Class _i ^^ ' Book_^B2JSjL- c#>^ ^^.w/:^^^ THE AMERICAN GOVERNMENT. III. BIOGRAPHIES OF'^EMBETtS OF THE HOUSE OF EEPRESEITATIVES 07 THE FORTY-THIRD CONGRESS. By WILLIAM HORATIO BARNES. WITH PORTRAITS ON STEEL. i2do-n NEW YORK : 805 BROADWAY. 1874. rE.tL'57 Entered according to Act of Congress, in the year 1874, by WILLIAM H. BARNES, in tUo Office of tlio Librarian of Congress at Washington. By Trtnsfcf '^ PiitiMc Library •CT 2 1937 HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES, PART II, Ohio. JAMES A. GARFIELD ^*^ MILTON S AYLER 19 HEXRY B. BANNING 21 JOHN Q. SMITH 22 LEWIS B. GUNCKEL 23 LAWRKNCE T. NEAL 24 CHARLES N. LAMISON 25 ISAAC R. SHERWOOD 21 W ILLIAM LAWRENCE 29 CHARLES FOSTER 35 HEZEKI AH S. BUNDY „ 37 JAMES "W. ROBINSON I....,, 39 HUGH J. JEWETT V, 40 MILTON L SOUTHARD Sft».. -..^ 41 JOHN BERRY '.'. 42 WILLIAM P. SPRAGUE 43 LORKNZO DANFORD 45 LAURIN D. WOODWORTH 46 JAMUS MONROE 47 RICHARD C. PARSONS 49 Kentucky. EDWARD CROSSLAND 51 JOHN YOUNG BROWN 63 CHARLES W. MILLIKEN 55 WILLIAM B. READ 57 ELISHA D. STANDIFORD 59 JOHN D. YOUNG 62 WILLIAM E. ARTHUR 63 JAMES B. BECK 65 MILTON . I. DURHAM 67 GKORGK M. ADAMS 69 Tennessee. HORACE M AYNARD 71 RnliERICK R. BUTLKR 77 JACOB M. THORNBURGH 81 WILLIAM CRUTCHFIKLD 83 JOHN M. BRIGHT 85 2 HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES. Tennessee— Coutinued. Pane TfORACE n. HARRISON 91 WASHINGTON C. WHITTHORNE 95 JOHN D. C. ATKINS 97 DAVID A. NUNS 98 BARBOUR LEWIS 99 Indiana. GODLOVE S. ORTH 101 WILLIAM WILLIAMS lOG WILLIAM E. NIBLACK 107 SIMEON K. WOLFE 109 WILLIAM S. HOLMAN Ill JEREMIAH M. WILSON 113 MORTON G. HUNTER 115 THOMAS J. CASON 110 JAMES N. TYNER 1 23 HENRY B. SAYLER 125 J A S PER P AC K ARD 127 JOHN COBURN 131 JOHN P. C. SHANKS 135 Illinois. JOHN B. RICE 141 JASPER D. WARD 142 CHARLES B. FARWELL 143 STEPHEN A. HURLBUT 14G HORATIO C. BURCH ARD 147 JOHN B. HAAVLEY 149 FRANKLIN CORWIN 150 GREENBURY L. FORT 151 WILLIAM H. RAY 153 ROBERT M. KNAPP 155 JAMES C. ROBINSON 157 JOHN McNULTA 158 JOSEPH n. CANNON 159 GRANVILLI-: BARRERE 160 JOHN R. EDEN 161 JAMES S. MARTItf 1G3 WILLIAM R. MORRISON 165 ISAAC CLEMENTS 167 SAMUEL S. MARSHALL 169 Missouri. EDWIN 0. STANARD 171 WILLIAM II. STONE 174 ERASTUS WELLS 175 ROHKi^T A. HATCHER 177 tUCIIARD P. BLAND 178 THOMAS T. CRITTENDEN 179 ABUAM COMINfiO 181 HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES. ' 3 MissOTLri— Continued. ISAAC C. PARKER .' ^{$3 IRA B. HYDE ' . ] . . 185 JOHN B. CLARK, Jb 187 JOHN M. GLOVER 189 HARRISON E. HAVENS. 190 AYLETT H. BUCKNER 191 Arkansas. ASA HODGES 193 OLIVER P. SNYDER 195 WILLIAM W. WILSHIRE 197 WILLIAM J. HYNES 198 Micliigan. HENRY WALDRON I99 GEORGE WILLARD 201 JULIUS C. BURROWS 203 MOSKS W. FIELD 204 WILLIAM B. WILLIAMS 205 JOSI AH W. BEGOLE 207 OMAR D. CONGER ' . 209 JAY A. HUBBELL 211 NATHAN B. BRADLEY ] 213 Florida. JOSIAH T. WALLS 215 WILLIAM J. PURMAN 217 ' I * ^ -jr rj o WILLIAM S. HERNDON 7.' 219 DE WITT C. GIDDINGS 221 WILLIAM P. M'LEAN 222 JOHN HANCOCK 223 ASA H. WILLIE 225 ROGER Q. MILLS 227 Iowa. GEORGE W. M'CRARY 229 AYLETT R. COTTON 233 WILLIAM G. DOXNAN 235 HENRY 0. PRATT 237 JAMES WILSON 239 WILLIAM LOUGHRIDGE 24 1 JOHN A. KASSON 245 JAMES W. MDILL 251 JACKSON ORR 253 Wisconsin. CHARLES G. WILLIAMS 255 GERRY W. HAZELTON 256 ALEXANDER MITCHELL 257 4 HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES. Wisconsin— Coutinued. Page CHARLKS A. ELDREDGE 261 PHILETUS SAWYER 263 .IKRKMIAH M. RUSK 265 ALEXANDER S. M'DILL 2G1 J. ALLEN BARBER 268 California. CHARLES CLAYTON 269 HORACE P. PAGE 271 JOHN LUTTRELL 273 SHERMAN 0. HOUGHTON 275 Minnesota. MARK H. DUNNELL 277 JOHN T. AVERILL 279 HORACE B. STRAIT 281 Oregon. ^^ JAMES "W. NESMITH %.'. 283 Kansas. ^s^. WILLIAM A. PHILLIPS .':.», 285 DAVID P. LOWE 289 STEPHEN A. COBB 291 "West Virginia. JOHN J. DAVIS % 293 JOHN MARSHALL HAGANS "^ 295 FRANK HEREFORD !'»\ 299 Nevada. CHARLES W. KENDALL 301 Nebraska. LORENZO CROUNSE 305 The Territories, STEPHEN B. ELKINS, New Mexico 307 GEORGE Q. CANNON, Utah 309 OUADIAH B. M'FADDEN. Washington 310 MOSICS K. ARMSTRONG, Dalcota 3H JEROME B. CHAFFEE, Colorado 312 RICIIAHD C. M'CORMICK, Arizona 313 W ILL! AM R. STEELE, Wyoming 320 •JOHN IIAILEY. Idalio 321 M A RTI N M AGINNLS, Montana 323 NORTON P. CHIPMAN, District of Columbia 325 JAMES A. GAEFIELD. H E triumph of energy and talent over poverty and adver- sity is illustrated in the lives of nearly all whose names are conspicuous in the Congress of the United States. In no case has this triumph been more signally achieved than in that of James Abram Garfield, of Ohio. He was born in the township of Orange, Cuyahoga County, Ohio, November 19, 1831. Abraham Garfield, the father, who had emigrated from New York, died in 1833, leaving a family of four children, of whom James was the youngest, dependent upon the exertions of a widowed mother. James was permitted to attend the district school a few months of each year, and at intervals aided in supporting the family by working at the carpenter's trade. This not proving very remunerative, in his seventeenth year he secured employment as driver on the tow-path of the Ohio Canal, and soon rose to be a boatman. The dream of his ambition was to become a sailor on the lakes. The hardship and exposure incident to his life on the Canal brought on the fever and ague in the fall of 1848. When the young boatman had recovered from a three months' illness, it was too late to carry out his purpose of shipping on the lakes. He was persuaded to defer this step until the following fall, and meanwhile to spend a few months in attending a high-school in an adjoining county. Early in March, 1849, young Garfield entered " Geauga Acad- emy." Being too poor to pay the ordinary bills for board, he carried with him a few cooking utensils, rented a room in ;in old unpainted farm houso near the ar:i,(lpmy, and lioanloil himself Ilis iiinllici' had saved a small sum of money, wliich she gave iiim widi lur lilcss 1 2 JAMES A. GARFIELD. UiiX at liis (Icpartiirc. 7\ftcr tliat lie iirvcr liad a ddllar wliicli lie did Tidt cai-n. llr r-omi fiuuid riiii;li)vnient with the earjieiitcrs of the viUauc; and workiiii;- inoniini;-s, evening;^, and Saturdays, earned eii(iii<:;h to pay his w ay. The siiiiniier vacation gave hiui a longer interval lor work, and when the fall term opened he had money enough laid u]) to pay his tuition and give him a start again. The close of tliis I'all term tnuud him ctmijietent to teach a district school for the wintei-, the avails of wliieh weiv sutHeient to pay his expenses for the spring and fall terms at the academy. He continued for several years, teaching a term each winter, and attending the academy through spring and fall, keeping up with his class during his absence by private study. By the summer of 1854, young Garfield, now twenty-three years old, prosecuted his studies as far as the academies of his native re- gion could carry him. He resolved to go to college, calculating that he could complete the ordinary cotirse of study in two years. From his school-teaching and caqjenter work he bad saved al)out half enough to pay his expenses. To obtain the rest of the money, he procured a lii'e insurance policy, vvhicb he assigned to a gentleman who loaned him what funds he needed, kiiowing that if he lived he would pay it, and if he died the policy would secure it. In the i'all of 185-i, young Garfield was admitted to the junior class of Williams College, in Massachusetts. He at once took high rank as a student, and at the end of his two years' course bore off the metaphysical honor of his class. On his return to bis Western home, Mr. Garfield was made teacher of Latin and Greek in the Hiram Eclectic Institute. So high a position did be take, and so popular did he become, that the next year be Avas made President of the Institute. Ilis position at the bead of a popular seminary, together with his talents as a sjieaker, caused him to be called upon for frequent public addresses, both fi-om platform and ])ulpit. The Christian denomination to which be be- longed bad no superstitious regard for the prerogatives of the clergy, tf) ]irevcnt them from receiving moral and religious instruction on JAMES A. GARFIELD. a the Sabbath from a layman of such unblemished character and glow- ing eloquence as Mr. Garfield. It was not Mr. Garfield's ])urpose, however, to enter the ministry ; and while President of Hi ram Institute he studied law, and took some public part in political att'airs. In 1859 he was elected to represent Portage and Summit Counties in the Senate of Ohio. Being well informed on the subjects of legis- lation, and effective in debate, he at once took high rank in the Legislature. His genial temper and cordial address made him popu- lar with political friends and opponents. The legislature of Ohio took a bold and patriotic stand in support of the General Government against the Rebellion which was just be- ginning to show its ii'ont. Under the leadership of Mr. Gariield a bill was passed declaring any resident of the State who gave aid and comfort to the enemies of the United States guilty of treason against the State, to be pimished by imprisonment in the penitentiary for life. "Wlien the first regiments of Ohio troops were raised, the State was wholly unprepared to arm them, and Mr. Garfield was dis- patched to Ulinois to procure arms. He succeeded in procuring five thousand muskets, which were immediately shipped to Columbus. On his return Mr. Garfield was appointed Lieutenant-Colonel of the Forty-Second Regiment of Ohio Volunteers. Soon after the organization of the regiment, he was, without his own solicitation, made its Colonel. In December, 1861, Colonel Garfield, with his regiment, was ordered to Kentucky, where he reported to General Buell. He was immediately assigned to the command of the Eighteenth Brigade, and was ordered by General Buell to drive the Rebel forces under Humphrey Marshall out of the Sandy Valley in Eastern Kentucky, As Humphrey Marshall threatened the flank of General Buell's force, it was necessary that he should be dislodged before a movement could successfully be made by the main army upon the Rebel posi- tion at Bowlino; Green. 9 4 JAMES A. GARFIELD. A citizen soldier, who had never been in battle, was thus placed in command oi four regiments of infantry and eight companies of cavalry, charged with the duty of leading tliem against an officer who had led the famous cliarge of the Kentucky Volunteers at Buena Vista. Marsliall had under liis command nearly five thousand men stationed at Paintville, sixty miles up the Sandy Valley. He was expected to advance to Lexington, and establish the authority of the Pi'ovisional Government at the State Capital. Colonel Garfeld took command of his brigade at the mouth of the Big Sandy, and moved with it directly up the valley. Marshall heard of the advance, and fell back to Prestonburg, leaving a small force of cavaliy near his old position to act as an outpost and to pro- tect his trains. This cavalry fled before the advance of Colonel Garfield's force. He pushed the pursuit with his cavalry till Mar- shall's infantry outposts were reached, and then, drawing back, he encamped with his whole force at Paintville. On the morning of the 9th of January, Gai-field advanced with twenty-four hundred men, leaving about one thousand waiting for the an-ival of supplies at Paintville. Before nightfall he had di'iven in the enemy's pickets. The men slept on their anns under a soak- ing rain, and by four o'clock in the morning were again in motion. Marshall's force occupied the heights of Middle Creek, two miles west of Prestonburg. Garfield advanced cautiously, and after some houi-s came suddenly in fi-ont of Marshall's position between the forks of the creek. Two columns were moved forward, one on either side of the creek, and the rebels immediately opened upon them with musketi-j' and artillery. Garfield reinforced both his columns, but the action soon developed itself mainly on the left, where Marshall concentrated his whole force. Garfield's resei've was under tire from the enemy's artillery. He was entirely without artillery to reply, but from beliind trees and rocks the men kept u]) a brisk fusilade. About four o'clock in the afternoon reinfoi'cements fi'om Paintville arrived. Unwonted enthusiasm was aroused, and the approaching 10 JAMES A. GARFIELD. 5 column was received with prolonged cheering. Garfield pronij)!!)' t'lruied his whole reserve for attacking the enemy's right and carry- ing his guns. Without awaiting the assault, Marshall hastily aban- doned his position, tired his camp equipage, and began a retreat wliich was not ended till he reached Abingdon, Virginia. Now occurred another trial of Garfield's energy. His troops were almost out of rations, in a rough mountainous country incapable of furnishing supplies. Excessive rains had swollen the Sandy to such a hight that steamboat men declared it impossible to ascend the river with supplies. ■ Colonel Garfield went down the river in a skifi' to its mouth, and ordered the Sandy Valley^ a small steamer which had been in the quartermaster's service, to take a load of supplies and start up. The captain declared it impossible, but Colonel Garfield ordered tiie crew on board. He stationed a competent army officer en hoard to see that the captain did his duty, and himself took tiie wheel. The little vessel trembled in every fiber as she breasted the raging flood, which swept among the tree-tops along the baTiks. The perilous trip occupied two days and nights, during which time Colonel Garfield was only eight hours absent from the wheel. Tlie men in camp greeted with tumultuous cheering the arrival of the boat, with their gallant commander as pilot. At the pass across the mountain known as Pound Gap, Humphrey Marshall kept up a post of observation, held by a force of five hun- dred men. On the 14tli of March, Garfield started with five Inm- dred intantry and two hundred cavalry to dislodge this detachment. On the evening of the second day's march he reached the foot of tlie mountain two miles nortJi of the Gap. Next morning he sent the cavalry along the main road leading to the enemy's position, wliiie he led the infantry by an unfrequented route up the side of the nuiun- tain. While the enemy watched the oavalry, Garfield led the in- fantry undiscovered to the very border of their camp. The enemy were taken by surprise, and a few volleys dispersed them. They re- treated in confusion down tlie eastern slope of the mountain, pursued for several miles into Virginia bv tiie cavalrv. Tlie troops rested il r, JAMES A. GARFIELD. tui- the night in the comfortable huts which the enemy liad built, and the next morning burnt them down, together with everything left bj tlie enemy which they could not carry away. These operations, though on a small scale compared with the Muigniticent movements of a later period in the war, yet had a very considerable importance. They were the first of a brilliant series of successes which re-assured the despondent in the spring of 1862. They displayed a military capacity in the civilian Colonel, and a bravery in the raw recruits which augured well for the success of the volunteer ai-my. Colonel Garfield received high praise from Gen- eral Buell and the War Department. He was promoted to the rank of Brigadier-General, his commission bearing the date of the battle of Middle Creek. Six days after the capture of Pound Gap, General Garfield re- ceived orders to transfer the larger part of his command to Louisville. On his arrival there, he found that the Army of the Ohio was already beyond Nashville on its march to the aid of Grant at Pittsburg Landing. He made haste to join General Buell, who placed him in command o.f the Twentieth Brigade. He reached the field of Pittsburg Landing at one o'clock on the second day of tlie battle, and bore a part in its closing scenes. His brigade bore its full share in the tedious siege operations before Corinth, and was among the foremost to enter the abandoned town after its evacuation by the enemy. He soon after marched eastward with his brigade, and re- built all the bridges on the Memphis and Charleston Eailroad be- tween Corinth and Decatur, and took post at Huntsville, Alabama. General Garfield was soon after put at the head of the coui-t- martial for tlie trial of General Turchin. He manifested a capacity for such work which led to his subsequent detail for similar service. About the 1st of August, his health having been seriously impaired. he went home on sick leave. As soon as he recoverey acclamation, and was re-elected by a majority of nearly twelve thousand. He was made a mendier of the Committee of Ways and Means, in which he soon acquired gi-eat infincnce. He studied finan- 13 g JAMES A. GARFIELD. cial questions wltli untiring assiduity, and was spoken of by the Secretary of the Treasury as one of the best informed men on such subjects then in public life. In 1866 General Garfield was re-elected to the Fortieth Con- gress, in which he was made chairman of the Committee on Mili- Ijiiry Affairs. As chairman of the Select Committee on Education his labors resulted in establishing the Bureau of Education. At a time when every thing seemed drifting toward greenbacks and re- pudiation he took a bold financial position. As his views were op- posed to those of many leading men of his party, and to the decla- rations of the Republican State Convention of Ohio, he seemed to hazard his renomination, but he did not hesitate firmly and fully to avow his convictions. His financial doctrines were at length adopted by the entire party, and fully indorsed in the Chicago Ee- iniblican Platform. On the 24:th of June, 1868, he was renominated, and in October following, was re-elected to the Forty-first Congress. In that Con- gress he was chairman of the Committee on Banking and Currency, anil l)rought it up from comparative insignificance to be one of the leading committees of the House. He conducted the " Gold-])anic " investigation, giving forty days labor to this subject and writing the report, which, together with the testimony and appendices, makes a volume of four hundred and eighty-three pages. He had ciiarge of a bill which became a law July 12, 1870, establishing free Ijanking on a gold basis, and providing for the withdrawal of three per cent, certificates and the issue of national bank-notes in their place. In support of this bill he made two able speeches. On the IGtli of December, 1869, Mr. Garfield submitted to the House a resolution that " the proposition, director indirect, to repu- diate any portion of the public debt of the United States is un- worthy of the honor and good name of the nation ; and that this House, without distinction of party, hereby sets its seal of (;ondeni- nation upon any and all such propositions." This resolution was at once adopted by a vote of one hundred and twenty-four in favor to one against — eisjhtv six memhei's bein<; aliscnt (U- not votinir. 14 JAMES A. GARFIELD. 9 He was a iiieiiilier of the Select GoininittcG on the Niiitli C'cn^iii-, and was L-Iiar!ji;e(l with the woi'k of (h'afting a new bill for takini;; the census. The cduiniittee sat for ukhu than two niontlis diirin::; the summer recess, a nl the hill fianieil hv Mr. Garfield was pre- sented to the House on the third day of the ensuing session. He had charge of the hill in the House, ably presenting, explaining, and defending its several features. After being discussed during eleven days it j)assed the House by a large majnrit^-. The bill failed, however, in the Senate^a result which was very generally regretted. In cnnnecfion with the census bill Mr. Garfield prepared an exhaustive i'epi>rt of one hundred and twenty pages, embracing the history of census-taking among ancient and modei'n nations, and particularly in this country. Mr. Garfield, pending the consideration of the Tax bill, favored the continuance of the Income Tax, but somewhat modified ; and he proposed an amendment whose effect would be to abolish all that jxu-tion of this tax wdiich relates to business — the making of money by engaging in work — so that the whole weight of the in- come tax might fall upon realized wealth. " I desire," said he, " to remove the burden of this income tax from labor that it may rest exclusively upon capital." Re-elected to the Forty-second Congress, Mr. Garfield was made chairman of tlie Committee on Appropriations. This committee assembled in Washington soon after the presidential election in November, 1872, and did what was rarely, if ever, done before, introduced three of the great api)ropriation bills on the first day of the session. The Legislative bill was one of them, and is the most important and difficfult of all. From the beginning of November till the end of the session Mr. Garfield, as chairman of the commit- tee labored with diligence, faithfulness, and rare efficiency in t]ie interests of the ])eople of the whole country. He earnestly opposed the "Salary amendment," both in his speeches and in his votes, and did all in his power t(j prevent the fastening of it upon the Legislative Appropriation bill. The bill passed the House in Jan- uary, after days of debate without the salary clause, and returni'd 15 10 JAMES A. GARFIELD. IVdiii tlie Sciiati! late in Feliniarv with nearly one hundred amend- ments. It came u]) in the House February 24, and nut until March 1, after further discussion, was the salary amendment added, Mr. C-Jai'tield voting no. During this time the Flouse voted as manv as thirteen times, directly or indirectly, on the question, Mr. (iartieUl voting every time no. On Sunday morning, forty- eight huurs before adjournment, the bill went to a Conference Com- miitce. In this committee Mr. Garfield opposed tlie salar}' clause, and was voted down. In making the report he so stated, and said that, thdULcli opposed to the salary clause, he sustained the bill as a whole because if it was defeated an extra session of Congress must be called. In the Forty -third Congress Mr. Garfield greatly increased his reputation as a judicious, philosophical statesman and a painstaking legislator. On the fifth of March, 1874, he made a S])eech on " Rev- enues and Expenditures,"' introductory to the consideration of the ap- propriation bills, which was the most philosophical and learned ever addressed to the House on tliat subject. Ex-Governor Cox, of Ohio, wrote of this speech soon after its delivery as follows : " It is really a model of its kind, both as to its lucid and attractive pres- entation of the facts, making the proper basis of appropriations, and as to its very neat tmniing of the tables on the cheap economy of the Ways and Means Committee, which has only to take the glory of throwing ofi" taxes, and then saying, 'reduce your expendi- tures accordingly.' The analysis of the expenditures into classes showing what are pro])erly the results of the war, is precisely what 1 have desired to see. He has given to every bod}' who wishes to be int(dligent on the subject of our national finances sound and most valuable instruction. I earnestly wish the speech might be universally circidated and read. True economists may now much more easily see how their labors must be directed." On the eighth of April Mr. Garfield delivered a speech on " Currency and the Public Faith " — an earnest and eloquent pro- test against what he believed to be " most dangerous and fatal legis- lation." As the result of much painstaking reseai-ch he presented 16 JAMES A. GARFIELD. 11 nnmcrous quotations from the distinguished writers and statesmen of the past who liad expressed opinions adverse to the " weak and wicked pcilicy of issuing, jnid permanently maintaining, an ii'rcdeem- ahle paper currency." Ail of Mr. Gaitield's repeated nominations for Congress liave come to him unsought. Once, when it was suggested that lie sliould go home to look after his renomination, he replied : "If mv ])eople don't think enough of me to nominate me, I don't think I shall trouble myself to urge them." He has more than once displayed a magnanimity in reference to his candidacy as admirable as it is rare. Shortly after the election in the fall of 18G7, in which a legislature had been chosen with a Democratic majority, insming the defeat of Senator Wade for re-election, Mr. Garfield said to him that the people of Ohio regretted to see a temporary reverse have the effect of withdrawing him from public life, and that if Wade would consent to run for Congress in the district in which they both resided he would at once give way. Mi'. Wade ex- pressed his warm appreciation of the generous offer, but said noth- ing could induce him to accept it. After his defeat as a candidate for the vice-presidential nomination at Chicago, the generous ofl'er was renewed and again declined. Outside of his official duties, Mr. Garfield has delivered numer- ous public addresses and orations which have invariably been among the most successful efforts of their class. On the first occa- sion of memorial services at the graves of our soldiers, May 30, 1868, Mr. Garfield delivei'ed an oration at Arlington, which in eloquence is unsurpassed by any utterance which has been evoked by the late civil war aiul its consequences. His oration on the life and character of General George H. Thomas, before the Society of the Army of the Cumberland, delivered at Cleveland, Novem- ber 25, 1870, was published by Robert Clarke & Co., Cincinnati. This is the ablevSt and best review ever inatle of a life which forms a large chajiter of the nation's history, and whose fame "fills and overfills a hemisphere." The character of iho liero is delineated with the skill of an artist, the eloquence of a master in oratorv, 17 12 JAMES A. GARFIELD. and tlie act-uracy of one wlio was personally taniiliar witli many of the scenes wiiicli he describes. In 1872 the degree of LL.D. was conferred on Mr. Garfield by Williams College, from which he graduated. He has been for two years president of the Society of Alumni of that institution. He has been honored with election to membership in the English Asso- ciation known as " The Ct)bden Club." Mr. Garfield is generous, warm-hearted, genial, and hence, of necessity, popular. He is one of the best stump speakers in the country. His personal force, the quaintness of his mind, his strong dramatic instinct, his readiness of illustration, irresistibly charm the audiences who assemble to hear campaign speeches. As a de- bater he has no superior in Congress. His luminous and logical thoughts light up a question at the stage in which he joins the dis- cussion, and dissipate all foggy theorizing that may haVe gone be- fore. His industry is unsurpassed — he is thorough, patient, and original in all his work. He is one of the most accomplished scholars in the country, and by laborious study of all subjects which require his attention he is constantly adding to his breadth of in- tellect. 18 MILTOI^ SAYLEE. ILTON S AYLER was born in Lewisburgh, Preble County, Ohio. November 4-, 1831. His parents were natives of Virginia. His grandi'atiier was a pioneer, settling near Cincinnati at an early day ; he served in the Ohio Legis- lature as early as 1819. His father was a member of the Ohio House of Representatives and of the State Senate at different times from 1830 to 1840. The subject of this sketch at the age of twelve years entered the preparatory department of the Miami University at Oxford, Oiiio. During his course he spent two or three years out of college en- o-ao-ed in the study of law with Hawkins & Gilmore, of Eaton. Returning to college, he graduated in 18.52 with the highest honors of his class. He subsequently graduated at the Cincinnati Law School, and having been admitted to i:he Ijur engaged in the prac- tice of his profession in Cincinnati. In politics he was a Democrat, as his father and grandfather had been. He was a member of the Ohio Legislature in 1862 and 1863. He was a member of the City Council of Cincinnati in 18G-1: and 1865. He was Democratic candidate for Supei-ior Judge in 1868, and for Representative in Congress in 1870. Although on both occasions he ran considerably ahead of the remainder of his ticket, lie was defeated. In 1872 he was elected a Representative from the First Ohio District to the Forty-third Congress by about four thousand majority. He served on the Committees on Revision of the Laws, Private Land Claims, and Civil Service Reform. He was also appointed on the Select Committee to Investigate Affairs in Arkansas. A memi)er of so manv committees, and representing a large commer- 19 2 MILTON SAYLER. fiiil constituency, his laljors and responsibilities were very great. He was untiring in his efforts to promote the interests of his con- stituents, and was so successful as to meet all their just e.\]>ecta- tioTis. He did much to promote the success of the Louisville and Portland Canal bill, in which his constituents wore deeply interested. He secured the appropriation of a sum sufficient to erect commodi- ous government buildings in Cincinnati. 20 HENRY B. BANNING. ^'P^ENRY B. BANN'i:NrG was born in Mount Yernon, Ohio, t«KS November 10, lS3i. He received a common-school and Y^ jt^*> academic education. He then studied law, and practiced in liis native town until April, 1861. Immediately on the outbreak of the war he enlisted as a private soldier, and was pro inoted successively to the rank of captain, major, lieutenant-colonel, colonel, brevet brigadier-general, and brevet major-general. He represented Knox County in the Ohio Legislature in 1866 and 1867. He removed to Cincinnati in 1869, when he resumed the practice of law. In 1872 he was elected to the Forty-third Congress as a Liberal Republican, recoiving eleven thousand and thirtj'-four votes against nine thousand five hundred and thirty-two votes for ex-Governor Rutherford B. Hayes, Republican. He served on the Committee on Foreign Affairs. His first speech in tlie House was an able argument in favor of the bill providing for the payment of the bonds of the Louisville and Portland Canal Company. He asserted that " the canal is a matter of a national character, of greatest interest periiaps to the people of the Oliio and Mississippi valleys, the West and the South, but of great interest to the people of the entire country." He said the people of Cincinnati were largely interested in tlie passage of this bill, and added : " We think we deserve well of tlie national Government ; we do riglit well our part in keeping up the national revenues and paying the national expenses. During the fiscal year ending July 1, 1873, Cincinnati paid $7,161,277 internal revenue, and since 1863, to July, 1873, we have paid $69,786,307 internal revenue into the national Treasury toward paying the debt and ex- penses of this Government." 21 JOHlir Q. SMITH. ^OHN Q. SMITH was born in Warren County, Ohio, November 5, 1824, and was edncated in the common schools. He adopted the occupation of a farmei'. Polit- ically he was a Republican, and as such has been elected by jiis fellow-citizens several times to seats in legislative bodies. He was a member of the Ohio State Senate in 1860-61 and in 1872-73. He was a member of the Ohio House of Representatives in 1862 and 1863. In 1872 he was elected a Representative to the Forty-third Con- gress from the Third District of Ohio, including the counties of Butler, Clermont, Clinton, Fayette, and Warren, receiving a majority of twelve hundred and twenty-nine votes. He served on the Com- mittee on Claims, the Committee on Expenditures on Public Build- ings, and the Select Committee on the Centennial Celebration and the Proposed National Census of 1875. Mr. Smith addressed the House on the 25th of March, 1874, oti the subject of "Interstate Commerce," in which lie urged the necessity of regulating railroads by law. " The jwwer these great corporations have to oppress is fearful," he said. " No language can exaggerate it. Whole communities can be taxed without reserve or justice by railroad management." He' opposed the currency bill in an able speech, in closing which he said : — " Pass this bill, sir, and you set out on a voyage over a stormy sea of financial uncertainty, without a rudder and without a compass. No man living can predict with any certainty whether we shall in the life-time of any one of us ever see a stable currency. The same causes which demand inflation now, will demand inflation ae:ain and again. Vnliies will be as unstal)le as water." 09 LEWIS B. GUI^OKEL, 'EWIS B. GtJNCKEL was born in Germantown, Ohio, October 15, 1826. He graduated at Farmer's College in 1848, and at the Law School of Cincinnati College in 1851. He was admitted to the bar the same year, and has been in active practice in Dayton ever^ince. He was among those who entei-ed the ranks of the Republican party at its organization, and was a Delegate to its first National Convention held in 1856. He was a member of the Senate of Ohio during the sessions of 1862, 1863, 1864, and 1865. He was ap- pointed by Congress one of the managers of the National Asylum for Disabled Yolunteer Soldiers in 1864, and in 1870 was re-ap- pointed for a term of six years. In 1871 he was appointed United States Commissioner to investigate Indian frauds. In 1872 Mr. Gunckel was elected to the Forty-third Congress from the Fourth District of Ohio by about two thousand majority. He served on the Committee on Military Affairs. His first elabo- rate speech in the House, delivered April 1, 1874, was on the sub- ject of Cheap Transportation, and in favor of a bill to regulate commerce by railroad among the several States. As an illustration of" the monster evils" under which the people were suffering, he paid: "It is reliably stated that three hundred and fifty million bushels of grain raised in the Mississippi Valley, and transported by railroad to tiie Eastern States, paid an average freight charge of fifty cents per bushel ; and yet the corn so transported did not aver- age to the farmer more than sixteen cents per busliel ; so that it took three bushels of corn to transport one to the seaboard, the product of three acres to carry the product of one to market. Must these things be so ? Is there no remedy ? " 23 LAAVRENCE T. NEAL. 'AWRENCE TALP.OTT NEAL was born in Parkers- burs^, Virgiuia, (now West Virginia,) September 22, 1844. One of his great-grandfathers served in the war of the Rev- olution. Vl\^ father is now clerk of tlie court in Wood County, West Virginia. His mother was Mary H. Talbott, of Maryland, a lineal descendent of Lord Baltimore. He was a stu- dent in Asbury Academy, at Parkersburg, until his nineteenth year, when he left school to engage as a clerk in the mercantile business. In February, 1864, he went to Chillieothe, Ohio, where he studied law in the office of W. H. Stafford, Esq.. and in 1866 was admitted to the bar by the Supreme Court of Ohio. He was solicitor of the city of Chillieothe from April, 1867, to April, 1869, and declined a re-election. In politics he was from the first a Democrat. As such he was in 1867 elected to the Ohio Legislature, in which. he served two years and declined a re-election. He was elected Prosecuting Attorney of Ross County in 1870, and held that office until October, 1872, when he resigned. His reputation was greatly extended by his management of a remarkable murder trial, (reported in 2.3 Ohio Reports, Blackburn v.t. Ohio, ISTovember, 1871.) Largely tlirough his success in this trial, and the confidence in his ability thus inspired, he was noiriinated for Congress in 1872 by the Democrats of the Seventh Ohio District, and was elected by more than twelve hundred majority over the Hon. .John T. Wilson, who had represented the district in Congress for six years. On taking his seat in the Forty-third Congress Mr. Neal was appointed on the Committee on the Pacific Railroad. He addressed the House on the repeal of tiie salary act, and on other important subjects. 24 CHAELES X. LAMISOI^. f^^^'nAULES 'N. LAMISON was born in Coliuiihia County, ^^ Pennsylvania, in l.s2C. He -was educated at jirivate V^Ti schools and acaileniies. He became a student of law wlien seventeen years of ajje, and was admitted to the bir at \Vo;.ster, Ohio, in 1848. Being in very bad health, in March, 1850, he started for California, and walking the entire distance, made the journey in seventy-two days. He went into a mining fompanv which was drowned out by the August rains of that year. He was then, on the certificate of Hon. John W. Geary, since Gov- ernor of Pennsylvania, then Mayor of San Francisco, admitted to practice law in that Territory. He tried several cases in the courts, hut gave his profession little attention. In June, 1851, he left California by steamer to cross the Pacific, but the vessel becoming disabled, he, with a party of gentlemen, among whom was Judge Carter, of Wyoming Territory, abandoned it at Realejo, and traveled in carts drawn by oxen through Guatemala. Nica- raugua, and Costa Rica* and arriving on the Mosquito Coast at Grey- town, took steamer for New York. Thence be went to Lima, Ohio, where, in January, 1852, he resumed the practice of his profession. In the spring of 1853 be was appointed Prosecuting Attorney for Allen County, and at the ensuing election was elected to the same office, which he subsequently held two terms, or four years. In 1861, at the breaking out of the war, ho took strong ground in favor of maintaining the Union, and equally strong ground aeainst making the war a pretext for disturbing the institutions of the States. He raised a company of volunteers in a single day for three months' service, and was elected cajjtain. At the organiza- tion of the Twentieth Regiment Ohio Volunteers he was elected and commissioned major, and as such participated in the West Virginia 25 9 CHAULES N. LAillSOX. campaign. He \\■a^^ niiistnivd out (in the 19th of August, and on the same day re-enli^ted ai a major in Morton's Rifles. The regi- ment went into service under Fremont, in Missouri, wlien it was re-organized as the Kigh t_v -first Ohio Volunteer Infantry. In Feb- ruary, 18G2, the regiment was ordered down tlie Tennessee River. At Pittsburg Landing it was placed in Smith's Division, and jjartici- pated in the battle of Shiloh. Major Lamison's health had been greatly impaired by exposure and hard service, yet lie commanded the regiment during the greater part of the fight of Sunday the 6th of April, Colonel Morton commanding the brigade, and took it at the close of that day to the position assigned to it in the line of battle for the night. The next day, on account of his physical condition, he was compelled to go to his quarters, and did not par- ticipate in the battle after nine o'clock in the forenoon. His health continuing to decline, he was ordered home, but being satisiied from the statements of physicians that he would not be fit for duty for a long time, he resigned, on the 13tli of April, 1862, one week after the battle. He was sick for about a year, when he regained liis health and resumed the practice of law. In 1864 he was elector on the McClellan ticket. He was a candidate for Congress before the Democratic, Non)inating Con- vention in 1866, but was defeated by a small majority. In 1S70 he was nominated as the Democratic candidate for Representative in the Forty-second Congress, and was elected. He has always been a consistent States-Rights Free-Trade Demo- crat, so positive and outspoken in his views as sometimes to be styled a revolutionist by his opponents. He cares more for truth than policy, and more for honor than sncc«?ss. In the Forty-second Congress his course was distinguished by strict attention to duty. He took some part in the discussion of the Ku-Klux bill during the first session. He spoke against the plan proposed by the Committee on Civil Service Reform, and against the Tariflf Bill as reported by the Committee of Ways and Means, 26 ISAAC R. SHERWOOD, SAAC R. SHERWOOD was born in Diitcl.ess County, New York, August 13, 1835. His grandfatlier, Isaac Sher- wood, served in the Revolutionary war as one of the " Green Mountain Boys." After the war he settled in Dutchess County, New York, where he followed the occupation of. a farmer, in which he was succeeded by his son Aaron. The sub- ject of this sketch worked on his fatlier's farm until he was seven- teen years of age. He then attended the Hudson River Institute, Ciaveraek, New York, and in 1854 went to Antioch College, Ohio. Before leaving New York Mr, Sherwood had studied law with Judge Hogeboom, a distinguished jurist of that State, and after two years at Antioch College he resumed his law studies at tlie Cleve- land Law Institute. In 1857 he located at Bryan, his present resi- dence, where he established a Radical paper — " The Williams County Gazette." In 1859 he was elected Probate Judge of Will- iams County, and Mayor of Bryan. The war breaking out, he resigned civil office to enter tlie Four- teenth Ohio Volunteer Infiintry as a ])rivate. He served in the ranks four months, during the campaign in West Virginia, partici- pating in the battles of Laurel Mountain, Cheat River, Philippi, and Carick's Ford, in which the rebel General Garuett was killed. He was subsequently commissioned as lieutenant in tlie One Hun- dred and Eleventh Ohio Volunteer Infantry, and was appointed adjutant, serving in that capacity through the Buell campaign in Kentucky in 1862— until the battle of Perryville. He was promoted to be major February 1, 1863. In this capacity lie commanded his regiment in the ninnerous battles in which it participated in the campaign against John Morgan, and in the East 27 ISAAC R. SHERWOOD. Tennessee campaign under General Burnside. He commanded tlie roar of Biirnside's army, covering the retreat from Holston River to the battle field of Campbell's Station. At the siege of Knoxviile lie was charged with the important duty of relieving and re-en- foicing any portion of tiie line wiiich should sutler most severely from attack. He participated in all the battles of the Atlanta campaign. At tlie battle of Franklin, one of the most important and bloody en- u-a'^ements of the war, lie had command of two reuiments, and had a iiorse shot under him while at the head of his brigade. He took one thousand prisoners and three stands of arms. His regiment was complimented in general orders, and he was breveted Brigadier- General. He ]iartiL-ipated in the battle of Nashville under General Thomas. Din'ing the war he took ])art in no less than thirty im- portant battles. He was distinguished by a devotion to the service as remarkal)le as it was creditable to iiis patriotism. He was sel- dom oif duty, and never away from his command. After the close of the war he was appointed in charge of the Freedmen's Bureau in Florida, with the rank and pay of Brigadier- General. He resigned, however, without going to his command. He went to Toledo as editor of the " Commercial," and was subse- quently editorial writer on the " Cleveland Leader." He then pur- chased the '' Bryan Bress," making his home in Bryan, where he had lived before the war and where he now resides. In 1868 he was elected Secretary of State for Ohio, and was re-elected in 1870. He organized the Statistical Bureau of Ohio, and issued four annual re- ports containing full and accurate exhibits of the progress and (;on- dition of the State. The volumes attracted much attention, and received favorable notice from leading journals. In 1872 Mr. Sherwood was elected a Representative in the Forty- third Congress from tiie Sixth District of Ohio. He served on the Committee on Railroads and Canals. 