 get in it, which is accomplished by throwing it 
 
THE VETERINARIAN. 169 
 
 over the ball of the eye and removing any ob- 
 struction. 
 
 Injury must result from cutting away any por- 
 tion of this membrane, as its function is in part 
 destroyed, since the animal can no longer throw- 
 it over the ball of the eye with the same facility 
 as before the operation was performed. 
 
 TREATMENT. 
 
 Give one of Humphrey's Physic Bolls; 
 bleed from the eye-vein beneath the eye; place 
 some food on the ground to induce the patient 
 to lower his head and the blood will flow freely; 
 wet a cloth with cold water and fasten it to the 
 halter so that it will cover the eye; give Hum- 
 phrey's Fever Remedy as directed and the 
 malady will soon disappear. 
 
 AMAUROSIS. 
 In this disease, called also Gutta Serena, we 
 find the eyes bright and clear, with a peculiar 
 glassy appearance about them not observed in an 
 eye where vision is perfect; although no altera- 
 tion in the structure of the eye has taken place, 
 yet the horse is partially or totally blind. A 
 mere examination of such eyes would not enable 
 us to pronounce upon the blindness of the ani- 
 
170 THE VETERINARIAN. 
 
 mal; but if he be taken from a dark stable to a 
 strong light, it will readily be detected, as the 
 light causes no change to take place in the pu- 
 
 P a. 
 
 This disease is regarded as paralysis of the 
 optic nerve; in some cases yielding readily to 
 medical treatment and in others proving incur- 
 able. Horses are often sold with this disease 
 upon them, as perfectly sound, and the first inti- 
 mation the purchaser receives of his horse being 
 blind is his running against a wall-fence, post, or 
 any thing that may chance to be in his way. It 
 sometimes makes its appearance very suddenly; 
 occasionally it exists in a temporary form as a 
 sympathetic affection, as in apoplexy; it also at 
 times occurs during the period of gestation, etc. 
 
 Constitutional treatment only is likely to suc- 
 ceed in these cases. Humphrey's Physic Boll 
 should be given to open the bowels. After the 
 boll has operated (which should be in twenty- 
 four hours), give, morning and evening, half a 
 drachm of nux vomica, mixed in the feed; bleed 
 from the eye-vein. Give Humphrey's Condi- 
 tion Powders, as directed. They are as good a 
 tonic as can be given. 
 
THE VETERINARIAN. 171 
 
 DISTEMPER. 
 All catarrhal affections are classed by horse- 
 owners under the common head of distemper. 
 Common catarrh, epizootic or epidemic catarrh, 
 laryngitis, bronchitis and all other diseases ac- 
 companied by nasal discharges, are regarded by 
 horsemen generally as one and the same disease. 
 
 FAILING OE THE SOLE. 
 
 This is called by horsemen pumiced foot. It 
 is preceded by founder and is in reality one of 
 the terminations of that disease, arising from 
 slow, continued inflammation of chronic founder, 
 which causes absorption of the outer edge of the 
 coffin-bone, the latter thereby gradually loosing 
 its concave surface and becoming convex. The 
 sole, yielding to this gradual change, becomes 
 flat, or, in some instances convex. Very little 
 can be done in such cases by way of treatment, 
 yet by careful shoeing the animal may be ren- 
 dered useful, although never sound. 
 
 NAVICULARTHRITIS. 
 
 Coffin-joint lameness, as it is generally termed, 
 is a disease of very common occurrence and often 
 troublesome to manage. This joint is formed by 
 
172 THE VETERINARIAN. 
 
 the union of three bones: the os pedis, or coffin- 
 bone, situated immediately within the hoof; the 
 coronary, or small pastern bone, the lower half of 
 which is situated within the upper part of the 
 hoof, called the coronet, and uniting with the os 
 pedis; and the navicular, situated between and 
 behind the two, uniting with both and forming 
 the navicular joint. This joint is protected against 
 injury from concussion by the fatty frog, the sensi- 
 ble frog and the horny frog situated beneath it, and 
 forming a soft elastic cushion on which it may rest. 
 So long as the foot remains in a healthy condi- 
 tion, there is little danger of the occurrence of 
 this disease. Even though the foot be strained 
 very considerably and a high degree of inflam- 
 matory action be produced, this disease will 
 hardly arise, unless the inflammation becomes 
 chronic. 
 
 Navicular-joint lameness is sometimes found 
 existing in feet that have open heels and elastic 
 frogs. If from any cause these frogs lose their 
 moisture, they also lose their elasticity and the 
 foot, therefore, strikes the ground with a jar. 
 Inflammation of a chronic character sets in, the 
 synovia (joint oil) becomes absorbed, and ca- 
 ries of the bones is established, which destroys 
 
THE VETERINARIAN. 178 
 
 their articular surfaces and causes excessive 
 lameness. Occasionally, owing to some new in- 
 jury, acute inflammation sets in, causing new de- 
 positions of bone to be thrown out, and uniting 
 the three bones together; which union is called 
 anchylosis. This condition may be known by 
 stiffness, and the animal walking upon the toe. 
 
 The symptoms of this disease have been con- 
 founded with those of other diseases of the foot. 
 The horse is found to go lame upon coming 
 out of the stable, which wears off after travel- 
 ing some distance; one foot is observed in ad- 
 vance of the other when the animal is at rest; as 
 the disease advances the lameness becomes more 
 frequent, until at last it is permanent. Various 
 kinds of treatment have been resorted to, but 
 with little success, such as blistering, firing, etc. 
 Should this fail, there is no hope but in the 
 operation of nerving, which should only be per- 
 formed in certain cases mentioned under the head 
 of neurotomy. 
 
 Use Humphrey's Gilt Edge Hoof Ointment 
 to keep the hoof soft and pliable, thereby reliev- 
 ing the horse as much as possible from unneces- 
 sary pain. 
 
174 THE VETERINARIAN. 
 
 OSSIFICATION OF THE LATERAL 
 
 CARTILAGES. 
 
 SIDE BONES. 
 
 This is a transformation to bone of two pro- 
 jections of cartilage or gristle, springing from 
 each side of the coffin-bone posteriorly, and 
 known as the lateral cartilages. It arises from 
 concussion, and will rarely be found in any but 
 contracted feet. 
 
 The treatment in these cases is only palliative, 
 as the disease cannot be eradicated by any course 
 of medical treatment. The first endeavor should 
 be to expand the heels by applying poultices to 
 the feet, together with Humphrey's Gilt Edge 
 Hoof Ointment. 
 
 BRONCHITIS. 
 
 The larynx (upper part of the windpipe), 
 the trachea (windpipe), and the bronchial 
 tubes (branches from the trachea into the 
 lungs for the passage of air), are lined by one 
 continuous membrane, called the mucous mem- 
 brane, which secretes a thin mucous substance 
 that always keeps the parts soft and moist. When 
 this membrane becomes inflamed, the disease is 
 
THE VETERINARIAN. 175 
 
 named according to its location. If it is confined 
 to the larynx, it is termed laryngitis; if to the 
 windpipe, trachitis; and if to the bronchial 
 tubes, bronchitis. The trachea and bronchia are 
 rarely diseased separately, the inflammation gen- 
 erally extending from one to the other. We shall 
 therefore treat of bronchitis as embracing tra- 
 chitis likewise. Even this disease rarely exists 
 unmixed with others, in consequence of which it 
 is often overlooked or confounded with other 
 diseases of a pulmonary character. 
 
 Bronchitis is generally preceded by a shiver- 
 ing fit; mouth hot, with more or less saliva; dis- 
 charge from the nose; cough; sore throat; fever; 
 short breathing; loss of appetite; accelerated 
 pulse; and membrane of nose and eyelids red- 
 dened. 
 
 In treating this disease it is much safer to call 
 in the veterinary surgeon, in consequence of the 
 difficulty which the ordinary observer will ex- 
 perience in distinguishing it from other pulmon- 
 ary diseases, and from the fact that the treatment 
 varies with the changes that take place in the 
 progress of the disease. It is not necessarily 
 fatal; yet the most trfling neglect or mistake in 
 treatment may make it so. The average loss, if 
 
176 THE VETERINARIAN. 
 
 proper treatment is pursued, is not more than 
 five per cent. Resort should never be had to 
 bleeding in any form which the disease may as- 
 sume, although such treatment has been recom- 
 mended by some authorities. 
 
 If much fever is present give Humphrey's 
 Fever Remedy until the action of the heart di- 
 minishes. Then give Humphrey's Nerve Rem- 
 edy, alternately with the fever remedy. Apply 
 to the throat, sides and along the spine, strong 
 mustard mixed with water to the consistence of 
 cream, which may be repeated as often as nec- 
 essary. Humphrey's Spavin Blister is also 
 recommended. After the inflammation has sub- 
 sided give Humphrey's Condition Powders as 
 directed. 
 
 This course of treatment is perfectly safe in 
 the hands of any horseman, though it will not 
 reach all stages of the disease; nor can any gen- 
 eral directions be given better calculated to war- 
 rant a successful issue in these cases. 
 
 INFLAMMATION. 
 
 In order to fully .understand the various dis- 
 eases to which important organs are subject, a 
 few remarks regarding the nature of inflamma- 
 
THE VETERINARIAN. Ill 
 
 tion, its progress, etc., may not be out of place in 
 a work like the present. 
 
 Inflammation is a state of altered nutrition, 
 an increased vascularity and sensibility of the 
 parts involved, together with a tendency to 
 change of structure. The symptoms are swelling, 
 pain, heat, and redness. The redness is in conse- 
 quence of a redundancy of blood in the inflamed 
 part, which distends the small capillaries with red 
 particles of blood. When the inflammation is 
 acute the parts present a bright red or crimson 
 hue; when it is chronic, they are of a dark or 
 purplish-red color. As the various terms em- 
 ployed by authors to indicate the various degrees 
 are uninteresting to the general reader, no at- 
 tempt at detail is here made. 
 
 The sensation of pain is mainly due to a 
 stretching of the nerves by the distended blood- 
 vessels. It differs in its character and intensity 
 according to the parts involved, varying from a 
 burning, throbbing, sharp and lacerating pain to 
 a mere sense of heat, soreness and a dull sensa- 
 tion of pain. The heat in inflammation is sup- 
 possed to arise from an increased quantity of 
 blood in the inflamed part. The swelling in 
 
178 THE VETERINARIAN. 
 
 the early stage is due to the increased quantity 
 of blood. 
 
 Humphrey's Fever Remedy acts directly 
 upon the heart, arteries, and kidneys. It cures 
 inflammation of the lungs, bowels, eyes and 
 brain, sore throat, influenza and pink eye, and all 
 congestions. Humphrey's Nerve Remedy acts 
 directly on the nerve, heart and general system; 
 cures cold, cough, staring coat, unhealthy skin, 
 bloody urine, profuse stalling and weakness of 
 the loin. 
 
 Humphrey's Blood Remedy acts directly on 
 the blood and lymphatic system; cures swelled 
 glands, farcy buds, discharges from the nose, 
 grease, swelled legs, abscesses, ulcers and water 
 farcy. 
 
 CANKER. 
 
 This arises from neglected thrush, often prov- 
 ing difficult to manage. It extends from the 
 horny frog to the sensitive frog and sometimes 
 to the navicular joint, involving the surrounding 
 parts, and causing much alteration or destruction 
 of the structures affected. It is by no means 
 always a local disease, but is influenced by a 
 morbid or unhealthy condition of the blood. 
 
THE VETERINARIAN. 179 
 
 For treatment, use Humphrey's Blood Rem- 
 edy. All loose horn should be removed, that 
 the parts may be properly dressed. If taken 
 early, the following wash may be used with suc- 
 cess: Half an ounce nitrate of silver, in one pint 
 of water, shake well together and use once a day. 
 The feed should consist of green food, mashes 
 and a little hay. Corrosive sublimate in solution 
 has been used with decided advantage, as also 
 chloride of zinc, chloride of lime, butter of anti- 
 mony, tincture of myrrh, sulphate of copper and 
 glycerine. Use Humphrey's Gilt Edge Hoof 
 Ointment, plentifully, to promote the growth of 
 the foot; keep the bottom of the foot padded 
 with oakum, kept in its place with splints between 
 the shoe and the hoof. 
 
 SCRATCHES. 
 
 This disease, called also cracked heels, gener- 
 ally arises from neglect, such as allowing the 
 horse to stand in a filthy stall. It is generally 
 confined to the hind feet and consists in a swell- 
 ing of the skin, causing in it one or more trans- 
 verse cracks which discharge a sanious — thin, 
 serous and reddish — matter at times; while in 
 other cases the parts are almost dry, but scurfy. 
 
180 THE VETERINARIAN. 
 
 For treatment, wash well with soap and water, 
 apply Humphrey's Carbolic Healing Powder; 
 give one of Humphrey's Physic Bolls, followed 
 by Humphrey's Veterinary Blood Remedy, 
 and the malady will soon disappear. 
 
 GREASE HEELS. 
 
 This is the result of weakness in the capillary 
 vessels on the feet and legs and is often preceded 
 by dropsical effusions, which frequently exist 
 upon the leg as far as the hock or knee. Com- 
 mon-bred horses are supposed to be more liable 
 to this disease, while thorough-bred are com- 
 paratively free from its attacks. 
 
 The principal causes are, doubtless, over-feed- 
 ing and want of exercise; since we generally find 
 the disease associated with a plethoric condition 
 of the animal. As symptomatic, the skin at first 
 is hot, red, swollen and tender, and discharges a 
 white, offensive matter of a greasy feeling. As 
 the disease advances, this discharge thickens into 
 the form of tears and becomes hard, presenting a 
 grapy appearance. Abscesses are sometimes 
 formed about the heels, causing the sloughing 
 away of a large portion of them. 
 
 This disease requires constitutional as well as 
 
THE VETERINARIAN. 181 
 
 local treatment. Give internally one of Hum- 
 phrey's Physic Bolls; after the horse has 
 physiced, give Humphrey's Blood Remedy or 
 Humphrey's Condition Powders as directed, 
 for a tonic. Use Humphrey's Carbolic Heal- 
 ing Powder on the sores and a speedy recovery 
 may be looked for. 
 
 SWOLLEN LIMBS. 
 
 Swollen legs are often caused by a dropsical 
 condition of the blood. 
 
 TREATMENT. 
 
 Give one of Humphrey's Physic Bolls, fol- 
 lowed by giving a box of Humphrey's Condi- 
 tion Powder as directed, night and morning, 
 and Humphrey's Veterinary Blood Remedy 
 every day at noon. Give soft food with moder- 
 ate exercise every day. 
 
 WATER FARCY. 
 
 This disease is similar to cedetna, but makes its 
 appearance above the hock and extends down- 
 ward. The skin is hot and extremely sensitive 
 to the touch ; so much so that the animal throws 
 the leg upward and outward, as though to escape 
 
182 THE VETERINARIAN. 
 
 torture. The veins of the leg are full and 
 corded. 
 
 For treatment, apply warm fomentations to the 
 parts affected, and give one of Humphrey's 
 Physic Bolls, followed by giving Humphrey's 
 Blood Remedy as drected, allowing no corn. 
 Hand-rubbing and daily exercise will be neces- 
 sary. 
 
 CRIB-BITING. 
 
 This is a very unpleasant habit, and a consid- 
 erable defect, although not so serious as it is 
 often represented. The horse lays hold of the 
 manger with his teeth, violently extends his 
 neck, and then, after some convulsive action of 
 the throat, a slight grunting is heard, accompan- 
 ied by a sucking or drawing in of air. It is not 
 an effort at simple eructation, arising from in- 
 digestion; it is the inhalation of air. It is that 
 which takes place with all kinds of diet, when 
 the stomach is empty as well as when it is full. 
 
 The effects of crib-biting are plainly percepti- 
 ble. The teeth are injured and worn away and 
 — in an old horse — to a very serious degree. 
 A considerable quantity of grain is often lost, 
 for the horse will frequently crib with his mouth 
 full of it, and the greater partwill fall over the edge 
 
THE VETERINARIAN; 183 
 
 of the manger. Much saliva escapes, the loss of 
 which must be of serious detriment in imparing di- 
 gestion. The crib-biting horse is notoriously more 
 subject to colic than other horses, and that of a 
 kind difficult of treatment and peculiarly danger- 
 ous. Although many a crib-biter is stout and' 
 strong and capable of all ordinary work, these 
 horses do not generally carry as much flesh as 
 others, and have not their endurance; on these 
 accounts crib-biting has been, (and very properly^ 
 decided by the highest authority, to be unsound- 
 ness. 
 
 It is, moreover one of those tricks which are 
 exceedingly contagious. Every companion of a 
 crib-biter in the same stable, is likely to acquire 
 the habit, and it is the most inveterate of all 
 habits. The edge of the manger will in vain be 
 lined with iron, or with sheep skin, or with sheep- 
 skin covered with tar or aloes, or any other un- 
 pleasant substance. 
 
 A strap buckled around the neck, by com- 
 pressing the windpipe, is the best means of pre- 
 venting the possibility of this trick. 
 WIND-SUCKING. 
 
 This closely resembles crib-biting and arises 
 from the same causes'; the 'same purpose* is ao 
 
184 THE VETERINARIAN. 
 
 complished and the same results follow. The 
 horse stands with his back bent, his head drawn 
 inward, his lips alternately slightly opened and 
 then closed, and a noise is heard as if he were 
 sucking. It appears quite probable, judging 
 from the same comparative want of condition 
 and the flatulence noted in connection with the 
 last habit, that either some portion of wind enters 
 the stomach, or there is an injurious loss of 
 saliva. 
 
 This vice diminishes the value of the animal 
 nearly as much as crib-biting; it is equally as 
 contagious and inveterate. The only remedies 
 — and they will seldom avail — are tying the head 
 up except when the horse is feeding, or putting 
 on a muzzle with sharp spikes toward the neck, 
 which will prick him whenever he attempts 
 to rein his head in for the purpose of wind- 
 sucking. 
 
 NOT LYING DOWN. 
 
 It occasionly happens that a horse will seldom 
 or never lie down in the stable. He sometimes 
 continues in apparent good health and feeds and 
 works well; but generally his legs swell and he 
 becomes fatigued sooner than another horse. If 
 it is impossible to let him loose in the stable, or to 
 
THE VETERINARIAN. 186 
 
 put him into a spare box, nothing can be done to 
 obviate the difficulty. No means, gentle or 
 cruel, will force him to lie down. The secret is 
 that he is tied up, and either has never dared to 
 lie down through fear of the confinement of the 
 halter, or he has been cast in the night and 
 severely injured. If he can be suffered to range 
 the stable, or have a comfortable box in which 
 he may be loose, he will usually lie down the 
 first night. Some few horses, however, will lie 
 down in a stable and not in a loose box. A fresh, 
 well-made bed will generally tempt the tired 
 horse to refresh himself with sleep. 
 
 It may be observed in this connection, that the 
 basis of support afforded by the four extremities 
 is so considerable in the horse that he is able to 
 sleep in a standing position, and some horses 
 have even been known to preserve their health, 
 strength and condition, although they were never 
 known to lie down. At the same time it is unde- 
 niable, that an animal that will quickly lie down 
 and take his rest, as a general rule, preserves his 
 condition and is better fitted for exertion. 
 STRANGLES. 
 
 This is but another form or stage of laryngitis. 
 The throat becomes enormously swollen, the 
 
186 THE VETERINARIAN. 
 
 swelling extending under the jaws and up to the 
 very ears, threatening suffocation; then res- 
 piration becomes much disturbed; the flanks 
 heave violently, and the breathing can be heard 
 at a considerable distance; the animal begins to 
 sweat from his frequently convulsive efforts to 
 breathe, and if not speedily relieved dies a most 
 violent death. 
 
