Class Book ,D*T -C' ( o U. S.MAIL LINE AMERICAN EXPRESS LINE -/ •J-'P: NIAGARA FALLS, BUFFALO ^/if/}^--t^^^f^7- o /V>4 ^O^Sr ^imnE^CE STEAM-BO^^ ^ ^ ^ f y rjrCi^ STEAMERS _r? BAY STATE, 0^TAR1O,N0RTHtRNER, ^. ., CATAJLA-er,lNi4CARA,L4DYaffiH*4AjKEfe^^ ^' '^r ^ ^ NEW YOni^ ^ 1^ i: ROCMESTCR. vW^^- :uiau(l;ii 1 f2. 'Em AMERICAN LINES. ONTARIO AND ST. LAWRENCE STEAMBOAT COMPANY'S^ HAND-BOOK FOR TRAVELERS TO NIAGAEA PALLS, MONTREAL AND QUEBEC, AND THROUGH LAKE CHAMPLAIJS" TO SARATOGA SPRINGS. Illustratcti hiiti) jHaps, antt Kumcrnus Engrabii.ijs From Original Sketches. BUFFALO: PUBLISHED BY JEWETT, THOMAS e connectino; the main land to o O o the Islands. The Rapids are far from being the most uninte- resting feature of Niagara. Many, however, do not appreciate them at first sight; they are so desirous of seeing the greater wonder, that they bestow but a passing glance upon them. To those who pause, and contemplate, there is about them something ex- ceedingly beautiful and sublime. You feel yourself regarding them in their mad whirls and plunges rushing on to the awful brink, as something almost human, and seem to have a feeling of pity for the fate that awaits them. Arriving upon " Bath Island," visitors are requested to enter their names in a book, kept for that purpose, and pay a small fee, which gives them the privilege '^ fit is "* GOAT ISLAND. 41 of crossing the bridge at tlieir pleasure during the year. A short bridge leads to Goat Island, and the first visit is generally made to the American Fall. Goat Island has, by the good taste of the owner, been left in a state of nature, except so far as clearing- out the underbrush, and making paths convenient for visitors; and the approach to the Fall is through the primitive forest, whose overhanging branches almost entirely exclude the sunshine, and this sub- dued light adds another charm to the scene. There is a path leading to the very brink of the fall, and one involuntarily clasps tightly the shrubs and trees upon the bank, while endeavoring to catch a glimpse of the abyss. Should the day be one of sunshine, the rainbow below the Fall is well worth traveling- scores of miles to behold. Looldng down upon a rainbow is certainly something different from every day experience. Connected with Goat Island, by a rustic bridge, is Luna Island; and it was here that, three years since, a most tragical occurrence took place. A young man playfully approached a little girl, who was standing upon the extreme verge of the island, without her perceiving him, and upon his addressing her, became so frightened that her foot slipped, and she was precipitated into the current He plunged in after her, and succeeded in catching huld of her 42 nORSE-SHOE FALL. clothes, and endeavored to stay their headlong course by seizing a small shrub upon the bank, but the treach- erous earth gave way, and the next instant they were carried over the fall. Their bodies were fovmd ; that of the little girl, on the rocks just below the place where they fell, but that of the young man had drifted down nearly to the upper Suspension Bridge. We now resume our way to the Horse-Shoe Fall. This fall, viewed as a single object, is unquestionably one of the most sublime things in nature. It is impossible, by description, or by penciling, to convey an idea to the reader of the effect produced upon the beholder. One of the things about Niagara that makes a strong impression upon the spectator is the motion, and this of course is entirely lost in a drawing. This, no doubt, is the reason why the pictures of Niagara fall so far short of the reality. There is a pecidiarity, too, in the color of the water, which is of the brightest gTcen, and the upheaving of the snow- white foam contrasting so vividly with the emerald hue, needs to be seen to be appreciated. There is a small tower built upon a ledge of rocks, upon the brink of this Fall; it is forty-five feet in height, with winding steps to the top. It was built in 1833, and is connected by Terrapin Bridge with Goat Island. Within the past winter some of the rocks near the tower, and between the tower and VIEW LOOKINQ DOWN THE BIVEB. ENTRANCE TO THE CAVE OT THE WINDS. TABLE ROCK. 47 Island have fallen away, and there is a large rock that has not fallen, but slipped down several feet, where it remains. No one having time, should omit crossing the river; it has always been said, that nowhere does a person realize the height and grandeur of the Falls, as from the ferry boat; and it is from the center of the river that they are viewed as a whole, and the eye at one glance is enabled to rest upon them in their imdivided grandeur and sublimity. The path to the right, near the Biddle Stair-case, leads to a magnificent cave, appropriately named, when it was first discovered many years since, JEolus' Cave, or Cave of the Winds. This cave is about one hundred and twenty feet across, sixty feet wide, and one hvmdred feet high; it is situated directly behind the center fall, which, at the bottom is more than one hundred and nine feet wide, and since the rocks have been excavated and steps made, visitors can pass into the cave, and entirely behind the sheet of water. Beyond this cave, at the foot of Luna Island, there is an open space where persons may amuse themselves at leisure upon the rocks over which the floods are pouring, and then venture in as far as they please behind the whole American fall. Visitors can very often, when the wind blows down the river, pass a considerable distance behind the 48 CAVE OF THE WINDS. sheet of water within the cave, without getting wet. The view presented in the cave, in connection with the tremendous and astounding roar of waters, will enable visitors to appreciate the following beautiful and graphic lines of Brainard: The thoughts are strange that crowd upon my brain. While I look upward to thee. It would seem As if God poured thee from his hollow hand. And hung his how upon thy awful front, And spoke in that loud voice, which seemed to him Who dwelt in Patmos for his Sa\aour's sake, ' The sound of many waters ; ' and hath bade Thy sound to chronicle the ages hack. And notch His centuries in the eternal rock. Deep calleth unto deep. And what are we. That hear the question of the voice sublime ? Oh I what are all the notes that ever rung From war's vain trampet, by thy thundering side ? Tea, what is all the riot man can make In his short life, to thy unceasing roar ? And yet, bold babbler, what art thou to Him Wlio drowned a world, and heaped the waters far Above its loftiest mountains ? — a light wave. That breaks and whispers of its Maker's might. A very pleasant way of accomplishing a large amount of sight-seeing in two or three hours is, after returning from the island, to take one of the many TABLE KOCK. 49 carriages there in Availing, drive down on the Amer- ican side, visiting the Devil's Hole, cross the great Suspension Bridge at Lewiston, and return on the Canada side, visiting Brock's Monument on Queens- ton Heights, battle-field at Lundy's Lane, and the different points of interest about the Canadian side at the Falls, and then cross the river by the Ferry. Those who do not desire to cross in the boat, can cross on the upper Suspension Bridge. Table Rock is about a hundred rods above the landing. In the spring of 1850 a large portion of it broke away, and has changed the appearance of it very much. The time of its falling was fortunately the dinner hour of the hotels, consequently, but one or two persons were on the rock at the time, and they saw the danger in time to escape. There are portions of it still threatened with the same fate. It was upon Table Rock that these beautiful lines of Mrs. SiGOURNEY were written: Flow on, forever, in thy glorious robe Of terror and of beauty. God hath set His rainbow on thy forehead, and the cloud Mantles around thy feet ; and he doth give Thy voice of thunder power to speak of Him Eternally — bidding the lip of man Keep silence, and upon thy rocky altar pour Incense of sweet praise. 3 50 lundy's lane. LUNDY'S LANE. One mile and a half from the I'alls is the battle- ground of Lundy's Lane. The battle was fought on the 25th of July, 1814. The American army, under command of Major- General Brown, had taken a position at Chippewa. About noon, on that day, he received information that the British were landing at Lewiston, preparatory to marching to Schlosser, and capturing a quantity of baggage and stores there deposited. To draw the British from this move. Gen- eral Brown decided to put his troops in motion toward Queenston. General Scott with the "1st brigade Towson's artiller)% and all the dragoons and mount- ed men," were put in march, to report the movements of the enemy. When General Scott reached the Falls, he found the English directly in his front, a narrow sti'ip of woods only intervening. Supposing that a portion of the British had crossed the Niagara, what was his astonishment to find that the information received by General Brown was incorrect, and that here was a large force drawn up in order of battle, a force larger than that they had encountered a few TH SEATTLE. 61 days before on the plains of Chippewa. To pause was to be lost, and General Scott's decision was to advance without waiting for reinforcements; and for an hour these troops sustained the conflict, before others could be brought to their relief. The battle commenced at the close of a warm summer day, and continued till near midnight. The enemy's artillery occupied a strong position on an eminence, and it was found necessary to capture this artillery, and seize the height. General Brown said to Colonel Miller, " Sir, can you take that battery ? " "I will try," was the reply, a phrase now become identified with the memory of this gallant soldier. It was at this battle that the original of Cooper's " Spy " was killed ; a fitting death scene for such a character. Returning again to the American side of the Falls, carriages are in waiting to convey passengers over a plank road to Lewiston, Avhere they are to take pass- age on the Lake Ontario Steamers. This road runs along the great gorge supposed to have been worn by the Falls of Niagara as they receded toward Lake Erie. This idea is by no means without weight, as there are persons now living near the Falls, who can remember when they presented quite a different appearance from the present, caused by the breaking off of the rocks from the abrading action of water, and frost. 52 MINERAL SPRING. A railroad is now about being built, running through this gorge, from the Falls to Lewiston, and will, when completed, add still more to the pleasure of the trip. Two miles below the Falls, the river is crossed by a Suspension Bridge. This was built a few years since, but was not finished in the style at first designed, and presents a striking contrast to the large bridge at Lewiston. MINERAL SPRING. Near the Suspension Bridge is the "Mineral. Spring," welling up among the rocks, into a stone basin. The water is strongly impregnated with sul- phur, and contains also lime and magnesia. A chaste little temple covers this famous Spring. A short distance below, we come to the Whirlpool. This is formed by the river making a bend almost at rif'ht angles, and the current being extremely swift, it forms a large whirlpool. Flights of steps have been placed down the bank, so that the descent can be THE WHIRLPOOL. S3 made with perfect safety; and althougli somewliat fatiguing, yet one is compensated for the trouble. The banks of the river are so high, that, from the top, the peculiar effect of the whirl is lost. VIEW OF THE WHIKLPOOL. 