28 lix t/Li^Ot- AVI LT;I AM LAWRENCE. '^"^^'N tlie Congressional Library at Washington is a "Historical c^ Genealogy of the Lawrence family, from their first landing '"^^ in this country, A.D. 1635, to July 4, 1858, by Thomas Lawrence, of Providence, Rhode Island." The author of this work pays : " The patronymic of our family is of great antiquity, hav- ing originated with the Latins. Several members of the family of Lawrence have held, and still hold, responsible and distinguished stations, as well in the church and civil service as in the army and navy of the British Empire ; and many branches, also, have inter- married with the clergy and nobility. Sir Robert Lawrence accom- panied Richard Coeur-de-Lion in his famous expedition to Palestine, wliere he signalized himself in the memoralile siege of St. Jean d'Acre in 1119, by being the lirst to plant the banner of the cross ou the battlements of that town, for which he received the honors of knighthood from King Richaid, and also a coat of arms." In 1635, two brothers, and in 1636, another brother of these English Lawrences, came to this country and settled on Long Island. These are tJie an- cestors of the Lawrences of the United States. Some of the descendants of tliese at an early d:iy ])nrchascd a tract of land on tlie Delaware River, near Pliil:ulcli>liia. Kuiliarking in coumiercial transactions, tiiey lost their landed estate. One of these married a Frencli lady, and had a numerous offspring, among whom was David Lawrence, wlio died near Philadelphia, in I.S05, leaving several children with no estate. One of these was Jose])h Lawrence, who, after 'earning the trade of a blacksmith, enlisted in the Philadel]ibia Gu'irds, and served durins the war of 1812. On the restoratim cf 29 2 WILLIAM LAWRENCK. Iifuce he removed to Ohio, where he married Temi>eraiice Gilcliri-l, a native of Virginia, a lady of exemplary piety and many virtues. Of these parents, the only surviving son is Wiljiam Lawrence, wlm was born at Mount Pleasant, Jefferson County, Ohio, June 2C, iS^n. "William was permitted to spend a portion of his early years in atten- dance on the country school ; but the intervals, which were nunui-ous and prolonged, were occupied in assisting his father, who was ]iursii- ing the double avocation of farmer and mechanic. In the autumn of 1833, he was placed under the instruction of Kev. John C. Tidball, who had recently opened a classical seminary near Steubenville, Ohio. Under this gentleman, who was an accomplished scholar, he made rapid proficiency, and laid the foundation of a fine classical education. He remained a student in the Seminary until the spring of 1838, when his father procured for him the position of a merchant's clerk. In tliis pui-suit he acquired business habits which have contributed largely to liis success. Young Lawrence did not long remain a clerk in the village ttore. A brilliant display of forensic eloquence, which it was his good fortune to hear, turned his attention toward another profession, and he re- solved to become a lawyer. AVith difficulty the consent of his father was obtaitied to this change of plans. That he might lay a founda- tion sutf^ciently broad and deep for a superstructure of professional emi- nence, young Lawrence resolved to prosecute further his classical and literary education. He accordingly enrolled himself as a student in Franklin College, at Tsew Athens, Ohio, in the antnnm of 1^36. He aeconi]>lished the collegiate course in a very short time, and was grad- iiateil in the fall of 1838, with the highest hoiioi-s of the institution. Mr. Lawrence imnu'diatoly procerded t() Morgan County. Ohio, where he comnienced the study of law under James L. Gage, Esq., then the oldest and ablest member of the McConnellsville bar. Dur- ing the following winter and the succeeding summer, he taught a dis- trict s<'ho(i|. At the same time he jtursued his study of the law. aTid acquiri'd (•onsid(>rable local fame bv the success with wliicJi he con 30 3 WII.LI.V^l LAWKENCE. 3 ducted cases before " the dignitaries who presided on the township bench." In the autumn of 1830, Mr. Lawreiiee het-aiue a stuilent of law in the Law Department of tiie Cincinnati College, where he enjoyed the instruction of Hon. Timothy Walker, author of the " Introduc- tion to American Law." He apjilied himself with great intensity to his duties, devoting no less than sixteen hours each day to stndv, and the exercises of the lecturu-room. He graduated with the de- gree of L.B. in March, 1840 ; but not yet having reached ma- jority, he was compelled to defer making application for admission to the bar. In the memorable political campaign of 1840, he engaged with ardor in advocating the election of Harrison to the Presidency. He spent the winter of 1840-41 at Columbus, in attendance on the Ohio Legislature, occupied in reporting its proceedings for the Ohio State Journal. By strict attention to the rules and pro(;eedings of that body, he acquired an accurate knowledge of the details of legislation, which has made him a skillful parliamentary tactician. In the summer of 1841, Mr. Lawrence located in Rellefontaine, Ohio, where he formed a professional partnership witli Hon. Ben- jamin Stanton. He soon acquired reputation for great skill in the details of professional business, promptness in the discharge of his duties, and accuracy in his knowledge of the principles of law. In 1842, he was appointed Commissioner of Bankrupts for Logan County. In 1845, he was elected Prosecuting Attorney for Logan County, which office he resigned in 1846, on being nominated as a candidate for representative in the legislature. He was proprietor of the Logan Gazette from March, 1845, to September, 1847, and was for several months editor of that paper. In 1846, he was elected a member of the legislature, and was re- elected in the following year. In 1849, he was elected a member of the Ohio Senate for the term ending in 1851. At the close of hi? Senatorial term he was elected, by the legislature. Reporter for the Supreme Court, and reported the twentieth volume of Ohio Reports 31 4 WILLIAJI LAWRENCE. In 1852, he was on tlie Whig electoral ticket advocating the clec- (i(in of General Scott to the Presidency. In 1854 and 1855, lie Wiis again a member of the Senate of Ohio. As a member of the logis- lann-e in both its branches, Mr. Lawrence did great service to tlie State. lie took a leading part in legislation as Chairman of the Jn- diciary Committee, of the Committee on Railroads and Turnpikes, on the Penitentiary and on Public Printing. At the session of 1846-7, he introduced a bill to quiet land titles, which was contested at every session untilit was adopted in 1849. It was of vast impor- tance to the real^estate interests of Ohio, and is familiarly known as " Lawrence's Law." At the session of 1847-8, he took the lead, as Chairman of the Judiciary Committee, against legislative divorces, in a lengthy argument, report, and protest against their coiistitutinn- ality. The Supreme Court afterwards recognized this view; and tlie Constitution of Ohio, adopted in 1851, prohibits the granting of di- vorces by the legislature. At the session of 1850-51, he made a Eeport in favor of a Reform PcIkiii! for the correction of juvenile offenders — a measure wliich was finally adopted. He is the author of the Ohio Free-Banking Law, fiamed at the same session — the best system of State banking ever devised, embodying many of the featm-es of the existing Banking Law of ( '' ingress. Ill 1856, he was elected Judge of the Court of Common Pleas for the Third Judicial District, for the term of live years. He was re- elected in 1861, and held the office until his resignation in 1864. The decisions of Judge Lawrence, published in the " Boston Law i;('l>()rtcr," the " Cleveland Western Law Monthly," of which he was one of the editors, the " Cincinnati Weekly Law Gazette," and the •' Pittsburg Legal Journal," would, if collected, make a large volume (if Reports. In 1862, he was appointed, by Governor Todd, Colonel of the i:ighty-fourth Regiment of Oliio Volunteer Infantry, mustered into the service for tlu-ee months, and served with his regiment mainly nndev (;oner;d B. F. Kelley at CumberLnid and Xcw Creek 32 WILLIAM LAWRENCE. 5 Subsequently to his retirement from the bench, Judge Lawrence lias occupied himself, in tlie intervals of business, in the preparation of a work on the Ohio Civil Code, and an elementary ti-eatisc on the Law of Interest and Usury. Li 1803, President Lincoln gave liim, unsolicited, the appointment of Judge of the United States District Court for Florida, which he declined to acce])t. In ()ctol)er, ISlU, he was elected a Representa- tive in the Tliirty-ninth Congress, trom the Fourth District of Oliio. In 1866 in 1868 and in 1872 he was re-elected. No mend)er of Congress has more earnestly advocated the home- stead policy, and tlie duty of the Government to actual settlers on the public lands, than Judge Lawrence. A practice had grown up by which the President and Senate, by treaties with the Indian tribes, liad disposed of large bodies of public lands to corporations and spec- ulators. In June, 1868, a treaty was concluded with the Osage In- dians, by which 8,000,000 acres were about to be sold at twenty cents an acre. Judge Lawrence was the lirst in Congress, or else- where, to denounce these treaties as nnconstitutional and impolitic, as he did in his speech of Marcli 21, 1868. His views were subse- quently sustained by the House of Representatives, June 3, 1868, by the passage of a joint resolution declaring that no jiatents should issue for lands so sold ; June 18, 1868, by the passage of a resolution unani- mously affirming that sales of public lands *' are not within the treaty-making power;" and June 26, 1868, by a joint resolution re- qiiiring all public lands to be disposed of in ])ursuance of law. For several years prior to 1868. Congress had been making large grants of public lands in aid of railways and other public improve- ments, without any provision securing the land to actual settlers. On the 20th of January, 1868, Judge Lawrence introduced in Con- gress a bill providing that all land thereafter granted to aid public work, whether under existing laws or those afterwards enacted, should be sold only to actual settlers at a limited price, the object being to event a monopoly, and secure the settlement of the lands. The platform of the National Convention of the two great politiciJ 33 6 WILLIAM LAWRENCE. parties of the counti-y in this year, substantially indorsed this jiolicy. During tlie first ses.sion of the 'Fortieth Congress, Judge Lawrence made several speeches on national aflfairs. One of his principal works was the preparation of a brief, embracing all the authorities upon the law of impeachable crimes and misdemeanors. lie has given tlie following definition of an impeachable high crime and misde- meanor, which will hereafter have the authority of law in American practice : " An impeachable high crime or misdemeanor is one in its nature or consequences subversive of some fundamental or essential principle of government, or highly prejudicial to the public interest, and this nuiy consist of a violation of the Constitution, of law, of an official oath, or of duty, by an act committed or omitted, or, without viola- ting a positive law, by the abuse of discretionary power from improper motives or for an improper purpose. " It should be understood, however, that while this is a proper def- inition, vet it l>y no means follows that the j^o^ver of impeachment is limited to technical crimes or misdemeanors only. It may reach offi- cers who, from incapacity or other cause, are absolutely unfit for the performance of their duties, when no other remedy exists, and where the public interests imperatively demand it. " When no other remedy can protect them, the interests of millions of people may not be imperiled from tender regard to official tenure, which can only be held for their ruin." General Butler, one of tlie Managei-s on tlie part of the House in the impeachment of President Johnson, adopted it, and in his open- ing argument referred to it in the following complimentary terms: "I pray leave to lay before you, at tlie close of my argument, a brief of all the precedents and authorities upon this subject, in both countries, for which I am indebted to the exhaustive and learned la- bel^ of my friend, the Hon. William Lawrence, of Ohio, member of the Judiciary Committee of the House of Eepreseutatives, in which I fully concur, and which I adopt." 34 ^yk^^-^j^^^^^r- CHARLES FOSTER. . IIAELES FOSTER was Iwrn in Seneca township, Seneca Coimty, Ohio, on the 12th of April, 1S2S. His opportu- uities for education were very meagre, heing limited to the " district school " of the village, with the exception of nine months spent at the Norwalk (Ohio) Seminary, from which, at the age of fourteen years, he was called, on account of the sickness of the wliole family, at home. The continued illness of his father made it necessary for Charles to enter the store, which he never left, and of which he soon came to take the chief active management. So rapid was the development of his business capacity that, when but eighteen years of age, he assumed the delicate and responsible charge of making the purchases of the establishment in the East- ern markets. The growth of the business of the house is probably without precedent in that State. Situated within fourteen miles of the county -seat, the prosperous town of Tiffin, and dependent almost entirely on an agricultural community for trade, it is quite clear that nothing but the most consummate ability, untiring effort, and strict intergity could have created a Inisiness which, for nn\ny years past, has ranged from $500,000 to $1,000,000 per annum. While, of course, much of such remarkable results is due to the well-laid foundation and to the continued cooperation of the father, it is still true that, to the remarkable aljility, the unre- mitting devotion, and consummate management of the son the lat- ter and more complete success is chiefly due. A few years since, the adjoining and rival towns of Rome and Risdon were consoli- dated, and, in just honor of its most prominent citizens, the new corporation assumed the name of Fostoria. AVith the immense trade of Foster & Co. has long been connected a heavy traffic in all descriptions of country produce. To meet the growing wants of the 35 2 CHARLESFOSTER. town and i^iii Tdnmling country, this lionse, some time since, com- menced a banking liusiness, which, under the judicious and popular managenicnt whicli marked tlie otlier l)ranches of its business, has rapidly irrown in importance, until the capital and deposits rival in amount those of many city banks. Great as has been Mr. Foster's success in the conduct of his business, his claims to the consideration of his fellow-men rest far more on the manner and spirit of its management and the use made of the great power thereby placed in his hands. In all the com- mimity with which Mr. Foster has so long dealt, no one can be found with a reputation lur HI erality and enterprise more exten- sive or better established than iiis. No call of private charity or of sound public policy ever failed of prompt and liberal response from him. While the various religious, social, educational, and political interests of the conininnity have always found sympathy and sup- port from him, he has never been backward in promoting the material and commercial wants of his neighbors. To his enlight- ened and liberal cooperation, more than to that of any other per- son, is due the provision of railway facilities which have con- triljuted so largely to the rapid and substantial prosperity of Fos- toria and the surrounding country, and the same efficient agencies are yet active in other like enterprises. After repeated declinations and protests, Mr. Foster was induced, in tlie summer of 1870, to accept the nomination of thellejmblican convention of his district for Congress; and this reluctant acce]it- ance was only secured by assurances of his political friends that he was ])riibably the only man of sufficient personal popularity to over- Ci nic the recognized Democratic majority in the district. The wis- dom of tlie choice was vindicated by the result of the election, which gave hini a majority of seven hundred and seventy -six over his Demo- cratic competitor, Hon. E. F. Dickinson, a gentleman of unusual i)er soiial strength, who, two years previously, was chosen by sixteen hun- dred and forty-tive majority. No more em])hatic compliment could be given than the vote cast for r. Foster by his immediate ueigli- liors. who know him best, showing, as it does, the high ap]>i-eciatioii of his worth by aci|naintances of both ])olilical parties. 3(; i^^-c-c^^^jy HEZEKIAH S. BUNDY. p^ZEKIAH S. BUNDT was bora in Marietta, Oliio, August 15, 1817. His father, Nathan Bundy, was a iia- ■j^|J?' tive of Connecticut, and his mother of New York. Two jearfi after tiie birth of the subject of this sketch they set- tled in Athens County, Oliio. While laboring to clear his farm in the forest the father was killed by the falling of a tree, and Hez- ekiah was left an orphan at the age of fourteen years. He was at the time attending school, where lie had learned to read and write, aiul cipher as far as the Single Rule of Three, and had learned the rudiments of English Grammar. The death of his father, and the added misfortune of the loss of the farm by defective title, com- pelled liini to resort to daily labor for the sustenance of himself and his widowed mother. He left school, and never afterward en- joyed the advantages of an institution of learning. The wages of labor at that time were very low, a day's work not commanding more than twelve to twenty-five cents in trade. In 1834 he was employed in a store at fifty dollars a year. In this employment he remained three years, with an annually increasing salary, and then entered into a partnership with his employer, which continued until 1842. This year his partner failed in a sep- arate business, which involved him in heavy losses. In 1840 he had recovered from the etnbarrassments to which he was thus sub- jected, and purchased a farm of five hundred acres. Upon this farm, since enlarged to nearly twelve hundred acres, he now resides. While engaged in farming Mr. Bundy studied law at home, and in 1850 was admitted to the bar. Two years before ho had been elected to the Ohio Legislature as a Whig. He voted in favor of the repeal of the "Black Laws," which made unjust and dpiiressive discriniinations against colored people. This vote, being in advance 37 2 HEZEKIAH 8. BUNDY. of public sentiment at tlie time in his district, led to his temporary retirement from politics. Prejudices were at lengtli overcome by discussion, and other means of diffusing information aniung the jteople, and in 1850 he was re-elected to the Legislature by one thousand majority. In 1854 Mr. Bundy, with four eqnal partners, built the " Latrobe Furnace," in Jackson County, Ohio. lie subsequently bought out all the other interests, and still owns and operates the works. Con- nected with the " Latrobe Furnace " are about four thousand acres of good grazing and mineral land. In 1855 Mr. Bundy was elected as a Republican to the Ohio Senate. The district at the previous election, in 1853, gave more than eighteen hundred majority for the Democratic candidate, and in 1856 gave Mr. Buchanan over twenty-five hundred majority. In 1860 Mr. Bundy was an elector on the Republican ticket for Lincoln and Hamlin. In 1862 he was nominated for ReprescTitative in the Thirty- eighth Congress, but was defeated by nineteen hundred majority. In 1864 he was nominated for the Thirty-ninth Congress, aiid was elected by a majority of nearly four thousand over the same com- petitor. As a member of the Thirty-ninth Congress he opposed the policy of President Johnson, supporting and voting for " Civil Rights," "Freedmen's Bureau," "Impartial Suffrage," and all other reconstruction measures of the Republican majority. At the next election he declined a renomination for Congress. In Octo- ber, 1872, he was elected to the Forty-third Congress by two thou- sand nine hundred and seven majority, more than twice the Repub- lican majority of the district given in the election of Governor in 1871. Mr. Bundy was a delegate to the General Conference of the Methodist Episcopal Church in 1872 — the first which admitted lay representation. 38 JAMES W. ROBINSON. *AMES "W. EOBINSON was born in Union Connty, Ohio, November 28, 1826. His grandfather was a native of Ireland; liis fatlier, of Pennsylvania. He graduated at Jeiferson College, Pennsylvania, in 1848. ' He then went to Ohio and stndied law with Hon. Otway Cnrry, a gentleman highly distinguished both in law and in literature. Mr. Robinson graduated at the Cincinnati Law School in 1851, and immediately formed a partnei'ship with his former preceptor, which lasted until the death of Mr. Curry in 1855. In that year he was married to Miss Mary J. Cassil, of Marysville. Mr. Robinson, although a Republican of decided stamp, was by no means absorbed in politics, but gave his time and attention almost uiiinterrii]itedly to his profession. He was, however, a Rep- resentative in the Ohio Legislature in 1858, 1860, and 1864, in which he rendered efficient service to his constituents. In 1872 he was elected a Representative in Congress over Hon. G. W. Morgan. In the Forty-third Congress he was appointed to the Connnittee on Elections. In the House he has been a quiet, unostentatious member, without attempting display. He set his face against all extravagance, and favored every measure for pro* moting economy and reform. His speeches in the House during the lirst session of his service were on subjects which came before the connnittee of which he was a member. In a speech on the charges of bigamy against the delegate from Utah, he said that the people of that Territory by electing an avowed polygamist to represent them in Congress had taken the aggressive, and presented the issue whether the law should be respected or repealed. "I accept the issue," he added, "and ask in the name of decency and public vir- tue and of law that the House vindicate the laws of the country." 39 HUGH J. JEWETT. "ugh J. JEWETT was for many years a lawyer in Colum- bus, Oliio. In politics he was a Democrat, and as such he was, in 1872, elected a Representative to the Forty-third Congress from the Twelfth District of Oliio, which in- cluded the counties of Fairfield, Franklin, Perry, and Pickaway. He received a majority of four thousand six hundred and seventy- seven votes over his Republican competitor. Taking his seat in the House of Representatives in December, 1873, Mr. Jewett was appointed on the Committee on the Judiciary and the Select Committee to Inquire into the Affairs of the District of Columbia. He gave much time and attention to tlie long and laborious investigation which devolved upon the latter conniiittee. He i-eported a number of important bills from the Judiciary Com- mittee. He seldom occupied the time of the House -with speeches. He addressed the House on the bill to appropriate $3,000,000 in aid of the Centennial Celebration and International Exhibition of 1876. He gave a concise and comprehensive review of the legisla- tion of Congress on the subject, and deduced the conclusion that there was a committal on the part of Congress, not to our own people, but to other nations and the people of other nations, by which in honor the Government was bound and could not honora- bly disregard. While a member of the Forty-third Congress Mr. Jewett was elected President of the Erie Railroad Company, and resigned his seat in the House of Representatives to enter upon the duties of that important position. 40 MILTON I. SOUTHARD. ^-v ymM" II^TON I. SOtTTHARD was born in Licking County, Ohio. He received a collegiate education, graduating at Denison University, Granville, Ohio, in 1861. He studied law, and was admitted to the bar in 1863. He engaged in the practice of his profe.ssion in Zanesville, Ohio, in which he was continuously and successfully occupied until his election to Congress. He took an active part in politics as a Democrat, but aspired to no offices save such as were in the direct line of his profession. In 1867 he was elected Prosecuting Attorney for Muskingum County. He was twice re-elected, holding the office during six years. In 1873 he was elected a Eepresentative from the Thirteenth District of Ohio to the Forty-third Congress by a majority of two thousand four hundred and seventy-one votes. He served on the Committee on Mines and Mining, and the Committee on Expendi- tures in the Treasury Department. During the first session he took part in several important debates. His first speech was deliv- ered December 16, 1874, on the repeal of the Salary act. He favored no half-way measure. "If in these days of panic and riot," said he, " when hundreds and thousands of laborers and ap- prentices throughout the country are thrown out of employment entirely, or are working upon limited time and at reduced wages, we are to begin the work of reform and practice economy, then let us begin by repealing the whole act increasing salaries." Mr. Southard addressed the House also on other important sub- jects, such as Civil Service Reform and Civil Rights. He opposed the pending bill on the latter subject. '^ 41 JOHN BERET. "^'Stb^^OHN berry was born in that portion of Crawford Coun- ty wliich is now Wyandot, Ohio, April 26, 1833. flis fatlier was a Virginian, wlio emigrated to Ross Conntv, Oliio, in liis yoiitii, and served during tlie war of 1812 in the perilous campaigns against the hostile Indians in the North- western Territory. His mother was a native of Pentisylvania, of Irish parentage. He has three elder brothers, one of whom has been a member of the Ohio Senate, another of the California Senate, and the third of the Territorial Council of Colorado. The subject of this sketch was reared on a farm, attending school during the winter months. When twenty years of age, liavino- taught school until he obtained means of securing an education, he entered the Ohio Wesleyan University, where he ]:)ursucd a liberal course of study without graduating. He entered the Cincinnati Law School, where he graduated, ami was admitted to tlie bar in April, 1857. He at once entered upon the practice of his profes- sion in Upper Sandusky, where he soon established a successful business. He was elected Prosecuting Attorney of Wyandot Coun- ty in 1SG2, and was re-elected in 1864. He was elected to Congress from the Fourteenth District of Ohio as a Democrat by a majority of nearly four thousand votes. In the Forty-third Congress he was appointed on the Committee on Coin- age, Weights, and Measures. He delivered in the House an able speech on the Currency bill, then under discussion, in which he took strong gro\ind against contraction. He opposed the system of National Banks, which he characterized as the "worst, as it is the mip.^t iKiwcrfiil and dangci-ou:^, nionopoly in (iic country." 42 WILLIAM P. SPEAGUE. .^'ILLIAM P. SPRAGUE was born in Morgan County, Ohio, May 27, 1827. His grand fatlier, of tlie same name, was a resident of Gloucester, England, engaged in a prosperous mannfacturing business, and at tlie outbreak of the American Revolution espoused the cause of the colonies and en- listed in tlieir naval service. He reached the rank of captain in the navy, and at the close of tlie war settled in Philadelphia. Having received a public appointment at Washington, he embarked with his fainily on a vessel which was wrecked. A cold produced by the exposure settling in an old wound received during the war soon resulted in his death. His son, the fatiier of our subject, removed to Pittsburgh, and subsequently to Zanesville, Ohio, where he mar- ried a lady of a Protestant Irish family tiuit had latel_v removed to Ohio from near Newark, New Jersey. The father dying in 18i5 left ills son, William P. Spragne, the sole support of a large family. He was consequently unable to prosecute his studies to the extent which lie desired, receiving only the education which the common schools could afford. Having obtained a clerkship in a store he bent all his energies to business, and was soon offered a partner- ship, lie was very successful, by his skill and energy building up a large and prosperous business. In early life he imbibed the political views held by tlie Whig party; but participating in the feeling of hostility to the existence and spread of slavery then becoming prevalent in his native State, he ver}' naturally sympathized with the movement for the organiza- tion of the Republican party, and as a delegate attended its first State Convention held in Ohio. Although his political opinions were positive, and his temperament inclined hiru to be acti\p in the 43 2 WILLIAM P. SPRAGUE. iulvncac'v of liis views, it was not in accordance witli liis plan of life to become an asi)irant for office. Hence his nomination and election to the State Senate in 1859 were events quite unexpected and unsought by hira. In that body, to which he was re-elected, he served four years. As chairman of the Committee on the State Penitentiary, he revised and codified the laws relating to that insti- tution. He introduced many new featui'es, completely clianging the system, and the management under which it was conducted. The condition of the prisoners was improved, and the Penitentiary was niade more reformatory in its character. It had been a source of loss to the State to the extent of $20,000 annually, bat under the new system it yielded as large a sum per annum as was the former deficit. This reform was almost wholly the work of Mr. Sprague, the !)ill which he i)resented becoming a law without amendment. As a member of the Committee on the Militia he aided in per- fecting and passing a law completely reorganizing and making efficient the militia of Ohio. He procured the appointment of a Committee on Expenditures, of which he was a member, for the purpose of examining the accounts of the vast sums raised by the people of the State for military pur|:)05es. He earnestly supported the Government in the prosecution of the war, and after the close (if his Senatorial term was an active and efficient member of the military c-omniittL-e of his county, and as such did nineh to aid the (i'lvernor in looking after the welfare of the Ohio troops. So(in after the passage of the National Banking law Mr. Sjji-ague was laro;c!v instrumental in organizins; and i>rocurinital invested in railways would yield a profitable though not speculative return." He declared tiiat his views on this subject were not the results of recent popular clanKjr. " I gave expression," said he, " to the view which I take now, in another legislative body long before the bugle notes of the rallying grangers echoed over the champaigns of the West, or the earnest demands of transportation associations were beard anidiig tJK- hills .,f fhr East." 46 JAMES MONEOE. 'AMES MONROE was born in Plainfield, Connecticut, July 18, 1821. He received his early education at the common school and at Plainfield Academy. He graduated at Oberlin College, Ohio, in 1846, and afterward pursued a cdurse of theological study there. He was a professor in Ober- lin College from 1849 until 1862. He married a daughter of Presi- dent Finney of that college. ISTo institution of learning in the country was so prominent and influential in promoting antislavery as Oberlin, and Mr. Monroe, as a member of its faculty, was un- equivocal in his utterances against the great political and social evil which threatened the existence of the nation. His addresses in the lecture-room, in the pulpit, and on the stump, made a pro- found impression upon thousands of young men and young women who were his students, and they in turn carried intense antislavery views to all sections of the Union. Few men of the time have con- tributed more to develop that enlightened public conscience whicli ultimately prompted the extirpation of human slavery. Mr. Monroe was of course among the first to identify himself with the Eepublican party. His fellow-citizens, unwilling that his influence should be exerted alone from the lecture-room of the col- lege, elected him a member of the Ohio House of Representatives in 1856, and he was re-elected in 1857, 1858, and 1859. He was elected to the Ohio Senate in 1860, 1861, and 1862. He was Presi- dent pro tempore of the Ohio Senate in 1861, and again in 1862. His fine scientific and literary attainments, his ability as a public speaker, and the boldness with which he maintained his principles, inado him eminent as a leader in the Ohio Legislature. No states- man contributed more to place Ohio in the van of the Republican 47 2 JAMES MONROE. States, whieli stood like a wall for the deterise of the National Union during the perilous times of the Rebellion. Mr. Monroe was United States Consul at Rio de Janeiro from 1863 to 1869, and during a portion of this time served as Charge d'Affiiires nd interim at that capital. In 1870 he was elected to the Forty-second Congress, during which he served on the Commit- tee on Banking and Currency. He was re-elected to the Forty- second Congress by a majority of four thousand three hundred and sixty -four votes. During this Congress he was Chairman of the Committee on Education and Labor. Mr. Monroe's ability as a debater was especially apparent in the discussion of subjects relating to education, and particularly the education of the freed people of the South. On such occasions the iucontrovertibility of his positions, the earnestness resulting from his deep convictions, and the broad philanthropy prevading his arguments, gave his speeches unusual power and influence on the floor of the House. 48 / Xlr-iUc^ , EI CHARD O. PARS OK S. j-l^l^ICnAPtD C. PARSONS was born in New London, Con- //j*v4 necticnt, October 10, 1826. Usual as it is in sketclies of kg^M our public men to outline, witb moi'e or less of particular- ity, their family history and derivation, it is still of less importance in this country, where success and jironiinence depend so absolutely on the personal qualities and exertions of the individ- ual himself; and hence it will be here suthcient to say, in general terms, that the subject of this sketch was descended from a line of ancestry distinguished in the religious and judicial history of New England, running back to as early a period as 1627. His father was a merchant of New York city, a gentleman remarkable for his benevolence and sterling character, dying in 1832 at the age of thirty-nine years. His grandfather was the Rev. David Parsons, D.D., of An)herst, Mas?., an eminent clergyman, whose ministry, with that of his father, over the Presbyterian Church of Amherst, continued uninterruptedly through a period of over eighty years. The wife of the Rev. David Parsons was a sister of the late Chief- Justice Williams of Connecticut, and a niece of William Williams, one of the signers of the Declaration of Independence. At the age of twenty-one Mr. Parsons went to Cleveland, Ohio, where he studied law, and was admitted to practice in October, 1851. At the bar he rapidly acquired important business, and promised decided success as a counselor and advocate. But political and public life had attractions for him, so that at once began that series of official engagements which have occupied him from then till now. During the same year that he was admitted to practice, he was elected a member of the City Council of Cleveland, and the following- year President of that body. In 1S57 he was elected to •±1/ 2 RICHARD C. PARSONS. the Ohio Lctri-latnrc, and in 1859 was re-elected and cliosen Speaker of tlie rionso of" Representatives. He was the youngest person that liad filled that ]iosition, and was elected to it on account of his personal popularity, and a reniarkalile quickness and vigor of address, so necessary to be allied with familiar knowledge of pHrliamentary rules for success as a jiresiding officer. In 1S61 he was tendered the mission to Chili by President Lin- coln, which he declined ; and subsequently was a]ipointed Consul at Rio Janeiro, where he served one year with great advantage to our commercial and maritime interests at that port. In 1863 he was appointed Collector of Internal Revenue at Cleveland, which position he filled for four years, when he was removed by Andrew Johnson. In 1866 he received the ajipointment of Marshal of the Supreme Court of the United States, and served six years, when he resigned. In 1872 Mr. Parsons was elected to the Forty-third Congress, as a Re|inbllcan, from the Twentieth Congressional District of Ohio, receiving thirteen thousand one hundred and one votes against ten thonsand three hundred and seVenty-seVen for S. Chamberlain, the candidate of the Democrats and Liberals. In Congress he was at once ]ilaced on important committees, on which he has served with industry and energy for the public interests, and the special manu- facturing and commercial needs of the district he represents. Personally, Mr. Parsons is tall, slender, and elegant; quick, alert, and vigorous in manner and in s])eech, as in all the workings of his mind and heart. As a speaker he is ready, fluent, effective, and often eloquent. His studies and culture have been Varied and extensive, and, as leisure from public duties may have permitted, many writings have emanated from his pen of the highest (M-der of literary excellence. Married in early life to a daughter of Hon. S. Starkweather, a prominent jurist and politician, the family home of Mr. Parsons in Cleveland is the abode of all courtesy and refine- ment, and a bright center for neighborly respect and aifection. 