 Life may be saved by the veterinary surgeon 
 at this crisis by the operation of tracheotomy, 
 that is, by opening the windpipe and inserting a 
 tube through which the animal may breathe in- 
 stead of through the nose. This operation af- 
 fords instant relief, and gives an opportunity to 
 apply remedies to the diseased throat, which in 
 a few days usually effects a cure, when the tube 
 may be removed. The author has' never lost a 
 case where he has resorted to this operation. 
 
 The early treatment of this disease is to give 
 Humphrey's Fever Remedy; poultice the 
 throat well with flaxseed meal, commonly called 
 cake-meal or oil-cake. Mustard plasters are 
 also very effective, and steaming the nostrils fre- 
 quently affords relief. , As soon as the swelling 
 permits, it should be lanced; and when it has 
 once discharged freely, the- animal- may be ci>n'* 
 
THE VETERINARIAN. 187 
 
 sidered out of danger, provided proper care be 
 taken to guard against a relapse. A seton ap- 
 plied between the jaws often gives relief. These 
 cases are safer in the hands of a competent sur- 
 geon. Under no circumstances, in this disease, 
 should the animal be bled. 
 
 WOLF TEETH 
 
 Are supernumerary just in front of the molar, 
 and we are often asked to remove them, as some- 
 times they do much harm. They are easily re- 
 moved, and if possible should always be extracted 
 with a pair of small forceps; they are sometimes 
 punched out or broken off with the punch. This 
 is a barbarous operation and should not be 
 tolerated. The author believes the wolf-tooth 
 often interferes with the eye, by exerting some 
 influence on the opthemic division of the fifth 
 nerve. He has known cases where colts were 
 nearly blind, and when these teeth were properly 
 extracted their eyesight was entirely restored 
 in a very short time, with no other treatment. 
 
 ROARING AND WHISTLING. 
 
 There are different stages of these diseases, 
 arising from a thickening of the windpipe, of of 
 
188 THE VETERINARIAN. 
 
 the membranes of the larynx, rendering the pas- 
 sages smaller at the diseased parts. These diseases 
 are of a catarrhal character, ulceration of the glottis 
 (a portion of the larynx), is also a cause of roar- 
 ing. 
 
 If these diseases are caused by tight reining, 
 the bearing rein should be left off; if they 
 arise from other causes, there is but little pros- 
 pect of benefitting the animal, except in cases 
 where the thickened parts are in an inflammatory 
 condition, when relief will be afforded by the 
 application of Humphrey's Spavin Blister, 
 Give Humphrey's Blood Remedy. 
 
 BROKEN WIND. 
 
 The cause of broken wind or heaves has never 
 been satisfactorily ascertained; some writers at- 
 tributing it to functional derangement of the 
 digestive organs, others to rupture of the air- 
 cells of the lungs, while yet a third class to a 
 spasmodic action of the diaphragm — a muscle 
 dividing the chest from the abdomen. In this 
 disease there is a short, dry cough, which is 
 characteristic and farniliar to all practised ears. 
 
 It is a singular fact, well known to all Western 
 horse-owners, that this disease has no existence 
 
THE VETERINARIAN. 189 
 
 on the prairies of Indiana, Illinois and other 
 Western States; and broken-winded horses that 
 have been taken to those sections soon get well, 
 and remain so. 
 
 The symptoms of this disease are, a peculiar, 
 double-bellows motion of the flanks; respiration 
 quicker than natural; a short, peculiar cough; 
 and frequent passing of wind. 
 
 In its treatment the digestive organs should 
 be kept in as healthy a condition as possible. 
 The throat should be examined, and if by merely 
 rubbing the sides of the throat a cough is excited 
 the chances for a cure are favorable; but if the 
 windpipe requires a squeeze in order to produce 
 a cough, there is little use in attempting a cure. 
 Use upon the throat Humphrey's Spavin 
 Blister. Give internally Humphrey's Condi- 
 tion Powder. 
 
 The benefits of this course of treatment have 
 been very marked in the author's practice. In 
 all cases no hay should be allowed, but wheat or 
 oat straw, dampened with salt and water, will be 
 found of great advantage. 
 
 CHRONIC COUGH. 
 This arises from various causes, and is present 
 
190 THE VETERINARIAN. 
 
 in a number cf diseases. It is often symptomatic 
 of some affection of the lungs and air passages, 
 and it sometimes exists apparently as an inde- 
 pendent affection, the animal thriving well and 
 retaining unimpaired his appetite and spirits. 
 
 If it arises from irritation of the larynx, or 
 upper part of the throat, blister the throat with 
 Humphrey's Spavin Blister; if from worms in 
 the stomach or intestines, treat as directed under 
 the head of "Worms." If it exists without any 
 apparent connection, or as the termination of 
 disease previously existing, give, every night and 
 morning, a bran mash and Humphrey's Condi- 
 tion Powders, as directed on the box. Green 
 food, as carrots, potatoes, turnips, or parsnips, 
 should be given when procurable. 
 
 ENTERITIS, OR INFLAMMATION OF THE 
 BOWELS. 
 
 This disease is sometimes preceded by a 
 shivering fit; there is loss of appetite; hot skin; 
 continued restlessness; mouth hot and dry; 
 membranes of the nose and eyes much reddened; 
 pawing; the animal lies down and gets up fre- 
 quently; kicks at his belly; looks frequently at 
 his sides; no cessation of pain; pulse hard, small 
 
THE VETERINARIAN. 101 
 
 and wiry, often beating one hundred times or 
 more a minute; respiration quickened; bowels 
 constipated; dung small, hard and dry; extremi- 
 ties cold; and the urine highly colored and 
 passed with difficulty. As the disease progresses, 
 the intensity of the symptoms very much in- 
 creases. The animal is now covered with pers- 
 piration, which is succeeded by a chilly state; 
 the pulse becomes quicker; the belly begins to 
 swell; the entire system becomes prostrated and 
 the animal dies, frequently in the most violent 
 manner. 
 
 These cases require prompt and active treat- 
 ment, for the disease runs its course very rapidly, 
 often terminating in the course of ten or twelve 
 hours. If the costiveness yields early, the pulse 
 becomes less frequent, soft and full; the extremi- 
 ties regain a moderate temperature, attended with 
 remission of pain, and the case will be likely to 
 have a favorable termination. It is important 
 that this disease should be distinguished from an 
 attack of colic, since the symptoms of one very 
 much resemble those of the other; the pulse, 
 however, is the surest guide in distinguishing 
 these diseases. 
 
 In this disease copious bleedings are neces- 
 
192 THE VETERINARIAN. 
 
 sary. A large opening should be made in the 
 jugular vein and from six to eight quarts of 
 blood taken, the quantity varying with the size 
 and condition of the animal; the hardened dung 
 should be removed by injections of soap and 
 water, or an injection of two gallons of water 
 with six ounces of tincture of arnica. One of 
 Humphrey's Physic Bolls may now be given. 
 To relieve the pain, give Humphrey's Colic 
 Cure. To relieve the fever, give Humphrey's 
 Fever Remedy. The injection should be con- 
 tinued throughout. Soft mashes and new grass 
 if obtainable may be given sparingly, but no hay, 
 until the bowels are opened; give linseed tea to 
 drink instead of water. 
 
 The animal should not be worked for some 
 days after recovery, as the disease is liable to re- 
 turn if he is put to work or exposed too soon. 
 An attack of this character does not necessarily 
 render the animal less useful or valuable after 
 his restoration to health. 
 
 PERITONITIS. 
 
 Differs but little from enteritis. The horse is 
 more affected with pain; the pawing, rolling and 
 kicking at the belly are most violent. The eye 
 
THE VETERINARIAN. 193 
 
 is wild in appearance; tenderness is evinced on 
 pressing the abdomen; the pulse is full and 
 throbbing; the dung is small and hard and 
 covered with a slimy substance. The same 
 course of treatment should be pursued as recom- 
 mended for enteritis. 
 
 OSTITIS. 
 
 This is an inflammation of the bone, occasion- 
 ing lameness of an obscure nature, and is one of 
 the most difficult of all cases of lameness to de- 
 tect. Where it occurs in the cannon-bone it 
 is often mistaken for a thickening of the in- 
 teguments. 
 
 TREATMENT. 
 
 Give Humphrey's Blood Remedy ; use band- 
 ages dipped in lead water; rest the animal and 
 give daily half-drachm of iodide of potassium 
 dissolved in a pail of water. This treatment will 
 usually prove successful if perseveringly adopted. 
 
 BONE SPAVIN. 
 
 This is a disease of such common occurrence 
 that almost all horsemen think they fully under- 
 stand its nature, pathological condition and 
 treatment. It is generally regarded by veteri- 
 
194 THE VETERINARIAN. 
 
 nary authors as a very serious injury, destructive 
 to the utility of the animal and very frequently 
 reducing his value essentially in consequence of 
 the blemishes. Where, however, there are no 
 outward blemishes, as is the case in four out of 
 every five spavined horses, the price of the ani- 
 mal is not affected, unless he is lame, since the 
 disease is not discovered. There are, at this day, 
 thousands of spavined horses traveling our roads, 
 in not one of whom would the most experienced 
 horseman the world ever produced be able to de- 
 termine the fact so long as the animal lives. In 
 all such cases no external enlargement is found, 
 but, on the contrary, the limb is clean and 
 smooth. In the absence of enlargement or 
 spavin-bunch — as it is sometimes called — on the 
 inside of the hock-joint, horsemen are unwilling 
 to believe that spavin exists. The books, indeed, 
 teach us to look there, and there only, for it; but 
 the author's experience teaches him that the en- 
 largement, where any exists, appears almost as 
 often upon the front part of the hock as it does 
 up<au the inside. 
 
 Spavin generally arises from a strain, jar or 
 blow upon the hock-joint, causing an inflamma- 
 tory condition of the cartilaginous cushions 
 
THE VETERINARIAN. 195 
 
 which cover the articular surfaces or points of 
 union of each bone, or of the ligaments which 
 surround the joints and bind the bones together; 
 sometimes, indeed, both are involved. As this 
 inflammatory condition is the exciting cause, 
 spavin, (an osseous deposit), or ulceration of 
 the parts, speedily follows. 
 
 As symptoms, the horse is very lame on leav- 
 ing the stable, but when he is warmed up the 
 lameness passes off; the leg is drawn up quickly 
 with a kind of jerk and there is a peculiar, hard 
 tread, which can only be distinguished by close 
 observation. Where the bones are all united 
 together, whether there is external enlargement 
 or not, there is a peculiar twist of the heel out- 
 wards, which is more readily observed in the 
 walk and which the author has always found an 
 infallible symptom of complete anchylosis. 
 
 Both spavin and ring-bone are incurable dis- 
 eases. The lameness may be removed, but the 
 disease, when once established, cannot, because 
 the elasticity, mobility and function of the joint 
 are all destroyed in proportion to the extent of 
 the disease. The spavined animal, therefore, 
 comes down with a hard, jarring tread. The re- 
 moval of the lameness depends upon the perfect 
 
196 THE VETERINARIAN. 
 
 union or solidifying of the diseased bones. In 
 the acute inflammatory cases, nature herself, un- 
 aided, works this change, and the animal re- 
 covers from the lameness with a stiff joint; but 
 in the second or ulcerative stage, assistance is re- 
 quired. We, therefore, endeavor to excite an 
 active inflammation in the joint in order to over- 
 come this ulcerative process, and induce new de- 
 posits of bone to be thrown out. Many modes 
 have been adopted to secure the desired end, 
 some of which are of a most barbarous character; 
 sharp instruments have been struck with con- 
 siderable force into the joint, creating a ter- 
 rible sore, which soon checks the ulceration. 
 This practice, although often successful, is un- 
 necessarily severe and cruel in the extreme. All 
 kinds of caustic applications have been used, 
 many of which have destroyed both the disease 
 and the animal. Blistering the parts with Hum- 
 phrey's Spavin Blister, repeating the blister in 
 two weeks, the action being kept up for four or 
 six weeks, often proves successful. Firing is also 
 practised. Setons in the hock are frequently 
 
 used. 
 
 RING-BONE. 
 
 This is a disease of the same nature as spavin; 
 
THE VETERINARIAN. 197 
 
 its locality alone giving it a different name. The 
 same alterations of structure takes place; the 
 same termination follows, and the same treat- 
 ment is indicated. Blister with Humphrey's 
 Spavin Blister and repeat the application in 
 two weeks. Contraction of the coranary liga- 
 ments is sometimes mistaken for ring-bone and 
 the horse is severely tortured in consequence. 
 Contraction of this ligament produces a bulging 
 of the soft parts around the coronet, causing the 
 hair to turn downward and inward upon the hoof, 
 giving it much the appearance of ring-bone. 
 As, in all such cases, the heels are pressed close 
 and painfully together. 
 
 SPLINTS. 
 
 This is an exostosis or bony enlargement, aris- 
 ing from blows, and is situated upon the can- 
 non-bones. 
 
 Splints are common, although they are not al- 
 ways visible to the eye, having, perhaps, spread 
 over a large surface of bone, or become flattened, 
 which circumstance has given rise to the opinion 
 among horsemen that old horses are not affected 
 with splints. This, however, is a mistake. The 
 nature of a splint is very similar to that of a 
 
THE VETERINARIAN. 
 
 spavin, but its course is somewhat different. 
 When the injury is first received, the enlarge- 
 ment becomes quite prominent; but as time ad- 
 vances, it sometimes disappears from view, even 
 without the aid of man, spreading itself between 
 the cannon and splint bones, thus lessening its 
 size externally. 
 
 Splints are not regarded as unsoundness, un- 
 less they cause lameness — which rarely occurs — 
 particularly if they are situated near the middle 
 of the bone; but if they are situated either at the 
 upper or lower portions, or heads, lameness is 
 most always the result. This is easily explained; 
 the bone, it will be observed, curves from above 
 downward and outward, so that the lower ex- 
 tremity sets off from the body of the cannon- 
 bone; the upper heads, where it unites with the 
 bones of the knee and hock, slant or bevel in- 
 ward, and as the weight of the animal is thrown 
 upon them, the upper heads are forced outward, 
 while the lower ones are thrown inward. By 
 this simple arrangement a rocking motion of 
 these bones takes place, so that at the centre 
 there is very little mobility, and if the injury is 
 above it causes lameness in consequence of ten- 
 sion; if below, from pressure; but if it is in the 
 
THE VETERINARIAN. 199 
 
 centre, it seldom causes lameness at all, though 
 the injury is greater. 
 
 When lameness occurs, the union of the bones 
 should be hastened by increasing the inflamma- 
 tory action; this is best done by active blistering, 
 which soon removes the lameness. 
 
 The author has never treated a splint without 
 making a complete cure by using Humphrey's 
 Spavin Blister and giving the splint a good 
 hand-rubbing every day, after the acute inflam- 
 mation caused by the blister has subsided. 
 
 STIFLED, OR DISLOCATION OF THE PATELLA. 
 
 This is by no means uncommon. It occurs in 
 many ways, and in some very simple ways, from 
 a false step in traveling, or while standing in the 
 stall where there is an abrupt offset in the floor — 
 the horse stepping off of it. It occurs often with 
 horses that are sick and debilitated. 
 
 Symptoms are very plain; the animal cannot 
 extend the limb forward and drags it after him. 
 
 TREATMENT. 
 
 Get the leg into its natural position as soon as 
 possible. To do this, place a rope around the 
 pastern and have an assistant pull the leg for- 
 
200 THE VETERINARIAN. 
 
 ward, while you take hold and manipulate the 
 stifle-joint. It will generally go to its place 
 quite easily. When it gets into its place, try and 
 keep it so by tieing the rope to a collar. Apply 
 Humphrey's Spavin Blister over the whole 
 surface of the patella joint. 
 
 CURB. 
 
 A curb is an enlargement at the back part of 
 the hind leg a little below the hock, due to a 
 sprain or rupture of the calcaneocuboid ligament, 
 or irritation of the sheath of the tendon. The 
 exciting causes are hard and fast work, or forci- 
 bly backing an animal. 
 
 TREATMENT. 
 
 It can generally be successfully treated with- 
 out leaving a blemish. Blister the curb with 
 Humphrey's Spavin Blister; repeat the blister 
 in ten days. After blistering the second time and 
 the acute inflammation has partially subsided, give 
 the curb a good hand-rubbing, morning and 
 night and you will generally effect a complete 
 cure. If this treatment should fail, you will have 
 to have recourse to firing. 
 
THE VETERINARIAN. 501 
 
 STRAINS OF THE KNEES. 
 
 Strains of this joint occur in young horses 
 while being broken into harness more often, 
 probably, than at any other period of the animal's 
 life. This results from the tenderness of the 
 parts at that time — not one in twenty having 
 them having arrived at maturity. These strains 
 often prove troublesome to manage, and occa- 
 sionally leave a stiff knee as the result. 
 
 TREATMENT. 
 
 Bleed from the plantar, or plate vein; apply 
 warm fomentations to the part; when the in- 
 flammation is reduced, bathe the knee twice a 
 day with Humphrey's Good Samaritan. If 
 this does not effect a cure, blister the knee with 
 Humphrey's Spavin Blister. 
 
 INFLAMMATION OF THE BLADDER. 
 
 Inflammation of the bladder, or cystitis, is a 
 disease of comparatively rare occurrence in the 
 horse, and generally is found in connection 
 with other diseases. It is commonly supposed 
 to occur more frequently in mares; although the 
 author's experience has not confirmed this suppo- 
 sition. 
 
203 THE VETERINARIAN. 
 
 The symptoms are continual emissions of 
 urine in small quantities; the moment it enters 
 the bladder it is again expelled, but voided with 
 much straining; pulse quickened; pawing; the 
 animal looks imploringly at his flanks; and upon 
 passing the hand into the rectum the bladder will 
 be found contracted and hard as a ball, being 
 also hot and tender. 
 
 For treatment — Back-rake the animal in the 
 first place and then throw up injections of water, 
 adding to every gallon three ounces of opium. 
 Give one of Humphrey's Physic Bolls. 
 
 Bathe the loins with Humphrey's Good Sa- 
 maritan; rub it well in; give half a drachm of 
 fluid extract of belladonna, three times a day. 
 Give plenty of flax seed tea; if the animal refuses 
 to drink it, drench him with it. No hay must be 
 given until twenty-four hours after he becomes 
 convalescent. This is one of the most dangerous 
 diseases to which the horse is subject. 
 
 RETENTION OF URINE. 
 
 This disease, technically known as spasm of 
 the neck of the bladder, is found more frequently 
 as an attendant upon other diseases than as an 
 independent affection. It frequently occurs in 
 
THE VETERINARIAN. 
 
 colics as an accompanying symptom, thus mis- 
 leading the ordinary observer in his judgment of 
 the disorder. 
 
 The most common symptom is frequent but 
 unsuccessful efforts to stale. This, however, 
 must not be depended upon too strongly, as it 
 will sometimes be observed in horses that are 
 comparatively sound in these organs, particularly 
 in those that have been well cared for. In such 
 cases this temporary retention of urine arises 
 from a dislike on the part of the animal of spat- 
 tering his legs in voiding his water; hence he will 
 often retain it in the bladder, though painful to 
 him, until the litter is placed under him, when he 
 at once stretches himself and the urine flows 
 freely and copiously. This fact has given rise to 
 a superstitious notion among horsemen that 
 there is some peculiar virtue in the straw to 
 cause this sudden cure; as a consequence, we 
 frequently hear the remark: "Put some straw 
 under him — that will cure him," etc. 
 
 If, however, retention of urine arises from dis- 
 ease, the straw posseses no magic charm to af- 
 ford relief. In such instances the animal mani- 
 fests but little pain and rarely lies down. On 
 passing the hand up the rectum or fundament, 
 
204 THE VETERINARIAN. 
 
 the bladder, which is easily felt, will be found 
 very much distended with urine. 
 