54 devil's holk. devil's hole Three miles from the Falls, wc come to the Devil's Hole. It was at this point, on the 14th September, 1763, that a party of French and Indians waylaid a detachment of English on their return from Schlosser to Fort Niagara, then in possession of the English. -A small stream here crosses the road, and, from the fact of its waters having been reddened by the blood of the slauglitered, it was called "Bloody Run," which name it still retains. The French and Indians had laid their plans so well, and so entirely surrounded the English, that only two remained to tell the tale. BLOODY RUN. One of tliese, a Mr. Siedman, residing at Schlosser, was on horseback ; the Indians seized the bridle, and attempted to lead him into the woods ; Stedman drew a knife, cut the bridle loose, and, being mounted upon a powerfid animal, and spurring it to its utmost speed, escaped amid a shower of balls. He afterward insti- tuted a claim to the possession of the land round which he rode on his escape, on pretence of its having been a gift to him from the Indians; they supposing him to be endowed with some supernatural powers, from his escaping from them; and he contested the matter at law, with the persons who had purchased their title from the state, but the question was decided against him. The other was a lad of the name of Matthews, a drummer. Seeing death at the hands of the savages inevitable, he made a leap from the bank, and his drum-strap catching in a tree, he was saved from instant destruction. Extricating himself from the branches, he descended to the water, and crept silently under cover of the bank to Fort Niagara. He after- ward resided on the Canada side of the river, below Queenston; carried on the business of chair-making, and lived to relate his strange escape till the good old age of ninety. 56 LEWISTOK'. L K W I S T O N L A N D r N O . L E W I S T N . Three miles below tlie Dkvil's Hole, is the vil- lage of Lewiston. It lies upon a beautiful tract of country, whicli extends south from the mountain ridge to Lake Ontario, and east and west two hundred miles. The vicAV from the top of the mountain, just before you begin to descend, looking toward Lewiston, is very fine ; the windings of the Niagara, the different points jutting into the river, the peculiar hue of the water; the forest extending, in many places apparently unbroken, to the Lake ; Fort Niag-ara, and the Cana- dian village of Niagara, at the mouth of the river; the liighlands of Toronto, forty miles distant, but distinctly seen on a bright day, their dark tints vividly contrasting FORT GREY. 59 "with the deep blue waters of Ontario — all combine to give a character and variety to the scene rarely equaled. On the left hand is a point of land on Vv'hich, during the last war, was erected a battery, called Fort Grey. Here the French Avhile in posses- sion of the country, erected a small railway, to enable them to transport their goods up the mountain. It was composed of timbers laid firmly upon foundations of stone, and the power made use of was capstans and windlasses. The timbers have long since mould- ered away, but the course of the railway can still be ascertained by the stone abutments which remain. In Father Hennepin's account of his voyage he speaks of the " three mountains " — he must have in- cluded first, the high bank of the river, next the pla- teau upon which the towers of the Suspension Bridge are built, and last, the main ridge or mountain. Lewiston, before the building of the Erie Canal, was a place of considerable importance. At that time large quantities of goods, and salt from Onondaga, designed for the western country, were brought in vessels to Lewiston, and carried in wagons across the Portage to Schlosser, and then re-shipped. Upon the completion of the canal, this trade ceased, and the village has increased but slowly. The Suspension Bridge, at this point, is one of the most remarkable works of the day. Spanning the 60 SUSPENSION BRIDGE. Niagara, it is supported by ten cables -;- five upon a side — resting upon towers of cut stone, the ends running into the earth, and secured to anchors drilled into the solid rock, six or seven feet. Each cable is composed of two hundred and fifty strands of No. 10 wire, placed parallel and firmly bound together, the whole length, by another wire. The distance between the points of suspension, or span, is one thousand and forty feet; width of road- way, twenty feet. This, the longest suspension bridge in the world, Avas erected by a few gentlemen upon each side of the river, in 1850, under the superintendence of E. AV. Serrell, C. E. The law authorizing the construction of the work, required that, upon its completion, it should be tested by one of the Judges of the Supreme Court. After he had examined the structure in detail, a number of wagons loaded with gravel and sand, and several car- riages, Avere driven upon the bridge, extending the whole length ; but the weight of these made no im- pression upon it, so substantially is it built. The loca- tion of this bridge is one of the most desirable points between the two lakes for a railroad crossinp-, beino- at the head of navigation from Lake Ontario, and on a level with the great plain already spoken of, extending from near Oswego westward, through Canada. QUEENSTON. 61 QUE ENS TON. The \'illage of Queenston, at the Canadian termi- nation of the bridge, is celebrated as tlie scene of one of the hardest fiohts durino- the last war with Great Britain. This occurred on the 13th of October, 1812, A portion of the American army, commanded by Colonel Van Rensselaer, crossed the river early in the morn- ing, with the expectation that the militia were to be brought over as rapidly as the number of their boats would allow. After a severe fight, the Ameiicans obtained possession of the Enghsh batteries; but this \ictory, so dearly won, was lost to them from the cowardice of tbe troops remaining on the American side of the river, who, at this moment, refused to cross, alleging the unconstitutionality of the act. The few brave men who held possession of the heights Avere wearied and worn out, and with but little ammu- nition remaining, their case seemed almost hopeless. A large reinforcement of troops from Fort George now arrived under command of General Brock ; yet even under these discouraging circumstances, they resolved 62 QUEENSTON. to make one effort more, and gallantly cliarged upon the advancing troops. The English at first gave way, and it was in attempting to rally them that General Brock was killed, and his aid. Colonel McDonald, re- ceived a mortal wound. They were once more brought to the attack, and longer resistance being hopeless, the Americans surrendered to General Sheafe, who had taken command upon the death of General Brock. A monument erected to the memory of General Brock stands on the Heights. This was commenced in the year 1824, and finished in 1826, at which time the bodies of General Brock and his aid, Colonel McDonald, were brought from Niagara and reinterred with military honors. In the spring of 1839, a miscreant, who had been obliged to leave Canada for his participation in the political troubles of 1838, conceived the idea of dt;- molishing this monument, erected to the memory of a good man and gallant soldier, and succeeded in plac- ing a quantity of powder in the lower part, with a slow-match attached. The explosion took place about four o'clock in the morning, and the repoft was like that of one of the heaviest pieces of artillery. The explosion shattered the monument very much, but did not entirely destroy it. The feeling of indio-nation against the author of this outrage was not greater on the Canadian than on the American side of the river, brock's monument. LEWISTON. 65 for General Brock was a man liigUy esteemed by botli parties. The view on jDage sixty-three exhibits the monument as it now appears, since the attempt to destroy it. Some steps have been taken to repair it; but for some reason, it has not been accompUshed. The site of the village of Lewiston was the home of the Mohawk Indians, after leaving the banks of the river bearing their name. This was once the resi- dence of their celebrated cliief, Joseph Brant, " Thay- endenega," who, with his followers, here formed a considerable village. Turner, in his interesting his- tory of " The Holland Purchase," gives an account of an Episcopal church at tliis place,*which will be read with interest: "There was a log church, in which the Episcopal service was usually read upon Sundays, by some one attached to the British garrison at Niag- ara; and occasionally a British arm}!- chaplain, or a missionary, would be present." The Protestant Epis- copal Church, " in any history of its origin and pro- gress in western New York, may well assume that, beyond the garrison at Niagara, Brant's rude log church was the spot where its services were first held. Upon a humble log church there could, of course, be no belfry or steeple. The bell that was brought fi-om the Mohawk, was hung upon a cross-bar resting in the crotch of a tree, and rang by a i-ope attached." 66 YOUNG ST OWN. Three miles from Lewiston is an Indian village of tlie TuscARORAs. Here is a small church, with a res- ident missionary ; the services are quite interesting to strangers; the minister dehvers his discourse, a sen- tence at a time, in English, and their chief translates it into the Indian tongue. It is a pleasant drive of six miles from the Falls, and is visited by a great number of travelers. We are now ready to embark in one of the beau- tiful American steamers, which are unsurpassed for beauty of decoration, comfort, and convenience of arrangements, or seaworthy qualities. The character of the scenery of the Niagara is en- tirely changed at Lewiston. The river, after emerging from the high banks at the bi'ow of the mountain, sweeps on in a majestic and tranquil current to the lake, as though wearied with the tierce strife in which it had been enffas:ed. The> shores lose their wildness, but retain their beauty, and are Uned on either side, with fine farms and beautiful groves. The first stopping-place is the village of Youngs- town, sL\ miles below Lewiston. This is a small town named after its founder, the late John Young, Esq. Its site was the battle-ground, on the 24th of July, 1759, of the French and Indians, under the command of Mons. D'AuBREY, and the English and Indians, com- manded by General Prideaux, and, after his death. NIAGARA. 67 by Sir William Johnson. This battle resulted in the capture of Fort Niagara. The Canadian villao-e of Niagara is situated oppo- site Youngstown; it was formerly called Newark. Fort George was taken by the Americans, on the 29th of May, 1813. On the 10th of December, of the same year, the village of Newark was burned by the orders of General McClure. The fort was de- stroyed at the same time, and was never rebuilt. The remains of the old embankments, a short distance above the present village, can be distinctly seen from the steamer. About one mile below these embankments is a fort, constructed by the British, called I'ort Massasaugua. A small garrison is usually stationed there. /^ 'W 'ife:';: FORT MASSASAUGUA. 