50 EDWARD OROSSLAB'D, i^ ^^i:^"^ DWARD CROSSLAND was born in Ilickn-an County, Kentiu-ky, June 30, 1827, and obtained such education as was aiiorded by the scliools of tliat locality. He studied law, was admitted to the bar in 1S52, and en- gaged snccessfully in the practice of his profession in Mayfield, Kentucky. He was a member of tlie Kentucky Legislature of 1857-58. At the outbreak of the late civil war he went into the military service of the Confederate States. After the close of the war he resumed tlie practice of iiis profession. He was elected Judge of the Court of Common Pleas in the first judicial district of Kentucky in August, 1867, for six years, and resigned on the first of November, 1870. He was elected a Representative from Kentucky to the Forty- second Congress as a Democrat by about five thousand majority over his Republican competitor. Taking his seat in the House of Representatives March i, 1871, he was appointed a member of the Committee on Agricidture. He was re-elected to the Forty-third Congress, during which he served on the Committee on Elections. On the 16tb of March, 1872, Mr. Crossland made a S[)oecli which, as published, was entitled " Exposure of the Enormous Taxation imposed upon the People to Support Corruption and Enrich the Manufacturers." He showed the vast increase of expenses of the Govertiment at the present time over those of the last Denuicratic administration. He presented statistics to show that there wei'e collected from customs and other sources of revenue one huiulred and sixty-two million dollars per annum more than are required to meet the necessary expenses of the Government. He asserted that this enormous excess went to the |)a\in('nt of multitudes of iiur- 51 EDWARD CROSSLAND. ceiiai-y (4uvcriiiiieiit officials to making up losses incurred by the dishonesty of those employed to transact the public business, and the subsidizing of rich and overgrown corporations. He declared that his purpose " in arraying all this reckless waste, extravagance, and corruption before Congress and the country was to establish the fact that taxation can and ought to be reduced." Mr. Crossland delivered several able speeches in the Forty-third Congress. Perhaps the speech which attracted the most attention was that delivered December 11, 1873, pendiug the bill to "Eepeal the Increase of Certain Salaries." He had the independence and moral courage to defend the act by which salaries were increased. He showed that while Congress had increased salaries, it had abol- ished other expenses so as to save the people about two million dol- lars a vear. "' I am one of those," he said, " who took the back pay. 1 carried it home and used it in the payment of honest debts; I could not return it if I would; and, so help me God! I would not if I could. I believe I was entitled to it, and had the 1 iwful right to take it, and I shall keep it. In doing this I followed tlie iirecedent set by such men as Clay, Calhoun, Webster, Cass, IkU, John C. Breckinridge, and a hundred others, who, I venture to sav. nie the peers of any man now on this floor, when we con- sider iliem in fill the qualities that constitute true manhood. . . . If our jalaiies are too high we ought to reduce them. I can live here on as little as any man. I am accustomed to the plain living and habits t)f a poor uiau. I have never eat bread which I had not h 'iie^ily cai'ued, nor do I want it otherwise. I believe that ilie ]).'iiple ;iru willing for us to have salary sufficient to pay the ex- penses uf a plain, decent, comfortable living here, furnish comfort- able support for our families at home, and have enough left to pay tlie p"^tage on the documents, books, seeds, etc., which are furnished to IIS to send to them. ... I am a poor man, and am obliged to earn sometliiug every day to support my family. 1 have found no one here willing to board or shelter me for liomu'. They re- (piire money ; I have none except what I receive here for my services." 52 JOHN YOUNG BROWN. ^1^- OHN YOUNG BROWN was horn in Hardin County, Kentucky, June 28. 1835. Two of his uncles were repre- sentatives in Congress i'roin Kentucky: Hon. AVilliani S. Young, from 1825 to 1827, and Hon. Bryan R. Young, from 18-15 to 18-17. He graduated at Centre College, Danville, Kentucky, in 1855. He studied law at Elizabetiitown with Charles G. Wintersmith, Esq., and was admitted to the bar in 1857. He was elected to the Thirty-sixth Congress from the Fifth District of Kentucky, over Hon. Joshua II. Jewett, in 1859, but by reason of not having attained the age required by the Constitution of the United States, did not take his seat as a Representative until the second session of that Congress. In 1860 he was a member of the National Douglas Committee. In 1861 he removed to Henderson, Kentucky, and was the same year married to Miss Rebecca Di.xoti, of that place, daughter of ex-United States Senator Archibald Dixon. After the close of his lirst brief term of Congressional service, Mr. Brown resumed the practice of law. In 1866 he was elected a Representative to the Fortieth Congress, but was refused his seat on the ground of alleged di.sloyalty, and his district remained unrepresented during that Congress. In 1872 he was elected to the Forty-third Congress as a Democrat, receiving ten tiiousand eight hundred and eighty-eight votes against four iinndred and fifty -seven votes for the Republican candidate. He was appointed on the Committee on Territories. Mr. Brown is one of the most eloquent and impassioned speakers in the House. On the 28th of February, 187-1, he made an able speech on " Civil Rights and Radical Usurpations." He spoke with much eloquence of the wrontrs and misfortunes of the South, 53 2 JOHN YOUNG BROWN. and ttie fortitude with whicli they had been borne. The foHowing extracts are good specimens of his style: " Look again at Louisiana. Daughter of the sun, favored by cli- mate and soil, and ricl> in matchless resources; once happy with her perfumed orange groves, her fields of cane, thousands of acres of growing cotton waving as the great white banners of her pride, industry, and wealth, with the mighty Father of Waters bearing to her marts the products of the South and West, and tiie Gulf opening to her the commerce of the world ; her mighty forests, standing as silent guards of her magnificent repose ; her lovely lakes, mirroring the peace and beauty of heaven, not then discolored by blood shed in domestic strife ; her ruling class, UK^re versed in the graceful culture and amenities of a polite civilization than de- voted to the barbaric rites and mysteries of voodouism : her Cres- cent City, queen of that realm of trade and chivalry, the emporium of immense traffic— river, gulf, and railroad all pouring their trib- utes into her lap ; but to-day, discrowned, and how changed ! Her scepter, her robes, and her jewels stolen ; fallen from her high es- tate ; holding life and property at the mercy and caprice of her oppressors ; taxes almost insupportable levied ; property deprecia- ted until it is valueless; a usurping Legislature legalized by the unwarrantable orders of a drunken judge — she is the victim of a conspiracy of plunderers, sustained by the bayonets of this Govern- ment. Outraged, with weeping eyes and bleeding breast, there she lies, ravished of fortune- and free government, to gratify the infer- nal and remorseless lust of her oppressors for gold and power." " I love my country. All we have yet accomplished is but the dawning of the magnificent destiny attainable if we be but true to the fixed principles of government. Let us, like true knights, rev- erently guard the Constitution from violation, as in the beautiful legend the Holy Grail was guarded ; and may it, like the sacred cup, escape any touch tiiat would protane it. We are tlealing with questions of august magnitude and dignity, and the consequences of our action concern the household gods of every citizen." 5-t ' CHARLES W. MILLIKIN. ^_, HARLES W. MILLIKIN was born in Calloway, Ken- pSLa tncky, August 15, 1827. He is of Scotch and Irish de- y'A'J scent. In 1829 his parents settled in Simpson County, wliere he now resides. In 1836 his father died, leaving him as the eldest son then living at home. Thus at a tender age the business of the farm, and of providing for his widowed mother's family, devolved upon him. He remained on the farm until he was nineteen years of age, laboring through the " cropping season," and attending the country schools as he could spare the time in the winter. At this age his education was very limited, but he had an ardent thirst for knowledge, and an inflexible purpose to gratify it. He entered the County Academy, which he attended one year, and then went to West College in Sumner County, Tennessee, where he graduated in 1849. He purchased an interest in the college at which he graduated, and spent some time in teaching. The enterprise proved to be un- successfnl, and involving him in debt was the cause of much trouble, and greatly increased the difficulties of the course he had marked out for himself Notwithstanding he rose superior to it all, and in 1850 commenced the study of law under Hon. E. I. Clarke, for- merly a member of Congress and United States Minister to Guate- mala. Mr. Millikin was admitted to the bar in 1852, and in the same year was married to Miss Sallie H. Rayster. Being poor, he was unwilling with his family to undergo the ordeal of starvation to which most young lawyers and those dependent on them are sub- jected. He therefore lietook himself to business, forgetting his chosen profession for a time. He did nt)t commence the practice 65 2 CHARLES W. MILL IK IN. of law until 1858, in wliich .year he was appointed to fill an niK'x- pired term as County Attorney. At the August election follow- ing he was elected without opposition to that office, and continued to till it until 1862, when he resigned. Mr. Millikin took no active part in tlie war between the States. Althougli he was patriotic, and loved his whole country with a feel- ing amounting almost to devotion, his sympathies were with his native South in the struggle. Though firm and uncompromising in his political opinions, he lias never been regarded as an extreme partisan. Hence he was in 1861 tendered the nomination for Rep- resentative in the State Legislatui-e by the substantial men of his county irrespective of party, but, for reasons satisfactor}^ to liimself, he declined to make the race. The courts were virtually suspended in Southern Kentucky from the winter of 1862-63 until the close of the war, when Mr. Milli- kin again entered activel}' into the practice of his profession. In January, 1867, he was appointed to fill a vacancy occasioned by the resignation of W. B. Jones, Esq., Commonwealth's Attorney, for his district. Mr. Millikin and five other gentlemen oflPered themselves as candidates to fill the remaining year of the unexpired term. By a district Convention the former was selected as the Democratic candidate, and was elected. In 1868 Mr. Millikin was elected for the full term of six years, and held the ofiice until Feb- ruary, 1872, when he resigned to become a candidate for Congress. After a close contest with four others of the same political party he received the nomination of the Democratic convention, and was elected by nearly four thousand majority over Hon. J. S. Golladay, who ran as an independent candidate. 56 WILLIAM B. READ. fs^'ILLIAM P,. READ was born in Hardin County, Ken- tucky, Dc'ceniber 14, 1820. His t'atlicr was a native of Alexandria, Va., who removed to the West at an early day, and estalilished iiimselt" as a ]>ri>speroiis tanner in Kentucky. The subject of this sketcii was raised on a farm, and obtained a common-school education. He studied medicine two years, and then turned his attention to the study of law. He was admitted to the bar in 18-i9, and soon acquired a large and lucrative practice. In addition to the practice of liis profession, he established a prosperous mercantile business at his home in Hodgeiisville. and also in Louisville, Kentucky, under the style of " Read & Brother." In jnilitics he was always a Democrat. He was apj)ointc(l a visitor to the Military Academy at AVest Point in 1850. He was elected to the State Senate of Kentucky for four years, in 1857, and was re-elected in 1861 for a second terra. At a later period he was elected to the Kentucky House of Representatives. He served altogether fifteen sessions in both houses of the State Legislature. Although several members of his family went with the South, one of his brothers being a member of the Confederate Contrress, and another an otKcer in John Morgan's forces, Mr. Read earnestly opposed secession — desiring to see the differences decided under the old flag.- As a delegate to the National Democratic Conventions of Charleston and Baltimore in 1860 he supported Douglas,, although he was the pei'sonal friend of Brcckini-idge. He was a delegate from the State at large to the National Democratic Con- vention of 1861. In 1863 he was the Democratic candidate for Lieutenant-Goveiniir, (»\ what was known as the Wicklilte ticket, and was defeated i)y the intervention of the I'V'dcral (rovi'i'nment. 57 2 WILLIAM D. READ. It' u fair election iiad been held, it is ^upposeil that lie would liave l)eeii elected by seventy ibousand majority. In 1870 Mr. Read was elected a Representative from Kentncky to the Forty-second Congress as a Democrat, and was app anted on the Conmiittce on Pniilic Ex])eiiditiires. He was re-elected to the Forty -thii-d Congress, during which he was a njember of the Committee on the Post-office and Post-Roads. On the 29th of May, 1874, he delivered an able speecli against tlu; jiending Civil Rights bill. His view of the conditioverty and rags, and living in a state of anarchy." 58 ELISHA D. iSTANDIFOED. ^LISHA D. STANDIFORD was born in Jefferson County, Kentucky, December 28, 1831. On liis father's side lie "^S is of Scotch descent, his ancestors liaving emigrated from "^ Scotland at an early day and settled in Maryland. His fatlier, however, was born in Kentucky, and passed his life in that State. He was an extCTisive farmer, and engaged heavily in the man- ufacture of salt. On his mother's side he is of Irish ancestry. Her family came to America in the latter part of the last century, and settled near to where the city of Louisville, Kentucky, now stands. At that time this portion of the country was in a wild, uncultivated state, and inhabited mostly by Indians, whose friendship to the white settlers could only be half relied on. On both sides his parents were among the hardy pioneer settlers of Kentucky, ami partici- pated in many of the exciting and dangerous incidents which oc- curred on the introduction of civilization to the " Dark and Bloody Ground." The subject of this sketch received such preliminary education could be obtained in a country school, with the addition of one year's attendance at St. Mary's College in Kentucky. In his early manhood he studied medicine with Prof. J. B. Flint, ot Louis- ville, and subsequently graduated in that profession from the Ken- tucky School of Medicine. He immediately began the practice in Louisville and continued it actively for several years, until, be- coming extensively engaged in farming and other interests, he was compelled to give it up. After this he devoted himself en- tirely to business pursuits, and beca.ne largely interested .n manntac- turinc. and banking. He is president of the Rod River Iron Works, one of the most extensive foundries in the West, and wa. unt.l 2 ELISIIA D. STANDIFORD. rcciiitlv prosiilciit of tlie Louisville Car Wheel Coinpaiij-, one of till' largest manufactories of its kind in tlie Ohio Yalley. Upon his election to Congress he disposed of his interest in that establish- ment. He is president of the Farmers' and Drovers' Bank of Ken- tu('ky, the largest bank of deposit in the State. All these establish- ments owe their prosperity mainly to Dr. Standiford's untiring enero-y and great business tact and capacity. He has held njany ofiices of trust and In 'Dor. He was trustee of comniiin schools for several years. Ho was fKn-ted to the Kentucky State 8 iiatc in IS 'IS, and was re-elected in 1872. While holding this position he was tlie means of having passed some most useful and important measures for p>romoting the improvement and prog- ress of liis native State, During his last term in the Senate he was elected to represent the peojile of his district in the United btates House of Representatives as a Democrat by a majority of six thousand one hundred and twenty -six votes. He took his seat at the commencement of the Forty-third Con- gress. During the short time which he has served in tliat body he has gained a reputation as a debater and a worker. He advocated, and was one of tiie most influential in obtaining, the passage of the iiill authorizing the United States to take possession of the Louis- \ ille and Portland Canal, a measure by which tlie commerce of the Ohio anil Mississippi rivers was greatl}' benefited by the reduction of tolls for passing through that channel around the Falls of tlie Ohio. His speech delivered upon the subject elicited much com- mendation both from the press and the people. He also spoke in opposition to the reduction of the wages of Revenue Gaugei-s ; in opposition to increasing the tariff on hops; in favor of granting a charter to the L'on Holders' National Union; and in ojiposition to i-epcalmg the charter of the Freedman's Savings and Trust Com- pany. These speeches rank with the best oratorical ])roducti(.>ns of the dav. Dr. Standiford's career in Congress has been as lion- t)rable and distinguished as his business life had been successful. He was tendered a re-election by Iwtli parties without opposition, l)ut feeling that be could do moi'e good for his constituents and the 60 ELISIIA D. STANUIFOUD. 3 State liy remaining at home and attemliiig to tlic large Imsinc.--^ interests in wliicli In,' is engaged, lie declined to run toi' a second term. During his «dio1e course as a legislator and as a ]irivate citizen lie lias been the warm friend of a general education of all classes, and the establishment of schools for that piirj)ose. Tie has always lieen tiie active and earnest advocate of the intei'ests of the laboring man. Personally he is in the very prime of vigorous life, and is a fair specimen of physical manhood, standing over six feet in height with every thing in proportion. He is a perfect exhibit of manly strength, and illustrates in himself the maxim Sana mens in sarin corpore. Being in early youth, by the death of his parents, thrown upon his own resources, they proved sufHcient to give him an early competency. His business life has been marked by prompt and honorable dealing, \vliile his clear foresight and great energy and executive powers have given him more than success. In disposition he is kind hearted, while his innate sense of justice and strong impulses naturally lea 1 him to take up the cause of the oppressed against the oppressor. 61 JOHN D. YOUI^G. ^OPIN D. YOUNG was born in Bath County, Kentucky, September 22, 1823. lie received a common school and academic education in his native county. He studied law and was licensed to practice, but preferring agricultural ])Ui'suits he has been a farmer. He was acting Marshal of Kentucky during the administration of President Pierce. In 1858 he was elected Judge of the Bath Quarterly Court. He served four years and was re-elected in 1866, but resigned in the following year, having received the nomination of the Democratic party for Repre- sentative in the Fortieth Congress. He was elected, but was refused his seat on the ground of alleged disloyalty. In the deiwte on this case Mr. Kerr, of Indiana, after reviewing the testimony, said : — " I hold, therefore, that the evidence wholly fails to show that Judge Young is or was at any time a disloyal man in any just legal sense. He was disloyal in the cant phrase and claptrap dcmago- gnery of the day. If such slang, however, is to be made the basis for conviction of the highest crime known to human laws, and for the deprivation of important rights, then I may as well admit that Judge Young has no standing in this House. But in every just sense, I hold him loyal, and competent to take the test-oath. . . . I cannot but remark upon the singular rapidity with which vicious acts of legislation become precedents in this country and are followed by others more revolutionary. Shakspeare hath most truly said : — ""Twill be recorded for a precedent; And many an error, l)y tlie same example. Will rush into the State.' " Mr. Young was elected to the Forty-third Congress, during which he served on the Committee on Invalid Pensions. G2 I :t- /^^^^^^l^ WILLIAM E. AETHUE. '|ILLIAM EVANS AETHUE was born in Cincinnati, Ohio, March 3, 1825. His parents were natives of tlie city of Baltimore, Maryland. His grandfather, the Eev. Wil- liam Arthur, of the Presbyterian Church, was educated and gradu- ated in the University of Edinburgh, in Scotland ; and soon after, emigrating to the United States, settled in Baltimore, Maryland ; afterward in Pennsylvania, and finally in Ohio, where repose his ashes, in the churchyard in Zanesville. His second son, William Arthur, the father of the subject of this sketch, was educated by his father, and was prepared for the bar in the law-office of Mr. Culbertson, of Zanesville, Ohio, but soon after entered active life as a merchant, and died at the early age of thirty-three. William Evans Arthur was in his eighth year when his parents brought him to Kentucky and settled in Covington, where he was reared by his widowed mother, and where, in public schools and under private instruction, he received his scholastic and literary training. Early in the year 1848, he commenced the study of law in Cov- ington, Ky., in the law-oflice of Hon. James T. Morehead and Hon, John W. Stevenson ; and in the summer of 1850, he was admitted to the bar. He entered upon the practice of his profession in the midst of a full bar of veteran lawyers, distinguished for varied abilities and elevated private and professional character. His suc- cess was soon assured. In August, 1856, he became the Democratic candidate for the office of Attorney for the Commonwealth of Ken- tucky for the Ninth Judicial District, composed of the counties of Kenton, Campbell, Bracken, Pendleton, and Harrison. The oppos- ing party was greatly in the majority throughout the district, and 63 2 WILLIAM E . A R T IT U R . tlio campaign of the Democracy was reg;arcled as a forlorn hope. Tlie candidate of the opposition took the stnmp, and drew Mr. Artlmr, for discussion, into the field of federal politics. An elabo- rate canvass ensued ; the opposition were overthrown ; the Democ- racy were everywhere txiumphant. In that canvass, Mr. Arthur was greatly distinguished as a popular speaker. He was elected, and served for a term of six years Throughout that period the labors of the attorney for the commonwealth were of the most arduous and responsible character. He never missed a court; he was always in his place. His cases were always thoroughly pre- pared. He never kept the court waiting a moment ; and although elaborate arguments were frequent, owing to the magnitude of the causes, the docket of the commonwealth was always promptly tried. In the memorable political contest of ISfiO, Mr. Arthur was as- signed the position of Democratic elector for the Sixth Kentucky District, on the Breckinridge and Lane ticket, for the Presidency and Vice-Presidency of the United States, and, after a most bril- liant and exhaustive canvass, he carried his district for his chiets. In Noxcinber, 18.5.5, Mr. Arthur was united in marriage with his wife, Ada, the third daughter of the late Ilon.W. W. Southgate, of Covington, Ky. Mrs. Arthur died in Ajiril, 1800, and in Decem- ber, ISCil, he nuirried Etha, a younger sister of his deceased wife. At the ( xpiration of his official term in 1862, Mr. Arthur retired from the office of attorney for the commonwealth with high repu- tation, and resumed the practice of law. Subsequently, in 1866, he became the Democratic candidate for the office of judge of the Ninth (now the Twelfth) .Judicial District, and was elected for a term of six years. He served for two years on the bench, and in July, 1868, with a rejmtation greatly enhanced, he resigned his judi- cial commission and resumed the practice of his profession. Subsequently, in 1870, he became the Democratic candidate for Representative in the Forty-second Congress from the Sixth Con- gressional District in Kentucky, and, without an effort, was tri- unqihantly elected. He took his seat in the House of Representa- tives, March 4-, 1871, and at once, with characteristic earnestness, entered upon the active prosecution of public duty. 64 JyirJ^c^p-c JAMES B. BP:CK. \\.MES B. HECK was boni in Duiufrieshire, Scotland, Feb- ruary 13, 1822. He emigrated to tlie United States when sixteen years of age, and graduated at Transylvania Uni- versity, Kentucky, in 1840. He studied law, and locating in Lex- ington, Kentucky, devoted himself wholly to the practise of his pro- fession — a part of the time in partnersliip with John C. Breckin- ridge. In 1867 he was elected a Representative from Kentucky to the Fortieth Congress, and after some delay was admitted to his seat December 3, 1867. He was appointed a member of the Coniniittce on Reconstruction, and at once took a prominent and leading part on the side of the minority. No member of the Democratic party in Congress made more speeches requiring profound researcli and legal argumentation. There is scarcely a phase of the Reconstruction question as it came up in tlie Fortieth Congress on which Mr. Beck did not place upon the record the views of the minority. January 15, 1868, he opposed the Supplementary Reconstruction bill, in an elab- orate speech, "because it asserts there were no civil governments in those States, and because it attempts to prevent the Executive and the judicial power from interfering, and by virtue of the power and authority vested in them by tlie Constitution, protecting tlie people of these States from legislative usurpation." February 1, he pre- sented an able argument maintaining the right of John Young Brown of Kentucky, to a seat in Congress. February 22, he spoke against impeachment, arguing that the President was justified in the removal of Stanton for the purpose of testing the constitiifionality of the Tenure of Office bill. March 11, he addressed the House in opposition to the bill for admitting Alabama, the passage of which 65 o JAMESB.BECK. he declared would be almost conclusive that Republican institutions are a failure. "This is the first time," said he, "so far as I am aware, that the majority have gone to the length now proposed, to repudiate all their own acts, override all their own laws, and unblnshinglj and avowedly punish the people of a great State for doing what this Congress solemnly declared it was right, proper, and lawful for them to do." He subsequently presented a minority report, signed by Mr. Brooks and himself, protesting against tiie admission of Alabama under a constitution not adopted by the voters of the State. May 8, he made a speech against the admission of Arkansas, allei;iiig that the Constitution under which it was proposed to reconstruct tlie State was " defeated by an overwlielming majority." May 13, he presented an elaborate argument opposing the bill admitting North Carolina, South Carolina, Louisiana and Georgia to representation, fir the reason, among others, that their [iroposed Constitutions " all fasten universal, unlimited, and perpetual negro suffrage on that peojjle." July 24, 1868. he spoke at length against the bill to pro- vide for the more speedy reorganization of the States of Virginia, Mississippi, and Texas, asserting in conclusion that he saw "nothing but evil" in the bill. • January 19, 1869, he spoke in opposition to a bill relating to suits in the rebel States, as "an unnecessary and improper interference with the jurisdiction of the Courts of the sev- eral States." January 28, he made an elaborate and able reply to Mr. Bciutwell. in opposition to tlie resolution ]jroposing the Fifteenth Amendment to the Constitution, maintaining tliat "the principles mvolved strike down the columns that support the temple of liberty itself." 66 MILTOI^ J. DURHAM. ^^"^^""^f ILTON J. DURHAM was born in Mercer (now Boyle) County, Kentucky, May 16, 1824. His grandfatiiers on both sides were soldiers in the war of the Revolution. His jiarents were natives of Virginia, who settled in Ken- tucky when quite young. He received his primary education in the common schools in the neighborhood of his birthplace, and m January, 1811, became a student in Asbury University, Greencastle, Indiana, then under the presidency of Bishop Simpson. He grad- uated with honor in 1841, and immediately commenced the study of law with Hon. J. F. Bell. He graduated at the Louisville Law School in 1850, and at once entered upon the jH-actice of his pro- fession in Danville, Kentucky, soon obtaining a large and lucrative business. On the 18th of June, 1850, he married Miss Martha J. Mitchell, of Boyle County, Kentucky. In politics Mr. Durham was always a Democrat, and, without aspiration for office, was a useful and intluential member of his party. He was frequently solicited to be a candidate for the Ken- tucky House of Representatives and Senate, but invariably declined the honor. He was one of the Circuit Judges of Kentucky in 1861 and 1862. His district was very large and his duties arduous, but so ably and conscientiously discharged that when he declined further service the lawyers of every bar in the district passed reso- lutions expressive of their high api>reciation of his judicial services, and their regret at his unwillingness longer to occupy the bench. Mr. Durham has always been strictly temperate, never using spirits nor tobacco in any form. He has been during all his active life a zealous friend and supporter of educational and benev- olent institutions. For many years he was President of the Board (,f Commissioners of the Kentucky Deaf and Dumb Asylum at 67 2 MILTON J. DURHAM. Danville, retiring from this position only wlien it was necessary to enter upon his public duties at Washington. In 1872 he was elected a Rej)resentative' in Congress from the Eighth District of Kentucky. In the Forty-third Congress he served on the Committee on Banking and Currency, and the Com- mittee on Expenditures in the Department of Justice. In the troubled financial condition of the country no committee in Con- gress had graver responsibilities or more arduous duties than that of Banking and Currency. Of these Mr. Durham cheerfully aiid ably discharged his full share. Besides, he served on no less than four Investigating Committees : on the Failure of the First National Bank, on the Frauds in the Western Judicial District of Arkansas, on the Accounts in the Bureau of Printing and Engraving of the Treasury Department, and on the condition of the Freedmen's Saving and Trust Company. In connection with his labors in the last-named investigation he drafted and advocated in the House a bill, which became a law, bv which the funds and property of the Freedmen's Saving and Trust Company were rendered more secure for the purposes designed. Besides, he addressed the House on the Civil Rights bill. lie al-^n delivered an able and elaborate speech on " The Currencv — Specie Resumption." Mr. Durham was recognized among the most active, laborious, and useful members of the Forty-third Congress, 68 GEOEGE M. ADAMS. GEORGE M. ADAMS was born in Knox County, Kentucky, December 20, 1837. He was educated at Centre College, Danville, Kentucky, studied law, and was clerk of the Circuit Court of Knox County from 1859 to 1861. In August, 1861, he raised a company for service in the war, and entered the Union army as captain in the 7th Kentucky Volunteers. He was soon after appointed additional paymaster of volunteers, and served in that capacity until the close of the war. In May, 1867, he was elected a Representative from Kentucky to the Fortieth Congress, as a Dem- ocrat, and took his seat July 8. He was appointed to serve on tlie Committees on the Militia and Freedmen's Affairs. Two days after his admission be presented the protests <'f bis colleagues against tlie action of the House by which their credentials were referred to the Committee on Elections. November 25, he addressed the House in favor of admitting Mr. Golladay to his seat. As a member of the Committee on Freedmen's Affairs be sturdily opposed the bill to continue the bureau for the relief of freedmen and refugees. In a speech on this subject, March 17, 1868, he said : " This country, under its present financial embarrassments, is not able to continue in existence a bureau for the support and maintenance of any class of its people, and more especially for the support and education, as pro- posed by the bill, of this class of roving vagabonds called freedmen, whose only idea of freedom is that it confers upon them tlie right to be idle, and whose destitution is the result of their own indolence." Lie subsequently proposed, as an amendment to the bill, that "said bureau shall be immediately withdrawn and discontinued in all the States now represented in Congress, and shall be discontinued in the remaining States, as soon as they shall be restored to their former political relations with the (i.weniment of the United States.'" ' 69 2 GEORGE M. ADAMS. Ill tlie Forty-first Coiiuress Mr. Adams served on tlie Committee on Indian Affairs and the Committee on Expenditures in the In- terior Department. He opposed the provision in the tax bill im- posing a tax of $100 upon manufacturers of distilled spirits on tlie first twenty-five dollars, making no discrimination lietween the class of large distillers and such as engage in a small way in the business of distilling. Mr. Adams maintained that such want of discrimination was unjust, and in the course of his remarks on the subject made the following remarkable statement: There are, sir, in tlie district from which I come, I am safe in saying, at hast one thousand stills of small capacity, the owners of which would all readilv, and even gladly, pay a tax of twenty dollars for the privilege of making a few lar- rels of brandy or whisky in the fall and winter montlis of each yenr, but who cannot afford to pay one hundred dollars for this purpose. This is nut on'y the case in the tt;^f;, J England with other prominent Puritans, to escape the triiulile witli the Stuarts, and landed about itioo, in Boston, where Mr. Cotton was the first minister. Horace Maynard is a lineal de- scendant, in the seventh generation, on the ftither's side, from the for- mer, and on the mother's side from the latter. Horace Maynard was born in Westborough, Massachusetts, August 30, 1814. He received his academical education at Millbury, and liia collegiate education at Amherst, where he graduated with the higher honoi-s of his class. Immediately after his graduation, he was called to the East Tennessee University, at Knoxville, where he remained five and a half years, fii-st as Tutor and Instructor in Modern Lan- guages, and then as Professor of Mathematics. Meanwhile, having studied law, he was admitted to the bar, March 1, 1844, and soon entered upon a large and lucrative practice. Mr. Maynard's political life commenced in 1852. He was a niuni- ber of the Wliig National Convention, which assembled in Baltimore ill June of that year. Though he urged the nomination of Mr. Fill- more, he acquiesced in tiiat of Gen. Scott; and as the electoral can- didate for his Congressional District, supported him with great zeal during a protracted, artluous, and successful canvass. The next year he was nominated by the Whigs a candidate for Congress, against the popular sitting meml)i>r. The disaffection at tiio nomination of Gen. Scott took the form of serious opposition to Mr Maynard, among the Whigs, and afler one of the most si)iri(cd 71 HORACE MAYNARD. £ contests ever conducted in the State, he was defeated, but ■witliont h)S- ing either the sjnij)athy of his friends, or the respect of his opponents. During the re-organization of parties which followed the with- drawal of the AVhigs from the political arena, the ephemeral organi- zation of the Know-Nothing order, and the formation of the great Eepublican pai-ty, together witli the sectional controversy which took shape in the rej^eal of the Missouri Compromise, he was occupied in his professional labors, and was an inactive, though not an luiobserv- ant spectator. In the Presidential canvass of 1856, the contest in Tennessee was between Mr. FiJlniore and Mr. Buchanan, and the issue the same that subsecpiently was settled by appeal to arms, though at that time less rugged and clearly defined. " Our rights in the Union, or our rio;hts out of the Union," was already the cry. In response to earnest solic- itation, coming from not a few former opponents, Mr. Maynard con- sented to accept a place upon the Fillmore electoral ticket for the State at large, which involved a threft months' public discussion of all questions which entered into tlie election. In company with the late William II. Polk, brother of the President, and Buchanan elector, he traversed the State from the extreme east to the Mississippi, making a series of apjjeals for the Union, vividly remembered to this day. By a small majority the State was carried for Buchanan. 'J he next year, he was a second time candidate for Congress, in tlie same district which, four years before, had defeated him. Running some live hundred votes ahead of the party ticket, he was elected, and took hi- sc;it in tlie Thirty-fifth Congress. Here he found, in a some- what modified form, the same controversy which had given him so mueii anxiety in Tennessee. All his efforts, his votes and speeches, both in and out of Congress, were intended to avert the catastrophe which he saw clearly was impending. In 1859, he was elected to the Thirty-sixth Congress, with but little opposition. The political ch.aracter of the State had so far changed, tliat seven of the ten members constituting tiio tlelcgation were elect- ed as Unionists. In the preceding Congress there were but three. 1 HORACE MAYNAUD. 