 The services of a regular veterinary practi- 
 tioner will be required in the treatment of this 
 disease, as the bladder must be at once evacu- 
 ated, which can in most cases be accomplished 
 by means of an instrument called the catheter, 
 which is not commonly found in the hands of any 
 but the qualified snrgeon. This desired evacua- 
 tion can in some instances be produced by care- 
 ful manipulation. Back-raking is very necessary 
 in these cases, and injections of soap and water 
 should be freely used. Unless the bladder is 
 speedily emptied, it swells and bursts, causing a 
 fatal termination. Fomentations of hot water to 
 the abdomen, and pressure of the hand upon the 
 bladder will be of assistance in enabling the ani- 
 mal to void the urine. 
 
 Give Humphrey's Colic Cure to relieve the 
 pain, it will always be found beneficial, followed 
 by Humphrey's Fever Remedy. 
 
 BLOODY URINE. 
 
 This disease, known also as hematura, fre- 
 quently arises from strains across the loins, vio- 
 lent exercise, unwholesome food, calculous con- 
 
THE VETERINARIAN. 205 
 
 cretions in the kidneys, etc. The appetite is not 
 usually impaired, nor is any marked degree of 
 fever present. The color of the urine first calls 
 attention, in voiding which the animal appears to 
 strain slightly. If the bowels are at all costive, 
 injections should be at once thrown into the rec- 
 tum; linseed tea should be given as a drink, and 
 apply Humphrey's Spavin Blister to the loins; 
 repeat in five days. Give internally one of the 
 following, once a day: one drachm iodine, five 
 drachms powdered licorice, made into a boll. 
 Give an entire change of diet. Give Humphrey's 
 Fever Remedy as directed, until fever abates. 
 
 FALSE QUARTER. 
 
 This is an imperfect formation of horn at the 
 quarter of the hoof, and is divided by a seam from 
 the top to the bottom. It is the result of injury from 
 quitter and other diseases, rendering the heels 
 weak, and requires the protection of a bar shoe, 
 which should never bear upon it. In such cases 
 have the foot treated by a competent horseshoer, 
 and use Humphrey's Gilt Edge Hoof Oint- 
 ment. 
 
206 THE VETERINARIAN. 
 
 FOUNDER. 
 
 Founder, or laminitis, is an inflammatory con- 
 dition of the lamincz of the feet, which are the 
 most sensitive parts of these important append- 
 ages. Founder is said to be produced by various 
 causes, such as hard driving, watering when 
 warm, standing in a draught of air, or upon 
 plank floors, and many others. 
 
 The symptoms are a full, quick pulse, from 
 sixty upwards; accelerated respiration; the fore- 
 feet are hot and tender, the animal for relief 
 throwing his body back upon the hind legs, ex- 
 tending the forelegs until he rests upon the 
 heels, and sometimes lying down, particularly if 
 the hind feet are involved; the animal also 
 manifests much pain. 
 
 If the animal is in full condition, two quarts 
 of blood should be taken from each of the 
 forelegs; Humphrey's Physic Boll should be 
 given, followed by Humphrey's Veterinary 
 Fever Remedy. Poultices of flax seed meal 
 should be applied to the feet for several days; 
 injections of soap and water also ought not to be 
 neglected; apply Humphrey's Spavin Blister 
 around the leg, just above the hoof. By this 
 
THE VETERINARIAN. 207 
 
 treatment the animal is usually well again in a 
 week, or even less. 
 
 OPEN JOINTS. 
 
 These are generally the result of a punctured 
 wound; the capsular ligament that surrounds the 
 joint and confines the joint-oil within its proper 
 limits being thereby penetrated. These acci- 
 dents are often attended with serious results, 
 from the inflammation that is likely to arise from 
 such an injury. 
 
 For treatment — Sprinkle on the wound, several 
 times a day, Humphrey's Carbolic Healing 
 Powder. It may take several days to close the 
 wound, but this is as safe and reliable a method 
 as could be pursued. Give Humphrey's Physic 
 Boll followed by Humphrey's Fever Remedy. 
 
 SWEENIE. 
 This disease has been the occasion of the in- 
 fliction of much cruelty and unnecessary torture 
 upon the horse. The symptoms which accom- 
 pany its existence are but sympathetic effects, or 
 atrophy of the muscles of the shoulder. The at- 
 tention of the horse owner is directed to a wast- 
 ing away or lessening of these muscles, which 
 from want of action naturally become smaller or 
 
208 THE VETERINARIAN. 
 
 contracted; upon the animal regaining the natu- 
 ral use of the limb, the muscles are again devel- 
 oped, as the muscles of the blacksmith's arm 
 by the constant use of the sledge hammer. 
 Cases called sweenie are generally the result of 
 injury in some remote parts, as the knee, the 
 foot, etc. When the animal picks up the foot 
 clear from the ground, it may be depended upon 
 that the injury is not in the shoulder; if, how- 
 ever, the leg drags with the toe on the ground, 
 the injury may be looked for in that locality. 
 It is, however, more easy to decide a case of 
 shoulder lameness than any other to which the 
 limb is liable. 
 
 Blister the parts affected with Humphrey's 
 Spavin Blister. 
 
 SPRING HALT. 
 
 This disease has never been very satisfactorily 
 accounted for by veterinary authors. It consists 
 in a sudden spasmodic raising of the hind limbs, 
 though it is said to have occurred in the fore- 
 legs. No treatment as yet practised has proved 
 entirely successful; though there are recorded 
 isolated cases of spontaneous cure. As good a 
 thing as can be done is to bathe the leg freely 
 
THE VETERINARIAN. 
 
 twice a day with Humphrey's Good Samari- 
 tan. 
 
 BLOOD SPAVIN, BOG SPAVIN AND 
 THOROUGHPIN. 
 
 These constitute one disease, occasioned by 
 an over-secretion of joint-oil in the hock joint, 
 which causes a distention of the capsular liga- 
 ment, or bursa, presenting soft, puffy swellings 
 about the joint. Blood and bog spavin appear 
 on the front and inside of the joint; while 
 thoroughpin extends through from one side of 
 the joint to the other. These diseases are so 
 common and so well marked as not to be easily 
 mistaken. 
 
 The causes are violent exercise, throwing the 
 animal upon his haunches, running, jumping, 
 etc. 
 
 It seldom causes lameness. If requisite, blister 
 with Humphrey's Spavin Blister. 
 
 FRACTURES. 
 
 Experience has established the fallacy of de- 
 stroying every horse that meets with a fractured 
 limb. Fractures may occur in any bone of the 
 body, and yet a perfect union of the parts may 
 
210 THE VETERINARIAN. 
 
 take place, provided the fracture is a simple 
 one; compound fractures even, are occasionally 
 united. 
 
 For treatment — The animal should first be 
 placed in the most comfortable position and the 
 parts adjusted as nearly as possible, retaining 
 them by proper bandages, splints, etc. 
 
 Fractures of the skull sometimes require the 
 operation of trephining, in order to replace the 
 parts perfectly; after which the bowels should be 
 opened by giving one of Humphrey's Physic 
 Bolls and the animal kept on moderate diet. 
 
 Fractures of the pelvis, or haunch bones, will, in 
 nine cases out of ten, become united by proper 
 management, no matter how bad the crushing, 
 and the animal may again be rendered service- 
 able. The author never hesitates to treat frac- 
 tures of these bones in horses that are of suffi- 
 cient value to warrant it Indeed, union of the 
 parts in such fractures will often take place, even 
 if the animal be turned into a field without any 
 treatment; though, perhaps, more deformity will 
 be left than if proper care had been exercised. 
 The horse, if active and high-strung, should be 
 kept upon his feet by tying up the head short for 
 several days, and then the slings may be placed 
 
THE VETERINARIAN. 211 
 
 under him; if this is done at first, the animal being 
 full of fire throws himself off his feet, and all 
 efforts to remedy the fracture will prove a failure. 
 From six to eight weeks, according to the age of 
 the animal, are necessary to complete the union 
 of the parts. 
 
 Some practical knowledge is requisite, in order 
 to discriminate cases of fracture of the limbs 
 that are likely to be successfully treated; but 
 fractures of the haunch bones rarely fail to unite, 
 with proper management. The animal should 
 be kept on bran mashes, gruel and green food 
 during the treatment. 
 
 There are several varieties of fracture, called 
 simple and compound, comminuted and compli- 
 cated. Simple, is that in which the bone is 
 broken and the muscles and skin are not much 
 injured. Compound, is that in which the bones 
 enter the muscles and pass through the skin. 
 Comminuted, is that in which the bone is broken 
 and shattered. Complicated, is that in which im- 
 portant vessels or an articulation is injured. 
 
 DISEASES OF THE HEART. 
 
 Diseases of the heart are less understood by 
 the members of the veterinary profession gen^ 
 
212 THE VETERINARIAN. 
 
 erally than any other class of diseases (with, per- 
 haps, one or two exceptions), to which horses are 
 subject. This want of information in this coun- 
 try, is attributable to the comparative infancy of 
 veterinary science, the obscurity of the symptoms 
 by which these diseases are characterized, and 
 the consequent confounding of them with other 
 diseases. 
 
 CARDITIS. 
 
 This is an inflammation of the muscular struc- 
 ture of the heart, comparatively rare, or at least 
 supposed to be so. 
 
 In this affection the animal will be found 
 lame, generally in the off foreleg, but upon ex- 
 amination no cause will be found sufficient to ac- 
 count for it. This lameness may appear and 
 disappear several times previous to the attack 
 manifesting itself in a more positive form, leav- 
 ing the impression that the lameness was rheu- 
 matic. We next find the animal refusing his 
 feed; his heart palpitates violently; he occasion- 
 ally gasps and gnashes his teeth; pulse full, hard 
 and quick ; there is a wild expression of the eyes; 
 respiration quickened; mouth hot and dry; and 
 the temperature of the legs varies from moderate 
 to cold, 
 
te£ VETERINARIAN. 213 
 
 For treatment — Cold water should be fre- 
 quently given; take one drachm of white helle- 
 bore and divide it into five powders, (or give 
 Humphrey's Veterinary Nerve Remedy, as 
 directed, which is preferable); give one of these 
 on the tongue every three or four hours. Bleed- 
 ing has been recommended, but the author has 
 not witnessed any advantages from it, and there- 
 fore would on no account advise it. 
 
 DISEASES OF THE HEAD. 
 
 The disease commonly called big-head, so 
 far as the author can learn, seems to be peculiar 
 to the Western and Southern States. It appears, 
 from the rather unsatisfactory accounts at the 
 author's command, to originate in the osseous, or 
 bony structure of the face. The bones become 
 swollen and are represented as presenting a soft, 
 spongy, or cellular appearance, the cells being 
 filled with a substance like jelly. 
 
 The symptoms are a swelling of the bones of 
 the face, from the eye to the nose; puffy swelling 
 about the limbs; stiffness about the joints; pulse 
 slightly accelerated and soft; coat rough and 
 staring, with considerable debility. 
 
214 ME VETERINARIAN. 
 
 The treatment usually practiced has been to 
 make an incision through the skin and insert a 
 small quantity of arsenic into the wound; or else 
 to score the face with a red-hot iron; which lat- 
 ter mode is said to have effected a perfect cure 
 in many cases. Neither of these operations 
 however, strikes us as being very scientific. The 
 course pursued by the writer is to rub the swollen 
 parts well, once a day, with the following oint- 
 ment: of mercurial ointment one ounce, and of 
 iodine ointment two ounces; mix well together 
 for use. Give internally, at the same time, 
 Humphrey's Veterinary Blood Remedy, night 
 and morning. The animal must be kept in a 
 dry, well ventilated stable and the body kept 
 warm so long as this medicine is given. 
 
 INFLAMMATION OF THE BRAIN. 
 
 This disease, known also as phrenitis, or more 
 generally, mad staggers, arises from various 
 causes, such as blows, over-feeding and little 
 exercise, too tight a collar, etc. 
 
 A heaviness of the head is first noticed; an 
 unwillingness to move about; the lining mem- 
 brane of the eyelids much reddened; appetite in- 
 different or lost; a peculiar dullness of the eyes; 
 
fftE VETERINARIAN. 2lS 
 
 and finally, delirium or madness. The animal be- 
 comes unmanageable; beslavers all that comes 
 within his reach, whether man, horse or anything 
 else; and plunges violently about the stall or 
 wherever he may chance to be. 
 
 As this disease is occasioned by a determina- 
 tion of blood to the head, it is necessary to use 
 the lancet; this should be done freely, and that 
 before the delirious stage comes on, otherwise it 
 cannot be done properly or beneficially. Cloths 
 wet in cold water should be applied to the head; 
 or, what is better, bags of broken ice. Open the 
 bowels with Humphrey's Physic Bolls. Give 
 also injections of castile soap and water. Give 
 no food for twenty-four hours; but small quanti- 
 ties of water may be frequently given. After the 
 recovery of the animal he should be fed very 
 sparingly, and not exposed to the hot noonday 
 sun. 
 
 If the occasion of the attack be a tight collar, 
 the remedy is simple and easy; if from over-feed- 
 ing, the quantity of food should be lessened. 
 
 While convalescing give Humphrey's Nerve 
 
 Remedy. 
 
 MEGRIMS. 
 
 This is a sudden determination of blood to the 
 
m THE VfcTERINAfciAlS + . 
 
 head, generally attacking horses while at work or 
 in harness upon the road. Those of a plethoric 
 character are the most subject to these attacks. 
 
 The horse suddenly stops in the road, shakes 
 his head, and sometimes goes on again; at other 
 times he falls in a state of unconciousness, the 
 whole system appears convulsed, with the eyes 
 wild in appearance and constantly rolling. 
 
 Bleeding upon the appearance of the first 
 symptoms gives almost immediate relief; after 
 which the bowels must be opened, for which pur- 
 pose give one of Humphrey's Physic Bolls; 
 bran mashes should be given for a few days. 
 
 These attacks may be prevented in cases of 
 horses subject to them, by moderate feeding and 
 driving, and in warm weather by keeping the 
 forehead shaded by a canvas or cloth hood ele- 
 vated on a wire frame-work about two inches 
 from the forehead, so as to protect the brain and 
 admit a free passage of air between the two. 
 Give Humphrey's Nerve Remedy as long as 
 there are any symptoms of the malady. 
 
 STOMACH STAGGERS. 
 
 This disease arises principally from over-feed- 
 ing. The animal appears dull and sleepy, with a 
 
teE VETERINARIAN. 21? 
 
 disposition to pitch forward; stands with his 
 head resting against the wall, manger, or the like, 
 or, if at pasture, against a tree; if he is led out of 
 the stable this will be observed as an involuntary 
 action, in consequence of which the head is often 
 much cut and bruised by coming in contact with 
 hard substances. There is constipation of the 
 bowels; pulse scarcely changed from the usual 
 standard; as the attack is severe the breathing 
 becomes more labored. 
 
 The whole cause of the disease being, appar- 
 ently, in the distended condition of the stomach 
 from the presence of undigested food, all food 
 should be removed from the manger, and none 
 given for forty-eight hours. Give one of Hum- 
 phrey's Physic Bolls; if the bowels should not 
 move freely in twenty-four hours give one-half 
 pint of raw linseed oil. Injections of soap and 
 water should be given until the bowels are 
 opened; or, what is far preferable when conven- 
 ient, tobacco-smoke injections. Two drachms 
 of the extract of belladonna dissolved in a pail 
 of water, given to drink once a day for a week, 
 will prove beneficial. Bleeding in these cases is, 
 as a general rule, unnecessary and uncalled for. 
 Food should now be given very sparingly; and 
 
sis tMe veterinarian 
 
 no corn should be given at any time to the ani- 
 mal after such attack, in consequence of its 
 tendency to heat the blood, and produce a ple- 
 thoric condition of the system. When the ani- 
 mal is convalescent, give Humphrey's Condi- 
 tion Powder, as per directions. 
 
 BITING. 
 
 This is either the consequence of natural feroc- 
 ity or a habit acquired from the foolish and 
 teasing play of grooms and stable-boys. When a 
 horse is tickled and pinched by thoughtless and 
 mischievous youths, he will at first pretend to 
 bite his tormentors; by degrees he will pro- 
 ceed further, and actually bite them, and very 
 soon after that he will then be the first to chal- 
 lenge to the combat, and without provocation 
 will seize the first opportunity to grip the careless 
 teaser. At length, as the love of mischief is a 
 propensity too easily acquired, this war, half 
 playful and half in earnest, becomes habitual to 
 him and degenerates into absolute viciousness. 
 
 It is seldom that anything can be done in the 
 way of cure. Kindness will aggravate the evil, 
 and no degree of severity will correct it. Biters 
 have been punished until they have trembled in 
 
ME TStERINARlAN. 
 
 every joint and were ready to drop, but this 
 treatment scarcely ever cures them. The lash is 
 forgotten in an hour, and the horse is ready and 
 determined to repeat the offence as before. He 
 appears unable to resist the temptation; and in 
 its worst form biting is a species of insanity. 
 
 Prevention however, is in the power of every 
 proprietor of horses. While he insists upon gen- 
 tle and humane treatment, he should systemati- 
 cally forbid this horse-play. 
 
 LAMPAS. 
 
 This term is used to designate a fullness or 
 swelling of the bars or roof of the mouth, caused 
 by the cutting of the teeth. Lampas will be 
 found in all colts, although in many the slight in- 
 convenience occasioned by it attracts little or no 
 attention. In others however, the great tender- 
 ness of the parts affected causes the animal to re- 
 fuse his food, in consequence of which he is 
 by many compelled to submit to an operation 
 equally cruel and unnecessary — that is no less 
 than burning out the bars of the mouth with a 
 red-hot iron, thereby destroying the functions of 
 the part and leaving the mouth sore for some 
 time afterward. This mode of treatment has 
 
2£0 THE VEf ERINAMaM. 
 
 been practiced for years, and is even at the pres- 
 ent day almost the only one in vogue, although 
 it is of no practical benefit whatever, but, on the 
 contrary, it is often very injurious. In the case 
 of the child similarly affected, the humane prac- 
 titioner seldom does more than to lance the gums. 
 This certainly is a more rational mode of operat- 
 ing, and the author's experience convinces him 
 that if the parts inflamed, in the case of the horse, 
 be simply lanced, the swelling will soon subside 
 and the horse partake of his food as usual. A 
 common pocket-knife will answer the purpose 
 quite well. If the horse refuses his food a few 
 doses of Humphrey's Nerve Remedy will regu- 
 late the trouble. 
 
 WARTS 
 
 Are an abnormal growth. Warts are a thicken- 
 ing of the cuticle of the superficial layer of the 
 true skin. They are common among horses and 
 cattle. They may appear upon any part of the 
 body. In horses they are most common upon the 
 head, neck, groin, flank and sheath. They vary 
 in size and shape,' and may have a broad base or 
 may have a neck; if the wart has a neck it can 
 be corded and in that way can easily be got rid 
 
THE VETERINARIAN. 221 
 
 of. The ligature is an old way of getting rid of 
 them; tie a thread around them and draw it very 
 tight, and if they are not too broad at the base 
 they will fall off in a few days. If the wart is 
 encrusted, cut a hole through the skin and take 
 it out. The author's practice has been to apply 
 arsenic; wet the finger, dip it into the arsenic and 
 apply with friction on the wart every other day 
 for three or four times. In about ten days the 
 wart will fall off. 
 
 SEEDY TOE, 
 
 So called because it is generally found in the toe; 
 the horn breaks and crumbles in small pieces like 
 millet seed. It is due to an impaired secretion, 
 or some direct cause, such as large clips in shoe- 
 ing, which presses upon the sensitive parts, caus- 
 ing an abnormal secretion. It seldom causes 
 lameness, but it is an unsoundness. 
 
 TREATMENT. 
 
 Remove the shoe, cut down the wall, and en- 
 deavor to remove all diseased parts; apply a 
 pledget of oakum, saturated with Gilt Edge 
 Hoof Ointment. If there is much irritation, 
 apply oil-meal made into a warm poultice. It will 
 
THE VETERINARIAN. 
 
 be found beneficial to blister around the top of 
 the hoof with Humphrey's Spavin Blister. 
 