68 FORT NIAGARA. FORT NIAGARA, On the American side, is one of the most interesting points on this frontier. In 16 08, La Salle here erected some buildings enclosed with palisades, which were burned by the Senecas in 1675. To revenge this, was one cause of the French expedition, under Denonville, into the country of the Senecas. On their return, in 1687, they took formal possession, in the name of the king of France, of the land, to build a fort thereon. In 1688, orders were received by the Sieur Desbergeres, the commandant of the fort, from the Marquis De Denonville, " to demolish the forti- fication, with the exception of the cabins and quar- ters," and to take a memorandum " of the condition in which we leave said quarters which will remain entire, to maintain the possession his majesty and the French have for a long time had on this continent." Among the matters enumerated in this memorandum, was " a large, framed, wooden cross, eighteen feet in height," and bearing an inscription, of which that upon the cross is a facsimile, " which was erected on last good FORT NIAGARA. 71 REGAf-Vl^^c-^tMP-CH ?iSj Friday, by all tlie oflBcers, and solemnly blessed by Rev. Father Millet." The place seems to have been abandoned by the French from this time till 1725, at which time the mess-house and other storehouses were built. On the 6th of July, 1759, General Pride aux land- ed on the lake shore, just below the mouth of the 72 PORT NIAGARA. river, with a large force of English, and a " thousand fighting men " of the Indians, and besieged Niagara. Tlie battle before alluded to in the sketch of Youngs- town, took place on the 24th; and on the 25th, the English took possession of the fortification. They retained it until 1796, when it was given up to the Americans. It was again taken by the English on the night of the 19th December, 1813, and held by them till after the peace of 1815. Within a fcw years, this fort has been thoroughly repaired, and a new wall constructed. During the progress of these repairs, many relics of former days were found. The entrances to several underground passages were discovered, but owing to their ruinous state, they were not entered: could this have been done, no doubt many interesting discoveries would have been made. In the dungeons of the mess-house were formerly the remains of many instruments of torture, and chains fii-mly fastened in the wall. The walls were covered with names scratched upon them, many ap- parently with a nail. A French gentleman visited here a few years since, and in his explorations, found among these names that of an ancestor Avho had mys- teriously disappeared during a period of political ex- citement in France ; thus proving that these dvmgeons were sometimes used for state prisoners. Could the FORT NIAGARA. 73 walls of the old " mess house," which can be seen from the boat, be gifted with speech, what strange tales they could relate ! In these halls, the polished French, and " gentle ladies " had held their revels, and mingling with them were the " red warriors," the mere recital of some of whose deeds of cruelty would cause a shudder. After the occupation by the English, it was a favorite post, and strange and varied were the scenes which passed within its walls. The traditions and stories connected with this old fort would fill volumes. There are two lines of American steamers leaving Lewiston daily, — the Express Line at 12 o'clock, by which passengers are enabled to see Toronto and the other towns upon the Canadian side of lake Ontario, and arrive in Montreal the following afternoon, passing the Thousand Islands and the Rapids by daylight. 74 TORONTO. TORONTO. This city, formerly called Little York, is cele- brated in history as the place where General Pike was killed by the explosion of a magazine, at the time of its capture by the Americans, April 27th, 1813. It now contains about twenty-five thousand inhabitants, and is one of the most flourishing of her majesty's Canadian towns. The United States Mail Line, running upon the American side, leaves Lewiston at 3 o'clock, p m. After leaving Fort Niagara, passengers have a pleas- ant sail along the shore of the beautiful Ontario, which is interspersed with flourishing villages and fine farms, until they arrive at the Genesee river. The river is navigable five miles, and the steamboat landing at that point is Avithin the limits of the city of Rochester. The lower falls of the Genesee are about half a mile above the landing. The Indians called this Gas- coucnAGOU ; and it is described in a letter, written in 1775, as "a river unknown to geographers, and filled with rapids and waterfalls." The Genesee, below the Falls, is a quiet stream, shut in by lofty banks, and GENESEE RIVER. its course being exceedingly winding, adds much to its beauty. On the bank of this river, three miles below the present city of Rochester, the first Ameri- can vessel was built, in 1798. She was of thu-ty tons burden, and was called the " Jemima." After leaving the Genesee, the steamers make no stop till they arrive at Oswego, where passengers can take the cars in the morning, and arrive at Albany in time for the boats and cars for New York and Bos- ton, the same afternoon. — ''"''UiM~i^f/L. 76 OSWEGO. OSWEGO. The Indian name of this place was Choueguen. The first settlement was made in 1727, by the Eng- lish, who built a trading house and fortified it, on the west side of the river. This gave great displeasure to the French; and in July of the same year, the Marquis Beauharnais, Governor General of Canada, called upon the English to surrender their fort. This modest request was not complied with. In 1755, the English built a fort on the east side of the river, on the present site of Fort Ontario. The first English vessel on this lake was built at Choueguen, and launched June 28th, 1755. On the 11th of August, 1756, the Marquis De Montcalm appeared before the place with a large force of French and Indians, and after a siege of three days, the Eng- hsh surrendered. The French obtained possession of a large amount of property, consisting of arms, pro- visions, and several vessels ; also, " three boxes of sil- ver, and the military chest containing £18,000." The traditions connected vsith the seizure of this silver and money, are no doubt the origin of the schemes of dig- ging for treasures so often entered into, and even at OSWEGO. V9 the present time going on, in the neighborhood of the old fort. After taking possession of their plunder, the French entirely destroyed the fortification, and returned pos- session of the land to the Onondaga Indians, " to be held by them forever." It was rebuilt by the English about the year 1759. Just before the American Revolution, they very much strengthened this fortification. They retained posses- sion of it till 1796, w^hen it was given up to the United States. An attack was made by the English upon this post, in May 1814, when it was com- manded by Colonel Mitchell, who succeeded in retreat- ing m good order, and securing a large portion of his stores. The English landed and destroyed the ord- nance, and, taking a quantity of property from the village, embarked and retired. Fort Ontario has, within a few years, been thor- oughly repaired, and is now a very strong position. May the time never again come when its guns shall be needed to repulse an enemy from our shores. Oswego is now a flourishing city of about fifteen thousand inhabitants. Here is the termination of a railroad connecting at Syracuse with the central line of railroad to Albany. A new railroad will soon be built to Binghampton, and when finished, will make Oswego the great coal depot of lake Ontario and 80 OSWEGO. Canada. After the completion of this road, the differ- ence in distance between Oswego and New York, and Oswego and Philadelphia, will be only about twenty nailes. Oswego is also the terminus of the Oswego canal, connecting at Syracuse with the Erie canal. It is a place of great commercial importance, there being a large commerce between this port and the upper Lakes and Canada. Here, also, are some of the finest flouring mills in the world, and immense quantities of flour are annually exported. The large starch factory, at this place, forwarded specimens of its manufacture to the World's Fair, and received a premium. The steamer leaves Oswego about eight o'clock in the morning, and, after a pleasant sail of three hours, arriA^es at the naval post of Sackett's Harbor. This is a small town situated on the north-eastern shore of lake Ontario, distant from Oswego about forty-five miles, and twenty from the river St. LaAv- rence. It was purchased and taken possession of by Mr. Sackett, of Jamiaca, L. I., in 1799. In 1801 only three families had settled here, in consequence of a prejudice at that time existing against settlements on the lake shore, on account of the supposed un- healthiness of so large a body of fresh water. This place was the great naval station on the Lak'c duringf the last war with Great Britain. All the ^,lW;!:|!||p||;|:'| !'■;.„ «.^'iii"..,/,l;';ii*«' sackett's iiarbou. 83 vessels of war, with the exception of the Oneida, which was built at Oswego in 1808, were built at this port, under the superintendence of Henry Eckford, Esq^ who died a few years since at Constantinople, whither he had gone to superintend the building of some vessels for the sultan. In the ship-house, on the point at the entrance of the harbor, is now remaining, in a state of good pres- ervation, a ship of the line of one hundred guns, which was commenced in 1814; but peace being declared soon after, it was never finished. In thirty days from the time the timber was growing in the woods, the ship was advanced to its present state, and it was the intention of the builder in sixty days more to have had her ready for sea. Sackett's Harbor was attacked by the English, com- manded by Sir George Provost, on the 30th May 1813. They effected a landing, but after a severe fight were driven back to their boats, and retreated, leaving many of their wounded. Unfortunately, the officers in charge of the naval stores, fearing they might fall into the hands of the English, set fire to the buildings, and the immensely valuable stores taken at " Little York," were consumed. There is an extensive military post here, called "Madison Barracks." In 1816, the first American steamer on this Lake, 84 STEAMER ONTARIO was built here, and called the Ontario. She was about one hundred and ten feet l«jng on deck, had a beam engine, thirty-four inch cylinder, and four feet stroke. It was then considered unsafe to have any structure on deck, larger than a small cabin on the quarterdeck for the ladies. The Ontario was finally laid by in 1831. There is a railroad nearly completed from Sackett's Harbor to Pierrepoint Manor, a distance of about sixteen miles, and there connecting with the Rome and Cape Vincent Railroad. The Express Line of Steamers, after leaving Toronto, make their first stop at Cape Vincent, a small village delightfully situated at the entrance of the river St. Lawrence. Tliis, together with the neighboring village of Chatjmont, was named in honoa- of one of the early settlers, M. Vincent Le Ray be Chaumont. It lias been quite noted for having been the residence of several political adherents of the Emperor Napoleon , and a number of articles of his furniture and books were once deposited here, preparatory, it is said, to his seelving here an asylum. A railroad has just been completed from this place to Rome, by which passengers leaving here in the morning, can reach New York the same evening. This road passes through the pretty village of Brown- ville, the residence of the late Major General Brown ; also the village of AVaterxown, situated on Black !J||il!!"li';':f';:!!'H||i|J s'4''-, GRAND ISLAND. Bl river, and one of the most flourishing and Avell-built towns in the state. Lying between Cape Vincent and Kingston, is Grand Island, belonging to the English. Two small bays put into either side of this island; and at this point it is contemplated, the coming year, to construct a ship canal, a mile and a half long. By this moans vessels will avoid going round the head of the island, and diminish the distance about one half. Three miles beloAV Cape Vincent is Carleton Island, which is about three miles long and about one mile wide. At its head are the ruins of a fortification erected by the Frencli at an early day ; these can be distinctly seen from the steamer, many of the chim- neys remaining quite entire. At this island the French sunk two vessels, to prevent their falling into the hands of the English. The water being very clear, the remains of these can be distinctly seen, filled with gravel and stones. The United States Line of Steamers, after leaving Sackett's Harbor, in crossing over to Kingston, pass between the islands lying at the foot of lake Ontario, and those lying within the St. Lawrence. 