3 Tlie quadrilateral Presidential contest of 1860 followed, stirring the jiolitical channels to their profoundest depths. The avowals and com- mittals, on the question of slavery, by the Northern and the Southern (ipp.iiients of the Democratic party, had been such, that a uuinn ot tiie two was manifestly impracticable, indeed not desirable, ilr. Maynard took an active part in organizing the latter, upon the simple platform once suggested by Mr. Clay, of the Union, the Constitution, and the Enforcement of the Laws, with Bell and Everett as their can didates. The disunion purposes of the Southern Democracy were now apparent. " "When Abraham Lincoln is President of the United States, I am a Rebel," was an outspoken declaration. Mr. Maynard denounced the traitorous purpose with unsparing severity, in and out of Tennessee. The electoral vote of the State was given for the Union cause. When returning to "Washington, at the meeting of Congress, in December, 1860, he fell in company with Mr. Douglas, then return- ing from his famous Presidential campaign; and remained with him one day in Lynchburg, "Virginia. "While there, he suggested to that gentleman a plan of pacification by a special committee in the House, of one from each State, to digest a policy for defeating the e\adent seliemes of the Southern leadei-9. Mr. Boteler of Virginia was agreed upon a^ the member to bring it forward. Accordingly, on the sec- ond day of the session the Committee was raised upon his motion. "While the measure was not successfid in suppressing the movements of the Secessionists, it did much to thwart and delay them, and was one of the early obstacles in their path. It was of the utmost im- portance to gain time. "When Mr. Maynard returned home after the inauguration of Mr. Lincoln, he found the Unionists exulting and confident. They had just carried the State by an apparent majority of neariy 70,000. Beneath the surface, however, he saw enough to excite lively appre- hensions. Not a few Union leaders had openly declared for the cause of disunion, and the others had nearly all coupled their allegi- ance to the Union with so many conditions, and provisos, that it 73 4 HORACE MAYNARD. had little force left. He lost no time in calling the attention of liia confidential friends to this aspect of affairs. Associated with John- son, Brownlow, Nelson, and other active leaders, he at once entered upon a vigorous canvass against aggressions of the secessionists. The people of East Tennessee, where he resides, had taken position by their Government, and wei'e not to be moved. All they desired was to have their caiise vindicated and made respectable by a proper advocacy. It is hardly a paradox to say that the leaders followed the people. The biennial election for State officers and members of Congress occurred on the 1st of August, 1861. Mr. Maynard was a candidate for re-election, technically without opposition, his real opponent be- ing a candidate for the Richmond Congress, and the real issue sub- mitted to the people, whether they should be represented at Wash- ington or at Richmond. This was the case in the other two Con- gressional Districts of East Tennessee. He was re-elected by an overwhelming majority in a largely increased vote. In anticipation of this event, he had made full arrangements, and passed at once boyond the rebel lines, and never re-entered them. The special ses- sion of Congress, called for the 4th of July, 1861, was too near its close to admit of his reaching Washington in time to take a seat in it. The interval between it and the regular session in December, was a time of ceaseless activity. Simultaneously with himself, had crossed into Kentucky a great number of young men, resolved to enter the military service for the suppression of the rebellion. Utterly without supplies themseh'es, and with no provision for receiving them or knowledge of their coming, they were in a truly precarious situation. Mr. Maynard procui-ed for them temporaiy supplies, ven- turing in the name of the Government to promise payment — a prom- ise, it is needless to say, promptly fulfilled. He then hurried on to Washington to confer with the authorities there, and, if possible, to have Kentucky placed under the command of Major Robert Ander- son, a Kentuckian, and then in high renown for his defense of Fort Sumter. At Washington, he ibund Mr. Johnson, then a Senator from Tennessee, conspicuous for liis devotion to the Federal cause, 7i HOU.VCE MAYXARD. 5 and ill the lull conlideiice of the Adiniiiistratiun. Recognizing him as the proper head of the Union party, not only of Tennessee but of the South, he co-operated with him earnestly and in the best faith, until after his accession to the Presidency. The organization of the Tennessee troops occupied a good deal of attention. This did nut prevent him from visiting various portions of the North, and, by pul)lic speech and private effort, rallying the people to increased zeal for the national cause. Scarcely a Northern State which, sometime during the war, he did not visit for this purpose. At the regular session in December, he took his seat in tlie Tiiirty- seventh Congress, Uniformly and on all occasions he sustained Mr. Lincoln, whom from the first he regarded as belonging to a very high order of men. His labors in Congress, however, were prin- cipally directed to the condition of the Southern Union men. His constant aim was to secure their recognition as an element in the great conflict, and especially to secure for them representation in Congress by Congressional legislation. A bill introduced by him passed the House, and was defeated in the Senate, at the last moment of the session, by the factious opposition of a Senator from Kentucky. Had it become a law, the whole business of reconstruction would have assumed quite another character. By the failure of this bill, and the absence of any State legislation for the election of members of Congress, Tennessee was dcprised of representation in the Thirty-eighth Congre?s. Another measure which originated with iiim in this Congress, was the new official oath, commonly kujwu as the " test oath." He was always persuaded that the Confiscation Act would he i)ractically futile, and he introduced a substitute which failed as such; Imt iis titth section became a law, and is the now famous " iron-clad " uatli. At the close of the Thirty-seventh Congress. Mr. Maynard accejUed from Mr. Johnson, then Military (Toveriu)r of Tennessee, the ofticu of Attorney Ceneral of the State, wlii-h lie held until the close of the (Governor's term and the restoration of tlie State government. In 1861, he Wiis a member of the Kepuhh'can National Convention 75 (J HORACE MAYJSTARD. ill Baltimore, and witli great zeal and effect urged the noniiiiutioii ui' Mr. Johnson as the candidate for Vice-President, and subsequent)}' t.iok an active part in the canvass. January, 1865, saw the Union men of Tennessee assembled in Con- \eution at Nashville, for the important purpose of restoring their State government, destroyed by the rebellion. Mr. Maynard parti- cipated, and saw the effort successful, over doubt, timidity, and disguis- ed opposition, and the government of Tennessee planted squarely ujion the simple doctrine of the equality of all men before the law, and in the hands of loyal men. After Mr. Johnson succeeded to the Presidency, on the death ut ]\[r. Lincoln, offer was made to Mr. Maynard of the office of District Attorney of the District of Columbia, Commissioner of Indian Affairs, or Commissioner of Patents. He was also offered the mission to Mexico, to Peru, to Chili, or to Denmark, each and all of which he ('eclined ; preferring to accept a nomination for re-election to Cou- i;ress, as affording him a better opportunity to sustain the restored government of his State, and to procuie its recognition by Federal authority. After a canvass of nine days, giving barely time to pub- lis'i his name as candidate through the thirteen counties composing the district, he was elected by a large majority over five competitors ()t' worth and deserved popularity. At the meeting of the Thirty-ninth Congress, he was selected ny tiie delegation to present their credentials and to demand recognition of tiie new government of Tennessee, by admitting her chosen members t(i their seats, lie was met with an emphatic refusal, and opposition : omewliat personally offensive. All this he endured witii patience and even temper, until, finally, the opposition dwindled to barely a dozen votes, and he had the satisfaction of seeing the restored govern- ment L)KRICK R. BUTLER was born at Wytlieville, Viririnia, April 8, 1827, was tlie youngest son of George Butler of Fincastle, Virginia, and grandson of Rev. J. G. Butler, who for niaiiy years was pastor of the Lutheran Church in Cumberland, Maryland. At the age of thirteen the subject of this sketch was bound an ap- lirentice to the tailor's trade. At eighteen he emigrated to East Tennessee, and settled in Taylorsville, Johnson County, where he has ever sinoe resided. Arriving at his majority he studied law, was admitted to the bar in 1853, and practised his profession with success. From his youth he was a Whiu' in politics, and acted uni- finiily with that party until he becaiii,' a Republican. His fiivt public office was that of postmaster for Taylorsville, whicli lie re- ceived by appointment fi-om President Fillmore. In 1856 he was elected county judge. In 1859 he was elected a member of the Lower House of the Tennessee Legislature. Having been re-elected, lie was a member of that body at the breaking out of the rebellion, and took a firm stand in favor of the Union. He was one of fifteen who voted in the Legislature against the formation l)y Tennessee of a military league with the "Confederate States." He was arrested in 1862, taken to Knoxville, and tried for treason against the " Con- federate States," but owing to the absence of a witness was not con- victed. He was seized a second time on a similar charge, but through the intervention of friends was released, and made hi.s way through the rebel lines into Kentucky. He was authorized by General Burnside to raise a regiment f. t the Union army, which he partially recruited when he was ordi-rtd to unite with Col. John K. Miller of the 13th Tennessee Cavalrv, of 77 2 RODERICK R. BUTLEK. which he was commissioned as lieuteiiaiit-eohjiieh He was a dele- gate to the Baltiiuore Convention in 180-i, and cast his vote, as in- structed, for Lincoln and Johnson. He w^as elected a State Senator in April, 1865, and in the following June was appointed judge of the First Judicial Circuit, which office he held until November, 1867. lie was elected to the Fortieth Congress as a Eepublican, in opposi- tion to the policy of President Johnson, whose residence was within his district, receiving a majority of eleven thousand votes. Mr. Butler was re-elected to the F'orty-first Congress by an almost unan- imous vote of the district, only about one hundred and fifty votes being polled against him. Johnson County, in which he resides, did not east a vote against him, and gave but one vote for Seymour and Blair. His seat in the Fortieth Congress having been contested on the ground that he was a member of the Tennessee Legislature inider the rebel goverinnent, Mr. Dawes, chairman of the Committee im Elections, after having fully investigated the case, bore the following emphatic testimony: "There is presented in the person of Mr. Butler a remarkable in- stance of a man of position in the community in wliich he resided, of influence among his fellow-men, of such mind and character :iiid attainments among his fellow-citizens as to exert a wide-spread influ- ence for good or for evil, who, at the outbreak of the rebellion never trembled in the balance between Union and disloyalty, but stepped out from associations and from influences calculated to draw him into the vorte.K of the rebellion and broke away from such influence, and facing the danger and peril of the hour, actuated by patriotism as pure, as disinterested, as self-sacrificing, and efficient as ever actuated any gentleman occupying a position where he could make his mark or his influence felt in the great struggle through which we have passed." A resolution was passed by Congress relieving Mr, Butler from his alleged disabilities. In the Fortieth Congress was a member of the Committee on the Revision of the Laws of tlio United States. 78 RODERICK R. BUTLER. 3 In the Forty-first Congress Mr. Butler served on the Coniinittee on Elections and the Coniinittee on Revolutionary Pensions and AVar of 1812. As a iiienilier ut' these committees iniicli of his at- tention was given t() subjects i)ertaiiiiiig to tiieni, and they furnisjied the sulijeets of most of his speeches in the House. The Committee on Military Aftairs having been authorized to inquire intu the alleged sale of cadetships by members of Congress, reported to the House on the 17th of March, 1870, the facts that Hon. Roderick R. Butler had recommended the appointment of a son of General Daniel Tyler, who was not a resident of his district, as a cadet at the West Point Military Academy, and that after said appiiintment was made an agent of General Tyler gave Mr. Butler nine hundred dollars, which he received with the avowed intention of using the same for political purposes in Tennessee. Mr. Stoughton, representing a majority of the Committee, recom- mended a i-esolution condemning the action of Mr. Butler, and Mr. Logan, for the minority, moved as a substitute that he be expelled. The resolution fi)r expulsion, though receiving a majority vote, failed tor lack of two thirds. The resolution of censure was adopted by yeas one hundred and fifty-eight, nays sixty-two. As soon as the citizens of Johnson County, in which Mr. Butler resides, heard of the proceedings of Congress they assembled at the county seat, irrespective of party, and passed resolutions stating that they had known him in every relation of life for more than a quar- ter of a century, that he had filled many positions of honor, and that he was incapable of doing a dishonorable act. The time coming on to nominate a candidate for the Forty-second Congress, all the counties in the district held meetings, and passed strong reso- lutions fully indorsing Mr. Butler as a man and politician. When the convention assembled, it being one of the largest ever held in the district, Mr. Butler received every vote cast, and after a spirited contest was triumphantly elected. The Legislature of his State being politically opposed to him thought they could defeat him for the Forty-third Congress by gerrymandering his district, and took off two counties having more than two thousand Republican majority. 79 4 RODERICK R. BUTLER. When the District Convention met to nominate a candidate for tlie Forty-tliinl Congress Mr. Butler was again, for tlie fonrth time, n'lminatcd without a dissenting vote. The Demouracy brouglit for- ward tlieir strongest man, and after an unusually excited contest Mr. Butler was elected by a large majority, increasing his majority of two years before nearly two thousand, and receiving every vote cast in his own county but ninety -six. As a member of the Colnmittee on Freedmen's AiFairs in the Forty-second Congress, and of the Committee on Indian Aifairs in the Forty-third, Mr. Butler showed himself an able and a sincere friend of the two unfortunate races which have long suffered injus- tice and wrong at the hands of the American Government. He was also chairman of the Committee on the Militia. Ready in speech, faithful to his principles, and fearless in the enunciation of his views, his iniiuence in Congress and his usefulness to his con- stituents have steadily increased. 80 JACOB M. THOHNBURGH, .^1 «A(JOB M. THORNBURGH was born in New Market, East Tennessee, July 'i, 1837. His ancestors emigrated from the Valley of Virginia to Tennessee among the earliest settlers in that State. His father, Hon. Montgomery Thornlmruh, served three terms in the State Senate and was Attor- nev-sreneral for many years of the Second Judicial Circuit of Ten- nessee. The subject of this sketch was educated at Holston Cul- leo^e where he pursued an extensive course of study, hut did not graduate. He then studied law with his father and partner, Hon. Robert M'Farland, since one of the Supreme Judges of Tennes- see. AVith the latter he formed a partnership at the close of the war. In May, 1862, Mr. Tliornburgh joined the Federal army in Ken- tucky, under General George W. Morgan as a private. At tiie close of that year he commenced recruiting a regiment in Louis- ville, Kentucky, and completed the organization in Nashville, Ten- nessee. He was commissioned as Colonel of this regiiiieut, whicli was known as the Fourth Tennessee Cavalry. He served succes- sively under Generals Rosccrans, Sherman, Thomas, and Canby. He took part in Smith's raid from Nashville, by way of Memphis, into Mississippi, and commanded a brigade at the battle of Okalona, Mississippi. In command of a brigade he took part in many stiring operations until the close of the war. He i)articipated in the battle of Mission Ridge, and during the progress of that engagement was dispatched on an important movement against Wiieeler's cavalry two hundred miles distant. In this expedition he took part in the battle of Farminsrton, in which that rebel fnrce was severely crippled. When 81 2 JACOB M. TH OR NCUKGH. IIiKxl made liis retreat from Na?liville Col. Tliornl)nrL:;irs c-ominaiid took pan in tlie pnrsiijt, as the result of wliicli tlie effective force of tlie rebel genei-al was diminished by not less tlian twenty thousand men. He joined Caiibj-, at Mobile, and having aided in the cap- ture of that city, he participated in the various operations follow- inil that event wliich were essential to securing the results of vic- tory in the surrounding country. At the close of the war he returned to Jefferson County, East Tennessee, and resumed the practice of law. In 1867 he removed to Knoxville, when lie was appointed, by Governor Brovvnlow, to the office of Attorney-general of the Third Judicial District of Ten- nessee. He was elected to the same position in 1869 and again in 1S70, but resigned before the close of his last term of office. In 1872 he was nominated for Congress by the Republicans in what is known as "The Battering-ram District" from the singular shape in which it was " gerrymandered " by the Legislature with a view to defeating the re-election of Hon. Horace Maynard, Col. Thorn- burgh was elected by a large majority over two oj)posing candi- dates. In the Forty-third Congress he served on the Committee on Military Affaira. 82 WILLIAM OBUTOHFIELD. ^ILLIAM ORUTCIIFIELD was born in Greenville, Ten- lessee, November 10, 1826. He removed with bis t'atber, wbo was a bricklayer by trade, to M'Minn County, Ten- nessee, where he remained till 1840. In August, 1844, bo removed to Jacksonville, Alabama, where he engaged in farm- ing on a large scale, and was the first to introduce improved modes (,f culture into that region. He was elected captain of militia by acclamation, although his district was largely Democratic and he was an old line Whig. In 1850 he became a citizen of Chattanooga, Tennessee. On the night of January 22, ISOl, Jefferson Davis, who had just resigned bis seat in the United States Senate, and was then on his return home, delivered a speech in the Crutcbiield House, Chattanooga, denouncing the Government, and calling up(Mi the people of Ten- nessee to go with the South ; pleading that be only wanted their in- fluence, that the cotton States would pay the debt, and that Ten- iiessee wonld never have a dollar to pay. He said the South should unite in a solid body, march on the Northern cities and lay them in ashes, for there was their wealth, and the way to touch a Yan- kee's soul was through his purse. To this speech Mr. Crntchtield replied, denouncing Davis as a traitor to his country and a perjured villain, and pointing him out to the people as their future military despot! He denied the right of Dnvis to dictate to Tennesseeans what course they should pursue, and told iiim that thev fought for the Union, the Constitution, and the enforcement of the laws. A report of these speeches was pnblishe.l in the Chattanooga " Gazette " of May 24, 1865, from notes taken by the editor at the time of the occurrence. 8;.5 2 WILLIAM CRUTCHFIELD. From tlie coininencement of the secession movement to the end Mr. Crutchfield opposed it at all times and on all occasions, thereby making many enemies. He was arrested on the night of Noveni- l)er 13, 1861, but succeeded in making his escape to the Union lines. He was a guide under "Wilder through the Chickamauga campaign ; was with Gen. Thomas during the siege of Chattanooga; furnished the infonnation on which the map of the country was made; acted as guide for Hazen and Turehin in opening Brown's Ferry, pene- trating the rebel line of circuinvallation, and effecting a junction with Hooker at Wauhatchie ; went as guide to Grant, Thomas, and Hooker the day after Brown's Ferry light ; stood by Grant, Thomas, Wood, and Granger on Bald Knob the day of the battle of Mission Ridge ; went with Granger as guide to tiie top of the Ridge during the charge, and at midnight returned to Chattanooga, procuring guides to aid the advance of Gen, Sheridan, then occupying Bragg's captured headquarters. He continued an active and important as- sistant to General Steadman and other post commanders until the close of the war. Few citizens of the South made greater sacrifices or suffered heavier losses for their devotion to the Union. After the close of the war he became an active Republican, and as such was elected from the Third District of Tennessee to the Forty-third Congress, during wliif^h lie served on the Conmiittees on Patents and Invalid Pension-. Si HON J'J ^TOHT, REPREbh.iv I JOHN M. BRIGHT. ^OHN MOEGAN BEIGHT was born at Fayetteville, Tennessee, January 20, 1817. His parents were of the pioneer stock on both sides; liis fatlier, James Bright, was born in Virginia, and removed to Kentuelcy at ten years of age. In a few years thereafter, he removed to Middle Tennessee, where he spent a long life of usefulness and honor. His mother was a daughter of Captain John Morgan, who removed at an early day to Sumner county, Tennessee. Mr. Bright's education was commenced at Fayetteville, whence he was sent to Bingham's school, Ilillsboro, North-Carolina, which then enjoyed a high reputation. His literary course was finished at the Nashville University, then under tin presidency of Dr. Philip Lindsley, where he graduated in the fiiU of 1839. During his col- legiate term, he made consideralile reputation as a scholar and a speaker. His collegiate oration, " On the Classics," was spoken of l)y Dr. Lindsley as one of the finest efforts he had ever heard from a student. lie selected the law as his profession, and went from the univer- sity into the office of (lolonel James Fulton, Fayetteville, who was a lawyer of eminence. After reading about twelve months, and learning much in private by drafting declarations and other legal papers for Colonel Fulton, he entered the law department of Tran- sylvania University, Kentucky, in the fall of 1840. and graduated in the spring of 1841. He Iutc took a high position as a speaker and debater in the societies, and at tlie close of the term had the honor of delivering the valedictory. Judge Bland Ballard and General John C. Breckinridge were at the university at the same time, the former being: a classmate of Mr. Bright's. After graduating in the law-school, he returned to Fayetteville, 85 2 JOHN M. BRIGHT. and continued his reading until the fall of 1841 before he applied for license. In Novemher, 1841, ho was married to Miss Judith C, the beautiful and aceomplislied dauglitcr of Governor Clark, of Kentucky, whom he had the misfortune to lose in 1855. In 1857, he contracted a second marriage, with Miss Zurilda B., daughter of Mr. Anthony Buckner, of Maury county, Tennessee, a lady of rare accomplishments, who still lives to bless and adorn his home. He selected St. Louis as his theatre of action, and was preparing to re- move thither; but through the influence of his parents, who were becoming old, he was induced to remain at Fayetteville, where he has continued to practice his ])rofession ever since. He has ever been an earnest and industrious worker in his pro- fession, and has achieved the success he merits. His practice has been very heavy in all the inferior courts and in the Supreme Court of Tennessee for many years. At the bar, he has always been generous, taking no mere technical advantage of his brother attorneys, and always assisting young lawyers, when called on, to prepare their pleadings, even when opposed to him. He has always had a number of law students with him, some coming from long distances. These have experienced the same liberal and generous spirit. His character as a lawyer is formed on the model of the ])ast, when lawyers were not suffered to " grow up as mush- rooms, in a night," but were required to lay a f(nindation, broad and deep, of legal principles and reasoning. Hence, he is a lawyer in the highest and best sense of the term. His legal arguments are always regular, systematic, and powerful; possessing the charm of eloquence and tlie keen edge of reason. In politics he has always been a Democrat. In 1844, he made a canvass for Polk in the presidential race, as a volunteer. In this canvass occurred his first public debate. Major G. A. Henry, the "Eagle Oi'ator " of Tennessee, the Whig elector for the State at* large, and a nnm of great reputation as a political orator, and Colo- nel \j. II. C'oe, the Democratic elector, had made a sei-ies of ap- pointments, and upon reaching Slielliyville, Colonel Coe was too unwell to speak, and young Bright was called on to take his place. This eflPort inspired his party with such confidence in his ability 86 J II N M . }? R I G H T . 3 that a committee of tliem addressed him a letter requesting him to accompany Major Ilcnrv tlmmgli tlie canvass, slionld Colonel Coe's health fail him. When hardy elii;'il>h', he was called ni.on by his Democratic friends to rnn for Congress ; Imt not desiring official position, he declined. He was prevailed npon to become a candidate for the State Legislature, and was elected, serving one term in lSi7— i8. During the session, he served on several important committees, in- cluding the Judiciary, Special Bank, and Lunatic Asylum. The prevent grand structure of tlie Tennessee Lunatic Asylum may be regarded as tlie result of his efforts at that time. A contemporary writer says, '' The matter was brought before the Legislature, but the question was staved off from time to time, until the last day of the session had arrived. Four fifths of the members were opposed to it. But as an honest man, Mr. Bright felt bound to press the bill ; and rising in the majesty of his strength, though it wefe at the eleventh hour, he forced it upon the Legislature, and, to the aston- ishment of even its friends, carried it by storm ! The institution will stand as a noble monument of the greatness of his intellect and the benevolence of his heart, long after the selfish projects of vaulting ambition shall be forgotten." In 1848, he made a canvass for Cass and Butler in the presidential contest. A leading journal at the time wrote that it " would be hard to exaggerate the power and brilliancy of his speeches." On three occasions, in 1848, 1851, and 1853, Mr. Bright was called upon by his political friends, to ])ermit his name to go before the Democratic State conventions for nomination for the office of governor ; but he persistently declined. While he refused office, yet in every presidential canvass from 1811 to ISCO he entered the field and advocated the claims of the Democratic candidates. In these canvasses he made a State reputation. " It was sometimes our fortune," says a friend of Mr. Bright, in writing to the author, " to listen to these efforts, and to see the effect npon the people, and we have never seen either surpassed. Well do we remember how truthfully and graphically he pictured the dangers of tlir republic in 1856 and in 18G0, and foretold the horroji's of the war between 87 4 JOHN M. BRIGHT. the sections ; and with what rapt attGiition lie was listened to on these occasioiis." Ml-. Bri!j;ht has delivered mimerous speeches wliicli have been published. One of the first of these, entitled "The Obligations of the American Youth," was delivered before the Literary So- cieties of Erskine College, South-Carolina, August 10, 1853. A prominent journal thus commented upon it at the time : " His theme ia treated with masterly ability. The vast fund of historical knowledge, the strength of logic, the charm of eloquence, and the beauties of rhetoric, embodied and tastefully blended in the address, render it a production entirely worthy of the high and seemingly extravagant encomiums lavished upon it by the Southern press. Mr. Bright is one of the ripest scholars and most tinished orators in the State. He is distinguished at the bar and in political debate ; and had he not pertinaciously resisted the importunities of his friends, his distinguished talents and acquirements would ere this have placed him in high official position." His speech against Know-Notliingism, September 11, 1855, at a mass-meeting in Bed- ford cininty, Tennessee, was regarded at the time as one of the ablest and best speeches made against that order. " Charity," was tlie subject of an oration before the Robertson Association, (a charitable association,) JSTashville, Tennessee, October 14, 1858. It was repeated, ujion request, at Fayetteville, Slielbvville, Gal- lalin, and before the faculty and students of the Nashville Uni- versity ; and he was called upon to repeat it in the prominent cities of the United States, for the benefit of the Mount Vernon Association, Ijut circumstances compelled him to decline. The Nashville " Journal of Medicine and Surgery," edited by a part of the medical faculty of the university, in the January number, 1859, thus reviewed the oration : " His theme was Charity, and a .'nore eloquent composition or a more heart-stirring address we never listened to. It was the perfection of j^oetic imagery and masterly thought. We have never listened to an orator who could 80 well stir the lieart's blood of his hearers. We hear him named the 'Everett of Tennessee.' For our part, we say we have heard the original Everett, and never wish to hear him again ; but to 88 JOHN M. BRIGHT. 5 Briglit we eould return many times. He is a natural orator ; each motion has its origin in liis own Iiead and heart, and consequently tells the better on the hearts of those around him ; it strikes home." The Nashville " Patriot" of tliat time also noticed the oration : " As a literary composition the lecture was admirable; exhibiting in the author a wide and accurate familiarity with the classics, a vivid and glowing imagination, polished and restrained by close thought and sound judgment, and an ardent and generous nature. In addition, his powers of elocution, aided by a naturally strong and pleasing voice, are of a very superior order, and his action was easy, grace- ful, and impressive." Others of his published speeches were the following : an oration on the " Life, Character, and Public Services of the Hon. Felix Grundy," before the Historical Society of Ten- nessee, at JSTashville, May 3, 1859, published by the Historical So- ciety, and highly commended by the press at the tinie ; a speech on the " State of the Country," at Fayetteville, Tennessee, Decem- ber 3, 1860, published at the request of the citizens, an able, elo- quent, and timely effort, giving tone and direction to the public mind ; an address on " Law, Lawyers, and Law-Schools," before the Law-School of ( 'mnberland University, Lebanon, Tennessee, January 25, 1866. This address met the highest expectations of the faculty, and is said to be one of the best ever delivered at the university. He was elected to deliver the anniversary oration before the Lite- rary Societies of Washington-Lee College, Virginia, in 1 S()7, but great pressure of business forced him to decline. Some of the best poli- tical and forensic efforts of Mr. Bright have never been published. In 1861, he was elected from his county to a proposed State Con- vention ; which, however, was defeated by the vote of the State. During the civil war that followed he esi)oused the cause of the South. He was made Lispector-Gencral of Tennessee, with the rank of brigadier-general, under Governor Isham G. Harris. As such he did his duty with energy and fidelity. He followed the fortunes of the war until its close, when he returned home, submit- ting himself, and counseling the people, b itli ])rivately and publicly, to submit to the authority of the government, and to apply all their enerey and industry to the restoration of tlieir wasted country. 89 6 JOHN M. BRIGHT. As soon as the courts of the country were reorganized, he resumed the practice of law with unremitting industry and great labor, hav- ing to surmount difficulties rarely to be met with in the career of any man. Mr. Bright at first declined to become a candidate for the Forty second Congress ; but the people, apprehending some danger from the number of Democratic candidates, called a convention and nominated him, against his previous refusal to run. He did not feel at liberty to withstand the expressed wishes of his friends, and was elected by about ten tliousand majority over his Republican compe- titor. He took his seat in the House of Kepresentatives March 4, 1871. His first speech in the House was against the Ku-Klux Bill, in which he claimed all the rights tliat his section is entitled to, and pressed them witli much force ; and in such temper, good sense, and moderation as to excite no bitterness of feeling. It was an ar- gument and an appeal to justice and reason ; not an invective. Mr. Bright has always been a man of great public spirit; exer- cising his influence in favor of good roads, schools, churches, and whatever else would tend to the material and moral elevation of the people. In social life he is polite, urbane, of a generous and hos- pitable spirit, fond of society, and contributing much to the enjoy- ment of a company. He united himself with the Presbyterian Clun-cli wlien but a boy, and has for many years been an elder in the clnn-cli. No purer man ever entered the halls of Congress. His public and private life bear constant testimony to his high cha- racter as a Christian gentleman. No man has a stronger hold on the esteem and confidence of his constituents, and no man is more wor- thy of them. 90 - ^=5^:^ HORACE H. HARRlSOl^r. '^ij^ORACE H. HARRISON was born in Lebanon, Tennes- see, August 7, 1S29. His grandfather, Captain Ainsworth fjj^ Harrison, of Pitts^'lvania County, Virginia, was an officer of the Virginia line in the Revolutionary war-. His father, Joshua Harrison, served in Virginia from the breaking out of the war of 1812 until its close, shortly after which he removed to Wilson C'ounty, Tennessee. Before this removal he married Miss Judith C. Turner, a lady of great strength of mind and energy of charac- ter, who had enjoyed the advantages of a thorough course at one of the best seminaries in the State of Virginia, His father, who had risked his fortune to aid his friends and lost it, died in 18-45, leaving his son, then only fifteen years of age, the sole support of a widowed mother and younger sister. The labors and responsibilities thus devolving upon him deprived him of the opportunity of com- pleting his studies at college which he had commenced before the death of his father. In IS-io he entered the office of the clerk of the County Court at M'Minnville, Tennessee, to which place the family had removed in 18-il. His industry, courtesy, and tidelity soon gave him almost entire control of that office, and also of tlie office of the Clerk and Master in Chancery at M'Minnville, which positions he held for seven years. In the meantime he prosecuted his studies vigorously under the direction of his brother-in-law, Robert A. Campbell, Esq., formerly a tutor in the University of Virginia. In 1851 Mr. Harrison was elected by the Whig party in the Leg- islature of Tennessee to the office of principal clerk of the Senate. At this session of the Legislature the great railroad system, which has done so much for Tennessee, was projected, and its success secured 91 ' 2 HORACE H. HARRISON. li_v tlie iiidiirsienieiit of State bonds to the amount of more tliaii eleven million dollars. His inflnence as an officer of the Legislature at that session in support of that great measure was felt in the earnest appeals he made to the members, and the bold positions he took in support of a policy which he then insisted would quadruple tlie wealth of the State, and bring Tennessee into relation with other sections, and with all that was progressive in conimerce, agriculture, and the liberal arts. His first appearance before the people was in support of a proposition to build a railroad tlnx)ugh the mountain section of the country in which he lived, which was successfully carried through, but not without great opposition. He was an of- ficer of the railroad company from its organization, and was elected its President, but resigned in a short time. He studied law and commenced the practice in what was known as "the Mountain Circuit," in 1857. Unlike most young lawyers, he enjoyed a large practice from the time he came to the bar. In 1853 he married Miss Ellen Trabue, of Nashville, a young lady of fine attainments, who contributed largely to the more tliorough education of lier husband. Early in 1859 he removed to Nashville, and entered vigorously upon the practice of law. He soon acquired an enviable position at a bar which has always boasted of a large number of members of superior attainments in the profession. Soon after his removal to Nashville the excitemeirt of the memo- rable ])residential canvass of 1860 commenced. He was a member of the State Central Executive Committee, and took an active part for Mr. Bell on the platform of ''the TTnion, the C!oiistituti(iii, and the enforcement of the laws," and against the SoutheiTi sectinnal doctrines represented by Mr. Breckinridge. The Re]>ulilicaH imi-ty, which had nominated Mr. Lincoln, had no ticket in Tennes- see, and he urged with great energy that the true ]>Mlicy was to carry the State for Mr. Bell. ani>]\s against, separa- tion by a vei'Y large niajnrity. Mr. Harrisun took an active ]iart in this canvass; but, ahliough tlie Union party sncceedeil tor tiic time, the "irrepressible conflict" iiad only conimenited. Tlie State Government was in flie hands of secession leaders, and a military force was organized to aid the rebellion. Mr. Ilai'rison remained at home quietly awaiting events, and vainly supposing that he would not be forced against his convictions into the Con- federate army. In November, 18(51, he was notified to report for duty in the rebel company commanded by his neighbor, Captain M'Nish. He had but a \'ew days in which to arrange liis affairs in preparation for a trip out of the Confederacy. Tliis was quickly done, however, in the confidence of a few Union friends and of his wife, whose convictions against the rebellion were as strong as his own. He could not think of making his way out throngh Kentucky, as he was well known to so many of the Tennessee troops stationed at almost every point and pass from the eastern to the western end of the State. Hence he decided to retire by way of the South. He went to Alabama, thence across the interi./i- of Mississippi, Lonisiana, and Texas to Mexico, and sailed by way of Havana to New Yovk. He arrived there in March, 1862, just after the fall of Fort Donel- son and tiie occupation of Nashville by the Union troops. He pro- ceeded immediately to Nashville. At the urgent request of Mr. Jus- tice Catron, who deemed it of great importance to reorganize the Federal Court, he acce]>ted the oftice of Clerk of the United States Circuit and Disti'ict Courts for the Middle District of Tennessee. He held this position for a little more than a year, when he was, on the 15th of August, 1863, appointed by Mr. Lincoln Attorney of the United States for the Middle District of Tennessee, a posi- tion at the time of great difiicnlty and responsibility. Mr. Harrison was elected, early in 1867, Chancellor of the Nash- ville Chancery Division, and afterward, upon the resignation of Judge Shackelford, he was ap|)ointed one of the Judges ol the Supreme Court of the State of Tennessee. • This position he held, devoting his entire energies to the discharge of its important duties, 93 4 HORACE H. HARRISON. until tlie summer of 1868, when he resigned to accept the nomi- nation of ele(;tor for the State at hirge on the Repuljlican ticket in the presidential contest of that year. He hesitated about resigning as one of the Judges of the Supreme Court, but the state of the country, the opportunity of making a canvass of the State in vin- dication and support of the principles and policy of the National Eepubliean party, and the fact that the Republican State Conven- tion had nnanimoiisly tendered him the nomination, induced hiui to accept ; and he felt more than compensated for the sacrifice and labor of the campaign by the fact that the vote of Tennessee was cast for the Republican nominees for President and Vice-President. He resumed the practice of his profession, devoting a portion of his time, however, to politics. He was during two years, 1870 and 1871, chairman of the State Central Republican Committee. He was unanimously elected President of the Republican State Con- vention in 1872, and engaged actively in organizing the political forces in behalf of the party to which he was attached. On the resignation of R. M'Phail Smith, Esq., as Attorney of the United States for Middle Tennessee, Mr. Harrison was appointed to that office by President Grant in February, 1872. He was unanimously nominated in 1872 as the Republican can- didate for Congress from the Fifth or Nashville District. His elec- tion by a handsome majority in a district largely Democratic was regarded as higidy complioientary to him personally, for liundreds of his fellow-citizens, opposed to him politically, broke the strong ties of party and cast their ballots for one who, they said, had been honest in his convictions, consistent in his course, and who had never in a single instance used his official position to oppress any one, or for personal gain at the expense of truth, justice, and honor. 