 THRUSH 
 
 Is an irritation in connection with the frog, giving 
 rise to an offensive sebaceous discharge which is 
 characteristic of thrush. It is often seen in the 
 hind feet, and sometimes in the front ones, in 
 connection with the cleft of the frog; it impairs 
 the secretion. The exciting cause is wet and 
 filth, allowing dung to accumulate, irritating the 
 parts. It is not so prevalent in cold climate. It 
 is sometimes seen in connection with the navicu- 
 lar disease. A horse having the thrush does not 
 actually go lame, but goes tender, and if he steps 
 upon something hard he will flinch. 
 
 TREATMENT. 
 
 It is easily treated; if due to filth remove the 
 cause; in some cases take off the shoe, and pare 
 down the parts, remove all diseased parts if pos- 
 sible, and immerse the foot in a pail of water. 
 Apply well into the cleft, Humphrey's Carbolic 
 Healing Powder, then apply oakum saturated 
 or take one half box' of Humphrey's Gilt Edge 
 Hoof Ointment, and one ounce of powdered 
 
THE VETERINARIAN. 
 
 223 
 
 sulphate of copper, mix them thoroughly and 
 apply twice a week into the cleft with a blade- 
 shape piece of wood. This treatment, if used as 
 directed, will cure any case of thrush. 
 
 The above cut represents one of our highly 
 polished walnut Veterinary Medicine Chests, 
 which we venture to suggest is the most com- 
 
224 THE VETERINARIAN. 
 
 plete article of its kind ever introduced. It con- 
 tains 
 One Bottle Humphrey's Veterinary Fever 
 
 Remedy, large size, .... $i 50 
 
 One Bottle Humphrey's Veterinary Nerve 
 
 Remedy, large size, .... r 50 
 
 One Bottle Humphrey's Veterinary Blood 
 
 Remedy, large size, .... 1 50 
 
 One Box Humphrey's Condition Powders . 50 
 
 One Bottle Humphrey's Carbolic Healing 
 
 Powders, 50 
 
 One Box Humphrey's Gilt Edge Hoof Oint- 
 ment, small size, .... 10® 
 One Bottle Humphrey's Celebrated Colic 
 
 Cure, 1 00 
 
 Three Boxes Humphrey's Physic Bolls, . 1 50 
 
 One Box Humphrey's Spavin Blister, . . 50 
 
 One Bottle Humphrey's Good Samaritan, . 50 
 
 $10 00 
 Also 
 
 One Graduate, worth 25 
 
 Our Valuable "Veterinarian," well 
 
 bound, worth 3 °o 
 
 And the Veterinary Medicine Chest, worth 2 00 
 
 $15 25 
 
 Making a total value of $15.25, which we sell for 
 the small sum of $io,oo, 
 
THE VETERINARIAN. 225 
 
 Though there may be veterinary surgeons in 
 your neighborhood, immediate remedies are often 
 necessary to save the lives of valuable animals. 
 We guarantee these medicines to be the most re- 
 liable on the market. 
 
 We use nothing but the purest drugs that can 
 be procured and put them up in the best possi- 
 ble manner. For these reasons we feel justified 
 in making the above assertions. If your dealer 
 does not keep these medicines, send direct to us 
 and we will ship them in any quantity desired, 
 on receipt of price. 
 
 Humphrey's Veterinary 
 
 and Family Medicine Mfg. Co., 
 Newark, 1ST. J. 
 
 COWS. 
 
 METHOD OF SPAYING. 
 
 Cast the cow by means of the hobbles — same 
 as used in casting horses— on her right side. I 
 then apply to the nostrils a sponge saturated 
 with concentrated sulphuric ether. When the 
 animal is completely unconscious I slacken the 
 
THE VETERINARIAN. 
 
 casting rope so as to free the limbs and prevent 
 any pressure on the walls of the abdomen. By 
 so doing I secure room enough to introduce a 
 hand and arm, for the purpose of searching for 
 the ovaries. The first stage of the operation 
 consists in pinching up a fold of the skin on the 
 left side, midway between the prominent bone of 
 the haunch or pelvis and the last or posterior 
 rib, about four inches below the transverse pro- 
 cesses of the lumbar vertebrae, (back) Having di- 
 vided the integuments to the extent of about five 
 or six inches, I make a similar incision through 
 the abdominal muscles, until the peritoneum 
 (lining membrane of the abdominal cavity) is ex- 
 posed. This membrane is then punctured by 
 means of a beak-pointed knife, into which punct- 
 ure I insinuate the knife, having a probe point, 
 and then divide the peritoneum to the extent of 
 the external incision. 
 
 The second stage of the operation commences 
 with the introduction of the operator's right arm 
 — he kneeling down in close contact with the 
 cow's back. The hand is then passed within the 
 brim or cavity of the pelvis. Having found the 
 deep-seated or right ovary, it must be removed 
 by laceration. I find that the best and most ex- 
 

 THE VETERINARIAN. 227 
 
 peditious way is to slip the other hand into the 
 abdominal cavity. Then with the right hand 
 seize the broad ligament at the base of the ovary; 
 the left then clasps the ovary and in this way, by 
 using trifling force, the ovary is detached or torn 
 away. 
 
 The left ovary is then to be sought for, and an 
 assistant depresses the edges of the incision. At 
 the same time the operator having a firm hold on 
 the ovary, brings it into view, so that it can be 
 removed by means of a pair of blunt-pointed 
 scissors. 
 
 The third stage of the operation is the process 
 of uniting the abdominal muscles by means of 
 stitches or sutures. A curved needle, armed 
 with four or five threads of shoemakers' twine 
 well bees-waxed, is to be passed through the ab- 
 dominal muscles, without penetrating the perito- 
 neum, at interrupted distances of one inch, more 
 or less. Each suture is to be securely tied; one 
 end of the same is to be cut close to the knot, 
 the other is left long enough to protrude through 
 the integumental incision. The skin or integu- 
 ment is then to be closed by means of ligature or 
 metallic wire, leaving a small orifice at the inferior 
 or lower region of the external incision, for the 
 
THE VETERINARIAN. 
 
 escape of morbid matter. This completes the 
 operation. 
 
 In the course of a week or ten days the deep- 
 seated ligatures may be pulled away, and when 
 the integument is well united, the external stitches 
 may also be removed. The wound is healed by 
 nature, and scarcely, if ever, requires any sort of 
 dressing. If it should, use Humphrey's Car- 
 bolic Healing Powder. 
 
 REMOVAL OF THE AFTER-BIRTH. 
 
 The retention may prove of great inconven- 
 ience after a time, from putrefaction, which is 
 likely to ensue. Absorption of the products of 
 that process from the surface of the uterine 
 mucous membrane secures the establishment of a 
 blood poison and putrid fever. No harm, how- 
 ever, may arise during a few days; but the re- 
 moval should not be delayed beyond that time, 
 more especially if the signs of decomposition 
 have arisen. 
 
 Mechanical interference, from that state having 
 commenced, may be required even at a much 
 earlier period. Give two tablespoonfuls of Hum- 
 phrey's Condition Powders in a good, warm 
 bran mash, with a handful of salt, when you first 
 
THE VETERINARIAN. 229 
 
 see that the placenta (after-birth) has not been 
 expelled, and in nine cases out of ten you will 
 have no further trouble with the case. 
 
 In order to remove, by mechanical means, the 
 hand is first lubricated with a little oil and care- 
 fully passed up the vagina, through the os uteri, 
 which may require dilating, into the uterus. In 
 this operation the points of the fingers are first 
 brought together so as to occupy as little space 
 as possible, and the protruding membrane should 
 lie beneath the hollow of the hand, the back 
 of which is presented upwards on introduction. 
 The placenta is held in the left hand, in order to 
 make use of gentle traction at proper times, and 
 an assistant holds the tail on one side. On en- 
 tering the womb, the hand is passed to the sev- 
 eral centres of attachment — the cotyledons, which 
 are gently pressed between the fingers with a 
 kind of rotary motion, when detachment, as a 
 rule, readily occurs. Violent movements must 
 be scrupulously avoided, as hemorrhage may re- 
 sult. 
 
 A little tact and patience will often accomplish 
 wonders. In the removal of the placenta I am 
 careful not to pull too hard, but detach small 
 portions at a time, if possible. No practitioner 
 
THE VETERINARIAN. 
 
 in midwifery, in human medicines, would ever 
 deem it proper to leave his patient until the after- 
 birth was removed, for it would be horrible to 
 leave it to rot away, besides endangering the 
 mother's life. The absurd practice of attaching 
 weights to the membrane is cruel and unscien- 
 tific and unsightly in appearance. It is abomin- 
 able to allow the cow to devour the afterbirth, 
 and should certainly never be tolerated. 
 
 DIARRHEA IN CALVES. 
 
 Diarrhoea is a very prevalent disease among 
 calves. The sucking calf is liable to this afflic- 
 tion whenever the general health of the parent is 
 impaired. In such cases the mother is to be 
 treated instead of the calf. She probably is the 
 subject of a deranged condition of the digestive 
 organs, which can easily be remedied by the ad- 
 ministration of a few doses of Humphrey's Con- 
 dition Powders. 
 
 This disease occasionally occurs in conse- 
 quence of weaning the calf — in view of husband- 
 ing the cow's milk — and feeding the calf on im- 
 proper food. This kind' of diarrhoea must be 
 treated as follows: 
 
THE VETERINARIAN. 
 
 Prepared chalk, one oz. 
 
 Tincture catechu, one-half oz. 
 
 Tincture ginger, one oz. 
 
 Water, one-half pint. 
 Dose — Two or three teaspoonf uls three times a 
 day in milk, administered by means of a drench- 
 ing-horn or bottle. 
 
 LOSS OF THE CUD. 
 
 This enters the list of most cow-leeches' dis- 
 seases, but is less a disease than a symptom of 
 some other affection; indeed, it is evident that 
 any attack sufficient to destroy the appetite will 
 generally occasion the loss of the cud. It is pos- 
 sible, however, that an occasional local affection 
 or paralysis of the paunch may occur, particu- 
 larly when it is distended with unhealthy sub- 
 stances, as acorns, the tops of some of the woody 
 shrubs, etc. The treatment in such cases con- 
 sists in stimulating the stomach. 
 
 Open the bowels by giving — as a drench — one 
 pound epsom salts and two drachms powdered 
 ginger, in water, followed by Humphrey's Con- 
 dition Powders. 
 
232 THE VETERINARIAN. 
 
 PARTURITION 
 
 SIGNS OF LABOR. 
 
 At the end of two hundred and seventy-two 
 days from the period of the cow's impregnation, 
 some enlargement of the udder will be perceived, 
 and the external parts of the genital organs are 
 relaxed and appear tumefied, and a sort of 
 glistening discharge issues from the same. The 
 animal is also restless and appears desirous of 
 avoiding the society of other cows. Her respira- 
 tions are somewhat quickened; she becomes 
 nervous and irritable, and labor pains set in, oc 
 curring at stated periods, until at last, the neck 
 of the uterus dilates, the fcetal membranes pre- 
 sent themselves in the form of a watery tumor 
 and the parts admit of the delivery of the foe- 
 tus. 
 
 NATURAL LABOR. 
 
 Natural labor consists of the presentation of 
 the placental membranes, inclosed fluid, with the 
 head and two forefeet of the foetus. 
 
 In act of natural expulsion the membranes be- 
 come ruptured and the water escapes. This 
 
THE VETERINARIAN. 
 
 lubricates the parts and greatly facilitates the 
 birth of the foetus. 
 
 After delivery a few after-pains occur, by which 
 means the after-birth is expelled. This completes 
 the painful routine of natural labor. 
 
 UNNATURAL LABOR. 
 
 A cow failing to give birth after the fashion 
 described in the preceding article, and being in a 
 state of parturition, having regular uterine pains, 
 increasing in severity as they successively occur, 
 yet no appearance of the foetus, is probably the 
 subject of false presentation. The character of this 
 presentation must be ascertained, and our efforts 
 then directed to the replacement of the part to 
 its natural position. 
 
 The person who intends to render assistance to 
 the parturient cow should be clad in suitable gar- 
 ments. His arms should be bared to the 
 shoulder, and, in view of guarding against the 
 absorption of morbid virus, the person's arms 
 should be lubricated with glycerine or olive oil. 
 The instruments required are, embryotomy- 
 knife, embryotomy-hooks and slip-nooses. 
 
 FORELEG PRESENTING. 
 The most common false-presentation is that 
 
234 THE VETERINARIAN. 
 
 when the two forelegs are avanced into the vagina, 
 sometimes beyond it, and the head turned upon 
 the foetal body. This is occasioned by the muz- 
 zle having caught at the brim of the pelvis. The 
 delivery cannot be effected until the position is 
 changed, without danger to the mother and cer- 
 tain destruction to the calf. The best plan is to 
 attach a cord, or the slip-nooses to each foreleg, 
 which are then to be forced back into the uterus. 
 The head must then be sought for, and constant 
 pressure exerted on the same until it is sent for- 
 ward far enough to enable the operator to release 
 it from the brim of the pelvis and guide it into 
 the vaginal outlet. A noose may then be slipped 
 over the lower jaw; then traction on it, and those 
 of the forelegs will accomplish the delivery. 
 
 If the calf is dead I should use the embry- 
 otomy-hook in preference to the noose; but in 
 view of saving the calf, the latter is the safest. 
 Some care, however, is necessary in drawing out 
 the forefeet, lest the points of the hoofs lacerate 
 the vagina. While the assistants are drawing 
 steadily on the cords, the operator should give 
 them a lateral action — from side to side, and up- 
 ward and downward. This is far better than 
 pulling persistently in one direction, for it tends 
 
THE VETERINARIAN. 235 
 
 to loosen and alter the position of impacted 
 parts. 
 
 ONE FORELEG PRESENTING. 
 
 This is also a common occurrence, and if seen 
 early, the delivery may be safely effected by at- 
 taching the noose to the protruding leg. This 
 may be pushed back, and the other sought for 
 and secured in the same manner, and again to be 
 returned. The head must then be properly 
 placed, the legs drawn outward and the delivery 
 may be accomplished with every prospect of 
 bringing forth a live calf. 
 
 HEAD PRESENTING WITHOUT LEGS. 
 
 I proceed as follows: A noose is affixed to the 
 lower jaw; the head is then pushed back as far 
 as it can be got; the forelegs are then brought into 
 position, after which the calf is readily brought 
 away. Some difficulty may be experienced in 
 extracting the hind parts. If they require much 
 force in extraction, the probabilities are that the 
 pelvis of the fcetus is impacted in that of the 
 cow. 
 
 The long diameter of the pelvis is crosswise of 
 the body, so that if the calf be in a position that 
 
THE VETERINA&iAN. 
 
 opposes its long pelvic diameter to the short one 
 of the mother, it must be pushed back a few 
 inches, and turned, so that its feet shall be down- 
 ward, in a line with the cow's limbs. 
 
 It is very important that the calf should be in 
 in the right position as regards the diameter of 
 the pelvis, for many valuable cows are ruined by 
 the violent means used in the extraction of the 
 hind parts when in a faulty position. A little 
 tact in securing a right position for the exit of 
 the calf would save a vast amount of unneces- 
 sary and cruel traction, which in our rural dis- 
 tricts, where veterinary surgeons are not to be 
 found, is too often employed. 
 
 EXTRACTION OF A CALF ON ITS BACK. 
 
 Some persons have an idea, when a wrong 
 presentation of this kind takes place, the calf 
 may be turned. This is an impossibility, and it 
 is only a waste of time and a feat of ignorance 
 to even attempt it. The calf must be extracted 
 in the manner of presentation. The traction, 
 however, should be made in a direction toward 
 the bones of the coccygis or tail. 
 
 In the early stages of this kind of parturition, 
 the back rests on the belly of the mother, and 
 
THE VETERINARIAN. 287 
 
 the feet come in contact with her spine. If my 
 services were sought at this early period I should 
 endeavor to bring the feet down, one at a time, 
 and then noose them, and proceed to deliver 
 without making any futile attempts to change 
 the position of the calf. 
 
 In a case of this character, which occurred in 
 my practice a short time ago, I found it impossi- 
 ble (the cow being down) to dislodge the feet 
 from the spinal region. I therefore procured a 
 double and single block tackle, and fastened it to 
 a beam which ran across the barn ; the hind ex- 
 tremities were then attached to the single block 
 by means of straps, and in this way the posterior 
 parts were elevated. The consequence was, that 
 the whole foetal apparatus receded into the ab- 
 dominal cavity, the feet were dislodged from the 
 spine, and I had the satisfaction of delivering 
 the animal a live calf. 
 
 BREECH PRESENTATION. 
 
 The mode of extracting the foetus when the 
 breech presents, is as follows: 
 
 Pressure must be made upon the buttocks of 
 the calf in the interim of labor pains. Having 
 succeeded in pushing the calf forward the hocks 
 
THE VETERINARIAN. 
 
 may possibly be reached; afterwards, the feet. 
 These are to be brought into the vaginal passage; 
 then by traction and altering the position of the 
 calf, if necessary, the delivery is completed. 
 Should it be found impossible to push the foetus 
 forward, I should lose no time in raising the 
 hind quarters of the cow, by means of hoisting 
 apparatus, which most farmers have on hand. 
 In order to avoid hurting or injuring the cow's 
 limbs when hoisting the hind parts from the 
 ground, I encircle the legs just above the fet- 
 locks with some old gunny-bag, or something of 
 the sort. Then affix a strap on each leg, into 
 which the tackle must be hooked. The cow is, 
 of course, raised from the floor, belly upwards. 
 
 ABORTING. 
 
 Cows sometimes abort, or have a premature 
 discharge of the foetus, and sometimes among 
 large dairies this trouble prevails to an alarming 
 degree, and when it does the calves' bones are 
 often soft. 
 
 TREATMENT. 
 
 As a preventive give the cow Humphrey's 
 Condition Powder as directed, and once a 
 week, give the cow a handful of ground bone. The 
 
THE VETERINARIAN. 239 
 
 theory being that cows, during pregnancy, want 
 a tonic, and also need the bone-meal to assist the 
 system in manufacturing bone for the foetus. 
 
 DISEASES OF THE UDDER, 
 
 MAMMITES 
 
 Is an inflammation of the udder. It usually con- 
 sists of tumefaction, attended with heat and pain, 
 and generally sets in shortly after calving. 
 
 In this state of the udder scarcely any milk 
 flows, and what comes is often bloody. Soon an 
 entire obstruction takes place, or nothing but a 
 watery secretion can be got away. Next, the 
 udder hardens in places; abscesses form, and 
 then the secretory function of one or more 
 quarters is destroyed. The animal now has the 
 " garget," and ten chances to one if the part or 
 parts are ever restored. 
 
 The only way to prevent garget is to let the 
 calf suck immediately after it is born, or else in- 
 troduce a tube into one or more of the teats and 
 thus evacuate the milk ere it coagulates. 
 
 Symptoms — The disease, at its commence- 
 
240 THE VETERINARIAN. 
 
 merit, invariably consists of an inflamed condi- 
 tion of the mamma or " bag," characterized by 
 pain, heat, swelling and more or less febrile 
 symptoms. It it precisely the same disease 
 which many nursing women are prone to and 
 suffer from, and its terminations, when not ar- 
 rested in the early stage, are exactly the same, 
 namely: suppuration, formation of an abscess, 
 induration, or hardening of the walls of the bag. 
 
 TREATMENT. 
 