88 KINGSTON. KITiTGSTON — irPPER CANADA. The Indian name of this place is Cadaracqui. The French commenced building a fort here in 1072, under the orders of M. De Coukcelles, then Gov- ernor of Canada. He returned to France the same year, and the fort was finished the next spring, under the orders of his successor, Count Frontenac, and called by his name. The command of it was after- ward given to M. De La Salle, Avho, in 16/8, rebuilt it with stone. The same year a bark of ten tons was launched. In 1688, upon hearing the news of the capture of Montreal by the Indians, the garrison set fire to the two boats they had built there, and aban- doned the fort, leaving matches connected with their ■''.■^Illilil KINGSTON. 91 store of powder, to, blow up tlie works. By some mismanagement, this was not effected, and upon the Indians' landing there some time after, they found quite a stock of powder remaining. This position was agiun garrisoned by the French, in 1689, and held by them till 1758, at which time an expedition, under command of Colonel Bhadstkeet, embarked from Oswego, and after two days hard fighting, he obtained possession of it, and destroyed the fort and vessels, and such articles as he could not bring away. The peace of 17G2 extinguished the French title, and, after its acquisition by the English, its name was changed to Ivingston. This was an important naval station of tlie English, during the war of 1812, and several ships, of the largest class, were built here. The post was can- nonaded by the American fleet under Commodore Chauncey, in 1812. Kingston is now one of the most important towns in Canada, and, next to Quebec, is the most strongly fortified. On Cedar Island is a martello tower ; on a point overlooking the town and navy-yard, is a strong forti- fication, called Fort Henry, and the harbor is defend- ed by several martello towers. After the union of the Provinces, this was, for a few years, the seat of gov- ernment. The building for the public offices and the 92 CLAYTON. market, is one of the finest on the continent. In front of it is a large battery, and a martello tower standing on a shoal in the harbor. Passengers have a fine view of the city and fortifi- cations from the steamer, in entering and departing from the harbor. On leaving Kingston, we enter upon the river St. Lawrence. The Thousand Islands commence here, but being quite large, are not numer- ous until you approach Clayton. This is a small village upon the American side, and is noted as the great rafting station of E. G. Merrick, Esq., where large ship-timber and staves are formed into rafts, and floated down the St. Lawrence to Mon- treal and Quebec. These rafts are often passed in de- scending the river, and from their requiring man}- men to navigate them, and their erecting upon them liLtle huts for shelter, at a little distance they present the appearance of a village. Mr. Merrick has here an extensive shipyard, wherein many of the vessels nav- igating the Lakes, and se\'eral of tlie fine steame;s belonging to the American Line, were built. This is also the residence of the well known Wm. Joiixsox, who figured in tlie late Canadian rebellion. In consequence of his participation in these troubles, he was obliged to secludt; himself from the search instituted for him by troops under the command of tho late General AVortii. It was during this seclusion -;t5?J' ,»^/- I'Au.lI'li ii i IT Ml ih of November, 1838, between the Canadian "Patriots," 110 CHIMNEY ISLAND. under the command of Von Siiultz, a Polish exile, and the English troops. The " Patriots " landed on the 12th, and succeeded in establishing themselves in the "Windmill, and the stone houses adjacent. After fighting for three or four days, a few made their escape, and the rest surrendered. The buildings, of which the walls are still standing, were then burnt. About four miles distant is the first rapid of the St. Lawrence. In the midst of this rapid is Chimney Island ; so called from the circumstance that several chimneys are still standing here which belonged to an old French fortitication. The islands between Ogdensburgh and Montreal, present an entirely different appearance from the thousand islands, the soil being tillable, and many of them highly cultivated. Eighteen miles below Ogdensburgh, we pass the village of Waddington. Directly in front of it is Ogden Island, which is beautiful and finel}^ cultivated. Upon it is the residence of J. Ogden, Esq. Between Ogdensburgh and Waddington are but two rapids, both of which are overcome by the pas- senger steamers in ascending the river: freight steam- ers pass through the canal. The steamer stops a few moments at the little villao-e of Williamsburgii, on the Canadian side. Just below this place is Cryseler's MASSENA SPRINGS. Ill Farm, Avbere a battle was fought on the 10th Novem- ber, 1813, between the English and the Americans commanded by General Wilkison, who, at that time, was descending the river to attack Montreal ; a plan which he afterward abandoned, and for which he was severely censured. The boat touches at a wharf in the towji of Louis- ville, about thirty miles below Ogdensburgh, from which there are stages to Massena Springs, a distance of seven miles. These springs are quite celebrated for the cure of dyspeptics and those afflicted with cutaneous disorders, and are becoming a place of great resort. We are now come to the entrance of the Long Sault. This is a rapid of nine miles; the river is divided, by an island, in the center; the usual passage of the steamers is on the south side. The water in this channel is not much broken, but runs with great velocity, and the passage is very narrow; it is said, that a raft will drift the nine miles in forty minutes. The passage on the north of the island is called the "Lost Channel," a name given to it from the fact that for many years it was believed by the French and English boatmen, that if a batteau, or raft accidentally drifted into it, it would inevitably be lost. Late examinations have been made, and steamboats have descended this channel, but the water being very ]12 ST. REGIS. rough and broken, and the current exceedingly rapid the south passage is run, as being more safe. Cornwall is a fine town situated at the foot of the Long Sault on the Canadian side. Here vessels on their way up the river, enter the Cornwall canal and are locked up above the rapids just described, coming out into the river, about twelve miles above. A little below Cornwall, on the American side of the river, is the Indian village of St. Regis. The 45° of north latitude, the boundary line be- tween the United States and Canada, passes through the center of this village; and from this point the course of the St. Lawrence is entirely within her Majesty's dominions. From St. Regis to Coteau du Lac, a distance of forty miles, the river expands very much, and receives the name of Lake St. Francis, and is interspersed with many beautiful islands. On the northern side of this lake, about midway, is situ- ated the village of Lancaster. This is principally a Scotch settlement. La front of it, on a small island, stands a large " cairn," erected in honor of Sir Joum COLBURN. COTEAU DU LAO. 115 COTEAU DU LAC. The CoTEAu is a small village at wlaicli the steamers make a short stop. It bears unmistakable evidence of its French origin, not only in its name, but in the style of its buildings. Travelers discern a great difference in the appearance of these villages, and those in the Upper Province. The former are clusters of steep- roofed houses, with their church in the midst. Along the banks of the river, attention is often attracted by large crosses of wood, surrounded by a railing; these are erected with great solemnity under the supervision of their priests, and the ground enclosed is considered as consecrated. Just below the village are the Coteau Rapids. These are much heavier than any yet passed. There is but a short space of unbroken water between them and the Cedars. This is a little village, possessing the same mai-ks of French origin as the Coteau. It was in the Rapids of the Cedars that a detachment of three hundred men, belonoinfr to General Amherst's brigade, on their way to attack Montreal, were lost. This was 116 MILITARY WORKS. owino' to the io-norance and unskillfulness of their pilots; and many of the bodies floated past Mon- treal, giving the French the first intelligence of their being on the river. During the Revolution, the Americans constructed some military works at this point, and it was garri- soned by about five hundred continental troops, under the command of Colonel Bedell. An expedition was fitted out from Oswegatchie, under the command of Captain Forster, and attended by a large number of Indians, led by Thayendenega, to capture this place. Colonel Bedell, hearing of their approach, went to Montreal to demand assistance of General Arnold, who was then in command, leaving the fort at the Cedars in the charge of Major Butterfield. Two days after, the enemy made their appearance and commenced an attack. Not having any artillery, they made but little impression upon the works ; and at the end of two days, only one man was wounded ; "yet, Major Butterfield, intimidated by the threat, that if any Indians were killed, it would be out of the power of Captain Forster to restrain them from a massacre, capitulated. The next day. Major Sher- BUNE, who had been dispatched by General Arnold, to the assistance of the Americans, approached, with- out hearing that Major Butterfield had surrendered. When within four miles of the Cedars, he was attacked THE RAPIDS. 