94 ^-<:J^^i^t^ WASHINGTON C. WHITTHORNE. f^M'^^SlU^GTO^ CUREAN WHITTHOENE was born -l^H ill Marsliall county, Tennessee, April 19, 1825. He '^(^7p graduated at the East-Tennessee University, Knu.wille, in 1843. He studied law and engaged successfully in the practice of his profession. He was a member of the State Senate of Tennessee, in 18.55, and was reelected for three succeed- ing terms. In 1859, he was elected to the lower House of the General Assembly of Tennessee, and was chosen presiding officer o" that body. In 1860, he was upon the Democratic electoral ticket for the State at large, and made a thorough and able canvass of Tennessee in behalf of John C. Breckinridge and Joseph Lane for the Presidency and Vice-Presidency of the United States. In 1861, he engaged as assistant adjutant-general, under Go- vernor Harris, in organizing the provisitmal army of Tennessee. The Columbia " Herald" thus describes his services in the civil war : " The rapidity and facility with which an army of 25,000 men were enrolled, officered, and placed upon a M-ar footing, was with- out a parallel in the Confederate States. In this woi-k, Genei-al Whitthorne performed an important part. AVhen that armv was ready for active duty and was turned over to the Confederate authorities, General Whitthorne accompanied the brigade, placed under General Anderson, to Western Virginia, and acted for a time as his adjutant. He was called home in a few months by a succession of the severest domestic afflictions. At tliis time. General Johnston, who stood guarding the norlJierii and eastern lini' of our State, was earnestly appealing foi- reinlorcenieats, and bv no one was the call so sensiltiy felt as by our then able and patriotic governor. Again General Whittliorne went to his assis- tance, and in less than three months fourteen ad<]itional ini'aiitry regiments, three cavalry battalions, and thi'ee arlilirrv coinii.inii's !)5 2 WASHING T N C . ^W III T T II R N E . were (irynnized, e(juii)po(l, and put in tlie Held. After the fall (if F(.rt T-)oiielsoii, and the abandonment of Middle Tennessee by the (\infederate forces, the work of recrnitino- and ora'anizinii- troojis was continued under General Wliittl.,)i-ne, at Memphis, until after the battle of Shiloh. Plans were siibsequenily put on foot at Chattanooo-a for the orsranization of mounted raneers. lookinj;- to special service in Tennessee. The early advance of General r3ran;g into Kentucky, and other changes that were made, ])ut an end to this, when General Whitthorne attached himself to the statf of General Hardee. After reaching!; Muni- fordsville, however, it again became his duty to return to Ten- nessee with the view of increasing our forces, and about this time he engaged with General Forrest in his attack on Nashville. When the battle of Murfreesboro came on, he bore a si'allant and an active part in it as a member of the staff of General Hardee. He remained with the army and continued in that po- sition until some change took General Hardee temporarily from that field of duty, when he was invited to a position in the military family of General Wright, witli wlu.im he served gallantly in the niemiirable and bloody battle of Chickamauga. When General Wright was sent to post duty by reason of his health, General Whitthorne attached himself to the staff of the gallant General Carter, who was afterward mortally wounded at Franklin. Upon th ' last advance of the Ciinfederate forces into Tennessee, General W'litthorne was on duty with General Cheatham. In the varied relations which he occui)ied during the war, all who knew him honored him for his gallantry, [)atri<)tism, and ability. He was regarded with special favor 1>y the officers of rank with whom he chanced to serve." The disabilities of Mr. Wliitthorne were renuived by act of Congress ; and he was elected a Representative from Tennessee to the Forty-second Congress, as a Democrat, receiving a rnajoritv of nearly five thousand votes over two Repixblican candidates. I^o was re elei-ted to tlie Forty-tliird Congress, and served during both terms as a ineinlier of thj C'omniiftcc on X:ival Atl'iiii-s. JOHN D. C. ATKINS. ^OHN D. C. ATKINS was bom in TIeiiry County, Tennes- v!^® see, June 4. 1825. He ijradiiated at tlie East Tennessee t-'dj; University in 18-16, and studied law; hut turning his atten- tion to airriculture, he did not obtain license to practice until 1856. In politics he was always a Democrat, and as such was in 1849 and 1851 elected to the lower branch of the Tennessee Legislature, and in 1855 to the State Senate. He was an elector on the Buchanan ticket in 1856, and on the Breckinridge ticket in 1860. He was elected in 1857 a member of the Thirty-fifth Congress of the United States, during which he served on the Committee on Post-Offices and Post-Roads. He was a delegate from the State- at-large to the Charleston and Baltimore Democratic Conventions in 1860. He went into the Rebellion as lieutenant-colonel of the Fifth Tennessee Regiment in 1861, and served until his election to the Provisional Congress, which met at Montgomery. Alabama. After serving in that body during its existence, he was elected without opposition to the Congress of the " Confederate States." He was reelected, and served until the collapse of the Confeder- acy, leaving Richmond only two days before its evacuation. Returning to his home, he resumed the business of agriculture. In 1867 he became one of tiie editors and proprietors of the " Paris Intelligencer." In 1872 he was re-elected to the Congress of the United" States, receiving two thousand three hundred and eight majority over Republican and Independent-Democratic competi- tors. In the Forty-third Congress he served on the Committee on Post-Offices and Post-Roads. His principal speeches were on the Civil Rights Bill, and in opposition to monopolies. 'J 7 DAVID A. :N UNN. ■ Y^AVID A. JSTUNN" was born in Plajward County, Tennes- ^ see, July 2(i, 1832. He was reared on a t'anii. and was educated at tlie College of West Tennessee, where he graduated in 1852. lie immediately tliereafter began the study of law, and in 185-i commenced the practice in Browns- ville, Tennessee. In jiiilitics lie was at first a Whig. Wlien the lines were drawn on the question of secession he was an avowed Union man, and was subsequently a Republican. He was a Presidential elector in 1860 on the Bell ticket, and was again Presidential elector in 1864 on the Lincoln and Johnson ticket. He was a member tif the Leg- islature of tlie State of Tennessee in 1866 and 1867. Mr. Nunn was elected a Representative to the Fortieth Congress, which began its session March 4, 1867, but it was not until Novem- ber 21st that he, with the remainder of the delegation, except Mr. Butler, were sworn in and admitted to their seats. He at once indicated his purpose to do his whole duty as a Representative of a southern constituency by introducing, on the 30tli of November, a resolution for the repeal of the ta.x on cotton, which was referred to the Committee on Ways and Means. His first speech in Con- gress, delivered December 4, was in favor of this measure, on which occasion he said that while he did not propose to aid the specvilator he did wish to assist the jiroducers, "the poor laborers, white and black." At the close of the Fortieth Congress Mr. Nunn resumed the practice of his profession. He Was appointed by Presi- dent Grant Minister Resident to Ecuador. In 1S72 he was elected a Representative to the Forty-third Congress, during which he served on the (Jommiltee on Claims. 98 '/^^"^^ BARBOUR LEWIS. ^' AEBOUR LEWIS was born in Alburgh, Vermont, in 1824. He received liis earlv education in tlie common seliools of Canada. Vermont, and New York. He subsequently went West and became a student in Hliimis College, Jackson- ville, Illinois, one of tlie oldest and most reputable institutions of leaining in the West, and graduated in 1846. He went South for the purpose of teaching, and was thus employed in Mobile, Alabama. Though lie was successful as a teacher, his tastes and preferences wei'e for another profession, and he engaged in the study of law. He studied with unusual industry, and sought all available aids to make himself master of his profession. He attended the law schools at Albany, New York, and at Cambridge, Massachusetts, He was admitted to the bar, and practiced his profession with success. Soon after the breaking out of the war he entered the military service. He was commissioned as captain f)f volunteers August 1, 1861, and served witli efficiency and honor. lu March, 1863. he was appointed by the military autliorities Judge for the District of Memphis, and served as such during 1863 and 1864. In March, 1867, he was appointed, by Governor Brownlow, rresidcnt of the Board of County Commissioners of Shelby County, and held the office until November, 1869. In politics Mr. Lewis was a Republican, and aided materially in promoting the work of re<;onstruction. Although decided in his political views, he was by tio means a bitter partisan. l>y his lib- erality, his ability, and his agreeable manners, he won the respect nf men of all parties. In 1872, when nominated by the Republicans as a candidate for Congress, he was elected by more than three thousand majority. 2 BARBOUR LEWIS. Taking liis scat in the Forty-third Congress in DecetTil)er, 1873, lie was appointed a niuniber of tiie Committee on Railroads and Canals, and the Select Committee on tlie Mis-issippi Levees. Mr. Lewis took a deep interest in subjects wiiich came before the last- named committee, and among the best speeches delivered in the House during the first session of his service was his argument in favor of the appointment of a commission of engineers to investi- gate and report a permanent plan for the reclamation of the allu- vial basin of the Mississippi River, suliject to inundation. The fol- lowing is a brief but interesting extract from that important speech : — " Born in the North, but loving and honoring both sections alike ; proud of the achievements, the glories, and the heroism of each and all, I ask that this great measure, the beginning of a mighty work, be passed unanimously, as an oifering at once of justice and of love \ upon the sacred altar of our common country. Pass it, and the exclamation from every true American every-where shall be, " We are brothers once more ! " Pass this, and next year commence also to improve the Navigation of the Mississippi — which can easily be done — till the mightiest steamers that plow, the ocean can run from Liverpool to Mempliis, right in the great heart of the South, giving us in the coming future a foreign trade like that New York now enjoys ; and the West, the South, and the great valley of the Mis- sissippi, growing into new greatness and power, with an ever-in- creasing prosperity, will feel that at length their rights have been justly recognized, their wishes and interests wisely consulted, and that the strong arm of the national Government is indeed a protec- tion and a blessing to them." 100 [ ^- GODLOYE S. ORTH. ^ODLOVE S. OETH is descended from a Moravian family which emigrated from one of the palatinates of the oldGei- man Empire to the colony of Pennsylvania about the yenr 1725, under the auspices of tlie celebrated missionary, Count Zinzen- dorf. He was born near Lebanon, Pennsylvania, April 22, 1817. After receiving such education as was afforded by the schools of his neighborhood, he spent a few years in attendance at Pennsylvania College, located at Gettysburgh, in which village he subsequently studied law in the office of H6n. James Cooper, and was admitted to the bar in March, 1839. An inclination to mingle in the new scenes and activities of the growing West, led Mr. Orth in that direction, and he located in La- fayette, Indiana, which has ever since continued his home. Here lie at once entered upon the practice of the law, and soon won for him- self a reputation for ability and eloquence that placed him in the front rank of his profession. His delmt as a political speaker occurred during the famous Har- rison campaign of 1840, in which he took an active part. The effi- ciency of his labors in the campaign gave him political prominence among his neighbors, and in 18-43 he was nominated by the Whigs of Tippecanoe County as their candidate for State Senator and was elected in the face of a Democratic majority in the county. Though the younsest, he was recognized as one of the ablest members of the S.euiite. and before the close of his term was elected its President by an almost unanimous vote. In February, 1846, he was nominated by the AVhig State Conven- tion for Lieutenant Governor, which position he declined, and at the urort of the administration in its vigorous prosecution of the war. In the suMinier of 1862, the southern portion of Indiana beiiii; thivatened with a rebel invasion, the Governor made a call for vol- unteej's to meet the emergency. The same day (Sunday) on wliicli this call was issued, it was responded to by a public meeting in La- fayette, at which Mr. Orth closed an eloquent appeal by placing his nun iKiine the first upon the roll of volunteers — an example which 102 GUI) LOVE S. UK III. 3 was at once tbllowed by about two Imiidred men, wlio elected him captain, and witliiu twentytbnr honrs reported for duty at Indian- apolis. Ml-. Orrii was sent with his men to the Oliio Eiver, and placed in con\nianiI cif tiie ITniteil States ra Horner," on whicli he did duty, patrolling the river until his term of service expired. In October, 1S62, he was elected a Representative in the Thirty- eiirhth Congress, his competitor being Hon. John Pettit, who had rep- resented the district for several years. On the organization ol' the Hduse, Mr. Orth was assigned to duty on the Committee on Forei^rn Affairs, and the Cy diligently improving his time in such schools as were within his reach and in ])rivate study be ac([nired a good English education. He married August 2i, 1843. He subsequently studied law, and grad- uated in the Law Department of the University of Iiuliana, at Blooiiungton, in March, 18.50. He has followed the profession of law ever since, and has been quite successful. After bis marriage he resided in Corydon, the first cai)ital of In- diana, until Septend^er 10, 1870, when h^^ removed lo New Albany, which has since been his residence. He began his imlitical life as a Wbii:', but abandoned that party in 18.i2 on accoui\t of its aboli- tion and native American proclivities and its "protective" policy. In 1S5-4 he took a decided stand against " Know-Nothingisin," which for awhile threatened to carry every thing before it. He was a district presidential elector on the Buchanan ticket in 185^, and made an active canvass for the Democratic candidates in that eam]>aign. In February, 1857, he began the publication of a newspaper called the " Corydon Democrat," of whieli he was editor and pro- prietor until August 29, ISfiS. He was a delegate to the Charleston- I'.altimore Democratic National Convetition in 1800. The same year he was elected to the Indiana State Senate, in which he served four years. He supported the '• war for the Union," taking an active part through the press, on the stunq), and with money in raising vol- unteers, but dissented from what was called the " abolition ]>olicy." In 1861 he was colonel of the Indiana militia. In 18G4 lie was a ](i;t 2 SIMEON K. WOLFE. candidate for elector for the State-at-larije on the M'Clellaii ticket. He was opposed to the " new dejiarture," and objected to the nomi- nation of Greeley, but subsequentlj' supported him as a candidate for the presidency. In 1872 Mr. Wolfe was nominated by the Democratic party of liis district for Representative in the Forty-third Congress, over strong and popular competitors such as Judge C. L. Dunham, Gen. J. A. Cravens, and Hon. John S. Davis. He ran against Dr. David W. Voyles, the postmaster at New Albany, and was elected by a majority of five thousand six hundred and eighty-four votes. In the Congress to which he was thus elected, he served on the Committee on Railways and Canals. He has always opposed class legislation in the interests of capital and corporations, and has favored the rights of the laboring masses. He committed himself fully to such a policy in his speeches and votes as a member of Congress. His speech on " The Curren('y Questions" in connection with capital and labor, delivered Feb- ruary 28, 1874, was an able appeal for justice toward the people as against capitalists and banks. In a speech on "Inter-state Com- merce," he maintained with much eloquence and force of reasoninu- that it was the right and duty of the General Government to regu- late commerce by railroads in tiie several States. 110 ci^.-0 WILLIAM S. HOLM AN. ^ILLIAM S. HOLMAN was born at a pioneer homestead called Veraestau, in Dearborn Countj', Indiana, Septem- ber 6, 1822. He received a common-school edncation, and stndied at Franklin College, Indiana, for two years. He studied law with his father, who was one of the tirst Judges of tiie Supreme Court of Indiana. Soon after his admission to the bar, Mr. Holman was elected Judge of the Probate Court, an office wln'ch he held from 1843 to 1846. Subsequently he served as Prosecuting Attorney for two years. A convention having been called in 1850 to revise the Constitution of Indiana, Mr. Holman was a member of that body, and took a prominent part in its delib- erations. Mr. Holman was always a Democrat in politics, and has con- stantly been zealous in his efforts to promote the success of his party, which he has regarded as synonymous with the wel- fare of his country. He was among the most active Demo- crats in the Indiana House of Representatives of 1851, and gave evidence of possessing talents which peculiarly fitted him for public service in legislative bodies. In 1852 he was elected Judge of the Court of Common Pleas, a department of the State Judiciary which was created by the new Constitution to supersede the Probate Court, with more extended jurisdiction. He occupied the bench until 1856, when he resumed the practice of law. In 1858 Mr. Holman was elected a Representative from Indiana to the Thirty-si.xth Congress. He has been re-elected to the Thirty-seventh, Thirty-eighth, Fortieth, Forty-lirst, Forty-second, Forty-third, and Fortv-fourth Congresses. In the last, election his 1 1 i 2 WILLIAM S. HOLMAN. district, as reconstructed, einhraced some strong Republican coun- ties wln"cli he liad not before rejiresented, but he was elected by an increased niajority. In Congress he has been among the most prominent advocates of a revenue tariff in opposition to the policy of ])rotection. He has been distinguished for his opposition to granting public lands to corporations, and for his advocacy of the policy of holding theui for the purpose of securing homesteads to actual settlers, subject, however, to " reasonable appropriations of such lands for the pur- poses of education." He has embodied his views in bills and reso- lutions which he has proposed for adoption in the House. One of the ablest speeches which he has delivered in tlie House was on the subject of " Land Monopoly," against wliich abuse he protested as " at war with every just idea of republican government." He added with great force, " It strikes a subtle and fatal blow at the just equality of our people ; it is appropriating to individual citi- zens what belongs to a whole people; it is robbing the laboring man of his rightful heritage." Mr. Hoiman is one of the most prominent advocates of economy in tiie administration of tlie affairs of the Government. !N^o meas- ure, however covert, which looks to a wasteful or lavish expendi- ture of the public funds, escapes his keen perception, or fails to receive his earnest protest. Few men on the side of the minority in Congress have more in- fluence with political friends, or more respect among partisan op- ponents, than Mr. Hoiman. He is a rapid, fluent, and jtnpressive speaker, with all his extensive legal attainments and political resources effectively at hand in the emergencies of debate. He is prepossessing in appearance, agreeable in manners, and genial in social intercourse. 112 JEREMIAH M. WILSOX IW^EREMIAII M. WILSON was born in Warren Connty, Oliio, November 25, 1828. He received an academic education, studied law, and located in Connersville, In- diana, for the practice of his profession. He was elected Judge of the Court of Common Pleas in 1860, and after serving a part of a second term resigned in 1865. Although a Republican, he was, in October, 1865, elected Circuit Judge in a Democratic judi- cial circuit. He presided in the courts of the circuit with entire satisfaction to the people and the bar of all parties. While holding that position he was nominated as a candidate for Representative from Indiana to the Forty-second Congress. lie was elected by a majority of four votes in a total poll of over twenty-iive thousand. His competitor, Hon. D. S. Gooding, ccm- tcsted the seat, but the Committee on Elections near the close of the second session reported that the sitting memiier was entitled to the position. He was re-elected to the Forty-third Congress by a majority of three hundred and eighty over the same coui])etitor. During his entire service of four years in the House Mr. Wilson was a member of the Judiciary Committee- His first speech in Congress was on the Ku-Klux bill, in which he took ground in favor of the passage of this measure for the protection of the defense- less loyal people of tiie South. Mr. Wilson's chief distinction in Congress was gained through his success in originating and conducting some of the most con- Bpicuous of the many investigations of which recent years have been so fruitful. On the si.xth of January, 1873, Mr. Wilson in- troduced a resolution providing for the appointment of a select committee to inquire into certain matters connected with the asso- 113 2 JEREMIAH M. WILSON. elation known as the Credit Mobilier. Of tliis coniinittco lie was appointed cliairnian, and as such conducted a protracted and labori- (lus investigation, In tlie course of wlilcli witnesses were summoned tVoni all parts of the Union, and Mr. Wilson himself visited dis- tant cities in searcli of testimony. On the 20th of Febrnar}- he submitted what he termed a "partial report." Mr. Randall, with some humor, said he had hoped it would be an " impartial re- port." This document, which was widely circulated, gave a minute account of the origin and histoi-y of the Credit Mobilier, and its re- lations with the Union Pacific Eailroad Company. Accompanying the report Mr. Wilson submitted a bill to " Secure the interests of the United States and of the people in the Union Pacific Railroad." The labors of Mr. Wilson in this investigation attracted much at- tention, and indicated his possession of talents peculiarly adapted for such Work. Duties somewhat similar devolyed upon Mr. Wilson as a member of the Forty-third Congress. At the instigation of certain citizens of the District of Columbia who were dissatisfied with the existing state of things, he introduced a resolution providing for the ap- pointment of a Joint Select Committee to investigate the affairs of the District of Columbia. Mr. Wilson was appointed chairman of the committee on the part of the House, and pursued the inves- tigation with great zeal and untiring energy. The investigation was protracted through several months, and elicited a vast amount of testimony. The report which was ultimately presented resulted in the abolition of the existing local government, and the substitu- tion of three commissioners, with power to act until Congress should ordain another permanent form of government. Having resolved to retire to private life, Mr. Wilson in 1874 declined to be a candidate for re-election. 114 '^■Bi'hvr, Ig lyGPPer _' ^^^t^-^^^-C^ MOETON C. HUNTER. JOIITON C. HUNTER was born at Versailles, Indiana, ^^,a I'ebriiai'y 5, 1825. He was educated at the Indiana Uni- ^v'^n^ versitj, and in 1S47 graduated in the Law Department. On the 26tii of September, 1848, he was married to Miss Martha A. Ln Bertew, and soon after located in Bloomington for the practice of l;uv. He immediately took a leading position among the members of the Bloomington bar, which in ability has always ranked as one of the foremost in the State. In politics he was a Whig, and cast his fii-st voteftir General Taylor for President in 1848. After the disintegra- tion of the Whig party he attached himself to the Republican organ- ization, and has since been a bold and successful advocate of its prin- ciples. In 1858 he was the Republican candidate for representative in the State legislature, and was elected by over three hundred majority in a county which had always been relied upon as strongly Demo- cratic. He was a leading member of the legislature, and gave shape to much of its must important legislation. In 1860 he was the Lin- coln elector for the Third District, which, after a thorough canvass, was carried for the Republicans by a large majority. In 1861 lie was appointed by Governor Morton, brigadier-general of the fifth military district of Indiana, and for the purpose of organizing the militia therein he spent three months in canvassing the counties, neither charging nor receiving anything for pay or expenses. On the 19th of August, 1862, he was put in command of the mili- tary camp at Maciisoii for the purpose of raising the 82d Indiana Regiment. He was commissioned colonel, and on the first of Septem- ber landed at Louisville, Kentucky, with his regiment fully armed and cnuipped. The re"-iment was placed in a briirade under command 11.5 2 MORTON C. HUNTER. of General Eurbridge, and remained in the vicinity of Louisville just one month, marching from point to point to resist the Rebel General Kirbj Smith who was then threatening the city. Subsequently Col. 11 unter's regiment, as a part of the army under General Buell, marched through Kentucky in pursuit of Bragg's forces, and was at the battle of Ferrysville. It took part in the battle of Stone River, in the tight at Hoover's Gap, and in the TuUahoma campaign which drove Gen- eral Bratro; and his forces across the Cumberland River. The resri- nient next participated in the battle of Chickamauga. It was the first regiment that took position upon the memorable hill, the hold- ing of which in that battle saved the Union army. It was also in the tight at Brown's Ferry, which broke the rebel lines and opened couunmiication by the Cumberland River with our army at Chatta- nooga, then in an almost starving condition. It was next in the storming of Mission Ridge, and, on the 25th of February, 1863, was in the tight at Rocky- Face Ridge in which its lieutenant-colonel, Paul E. Slocum, was killed. On the 7th of May following, the regiment marched with the grand army under Major-General Sherman, and shared all the hardships, battles, and successesof the memorable campaign which won Atlanta, the great rebel stronghold of the south-west. v\.t Atlanta Colonel Hunter took command of the 1st Brigade, 3d Division of the 14th Army Corps, and commanded it until the close of the war. He joined in Sherman's grand march to the sea, and in the arduous campaign through the Carolinas by way of Richmond to the national capital. He participated in the grand review at Washington on the 25th of May, 1865, after the surrender of the rebel armies. He w:is breveted brigadier-general for meritorious services. During the three years he was in the army he was away from his command but once, and that only for fourteen days to visit a sick member of his family. His command was always in the front when the tighting was done, never performing garrison or guard duty in the rear. In 1866 Mr. Hunter was the Republican candidate for Congress in the Third District of Indiana, and was elected by a majority of 116 MORTON C. HUNTEU. 3 GOG votes, notwithstanding a heavy imi)t)i-tation against him, liis dis- trict bordering on Kentucky, and lying between tlie Second and Fourtii Districts both of whicli were strongly Democratic. As a moniher of the Fortieth Congress, Mr. Hunter performed valuable service for his constituents and the country. On the ISth of December, 1867, he introduced an elaborate and carefully pre- pared bill " To provide internal revenue, to support the government, to pay interest on the ))ublic debt, and for other purposes," the great object of which was to relieve the industrial interests of the country from internal tax, and to place the same on lu.xnries and the wealth of the country. This bill was referred to the Committee on Ways and Means, who subsequently reported some of its material features in "a bill abolishing the tax on manufactures," and ''a bill abolish- ing bonded warehouses," both of which were passed. He also in- troduced a bill "to fund the national debt, and for other purposes," which was referred to the same committee. A bill '"to tax green- backs, and other national currency, by the States in like manner as other personal property " introduced by liim was referi-ed to the Com- mittee on Banking and Currency, the substance of which was re- ported upon favoralily and is now the law. He was also the author of a bill granting pensions to the soldiers of 1S12, and a certain class of soldiers of the Mexican war. He made but few si)eeclies, hut in these evinced ])rofonnd thought and extensive research. His speech on finance was regarded as one of the ablest made on tliat sulijoct. At the close of the Fortietli Congress Mr. Hunter retii'ed from Congress to devote attention to extensive business interests which demanded his attention. He continuuil, lii>wevor, ti> t;ike a deep interest in political matters, lie \v;is President of tiie Iiuliana State Convention of 1872. There was ctmsiderable importance attached to this position ;,t the time, the great ol)jcct being to so manage the convention tliat it shonJd instruct for President Grant and avoid a sjilit or the rising of adverse feeling. Tliat such a result was reached was lai'gely due to tlu; aliiiity of the presiding officer. In 1872 Mr. Hunter was nominated by acclamation for re-election to Congress at the IlciMibHcan C. invention liehl in the Sixth District 117 4: MORTON C. HUNTER. of Indiana. His competitor was Hon. Daniel W. Voorliees, wlio had two years before carried the district by one thousand four hun- dred and twenty-five majority. The district was regarded as relia- bly Democratic, and Mr. Yoorhees was the strongest man in his party, but Mr. Hunter was elected by a majority of six hundred and fifty-seven votes. In the Forty-third Congress he served on the Committee on Bank- ing and Currency. He advocated an increase in tlie currency, pre- senting a very elaborate and comprehensive bill on the subject. Ho advocated the plan which he submitted in an able speech whicli was one of the most elaborate arguments on the financial question submitted during the Forty-third Congress. He was re-elected to the Forty-fourth Congress. Mr. Hunter is a man of fine physical development, being six feet in height and well proportioned. He is strictly temperate, never having used spirituous liquors nor tobacco in any form. Of excel- lent attainments, sound judgment, and untiring industry, he has fulfilled every public duty with honor to himself and satisfaction to ills friends'. 118 THOMAS J. CASON. ^^I^J'^IIOMAS J. CASON was born in Union Conntj, Indiana, T'^ September 13, 1S28. His fatlier was a native of South r^'fi^ Carolina, and his mother of Pennsylvania. They settled in luiliunu Territory just before its admission into tiic Union as a State. In 1S31 the family moved to Eoono County, which was then a wilderness, contaiiiinj;^ not more than seven or eifjht families. The subject of this sketch was the eldest of nine childi'eii, hence ninch lalior devolved upon him in aidin^f to clear up and imjirove the wild acres upon which the fauiily iiad settled. He was kept constantly at work on the farm by day, and often at niirht in a sawmill. lie went to scliool but a few months, which were scatfci-ed throuj^h several years of the winter terms. lie was taught to read by his mother when very young, and was in the liabit of reading and studying incessantly when not at work, often carrying his bock with him during his hours of labor. It was his constant habit to go to a library in Thorntown, to which liis father was a subscriber, evei-y Saturday to get a book, which he read and returned the following week. At seventeen years of age lie commenced teaching school, and thus procured means to pay his way through a course of law studies. He studied in the office of Gov. H. S. Lane and Col. S. C. Wilson, of Crawfordsville, and was licensed to practice, after a rigiil examination, in March, 18.50. He immediately settled at Leb- anon, his county-seat, where he has resided ever since, living most of the time on a small tarin near the town. In 1854 he purchased one half interest in the " Eoone County Ledger," and edited the paper for several months during the bitter contest over the Nebraska bill, and while the Know-Nothing ex- citement was sweeping over the couiitrv. The finances of tlio 119 3 T H O M A S J . C A S O N . ]iaper being in a desperate coiiditiun, liis partner liaving used all the money lie could get for his private purposes, the investment proved a losing one, and, to avoid irretrievable bankruptcy, Mr. Cason sold out his interest. He was elected to the Legislature in October, ISfiO, serving in the long term of 1861, and in the extra session called by Governor Morton in April of tiiat year, after the breaking out of the rebel- lion. He was re-elected in 1862, and served in the stormy session of 1863, taking an active part with the Republicans, especially in the parliamentary management on the part of the minority by which the Democratic majority was prevented from passing the Military bill, an anti-war measure to take from the Governor his authority as commander-in-chief of the Militia. He with his party friends bolted from the House, and breaking a quorum, thus pre- vented further legislation for that session. During most of his service in the Legislature he was a member of the Judiciary Com- mittee. He was elected to the State Senate in the fall of 1864, and served four years. During the rebellion he took an active part in support of the war, invariably voting for all measures for the relief of soldiers and their families. Outside of the Legislature he was no less active in his efforts to promote the success of the war for the preservation of the Union. He assisted in recruithig the army, and when health would permit was almost constantly em- ployed, without compensation, in attending to some duty for the soldier or his family. In April, 1867, he was ajipointed by Governor Baker to the Judgeship of the Twenty-lirst District, then newly organized. In the following autumn he was elected to the same office for four years. At the conclusion of his term he was proffered another election ; but his ill-health, which had induced him to go on the bench, being somewhat relieved, he declined further service. In 1872 he was elected a Kepresentative in Congress from the Seventh District of Indiana. In the Forty -third Congress he served on the Committee on Revision of the Laws of the United States. 120 THOMAS J. CASON. 3 On the thin] of June, 1874, Mr. Cason delivered in the House of Kepreseiitatives a speecli on '• Tbe Improvement of tbe Mouth of tlie Mississijipi River," a most able and exhaustive review of the whole subject of transportation. In this speech the resources of the great States of the Mississippi Valley were presented with an overwiiehninc: array of facts and figures arranged with much argu- mentative sl;ill. It was a most logical and eloquent appeal in behalf of tlie producing millions of the West. The speech closed with the fullowiiig powerful appeal : "-No wonder the people of the West and South arise in their might and demand their rights, and I here second the demand and insist ujion its justness. Give them cheap transportation ; take them from the grip of the money-changer of the East. Elevate labor by educating our children, not only mentally, but to each child in our land, however \)m)v, give at the common expense a trade or business. Harmonize capital and labor by meting out to each its just share in their joint productions. Listen to the just demands of the producing class. Capital can, and will to a great extent, take care of itself; but the laborer needs the strong arm of the Government to give him the needful protection. " I have not given, nor will I hereafter knowingly give, one vote for any law that gives capital an advantage over labor, or that does not fully protect the producing class. The perpetua- tion and the prosperity of this Government, if nothing more serious, depends upon the issue of this question. Let Congress do justice and stand by the right. Let the hard-pan stickler for a gold basis remember that there are other creditors of the nation than the bondholder — those who have periled their lives to save the TTnion, who are today demanding not gold redemption, but that jewel which is above all price, the redemption of right and jii.-tice, the protection of labor and industry, the equality of the laws for all, rich and poor alike." Mr. Cason has labored all his life under serious difficulty as to health, never having passed a day without intense suffei'ing. His lil'e has been one of incessant toil.studv, and struggle to live, with 121 4 THOMAS J. CASON. tio leisure and but few of the enjoyments usual to persons in good liesilth. He has taken an active interest in most of the reforms of the day, and is liberal in political and religious opinions. Having lived most of his life on a farm, he has taken a deep interest in agriculture and horticulture, reading most of the papers and works on these subjects. Whether in the State or National Legislature, he has ever shown himself an industrious, faithful, and honest rep- resentative of the people. 122 -..^' W- , a-^j7u. JAMES S". TTKER. I^'AMES NOBLE TYNER was born in Bi-ookville, Indiana, t"«^S January 17, 1826. His cjrandtatlier was a Baptist ininis- Ji^ J ter who preaclied for many years in Eastern Indiana. His fatlier was an enterprising and successful iiiercliant in Brooi<- ville, doina; for a long time tlie largest business in that portion of the State. His mother was of the Noble family, which was very prominent in the early political history of Indiana. One of her brothers was Governor of the State ; and another, Hon. James No- ble, was a Senator in Congress from 1816 until his death in 1831. Mr. Tyner received an academic education, and engaged in mer- cantile pursuits. He subsequently studied law, and practiced at Peru, his present residence, a thriving manufacturing town and railroad center on the Wabash. In 1857 he was cliosen Secretary of the Indiana Senate, and held that position during four consecu- tive sessions. In 1860 he was a presidential elector on the Lincuhi and Hamlin ticket. From 1861 to 1866 he was a special agent of the Post-OlRce Department, with his head-cpiarters at Indianai)olis. He was elected to the Forty -first Congress at a special election occasioned by the resignation of Hon. D. D. Pratt, wlio had been chosen United States Senator. He was re-elected by large major- ities to the Forty-second and Forty-third Congresses. He entered upon his duties as a Representative March 4, 1869. He served for four years as a member of the Committee on the Post-Office and Post-Roads. No meml)er of Congress did more to promote effi- ciency and reform in that important department of the government than Mr. Tyner. His first speech in the House, delivered Febru- ary 5, 1870, on the Franking Privilege, was one of the ablest argu- ments presented on that question. ^ 123 2 JAMES KOBLE TYNER. Mr. Tviier served also on other important committees : siK^li as tlie Committee on Public Buildings and Grounds, the Select Com- mittee on the Washiny liis service in the army. He eidisted in July, 1S(>3, and was mustereil iil>lican i'arty, its Present Duties and Past Achiovi-iijeuts, and Uciuocraiic Ivepudiation." '"1 have faith in tlie Auiericaii iieojile," he said in this speech, " and 1 should not dare to look my constitueuts in the face if 1 did not indignantly deny for thcin tiic cliarge that tliey are willing to repudiate one dollar of what tiiey justly owe. I will not impute to them, or permit others to im)iute to theni, such amazing dis- honesty." 