 The disease should be attended to in its early 
 stage, and the milk must be evacuated so that it 
 shall not accumulate or coagulate. In order to 
 do this a metallic tube may be inserted into the 
 teat and allowed to remain there, so that the 
 milk shall flow as fast as it is secreted. The in- 
 flamed part must be bathed with cold water 
 several times during the day, to which a few 
 drops of tincture of arnica, and if the parts be 
 very painful an infusion of hops may be used. 
 Afterwards anoint the parts with Humphrey's 
 Good Samaritan. The animal must be kept 
 on a very low diet — scalded shorts are good — 
 and if she be fat, or the least constipation of the 
 bowels exists, I should give one pound of epsom 
 
THE VETERINARIAN. 241 
 
 salts, dissolved in warm water, to which may be 
 added a small quantity of molasses and a tea- 
 spoonful of ginger. 
 
 Supposing the case to be in the suppurative 
 stage, and it is evident that pus or " matter " is 
 forming within the "bag," or its walls, it may be 
 poulticed with flax seed. 
 
 As soon as the matter burrows to the surface, 
 and a soft spot can be detected, it should have a 
 free opening made into it by means of a thumb- 
 lancet. The matter must then be squeezed out, 
 and into the cavity syringe some salt water or 
 a little tincture of aloes. In suppurative stages 
 I generally order a generous diet and Hum- 
 phrey's Condition Powders. 
 
 OBSTRUCTION AT THE END OF THE 
 TEATS. 
 
 It occasionally happens that a fungus or warty 
 excrescence makes its appearance at the end 
 and centre of the teat, which obstructs the flow of 
 milk and is very annoying and painful to the ani- 
 mal. This should be removed by the knife, tak- 
 ing care to dissect every portion of the morbid 
 growth. The part is then to be sprinkled with 
 Humphrey's Carbolic Healing Powder. The 
 
242 THE VETERINARIAN. 
 
 milk-tube, well oiled, must now and then be in- 
 troduced. 
 
 OBSTRUCTION IN THE TEATS. 
 
 A simple obstruction in the teats is sometimes 
 occasioned by an imperfect union in the lining 
 membrane. 
 
 TREATMENT. 
 
 This is easily remedied by introducing a tube 
 constructed for the purpose, which should be 
 well lubricated with olive oil, and allowed to re- 
 main in the lectiferous channel for several hours, 
 daily, or until all danger of re-adhesion has pas- 
 sed away. The lectiferous outlet is sometimes 
 obstructed by false membranes running across 
 its channel. These must be annihilated by the 
 introduction of the tube. 
 
 INJURIES TO THE TEAT. 
 I have seen many cases of injuries to the teats 
 in the form of an incision, which occurred acci- 
 dentally on the animal rising from the ground, 
 cutting or lacerating the same with its own hoofs. 
 
 TREATMENT. 
 
 When the accident is discovered shortly after 
 it happens, the parts may be brought together by 
 
THE VETERINARIAN. 243 
 
 uninterrupted suture. The seam is then coated 
 with collodium, and the milk must be evacuated 
 wholly by the tube, until the parts have united. 
 Sometimes the union is not complete, but a 
 small fistulous opening is left, through which the 
 milk is constantly dribbling. The only way to 
 remedy this is to convert the fistula into a simple 
 flesh wound This is done by means of a sharp 
 pointed knife, which removes the thin callous 
 forming the interior of the fistula. The raw 
 edges are then to be brought together by a suture 
 and collodium and the tube used as before. 
 
 SORE OR CHAPPED TEATS AND 
 CHAFED UDDER. 
 
 TREATMENT. 
 
 First wash with warm water and castile soap 
 wipe dry, then apply Humphrey's Carbolic 
 Healing Powder, and the cure is assured. 
 
 TETANUS, OR LOCKED-JAW, 
 
 Now and then attacks cattle, in which case it 
 presents the same appearances and requires the 
 same treatment as in horses. 
 
 FOUL IN THE FOOT. 
 
 This occasionally comes on of itself, but is more 
 
244 THE VETERINARIAN. 
 
 often the effect of accident or filth. Cleanse it 
 well and keep it from dirt; apply Humphrey's 
 Gilt Edge Hoof Ointment, with a small quan- 
 tity of powdered sulphate of copper, added. 
 
 SALT, 
 
 Let it be remembered, when given to animals, 
 enables the farmer to increase his live stock and 
 keep them in health; hence it ought freely to be 
 given to sheep and cattle of every description. 
 In the writer's opinion, it should be given once a 
 week, in sufficient quantity to satisfy the appetite. 
 By giving it in quantity it operates gently upon 
 the bowels; for that reason it is much better 
 given in that way than it is to keep it continually 
 before them. 
 
 VERMIN ON CATTLE. 
 A strong decoction of tobacco washed over a 
 beast infected with vermin will generally drive 
 them away. It sometimes will make the beast 
 very sick for a short time and should be used 
 with great caution. But a better remedy is to 
 mix a plenty of strong Scotch snuff in train oil, 
 and rub the back and neck of the creature with 
 it; which will effectually kill or drive away all 
 vermin from a quadruped, 
 
THE VETERINARIAN. 245 
 
 STAGGERS 
 
 Are sometimes the consequences of over-feeding, 
 particularly when from low keeping cattle are 
 suddenly removed to better pasturage. 
 
 Treat with bleeding, and give one pound ep- 
 som salts with two drachms powdered ginger, 
 followed by giving Humphrey's Condition 
 Powders. 
 
 INVERSION OF THE UTERUS. 
 
 This is one of the most serious accidents to 
 which the cow is liable after the act of parturi- 
 tion. It is also, unfortunately, somewhat com- 
 mon; from the prevalence of certain causes in 
 some seasons. A considerable number of cases 
 now and again occur in the practice of veterinary 
 surgeons residing in breeding districts. The mu- 
 cous surface must be cleansed from all adhering 
 filth, straws, blood, etc., by means of tepid water, 
 or milk and water and a sponge. As the animal 
 stands, an additional quantity of litter should be 
 placed under the hind feet, or she may be re- 
 moved to sloping ground, so that the operation 
 of returning the uterus may be facilitated by 
 having the hind quarters raised, and the opera- 
 tor, if possible, standing higher than the patient. 
 
246 1?HE VETERINARIAN. 
 
 In partial inversion, the organ is readily re- 
 turned. The hand being introduced into the 
 vagina is closed and between the acts of strain- 
 ing on the part of the animal the uterus; is pushed 
 through the os uteri into the abdomen. This is to 
 be done only by successive stages, and all vio- 
 lence must be avoided. 
 
 When the uterus has been completely inverted 
 the proceedings are of a more extensive char- 
 acter. The head of the animal should be held 
 by an assistant, and possibly the bull-dog's nose 
 ring may be required, while another holds the 
 tail and pinches the back to divert the attention 
 from straining. 
 
 A moistened sheet or large towel is passed oe- 
 neath the uterus and the ends are held by assist- 
 ants; when, at the proper time, the whole organ 
 is raised to a level with the vulva; and suppos- 
 ing the organ to be in all respects in a suitable 
 state for the operation and not wholly inverted, 
 the closed fist or a suitable pessary is placed 
 against the central portion or fundus, and by 
 steady and continued pressure when the animal 
 is not straining, the mass is carried through the 
 vagina — os uteri and finally into the abdomen. 
 As the acts of straining are continued, the opera- 
 
THE VETERINARIAN. 247 
 
 tor must cease his efforts; but he must be care- 
 ful to avoid, if possible, the re-inversion of the 
 organ, by retaining his hand without in any de- 
 gree opposing the animal. 
 
 Should the straining continue and prove vio- 
 lent, a dose of Humphrey's Colic Cure may be 
 administered, which will greatly facilitate mat- 
 ters. It may be necessary to place a strap or 
 rope around the body to prevent straining, and 
 the hind quarters should be raised some inches 
 above the fore. 
 
 The diet must be light and mainly fluid, and 
 the bowels should receive attention. 
 
 Retention of the womb is often an affair of 
 much concern to the practitioner, and to secure 
 this all kinds of straps and harness, etc., have 
 been adopted with, however, variable results. An 
 oval iron or heavy sole leather ring, four inches 
 long and three inches wide, answers very well, 
 being secured by the ropes, tied to a surcingle 
 buckled around the animal. Many improve- 
 ments upon this have been made, the principal 
 one being the substitution of iron plates, or thin 
 and light bars, variously worked, so as to admit 
 of being secured in position by cords, and al- 
 low free urination. But none have entirely 
 
248 THE VETERINARIAN. 
 
 superceded the leather pad, or plate, already 
 alluded to. 
 
 We must not omit to remind the reader that in 
 the use of the rope in any form of truss, all prom- 
 inent parts must be packed with soft hay,^grass, 
 old towels or other suitable materials, so as to 
 avoid chafing, which, in these cases, arises when 
 most unlooked for. 
 
 Stitches or sutures are sometimes made use of, 
 being passed through the lips of the vulva so as 
 to draw them together; but they are apt to give 
 rise to irritation. 
 
 After turning the uterus, give the animal a box 
 of Humphrey's Condition Powders, as di- 
 rected. 
 
 CONTAGIOUS PLBURO-PNEUMONIA IN 
 CATTLE 
 
 Is not communicable to any other species of 
 animals. It is a disease which is very interesting 
 to some people in this country, as it exists to a 
 more or less extent. It is a disease that has 
 been known for two hundred years in Russia. 
 During the present century it has gradually made 
 its way from east to west. It was noticed in 
 
THE VETERINARIAN. 249 
 
 Prussia in 1802; in England, in 1841; in America, 
 in 1843. 
 
 There are various stages; the first consists of 
 an incubatory period, varying from two to six 
 weeks, or even longer, and perhaps the first 
 thing that will be noticed is an increased temper- 
 ature of the body — to 103, 104, even 105 degrees. 
 Often, before any other signs are developed, 
 there may be slight rigors or shivering, but so 
 slight as to be overlooked. After this, the system 
 becomes impaired. If in a milch cow the secre- 
 tion of milk is impaired, and there is a slight 
 cough — noticed more in the morning, especially 
 if the animal was kept up all night. The disease 
 gradually grows worse and the cough increases; 
 this may be the only symptom for some time. 
 The animal was thought to be only suffering 
 from a slight cold. After a while the lungs be- 
 come affected, giving rise to quickened breath- 
 ing. Animal gradually looses condition; becomes 
 emaciated; hide-bound condition of the skin. A 
 discharge from the nostrils of a whitish or even a 
 fetid character. In the first stages you can, by 
 auscultation, detect a grating sound, due to plural 
 surfaces rubbing together. Concussion reveals 
 a dull, dead sound. 
 
250 THE VETERINARIAN. 
 
 In the second stage the pulse is very quick; 
 usually symptoms of fever; dryness in the muzzle, 
 (nose). The horns may be either hot or cold, 
 and- the temperature and the cough increased. 
 Cattle, when suffering lie upon the sternum, 
 (breast) in order to relieve the pressure. If 
 likely to end fatally, the discharge becomes fetid 
 (offensive smell); may have slight diarrhoea, 
 followed by constipation; a peculiar gritting 
 of the teeth; moaning or grunting; the eye 
 has a glassy appearance; debility and death 
 follow. The United States Government has 
 lately undertaken to extirpate this disease 
 by killing and paying the owners for all cattle 
 that have been exposed to it. The author 
 thinks this is a wise move and that it has not 
 been commenced any too soon, for if this disease 
 ever gets among the cattle on our Western 
 prairies it will cost enormous sums of money, 
 besides it can never be got rid of. 
 
 MILK OR PURPURAS FEVER. 
 
 It usually shows itself the second, third or 
 fourth day after calving. The supply of milk 
 is impaired more or less; the urine is coffee- 
 colored and it usually attains its intensity in from 
 
^HE VETERINARIAN. 251 
 
 six to ten hours. The cow paddles with her feet 
 when walking; looks at the sides; lies down and 
 in some cases is not able to get up. When a 
 cow becomes affected by urinary or abdominal 
 diseases she is generally very helpless. She will 
 moan, stretch out the neck, lift the head and 
 look at the flanks; respiration increases; the mouth, 
 muzzle and horns become hot; and the tempera- 
 ture of the body is increased; constipation is pres- 
 ent, and if any faeces (dung) are passed they will be 
 hard and covered with mucous; there may be a 
 discharge of a brownish colored fluid from the 
 vulva; and power is lost. It is a very fatal com- 
 plaint. 
 
 Give one pound and a half epsom salts, two 
 drachms powdered ginger. Give injections of 
 soap-suds. Then while convalescing, give Hum- 
 phrey's Veterinary Nerve Remedy. 
 
 The author has never lost a case where he 
 could succeed in opening the bowels. As a pre- 
 ventive before calving, feed the animal sparingly, 
 and give one-quarter pound epsom salts, daily, 
 until bowels are opened. 
 
 PERPETUAL BULLING 
 
 Is due to an abnormal condition of the ovaries, 
 
f HE VETERINARIAN. 
 
 and in well-bred cattle, to tubercular disturb- 
 ance. The best treatment, perhaps, is ovariot- 
 omy (spaying). It sometimes occurs in the mare. 
 
 STOMACH OF THE COW. 
 The stomach of the cow is divided into four 
 stomachs or divisions. The first is the rumen or 
 paunch; the second, the reticulum or honey- 
 comb; the third, the omasum; the fourth, the 
 obomasum, or true digestive stomach. The food 
 is taken into the mouth and masticated to a cer- 
 tain extent; it is then swallowed and passes into 
 the rumen. When the rumen is full the process 
 of rumination commences. There is some differ- 
 ence of opinion about this process. Some claim 
 it is performed by the rumen and others that it is 
 done by the second, and some by the third 
 stomach; but some ruminants have no third 
 stomach, so that it must pass from the rumen up 
 the oesophageal canal into the omasum and true 
 digestive stomach. 
 
 DOGS. 
 
 INDIGESTION. 
 Symptoms — Flatulency; acrid eructations; con- 
 stipation, or diarrhoea; fullness of the abdomen; 
 
THE VETERINARIAN. 
 
 spasmodic pains; depression; loss of appetite; 
 dry, furrowed tongue; thirst often increased; sali- 
 vary secretion; vomiting; and occasional cough. 
 
 Constipation may be relieved in the first in- 
 stance by a dose of castor oil, followed, if neces- 
 sary, with enemas. 
 
 Diarrhoea generally proceeds from the presence 
 of undigested matter in the intestinal tract, and 
 castor oil should be applied. Acrid eructations and 
 flatulency (wind) are best treated with small doses 
 of bi-carbonate of soda and charcoal — ten grains 
 of the former and one scruple of the latter — given 
 in a little water or made into a bolus, adminis- 
 tered after each meal. 
 
 Indigestion usually requires a moderate and 
 plain diet; lime-water and milk with simple bis- 
 cuit or bread, form the most suitable, until the 
 digestive organs have assumed a healthy tone. 
 Fatty, and as a rule, vegetable matters should be 
 for a time avoided, Exceptional cases are those 
 arising from general debility. In such the food 
 must be nourishing, and small doses of sulphate 
 of iron and cod liver oil will materially assist in 
 restoring the animal to a healthy condition. Daily 
 exercise should be insisted on. Humphrey's 
 Veterinary Nerve Remedy will be found 
 
254 THE VETERINARIAN. 
 
 especially beneficial for dogs troubled with indi- 
 gestion. 
 
 COLIC. 
 
 This disease in a dog is not of that frequency 
 which might be expected from the strange cir- 
 cumstances under which at times he exists, the 
 exertions required of him, the exposure he is sub- 
 ject to, and the bill of fare. 
 
 Symptoms — Colic comes on suddenly; the ani- 
 mal is to all appearance in perfect health, when 
 he utters a sharp cry of pain, and, with his back 
 arched and abdomen drawn up, he walks rest- 
 lessly about whimpering or moaning and endeav- 
 oring vainly to find ease in various postures. 
 Considerable tympany (wind) is often present, 
 giving the animal a tense, inflated appearance. 
 
 TREATMENT. 
 
 Give one or two teaspoonfuls of Humphrey's 
 Colic Cure. Impaction of the rectum is best 
 removed with warm soap-sud injection. Flatu- 
 lency (wind) may be relieved by aromatic cordial 
 and antacids, as 
 
 Sodae carbonate, 10 to 20 grains. 
 Essence of peppermint, 5 to 10 minims. 
 In a tablespoonful of warm water, or 
 
THE VETERINARIAN. 255 
 
 Spirits ammon aromatic, 20 to 30 drops. 
 
 Ginger, 10 grains. 
 
 Administer in the same way. 
 
 When the pain is severe, a teaspoonful or two, 
 equal parts of brandy and water, may be given 
 and repeated in an hour if not relieved. 
 
 Rubbing the abdomen affords ease, and in ex- 
 treme cases mustard may be applied. 
 
 CANKER. 
 
 In cases of canker, whether internal or ex- 
 ternal, it is absolutely necessary, in order to in- 
 sure success and rapidity of cure, the animal 
 should be prevented as much as possible from 
 flapping, scratching or rubbing the ears. For 
 this purpose a cap of light leather or stout 
 calico should be placed over the animal's head 
 and tied underneath the throat. It should be 
 similar in shape to a horse's hood and is kept 
 easier in position than the usual three-cornered 
 one. 
 
 Humphrey's Carbolic Healing Powder is 
 an excellent remedy to apply to the sore parts. 
 
 WARTS. 
 Warts on dogs are generally known as isolated 
 
256 THE VETERINARIAN. 
 
 growths, or dispersed in scanty groups on differ- 
 ent parts of the body. 
 
 TREATMENT. 
 
 Excision, ligature or caustic. In isolated warts 
 the two former are preferable, and the occasional 
 application of caustic may follow. I have found 
 the oxide of mercury made into a paste with sul- 
 phuric-acid and a thin layer applied to the sur- 
 face of the wart, more effectual than anything 
 else. Of course the latter treatment is chiefly 
 adapted to external warts. 
 
 FLEAS. 
 
 TREATMENT. 
 
 Among the popular remedies for the destruc- 
 tion of fleas may be mentioned Persian insect 
 powder, various dog soaps, parrafine, benzoline, 
 tobacco water, carbolic acid solutions, etc. I 
 usually, and with success, prescribe the following: 
 Spirits camphor, i drachm. 
 
 " turpentine, %. drachm. 
 Acid carbolic, 10 minims. 
 A tablespounful in half a pint of chilled water, to 
 be rubbed into the skin with a piece of flannel. 
 Wash off in twenty-four hours with soft soap and 
 
THE VETERINARIAN. 257 
 
 warm water and repeat in three days if neces- 
 sary. 
 
 LICB 
 
 Are generally found about the back and poste- 
 rior parts. They are hatched from eggs or nits 
 attached to the hair. The dog louse causes no 
 irritation to the human skin. 
 
 TREATMENT. 
 
 The white precipitate powder brushed into 
 the coat, or the ointment rubbed in the skin 
 and removed in the course of five or six hours 
 will effect their removal. 
 
 TICKS. 
 
 The dog tick is uncommon; the creature 
 causes considerable irritation to the dog, and 
 from feeding on the blood by suction, gives rise, 
 where they exist in any number, to debility. 
 
 TREATMENT. 
 
 Forcible removal and dressing with mercurial 
 ointment. 
 
 WORMS. 
 
 -With regard to- treatment of worms various 
 
THE VETERINARIAN. 
 
 escape of morbid matter. This completes the 
 operation. 
 
 In the course of a week or ten days the deep- 
 seated ligatures may be pulled away, and when 
 the integument is well united, the external stitches 
 may also be removed. The wound is healed by 
 nature, and scarcely, if ever, requires any sort of 
 dressing. If it should, use Humphrey's Car- 
 bolic Healing Powder. 
 
 REMOVAL OF THE AFTER-BIRTH. 
 
 The retention may prove of great inconven- 
 ience after a time, from putrefaction, which is 
 likely to ensue. Absorption of the products of 
 that process from the surface of the uterine 
 mucous membrane secures the establishment of a 
 blood poison and putrid fever. No harm, how- 
 ever, may arise during a few days; but the re- 
 moval should not be delayed beyond that time, 
 more especially if the signs of decomposition 
 have arisen. 
 