117 by a party of Indians, and, after a fight of an hour, he also surrendered. Arnold, hearing of these misfortunes, inarched against the enemy, then at Vaudriel, intending to attack them, and recover the American prisoners. " When preparing for the engagement, he received a flag, accompanied by Major Sherbune, giving Mm the most positive assurances that if he made an attack, it would be out of the power of Captain Forster to prevent the savages, according to their custom, from disincumbering themselves of their prisoners, by put- ting them all to death. Under the influence of this threat, Arnold desisted from his purpose," and suc- ceeded in effecting an exchange of prisoners, on the Americans agTeeing to return immediately to their homes. A passage through this series of rapids is very ex- citing, even to those who have been over them many times. There is a peculiar motion to the vessel, in descending them, and you can feel her settling down, as she glides from one ledge to another. On passing the rapids of the Split Rock, a person unacquainted with the navigation of these rapids, will almost invol- untarily hold his breath, till this ledge of rocks, which, from the shallowness and transparency of the water, is distinctly seen from the deck of the steamer, is passed ; she seems to be running directly upon it, and 118 THE RAPIDS. you feel certain that slie "will strike; but a skillful hand is at the helm, — an instant more, and it is passed in safety. Beauharnais is a small village at the foot of the cascades, on the south bank of the river. Vessels here enter the Beauharnais Canal, which, in the dis- tance of fourteen miles, takes them around the rapids of the Cascades, Cedars, and Coteau, into lake St. Francis. On the north bank, a branch of the Ottawa enters the St. Lawrence. The water of this river is very dark colored, and does not readily mix with that of the St. Lawrence, which is very pure, and the hne of distinction between them can be traced for a con- siderable distance. The river ag-ain widens into a lake, called St. Louis, and a view is now had of Montreal mountain, nearly thirty miles distant In passing' through this lake, on the right is Nun's Island, which is beautifully cultivated, and belongs to the Grey Nunnery, at Montreal. It is easily distin- gnished by a long mound, having the appearance of being artificial, npon the south end of which, an im- mense cross is ei'ected. There are many islands in the vicinity of Montreal, belonging to the nunneries, and from which they derive large revenues. After passing lake St. Louis, we arrive at the little village of Laciiine. The orio'in of this name is said to have been from OAUGHNAWAGA. 121 the following incident: When the French first as- cended the river, and arrived at this place, the open expanse of lake St. Louis being before them, led them to believe that the way to China was open to them, and the exclamation accordingly Avas, "La Chine! h. Chine ! " At this place, M. De La Salle once estab- lished himself as a fur-trader. From this point is a railroad running to Montreal, a distance of nine miles. This is also the terminus of the Lachine Canal, by which vessels avoid the Lachine rapids. Here, too, is the residence of Sir George Simpson, Governor of the "Hudson Bay Company," and dis- tinguished as a traveler, by his " voyage round the world." On the soiith bank of the river, just before en- tering the Lachine rapids, is the Indian village of Caugiinawaga. This town was built in 1671, by Indians, who had been converted by the Jesuits, and were called "pray- ing Indians," or Caughnawagas. These Indians, du- ring the French wars, were often engaged in predatory incursions upon their neighbors in the New England provinces. On one of these excursions, they took possession of a church-bell, and carried it on poles, on their shoulders, through the woods, to their village * and this bell now hano-s in their church. 122 LA PRAIRIK. The Lachine is one of the most interesting of the rapids. The water is very turbulent, and the current very swift. After passing this rapid, we see, on the left, another island, belonging to the nuns. We also pass the little village of La Prairie. From this part of the river, a fine xiesv is had of the mountain and city of Montreal. MONTREAL. 125 MOISTTREAL. When Jacques Cartier first ascended the St. Law- rence, in 1535, he found, at this place, a large Indian village, called Hochelaga. In 1540, Francis de la Roque and Seigneiu' De Roberville, visited this place with an expedition, intending to make a permanent settlement; their ex- pectations not being realized, at the end of the year ihey returned to France. There now seems to have been a lapse of over fifty years in the French discov- eries in Canada. Champlain visited the country in 1603. In 1640, the converted Indians began to make Montreal their home; and in 1647, a grand mass and festival was celebrated. In consequence of a quarrel between the French and some of the Indian tribes, a large body of the Five Nations, on the 26th of July, 1688, landed on the island of Montreal, and, while the French imag- ined themselves in perfect security, burnt then- houses, and massacred men, women, and children. In a histoiy of the provmce of New York, it is stated, that "a thou- sand French were slain in this invasion, and twenty-six 126 MONTREAL. were carried into captivity and burned alive. Many more were made prisoners in another attack, in Octo- ber. Only tliree of the confederate Indians were lost in all this scene of misery and desolation." In 1696, Count Frontenac left Montreal, with a force of one thousand French and two thousand In- dians, on an expedition against the Onondagas. He succeeded in destroying many of their villages, and then returned to Montreal. This was the headquarters whence issued so many parties of French and Indians, who continued their attacks upon the English, till the conquest of Canada. After the peace of 1763, it was surrendered to the English, and French sovereignty ceased upon this con- tinent. In 1775, Montreal was surrendered to the Americans, under General Montgomery, and the English general, CjUileton, retreated to Quebec. Montreal being the headquarters of the fur-traders, here these adventurous navigators took in a cargo of goods suited to the Indian taste, and set forth on their voyage up the Ottawa, into the midst of a wilderness. The idea of Moore's well knoAvn " Can- adian Boat Song " originated from the fact of these parties stopping at St. Ann's, the last church on the island, and imploring the protection of their tutelar saint. These expeditions would be absent a year, sometimes two, and even three years, and would FUR COMPANY. 127 return freighted witli the rich furs of the west. In the " palmy days " of the Fur Company, the return of these partii^s to Montreal presented an exciting- scene. Pleasure and revelry took the place of labor and Avatchfulness ; and, in a short time, the fruits of their toil being dissipated, they were ready again to go forth upon an expedition so fraught with danger, difficulty, and privations. Mr. McTavish, an influential member of this com- pany, was the person to whom the little colony of Astoria — founded by John Jacob Astor — on the banks of the Columbia, was surrendered by the Amer- icans, in 1812. His former residence, now entirely deserted, and enjoying the reputation of a " haunted house," is situated on the road running around the mountain ; and his grave is in the woods, a short dis- tance up the mountain, and a small monument is there erected to his memory. The quays of Montreal are the finest on this conti- nent, and equal to any in the old world; they are constructed of solid masonry in cut stone, and are about a mile in length. A few years ago, Montreal was deficient in hotels, and visitors found much inconvenience from this cause. This has been thoroughly remedied, and the city now abounds in fine ones, where every comfort can be found. No one should omit a ride round the mountain; 128 MONTREAL. tliis is over a fine McAdamized road, and passes many delightful residences. From the mountain, the view of the city of Montreal, with its immense cathedral, the St. Lawrence with its islands, and the distant mountain scener}^, form a picture worthy the pencil of a true artist The streets in the old part of Montreal are very narrow, and, even in some of the principal ones, the strano-er finds himself wonderino- when he shall o-et out of the lanes and by-ways, and emerge into the street. The houses being very high, seem to render them still more narrow. The new part of the city has been laid out in the modern style, with wide streets, and is well built. The Cathedral of Montreal is an immense building, capable of holding fifteen thousand persons. It is built of granite, and the exterior is very imposing; but the interior is not finished in a corresponding style, the pillars being imitation marble. Near the cathedral is the "Black Nunnery." Visitors are not allowed to go farther than the Hospital; they nowever can obtain admission into the "Grey Nunnery," jituated a few streets nearer the river; this is inter- esting to a stranger. No regular charge is made for showing visitors through the establishment; but it is expected they will purchase some of the little fancy articles made by the inmates. nelson's MO XUME NT. 120 The Bishop's Church, at the distance of a short ride from the cathedral, is a handsome edifice, and contains many paintings. The convent of the Sistei-s of Char- ity is at this place, and visitors, except on certain days, are allowed an entrance. A monument, erected to the memory of Lord Nel- son, stands on Notre Dame street, on the square opposite the entrance to the Place d'Armes. Opposite the lower part of the city is the island of St. Helen; the upper end of this is crowned by a fine oTOve of forest trees, and on the lower end is a strong fortification, commanding* the passage of the river. The Quebec steamers usually leave in the evening making the passage each way in the night. The}', however, leave each end of the route so early, that passengers have an opportunity of seeing the most interesting points on the river. A small rapid, called St. Marys, is just below St Helen's island, which, though it occasions no incon- venience to steamers, often retards sail vessels in ascending. William Henry, or Sorel, forty-five miles below Montreal, stands on the site of an old fort, built in 1665. In May, 1V76, the fort at this place was taken and occupied by a body of Americans, on their retreat from Quebec, after the death of Montgomery. Lake St. Peter is fifty miles below Montreal. The 130 THREE RIVERS. river here expands to twelve or fifteen miles in breadth, for twenty-five miles. Three Rivers, half way between Montreal and Quebec, is situated on the north side of the St. Law- rence. This is an old tovni, having been erected by the French in 1018. ^ *i^'' ;^Ks^.5^?^i« ■'■TV QUEBEC. 133 QUEBEC, 111 1535, Cartier took solemn possession of the country at this point, by erecting a cross, decorated with a shield beai-ing the lilies of France, whither ho then sailed. In 1541, he returned, and built a fort on the present site of Quebec. The city of Quebec was founded by Samuel Cham- plain, in 1608. In 1622, the population was reduced to fifty souls. At this time, a company was formed in the mother country, called the " Company of New France." The object of this company was the con- version of the Indians, by the aid of the Jesuits; the extension of the fur trade ; and to find a short passage to China and the East Indies, through the rivers and lakes of New France. The king presented this com- pany with two ships, on condition that the value of them should be refunded, if, within ten years, fifteen hundred French inhabitants were not transported to the country. For the first few years, this colony suf- fered severely from the hostility of the Iroquois. In 1629, Sir David Keith, in the employ of the British crown, sailed up the St. Lawrence, and made the conquest of Quebec. The treat)^ of St. Germain, 134 QUEBEC. concluded soon after, restored to France, Quebec and her other American possessions. From this time till 1697, history furnishes us with records of Indian fights, and barbarities perpetrated upon each other by the French and English. The Indians, with their usual policy, determined to take part permanently with neither party, and accordingly extended their aid to one or the other, as caprice or inclination dictated. In Jime, 1759, the English army, under General Wolfe, landed upon the island of Orleans. He then took possession of Point Levi, on the southern bank of the St. Lawrence, and erected several heavy bat- teries, bearing directly upon the town. By these, sev- eral houses were burned : but not much impression was made upon the fortifications, they being so strong, and the distance so great. General Wolfe became sensible that there were no hopes of success, unless he could erect batteries on the north shore of the river. He attempted to capture the entrenchments at Montmorenci, and succeeded in landing his troops under cover of the fire from his ships, but was gal- lantly repulsed by the French. He then determined to carry the Heights of Abraham. On the 12th of September, the ships sailed nine miles up the river to Cape Rouge ; this deceived the French, and a large detachment was sent up the "i^er QUEBEC. 