4 JASPER PACKARD. As a candidate for reelection in 1872 Mr. Packard made an active canvass, speaking no less tlian ninety times in liis district. He was elected over Dr. John A. Henricks, a Liberal llepublican, by a majority of nine liundi'ed and eighty-five votes. In the Forty- third Congress he was appointed to the chairmanship of two com- mittees — Private Land Claims and Expenditures in the State De- partment. The first of these committees considered and disposed of much important business during his chairmanship. During the Forty-third Congress he spoke several times — his utterances always being concise, forcible, and aimed directly to the point at issue. In his speech on the salary question he justified the retractive clause in the bill of March, 1873, from precedents of former Congresses. He advocated the payment of a definite salary, and cutting off" all " allowances." His speech on the currency question was one of the briefest, and yet most suggestive delivered on that subject. He maintained that the volume of the currency should have the quality of elasticity. " It would be wise," he said, " to set our faces goldward, and move on our way carefully and circumspectly." Mr. Packard declined in 187i to be a candidate for re-election. 130 O^a-^c^ JOHN COBUEJS^. ^a^OHN COBURN was born in Indianapolis, Indiana, Octo- ber 27, 1825. He graduated at Wabash College in 1846, studied law and was admitted to the bar in 1850. Dur- ing that and the following year he was a member of the State Legislature. A.lthough one of the youngest members, and in the Whig minority, he took an active part in legislation. He was on the Whig electoral ticket in 1852. In 1856 he was the Repub- lican candidate for Congress in his district, but was defeated by a small majority. In 1853 and 1857 he was counsel for the defense in important cases arising under the Fugitive Slave Law, which at- tracted the attention of the entire country. In 1859 he was elected Judge of the Court of Common Picas. Soon after tiie breaking out of the civil war he entered the mili- tary service as colonel of the Thirty-third Regiment of Indiana Volunteers. In September, 1861, he marciied into Kentucky with his command, whicli bore the brunt of the battle of Wild Cat, the first engagement fought in that State, and participated prominently in the fighting by which Zollicofl'er's force was repulsed. In com- mand of a bi'igade Colonel Coburn })articipated in the movement which resulted in the taking of Cumberland Gap in the spring of 1862. He was taken prisoner in a fight at Thompson's Station, Tennessee, on the fifth of March, 1863, was confined in Libby Prison, and was exchanged at City Point, Virginia, May 5, 1S(>3. During the spring, summer, and fall of 1864 he commanded a brigade in the great Atlantic campaign, participating in the battles of Rosac- ea, New Hope Church, Golgotha Church, Culj/s Farm, antl Peachtree Creek. On the second of September, 1864, tin; city of Atlanta was surrendered to Col. Coburn, who was met in the suburbs by the mayor, Mr. Caliioun, with a flag of truce. 131 2 JOUNCOBUKN. His term of three j-ears having ex]jirecl, and tlie war in tlie West bciiio; virtually ended, he retired from the military service on the twenty-fifth of September, 1864, with the rank of Brigadier general by brevet. In March, 1865, he was appointed and confirmed the first Secre- tary of Montana Territory, but declined the office. In the follow- ing October he was elected Judge of the Fifth Judicial Circuit of Indiana, which included the capital of the State. The duties of this position he performed in a manner highly satisfactory to a bar which is among the ablest in the United States. In October, 1866, he was elected by the Republicans as a i-epro- sentative in Congress, and has been tln-ee times successively re- elected. Immediately upon entering Congress he was appointed a member of the Committee on Public Expenditures and the Com- mittee on Banking and Currency. During tlie Forty-second Con- gress he was chairman of the Committee on Military Affairs, and was a member of the Ku-klux Investigating Committee. Service on these committees involved a vast amount of labor and research, and the results are well known. Upon questions of reconstruction his oonree was decided and adverse to a temporizing policy. While he has generally vnted against the relief of individual rebels, he was the first to propose a maimer of general relief upon apphcation after probation. Ilis course upon the impeachment of President Johnson, upon the Georgia question, upon the acts to enforce the Fourteenth and Fifteenth Amendments to the Constitution, upon the question of suffrage, and upon minor measures of reconstruction indicated his convictions of the pressing necessity of the exercise of its amjilo power on the part of the general Government in the premises. The measures connected with the financial condition of the conn- try have received no small share of his attention. He has opposed all manner of contraction of the currency, looking toward the re- sumptiiin of specie payments. He has deprecated a return to specie jiayments except by the natui'al growth and progress of the nation. Ho has favored a moderate ex])ansion of the ciirreiu-v. and JOIINCOBUKN. 3 a redisti-il)utioii of the bunking circulation. lie took stionj,' groutui in favor of funding the public debt for a long period, believing tliat a lower rate of interest could be obtained. He opposed the bill to strengthen the public credit as a useless and harmful measure, preventing the funding of the public debt on the most favorable terms. He believed that the law under which the debt was in- curred should be left untouched, and that funding should onl\' be provided for. His course upon the tariff has been favorable to a moderate protection. His votes have been regularly against land grants to railroad companies. He took ground among the earliest in favor of defining and limiting the terms upon which land grants were to be made. He has opposed subsidies to steamship lines, and the appropriation of large sums to the District of Columbia for all purptises. He was among the first to advocate free shipping, and in the discussion of Lynch's famous bill to revive commerce, declared that it was the true interest of our people to alter the navigation laws, and allow the purchase of foreign-built ships. His speeches upon these subjects are, many of them, elaborate and pow- erful discussions. It was, however, as chairman of the Committee on Military Af- fairs, in which capacity he served during the Forty-second and Fort^'-third Congresses, that Mr. Coburn accomplished his chief woik as a national legislator. He drafted and carried through the bill which became the law of March 3, 1873, providing for the mil- itary prison now in process of erection at Fort Leavenworth. This was a measure of much importance, combining humane treatment with prison discipline. Mr. Coburn made an elaborate report on Army Staff Organ iza- tion, embodying the opinions of many officers and a largo array of facts. This report attracted much attention, and was highly com- |)limented in military circles. He carried through the act providing for the erection of headstones in National Cemeteries, a just and srrateful recotrnition of the services and sacrifices of the heroes who gave their lives in defense of the country. In the Forty-third Congress Mr. Coburn made an elaborate re- 1.S3 4 JOHN COBURN port wliic-li sliowed the importance of a reduction of the army. On the 2Stli of May, 1874, he reported a bill "providing for the grad- ual reduction of tlie army of the United States." On the same day he advocated the measure in a speech in which he disavowed any spirit of hostility to the army. " On the contrary," said lie, " nothing but profound respect and honor, so far as the army is entitled to it, is accorded to it not only by the committee, but by all persons who have taken an interest in reducing it. The object now is a more economical management of the Government. The object is to cut down expenses as far as possible ; and in every branch of the Gov- ernment, whether in the army, navy, or civil service, to dispense with all officers or employes who can be dispensed with." Mr. Goburn is a fluent speaker and an able debater. He always speaks directly to the point at issue, and with that earnestness wliich is the result and the evidence of profound conviction. His honesty and integrity, whether in public or private life, have never been questioned. In the most intense partisan conflicts not a word has been said to detract from his ability and honor as a representative of the people. 134 ■f / ,artment of the government ; and that the order of tjie Secretary of War, imder date of December 0, 1861, to General Wool, for the deliv- ery of a slave to Mr. Jessup, of Maryland, as well as all other military orders for the return of slaves, are assumptions of the military power over the civil law and the rights of the slave. Tliis resolution, the first Congressional action against the return of slaves, was referred to the Judiciary Committee, and, eventually, in substance, was made an article of war. On the 4th of March, 1862, in a speech in Congress, Mr. Shanks vindicated General Fremont, and upheld his proclamation giving freedom to the slaves of rebels. At the close of that session of Contrress he again served on General Fremont's staff, in liis West Virginia campaign. 136 J II N P . C . S H A N n S . 3 In the summer of 1863, Mr. Shanks raised the Seventh Indiana Regiment of vuluntcci- cavalr\-, and on tiie 6th of December, was ordered with ihein I'mm Iiidianapolis to tlio field. In the following February, he was brevet' d a brigadier-general for meritorious con- duct. Having given efficient service until some time after the sur- render of Lee and Johnston, he was mustered out in September, 1865, at Hempstead, Texas. He was breveted a major-general by the recommendation of Hon. E. M. Stanton, Secretary of War, as a matter of justice which he declared to be due so meritorious an officer. In 1866, Mr. Shanks was elected to the Fortieth Congress, during which he served on the Committees on the Militia and Indian Affiiirs. Soon after taking his scat, he introduced a resolution pro- viding for the appointment of a committee of five to investigate the treatment of Union prisoneis. He was made chairman of the com- mittee thus provided for, and, after long and patient investigation, ' made an elaborate report, which is an important contribution to the history of the rebellion. Subsequently he delivered an address upon this subject before the Grand Army of the Republic full of valuable and interesting statistics. In this speech he said : "I hope that the high moral, political, and military position of our people will enable our government to procure the adoption in the laws of nations of a provision that captives in war shall not be personally retained as prisoners ; but shall, under flags of truce, be returned at the earliest possible time to their own lines or vessels, and paroled until properly exchanged, so that the books of the com- missioners of exchange of the respective belligerents shall determine the relative advantages in captives, and thus the horrors and sacri- fices of prison-life be prevented." On the 26th of March, 1867, Mr. Shanks introduced a resolution instructing the Committee on Foreign Affairs to investigate the cause of the imprisonment for life of Rev. John McMahon, and what measures, if any, should be taken for his release. On the 9th of January following, the committee having maile a report requesting the President to intercede with the Queen of Great BriUiia for the 137 4 JOHN P. C. SHANKS. speedy release of the prisoner, Mr. Sliaiiks made an eloquent speech in support of the resolution, conclusively aiguing the duty of our government to maintain the right of expatriation. lie spoke in favor of the impeachment, and advocated tiie bill to declare forfeited tlie lauds granted to certain Southern railroads. He s[)oke against the treaty by wiiich the Osage Indian lands were alhiwed to be con- veyed to a corporation, to the detriment of actual settlers. In a speech on the suffrage amendment, he declared his opinion that an act of Congress would be sufficient to effect the object. " I have long thouglit," said he, "that it was not only in the power, but in the duty of Congress to jjrotect the right of the elective franchise to all the people against any attempt by State or loccd legislation, or by force or fraud, to curtail, embarrass, or defeat its full and equal enjoy- ment by all adult citizens." On the 9th of December, 1868, Mr. Shanks introduced a resolu- tion, "That it is the duty of the government of the United States to acknowledge the existence of the provisional government of Crete as an independent political state, and to treat with it as sucli." On the 7th of January following, he advocated this resolution in an able and eloquent speech, for which he received the thanks of the Greek and Cretan governments. He made an elaborate speech showing that the Union Pacific Railroad was not constructed according to law. He introduced a bill to distribute the number and rank of government employees among the several districts and territories. In a speech advocating the measure, he showed the inequalities that existed in the distribu- tion of the offices, maintaining that the matter was one of "very great importance to the people of the country, because from these offices, if equally represented from the various districts and ter- ritories, employees would go out to and correspond with the people of tiie different parts of the country, giving information touching what is going on in the departments and in the capital, thus keeping up a healthy channel of communication between the government and people, as valuable and ftiithful as though it went out from this House." 138 JOHN P. 0. SHANKS. 5 Mr. Sliaiiks was re-elected to tlie Fdrty-tirst, Forty-secuiKl, and Forty-tliinl Congresses. During his lung continuous service lie constantly extciidcil liis influence in Congress anil Ins usefulness to liis constituents. As a nieniher of the Coniniittee on Frecdnien's Affairs and the Coniniittee on Indian Affairs he manifested a most pliilanthropie interest in the two races wliicli have long been de- >rra'ZJL.-<^^r^ >^--^ ^^^^^^ HORATIO 0. BUROHAED. "^lIsVjllATIO C. BURCHAKD was born in Marshall, Oneida ^?^ County, New York, September 25, 1825. After gratlnat- ^jfet inn, in 1850, at Hamilton Collef^e, he studied and practiced law, and from 1857 to I860 was a School Commissioner of Stephenson Comity, Illinois. Durini;- the years 1863-186G inclu give, he was a Member of the Illinois State Legislature, and was elected as a Republican to the Forty-first Congress, to fill the vacancy occasioned by the resignation of Hon. E. B. "Washhurne. Mr. Burchard took his seat December 6, 1869, and served on the Committee on Banking and Currency. The first speeches of Mr. Burchard were in connection with the Tariff question, in the earliest of which he discussed the subject at length. He also discussed largely the subject of the Currency, dwellino- on the oflice of money — the necessary supply of coin, the volume of circulation required, the actual amount in circulation in our own and other countries, and several other important questions. The conclusion of this able s])eecli is as follows : Shall we, then, abandon a system confessedly an improvement on any hereto- fore existing, dis:ui:uiL'e business, disturb values, abclisli the banks, call in their $516,000,000 of loan?, retire tlK-ir circulation, and depend upon piivatt- bankers and brokers to furnish the temporary aceommodations to nu-nliaiits. m.inut'actu- rers, and the business public now supprud liy $-4:5^,000,000 of banking- ca])ital ? Will it pay to make these dangerous and, if iinsnccessfnl, ccstl.v exjieriments to test the exploded theories of visionary financiers, who will not heed the ilear- bought experience of other nations, or gather wisdom from tlie errors of our lathers? We are returning safely, slowly, surely to the goal of a soimd redeein- alile currency, from which eight y. ars ago we. perhaps necessarily, departed. The country rejoices to see the nati(mal credit restored and a stable standard of values regained. Unaided by conunssional legislation, and ccmtrol'.ed by the higher laws of trade and commerce during the present session, the differ- mce lletween the paper and specie standard has diminished one half Without shock to business or financial revulsion, gold has fallen frcni 1M1 to 10 per cent. DremiMiu, and ahnosi gained the p..int oi departure. U7 2 HORATIO C. BURCIIARD. Ml-. Bnrchiird was re-elected to tlic Forty-second Congress by a majority of tive tliousand four hundred and ninety-nine votes, and lo tlie Forty-third Congress by the still larger majority of six thou- sand four hundred and ninety-eight votes. At the beginning of his second terra in Congress, his mastery of economical and financial subjects was recognized in his appointment to the Committee of Ways and Means. By careful and exhaustive study of the questions which came before him, and by the force of argument with whicli he sustained his conclusions on the fiom-, he proved himself one of the ablest members of that iniportant committee. One of the best speeches on the tariff question was delivered by Mr. Burchai'd on the 27th of April, 1S7'2. He asserted that "it is undeniable that n, has been true to its honor and plighted word ; that it has been scrujju- lons to maintain its solemn engagements not only with other nati'ms but with private individuals." 148 JOHN B. HAWLET. ^»|5^^*()IIX r.. IIAWLEV was born in Fnirfield C.ninty. Con- kjA' uecticiit, Februarv 9, 1831, ami went to Illiiioi;; with his ^SH^J i>ai"oiits when quite young. He studied law, and on coni- injr to the bar in 1852 settled in Rock Island.. In 1S5G he was elected State Attorney, serving four years. In lSt>l he en- tered the Union army as Captain, and took an active part in the battles of Forts Henry and Donelson, receiving injuries in the last engagement wliii'li made it necessary for him to retire from mili- tary duty in lSti2. In lS(>r) he was ajipointed by President Lin- coln postnnister of Ri>ck Island, and was removed the year follow- ing by President Johnson. He was elected a Representative fro'i Illinois to the Foi-ty-first Qungress as a Republican, and entei-in:' upon his duties as such March 4, 1809, he was appointed to the Committee on Public Lands and the Committee on Freedmen's Aifairs. His iirst speech, delivered January 14, 187f>, was on the admission of Vir- ginia, of which the following are the closing paragraphs : Viiginiii, desiring to change the likeness of God in human form into a thing of traffie. and toiever to bind the slave with fetters so strong that tlity couM not he broken, made war upon this nation, and fought until her strength was exhausted. Then, and not till then, did she sulnnit, when she Ibught us until she cfuld tight no more ; and now, covered with the scars of war tiiat treason has made, she comes with nauglit hut violali'd oatlis upon her lips, and the blood of Union soldiers upon her liaiids. You a-^k me to trust her iir.phcitly; you ask me to receive her again and welcome lier with jo-, without a pledge or a guarantee for the future which she may not break. Sir, I hope Virginia will fulfill the highest expectations of her most sanguine friends upon this fiorjr. I hope the day will come when the wouii.ls the war has made will all be healed, antl when the South, clothed in the fair gormcnts of miiveisal liberty and equal political rights to all men, shall fully redeem ami keep the pleilge she has made. As a nation, the future, with all its pos>d)ilities, is before us. In our hands, to a great degree, is now placed its present and its future welfare. ... , ,. 149 FRANKLIIT OORWIN. l^^^RANKLIN CORWIN was born in Lebanon, Ohio, Janu- 0<^' ary 12, 1818. The familj' emigrated from Kentucky to df?f. Ohio at an early day. His father dying when the subject rvii of this sketch was five years old, he was reared in the family of his uncle, Hon. Thomas Corwin, the distinguished Whig states- man and jurist. He was educated in the select and classical schools of Lebanon. He studied law with his uncle, by whom he was taken into partnership upon his admission to the bar in 1839. In that year he was married to Miss Eebecca Jane Hibben. He subsequently removed to "Wilmington, Clinton County, Oliio, where he continued to practice law until 1850, when poor iiealtli compelled him to suspend his professional labors. He then ac- cepted the position of President of the Wilmington, Zanesviile, and Cincinnati Eailroad, and held this office until 1S56, when he resigned. In politics he was a Whig until tlie formation of the Republican party, when he became an active member of tliat organization. As early as 1846 he was elected a Representative to the General Assembly of Ohio ; and in 18-19 he was elected to the State Senate, serving two terms in that body. In the spring of 1857 Mr. Cor- win removed to Illinois, locating on a farm in La Salle County. In 1865 he was elected to the Legislature of Illinois, and was re-elected for two succeeding terms, during which he served aa Speaker of the House. In 1868 he was President of the Republi- can State Convention which nominated Gen. Palmer for Governor. In 1872 he was elected a Representative to the Forty-third Con- gress by more than four thousand majority. He served on the ("i)mmittt'e on the Pacific Railroad. 150 GREENBURY L. FORT. 'REENBURY L. FORT was born in Sc-ioto County, Oliio, ^ October 17, 1825. His father was a native of New Jersey, bred in Piiiladelphia, removing to Kentucky and tiience to Oiiio at an early period. His mother was a native of Virginia. They removed in April, 1831, to what is now Marshall County, Illinois. Schools in that portion of the West were then few in number and inferior in quality. Before he was twenty-one Mr. Fort enjoyed all together not more than seven months of attendance at school. After that age he attended an academy a few months. His entire time of tuition in schools summed up not more than a year. All his attainments in knowledge, which are considerable, have been made with little aid from teachers. In IBiO he commenced the study of law with Judge Silas Ram- sey of Lacon, and was admitted to the bar in 1850. In the same year he was elected sheriff, an office then of small emoluments, as the county was but recently organized. In 1852 he was elected clerk of the Circuit Court for the term of four years. These years were profitably spent in a professional point of view, since the duties of the office were much in the line of legal practice. In 1857 he was elected Judge of the County Court for the term of four years. He was married May 25, 1858, to Miss Clara Boal, of Lacon. At the breaking out of the war Mr. Fort volunteered as a private in the Eleventh Regiment of Illinois Infantry, at the organization of wiii(!li he was elected captain of a com|>aiiy. lie participated in the battle of Fort Donulson, soon after which lie was transferred to the staff of the army, and was ordered on duty with General Logan. He was with the Army of the Tennessee in the siege of 151 2 GREENBURY L. FORT. Vicksbnrg. He participated in the battle of Atlanta, ami mnrclicil uith Sherman to SavanTiah. He served as Chief Quai-fLTiiiastcr of the Fifteenth Anny Corps, with the rank of lieutenant c-dloiu'l. He remained in the army after most of the forces had been mus- tered out, serving under Gen. Sheridan in Texas until March, 1860. He then returned home to the practice of law, and the manage- ment of a large farm which he had inherited from his father. In the fall of 1SG6 he was elected to the State Senate of Illinois, in M'hich he served four years. In 1872 he was elected a Representa- tive from Illinois to the Forty-third Congress as a Republican, by five thousand majority. He served on the Committee on Terri- tories and the Select Committee on the Centennial. Mr. Fort made several speeches in the Forty-third Congress, among the most elab- orate of which was that delivered March 24, 1874, in favor of the bill to regulate commerce by railroad among the several States. He also delivered a trenchant and effective speech on finance, main- taining the doctrine that " Every Government owes it to its people to provide them with a good, safe, and uniform currency in sufBcient quantitj'." He earnestly advocated numerous economical reforms in the administration of the Government. 152 WILLIAM H. RAT. itA\ '•"^ILLIAM H. RAY was born in Dutchess County, New York, December 14, 1812. The year following, his parents, wlio were originally from Connecticut, removed to Oneida County, New York. Young Ray spent his boyhood on his father's farm, his time until eighteen years of age being divided between aTicultnrai labor in summer and attendance at school in winter. After such training of mind and body as is secured in these pur- suits, he went as clerk in a store at Rome, New York. In 1834 a friend about emigrating to the West invited Mr. Ray tu accompany him, and the invitation was accepted, witli a view simply of seeing the country, and no design of making a permanent residence. After a long and slow journey the emi- grants arrived at Rushville, Iliinuis, then a village but recently established. Mr. Ray became an assistant in a store, and soon abandoned all thoughts of returning to his home in the East. His life during these early years was varied by several trips down the Mississippi River on flat boats, on which he went as supercargo. In 1837 he set up as a merchant on his own account, and has been steadily successful in business to the present time. In 1844 he formed a partnership with a gentleman who is still connected with him in business, whicii has grown until it embraces not only the regular mercantile establishment, but a large grain elevator and pork-packing concern. In 1865 he engaged in banking, which he has successfully conducted until the present time. Mr. Ray was first married in ls38, and having lost his wife was again married in 1849. He has eight children, the eldest of whom is at the head of a large mercantile and manufacturing house in New York city. In politic- Mv. Ray was at first a Whig, and was among the first to avuw himself a liepublicau. During tiie m 2 WILLIAM H. RAY. late war tlie country had uo warmer or inore stanncli friend tluin Mr. Ray, who gave libei'allj' of In's influence, time, and money in promoting volunteering, and in providing for the comfort of the families of soldiers in the field. In 1869 Mr. Eay was appointed by Governor Oglesby as one of the Board of Equalizers, provided for under the new constitution, for the purpose of making the burdens of taxation just and equal throughout the State. He had no desire or expectation of a nomination for Congress, and had used his influence to secure this honor for a friend who was an eminent lawyer of his county. The latter, however, disap- pointed the expectations of his friends by turning " Liberal." Mr. Eay was nominated with the expectation that his personal popu- larity would avail to reduce materially the large Democratic majority which his county usnally gave. In this his friends were not disappointed, as he reduced the Democratic majority of his county by two thirds, and was elected by nearly fifteen hundred majority in a doubtful district. 154: EOBEET M. KI^APP. ■^^^OBERT M. KNAPP was born in Kew York city, April 21, 1831. Flis father. Dr. Augustus R. Knapp, a native j^,--^}? of Connecticut, was an aeconipiished and successful physi- cian. He removed, while Robert was a child, to Savan- nah, Georgia, thence to New Jersey, and finally, in 1839, to Illi- nois. There lie was prominent in liis profession and also in local politics, serving in the State Constitutional Convention of 1847. His eldest son, Hou. Anthony L. Knapj), was a distinguished lawyer, and a Representative in tlie Thirty-seventh and Thirty-eighth Con- gresses from the Springfield District of Illinois. The subject of this sketch, after receiving sue!) instruction as was given in the common schools of Illinois, became a student in the Kentucky State Military Institute, near Frankfort. In 184SI, at the age of eighteen, affected by the prevailing excitement resulting from the discovery of gold on the Pacific coast, he went overland to California, where he remained two years, occupied in successful mining operations. Returning, he resumed his studies in the Mil- itary Institute. He subseipiently studied law, and in 1855 com- menced the practice in Jerseyville, Illinois. A Demoorat in politics, lie was, in 1867, elected to the Illinois Legislature. He declined to be a candidate for a second term. In 1871 and 1872 he held the ofiice of Mayor of Jerseyville. In 1872 he was elected a Representative in Congress from Illinois. In the Forty-third Congress he served on the Committee on the Revision of the Laws. He addressed the House on the Civil Rights bill, and on the subject of Finance and Taxation. This latter speech was an earnest protest against legislation which tavored the u~iirp;itions 2 ROBERT M. KNAP P. and inuiiopolies of banks and bond-Iiolders to the deti'iinent oi' lli^ interests of tlie people. The following is an extract : " The people have vested no rights in railroads nor banks, bond- holders nor gamblers, that rob them of the reward of their honest toil, or jeopardize that freedom that our Government was intended to protect and perpetuate. 'Vested rights and j^ledged faith' was the battle-cry of the railroads of my own State of Illinois, when they raised the rates of transportation of its surplus products tci market, and robbed the agriculturist of the rightful result of his labor. 'Vested rights and pledged faith ' is the cry of the national banks, while they quietly pocket six per cent, in gold on b^nds exempted from all taxation, and in addition thereto take out of the pockets of the people ten per cent, interest on the (Mrculation — - equivalent to ninety per cent, on the par value of the bonds, which cost them nothing. ' Vested rights and pledged faith ' is the battle- cry of the stock-gambler when he waters railroad stock, and makes corners against the producers and consumers of wealth. " There are no vested rights against the people in favor of plun- derers. The Government was created to demonstrate the dignity of labor and the equality and authority of the people. The sover- eignty rests with them by fundamental law, and rings, combina- tions, and monopolies will find a thoroughly awakened people obstructing the accomplishment of their desigtis." 156 JAMES C. ROBIll^SON. . y^ ^AMES C. ROBINSON was l)orii in Edgar County, Illinois, ,,-^« Aiir Congress, and favored by dissensions in the Repulilican ranks, was elected over two opposing candidates. In the Forty-second Congress he served on the Committee on Foreign Atfairs, and the Committee to Inves- tigate Southern Outrages. He was re-elected, by nearly one thou- sand niajurity, to the Forty-third Congress, during which he served again on the Committee on Foreign Atfairs, and was a member of the Committee on Expenditures in the Interior Department. 157 JOHN M'NULTA. '--A^OIiN M'JSrULTA was born in New York city November 9, 1837, and received an academic education. He went West alone at iifteen years of age, and since tliat time has been entirely dependent on his own resonrces. He vol- unteered as a private in the military service of the country May 3, 1861. He was successively captain, lieut. -colonel, and brevet brigadier-general. He was in tlie First Illinois Cavalry, and then in the Ninty-fourth Illinois Infantry. He served at different times in the " Army of the J^rontier," the " Army of the Tennessee," and the "Army of the Rio Grande.'' During the entire time until he was mustered out, August 9, 1865, he was on duty with his ci>m- mand in the field except about five months in 186i, when he served by special orders from General Canby as President of the New Orleans " Cotton Court." He was elected to the Illinois State Senate in 1868, and served until Jannar}', 1873. He was elected to tlie Forty-tiiird Congress as a Republican by a majority of two tlionsand six hundred and forty votes. He served on the Comuiittee on Indian Affairs. He made a speech on the subject of Transportation, maintaining the power and duty of Congress to regulate comuierce on railroads through different States. After an able argument, iu which he pro- duced many autliorities, showing the relations of railroads to the Government and showing the evils to which the people were sub- jected by the present system, he concluded that the only remed^y was in the action of Congress in giving " some of the jirotection thrown around the citizen by the clearest principles of connnon law," and the performance of one of the most obvious duties of I'epre- sentativc of the peojile under the Constitution and tlieir oath. 158 JOSEPH G. OAITNON, ^'''"OSEPH G. CANNON" was born in Guilford, North Car- olina, May 7, 1836. His family were Quakers, and with ^} others of that faith emigrated to Indiana, and made a set tlement in the county of Parke. He received his early education in the common schools, and served as clerk in a country store. At the age of twenty he commenced the study of law with Hon. John P. Usher in Terre Haute, Indiana. In the s]iring of 1857 he entered the Cincinnati Law School, where in the following year he graduated in the same class with General Cliipinan of Wash- ington, Governor Npyes of Ohio, and Governor Crawford of Kansas. On his admission to the bar he went to Tuscola, Illinois, where he entered U'lcm the practice of his profession, which lie prosecuted without any interruption until his election to Congress. The only office he held was in the direct line of his profession — serving as State's Attorney from March, 18.51, to December, 18(5S. Of Whig antecedents, he early became a Republican, casting his first vote for Abraham Lincoln in 1860. In 1872 he was elected to the Forty-third Congress by nearly fonr thousand majority. He was assigned to the Committee on Post-Offices and Post-Roads. On the 18th of February, 187-1, he delivered a speech in the House in favor of the bill providing for the free distribution of imlilie docu- ments printed by authority of Congress, and seeds furnished by the Airricultural Department. He successfidly answered all objections which had been urged against the measure, fortifying his jwsition with facts and figures collected with niucli labor and research. He maintained that the free transmission of public documents would be a means of " aiding to bring knowledge to the masses of the peo- ple, which, in the end, with the aid of Christian cliarity, will do away with all necessity for appropriations to either armies or navies." 15t» GRANVILLE BARRERE. '* RANVILLE BARRERE was born in Higliland County, ^^ Oliio, July 11, 1831. His father's ancestors were ^~i> French, his mother's Irisli ; several generations of both fiimilies, however, have been natives of this country. His paternal grandfather removed from Kentucky to Highland County, Ohio, where lie was one of the earliest settlers. The sub- ject of this sketch attended the common schools of liis native county until 1848, when he entered Augusta College, Kentucky, and after remaining there one year went to Marietta College, Ohio. Here he pursue by the banks will be paid out pro rata to their creditors, and the reserves will go into circulation among the people. The abolition of the national banks abolishes stock-gambling, and forces the hundred millions now used by them to the detriment of every material in- terest into legitimate fields. A sound financial system will imme- diately take the place of insolvent banks, whose struggles for perpetuation are now obstructing all the avenues of trade." Mr. Eden addressed the House in an elaborate speech on the sub- ject of " Inter-State Conmierce," against the bill rei>orted by the Committee on Railways and Canals, "to regulate commerce by I'ailroad among the several States." 162 JAMES S. MAETIN. ?AMES S. MAETIlsr was born in Scott Connty, Virginia. August 19, 1826. He was educated at Emory and Henry Coilesie, Virginia, and in 1846 removed with his parents to Illinois, locating in Marion County. He worked on his father's farm until the breaking out of the Mexican war, when he volunteered, and served as a non-commissioned officer in the regi- ment connnanded by Colonel Newby. The present Senator Logan, then a lieutenant, was his friend and companion-in-arms in the same regiment. Soon after returning home at the close of the war, Mr. Martin was elected Clerk of the Marion County Court, and held this office for three terms of four years each, having been elected the second and third terms without opposition. During his second term of office as County Clerk he studied law, and having been admitted to the bar, he practiced until the breaking out of the Civil AVar. He took a part of considerable prominence in politics, and for a number of years was a member of the Republican State Central Committee. In 1862 he raised seven companies of volunteers in his own county, which, with three companies raised from an adjoining county, were organized as the One Hundred and Eleventh Illinois Infantry, of which he was commissioned colonel. Ills first mili- tary service was in command of the post at Columbus. From there he was transferred, by order of General Grant, to the com- mand of Paducah. Thence he joined General Sherman in his march on Atlanta, and served in the Fifteenth Army Corps during the remainder of the war. He took part in many battles, and finally led one of the two brigades which took Fort M'Allister by ■ 163 2 JAMES S. MARTIN. assault, and thus completed tlie last stage in Sherman's grand march to the sea. Eetiirning home at the close of the war, he was, in 1865, elected County Judge of Marion County. In 1868 he was appointed pen- sion agent, and held this office until he was elected to the Forty- third Congress. His county was strongly Democratic, but gave liim a handsome majority in the same election in which it went against General Grant by a majority of six hundred votes. In the Forty-third Congress lie was appointed on the Committee on Pensions — one of the most laborious committees of the House. Its arduous labors are not of the kind which attract pnblic atten- tion, and yet are very important. Of these Mr. Martin'performed at least his full share, and fully earned the reputation of a faithful and laborious representative of the people. 164 WILLIAM K. MORRISON '^M^MlLLIAM R. MORRISON was bom in Monroe County, Illinois, SeptembLT 1-i, 1825. His ancestors on both ^ sides were soldiers in the Revolutionary war. His grand- father, William Morrison, settled in Kaskaskia as a mer- chant as early as 1793. The subject of this sketch, after receiving a coHinion school education, attended M'Kendree College about three years, and then engaged in farming. He served during the Mexi- can war as a private in the Second Regiment of Illinois Volunteers commanded b}' Colonel Bissell. After his military service in Mexico he went to California, wlicre he engaged for about eighteen months in inining operations. Re- turning to Illinois, lie studied law in the office of Judge Omelveny. He was admitted to the bar in 1855, and commenced practice in Waterloo, where he has since resided. His fellow-citizens of Monroe County had previously given him a mark of their approval b}' electing him Clerk of the Circuit Court, a position which he resigned in 1854. In that year he was elected to the Illinois Legislature, in which he served until 1860. The last two years he was Speaker of the House. Mr. Morrison organized and commanded the Forty-ninth Regi-' ment of Illinois Infantry in the late war. He was wounded at the battle of Fort Donelson, but after being disabled for a few weeks recovered from his wound and resumed his command soon after the battle of Pittsburgh Landing. He resigned his commission as colonel in January, 1863, having been elected to the Tliirt3--eighth Congress. In that Congress he served on the Committee on the Militia and the Select Committee on the Bankrupt Law. He was nominated by the Democrats of his district for reelection to the 165 WILLIAM R. MORRISON. Tliiity-nintli and Fortictli Congresses, bnt was defeated. He was again a member of tlie Illinois Legislature in 1870-71, and received the votes of tlie Democratic members for Speaker of the House, In 1872 he was re-elected a Representative in Congress by tlie votes of Democrats and Liberal Republicans. In the Forty-third Congress he served on the Connnittee on War Claims, and the Committee on Expenditures in the State Department. 