 Mechanical interference, from that state having 
 commenced, may be required even at a much 
 earlier period. Give two tablespoonfuls of Hum- 
 phrey's Condition Powders in a good, warm 
 bran mash, with a handful of salt, when you first 
 
THE VETERINARIAN. 229 
 
 see that the placenta (after-birth) has not been 
 expelled, and in nine cases out of ten you will 
 have no further trouble with the case. 
 
 In order to remove, by mechanical means, the 
 hand is first lubricated with a little oil and care- 
 fully passed up the vagina, through the os uteri, 
 which may require dilating, into the uterus. In 
 this operation the points of the fingers are first 
 brought together so as to occupy as little space 
 as possible, and the protruding membrane should 
 lie beneath the hollow of the hand, the back 
 of which is presented upwards on introduction. 
 The placenta is held in the left hand, in order to 
 make use of gentle traction at proper times, and 
 an assistant holds the tail on one side. On en- 
 tering the womb, the hand is passed to the sev- 
 eral centres of attachment — the cotyledons, which 
 are gently pressed between the fingers with a 
 kind of rotary motion, when detachment, as a 
 rule, readily occurs. Violent movements must 
 be scrupulously avoided, as hemorrhage may re- 
 sult. 
 
 A little tact and patience will often accomplish 
 wonders. In the removal of the placenta I am 
 careful not to pull too hard, but detach small 
 portions at a time, if possible. No practitioner 
 
260 THE VETERINARIAN. 
 
 the best agents. Where the inflammatory action is 
 excessive and the pain extreme, the surface may 
 be pricked in two or three places and leeches ap- 
 plied, followed by applying Humphrey's Car- 
 bolic Healing Powder. 
 
 OVERGROWTH OF ClyAWS. 
 The claws occasionally (especially with dogs 
 which have but little walking exercise), become 
 considerably elongated and curving underneath, 
 sometimes penetrating the pad of the foot, caus- 
 ing intense pain and inflammation. 
 
 TREATMENT. 
 
 Shorten the claws with sharp-cutting nippers 
 and poultice if injured. It is not advisable to 
 reduce the claw too much at first, but repeat the 
 operation in a fortnight. To prevent the recur- 
 rence of such a condition, allow the dog plenty 
 of liberty and exercise, so as to produce the wear 
 necessary for the proper length and shape. 
 
 SHEEP. 
 
 FOOT-ROT. 
 
 Causes — General debility; exposure in wet 
 pastures; contagion; foul habit of body. 
 
THE VETERINARIAN. 261 
 
 Symptoms — The sheep is observed to limp in 
 one or both of the fore or hind legs. Sometimes 
 the whole four are affected; the parts are hot, 
 tender and swollen and exude a fetid fluid. The 
 animal is now incapable of walking, and if not 
 speedily relieved, death ensues. This form of rot 
 is contagious, so that if the diseased animals are 
 not separated from the healthy, the latter soon be- 
 come infected. To propagate malignant rot it 
 is quite sufficient that a flock should pass over a 
 place which has a little before been walked over 
 by diseased sheep. 
 
 TREATMENT. 
 
 Endeavor to ascertain the exciting cause, and, 
 if possible, remove it. If the disease has as- 
 sumed a putrid type the superfluous horn may be 
 removed. The parts are then to be washed with 
 Acetic acid, 4 ounces. 
 Water, 3 ounces. 
 
 A piece of lint is afterwards to be saturated 
 with the above and applied as a dressing, and 
 changed as occasion may require. 
 
 The local remedy will avail but little unless we 
 sustain the living powers and thus improve secre- 
 tions. Our usual remedies are, Humphrey's 
 Condition Powders, or 
 
262 THE VETERINARIAN. 
 
 Powdered golden seal, i ounce, 
 sulphur, 3^ ounce, 
 charcoal, i ounce, 
 sassafras, i ounce, 
 assafcetida, 2 drachms. 
 Flaxseed, 2 pounds. 
 Mix, and give a tablespoonful twice a day, in 
 food. 
 
 GRUBS IN THE NOSTRUMS. 
 
 Grubs in the nostrils are occasioned by the 
 gad-fly, which deposits her ova in the nostrils of 
 sheep. After a short time the ova brings forth 
 parasites in the larvaeal state; the latter migrate 
 within the interior of the nostrils, causing the 
 sheep much pain. It seems that the gad-fly se- 
 lects its subjects, and the weakest of the flock 
 are usually its victims; hence close attention to 
 the requirements and condition of a flock may, 
 to a certain extent, act as a preventive. Some 
 farmers, in view of preventing the attacks of the 
 gad-fly, smear the noses of their sheep with com- 
 mon tar. Others plow up a piece of land where 
 sheep are pastured, into which they thrust their 
 noses, and then for the time being they baffle the 
 gad-fly. I do not think it good policy to attempt 
 
THE VETERINARIAN. 
 
 to dislodge the parasite; for the remedy might be 
 worse than the disease. When the ova have ar- 
 rived at maturity the sheep themselves aid in the 
 dislodgement with acts of snorting, sneezing and 
 coughing. 
 
 SHEEP-WASH FOR VERMIN. 
 
 TICKS. 
 
 These troublesome parasites may be easily got 
 rid of by dipping the sheep in an infusion of 
 tobacco. 
 
 WASH. 
 
 Take of arsenious acid, in powder, and carbon- 
 ate of potash; of each six ounces. Boil together in 
 fourteen gallons of water, half an hour. 
 
 A more complex form is as follows: Take of 
 arsenious acid, in powder, soft soap and carbon- 
 ate of potash, of each six ounces; sulphur, four 
 ounces; hellebore root, bruised, two ounces; 
 water, fourteen gallons. Boil in a portion of the 
 water until the arsenic is dissolved, then add the 
 remainder of the water and strain through a 
 course sieve. 
 
 INFLAMMATION OF THE LUNGS- 
 PNEUMONIA. 
 
 Inflammation of the lungs is usually the result 
 
264 THE VETERINARIAN. 
 
 of exposure, or it may arise in consequence of 
 herding too many sheep together — sometimes it 
 makes its appearance without any perceptible 
 cause. An impure atmosphere, however, may be 
 set down as the ordinary exciting cause. 
 
 TREATMENT. 
 
 Give Humphrey's Fever Remedy in tea- 
 spoonful doses, twice a day, followed when con- 
 valescing with Humphrey's Nerve Remedy, 
 same sized doses. Place upon the tongue ten 
 drops fluid extract of gelseminum, morning and 
 evening; dissolve one ounce of chlorate of potash 
 in half a pint of flaxseed tea and give it daily as 
 a drench, until the animal improves. Let the 
 patient be placed in a secluded spot, under cover, 
 and if the case is curable, health will soon return. 
 The most marked symptoms of pneumonia are 
 panting and heaving at the flanks, quickened res- 
 piration, discharge from the nose, and cough. 
 There is also a cessation of rumination. In 
 short, the same symptoms prevail in this disease 
 as in pneumonia in cattle. 
 
 DIARRHOEA AND DYSENTERY. 
 
 Curable cases are brought to a favorable termi- 
 nation by using the following drench: 
 
THE VETERINARIAN. 
 
 Finely pulverized charcoal, i ounce. 
 
 Scalded milk, i gill. 
 
 Hypo-sulphate of soda, i drachm. 
 
 Mix. 
 The above constitutes a dose. It may be re- 
 peated as often as the emergency may seem to 
 require; but should the subject be a young lamb, 
 one-half the quantity will suffice. 
 
 CONSTIPATION. 
 
 Constipation often results from a deranged 
 condition of the digestive organs. The liver be- 
 comes deranged, resulting in costiveness, for 
 which, give the following drench : 
 Epsom salts, 2 ounces. 
 Fluid extract of leptandra, 1 teaspoonful. 
 Thin gruel, V2 pint. 
 Dissolve the salts in the gruel and drench the 
 animal with the same. 
 
 TYMPANITES OR WINDY DISTENTION OF 
 THE INTESTINES AND ABDOMEN. 
 
 This disease is recognized by the bloated ap- 
 pearance of the sheep. It is occasioned by the 
 food fermenting and generating gas. The fol- 
 lowing is a most excellent remedy: 
 
266 THE VETERINARIAN. 
 
 Hypo-sulphite of soda, 4 drachms. 
 
 Fluid extract of golden seal, 1 drachm. 
 
 Fluid extract of ginger, 2 drachms. 
 
 Water, 1 wine-glassful. 
 Followed by Humphrey's Condition Powders, 
 as directed. 
 
 FOWLS. 
 
 DISTEMPER IN FOWLS. 
 
 For fowls with distemper, one teaspoonful of 
 Humphrey's Veterinary Nerve Remedy, mixed 
 with a pint of food and given to them alternately 
 with Humphrey's Condition Powders, one 
 teaspoonful to each pint of food, is a positive 
 preventive, and if the malady has not run too 
 long, will cure them. 
 
 TO MAKE HENS LAY. 
 
 There is nothing that will make hens lay eggs 
 equal to Humphrey's Condition Powders, 
 given to them by mixing three teaspoonfuls of 
 the powders in each quart of the food. 
 
 CAPONIZING ROOSTERS. 
 The object of caponizing is to improve the 
 
THE VETERINARIAN. 267 
 
 quality and increase the quantity of the flesh of 
 fowls. A capon will outgrow a cock of the same 
 age just as an ox will exceed a bull in weight and 
 for the same reasons, which are, that castration 
 makes an animal less restless and quarrelsome, 
 and less of the nutriment it digests is diverted 
 from flesh-forming. 
 
 The operation is not very difficult and is 
 quickly performed after a little practice. 
 
 The instruments consist of a pair of crooked 
 concave forceps, a pointed hook, a pair of tweezers 
 and a steel splint with a broad, flat hook at each 
 end. Remove the feathers upon a spot little 
 larger than a watch, at a point upon line between 
 the thigh and shoulder. Next pull the skin back- 
 ward, so the skin may slip forward again after 
 the operation is completed, and with a keen knife 
 make an incision an inch and a half long, parallel 
 with the two last ribs and between them, until the 
 intestines are visible, taking care not to injure the 
 latter. Now separate the ribs by attaching one 
 of the hooks to each, and allowing the ends of 
 the splint to spread, as they will do when let go. 
 The intestines may be pushed away with a tea- 
 spoon handle, or other flat, smooth instrument, 
 and when the testicles are found (attached to the 
 
THE VETERINARIAN. 
 
 back), the tissue which covers them must be 
 held by the tweezers and torn open with the 
 pointed hook. Next grasp one of the testicles 
 with the crooked concave forceps, and with the 
 tweezers lay hold of the spermatic chord, to which 
 the testicle is attached. Now twist the testicle 
 off with the crooked concave forceps, after which 
 the operation is repeated on the other testicle, the 
 incision is closed (no sewing being necessary), 
 the skin allowed to resume its place, and then 
 the feathers which were removed are stuck on 
 the outside and left to adhere by means of the 
 blood, forming the only bandage necessary. 
 Take pains not to disturb the parts to which the 
 testicles are attached, the pressure of the tweez- 
 ers tends to prevent pain and loss of blood. 
 Wrenching off the testicles is more humane than 
 the old method of cutting them with a horse 
 hair and is more expeditious, and torsion pro- 
 duces less bleeding than cutting. 
 
 There need be no more than six or eight per 
 cent, of the birds killed, even by an indifferent 
 operator, and as those die by bleeding to death, 
 they may be eaten as if they had been butchered 
 in the regular way. To avoid bleeding, take 
 care not to rupture the" large blood vessels at- 
 
THE VETERINARIAN. 26$ 
 
 tached to the organs removed. The best age for 
 cockerels to be operated upon is three or four 
 months. In order that the intestines may not be 
 distended, prepare the bird by shutting it up 
 without food or drink for thirty-six hours pre- 
 vious to the operation. Capons continue to grow 
 fat for a long time, and they should be kept until 
 twenty months old in order to gain the full ad- 
 vantage of the operation. 
 
 The feathers on each side of the incision can 
 be twisted together with the bloody fingers to 
 help hold the wound together. After the opera- 
 tion give the birds plenty of water, but feed very 
 sparingly with soft cooked food until they move 
 around with ease and begin to scratch. If fed 
 to the full with hard grain at first, some will die. 
 
 Caponizing may be defended against objec- 
 tions on the score of cruelty just as well as cas- 
 trating colts, calves, pigs and lambs. The rear- 
 ing of capons will certainly be followed to a 
 great extent in this country so soon as the people 
 learn the excellent quality of the flesh, which is 
 not only extremely delicate and juicy, but the 
 birds grow to nearly the size of turkeys, and are 
 so quiet that their growth is produced with less 
 
270 
 
 THE VETERINARIAN. 
 
 feed than in the case of fowls. Already there are 
 many persons making money rapidly at the busi- 
 ness. Capons command prices from 30 to 50 
 per cent, higher than other poultry in market. 
 
APPENDIX, 
 
 The majority of people in this country have 
 had, or do continually have some experience in 
 the care of animals. Therefore, it has been my 
 effort to produce a manual of information regard- 
 ing their treatment that will be appreciated by 
 every reader interested in horses or cattle. I do 
 not claim that I can remove a bony deposit 
 from the limb of an animal, or produce a growth 
 of the horn of foot by giving a few drops of medi- 
 cine on the tongue, but I do claim that the medi- 
 cines and remedies advised herein are as near 
 infallible as any procurable, and when I advise 
 giving a boll, I mean that the animal does need a 
 cathartic. If I recommend a blister, I mean the 
 animal should be blistered. Where a condition 
 powder is prescribed, it means that the animal 
 should have the most effective in the market, etc. 
 I wish to state right here, that there are several 
 
272 THE VETERINARIAN. 
 
 condition powders offered on the market that ait 
 good, and put up upon honor, and that there are 
 also several kinds that are put in large packages 
 that are calculated to deceive, made of chaff, or 
 some such substance, that is utterly worthless 
 and dear at any price. I have examined several 
 such powders and found in some of them very 
 little medicine, and in some of them I failed to 
 detect a particle of medicine of any kind. If the 
 purchaser would stop to think, he must know 
 that it is impossible to buy medicine in such 
 large bulk for so little money. By tasting and 
 comparing them with Humphrey's Condition 
 Powders they would readily see the difference 
 between a good and a worthless article. 
 
 Our fluid remedies are the result of long study 
 and practice and can be depended upon for the 
 following complaints: 
 
 Humphrey's Veterinary Fever Remedy 
 cures inflammation of the lungs, bowels, eyes, brain 
 and liver; congestions, sore throat, influenza and 
 pink eye; also cures cows with milk fever. It acts 
 directly on the heart, arteries and kidneys. In 
 many instances it may be used with advantage, 
 given alternately with Humphrey's Veterinary 
 Nerve Remedy. .. 
 
THE VETERINARIAN. 273 
 
 Humphrey's Veterinary Nerve Remedy 
 cures colds, coughs, staring coat, unhealthy skin, 
 bloody urine, profuse stalling and weakness of 
 the loins. It acts directly on the nerves, heart, 
 urinary organs and general system. In many in- 
 stances it may be used with advantage, given 
 alternately with Humphrey's Veterinary Fever 
 Remedy. 
 
 Humphrey's Veterinary Blood Remedy 
 cures enlarged glands, farcy buds, discharges 
 from the nose, grease, swollen legs, abscesses, ul- 
 cers, and water farcy. It acts directly on the 
 blood and lymphatic system. 
 
 These remedies can be procured at $1.50 for 
 large, and 50 cents each for small size bottles. 
 
 Humphrey's Physic Bolls have been thorough- 
 ly tested by many of our most proficient horsemen, 
 and were never found wanting if used as per di- 
 rections that come with each boll. Do not fail to 
 have them in your stable, as but few druggists are 
 competent or willing to make up an efficient 
 physic boll for an animal. 
 
 The list of testimonials published is proof pos- 
 itive that Humphrey's Gilt Edge Hoof Oint- 
 ment has no equal, and should always find a 
 place in the stable, 
 
274 THE VETERINARIAN. 
 
 Humphrey's Carbolic Healing Powder is a 
 certain cure for all sores or wounds of the skin or 
 flesh, and Humphrey's Spavin Blister is supe- 
 rior for spavins, ring bones, splints, curbs, 
 sprained tendons, sprained ligaments, sprained 
 joints, sore throat, etc. This blister is infallible. 
 Do not grease or wash the parts after applying. 
 It will do its own work, will not blemish, and pro- 
 motes the growth of the hair. 
 
 It will always prove a great saving of time and 
 money to have a bottle of Humphrey's Cele- 
 brated Colic Cure at hand, as its wonderful 
 qualities have given it a world-wide reputation. 
 
 Humphrey's Good Samaritan is almost in- 
 fallible in cases of sprains, bruises or pains, for 
 man or beast. This fact has become too well 
 known to require comment. 
 
 We are now putting up handsome Veterinary 
 Medicine Chests made of walnut, highly polished, 
 containing a full line of Humphrey's Veterinary 
 Remedies and a copy of The Veterinarian, 
 handsomely bound. These chests are certainly 
 a most valuable acquisition to every stable. 
 
 If, at any time, any persons using our medi- 
 cines want advice regarding sick animals will 
 write to us, stating the facts plainly, we will give 
 
THE VETERINARIAN. 275 
 
 them the best advice we can without any charges 
 whatever. 
 
 We also manufacture a few family medicines, 
 which on trial will be found superior to any for 
 the purpose, among which we mention Hum- 
 phrey's Balsam of Honey and Tar, for 
 coughs, colds, bronchial affections, consumption, 
 etc. 
 
 Loveland's Little Liver Pills cure head- 
 ache, indigestion and sour stomach. 
 
 Dr. Crosby's Liver and Blood Remedy 
 cures liver complaints, piles, constipation of the 
 bowels, etc. 
 
 McDavitt's Magnetic Salve heals all kinds 
 of sores, wounds, burns, scalds, etc. 
 
 If your dealer does not keep these goods, send 
 direct to us. 
 
 Humphrey's Veterinary and 
 
 Family Medicine M'f'g. Co., 
 
 Newark, N. J. 
 W. P. HUMPHREY, D. V. S, 
 
THE ACTION OF MEDICINES AND 
 
 Agent. 
 
 Acid, Acetic 
 
 Carbolic 
 
 ' ' Hydrochloric 
 
 " Nitric 
 
 Aconite root, Tincture of. 
 
 Alcohol 
 
 Alum 
 
 Aloes 
 
 Ammonia, Water of 
 
 Ammonia, Carbonate 
 
 Ammonia, Liquor Acetates. 
 
 Anise Seed 
 
 Antimony, Butter of 
 
 ArecaNut 
 
 Arnica, Tincture of. 
 Assaf oetida 
 
 Arsenic. 
 
 Belladonna, Fluid Extract — 
 
 Buckthorn, Syrup of 
 
 Calabar Bean, Powdered \ 
 
 " Alkaloid of • 1 
 
 Camphor 
 
 Cantharidine 
 
 Cayenne Pepper 
 
 Catechu 
 
 Castor Oil 
 
 Chloral Hydrate 
 
 Chloroform 
 
 Colchicum 
 
 Copper Sulphate 
 
 Croton Seed 
 
 Digitalis ,... 
 
 Internally. 
 
 Tonic 
 
 Tonic 
 
 Sedative 
 
 Stimulant — 
 Astringent. . 
 Alterative {_ 
 Purgative f 
 
 Stimulant. . 
 Diaphoretic. 
 Aromatic .. 
 
 Anthelmintic ( 
 Destroys w'rms j 
 
 Stimulant 
 
 Antisposmotic... 
 Alterative I 
 Tonic {'•• 
 
 Sedative \ 
 
 Narcotic » 
 
 Cathartic 
 
 Peristalsis and.. 
 