135 to prevent their landing. In tlie mean time, the ships had dropped down the river to Wolfe's Cove, and at four o'clock in the morning, the troops began to land. The Marquis De Montcalm, hearing the English had landed on the Plains of Abraham, and believing it impossible to be accomplished by the whole army, supposed it was merely a stratagem to draw him from his strong position at Montmorenci. Finding that it was really the case, he crossed the St, Charles, and formed his army for battle. There were about fifteen hundred militia and Indians sheltered in some bushes, who poured a destructive fire upon the Eng- lish. " Montcalm had taken post on the left of the French army, and Wolfe upon the right of the Eng- lish, so that the two generals met at the head of their respective troops." Soon after the commencement of the battle, Wolfe received a wound in the wrist; this he concealed. Shortly after, he received another in the groin; this too was concealed, and he was advancing at the head of his grenadiers when a third bullet entered his breast. "Though expiring, it was with reluctance he permitted himself to be conveyed into the rear, where, careless of himself, he discovered in the ago- nies of death, the most anxious solicitude concerning the fate of the day. Being told that the enemy was visibly broken, he reclined his head, from extreme 6 133 DEATH OF WOLFE. faintness, on the arm of an officer standing near liim, but was soon aroused with the distant sound of " They fly, they fly." " Who fly ? " asked the dying liero. On being answered, the French, " Then," said he, " 1 depart content," and almost immediately expired. Less fortunate, but not less gloriously, expired the gallant Montcalm. About the same time he received a wound, and on being told that it was mortal, and that but a few hours of life remained to him, he expressed the greatest satisfaction, and exclaimed, " So much the better ! I shall not live to see the surrender of Quebec," After the loss of General Wolfe, the battle was continued by General Monckton; and, upon his be- ing wounded, the command devolved upon General TowNSHEND. The French soon after were driven fiom the ground. General Townshend, after the battle, employed himself in making preparations for the siege of Quebec, but, before his batteries were opened, the town capit- ulated. A force of five thousand men, under General Murray, were left to garrison the fort, and the fleet sailed out of the St. Lawrence. In 1760, the French made preparations to besiege Quebec, and a battle had already taken place, when a large English fleet arrived, and the French retreated to Montreal. Thus ended this eventful war. ATTACK ON QUEBEC. 137 The body of General Wolfe was taken to England. That of the Marquis Montcalm was interred in the chapel in the Ursuline Convent. A simple monument was erected bearing- the following inscription : HOXNEUR A MONTCALM. LE DESTEN EN LOT DEROBANT LA TICTOIRE LA RECOMPENSE PAR tJNE MORT GLORIEDSE. A monument is erected to the memory of botli these heroes, in a pleasant place called Governor's Garden. In 1775, General Washington hearino- that a laro-e portion of the English army was concentrated about Montreal, projected an attack against Quebec; and in order to accomplish this he determined to send a body of men to reinforce General Montgomery, then at Montreal. Their route was to ascend the Kenebec, and strike across to the Dead river, and follow this stream till they could again cross the forest and reach the headwaters of the Chaudiere, emptying into the St. Lawrence. So great were the delays in starting, owing to the derangements in the army, that they did not commence their march till the middle of September. The command of the troops was given to General Arnold. The impediments were such that he did not reach Point Levi till the 9th of 138 ATTACK ON QUEBEC November. The town was almost without a garrison, and the inhabitants would as soon have expected to see an army descend from the clouds, as to emerge from the wilderness through which they had just made their way. Could Arnold have immediately crossed the St. Lawrence he would have easily obtained pos- session of the town, but a violent storm was prevailing, and before this abated, and a sufficient number of boats could be collected, the garrison was strongly reinforced. On the 12th the wind moderated and Arnold embarked, and after infinite difficulty and danger, landed with his httle army about a mile and a half above where "Wolfe had disembarked. Finding the cliffs at this point impracticable, he marched down the river to Wolfe's Cove. Ascending the precipice up which, sixteen years before, Wolfe and his brave followers had clambered, he formed his small corps on the Heights of Abraham. Xrnold proposed to march immediately against Quebec, in hopes of finding some one of the gates open ; this opinion was overruled, the expectation of finding the garrison oflf its guard being deemed too improbable to be calculated upon. It was afterward found that the gate called St. Johns was very slightly guarded, and could easily have been entered. Arnold concluded at last, to retire to Point au Trembles, DEATH OF MONTGOMERY. 139 and await the arrival of Montgomery. The latter having clothed his almost naked troops in Montreal, and procured clothes for those in Arnold's command, garrisoned the place, and proceeded to Point au Trem- bles, and joining Arnold, marched to Quebec. It was now in the depth of a Canadian winter, and the hardships which the troops were obliged to un- dergo, were excessive ; but they were supported with the utmost patience and firmness. General Montgomery determined to make an at- tack; and accordingly, on the 31st of December, the signal was given, and the troops moved forward to the assault. Montgomery advanced, at the head of the New York troops, along the St. Lawrence, under Cape Diamond. Along this narrow path the Amer- icans pressed forward until they reached a block- house and picket. The general, with his own hands, assisted in cutting down and pulling up the pickets, to open a passage for his troops. He now found it absolutely necessary to make a halt, and collect a force with which he might venture to proceed. Having reassembled about two hundred men, he advanced boldly and rapidly at their head to force the barrier. One or two persons had now returned to the deserted battery, and one of them, seizing a match, discharged one of the guns when the American force was distant about forty paces. This single and accidental fire 140 ATTACK ON QUEBEC. was a fatal one. General Montgomery, Captains McPherson and Cheeseman, the former the aid to the general, and his orderly sergeant, were killed on the spot. The loss of their general, discouraged the troops, and they precipitately retired from the action. The division of Arnold moved along the street St. Ptoque. The path was so narrow, from the works of the enemy, and the blocks of ice thrown from the St. Charles, that the two pieces of artillery in front were capable of raking the whole ground. As Arnold approached the bafrier, he received a musket ball in the leg, which shattered the bone, and he was carried to the hospital. Colonel Morgan then rushed for- ward, at the head of his company, and endeavored to capture the banier. After a severe contest he found they were unable to cope with the numbers of the enemy, and they surrendered themselves prisoners. The Americans, under Arnold, retired about three miles from the city, and there remained through the winter. In the spring, Arnold retired to Montreal, and General Thomas took the command. In Alay a British fleet arrived, and General Thomas retreated up the river, leaving many of his sick to fall into the hands of the enemy. Thus endt his, as it has since proved, last attempt to capture Quebec. This city is very interesting to a stranger ; it is the only walled city in the Canadas, and one feels on FALL OF MONTMORENCI. 141 passing the gateways, and being shut in by the pon- derous gates, as though he were entering some sort of prison. There are live of tliese gates. Cape Diamond, upon which the citadel stands, is three hundred and forty-five feet in height, and derives its name from the quantity of crystals mixed with the granite below its surface. The fortress includes the whole space on the cape. Above the spot where General Montgomery was killed, is now the inclined plane, running to the top of the bank ; it is five hundred feet long, and is used by the government to convey stores, and other articles of great weight, to the fortress. Strangers are allowed to enter this fortress, by procuring tickets from the proper authoiities. A ride to the Plains of Abraham is one of the most interesting visits about this celebrated city; a rock is there pointed out, as the spot where General Wolfe expired. There are four martello towers, forty feet in height, standing upon the plain, about half a mile in advance of the other fortifications. Seven miles below Quebec is the Fall of Montmo- RE NCI. The road is very pleasant, passing through the French village ,. Beaufort. Those who expect to see a second Isiagara, will be very much disap- pointed. The stream descends, in silvery threads, over a precipice two hundred and forty feet in height, 142 CASTLE ST. LOUIS. and, in connection with the surrounding scenery, is extremely picturesque and beautiful, but insjDires none of the awe felt at Niagara. The French (CathoUc) Church is a spacious stone building, and the interior is decorated with some fine paintings. Since the destruction of the Convent at Charlestown, Mass., Americans are not allowed en- trance to the UrsuUne Convent. It is the more to be regretted, from the fact that the grave of Montcalm is in their chapel. Castle St. Louis, probably the first public building in Quebec, the corner stone of which was laid by Ciiamplain, on the 6th of May, 1624, was destroyed by fire on the 23d of January, 1834. By the orders of Lord Durham, the site of this castle was cleared of the ruins that covered it, leveled, and floored with wood, and an iron railing placed on the edge of the precipice, making a very delightful promenade. The view from it commands the lower town, the St. Law- rence as far down as the island of Orleans, the harbor with its ships, and Point Levi on the opposite side of the river. ROUTE FROM MONTREAL. 