166 ISAAC CLEMEI^TS. SAAC CLEMENTS was born in Franklin County, Indiana, March 31, 1837. His ancestors were English, and came to '^^ America among the early colonists with Lord Baltimore. The family for several generations were inhabitants of Mary- land. One of the family served in the war of the Kevohitiuii as aid to General Washington. The father of the subject of this sketch served in the war of 1812, and then emigrated to Indiana among the earliest settlers in the eastern portion of the State. Isaac Clements entered the sophomore class of Indiana Asbury University in 1854, and, after an interruption of two years of school teaching, he graduated in 1859, receiving the second honors of the class. He studied law with Hon. John A. Matson, of Grecncastle, before graduating at college. He then went to Illinois and taught school, first at Thebes and then at Carbondale, to raise money for the purchase of law-books. He was admitted to the bar, and opened an office at Carbondale, his present residence. He took part in the ])residential canvass of 180O as a Douglas Democrat. Mr. Clements came out boldly in favor of the Union at a time when many of his party friends were wavering, and some were disposed to sympathize with the Si>uth. He entered the army as Second Lieutenant of Company G, Ninth Illinois Infanti-y. in .July, 1861, He was wounded at Pittsburgh Landing, wJicn his regiment suffered more severely, perhaps, than any other regiment duiing the entire war. Nearly all its officers were killed or wounded, aiuj only one hundred and eighty-one men could answer to their names sit the roll-call after the battle. Mr. Clements received ten Imlli't holoa in his clothing, but was disabled onl^- for a few weeks by his wounds. He was again woundi'il at Corinth, and wa> twice pio- inoted for meritorious servic('>. Km 2 ISAAC CLEMENTS. On Ills return home in August, 1864, he found that he liad been nonnnated for the Legislature by the Republicans, but as the county was largely Democratic, he was defeated by a small majority In the autumn of 1864 he married Miss Josephine Nutt. only dauHUer ut Rev. Cyrus Nutt, D.D., President of the Indiana State University. In the spring of 1865 he resumed the practice of law. In June, 1867, he was appointed Register in Bankruptcy. In 1872 he was elected a Representative in Congress, as a Republican, by abont fifteen hundred majority. In the Forty-third Congress he was ap- pomted on the Committee on Patents. He addressed the House on the subject of transportation and the improvement of the Mis- sissippi and its tributaries. 168 n> SAMUEL S. MARSHALL. ^I^^AMUEL S. MARSHALL was born in Gallatin county, ,>^^ Illiiuiif;, in 1S24. He spent two years at Cumberland Col- ^yj b'ge, Kentucky, but was more indebted for any considera- '^ ble advance in knowledge to liis private studies and his love of books tlian to his educational facilities. He studied law with his cousin, Hon. Henry Eddy, of Shawneetown, and having been licensed by the Su^jreme Court to practice in all the courts of the State, he opened an office in Hamilton county, lULuois, and almost immediately achieved great success at the bar. In the fall of 1846, only one year from the time he commenced the practice of law, he was elected to the lower branch of the State Legishtture. Although the youngest member of tlie Illinois Legis- lature, he took an active part in its deliberations and proceedings. In March, IS-i", he was unanimously elected by tliat body to the office of State's Attorney for the Third Judicial Circuit, wliicli in- cluded fifteen counties, in two of which the people were in open and organized resistance to the authority of the laws. Crimes of every grade were of frequent occurrence, and it had been impossi- ble to get officers and men to enforce tlie laws. The rioters were amazed and alarmed to find themselves arraigned by a fearless pro- secutor, before intelligent and impartial jurors, determined to vin- dicate the supremacy of the laws. The now prosecutor won the re- spect and confidence of all by the success witli which he pursued a course so vigorously begun. After a few salutary examples were made, the rioters returned to the ])eai'eful avocations of life, vio- lence ceased, feuds died out, and the lawless counties have ever since been peaceful and ]U"osperous. After serving his term of two years as Slate's Attorney with genera! approval, Mr. Mai-shall dc(^lincd a reelection. He was not 169 2 S A MUEL S. M AUS [1 ALL. permitted, however, to remain long in pi-ivate life, and in March, 1851, he was elected by tlie people Judge of the Seventh Judicial Circuit. In this office, by a fiiithful, upriglit, and impartial adminis- tration of justice, he won the confidence and respect of the public without I'egard to party. This office he resigned in the fall of 18.54, to accept tlio position of Representative in Congress fi'om tlie Ninth Congressional District of Illinois. His seat was contested in the House of Representatives under a clause of the State constitution, which declared all judges in the State ineligible to any other office. State orf'ederal, during the terms for whicii they were elected, and for one year thereafter, and that all votes castfol- them as candidates for any other office should be Void. This clause had always been regarded by the best lawyers of the State as having no validity whatever as ap- plied to federal offices, since the qualifications for these should mani- festly be fixed by the constitution and laws of the United States. Up to this time, however, there had been no adjudication on this ques- tion. The seat of Judge Trumbull, who had been elected to the United States Senate, was contested at the same time and upon the same ground. The decision is entitled to greater weight as a pre- cedent from the fact that the Senate, being then overwhelmingly Democratic, decided the case almost unanimously in favor of Judge Trumbull, a Republican, and the House, being Republican, decided in fiivor of Judge Marshall, a Deriiocrat. Mr. Marshall was reelected to the Thirty-fifth Congress, and de- clining another candidacy, retired, at the end of the term, to pri- vate life. In 1861, he was reelected to the office of Judge of the Twelfth Judicial Circuit, and held this office until 1864, when he resigned, and was elected a Representative to the Tliirty-ninth Con- gress. He has since been three times reelected by large majorities, and retains the undiminished confidence of his constituents. As a member of the Committee of Ways and Means, he has had much to do M'ith important legislation. He is one of the ablest cham- pions of the doctrine of free-trade. 170 Cty^-^ EDWIN O. STANARD, >)DWIN O. STANARD was born in Newport, New Hainp- shire, January 5, 1832. At tlie age of four years he re- moved witli his parents to the Territory of Iowa. He grew u]) on a farm in what was then a wild and un- cuhivated region, toiling until twenty years of age for the suste- nance of the liousehold. His opportunities for education were few, but were diligently improved. In 1852 he went to St. Louis seek- ing fortune and willing to work for it. He made many earnest efforts to secure a position as clerk in one of the commission houses, and on many occasions went from store to store on Main and Second streets for this purpose. Not succeeding, lie taught school three winters in Illinois, opposite St. Louis, and attended school in the city during the summer. In 1855 he graduated at a Commercial College, and soon after obtained employment in a shipping and commission house in Alton, Illinois, where he made many friends. His employer dying before the close of the year, ho again turned his face toward St. Louis, There he soon made the acquaintance of Mr. C. J. Gilbert, and the two friends, with very small capital, but with energy and cour- age, opened a general jjroduce and commission house in St. Louis, and subsequently established the widely known tirni of Stanard, • iilbert, & Co. They met with remarkable"success considering the small capital they had and tlieir lack of influential friends as ad- visers and indoi-sers. Some time after this firm opened a similar house in Chicago, Mr. Gilbert goitig there for that purpose. This enterprise proved a complete success. Mr. Stanard also established the house of Stanard, Bronson, & Co. in New Orleans, and in many other directions he has at difterent times extended ids commercial JTl 2 EDWIN O. STANARD. reliitions. Pie has within a few years devoted his energy and capi- tal to the milling business, being the senior member of the firm of E. O. Stanard & Co., St. Louis, whose mills have the capacity to manufacture fifteen hundred barrels of flour per day, and produce tiiree hundred thousand barrels per year. Their trade extends all over tlie United States and to foreign countries. Mr. Stanard has been connected with most of the public enter- prises of St. Louis which have originated in the last fifteen years, sustaining them liberally with liis counsels, energies, and contribu- tions. The merchants of St. Louis liave tried him in many places, and extended to him many proofs of confidence. He has been honored witli the Presidency of tiie Chamber of Commerce, the Vice-Presidency of tlie National Board of Trade, and a diree- torsiiip of tlie Missouri Pacific Railway. He is President of the Citizens' Insurance Company, director in the Second National Bank, tlie Life Association of America, the St. Louis Elevator Company, and tiie Mississippi Valley Transportation Company. During the late war Mr. Stanard was a stanch supporter of the Government. He gave largely of his means to sustain the Sanitary and Cliristian Commissions, and for the promotion of otlier enter- prises inaugurated to ameliorate the suffering. In 1868 lie was nominated for Lieut.-Governor on the Republic- an ticket. While he had not previously iield any political office, and was indeed wholly inexperienced in public affairs, his jiersonal popularity and character for sterling integrity added strengtii to the ticket. He ran far ahead of the average vote of his party wiierovi'r lie was known, and was elected by a large majority. As presiding officer of the Senate and in all things pertaining to iiisoffici:il duties he acted well his part. His gentlemanly deportment, thorongii re- liability, and generous consideration of all classes and persons, made iiini troops of friends. His bitterest political opponents never questioned his strict justice and impartiality. In 1870 Mr. Stanard acquiesced in the "Liberal " movement in Missouri, and took an active part in the exciting canvass that re- sulted in the elevation of Gratz Brown to tiie Governorship of the 172 EDWIN 0. STANARD. State and the abolishment of tlie proi-criptive laws growing out ot" tlie late civil war. He subsequently yielded to the urgent solicita- tion of his friends to allow tlie use of his name for the otKce of Mayor of St. Louis. He was defeated in one of the hottest contests in the history of city politics. He considered the liberal movement of 1870 as purely a State matter, and that when its immediate ob- jects were accom])lished the mission of the party was ended. That battle having been fought and won, he remained a firm Republican, and a constant supporter of President Grant's administration. Mr. Stanard was elected to the Forty-third Congress in 1872 over Col. W. M. Grosvcnor, Liberal Republican and Democrat. He served on the Committees on Commerce and the Mississippi Levees. He took an active part in the i)roceedings of the House, and made several able speeches on important subjects. Pie spoke with especial influence and efl'ect on questions relating to Trans- portation and the commercial interests of the Mississippi valley. 173 WILLIAM H. STOI^E. "^^^^ILLIAM H. STONE was born in Schanuqunk, New .^raBj York, November 7, 1828. He received a common-school -^'^^ education. At the age of twenty he removed to St. Louis, arriving in that city August 31, 1848, and has ever since resided tliere. He embarked with great energy in business enter- prises. As a large and successful iron manufacturer, he has aided greatly in developing the vast mineral resources of Missouri. He has been President of the " St. Louis Hot-Pressed Nut and Bolt Company" since it was organized, July 1, 1867. Men who are largely and successfully engaged in business are too much dis])osed to neglect political duties, and leave the con- duct of public aflairs to others. Mr. Stone was an honorable ex- ception among men of his class in this respect, and neglected none of the duties of a good citizen. He was a Democrat in politics, and as such was elected a member of the Twenty-sixth General Assembly of Missouri from the Eleventh "Ward of St. Louis County. He was a member of the St. Louis Board of Water Commissioners from June 5, 1871, to November 15, 1873, when he resigned to take his seat in the House of Representatives. He was elected to the Porty-third Congress froni the Third Dis- trict of Missouri, and served on the Committee on Railways and Canals. He introduced a resolution, which passed tlie House by a large majority, instructing the Committee on Commerce to report a bill " to facilitate the execution of, and to protect public works (if war and harbor improvements, to the end that private individ- uals and corporations may not destroy such works without incur- ring suitable penalties." He subsequently delivered an able speech in favor of the improvement of the month of the Mississippi. 174 ERASTUS WELLS. (FrASTUS wells was born in Jefferson County, New York. December 2, 1823. He received a con.mon school education, and at fourteen, havintj lost his father, and hein.r compelled to rely wholly on his own resources, he went into a store as clerk, and pursued this employn.ent four years in Watertown and in Lockport. He then made his way to St. Louis, Missouri, where he was an entire stran<.er. He soon found Mr. Calvin Case, a successtul business man of St. Louis, who was from the locality where Mr. Wells was born. Thev united in establishing the tirst omnibus lino i,. St. Louis, which they sold out after successfully running ,t for live years. Mr. Wells then bought a white-lead factory, but iindin- the business unfavorable to his health, he sold out in a Bhort time. He then built a saw-mill, anpi)ressed as a people have seldoni lieen, and that, too, in the name of republican liberty. Would to God I could raise my voice with more avail in their behalf, and so relieve them of the burden under which they now suffer ! but if charity does begin at home I have some left to my fellow-sufferers, especially Irishmen abroad. Mr. Wells was re-elected to the Forty-second and Forty-third Congresses, ^nd served on the Committee on Public Buildings and Grounds. 1Y6 ROBERT A. HATCHER, ^^^^OBEllT A. IIATCIIEll was Iwrn in Buckiniiliain C.uu- ''SC ^^"' Vi'-Si"'='. F^'l"->i="-.y 24-, 1819. Ills srandfatlier, Rev. fe.#, Je'rciuirii Hatcher, uas a xvell-known Baptist preacher of ^^'' Bedford County, Virginia. His father, Arc-hihald Hat.her, was a successful tobacco merchant of Lynchhurir, Virginia. R-liert was educated at private schools in Lynchburg. He went West in 1S35 atul studied law in Hicktnan, Kentucky, where he co>nn.enced the practice of his profession. There he was married. May 1 1. 1S42, to Miss Mary E. Marr. He removed in 1847 to Kew Madrid, Missouri, where he has continued to reside and practice his profession to the present time. He was for six years Circuit Attorney of tiie Tenth Ju.l.c.al Cir- cuit of Missouri. ' He took a deep interest in the subject of education, and was curator of the State University. He was a men.ber uf the General Assembly of Missouri during the session ot 1850-ol, in which, after a heated and protracted struggle, Henry S. Geyer was elected United States Senator in place of Thomas H. Benton by a union of the Whigs (of which Mr. Hatcher was one) and the anti- Benton Democrats. In 1862 he was a member of the State Con- vention. In the late civil war he went with the South, and was for more than two years on the staff of Major-General A. P. Stewart, serving most of that time as Assistant Adjutant-General and Chief of Staff. He held this position until he was elected to the Confederate Con- gress in 1SG4. He served in that body from November, 1804, until its final adjournment in March, 1865. After the close of the war he resumed the practice of law. In \^T2 he was elected a Repro- bentative from Missouri to the Korty-thir.l Congress. 177 RICHARD P. BLAND. >^HCHAKD PAEKS BLAND was born near Hartford, ,, Kentucky, August 19, 1835. His father died when he was quite younii', leaving liim to make his Way in the world without fortune or influential friends. He worked duriui^ the summer months to enable him to attend school in the winter; and when he had attained his majority he taught to pro- cure means to take an academic course; He lived in Kentucky until March, 1855, when he went to Missouri, and remained until the following autumn. He then traveled overland to California, and remained ten yeai-s on the Pacific Coast. In the spring of 1860 he was elected Treasurer of Carson County, comprising most of what is now the State of Nevada, then a part of tltah Territory. He held this office until Nevada was admitted into the Union as a State. Mr. Bland had studied law in the States while teaching school. He further pursued the study after his arrival in California, and was admitted to the bar in the United States Court, at Carson City, in I8fi0. Me practiced the professiou in Virginia City until 1865. He then returned to Missouri, and entered into a law partnership with his brother in EoUa. In 1869 he removed to Lebanon, where he lias since practiced his profession. He was elected to the Forty-third Congress as a Democrat from the Fifth District of Missouri. He was appointed on the Commit- tee on Revolutionary Pensions and the War of 1812. He delivered a speech, earnestly advocating, in the interests of his constituents, " cheap transportation to the sea-board, and a currency stable in volume and amply expanded to nieet the wants of a populous and srowinrr country." 178 THOMAS T. CRITTENDEE". I ^^^HOMAS THEODORE CRITTENDEN" was born near ' ^^'i^ Shelbyville, Kentucky, January 2, 1832, His father, I ''/"l^f Henry Crittenden, tlie youngest brother of Hon. Jolin J. Crittenden, was commissioned by President Madison first lieutenant in a regiment of Kentucky Infantry for tlie war of 1812. He died soon after the birth of iiis son Thomas, leaving five young children. His mother was the daughter of Colonel John Allen, of Kentucky, who was killed by the Indians January 22, 1813, at the battle of the River Raisin. Mr. Crittenden's parents were Presbyterians, and believed in a strict observance of the Sabbath.' Just before the time of his birth Hon. Theodore Frelinghuysen had made a great speech in Con- gress against the transportation of mails on the Sabbath. The speech pleased the parents so much that they gave their son his second name, in honor of the distinguished New Jersey statesman. Mrs. Crittenden married a second time, and with her husband. Col. David Murray, removed to Cloverport, Breckinridge Coniitv, Kentucky. Col. Murray acted the ])art of a kind guardiaii parent toward young Crittenden, and sent him to Center College, Dan- ville, Kentucky, where he graduated in 18.55 in the same class with Hon. Boyd Winchester and Hon. John Young Brown, since Rep- resentatives in Congress from Kentucky. He studied law in Fraidcfort, Kentucky, with Hon. Jdhn J. Crittenden and Hon. John Rodman, since Attorney-General of Kentucky. He was admitted to the bar by Hon. James Simpson, then Chief Justice of Kentucky. He then removed, in the fall of 18.")", to Lexington, Missouri, and commen(;ed the ])ractice of his profession at a l)ar which comprised .some of the ablest jurists of Missouri, such as 1 7!» 2, THOMAS T. CRITTENDEN. >Tu(](re Ryland, Sainnel L. Sawyer, Heiii-y C. Wallace, and John A. S. Tutt. He soon obtained a successful and lucrative practice. At the beji'iiinincr of the late Civil War he volunteered in the Federal army, and was made Lieutenant-Colonel of a Missouri Cavalry Reuiuient. He served under Generals Curtis, Schotield, Dodge, Hosecrans, and Pleasanton until the close of the wur, and was disciiarged at St. Louis, April 7, 1865. Ilis record of service "was in the higljest deo-ree honorable to liis patriotism, courage, and ability. He received from his sii|)erior officers their testimony of his gallantry and soldierlike qualities. At the termination of his military service Mr. Crittenden re- moved to Warrcnsljurgii, Johnson County, Missouri, and resuiucd the practice of law with Gen. F. M. Cockrell, a distinguisiied otti- cer in the Confederate army. With the traditions of his l)!iify, and the training of his uncle, one of the most distinguisiied states- men the country has produced, Mr. Crittenden's politics could scarcely have been other than Whig. When that part}' ceased to exist he went to the Demoorats, with whom he has oo-operated ever since. He was never a candidate for any office until he ran for Congress in 1872, in a district which had been counted on for giving a Republican majority, and was elected by a majority of oue tiionsand five hundred and seventy-one votes, 180 ABEAM COMIITGO. >''\'t i (Tcriiian> ^■^W ''^^^ OOMIXGO was born in Mercer County, Keii- ^"'"^ tiifky, Jannarv 9, 1820. His paternal ancestors were wild settled in Pennsylvania at an early day. His inotlier was a descendant of Anneke Jans, one of the earliest settlers of the city of New York. His father emigrated to Kentucky, where he was extensively engaged in agriculture. Mr. Cominso lived on his father's farm until eighteen vears of ase. when he entered as a clerk in a store. He subsequently taught school, and at the same time studied law, until 1847, when he was admitted to the bar. In 1848 he married Miss Lucy J. Morton, and the same year removed to Missouri, engaging with much suc- cess in the practice of law in Jackson and adjacent counties. In February, 1801, Mr. Comingo was elected to the Missouri Constitutional Convention as a Union candidate. In that pro- tracted convention, which, meeting at intervals, continued in e.xist- ence until 18(i3. he was constantly true to his conviction as a friend of the Union, lie favored the emancipation of slaves in Missouri. He opposed the first test oath in Missouri on the ground that it was nncons-titutional and impolitic, supporting his views with argu- ments which his opponents subsequently admitted well sustained. In May, 1S03, he was appointed Provost-Marshal of the Sixth Dis- trict of Missouri. In 1870 he was elected a Representative from Missouri to the Forty-second Congress, as a Democrat, by over four thousand ma- jority. He was ajipointed a member of the Committee on Revo- lutionary Claims and the Committee on Revolutionary Pensions and War of 1812. He favored general amnesty, and opposed a protective tariti". In February, 1872, he made a speech in the ■ 181 2 ABEAM OOMINGO. House, oppositig the bill to apply the proceeds of the sale of pnlilic lands to school purposes. In this speech he said : " I do not hes- itate to say the measure is not only unwarranted by, but is in express violation of, tiie Constitution. In no instance has Congress ever before the present time attempted to bribe tlie States in the manner proposed in this bill. It is offering a small but gilded pit- tance for a birtliright. One by one the safeguards of republican liberty are being removed and destroyed, step by step we are approacliing a centralized power, and link by link arc we forging the chain with which that power may hereafter bind and gall us at will. . . . The fault is none of ours. The blow that will, by the passage of this bill, be struck at the best interests of the children of the present and, perhaps, coming generations, at their education, tlieir n)oral culture, their social happiness, and the blow that will (111 mure, perhaps, than any other to extirpate the civil and relig- ions liberties of the American people, comes not from our hands. On this side the House all that can be will be done, in addition to the efforts already made, to defeat this measure. We sincerely but doubtiiigly trust that success may crown our efforts." On the -ith of May, 1872, he made an argument in favor of pay- in-^ the war claims of all wlio had not taken up arms against the Government, for property destroyed or taken- by the army during the war. Mr. Comingo was reelected to the Forty-third Congress, during which he served ou the Committee on Indian Affairs and the Com- mittee on Freedmen's Affairs. He has shown by his diligent at- tention to business, and his effectiveness on the floor as a debater, that the confidence of his constituents, tlius twice emphatically ex- pressed, was not misplaced. The bills and resolutions introduced by him, as well as the subjects on which he addressed the House, indicate statesmanship of no narrow range nor mere local scope. 182 HON. ISAAC C.FARKEI-c HEPRESEHTATIVE FK ' W, H.BARNES * C? 37 PARK ROW NEWVORK ISAAC 0. PARKER. ^^^SAAC C. PARKER was born in Belmont C(,iinty, Ohio, hMi October 15, 1838. He labored on his father's farm until he ^rf was seventeen years of age, attending the district school during the winter. In his seventeenth year he entered an academy in Barnesville, Ohio, which lie attended, with occasional intervals of teaching school, until he had obtained a good English education. When he entered upon tho study of the law, in 1856, he found it necessary to continue his old pursuit of school teaching. He thus laboriously pursued his studies until he was admitted to the bar by the ISupremc Court of Ohio in 1850. He soon after emigrated to the West, and on the 28th of Februar}', 1859, he lauded at St. Joseph, Missouri, without money and without friends. He immediately got together a few books, opened an office, and commenced the practice of law. Finding it necessary to live in the most economical manner, he boarded himself for eighteen months until his practice began to yield hini enough to enable him to live in a manner more in harmony with the conventionalities of society. Until his removal to Missouri Mr. Parker was a Democrat; but he soon learned that nuwlern Democracy in the Southern States was not strictly of the Jetfursonian order. He took an active part in the political contest of 1860, supporting Stephen A. Douglas for the Presidency. He warned the people of the danger of acceding to the demands of the extreme wing of the Democratic party. He declared that the object of the South in endeavoring to elect Breck- enridge was the destruction of the Union. When the Rebellion began, Mr. Parker, with the great mass of the citizens of Missouri who were from the Northern States, and who had supported 183 2 ISAAC C. PARKER. Mr. Doii;;!iis, at (Jiice iinitid \vitli tlie liepublicaii party in i'avor of active measures for tlie preservation of the C4overniiient. In the early part of ISfil Mr. Parker went before the people, and con- trihnted to arout^e the h;)jal sentiment of Northern Missouri to tlie maintenance of the nnity and integrit}^ of the in\tion. He exhoi'ted the ]jeople to rally to tlie defense of the old fla^\^i' poor and in debt while liis son was in cliildhood, leaving his widow to struggle alone for the maintenance of a large family. Such was her energy and skillful management that she soon paid the debts, and had accumulated a good estate at the beginning of the late Civil War. This remarkable woman is still living in vigorous health at the age of seventy-eight, an extraordi- nary illustration of the power of virtue, energy, and courage, to over- come obstacles usually insurmountable in the path of a woman. An uncle of Mr. Buckner, Dr. Aylett Ilawes, after whom he was named^ was a member of Congress from the Culpepper District, Virginia, for sixteen years during the administration of Jefferson, Madison, and Monroe. By his will he liberated one hundred and twenty slaves, and provided for their deportation to Liberia before the beginning of the abolition agitation. He took great interest in the education of his nephew, sending him first to Georn. In 1848 he was again elected to the same otHce. In 18.V1 he 191 2 AYLETT H. BUCKNER. removed to St. Louis, and was awhile editor of tlie " Sf. Louis Times." He was elected, in 1852, attorney for the State Bank of Missouri. In 1855 he was ap]iointed by Governor Sterlinsj Price a member of the Board of Public Works. In the same year he returned to Pike County from St. Louis, and in 1857 was elected Judge of the Seventy-third Judicial Circuit, composed of the Coun- ties of Pike, Lincoln, Montgomery, Warren, St. Charles, and Calla- way. Ill 1860 he declined a Democratic nomination to Congress. In 1861 Mr. Buckner was elected by the General Assembly one of the four Commissioners of Missouri to the Peace Congress at Washington. While this body was in session he was nominated as a candidate for the Convention to decide as to the course of Missouri on secession, and was defeated by Hon. John B. Hender- son, aftervi'ard United States Senator. By ordinance of this Conven- tion he, with most of the judicial officers of the State, was ousted of his Judgeship. In 186-4 he removed to St. Louis and went into the manufacture of tobacco, being unable, on account of the pre- scriptive legislation under military and radical rule, to practice his profession. In 1868 and 1870 he declined a Democratic nomination for Con- gress which was tendered him. From 1868 to 1872 he was a mem- ber of the Democratic State Central Committee, and advocated what was well known as the passive policy, that led to the election of B. Gratz Brown as Governor, and the defeat of the Radicals in the State. In 1872 he was appointed a delegate from the State-at- large to the Baltimore Convention, and was active in h.is opposi- tion to the making of any nomination by that Conventioti. In the same year he was elected a Representative in Congress by a ma- jority of eight thousand five hundred and thirty-nine votes. 192 ^ cted to the Fortv-third Concrress 196 U(ll- on md TtTt^J^^ «^<7>--^ WILLIAM W. WIL SHIRE. I'fs'lUAXU W. WILSIIIRE wms Iwrn in Gallatin County, Illiiioi*, September 8, 1S30. He received iiis earl}^ ed- '--'l^J?^ iicatiun in tiie cnninion schools at Rock Islanil. He improved iiis mind and added to liis knowledjre by ex- tensive reading and i)rivate study. He studied law, was ad- mitted to the bar in 1859, and successfully practiced his profession. He entered the military service of the United States in 1862 as major of the One Hundred and Twenty-sixth Illinois Infantry. He served creditably to iiimself and usefully to tiie country until tlie close (if tl'.e war. He then loeated at Little Hock, Arkansas, and re-unu'(l the ]>ractice of his profession. lie was appointed, in 18fi7, Solicitor-General of the State. In July, 1868, he was appointed Chief Justice of the Suprenre Court of Arkansas, and held tlie position until February, 1871, when he resigned and resumed the 1 practice of law. In 1872 he was the Kei)ublican candidate for Representative in the Forty-tiiird Conjrress from the Third District of Arkansas against Thomas M. Guiiter, Democrat. Tiie former received twelve thousand six hnndrcd and forty-four votes, and the latter eleven thousand four hundred and ninety-nine votes. Mr. Wilsliire was admitted to the scat, but Mr. Gunter contested it on the ground that about two thousand votes returned as scattering were intended for liim. The report of tlie Committee on Elections sustained this view of the case, and Mr. Gunter was sworn in near the close of tlic tirst session. 197 -w WILLIAM J. HTNES. i'C^ILLIAM J. HYNES was born in the county of Clare, Ireland, March 31, 1843. He immigrated to the United States, landing in New York November 20, 1854. He was educated in public and private schools in Ireland, and in tlie common schools of Springfield, Massachusetts, until he was sixteen years of age. He subsequently made extensive attain- ments in knowledge from private tuition and unassisted study. He learned the art of printing in the office of the " Springfield Republican." He was afterward before the public in the capacities of ]irinter, clerk, lecturer, and editor. He was a student in the pmior and senior courses of law lectures in Colundjia College in 1869-70. He was admitted to the bar at Little Rock, Arkansas, in August, 1870, and entered upon the successful practice of his pro- fession. In 1872 he was elected to the Forty-third Congress from the State at large as a Reform Republican by a majority of twelve thousand four hundred and thirty-seven. He served on the Committee on Public Expenditures and the Committee on Territories. Mr. Myi'es gave constant and faithful attention to his duties as a Representative. The first debate in the House in which he took part was in relation to the contested election case of Gunter vs. Wilshire. He felt it incumbent upon him to speak on this ques- tion from the fact that he had been elected from the State at large, aiul therefore represented the constituency interested in the settle- ment of the question equally with the gentlemen claiming seats in the contest. Mr. Hynes was re elected to the Forty-fourth Congress by a con- siderable majdrity. 198 '^■iySS'T, [ON HENRY WALDRON ■"IsTTATIVE F HENHY WALDRON. 'ENRY WALDRON was born Octoher 11, 1819, in Albany, New-York, and received his early education at the Albany Academy. His father was a merchant of that city, who died when the subject of this sketch was thirteen years of age. In 1834, Mr. Waldron entered Rutgers College, at New-Brunswick, New-Jersey, and graduated at that institution in July, 1836. The next year he went to Michigan, and was employed as civil engineer in the preliminary surveys of the Michigan Southern Railroad, then projected through that sparsely-settled section of the North-west ; and subsequently, during the construction of the road, he followed the same profession. In 1839, Mr. Waldron located at what is now the city of Hills dale, then a pioneer hamlet just inviting settlement, and, in 18i3, he built the first warehouse on the line of the Southern Railroad. From that date to the present he has been a resident of that town, actively engaged in milling, banking, and other business pur- suits, and always identified with railroad or other public enterprises in which his section was interested. He was a director of the Michigan Southern Railroad Company from 1846 to 1848, was subsequently President of the Detroit Hillsdale and Indiana Rail- road, and has been President of the Second National Bank of Hills- dale since its organization. Mr. Waldron was a member of the Wlu'g Party, and from 1840 to 1854 he took an active part "in its canvasses .and struggles. In 1842, he was elected to the Michigan Legislature, at a time when the State was overwhelmingly an he married Miss Ma- rietta Osborn, of Roeliester, New York. He removed to Michigan in 18.5.5, settling in the County of Allegan, where he has ever since resided. He was elected Judge of Probate in 18.50, and re-elected in 1860, holding the office two terms ot' four years each. Meanwhile he entered the military service in the civil war. He raised a company of volunteers for the Fifth Michigan Cavalry, and was commissioned as Captain, ser\ing until June 23, 18t)3, when ho was discharged for disability, at Fairfax Court-house, Virginia. After his return home, although unfit for duty in the field, he did not relax his efforts ; lie raised the Twenty-eiglitli Regiment of Michigan Volunteers, and was its commander while in camp at Kalamazoo. Mr. Williams was elected to the State Senate of Michigan in 1866 and 1868 ; he served four years, and during hi> last term was 2(1.5 2 WILLIAM B. WILLIAMS. President pro tern, of that body. He was Chairman of the Jn- . diciary Committee and the Committee on Pnbhc Institutions. In 1867 lie was a member of tiie Constitutional Convention of Michi- gan. In 1871 he was appointed by the Governor of Michigan a Member of the Board for the Supervisory Control of the Charita- ble, Penal, and Beneficiary Institutions of the State. He was elected a Representative to the Forty-third Congress, at a special election held on the fourth of November, 1873, to fill a vacancy occasioned by the death of Hon. Wilder D. Foster. In the House of Representatives he served on tlie Committee on the Pacific Railroad, and the Committee on Revolutionary Pensions and the War of 1812. In a speech on Finance he opposed the Currency Bill, which subsequently received the President's veto. 206 JOSIAH W. BEGOLE. '^^B*^OSIAH W. BEGOLE was born in Groveland, Livincrston Count\^, New York, Januar}' 20, 1815. His paternal an- fcstors were French, who settled at an early peridd in riagerstown, Maryland. His maternal grandfather, Cap- t.iin Bowles, of the same place, was an officer in Washington's army. At the beginning of the present century both the grand- fathers of Mr. Begole, with several other families, became dissatis- fied with the institution of slavery, although themselves slave- liolders, and emigrated to Livingston County, New York, then a comparatively new country. His paternal grandfather carried his family and effects in two large wagons, each drawn by five horses. His maternal grandfather poled a boat from Baltimore to Painted Post, and made the rest of the journey by land. With tlie emi- grants were a number of their former slaves, who desired to accom- pany tliem. A year after the birth of the subject of this sketch his fatlier re- moved to Mount Morris, in the same conntv, wliere he received his early schooling. He subsequently attended the Temple Hill Acad- emv at Geneseo. Being the eldest son of a father of moderate means with ten children, he was left largely to liis own resources. In 183fi he removed to a portion of Michigan which was then an unbroken wilderness, in which he subsequently aided in organ- izing the county of Genesee. When he settled in that locality tliere were but tliree houses where now stands the flourishing city of Flint, his present residence. He taught school dm-ing the win- ters of 1837 and 1838. He commenced work as a farmer at a low rate of monthly wages in 183'.>, but after two years and a halt' lie had saved moncv enoui^h to piircliase oiglity acres of land. From 207 JO SI AH W. BEG OLE. that timo his success was stealy until lie owned a farm of five ' nn- dred acres, on which the buildings are as jjood as any farm structures in the county. In 1839 he married Miss Harriet Miles, whose family, originally from Connecticut, had recently emigrated from New Y,.rk. While actively conducting the operations of his farm, Mr. Begole served his neighbors in the capacity of Inspector of Common Schools and as Jnstice of the Peace, holding the latter otKce seven years. In 1S56 he was elected County Treasurer, and held the office four successive terms until 1864. Holding this position dur- ing the war, a large amount of unusual labor devolved upon him in raising and disbursing funds for the families of those who were in the military service of tlie country. In 1864 he engaged in tlio lum- ber business, in which, as in all his other enterprises, he was very successful, clearing some three hundred thousand dollars in a very few years. The early antislavery training of Mr. Begole led him naturally and inevitably into the Republican party at its very inception. All his political preferment has come to him without his own seeking, through the partiality' of his friends in that organization. In 1871 he was nominated by acclamation for the State Senate, and was elected by a large majority. In that body he served on the Com- mittees of Finance, Railroads, and Manufactures, and as chairman of the Committee on State Asylums. He took a liberal and public spirited view of the importance of a new Capitol building worthy of the State, which is much indebted to him for the inception and consummation of the plan by which has been secnred one of the best State houses in the country at a comparatively moderate cost. He served for some time as Supervisor of the city of Flint, and was for three years a member of the Board of Aldermen. He was a delegate to the National Republican Convention at Philadelphia in 1872. In the same year he was elected a Representative from Michigan to the Forty-third Congress. He was a member of the Connnittees on Agriculture and Public Expenditures, taking an efficient though uiiolitru.