 Cathartic 
 
 Narcotic 
 
 Diuretic and i 
 Stimulant ) ' " 
 
 Stimulant 
 
 Astringent 
 
 Cathartic 
 
 Narcotic 
 
 Anaesthetic 
 
 Diuretic | 
 
 Laxative f 
 
 Tonic 
 
 Purgative 
 
 Narcotic » 
 Diuretic j" 
 
 Antiseptic 
 Rubefacient 
 
 Caustic \ J 
 Antiseptic J * ' ] 
 
 Caustic 
 
 Caustic 
 
 Sedative.... . 
 
 Stimulant 
 
 Astringent 
 
 Stimulant 
 
 Stimulant ) 
 Rubefacient j ' ' 
 
 Externally. 
 Action and 
 
 Discutient. 
 Caustic — 
 
 Resolvent. 
 Caustic... 
 
 Discutient.. . . 
 
 Blister 
 
 Rubefacient. 
 
PROPER DOSES FOR DIFFERENT ANIMALS. 
 
 Doss. 
 
 Dose. 
 
 Dose. 
 
 Dose. 
 
 Dose. 
 
 Horse. 
 
 Cattle. 
 
 Sheep. 
 
 Hog. 
 
 Dog. 
 
 For Sores: 
 Crystalized 
 
 Carbolic Acid 
 
 1 part; Water 
 
 40 parts. 
 
 2to4dr 
 
 1 
 
 j-lSto^d'ps 
 2to4dr 
 
 
 
 
 5 to 8 drops.. 
 
 5 to 8 drops.. 
 
 1 to 2 drops. 
 
 1 to 2dr 
 
 2 to 3 dr.. 
 
 
 
 
 15 to 20 drops 
 
 1 oz 
 
 15 to 30 drops 
 
 lto3oz 
 
 2 to 4 dr 
 
 2 to 3 drops.. 
 
 % oz 
 
 J^toldr 
 
 2 dr.......... 
 
 1 to 2 drops. 
 1 dr. 
 
 2to3dr 
 
 ^ to 1 dr 
 
 10 to 20 gr. 
 
 2 to 10 dr.... 
 
 lto2oz 
 
 }4 to 1 oz 
 
 2 to 5 dr. 
 
 ^ to 1^ dr. 
 
 2 to4dr 
 
 2to6oz 
 
 3 to 6 dr 
 
 2 to 6 oz 
 
 15 to 60 gr.... 
 
 15 to 60 gr. . . . 
 
 3 to 8 gr. 
 
 1 oz 
 
 1 to 2 oz 
 
 2 to 3 dr 
 
 2to3dr 
 
 20 to 50 gr. 
 
 4to6dr 
 
 
 
 
 % to 2 dr. 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 1 to 3 dr 
 
 lto4dr 
 
 5 to 10 gr. .. 
 
 2 to 3 dr 
 
 1 dr 
 
 
 10 to 20 gr. 
 
 5tol0gr. ... 
 1 to 2 dr 
 
 1 to 2 gr 
 
 
 1-10 to 1-5 gr. 
 
 20 to 30 drops 
 
 
 2 to 5 drops. 
 1 to 3 oz. 
 
 
 
 
 5 to 8 gr 
 
 
 
 
 1 to 2 gr, 
 
 i^gr 
 
 J^gr 
 
 
 
 1-20 gr. 
 
 1 to 2 dr 
 
 2to4dr 
 
 20 to 40 gr. . . . 
 
 20 to 40 gr.... 
 
 5 to 10 gr. 
 
 5 to 15 gr 
 
 10 to 20 gr. . . . 
 
 2 to 8 gr 
 
 2 to 8 gr 
 
 ^to2gr. 
 
 10 to 20 gr.... 
 
 10 to 25 gr. . . . 
 
 
 
 
 lto2dr 
 
 1 pint 
 
 Jr^tO \% oz.. 
 HjtO 1% oz.. 
 
 2to5dr 
 
 1 pint 
 
 1 to 2 oz 
 
 1 to 2 oz 
 
 lto2dr 
 
 2 to 4 oz 
 
 1 to 3 dr 
 
 20 to 40 drops 
 
 lto2dr 
 
 2to4oz 
 
 lto3dr 
 
 20 to 40 drops 
 
 5 to 20 gr. 
 1 to 2 oz. 
 10 to 30 gr. 
 5 to 10 drops. 
 
 ltoSdr 
 
 lto3 dr 
 
 10 to 20 gr. . . 
 
 4to8gr 
 
 2 to 8 gr. 
 
 lto2dr 
 
 20 to 35 gr... 
 
 lto4dr 
 
 40 to 50 gr.. . . 
 
 20 to 30 gr.... 
 6tol0gr 
 
 5 to 10 gr 
 
 5to8gr 
 
 14 to 2 gr. 
 1 to 6 gr. 
 
 10 to 30 gr... 
 
 30 to 60 gr.... 
 
 8 to 15 gr 
 
 2tol0gr 
 
 1 to 4 gr, 
 
T3EIE A.CTi03ST O^ 
 
 Agent. 
 
 Internally. 
 
 Action and 
 Uses. 
 
 Externally. 
 
 Action and 
 Uses. 
 
 Epsom Salts 
 
 Ether, Sulphuric. 
 Gall, Nut .... 
 Gentian Root... 
 
 Ginger 
 
 Glauber Salts 
 
 Hyoscyamus, Fluid Extract. 
 
 Humphrey's Fever Remedy . 
 Humphrey's Nerve Remedy. 
 Humphrey's Blood Remedy. 
 
 Iodine 
 
 Ipecacuan 
 
 Iron Sulphate 
 
 Jalap 
 
 Juniper Oil 
 
 Linseed Oil, Raw. 
 
 Morphine 
 
 Nux Vomica 
 
 Podophyllin... .. 
 
 Potassium, Iodite 
 
 Potassium, Bromide I 
 Saltpetre f 
 Potassium, Nitrate.. 
 Quinine 
 
 Strichnine. 
 
 Saliclyic Acid 
 
 Silver, Nitrate 
 
 Sulphur 
 
 Sweet Spirits of Nitre. 
 
 Turpentine, Spirits of. 
 
 Cathartic 
 
 Antispasmodic. 
 
 Astringent. . . . 
 
 Tonic 
 
 Tonic 1 
 
 Stimulant j ' * 
 
 Cathartic 
 
 Narcotic 
 
 Sedative } 
 and v . 
 
 Diaphoretic j 
 
 Tonic ) 
 and V 
 
 Diuretic ) 
 
 Alterative ) 
 and >.. 
 
 Deobstruent ) 
 
 Glandular ex- 
 citant 
 
 Emetic 
 
 Tonic 
 
 Purgative 
 
 Diuretic 
 
 Cathartic 
 
 Narcotic 
 
 Nerve Tonic 
 
 Cathartic 
 
 Alterative and 
 
 Glandular ex- 
 citant 
 
 Alterative . 
 
 Febrifuge I 
 
 Diuretic j * ' 
 
 Tonic 
 
 Stimulant to ) 
 
 the Motor > 
 
 Nerves ) 
 
 Glandular ex- ) 
 citant f 
 
 Caustic 
 
 Laxative , 
 
 Diuretic 
 
 Diuretic and 
 Antispasmodic 
 
 Irritant 
 
3MIE£)lOIITES- — Contin-aed. 
 
 Dose. 
 Horse. 
 
 2 to 8 oz. 
 1 to 2 oz. 
 4 to 5 dr.. 
 4 to 8 dr.. 
 
 4 to 8 dr.. 
 
 1 to 2 dr., 
 1 to 3 dr. . 
 
 1 to 1J^ lbs. 
 
 2 to 3oz... 
 ^ to 1 oz. . 
 1 to 2oz.... 
 
 1 to3oz.... 
 
 6 to 20 oz. 
 1 to 2 dr.. 
 
 1 to 3 dr. 
 
 1 to 3 dr.. 
 
 10 to 40 gr. 
 
 1 to 3 dr. 
 
 lto2dr 
 
 1 to 1)4 pint. 
 
 2to6gr 
 
 1 dr 
 
 lto2dr 
 
 Dose. 
 Cattle. 
 
 2 to 3 dr.. . 
 30 to 60 gr. 
 1 to 3 dr. . . 
 
 lto2dr... 
 
 1 to 4 dr. 
 
 1 to 4 dr. 
 
 1 to 4 dr. 
 
 20 to 60 gr. 
 
 2 to 4 dr. 
 
 fcStol dr... 
 
 1 to 3 dr 
 
 2to6dr... . 
 10 to 20 gr.. . 
 
 1 to 3 gr 
 
 1 to 2 dr.. 
 5 to 10 gr. 
 8 to 4 oz.. 
 1 to 2 oz.. 
 
 1 to 2 dr 
 
 1 to 2 pints. . 
 UtolOgr.... 
 
 2to3dr 
 
 1 to 2 dr.... 
 
 2to3 dr 
 
 2to4dr 
 
 1 to 2 oz 
 
 30 to 40 gr. . 
 
 3to6gr 
 
 1 to 2 oz. 
 
 Dose. 
 Sheep. 
 
 Dose. 
 Hog. 
 
 2to4dr. ... 
 30 to 60 gr. 
 30 to 60 gr.. 
 
 30 to 60 gr. 
 
 ldr. 
 
 ldr. 
 
 ldr. 
 
 5to30gr. 
 
 to 30 gr. 
 
 6 to 8 oz. . . 
 ^tolgr.. 
 20 to 40 gr. 
 
 1 to 2 dr.. 
 5 to 10 gr. 
 4 to 6 oz. . 
 1 to 4 oz. . 
 
 1 to 2 oz. . 
 
 I 
 20 to 60 gr.. 
 
 20 to 60 gr.. 
 
 1 to 2 dr.... 
 5tol0gr... 
 
 ^tolgr... 
 
 10 to 15 gr. . 
 
 2 to 4 gr. . . 
 1 to 2 oz. . . . 
 2to4dr... 
 
 1 to 2 dr.... 
 
 ldr. 
 
 ldr. 
 
 ldr. 
 
 ltolOgr... 
 
 20 to 30 gr. 
 10 to 20 gr. 
 lto4dr... 
 
 to 8 oz. . 
 M to 1 gr. . 
 10 to 20 gr. 
 
 20 to 60 gr. 
 
 20 to 60 gr. 
 30 to 60 gr., 
 4 to 10 gr. . , 
 
 ^tolgr. 
 1 to 2 oz. . , 
 1 to 2 dr.. 
 
 Dose. 
 Dog. 
 
 I to 8 dr. 
 SO to 60 drops. 
 i to 10 gr. 
 5 to 20 gr. 
 
 10 to 30 gr. 
 
 ^dr. 
 
 \4&t. 
 
 2to6gr 
 
 15 to 30 gr. 
 5 to 10 gr. 
 1 to 2 dr. 
 5 to 10 drops. 
 t to 2 oz. 
 H to \i gr. 
 I to 4 gr. 
 1 to 2 gr. 
 
 5 to 15 gr. 
 
 5 to 15 gr. 
 10 to 30 gr. 
 1 to 5 gr. 
 
 1-30 to 1-10 gr. 
 
 10 to 15 gr. 
 ^to^gr. 
 
 6 dr. 
 
 15 to 60 drops. 
 
 % to 1 dr. 
 
inferences. 
 
 The following is a list of a number of firms who 
 handle our goods and others with whom we have 
 dealings. These we respectfully offer as reference. 
 
 A. 
 
 W. A. Applegate Stanhope, N. J. 
 
 C. H. Adams Dunellen, N. J. 
 
 Jno. C. Anderson Hazlet, N. J. 
 
 J. D. Allen. Paterson, N. J. 
 
 C. C. Abeel, Jr CatskiU, N. Y. 
 
 Chas. D. Alger Preston Hollow, N. Y. 
 
 J. H. Applegate Farmingdale, N. Y. 
 
 J. A. Arey Pool, Rowan Co., N. C. 
 
 American Merchants' Protective Association, 
 N wark, N. J. 
 
 N. C. Ames Madalin, N. Y. 
 
 Wells Amerman Clifton, N. J. 
 
 B. 
 
 W. C. Brown South Amboy, N. J. 
 
 Chas. W. Brower , Farmingdale, N. J. 
 
 Wm. Berdine. New Brunswick, N. J. 
 
THE VETERINARIAN. 
 
 W. P. Bunnell Roselle, N. J. 
 
 Thos. Byrnes Trenton, N. J. 
 
 Wm. Balliet Milford, N. J. 
 
 Jas. Bartholomew Allen town, Pa. 
 
 A. L. Balliet Cherryville, Pa. 
 
 N. Bush Hyde Park, Pa. 
 
 E . Buck Lackawaxen, Pa. 
 
 Brown & Van Auken Dingsman's Ferry, N. Y. 
 
 Geo. Branigan Blairstown, N. J. 
 
 Frank Barron Washington, N. J. 
 
 Thos. Broadhead Water Gap, Pa. 
 
 H. Bundelman, Jr 207 E. 110th street, N. Y. City. 
 
 J. K. Bertholf Crepskill, N.J. 
 
 t. D. Brown Florida, N. Y. 
 
 Jno. Bowne 282 Halsey street, Newark, N. J. 
 
 O. T. Baxter 893 Broad street, Newark, N. J. 
 
 D. A. Boardman Oneonta, N. Y. 
 
 Bosshardt & Wilson. . .333 Walnut street, Phila., Pa. 
 
 J. R. Bradner Newark, N. J. 
 
 James B. Becker Schoharie, N. Y. 
 
 James Blackburn. . .28 Bowery street, Newark, N. J. 
 
 George Becker Renslerville, Albany Co., N. Y. 
 
 J. P. Boughton .North Chatham, N. Y. 
 
 Black Bros Fly Mountain, Ulster Co., N. Y. 
 
 Charles Beyer 112 W. 19th street, N. Y. City. 
 
 John Bartnett 225 E. 64th street, N. Y. City. 
 
 Joseph Brown Highland, N. J. 
 
 J. W. Butterworth Watsessing, N. J. 
 
 John Brinkenhoff Ridgefield, N. J. 
 
 Buck & Dolson Warwick, N. Y. 
 
REFERENCES. 
 
 T. D. Barker Walden, N. Y. 
 
 C. E. Brian Bridgeville, N. J. 
 
 Geo. Burhans Saugerties, N. Y. 
 
 C. 
 
 C. N. Crittenton 115 Fulton street, N. Y. City. 
 
 T. F. Clifford Morristown, N. J. 
 
 C. T. Clark & Son Dover, N. J. 
 
 J. W. Campbell Stanhope, N. J. 
 
 R. E. Clayton Yardley, Pa. 
 
 Jno. S. Ciirey .Trenton, N. J. 
 
 Justus Cooper Byron Station, N. J. 
 
 P. S. Coyne Old Forge, Pa. 
 
 R. H. Compton Dunning, Pa. 
 
 P. Casey, Boulevard, bet. 59th & 60th st. N. Y. City. 
 
 Frank Crissman Milford, Pa. 
 
 P. J. Carpenter, 1st av., bet. 59th & 60th sts., N.Y.C'y. 
 
 Jas. B. Carson Bushkill, Pa. 
 
 Card & Stuckey 206 E. 101st street, N. Y. City. 
 
 Campbell, Morrell & Co Passaic, N. J. 
 
 Thos. E. Carroll Marlborough, N. Y. 
 
 J. J. Cassidy 70 So. Orange ave., Newark, N. J. 
 
 David A. Conger Reidsville, Albany Co., N. Y, 
 
 Thomas Corr 762 7th ave., N. Y. City. 
 
 T. J. Cunningham. Mateawan, N. Y. 
 
 C. Creamer & Bros., 226 &228 E. 65th st., N. Y. City. 
 
 C. Creamer 113 E. 77th street, N. Y. City. 
 
 Crosby & Smith 34, 36 & 38 Warwick street. 
 
 Newark, N. J. 
 David W. Cochran, V. S., 15 Vestry street, N.Y.C'y. 
 
THE VETERINARIAN. 
 
 C. C. Corby Montclair, N. J. 
 
 Robert Carse 3d street, E. Newark, N. J. 
 
 Clark & Zugalla 337 E. 75th street, N. Y. City. 
 
 N. Clark Cornwell Landing, N. Y. 
 
 E. T. Condon Morristown, N. J. 
 
 W. R. Courter Bloomfield, N. J. 
 
 Jos. Capner So. Amboy, N. J. 
 
 D. 
 
 D. DeGraff Nyack, N. Y. 
 
 Dempsey Bros Morristown, N. J. 
 
 A. L. Davison Princeton, N. J. 
 
 C. P. Dilks Palmyra, N. J. 
 
 F. P. Diehl Leighton, Pa. 
 
 W. A. Drinkwater, Riverside and Hudson streets, 
 
 Yonkers, N. Y. 
 
 Dennison Mfg. Co 44 Barclay street, N. Y. City. 
 
 C. S. Demerest 200 Market street, Newark, N. J. 
 
 A. W. Dodge Otisville, N. Y. 
 
 O. J. Dennis 348 W. 42d st., N. Y. City. 
 
 H. De Mott Liberty Corner, N. J. 
 
 John A. Dick Stuyvesant Falls, N. Y. 
 
 Dunn & Costello. ...65th st. & Boulevard, N. Y. City. 
 
 R. H. Delavan Maiden Bridge, N. Y. 
 
 John Donohue 207 E. 23d st., N. Y. City. 
 
 Patrick Dunn 138 E. 32d st., N. Y. City. 
 
 John Deming Millville Depot, Pike Co., Pa. 
 
 Theo. Dufford Broad street, Newark, N. J. 
 
REFERENCES. 
 
 E. 
 
 Andrew Elliott Shenandoah, Pa. 
 
 John Erk Seelyville, Pa. 
 
 J. E. Everett Flatbrookville, N. J. 
 
 F. B. Ely 701 Grand st., Jersey City, N. J. 
 
 Richard Esher 273 Marshall st., Paterson, N. J. 
 
 Elizabeth & Newark Horse R. R. Co. 
 
 F. 
 
 John H. Ford Heightstown, N. J. 
 
 Pe'ter Faning Orange, N. J. 
 
 W. H. Fisher Stockton, N. J. 
 
 Geo. Fleck Jenkintown, Pa. 
 
 H. A. Farrington Napanoch, N. Y. 
 
 P. Fitzsimmons 901 6th ave., N. Y. City. 
 
 Horace Ford Boonton, N. J. 
 
 J. E. Ford Whippaney, N. J. 
 
 Alfred Fraley 6 Atlantic st., Newark, N. J. 
 
 George Ferguson 8 Spring st. , Sing Sing, N. Y. 
 
 Wm. H. Fowler Englewood, N. J. 
 
 Wm. H. Ford .344 Central av., Newark, N. J. 
 
 First National Bank Elizabeth, N. J. 
 
 John Flanery Scotch Plains, N. J. 
 
 H. L. Fink. Westfield, N. J. 
 
 G. 
 
 George Green & Son Morristown, N. J. 
 
 S. D. Gillespie , . . . Bound Brook, N. J. 
 
 A. F. Graff Sellersville, Pa. 
 
THE VETERINARIAN. 
 
 Wm. Gaston Hollisterville, Pa. 
 
 M. Garry West 141st st., N. Y. City. 
 
 Jas. Graham . . .Norwood, N. J. 
 
 J. Gauch & Bro Newark, N. J. 
 
 John W. Griffin 47 Hubert st., N. Y. City. 
 
 Grover Bros 1 to 9 Cedar st., Newark, N. J. 
 
 Gerity Bros 126 Lake st., Elmira, N. Y. 
 
 M. A. Gorsline Orange, N. J. 
 
 H. 
 
 Harry Howard, Essex County Hunt .... Orange, N. J. 
 Harris Bros. . . .19 Harrison ave., East Newark, N. J. 
 E. T. Hart Washington st., Newark, N. J. 
 
 E. J. Hesler Philmont, N. Y. 
 
 R. Hover Germantown, N. Y. 
 
 Miles Hazelton Middleburgh, N. Y. 
 