143 ROUTE FROM MONTREAL TO SARATOGA THROUGH LAKE CHAMPLAIN. Opposite Monti-eal, and connected by a ferry, is tlie depot where the cars are taken for Rouse's Point, passing through the village of St. Johns. This place was besieged and captured by the Americans, in 1775. Lake Ciiamplain received its name from Samuel Champlain, who discovered it in 1608. One of the Indian names given to it was Canaideri-Guarunte, signifying the mouth or door of the country. Another was Petawa-bouque, signifying alternate land and water Rouse s Point is the termination of the Ogdens- burgh Railroad, and there is an immense depot directly at the steamboat landing. Here, passengers for Bos- ton can take the Vermont Central Railroad ; or, if they desire a sail on Lake Champlain, can go to Burlington, and there take the Bui-lington and Rutland Railroad. Plattsburgh, on the west side of the lake, is a handsome town, and is celebrated as the scene of McDonough's victory, on the 11th of September 1814. The Legislature of New York presented Commodore 144 FORT ST. FREDERICK. McDoNOUGH with a farm of one hundred acres, situ- ated upon Cumberland Head. Burlington is situated upon the Vermont side of the kike. It is built upon a slope rising gradually from the water, and is one of the handsomest towns on the route. Crown Point, situated on the west side of the lake, is now a ruin. It was built by the French, in 1731, and called Fort St. Frederick. In 1759, it was taken by General Amherst, and held by the English till 1775, when it was taken by Colonel Warner — the same day that Colonel Allen took Ticonderoo-a. FORT TICONDEROGA. 145 TICONDEROGA. The ruins of old Fort Ticonderoga are situated on a peninsula, formed by Lake Champlain and the outlet of Lake George. The Indian name was Cheon- DEROGA, and was slightly changed by the French to its present appellation. This post was built by the French in 1756. Mount Independence, on the east side of the lake, was also fortified, and remains of some of the old works can still be seen. In 1759 this post was evacuated by the French, and the English occupied it. They retained possession of it till 1775, when it was surprised and taken on the 10th of May, by the Americans, under Colonel Ethan Allen. " The commandant of the fort was surprised in his bed by Allen, Arnold, and a few of their followers, who had entered by a subterranean passage, and made themselves masters of it, without any loss. On being ordered to surrender, he asked, by what authority he was required to do so: Allen replied, 'I demand it in the name of the great Jehovah, and of the Continental Cono-ress.' " The Conirress, however, knew nothing of the matter, its first meeting- being held some hoiirs after this transaction. In 1777, the British army, under General Burgoyne, 146 LAKE GEORGE. on their route to Saratoga, appeared before this post. They erected a battery on Mount Defiance, which is elevated seven hundred and twenty feet above the lake, and completely commanded the fort. General St. Clair was forced to evacuate it ; the Americans never retook it, and it was suffered to go to decay. The Champlain boats proceed up the lake to White- hall. Those desirous of seeing Lake George, leave the boat here, and are conveyed in carriages a distance of three miles and a half, to the "Lake George Steamboat Landing." This lake is celebrated for its romantic and varied scenery, and the transparency of its waters. It is thirty-six miles long, and from two to three miles in width. It was called Lac Sacrament, by the French, on account of the purity of its waters. The Indian name was Horicon. The steamer runs to Caldwell, at the south-west end of the lake. This is the site of Fort William Henry, and was the scene of the massacre which took place on the 10th of August, 1756, and left such a stain upon the memory of Montcalm, that it was scarcely erased by his glorious death upon the plains of Abraham. The road from Caldwell to Glen's Falls, is through a wild country, abounding in historical incidents of tho old French war, and of the Revolution. FAREWELL. 147 Shortly after leaving Caldwell, we pass Bloody Pond, into wliicli, after an engagement in September 1755, the bodies of a thousand French and English were thrown. From Caldwell passengers are convey- ed to Sandy Hill, by stages, and thence by railroad to Saratoga. We now take leave of you, who have journeyed so far with us, hoping that we have whiled away some few moments that might otherwise perhaps have been tedious; and, wishing you renewed health from the sparkling waters of Saratoga, and a pleasant return to your homes, we say — Farewell! I TABLES OF DISTANCES DISTANCES BETWEEN BUFFALO AND QXIEuiSC By the United States Mail Line. DOWN. Buffalo, 0.. Niagara Falls, - 22., Lewiston, 7.. Yoiingstown, 7.. Rochester, 75.. Oswego, 60.. Sacketts Harbor, 42.. Kinjstnn, 3^.. Clay wn,- 22.. AlxBay 12.. Brock-ville, 24.. Oedensburah 12.. ^■^'J^JP^^P*''^'^ between De Place ao. '^ Matilda, 16.. Willianisburgh, 7.. Chryseler's Farm bat- ) lie ground, i Louisville,-. 7.. Long Sault Rapids, Cornwall, 17.. St. Regis, (Indian,) 4.. Lancaster, IS.. Coteau Du Lac, 20.. Coteau Rapids, ') Cedar do. > between Cascades do. ) La Chine,... 38.. Lachine Rapids, Montreal, 9.. Quebec,- 180.. UP. Quebec, .. 6 Montreal,... 180 (80 La Chine, 9 189 Beauharnais, IS, 207 Coteau Du Lac, 20,. ,227 Lancaster, 20..247 St. Regis lG..2t;3 Cornwall, 4. .207 Williiimsbiirgh, 24. .291 Matilda, 7.-293 Ogdensburch, IS.. 314 Brockville," 12.. 326 AlxBay, 24. .350 Clayton, 12..362 Kinsston 22.-384 Sacketts Harbor, 38..422 Osweso 42.. 464 Rochester,. 60.. 524 Lewiston... 82.-606 Niasara Falls, 7..613 Buffalo, 22.-635 TABLES OF DISTANCES. 149 BUFFALO AND QUEBEC, By American Express Line. DOWN. Buffalo, 0.. Niasai-a Falls, 2-2.. 22 Lewiston, 7.. 29 Toronto, 42,. 71 Cape Vincent, ...■ 170.. 241 Clayton, 18..2.39 Alx Bay, 12..271 Bmckville, 24. .295 Ogdensburgh, 12..307 Gallop Rapids, ) De Plau,. 5 Matilda, 16..323 Willianisbursh, 7.-330 Chryselei-'s Farm bat- } tie ground, 3 Louisville, 7.-337 Lons Sauk Rapids, Cornwall, 17-354 St. Regis, (Indian,) 4. .358 Lancaster, 16. .374 Coteau du Lac, 20.-394 Coteau Rapids, Cedar do. Cascades do. La Chine, 48--432 Rapids, Montreal, 9-. 441 Quebec, 180.. G21 DP. Quebec, 0.- Montreal, '. 180.-I80 La Chine, 9„189 Beauharnais, 18. .207 Coteau duLac, 20..227 Lancaster, 20. .247 St. Regis, (Indian,) 16..263 Cornwall, 4. .207 Louisville, 17.. 284 Williamsburgh, .- 7-291 Matilda, .- 7-298 Oirdensburgh, 16. .314 Bfockville, 12..326 Alx Bay, 24. .350 Clayton, 12..362 Cape Vincent, 18..380 Toronto, .: 170.-550 Lewiston, 42..59Ss Niagara Falls, 7. .599 Bullalo, 22..621 NIAGAEA FALLS AND NEW YORK, Via Oswego, 'by United States Mail Line. EAST. Niacara Falls, 0.- l.ewision, - 7.. 7 Youngstown, 7.- 14 Rochester, 75.. 89 Oswego, 60.. 149 Syracuse, 35.. 184 Rome, 38.-222 Utica, 15.-237 Herkimer, .-. 15--2.52 Little Falls 6-.258 Sf. Johnsvillc, 10..2C3 Fort Plain 6..274 Palatine Bridge, 3. .277 Fonda 11..28S Amsterdam, 11.. 299 Schenectady, 16.. 31 5 Albany,.. 16.. 331 New York, 147.. 478 WEST. New York 0.. Albany,..: 147-147 Schenectady, 16—163 Amsterdam, 16.. 179 Fonda, 11-190 Palatine Bridge, 11-.201 Fort Plain,- 3-2t)4 St. Johnsville, 6-210 Little Falls, 10-220 Herkimer, 6--226 Utica, 15--241 Rome, 15-250 Syracuse, 38-294 O'sweeo, - 35. .329 Rochester, 60-399 Lewiston, - 82-. 471 Niagara Falls, 7-478 150 TABLES OF DISTANCES. BUFFALO AND NIAGARA FALLS RAILROAD. BufTalo, 0.. Black Rock, .3.. 3 Cherry's, 3.. 6 Tonawanda,.. 5.. 11 Cayuga Creek, 6. .17 Schlosser, 3. .20 Niagara Falls, 2..22 I Niagara Falls, 0.. Schlosser, 2.. 2 Cayuga Creek, 3.. 5 Toiiawanila, 6. .11 Cherry's, 5. .16 Black Rock, ...3. .19 Buffalo, 3..22 NIAGARA FALLS AND NEW YORK, Via Toronto and Cape Vincent, by American Express Line. EAST. Niagara Falls, 0.. Lewislon, 7.. 7 Toronto 42.. 40 Cape Vincent,, ..170.. 219 Chamont, 1 1 ..230 Limerick, 6.-236 Brownville, 4. .240 Walertown, 4.-244 Adams Centre, 10. .254 Adams, 3. .257 Pierrepont Manor,. 5.-262 Mannsviile, 2..264 Sandy Creek, 5. .269 Richland, 5.-274 Albion, 4.-278 Kasoag, 7..285 Williamstown, 3. .288 Camden,.. 10..298 McConnelsville, 5..303 Taberg, 2..305 Rome, 11-.316 Utica, 15..331 Herkimer, 15. .346 St. .lohnsville, 16-. 362 Fonda, 20..3S2 Amsterdam, 11 -.393 Scltenectady, 16. .409 Albany, 16..425 New York 147..572 WEST. New York,.. 0.. Albany, 147-.147 Schenectady, 16.-163 Amsterdam, 16- -179 Fonda, - 11 -.190 St. Johnsville, 20.-210 Herkimer, 16--226 Utica, 15.-241 Rome, 15-. 256 Taberg, U..267 McConnelsville, 2. .269 Camden, 5. .274 Williainsiown, 10. .284 Kasna?, 3 .287 Albion', 7.-294 Richland, 4.. 298 Sandy Creek, 5.-303 Mannsviile, 5. .308 Pierrepont Manor, 2. .310 Adams, 6.. 315 Adams Center, ., 3. .318 Watertown, 10.-328 Brownville, -- 4--332 Limerick, 4.-336 Chamont, 6- -342 Cape Vincent, _ il--353 Toronto, .- ]70--5i3 I,p.wiston, 42.-565 Niagara Falls, 7.-572 TABLES OF DISTANCES. 151 MONTREAL AND QT7EBEC. DOWN. Montreal, .- 0-. Vareuiies, 15-. 15 William Henry, 30.. 45 Lake Si. Peter,... 8.. 53 St. Francis, 30.. 83 Three Rivers, 7.. 90 St. Anne, 25. .115 Richelieu Rapids, 20.. 135 Cape Sante, 15. .150 Cape Rouge, 22. .172 Quebec, 8. .180 Quebec, 0.. Cape Rouge,.. 8.. 8 Cape Sante, 22.. 30 Richelieu Rapiils, 15.. 45 St. Anne, 20.. 65 Three Rivers, 25.. 90 St. Francis, 7.. 97 Lake St. Peier, 30.. 127 William Henry, 8.. 135 Varennes, 30.. 165 Montreal, 15. .ISO SARATOGA AND WHITE HALL EAILEOAD. White Hall, 0.. Comsiock, _ 7.. 7 Fort Ann, 4. .11 Smith's Basin, 5. .16 Dunham's Basin, 4. .20 Fort Edward, 4. .24 Moreau, 1..25 Ganse voorts, 6. .31 Saratoga, 11. .42 Saratoga, 0_. Ganse vooris, II -.11 Moreau, 6.. 17 Fort Edward, 1..18 Dunham's Basin,. 4. .22 Smith's Basin, _ 4. .26 Fort Ann, 5. .31 Conistock, 4. .35 Wliite Hall, 7. .42 Saratoga to Troy, 95 miles. Saratoga to Schenectady, 22 miles. MONTREAL AND NEW YOB'S, Through Lake Champlain. GOING SOUTH. Montreal, 0_. St. Johns 24.. 24 Rouse's Point, 24.. 48 Plaitsburgh, 25.. 73 Burlington, 25.. 98 Ticondernga, 58.. 156 White Hall,. 24. .ISO Saratoga, 39. .210 Troy,. 27.-246 Albany, 6.-252 New York, 147. .399 GOING NORTH. New York, 0. Albany, 147.. 147 Trov, 6.. 153 Saratosa, 27.-180 White Hall, 39. .219 Ticoiideroga, 24.. 243 Burlinclon, 58. .301 Plaitsbursh, 25.. 326 Rouse's Point, 25. .351 St. .Johns, _ 24. .37.''? Montreal, 24..399 152 TABLES OF DISTANCES. TICONDESOGA TO SAEATOGA, Through Lake George. Tirnr-deroga, _ _., Caldwell, 40 Saratoga, y7 Miles, 07 OGDENSBURGH AND BOSTOK', Via Vermoat Central Kailrca'.. KAST. Oedensburgh, 0.. Lisbon ,.. 9.. 9 Madrid,.. 8.. 17 rotsdam, 8.. 2."i Knapp's, 3-. 2.S Ur.i slier Falls, 7-. 35 Lawrence, 6.. 41 M'lira, 6.. 47 Brush Mills, 2.. 49 Baiigiir, 6_. 55 Malone, 6_. 61 Burk, 7-- GS (Jlialeauaay, 5.. 73 Ellenburgh, 17.. 90 (;hazy, 6,. 96 Cente'rville, 7-_103 Moor's, 3..IOe CliampUiin, 8-.1 14 Kiuise's Point,. 4. .118 Alburprh, 5-.l'2.'J Swanioii, 8.. 131 S:. Albans, 10.. 141 Colchester, 20..1GI Essex Junciion, 7. .108 Richmoiid, 9.. 177 Waierbury, 13..I9i> Montpelier, 11.-201 Norlhtield,... 10.. 2! I Roxburv, 7-.2|8 Braintree, 8.. 226 South Rnyalton, 20-. 146 While River Junction, 19--2()5 Lebanon, 4--2f;9 Canaan. 13.-282 V^'cst Andover, 19-. 301 Franklin, 14.. 315 Concord, 15.-330 Manchester, 17.-347 Nashua, 17--264 Lowell, 14--378 Woburn, 15- -393 Medford, 5.-398 Boston, 5--403 WEST. Boston.. Medlord, 5. Woburn, 5. Lowell, 15. Nashua, 14. Manchester, 17. Concord, 17- Franklin, 15. West Andover, 14. Canaan, 19- Lebauon, 13- White River .lunciion, 4. Souih Royalton,. 19- Brainlree, 20- Roxbury, 8- Northfield, 7. Montpelier, 10. Waierbury, 11. Richmond,. 13. Essex Junction, 9. Colcliesier, 7. S'. Albans, 20. Swantnn, 10- Albur^h,- 8. Rouse's Point,- 5. Champlain, 4. Moore's, 8. Centerville, 3_ (;hazy, 7. Ellenburgh, 6- Chateaugay, 17. Bmk,... 5. Malone, 7. Bansor, 6, Brush Mills, 6 Moira, 2 Lawrence, 6 Brasher Falls, 6. Knapp's, 7 Potsdam, 3 Madrid, 8. Lisbon, 8. Ogdensburgh, 9. . 10 . 25 . 39 . 56 . 73 . as .102 -121 -134 -138 .157 .177 .185 .192 .2n2 .213 .226 -235 .ai2 -262 -272 -2S0 -285 .289 .297 .300 .307 .313 .330 -335 -342 348 .354 .356 302 308 .375 378 386 394 403 TABLES OF DISTANCES. 153 OGDENSBUEGH AND BOSTON, Via Eutlaud and Burlington Eailroad. EAST. Ogflensbui-gli, - 0. Rouse's Puiut, ...IIS- Buvlington, 50. Shelbuine, G. Chaiioite,. 