 R. B. Hewitt 11 Maiden Lane, Newark, N. J. 
 
 Haggerty Bros Allamuchey, N. J. 
 
 Levi Holcomb Ringoes, N. J. 
 
 W. F. Hamilton Orange, N. J. 
 
 J.B.Howell Morrisville, Pa. 
 
 Walter Hunt East Millstone, N. J. 
 
 M. Hallman Ambler, Pa. 
 
 Thos. Haggerty Tamaqua, Pa. 
 
 Michael Haley Mahoney City, Pa. 
 
 F. R. Hendershot ..... .Plymouth, Pa. 
 
 O. A. Hoover Dallas, Pa. 
 
 Jas. Haxton Dunning, Pa. 
 
 Hornbeck & Bonnell Port Jervis, N. Y. 
 
 Wm. G, Hull, Jv, ,,, , , , .Sing Sing, N. Y, 
 
REFERENCES. 
 
 D. M. Hollenbeck Turners, N. Y. 
 
 J. S. Hazard Gilboa, N. Y. 
 
 Hoyt & Butler Hobart, N. Y. 
 
 Hemstreet & Harrison Bloomfield, N. J. 
 
 W. S. Hanlon Montgomery, N. Y. 
 
 J. Harned & Bro Rahway, N. J. 
 
 J. 
 
 O. S. Jones Rahway, N. J. 
 
 E. C. Jordan Burlington, N. J. 
 
 W. B. Johnson .West Point, Pa. 
 
 T. L. Johnson Northumberland, Pa. 
 
 Wm. Jones .Slateford, Pa. 
 
 K. 
 
 J. W. Keloy Beverly, N. J. 
 
 E. C. Krause Lansdale, Pa. 
 
 C. M. Kaisinger , Sonderton, Pa. 
 
 J. W. Keeley Danville, Pa. 
 
 M. J. Keller Scranton, Pa. 
 
 Valentine Kohl Middle Hope, N. Y. 
 
 Jno. Kim^_erle, 62 Frelinghuysen ave., Newark, N. J. 
 P. W. Kerwain, Willow Grove, Montgomery Co., Pa. 
 
 Chas. Ketchem Mountainville, N. Y. 
 
 John H. Kant Perth Amboy, N. J. 
 
 L. 
 
 Isaac S. Lucky Amity, Orange Co., N. Y. 
 
 Lewis Bros, Mulberry and Market sts., Newark, N. J, 
 
THE VETERINARIAN. 
 
 Lohsen & Willett Port Monmouth, N. J. 
 
 Gilbert Lane Neshamc, N. J. 
 
 W. B. Logan, Jr Norristown, Pa. 
 
 Louis Lauer Ashland, Pa. 
 
 E» i ward Lyons Halsey St., Newark, N. J. 
 
 John Lawless. ...Hudson ave. and Bull's Ferry Road, 
 
 Guttenburg, N. J. 
 Ledwith Bros 1231 Second ave., N. Y. City. 
 
 M. 
 
 C. Musler • • .Orange, N. J. 
 
 G. W. Mollison Perth Amboy, N. J. 
 
 D. M. Merchant Morris Plains, N. J. 
 
 A. Martin Atlantic Highlands, N. J. 
 
 McDonough & Martin Plainfield, N. J. 
 
 C. E. Moore Kingston, N. J. 
 
 Jno. Magee Bordentown, N. J. 
 
 Jno. McNeal Lansford, Pa. 
 
 G. Marjenhoff 345 E. 63d St., N. Y. City. 
 
 Henry Messenger 244 E. 75th st., N. Y. City. 
 
 Alexander L. McClees . .Holmdel, N. J. 
 
 Henry McNamee Fly Mountain, N. Y. 
 
 Patrick McNerney East Kingston, N. Y. 
 
 T. Maschy Clinton ave., Newark, N. J. 
 
 C. H. McKee 283 Court st., Newark, N. J. 
 
 Edward Moffit 159 Washington st., N. Y. City. 
 
 T. Miskel. .Van Vorst & Morris st., Jersey City, N. J. 
 
 Samuel Murray 159 E. 24th st., N. Y. City. 
 
 Owen Meenagh 120 W. 50th st., N. Y. City. 
 
 P. McKenna. , , •. , .261 W, 123d st., N. Y, City, 
 
REFERENCES. 
 
 John McNally 128 E. 50th si, N. Y. City. 
 
 John D. Messenger 80 Newark st., Hoboken, N.J. 
 
 McLaughlin & Son 22 Fair st., Newark, N. J. 
 
 Manitz Bros Cor Freeman st., and Valley Road, 
 
 Orange Valley, N. J. 
 
 M. Mohor & Son Orange, N. J. 
 
 Metropolitan Printing Co 38 Veeey st., N. Y. 
 
 Merchants' National Bank Newark, N. J. 
 
 J. R. Martin & Co Eatontown, N. J. 
 
 David Meredith Broadway & 55th st., N. Y. City. 
 
 McDonough & Cranley Montclair, N. J. 
 
 G. P. Merrill 1637 Broadway, N. Y. City. 
 
 E. E. Maidhoff 140th st., & St. Nioholas ave., 
 
 N. Y. City. 
 
 N. 
 
 Neidlinger Bros 27 Beekman st., N. Y. City. 
 
 Nicoll & Smith 308 Springfield av., Newark, N. J. 
 
 O. 
 
 E. F. O'Neil Bloomfield, N. J. 
 
 James A. O'Mara 20 N. Centre St., Orange, N. J. 
 
 Osborne Patent Box Co., 316 Market st. .Newark, N. J. 
 Orange Cross Town Horse R. R. Co. 
 
 P. 
 
 John Power Metuchen, N. J. 
 
 G. H. Plume Caldwell, N. J. 
 
 C, H, Pethick. , , ,, ,,,,,... .Bethany, Pa, 
 
THE VETEKINARLAN. 
 
 M. Polsenski Kingsbridge, N. Y. 
 
 Geo. Powell 67th st. & Boulevard, N. Y. City. 
 
 Park, Davis & Co N. Y. City. 
 
 W. D. Price Branchville, N. J. 
 
 R. A. Price Morristown, N. J. 
 
 R. 
 
 J. J. Rue Marlboro, N. J. 
 
 David Ryman Layton, N. J. 
 
 C. S. Rule Princeton, N. J. 
 
 Jno. F. Roller Rittersville, Pa. 
 
 Ohas. E. Rice Bethlehem, Pa. 
 
 Rushe & Blose Slatington, Pa. 
 
 Wm, Ross Berwick, Pa. 
 
 Wesley Rubert Beach Haven, Pa. 
 
 A. M. Ryman Montague, N. J. 
 
 David H. Ryman Markboro, N. J. 
 
 Louis Reinhardt & Son 169th st. & N. Third av., 
 
 N. Y. City. 
 
 Dr. F. P. Roberge 1741 Broadway, N. Y. City. 
 
 F. Risedorph Kinderhook, N. Y. 
 
 John Ryan 1024 E. Grand st., Elizabeth. N. J. 
 
 James Roche 314 E. 49th st., N. Y. City. 
 
 Sanford E. Ryman Newark, N. J, 
 
 R. M. Ross .Newark, N. J. 
 
 Nicholas Reid Monroe, N. Y. 
 
 L. Rhodes West Brookville, N. Y. 
 
 Michael Regan. . . Frelinghuysen ave., Newark, N. J. 
 
REFERENCES. 
 
 S. 
 
 Barton Smith Dover, N. J. 
 
 H. C. Snyder Morganville, N. J. 
 
 C. B. Smith Newark, N. J. 
 
 Z. Sutphin Lambertville, N. J. 
 
 Cyrus Smith 414 Belleville ave., Newark, N. J. 
 
 Frank Scheuermann Trenton, N. J. 
 
 S. J. Stockar Phillipsburg, N. J. 
 
 G. W. Snyder. Ruglesville, N. J. 
 
 Chas. Schweitzer Weiesport, Pa. 
 
 A. J. Smith Mauch Chunk, Pa. 
 
 G. B. Schadt Shamokin, Pa. 
 
 Stroh Bros Sunbury, Pa. 
 
 E. F. Schlicter Talford, Pa. 
 
 P. Scherer Orange Valley, N. J. 
 
 G. K. Sutphin Orange, N. J. 
 
 Henry Stube 403 W. 45th st., N. Y. City. 
 
 Theo. Stillwell Morrisville, N. J. 
 
 Mrs. J. Speller Southfield, N. Y. 
 
 Frank Sheridan 10 Court st., Newark, N. J. 
 
 Peter Smith 14 High st., Elizabeth, N. J. 
 
 F. E. Stickel Staatsburg, Duchess Co., N. Y. 
 
 James Stephens 80 Orange st., Newark, N. J. 
 
 Alexander Spalding Cold Spring, N. Y. 
 
 Joseph Stankiev. *cz Navesink, N. J. 
 
 Henry Stingel 12 Main st., Yonkers, N. Y. 
 
 James M. Stoll Hainsville, N. J. 
 
 J. W. Shaw Kingston, N. Y. 
 
 J. Shepherd. Unionville, N. Y. 
 
THE VETERINARIAN. 
 
 W. Con. J. Smith Keyport, N. J. 
 
 John J. Smith Peekskill, N. Y. 
 
 T. 
 
 J. L. Tice 133 Main St., Yonkers, N. Y. 
 
 John M. Todd German Valley, N. J. 
 
 J. Tremper West Nyack, N. Y. 
 
 E. Traphagen Suffren, N. Y. 
 
 Peter Tucker Denville, N. J. 
 
 Townley Drug Co Newark, N. J. 
 
 T. E. Tharp Flanders, N. J. 
 
 John Thompson Main st., Woodbridge, N. J. 
 
 U. 
 
 John Umberham^r. ...Ferry st., and Hamburg place, 
 Newark, N. J. 
 
 V. 
 
 Fred. Vogt S. Rondout, N. Y. 
 
 D. E. Van Arden Tarrytown, N. Y. 
 
 A. V. Van Duyn Middlebush, N. J. 
 
 Mrs. M. E. Van Camp, 180 Brunswick ||st., Newark, 
 N. J. 
 
 Wm. Vreeland Danville, N. J. 
 
 Fred. Vollmer Chester, N. Y. 
 
 J. H. Vreeland 280 Halsey st., Newark, N. J. 
 
 Martin Van Dyke Stuyvesant Falls, N. Y. 
 
 Benjamin Vail Hughsonville, N. Y. 
 
 A. J. Van Winkle, 404 Harrison av., E. Newark, N. J. 
 
REFERENCES. 
 
 C. J. Vaninwegen Hugenut, N. Y. 
 
 Vliet & Moore 418 Broad st., Newark, N. J. 
 
 W. 
 
 Geo. W. Way Bloomfield, N. J. 
 
 Wells Bros., 648, 650 & 652 Communipaw av., Jersey 
 City, N. J. 
 
 W. E. Warn Keyport, N. J. 
 
 Chas. H. Ward New Market, N. J. 
 
 Whitehead's Pharmacy Elizabeth, N. J. 
 
 J. W. Wiley Trenton, N. J. 
 
 John B. Welch Easton, Pa. 
 
 M. Woolston Florence, N. J. 
 
 C. P. Wilcox Westfield, N. J. 
 
 J. H. Wheeler Jenkintown, Pa. 
 
 T. C. Whalon .Chalfant, Pa. 
 
 H. B. Weaver Burlington, N. J. 
 
 J. E. Williver Bloomsbury, Pa. 
 
 W. A. Wagner West Nanticoke, Pa. 
 
 D. B. Wickham Hawley, Pa. 
 
 Jacob Willever Belviderc, N. J. 
 
 S. Walling & Co Matawan, N. J. 
 
 Whiteall, Tatum & Co. . . .46 Barclay st., N. Y. City. 
 
 D. D. Williams Haverstraw, N. Y. 
 
 Matthias Wortz Rhinebeck, N. Y. 
 
 D. H. Wortman Broadway, Long Branch, N. J. 
 
 Wm. F. Weidner, 35 Washington st., E. Newark, 
 
 N. J. 
 
THE VETERINARIAN. 
 
 J. A. Warrender 620 Orange st., Newark, N. J. 
 
 Gottfried Wieland Milford, Pa. 
 
 W. A. Ward , Brookside, N. J. 
 
 Z. 
 
 Zipf Bros 64 Bowery st., Newark, N. J. 
 
INDEX. 
 
 Page. 
 
 Air 9 
 
 Administering medicines 21 
 
 Amputation of the Penis 108 
 
 Azoturia 157 
 
 Amaurosis 169 
 
 Aborting, (cows) 238 
 
 Appendix 271 
 
 Bedding 12 
 
 Bran. . . 19 
 
 Breaking 24 
 
 Bleeding 106 
 
 Breaking down Ill 
 
 Bots 164 
 
 Bronchitis 174 
 
 Broken Wind 188 
 
 Bone Spavin 193 
 
 Bloody Urine 204 
 
 Blood Spavin, Bog Spavin and Thoroughpin 209 
 
 Biting 218 
 
 Breech Presentation, (cows) 236 
 
 Colic 67 
 
 Cerebro Spinal Meningitis 71 
 
 Corns 77 
 
 Couching 86 
 
 Cramp 88 
 
 Casting 100 
 
 Calculus or Stony Concretion 119 
 
 Castration 123 
 
 Capped Elbow or Shoe Boil 160 
 
 Cleansing the Sheath 160 
 
 Canker 178 
 
 Crib Biting 182 
 
Paok. 
 
 Chi-onic Cough . .189 
 
 Curb 200 
 
 Carditis 212 
 
 Cut of Veterinary Medicine Chest 223 
 
 Cows 225 
 
 Contageous Pleuro Pneumonia 248 
 
 Colic in Dogs 254 
 
 Canker, (dogs) 255 
 
 Constipation, (sheep) 265 
 
 Caponizing Roosters 266 
 
 Drench 23 
 
 Diarrhoea 116 
 
 Docking , 129 
 
 Dentition of Animals 150 
 
 Diseases of the Liver 151 
 
 Decayed Structure of the Liver 153 
 
 Distemper, (see also Pink Eye) 171 
 
 Disease of the Heart 211 
 
 Disease of the Head. .213 
 
 Diarrhoea in Calves 230 
 
 Diseases of the Udder, (cows) 239 
 
 Dogs 252 
 
 Distemper, (dogs) .258 
 
 Diarrhoea, (sheep). 264 
 
 Distemper in Fowls 266 
 
 Extracting Teeth 150 
 
 Enteritis or Inflammation of the Bowels 190 
 
 Extraction of a Calf on its Back 236 
 
 Food 15 
 
 Flour 19 
 
 Forging 56 
 
 Faroy 85 
 
 Fistulous Withers 95 
 
 Firing 114 
 
 Falling of the Sole 171 
 
 False Quarters 205 
 
 Founder 206 
 
 Fractures 209 
 
 Forelegs Presenting, (calving) 233 
 
 Foul in the Foot 243 
 
 Fleas, (dogs) 256 
 
 Foot Rot, (sheep) 260 
 
 Fowls.... 266 
 
 Glanders 79 
 
 Grease Heels 180 
 
 Grubs in the Nostrils of Sheep 262 
 
 Hay 20 
 
 How to make a horse lie down 25 
 
 How to accustom a horse to a bit 26 
 
 How to saddle a colt 28 
 
 How to mount a colt — 31 
 
 How to ride a colt \ 34 
 
Page. 
 
 Horseshoeing 41 
 
 Hydrocele 88 
 
 Hernia 112 
 
 Hair Ball 119 
 
 Hepatirrhoea 152 
 
 Head Presenting, without legs, (cows) 235 
 
 Inflammation of the Lungs 75 
 
 Inflamed Veins 99 
 
 Inordinate Appetite 117 
 
 Inflammation of the Liver 154 
 
 Inflammation of the Membrane Nictitans 168 
 
 Inflammation 176 
 
 Inflammation of the Bladder 201 
 
 Inflammation of the Brain 214 
 
 Injuries to the Teats, (cows) 242 
 
 Indigestion, (dogs) 252 
 
 Inversion of the Uterus 245 
 
 Inflammation of the Lungs, (sheep; 263 
 
 Jaundice 156 
 
 Light 13 
 
 Linseed 20 
 
 Locked- jaw 81 
 
 Lampas 219 
 
 Loss of Cud, (cows) 231 
 
 Lice, (dogs) 257 
 
 Mange 90 
 
 Megrims 215 
 
 Method of Spaying 225 
 
 Mammites 239 
 
 Milk, or Purpural Fever, (cows) 250 
 
 Neurotomy or Nerving 96 
 
 Nicking 131 
 
 Navicularthritis 171 
 
 Not Lying Down 184 
 
 Natural Labor, (cows) 232 
 
 Oats 17 
 
 Oatmeal 17 
 
 Oesophagotomy 110 
 
 Ossification of the Lateral Cartilages 174 
 
 Ostitis 193 
 
 Open Joints 207 
 
 One Foreleg Presenting, (cows) 235 
 
 Obstruction at the end of the Teats 241 
 
 Obstruction in the Teats, (cows) 242 
 
 Overgrowth of Claws, (dogs) 260 
 
 Pricked 57 
 
 Pink Eye 60 
 
 Purpuria Hemorrhagica 64 
 
 Pneumonia 75 
 
 Poll Evil 93 
 
 Profuse Stalling 162 
 
 Peritonitis 192 
 
Page. 
 
 Parturation, (cows) 232 
 
 Perpetual Bulling, (cows) 251 
 
 Quarter Crack and Toe Crack 55 
 
 Roweling 114 
 
 Rupture of the Stomach 118 
 
 Roaring and Whistling 187 
 
 Ring Bone 196 
 
 Retention of Urine 202 
 
 Removal of the Afterbirth, (cows) 228 
 
 Stable Management 12 
 
 Surfeit 87 
 
 Saddle and Harness Galls 89 
 
 Surgical Cases 96 
 
 Simple Opthalmia 103 
 
 Specific Opthalmia 104 
 
 Strangulation of the Intestines 120 
 
 Slobbering 151 
 
 Stoppage of Water 162 
 
 Stones in the Bladder 163 
 
 Scratches 179 
 
 Swollen Limbs 181 
 
 Strangles, (see also Pink Eye) 185 
 
 Splints 197 
 
 Stifled or Dislocation of the Patella 199 
 
 Strains of the Knee 201 
 
 Sweenie 207 
 
 Spring Halt 208 
 
 Stomach Staggers 216 
 
 sdy Toe 221 
 
 of Labor, (cows) 232 
 
 jre t Chapoed Teats and Chafed Udder 243 
 
 oalt ". 244 
 
 Staggers 245 
 
 Stomach of a Cow 252 
 
 Sore Feet, (dogs) 259 
 
 Sheep 260 
 
 Sheep Wash for Vermin 262 
 
 The Pulse 10 
 
 The proper way to bit a colt .27 
 
 To break a horse to harness 36 
 
 To Prevent Interfering 
 
 Tenotomy 107 
 
 Tapping the Chest 109 
 
 Tracheotomy 115 
 
 Thrush 222 
 
 The Teeth 135 
 
 Tetenus or Locked-jaw, (cows) 243 
 
 Ticks, (dogs) 257 
 
 Tympanites, (sheep) 265 
 
 To make Hens Lay 266 
 
 Ulceration of the Udder 95 
 
 Unnatural Labor, (cows) 7 238 
 
Page. 
 
 Vermin in Cattle .244 
 
 White Water 18 
 
 Wheat, Barley, Rye, etc i. 18 
 
 Warranty 38 
 
 Water 59 
 
 Worms 121 
 
 Water Farcy 181 
 
 Wind Sucking 183 
 
 Wolf 1 eath 187 
 
 Warts 220 
 
 Warts, (dogs) 255 
 
 Worms, " 257 
 
a> 
 
 rr 
 
 
LIBRARY OF CONGRESS 
 
 002 843 245 8