5. Ferrislnu'gh, -.. 4. Vergemies, 6. Is'ew Haven, ..- 5. Middlebury, 7. Salisbury, 6. Wbiiiiig,.. 5- BraiiiiHii, Pittslurd, Rutland, Clarendon. Cutting3ville, Mount Holly, Ludlow, .- Proctorsville, Dultonsville, Gasselts, Chester, Bartonsville, — Rockingham, Bellows Falls, Walpole Westmoreland, Keene, Troy, Fitzwilliam, 5. Winchendon 9. South Ashburnham,. 8. Weslminster, 4. Fitchburgh, 5. Leominster, 4. Groton, 11. South Acton, 10. Concord, 5, Waltham, 10. Boston,. iO. .118 .163 .174 .179 .1S:5 .189 .194 201 :mt MVi .218 2'i(; .2;3.j .2^11 .2-18 .256 .263 .266 .26S .273 .277 .281 .285 .291 .295 .301 .313 1328 .337 .345 .349 .354 .358 .369 .379 -384 .394 .404 ■\T EST. Bof^ton, 0.. Waltham,.. 10_. 10 Concord, 10_. 20 South Acton,. 5.. 25 Groton, 10.. 35 Leominster, I!_- 46 Fitchburg, 4.. 50 We^tmins'er, 5_. 55 South A?tiburnham, 4.. 59 Winchendon,... 8.. 67 Fiizwilliam, 9.. 76 Troy, 5.. 81 Keene, 10.. 91 Westmoreland, 12. .103 Walpole, 6. .109 Bellows Falls,. 4.. 113 Uoclcingham, 6.. 1 19 Bartonsville, 4. .123 Chester, 4.. 127 Gassetts, .-. 4.. 131 Dul ions vi lie, 5.. 136 Proctorsville, "..138 Ludlow, 3. .141 Mount Holly, 7. .148 Ciiltingsville, 8.. 156 Clarendon, 7. .163 Rutland, 6.. 169 Piitslbrd, 9.-178 Brandon, 8..18S Whiiins, 6.. 192 Salisbury, 5..197 Mitldlebury,. 6. .203 New Haven, 7_.210 Versronnes, 5.. 215 Ferrisburs, 6. .221 Charlotte, 4.-225 Shelburne, 5.-2:30 Burlington, 6. .236 Rouse's Point, 50.-286 Ogdensburg, 11S..404 OSWEGO AND SYEACUSE RAIIEOAD. Oswego, 0.. Fulton, 12. .12 Lawsons, 5..)7 Baldwinsville, 6. .23 Syracuse, ..12. .30 Syracuse, 0.. Baldwinsville, 12-. 12 Lawsons, 6.. 18 Fulton, 5.-23 Oswego, 12. .35 154 TABLES OF DISTANCES. OC-DENSBUEGH RAILROAD. Og<1ensburgh, 0.. Lisbon,... 9.. 9 Madrid, 8.. 17 Polsilam, 8.. 25 Knapp's, 3.. 28 Brasher Falls, 7.. 35 Lawrence, 0.. 41 Mcira, 6.. 47 Brush's Mills, 2.. 40 Bangor, 6.. 55 Malone, 6.. 61 Burk,... 7-. 68 Chateaugay, 5.. 73 Ellenburgh, ..17.. 90 Chazy, 6.. ilO Cenierville,.. 7.. 103 Moore's, 3,-106 Cliamplain, 8. .114 Rouse's Point, 4. .118 Rouse's Poinl,. 0— Champlain, 4.. 4 Moore s, 8.. I'i Cenierville, 3.. 15 Chazv, 7.. 22 Ellenburgh, 6.. 28 Chateaugay, 17.. 45 Burk. 5.. GO Malone, 7.. 57 Bansor, 6.. 63 Brush's Mills, 6.. 69 Moira, 2.. 71 Lawrence, 6.. 77 Brasher Falls, 6.. 83 Knapp's,... 7.. SO Potsdam, 3.. 93 Madrid, 8.. 101 Lisbon, 8.-109 Ogdensburgh, , 9..118 BUFFALO AND CINCINNATI. Buffalo, by steamer to Cleveland, 190. .190 Berea,. 12..2U2 Columbia, 6. .208 Eaton, 4..21'2 Grafton, 3. .215 Wellington, 11. .'226 New London, 11. .2:37 Shelby, 20.. 257 Iberia, 13. .275 O-xford, 19.. 291 Delaware, 8. .302 Orange, 7. .309 Columbus,. 16. .325 West JelTerson, 14. .339 London, 11. .350 Xenia, 30..3S0 Waynesville, 14. .394 Morrow, 14. .408 Deerfield, 5.. 413 Mil ford, 17. .430 Plainviile, 5. .435 Cincinnati, 10.. 445 Cincinnati, 0.. Plainviile, 9.. 9 Milford, 5.. 14 Deerfield 18.. 32 Morrow, 5.. 37 Waynesville, 14.. 51 Xenia,... 14.. 65 London, 30.. 95 West .Jefferson, 11. .106 Columbus, 14.. 120 Orange,. 16.. 136 Delaware, 7.. 143 Oxford, 8.. 151 Iberia, 19.. 170 Shelby, 1S..188 New London, 20.. 208 Wellington, 11. .219 Grafton, 11. .230 Eaion, 3.. 2:33 Columbia, 4.-237 Berea, 6. .243 Cleveland 12.-253 Buffalo, by steamer, 190- -41a TABLES OF DISTANCES. 155 NEW YOEK TO NIAGAKA FALLS, Via Central Eailroad. New York to Albany, by steamboat, 147. .147 Schenectady, 17.. 104 Amsterdam 16. -ISO Fonda, .' 11. .101 Palatine Bridge, 11. .202 Fort Plain, 3-. 205 Si. Johnsville, 6. .211 Little Falls, 10.. 221 Herkimer, 7. .228 Frankfort, 5. .233 Utica, 9..242 Whiiesboro, 4. .246 Oriskany, 3.. 249 Uome, 7. .256 Verona Center, 9. .265 Oneida, 4. .269 Canastota, 5. .274 Chittenango, 6. .280 Manlius, 7. .287 Syracuse, 8.. 295 Marcellus, 9. .304 Hair Way, 5. .309 Skaneateles Junction, 2. .311 Auburn, 10.. 321 Cayuga Bridge, 17. .338 Seneca Falls, 3. .341 Waterloo, 7, .348 Geneva, East Vienna, 13. .361 Canandaigua, 9.-370 Victor, - 9.-379 Pittsford, 10..389 Rochester, I0..399 Churchville, 14.-413 Bergen, 3..416 Bvron, 8.-424 Batavia, 8.-432 Alexander, 8. .440 Aitica, 3.. 443 Darien City, 5. .446 Alden.... 7.. 455 Town Line, 5. .460 Lancaster, 5--465 Buffalo, 10--475 Niagara Falls, 22. .497 Niagara Falls, 0.. Buflalo, 22.. 22 l^ancaster, 10.. 32 Town Line,... 5.. 37 Alden 5-. 42 Darien Cily, 7.. 49 Aitica, 5.. 54 Alexander, 3.. 57 Batavia, 8.. 65 Byron, 8.. 73 Bergen, 8.. 81 Chiirchville, 3.. 84 Rochester, 14.. 98 Pittsford, .- 10.. 108 Victor, 10..118 Canandaigua, 9.. 127 East Vienna, 9--130 Geneva, Waterloo, 13.-149 Seneca Falls, 7.-156 Cayuga Bridge, 3--1.59 Auburn, 17-. 176 Skaneateles Junction, 10..1S6 Half Way, 2.-188 Marcellus, 5-- 193 Syracuse, 9. .202 Manlius, 8- .210 Chitfnango, 7. .217 Canastota, .. 6. .223 Oneida, 5--22S Verona Center, 4--2.32 Rome, 9--241 Oriskany, 7..248 Whiiesboro, 3.-251 Utica, 4. .255 Frankfort, 9. .264 Herkimer, 5 269 Little Falls, 7. .276 St. Johnsville, 10-.2Sii Fort Plain,.. 6. .292 Palatine Bridge, 3. .295 Fonda 11. .306 Amsterdam, 11. .317 Schenectady, 16-. 333 Albany. „ 17- -350 New York, by steamboat,.147..497 156 TABLES OF DISTANCES. WATERTOWN AND EOIIE KATLSOAD. Cape Vincent, 0.. Cliaumont, ..11.. 11 Limerick, 6.. 17 IJi-owuville, 4. .21 Wateriown, 4 -.25 Aiiams Centre,- 10. .35 Adams, 3..3ri Pierrepont Manor, 5. .43 Mannsville, 2. .45 Sandy Creek, - 5. .50 Richland, 5_.55 Albion, 4. .59 Kasoag, 7.. 60 Williamstown, 3..l)0 Camden, ...liJ_.79 McConnelsville, 5..&4 Taberg, 2.. 86 Rome, 11. .97 Rome, 0.. Tabrr?, ..11. .11 McConnelsville, 2. .13 Camden, _ 5.. 13 Williamstown, ...10..28 Kasnasr, 3. .31 Albion, 7. .38 Richland, 4..42 Sandy Creek, 5. .47 Mannsville, 5. .52 Pieriepont Manor, 2. .54 Ailams, 5.. 59 Adams Centre, 3.. 62 Walertown,. 10.. 72 BrownviKe, 4.-76 Limerick, 4. .80 Chaumonl,. 6.. 86 Cape Vincent, 11.. 97 NEW YOEK TO IHAGARA FALLS, Via Erie Eailroad. New York, 0.. Piertnont 25.. 25 Clarkstown, 8.. 33 Suflems, 9.. 42 Ramapo,.. 2_. 44 Monroe, ...15.. 59 Oxford, 3.. G2 Chester, 3.. 65 Goshen, 5.. 70 Delaware, 23.. 98 Lackawaxen, 23. .121 Cocheclon, 20. .141 Deposit 47.. 187 Susquehanna, ..15.. 202 Binphampton, 23. .225 Owego, ...22.. 247 Tioga, 5. .252 Chemung, 18..270 Elmira, ..13.. 2^3 Cm-ninir, 18..3iU Canisteo, 36. .337 Hornellsville, _ 5. .342 Andover, 16.. 358 Genesee,. 9.. 367 Olean, 37. .404 Allesanv, 4. .408 Cattaraugus, 30. .438 Dayton 9.. 447 Forestville, 14.. 461 Dunkirk,. 8.. 469 BnfTiilo, bv State Line R.R..41 ..510 Niagara Falls, 22..532 Nianrara Falls, 0— Hndalo, 22.. 22 Dunkirk, by State Line R.R.41.. 63 Forestville, 8.. 71 Dayion, 14.. 85 Cattaraugus, 9.. 94 Allesany, -30..124 Olean 4.. 128 Genesee, 37.. 165 Andover 9.. 174 Hornellsville, 16.. 190 Canisieo, 5_.195 Cornins, 36. .231 Elmira, 18..'249 Chemung, 13..262 Tiosa, 18. .2.80 Ovvcso, 5..yS5 Ringhanipion, 22..307 Susquehanna, 23.. 330 Deposit, 15. .315 Cochecton, 47. .392 Lackawaxen, 20.. 4 10 Delaware, .23.. 433 Goshen, 'i.3..461 Chester, 5. .466 Oxford, 3_.469 Monroe, 3.. 473 Ramapo, 15.. 487 S^nfTerns,. 2. .489 Clarkstown, 9. .493 Piermnnt, S..507 New York, 25.-532 TABLES OF DISTANCES. 157 MICHIGAN CEITTEAL RAILROAD. Distance from Buflalo to Detroit, (by steamer,) 230 milea Detroit to Dearborn, 10.. Wavne,... 7.. 17 Yps'ilanti,. 12.. 29 Ann Arbor, 8.. 37 Dexter, 10.. 47 Chelsea. 9.. 56 Grass Lake, 9.. 65 Jackson, 11.. 76 Ridley's, 9.. 85 Albion 11.. 96 Marshall, ..12..10S Battle Creek, 13. .121 Galesburgh, 14.. 135 Kalamazoo, S.-143 Pawpaw, 17..1f.0 Decatur,. 8..1GS Dowasiac, 11. .179 Niles," 12.. 191 Buchanan, 6. .197 Terre Coupee 6..203 New BuBalo, 15..218 Michigan City, 10..22S Porter, 10..23S Lake,. 6..244 State Line, )0..i54 Junction, 9. .26-3 Chicago, ..15..278 Chicago to Junciion ..15.. Slate Line, 9.. 21 Lake, 10.. 34 Poner, 6.. 40 Michiaan Citv, 10.. 50 New Buflalo,' 10.. 60 Terre Coupee, 15.. 75 Buchanan, fi.. 81 Niles,.. 6. 87 Uowasiac, 12.. 99 Decatur, 11. .110 Pawpaw, 8.. 113 Kalamazoo, 17. .135 Galesburgh, 8.. 143 Battle Creek, 14. .157 Marshall, 13. .170 Albion, 1-2.. 182 Gidlev's, 11-193 .Jackson, 9..2ti2 Grass Lake, 11. .213 Chelsea, 9--222 Dexter, 9..231 Ann Arbor, 10. .211 Ypsilanti, -. 8..249 Wayne, 12..261 Dearborn, 7 . .268 Detroit, 10..278 Two trains of cars leave Chicago daily, (Sundays excepted.) for De- troit, connecting with the steamers of the line. Tunning direct through, without landing, to Buflalo ; and also the dilTerent lines of steamers to Dunkirk, Cleveland, and Sandusky. Passengers leaving Chicago by the Express Train at night, connect at' Detroit with the north shore boats for Buflalo. Two trains of cars leave Detroit, — the Express Train on the arrival of the north shore boats from Buffalo, in the afternoon, to Clticagj ; and the Mail Train, in the morning. A line of steamers connect'at Chicago with the road, for Milwaukee, Kenosha, Racine, Waukegan, Sheboygan, and other ports on Lake Michigan. Stages run from Battle Creek and Kalamazoo to Grand Rapids ; Ypsi- lanti to Adrian ; Dexter to Mason; Jackson to Jonesville and Ldnsing, the capital of the state; Marshall j,o Coldwater; Niles to Logansport, Ind.: Dexter to Howell. Boats leave the Michigan Central. Railroad Wharf, Buffalo, every evening, for Detroit, on the arrival of the Express Train from Albany. The line consists of the steamers MAYFLOWER, Capt. GEO. WILLOUGHBY. &.TLANTIO, Capt. J. B. PETTEY. OCEAN, Capt. D. H. McBUIDE. J. MOVIUS, Agent, BufTalo. 158 TABLES OF DISTANCES. MICHIGAN SOUTHERN BAILBOAD. Distance from Buffalo to Monroe, (by steamer,) 240 miles. Distance from Butlalo to Toledo, (by steamer,) 250 miles. Monroe Pier to Monroe City, St.. Ida, 9i.. 13 Petersburg, 7 .- 20 Deerfield, 4 .. 24 Palmyra, 5 .. 'i9 Adrian, 7|.. 3G^ Clayton, 11 .. 47^ Hudson, 5J-. 53 Piltsford, 7 .. 60 Osseo, 4 .. 64 Hillsdale, 5^.. 69^ Jonesville, 5 -. 74i Allen's, Si- m Quincy, 3 .. 86 Colilwater, 6g-. 92i Branch, .- 2^.. 95 Bronson, 8 ..103 Burr Oak, 7 -.110 Stureis, 6 ..116 While Pigeon, 12 ..12S Constantine, 4 ..132 Bristol, 6 ..138 Elkhart... 9 ..147 Mishawaka, 11 ..158 South Bend, 4 ..162 Terre Coupee, Ui.A73i La Porte, 14 J. .188 Holmes, 10 ..198 Calumet, 8 ..206 Bailey Town Junction, .. 5 ..211 Indiana West Line, 26 ..237 Chicago, 11 ..248 Chicago, .. Indiana West Line, 11 .. Bailey Town Junction, ..26 „ 37 Calumet, 5 .. 42 Holmes, 8 .. 50 La Porte,... 10 „ 60 Terre Coupee, Hj— 74i South Bend, 11^.. 86 Mashawaka, 4 .. 90 Elkhart, 11 ..101 Bristol, 9 -.110 Constantine, 6 ..116 White Pigeon, 4 ..120 Sturgis, 12 ..132 Burr Oak, 6 ..138 Bronson, 7 ..145 Branch, 8 ..153 Cold water, 2g..l55T Quincy, 6g..l62 Allen's, 3 ..165 Jonesville, 8^.. 173s Hillsdale, 5 ..1785 Osseo, 5^.-184 Pittsford, 4 ..18S Hudson, 7 ..195 Clayton, 5i..200^ Adrian, 11 .-21U Palmyra 7^.-219 Deerfield, 5 „224 Petersburg, 4 ..228 Ida, 7 ..235 Monroe City, 9i..244i Monroe Pier, 3i..248 Distance from Buffalo to Chicago, via Monroe,.. 485 miles. Distance from Buffalo to Chicago, via Toledo, 495 miles. The boats of the Michigan Southern Railroad Co., leave the foot or Commercial street, Buffalo, daily, after the arrival of the Evening Ex- press Train from Albany. The line is composed of three first class steamers : EMPIRE STATE, Capt. H. VAN ALLEN. NORTHERN INDIANA, Capt. R. WAGSTAFF. SOUTHERN MICHIGAN, Capt. A. D. PERKINS. H. M. KINNE, Agent, Michigan Southern Railroad Dock, foot of Commercial street O^^TAFJO AND ST. LAWRENCE STKA>!iJ<)AT CU^[;'AXV'S TO NIAGARA FALL8, M O X T J?. I-: A J. A X I) (,) U K B EC, A.Nl/ Tlflinrn!! I.AKKCIIAMIT.AI.N TO SARATOGA SPRINGS. Elluitvatrt) Suill) iHapss, aiiB i^ urn fro us i£ itsrabiii j[S BUFFALO: rrui.isiiKi) liY jKWErr, tiio.mas & co., OKO. H. JIEKBY A.\T1 CO. ;. BiNDKRY