-ive part in the proceedings. 208 -^^"byGeoEFerine,- OMAR D. CONGER. /^^"MAR D. CONGER was burn in Cooperstf.wn. Nt'w 'jfej/ York, in 1818. His iktlier was a c-lerjj;yni!in. with wlinin. .5Qu-^ in 182J-, iie removed to Huron Comity. Ohio. IL; jmr- sned his preparatory studies at Ilmnii Institute, Milan, Ohio, and graduated at Western Reserve Coileire in 18i2. From 1845 to 1847 he was employed in the geological survey and min- eral explorations of the Lake Su])erior copper and iron regions. Having studied law, Mr. Conger in 184-8 engaged in tiie prac- tice of his profession at Port Huron, Michigan, where he has since resided. In 1850 he was elected a Judge of the St. Chiir County Court. He was a Senator in the Michigan Legislature for tiie biennial terms of 1855, 1857, and 1859, ami in tlie last term was elected president pro tern, of the Senate. In 1807 he was a mem- ber of the Constitutional Convention of Michigan. In 18(58 he was elected a Representative from Michigan to the Forty-rii-st Congress as a Republican, and was re-elccled to the Foity ^ecl1nd and Forty-tliird Congresses, i-rci-iviiig in iiis last election a majoiity of four thousand two hundred and foity-srven votes. On taking his seat in the Forty-tirst (congress Mr. Conger was a|)]iointcd a member of the Committee on Commerce, and took an active part in legislation, lie trc(pientiy addressed the lIou?e, ciiiefly on subjects referred to or reported from the Connnittee on Commerce. The propriety of liis appointment to this Committee is evident from the important commercial inteiests of his own oeches of the session on the absorbing question of the dav. 212 NATHAN B. BRADLEY. ATHAN B. BRADLEY was horn in Leo, Berkshire County, Miissaciiusetts, May 28. l8ol. lie removed witli '^■iJ^' '^'* parents to Lorain County, Ohio, in 1835, and settled on a farm in a locality which afforded but limited oppor- tunities for education. lie apprenticed iiimself, at the aije of sixteen, to learn the trade of a custom clothier, and served faitii- fullv the term of three years. At the aire of nineteen lie went to Oshkosh, Wisconsin, where he spent a year in the employ of lum- ber manufacturers. He returned to Ohio, where he remained about ' two years, and then went to Michigan, where he engaged in his present vocation, that of manufacturing lumber. In politics he was from the first a 1 1 'publican, though never a violent partisan. He had the utmost confidence of his fellow-citi- zens at home, who knew him best, and was by them elected to sev- eral responsible positions. He was justice of the peace three terms, supervisor one term, and alderman two terms. He was the first Mayor of Bay City after it ol)tained a charter, and at the close of his term declined a renomination from both political parties. He was elected to the State Senate in 1866, and declined a renom- ination at the close of his term in consequence of pressing business dnMes. In 1872 he was elected a Representative from the Eighth Dis- trict of Michigiui to the Forty-third Congress, as a Republican, by a majority of three thousand three hundred and thirty-eight votes. He served on the Conunittee on Public Lands. In the committee-room, and on the floor of the House as well as in the Departments, he dis- charged his duties to the country and his constituents with the same diligence which had m.adc him successful in private business. 213 ^^^^t^y7ki£o JOSIAH T. WALLS. ' OSIAH T. "WALLS, was born of free parents at Winchester Virginia, December 30, 1842. He learned the trade of a miller, and pursued that occupation until the breaking out of the rebellion. He was pressed into the rebel service as a ser- vant in an independent battery of artillery. By close attention to manoeuvres, he became quite an efficient artilleryman. At the battle of Yorktown he was captured by the Union troops, with whom he went to Pennsylvania. He resided in Harrisburg, where his natural tliirst for knowledge led him to attend a common school, where he obtained the education which had been denied him by the institu- tions of his native State. Lnmediately after President Lincoln issued his emancipation pro- clamation, Mr. Walls felt that it was his duty to aid a cause which was pledged to right the wrongs of his oppressed race. On the 9th of July, 1863, he enlisted in the Third Eegiment of United States Colored Infantry, then enrolling at Camp William Penn, near Phi- ladelphia. Entering as a private, he served as corporal, sergeant, and first sergeant of Company F, through Gillmore's siege of Fort Wagner and Seymour's campaign in Florida. He was afterward appointed by General Birney as heavy and light artillery instructor on the defenses of Jacksonville and the St. John's Kiver. Under his instructions, both officers and men became so efficient as to be able to dis]iense with all the organized artillery regiments in the District of Florida. He was made sergeant-major, and was mus- tered out with his regiment in 1865. After the close of the war, he settled in Florida, and engaged successfully in phuiting. Wlien the congressional plan of recon- struction took the place of the Johnson policy, the neighbors and friends of Mr. Walls, finding in him an earnest advocate of univer 215 9 J S I A II T . W A L L S . sal suffrage and j)ulitieal equality, elected him to the State Consti- tutional Convention of 1868. In this body, althongh a Repnhlican, he was highly respected by his conservative colleagues. So lioiior ably and satisfactorily did he perforin the duties devolving npim him in the convention, that his friends, desirous of furtlier availing themselves of his public services, elected hitn to the lower brancJi • of the Florida Legislature. He faithfully bore his part of the grave responsibilities resting upon tlie tirst legislators of the newly recon- structed commonwealth. After serving one year in the House, he was, in 1869, elected to the State Senate for four years ; but was soon after nominated as the -Repuljlican candidate for Representa- tive from Florida to the Forty-second Congress. Florida having but one representative, the field to be canvassed was coextensive with the State, and much interest was everywhere felt in the result of the election. After an exciting campaign, Mr. Walls was elected by a majority of eight hundred and thirty-six, in a total vote of over twenty-three thousand. In the new apportionment under the recent census Florida be- came entitled to two Representatives in the Forty-third Congress, and Mr. Walls was elected as one of these. It was an evidence of the continued confidence of his constituents in his ability and in- tegrity that he was re-elected to the Forty-fourtli Congress. During the discussion of the Civil Rights bill he made an excellent speech in favor of that measm-e. While in Wasliington he addressed a letter to " the tried Republicans of Florida, and more especially to colored men," wisely advising them tliat nothing coidd be more disastrous to their bust interests " than to have a political issue fought based upon a sectional hatred or prejudice to race." 216 WILLIAM J. PUEMAIS". ^pl^ILLIAM J. PURMAN was born in Center Cuiinty, W^D Pi^'i'i^ylvania, April 11, 1840. His fatlier was for many years an eminent and useful Methodist minister. He received a liberal education, and wlieti quite young was successful as a school-teacher. His tastes and talents, however, were for another profession; and he entered upon the study of law, which he prosecuted with much industry, soon acquiring a thorough knowledge of the principles of jurisprudence. The war breaking out about the time he had completed his studies, he did not enter actively upon the practice of la^v. He entered the army of the United States as a private, and served on special duty in the "War Department at Washington. In 1865 he was transferred to Florida, and appointed a District Super- intendent of Freedmen's Affairs. He discharged tiie duties of this difficult position with the utmost integrity, and with great execu- tive ability. He aided efficiently in promoting the work of reconstruction. He was a member of the Constitutional Convention in 18(58. and in that body no member did more to conform the fundamental law of Florida to the liberality and progressive spirit of the age. He was elected to the State Senate in 1868, and was re-elected in 1869 for the term of four years. He was a leader in that body — one of its ablest debaters, and chairman of some of its most impor- tant committees. He was designated as Chairman of the Florida and Alabama Annexation Commission, and negotiated an arrange- ment by which, for a valuable consideration, a narrow strip of ter- ritory belonging to Florida, which interposed between Alabama and the Gulf, should be ceded to the latter State. 217 2 WILLIAM J. PURM AN. Mr. Piirman also held otlier important offices. He was Secre- tary of State, Judge of Jackson County Court, and Assessor of United States Internal Revenue for the District (^ Florida. In performing the duties of the numerous respotiaihle positions which he was called to fill, iie was exposed to much jiersonal dan- ger from the malignity of the Ku-Klnx element, which was ram- pant in Florida, as in most of the other extreme Southern States. On one occasion, when he was Judge of the Jackson County Court, as he was walking from liis office to liis residence, accompanied by the Clerk of the Court, they were fired upon by concealed assassins. His companion, who was a native of the State and a member of one of its best families, was instantly killed, and Mr. Pilrman Was wounded so severely that ibr several weeks his life was despaired of- Their only ofieiise was that they were Eepnblicans, and were doing all they could to promote the peace and prosperity of the State under the Reconstruction Acts of Congress. Mr. Pnrman was Chairman of the Republican State Executive Committee in 1871-72. He was elected a Representative to the Forty-third Congress from the State-at-large, as a Repuhlican, by about two thousand majority. He served on the Committee ou Naval Afi"airs. He is an able speaker ou the floor of the House, and has taken part with credit and effect in several important debates. 218 >t > ~ ■6/^-;^^^/f?^ WILLIAM S. HERNDOE". P'lLLIAM SMITH HERNDON was born at Rome, Georgia, November 27, 1835. His f;itlicM-, Reuben Hern- don, was born in Virginia ; !iis mother was a native of Xortii Carolina. He was raided on a I'urm, and early mani- fested uimsnal industry, energy, and intulligonce. With these traits he entered schuol, and became a very proficient scholar, especially in mathematics. He graduated with high honors at McKenzie College, Texas, in June, 1859. Ho began the study of law without a preceptor January 1^, 18(!n, and was licensed in the Supreme Court of the State the eightii of the following April. Ou the eleventh of November of the sanie year he married Miss Mary L. McKellar, and settled at Tyler, Te.xas, for the practice of his profession. In 1861, espousing tne cause of the South, he enlisted as a soldier in the Confederate army. He was commissioned as captain, and continued in the service until he surrendered on the twenty-second of May, 1865. Having formed a co-partnership with Colonel John C. Robertson, a lawyer of large experience and eminent ability, lie resumed the practice of his profession, in 1S(!5, in Tyler, Texas, where the law firm of Robertson & Herndoii still pi'osecutes a suc- cessful business. The study and practice of the law have been jiursued with indefatigable energy, the legitimate resiUts of whi<;h have been constant and increasing success. The people have not been slow to recognize his merits, and no one among the younger members of the Texan bar has a more brilliant reputation for legal learning and general ability. In the midst of a successful and lucrative practice he was nomi- nated in 1871, almost without opi)osition, on the Democratic ticket for Representative to the Fortv-second Congress, from the first WILLIAM S. HERNDON. district of Texas. Although the nomination was made against his wishes, jet, sacrificing pecuniary considerations to a sense of public duty, he accepted. He entered the race that had been carried by seven hundred and eighty-three majority for the Republicans in the previous election, and by energy, boldness, and a determined advo- cacy of the principles of his party on the stump, he was elected by a majority of four thousand three hundred and twelve votes. He again became a candidate, and was, by the Democratic Convention of the First District, unanimously nominated for tlie Forty-third Congress, and re-elected November 8, 1872, by a majority of five thousand one hundred and two votes. During his public service he has inaugurated many measures of utility and reform, most of wiiich tended to the development and prosperity of iiis own section. In committee he is an indefatigable worker, always ready to meet squarely the most difiicult questions, and with a foirness, liberality, and sense of right that has generally carried conviction and success with his efforts. In this field he is most useful ; for here great measures are shaped, and receive that momentum that force them into laws. He has taken part in some of the most important debates, in which he has exhibited clearness of thought, sound judgment, and force of expression, 220 ^i:;?^^^^^ V. DE WITT (J. GiDDIXGS. /> .Vg ^y,^^, CLI^'TOxV (BIDDINGS was burn in Sus- »i/ qiieliiinna County, PennsylviUiiu, July 18, 1827. His fatiier, JaniOo Gitldings, settled a.^ a farinei- in Penn- r^yivania in 18(i8. His youngest son, the subject of this sketch, worked upon the farm during summer, attending conimon Bcliool in winter until twenty years old, and then obtained an acade- mic education at Cazenovia Seminary, Jvew York. He studied law with Earl Wheeler in Honesdale, Pennsylvania. In 18.52 he went to Te.\as, whither he had been preceded by four of his brothers, one of whom had eone as early as 1833 and died of wounds received in the battle of San .Tacinto. Another had gone to Te.xas in 1837 and settled in Brenham for the practice of the law, in which he now formed a partnership with DeWitt. which still continues. The firm did a prosperous business until t!io breaking out of the late civil war. Mr. Giddings at first opposed secession, but when the State determined its action, he volunteered as a private in the Twenty-first Te.xas Cavalry, and on the organization of the regi- ment he was elected lieutenant-colonel. The actual command of the regiment devolved upon him during the entire war. He was at the head of his regiment in all the battles growing out of tiie campaign of General Banks in Louisiana, and was with Marmaduke in his raid into Missouri. He was elected and served as a member of tiie Constitutional Convention of Texas held in 1806. In 1871 he was elected a Representative from Texas to the Fortv-second Congress, as a Democrat, by abont six thousand majoritv, but the certificate of election was given to William T. Clarke, who was ad- mitted. After a contest, the House, by a unanimous vote. i;ave the seat to Mr. Giddings, who was sworn in May 3, 1872, thereby reversins the action of the Governor. 221 WILLIAM P. M'LEA]^. ^'f 'William p. M'LEAN was bom in Hinds County, Missis. sippi, A\igust 9, 18 j6. He lost his father when ipiite ^ young, and in 1839 went with his mother to Texas, set- tlinsi in Huron County. He received his early education mainly in Marshall, Texas, and graduated at the University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, in 1857. He studied law there with Judge Battle, Associate Judge of the Supreme Court of North Carolina. He subsequently read law one year in Jefferson, Texas. He did not practice the profession, but bought a plantation on the Guadaloupe River and devoted his attention to agriculture. He was elected to the Legislature of Texas in 1861, but resigned his seat and enlisted in the Confederate service as a private in the Nineteenth Regiment of Texas Infantry. He was appointed ad- jutant of the regiment, and after a few months' service was made adjutant-general of the brigade, in which capacity he served during the war, chiefly in Louisiana and Arkansas. Returning to Texas he resumed his business as a planter, but was soon called by his fellow-citizens to a seat in the State Legislature, in which he served in 18fi9. He was named as a presidential elect- or on the Creeley ticket in 1872, but declined on receiving the nomination for Congress. He was elected a Representative from the Second District of Texas by about twelve thousand majority. In the Forty -third Congress he served on the Committee on Agricul- ture and the Committee on Expenditures on Public Buildings. 222 JOHN HAI^OOOK. ^OHN HANCOCK was horn in Ahihiuna, Octolior 29, 1S24:. He received Ills early education by attendance upon tlio ]irivate schools of that State, followed by an irreffular course at tlio East Tennessee University in Knoxville. He then studied law with Colonel Michael Fall, of Winchester, Ten- nessee, and in 1847 removed to Austin, Texas, where he has ever since resided. Entering upon the practice of his profession, he obtained a large business almost immediately. In August, 1851, he was elected to the district bench, which position he held until 1855, when he resigned and resumed his profession. In 1800, when the question of secession had become so ])rom- ineiit as tn rendi-r all otiiers unimportant, Mr. Hancock was elected to the Legislature, where he opposed the projiosed separation from the TJtiited States with all his powers, declaring that secession was the shortest and bloodiest road to abolition. The effect of his speeches was much increased by the fact that he had become by inheritance and otherwise one of the largest slaveholders in the State. Resistance, however, was unavailing, and when, after the passage of the ordinance of secession, the members of the Legis- lature were required to take the oath of allegiance to the Confed- erate States, he, with one other member, refused and was expelled from his seat. General Houston, at that time Governor, also re- fused to go with the secessionists, and was deposed. After leaving the Legislature, Mr. Hancock confined himself strictly to tlie prac- tice of law and to the care of his property. The Confederate States courts were clo.-^ed to him, as the oath of allegiance was nec- essary, and he was obliged to limit himself to the cases tried before the judiciary of the State. In 1864 he formed the design of going to Europe, but circumstances proving unfavorable, he crossed the Rio 223 2 JOHN HANCOCK. Grande, and by a long detour reached Washington. He went back in 1865 by special permission from General Canby, being the tirst loyal citizen who returned home. He was kindly received by his neighbors, and in 1866 he was elected to the State Constitutional Convention. He was a candidate for United States Senator, but was defeated. The action of Texas at this time did much to retard the progress of reconstruction. In October, 1871, Mr. Hancock was elected a Representative from Texas to the Forty-second Con- gress, as a Democrat, and took his seat at the commencement of the second session in December. He was re-elected to the Forty-third Congress by a majority of six thousand five hundred and sixty-tiiree votes. He sei'ved on the Coinmittee on Appropriations. 224 ASA H. AYILLIE. ^v^"^SA H. WILLIE was born in Wilkes County. Georgia, October 11, 1829. His father was a native of Vermont, v5^i-r|"' but emigrated to Georgia at an early age. His mother, whose maiden name was Caroline E. Hoxie, was de- scended from a Quaker family who have resided on Cape Cod Massachusetts, for over two hundred years. His grandfather, Asa Hoxie, from whom he was named, removed from Cape Cod to Savan- nali, Georgia, in the latter part of the eighteenth century. When our subject was four years old his father died, leaving five children to be raised and educated by their widowed mother with but lim- ited means. By industry and economy she managed to give them all a good academic education. Asa was sent to the academy in Washington, Georgia, where he continued until he was nearly fifteen years of age. He then taught school for about eighteen months, until he had saved money enough to pay his way to Texas. His eldest brother had preceded him thither some seven years, and had become a lawyer and mem- ber of the Legislature. He arrived in Texas in the spring of 1846, and commenced the study of law. In 1848 the Legislature passed an act allowing him to practice notwithstanding his minority, and having been licensed during the summer of tiiat year, he imme- diately entered into partnersiiip with his brother at Brenham, in Washington County. In the spring of 1852 he was appointed District Attorney of the Third Judicial District to fill a vacancy, and in August thereafter was elected to that otBce by the people. In 1854, having served out his term, he declined a re-election, and commenced again tlie general practice of law. In August, 1856, his brother was elected 225 2 ASA II. WILLIE. Attomey General of the State, and being required by law to reside at the capital, removed to Austin. He had previously been ap- pointed by tlie Governor one of the commissioners to codify the laws, and this duty requiring most of his attention, the younger Willie moved to Austin and assisted in the Attorney General's office. In the summer of 1858 he was employed by the Governor of Texas to prosecute a qxw warranto proceeding against the South- ern Pacific Railroad Company for forfeiture of charter, and as it had to be instituted in Marehall, in Harrison County, lie removed immediately to that place and formed a partnership with liis brother- in-law, Col. Alexander Pope. On the 20th of October, 1859, he was married to Miss Bettie Johnson, of Brandon, Mississippi. In the fall of 1861 he volunteered in the Confederate army, and was appointed the succeeding year upon the staff of Gen. John Gregg, then stationed at Port Hudson. He served in this duty until the year 1863, when he was ordered to the trans-Mississippi Depart- ment and upon arriving at Shreveport was appointed by General E. Kirby Smith as Chief Permit officer with iieadquarters at San An- tonio. His duty was to regulate and supervise the exportation of cotton and other produce through the Mexican border. He con- tinued in this office until the close of the war, when he returned to Marshall and resumed the practice of law. On the 25th of June, 1866, at the first general election after the war he was chosen one of the judges of the Supreme Court, and removed to Galveston, in order to reside at one of the places where the Court was held. In September, 1867, he was removed, as were all the civil officers of Texas, by the military authorities, and en- tered again upon the practice of law at Galveston. The State Democratic Convention, which assembled at Corsicana on the lYth of June, 1872, selected Mr. Willie as a candidate for Representative in Congress for the State at large, and in November following he was elected by more than twenty-two thousand majority. 226 ROGER Q. MILLS. OGER Q. MILLS, a Representative at large from the State ftiriate seven million five linndred tlumsand dollars in gold for the ])aymeut to Russia for the territory of Alaska. President Johnson, with the advice of the Senate, had made a treaty purchasing that ti'rritory, and ai;reeing to pay that amount for it ; and before Congress had nuide the appropriation, the Hinted States troops, by direction of the Pyesident, had taken possession of the territory. This bill was dis- cussed by the House for some ten days, and provoked violent oppo- sition. It was claimed that the President and the Senate, in as- suming to annex foreign territc)ry and to bind the goverinneiit to tiie payment of money, without the previous assent of Congress, were arrogating to themselves powers not granted by the Consti- tution. For the purpose of testing the question, Mr. Loughridge offered an amendment to the bill in the shape of a ]ireamble, asserting the jurisdiction of Congress on all (juestions of appro- priations of money aiul annexation of territory, and denying tiie power of the President and Senate to annex territorv without 243 •1 WILLIAM LOUGHRIDGE. the assuiit of Congress, and giving the formal assent of Congress to the annexation of Alaska. Mr. Loughridge supported his amendment in a powerful speech, in which he said : — " Sir, as one of the Representatives of the people upon this floor, I here enter my earnest and solemn protest against this monstrous assumption — this fatal political heresy. If this doctrine is to pre- vail, then, sir, this house is but a useless appendage to the govern- ment, and for all practical purposes might as well be abolished. If this doctrine is to prevail, what security have we but that to- morrow, by virtue of some secret treaty, negotiated and ratified in regular form, without the knowledge of this house or of the people, some military officer may hoist our flag over the Halls of the Monteziimas and take possession of Mexico, annex all that territory to the United States, and transform its ignorant and vicious popula- tion into citizens of this republic? I trust, sir, that few will be found upon this floor willing to consent to a doctrine so dangerous — willing to yield up the authority and prerogatives of this house, vested in it by the Constitution, and which it has always heretofore persistently maintained." ^ The amendment, though earnestly opposed by Thaddeus Stevens and other influential members of the House, was adopted by a vote of ninety-eight yeas to forty-nine nays. At the close of the Fortj'-first Congress Mr. Loughridge returned to private life, but was not permitted to remain long in retirement. He was re-elected to the Forty-third Congress, in which he served on the Committee on Appropriations. lu the division of labor among members of this important committee ho had charge of the Indian Appropriation bill on its passage tlirougii the House. His Rpeecli delivered on the introduction of this bill in the House was one of the most elaborate and able of his life. He advocated a wise, humane, and statesmanlike policy in the treatment of tiie Inili;ins. ■2U /f^T^ i^'/^Zi--. '<^^ JOHN A. KASSON. '""'^^OHN' A. KASSON was horn .liuinarv 11. 1822, in Cliar- lotte, Chittenden County, Vermont. This is ii fdrniing town sitnateil on tlie sliore of Lake Chanijilain, looking across tlie lake westward to the nohle range of the Adirondack Mountains, and eastward upon the picturesque Green Mountain , range. He was iirst trained in the public schools of his native State, from which he went to a county acadeiny. He then fitted for college at Burlington, where he entered the University of Vermont in 1838, and graduated in 1842. second for scholaiship in his class. He immediately Ijegan the study of law witli his brother, Charles D. Kasson, a distinguished lawyer then in practice in Burlington. Through lack of pecuniary resources he was soon compelled to abandon for the time his legal studies, and he accepted an engage- ment as a tutor in Virginia. After a year spent in this einplov- inent he renewed the study of law at Worcester, Massachusetts, with Hon. Emery Washburn, afterward Governor of the State. Havinir been admitted to the bar, Mr. Kasson went to New Bedford, where he entered the law otHce of Timothy Coffin, a famous advocate, especially in marine practice. After a year of additional study and partial practice, he formed a copartnership with Thomas I). Eliot, afterward for manv vears a meml>er of Congress from that district. After five years' ])ractice in the United States and State Courts of Eastern Massachusetts, Mr. Kasson decided to go where there were fewer old men to monopoli,ce the business of his profession, and more avenues to young men for a successful career. At St- Liniis, Missouri, he spent one year iti the law office of Joseph Crockett. Having become familiar with the mode of practice in 245 2 JOHN A. KASSON. tliat State, hu opened an office of liis own, and speedily nuined a large and lucrative practice from merchants and mercantile incor- porations. But the climate of St. Louis proved niifavtirable to his health, and in 1857 he established himself at Des Moines, Iowa, where he engaged in the practice of his profession. Attentii)n to business soon gave him a large docket. The capital had just i)een removed from Iowa City to Des Moines, and Hon. Ralph f. Lowe elected Governor. From their first acquaintance the Governor gave Mr. Kasson his confidence and friendship. He appointed him chairman of a commission to examine the condition of the various State offices, and his report, published in the State archives, shows careful attention to detail and foresight for the safety of the public interests. In 1858 he was appointed chairniMii of the Republican State Central Committee, and received praise from all parts of the State for his effective organization of the new party, which resulted from that time in continually increasing majorities. In 1800 he was a delegate to the National Republican Convention at Chicago, which nominated Mr. Lincoln for President. He represented his State in the Committee on the Platform. He was also a member of tiie sub-committee that drafted the platform, and was himself the author of the famous resolution declaring freedom to be the normal condition of all the territories of the United States. His service in harmonizing conflicting views and presenting a jilatform for the nin'on of the majority of the people of the United States was so eminent that the "New York Tribune," in a leading edi- torial immediately after the convention, declared the party chiefly indebted to Mr. Kasson as the princij)al author of the platform. He took the stump at the close of that convention advocating Lin- coln's election in the States of Illinois and Iowa. In 1861 Mr. Kasson was appointed by President Lincoln to the position of First Assistant Postmaster-General. It was the second nomination made by tiie President, and was promptly ctmtirmed liy the Senate. It was a surprise to Mr. Kasson, who had neither ex- pected nor solicited the place. He immediatelv entered n])on \\\v 246 JOHN A. KASSON. • 3 tliities nf liis office, wliic-li were greatly augmented by the disturb- ance ut' all party relations caused by the civil war. Nearly the whole burden of adniiiiistering the department devolved upon him, as the Postmaster-General gave his chief attention to cabinet affairs and matters relating to the ijrdsccution of the war. During his service in the department, covering a period of about two years, he found time not only for the details of postal administration, but to revise and codify all the postal laws, to revise the foreign postal treaties, and to lay the basis for uniformity and great reduction of rates to foreign countries. In 18G2 the State of Iowa became entitled to six representatives in Congress. The new fifth district was composed of twenty -three counties, embracing the capital and nearly one fourth of the terri- tory of the State. While Mr. Kasson was at Washington the first Republican Convention of the Fifth District offered him the nomi- nation for Representative in Congress. He accepted, placed his resignation in the hands of the Postmaster -General, and actively entered upon the canvass in joint debate with his Democratic com- petitor. This is believed to have been the first introduction in the State of joint debate between competitors. Its effects were to in- crease largely the Republican vote. He was elected by about three thousatid majority to the Thirty-eighth Congress. After his election, at the request of the Postmaster-General, Mr. Kasson returned to Washington to complete some unfinished re- forms which he had inaugurated in the Department. One of these was the amelioration of the foreign service, which could only be effected by concert of action between the governments of Europe and America. The object was to establish a unit'urm sys- tem of postal internatiiina! accounts, with cheaper ;tnd tmiform postage. At the suggestion of the Post-ofHcc Department the State Department invited a congress of postal representatives to meet in Paris and take all of these questio:is into consideration, and, if possible, establish common rules as the basis for future conven- tions. Mr. Lincohi appointed Mr. Kasson to represent the United States in this congress. The governments of Great Britain, France, 247 4: JOHN A. KASSON. Belgium, Holland, Denmark, Prussia, Austria, Switzerland, Italj', Spain, the Sandwich Islands, and one or two of the South Ameri- can Republics, were represented in this congress. The rules then established have effected great changes in postal intercourse, and .have been the basis of all the postal treaties since made by the United States. At the close of the congress, b}' a unanimous vote, thanks were tendered to Mr. Kasson and his Government for tiie benficent work they had inaugurated. In the Tliirty-eighth Congress Mr. Kasson, as a member of the Committee of Waj's and Means, (Thaddeus Stevens, chairman,) took a prominent part in fighting successfully for a national banking system. He participated largely in the debates nn the various bills making the appropi-iations necessary to save the nation's life. He sustained with eloquence the enrollment and conscription act providing for prompt and ample support of our soldiers in the field, and in aid of the military operations against the rebellion ; making a speech with telling force in favor of calling out colored men and employing them in the military service. He advocated the aboli- tion of the abuses of the franking privilege. He urged the reserva- tion of the mineral property for the use of the men who would work the lodes. As chairman of the Committee on Coinage, Weights and Measures, he reported and procured the passage of bills abolishing the three and live cents fractional paper money and sulistituting coins. He had the Iowa land grant law so amended as to secure further grants from becoming great monopolies. He procured the revision of the postal laws, lowering and making uni- form rates of postage. He spoke with eloquence in favor of rescu- ing sick and imprisoned soldiei's from the enemy by a more speedy exchange of prisoners. His great speech, delivered in Jannary, 1865, in favor of the Constitutional amendment abolishing slavery, was one of the most memorable arguments made in favor of that measure. The Eepublican members attested their appreciation of it by subscribing for many thousand copies for distribution through- out the conntrj'. Re-elected to tiie Thirtv ninth Congress, Mr. Kasson served as a 2-1:8 JOHN A. KASSON. 5 member of the Committee on Appropriations, which resulted from a division of the old Committee of Wavs and Means. He advo- cated and secured an amendment to tlie proposed Bankrupt Act, so as to save the homestead of the debtor, and tJien ably sustained tiie bilL The Civil Rights bill was ably advocated by him, and he worked and voted to pass it over President Johnson's veto. lie advocated Hale's qualifying amendment to the suffrage bill in the District of Columbia as indorsed by a full Republican caucus. That amendment being defeated, he voted for the passage of the Universal Suffrage bill, which was passed, and again voted to pass it over the President's veto. He worked and voted for the passage of the Reconstruction bill over the veto of the Executive. He in- troduced and made a speech in favor of a declaratory act, which passed the House, to enforce the Thirteenth Amendment, and pro- hibit the sale of freedtnen back into slavery' for fines, as was done in Maryland. He introduced and advocated the passage of a bill to prevent whipping and otlier cruel punishments of freedmen in Southern States as applied by sentence of the Courts. He intro- duced and had passed in the House a bill to transfer the control .pf Indian affairs to the War Department. As cliairniaii of the Com- mittee on Coinage, Weights and Measures, he reported bills, which passed the House and Senate, legalizing a decimal s3-steni of weights and measures uniform throughout the United States. In 1866 a combination of personal and political interests, while Mr. Kasson was yet engaged in his duties at Washington, defeated his renomination for a third term after seventy-eight ballots in the convention. This residt gave great dissatisfaction to liis friends, jproducing an unfortunate division in the party. At the close of his {'ongressional service in March, 1867, he was solicited by the Post- master-General to undertake the negotiation of definitive postal treaties with various European CTOvernments. He saileil in April of that year on the mission, and negotiated new treaties with Great Britain, Belgium, the Netherlands, Switzerland, Italy, and Ger- many ; thus gathering in the fruits of his labors in the Postal Con- gress of 1863, by reducing the rates at' postage about one half. 249 6 JOHN A KASSON. Diii'iiii;; his absence on tin's duty lie was elected to the General Assembly of tlie State of Iowa, aiul was twice re-elected. Id 1870 lie made an extended tour, embracing soutliern Enro]>e, Egypt, the Holy Land, Syria, Turkey, and Greece. It was not a mere trip of ])leasin-e, but was made profitable in studying the customs, man- ners, religion, and systems of government of the various nations which he visited, besides storing his mind with a better knowledge of the wants and developments of his race. In the summer of 1872 Mr. Kasson was again nominated for Con- gress, and was reelected by an immense majority over his Demo- cratic and Liberal competitor. At the organization of the Forty- third Congress he was again appointed on the Conmiittee of Ways and Means. In the House of Representatives, which had greatly increased in size since his former service, he took high rank, and ex- ercised the influence justly due to liis experience in statesmansliip and ability in debate. 250 JAMES W. M'DILL. AMES WILSON M'DILL was born in Monroe County, (^^ Ohio, on tlie 4t.li of Marcli, 1834-. He comes of Scotcli- Irisli stock. His maternal great-graiulfatlier servctl under General Marion in South Carolina duiMUji' the Revolution; and on both sides his ancestors came from South Carolina into Ohio. His father was a graduate of Miami University, and a minister of the Associate Reformed Church; his mother was the daughter of the Rev. R. G. Wilson, of Cliillicothe, Ohio, for fifteen years Presi- dent of Ohio University at Athens, Ohio. Mr. M'Dill's father died when his son, the subject of this sketch, was but six years of age; leaving- a family of (.-iiildron to be rvarod by the mother, a woman of uncommon courage and ability. In 1845 she went to live with her father, at South Salem, Ohio, where young M'Dill had the advantfige of the careful instruction of his grandfather. He was admitted to Miami University in 1S51, graduated in 1853, and in the same year removed to Kossuth, in Iowa, where he became a teacher of languages. He determined, however, to study law, and returning to Ohio, where for awhile he taught a district school, he, in 1855, entered, as a law student, the ollice of Hon. Samuel Galloway, in Columbus, Ohio. He was ad- mitted to the bar in 185G, spent the next winter at ISurlington, Iowa, and in the spring of 1857 removed to Afton, his present home, then a pioneer settlement in the we>teiii wilderness. Hero he began the practice of the law. and in the fall of 1857 married Miss Nareissa Fullinwider, of Kossuth. In 1858 he was made County Sui)erinteudeiit, at the lucrative salary of seventy-five dol- lars per year. In lS5',t he was chosen County Judge. In 18(>1 he came to Washiiiirton im tlie invitation of his friend, llun. James 25] y JAMES W. M'D ILL. W. Grimes, who caused his appointment to the clerkship of tlie Senate Committee on the District of Columbia. In 1S02 he became clerk in the Treasury Department, and later was put in charge of the Claims Division of the Third Auditor's Department. In 1866 he returned to his home in Afton to resume the practice of tiic law, and in 1868 was chosen Circuit Judge. In 1870 he was appointed by tlie Governor of Iowa District Judge for the Third Judicial District, to fill a vacancy; and at the next election he was complimented with a unanimous election to tiio same office, there being no opposition. In 1872 he was nominated by the Republicans of the Eighth Congressional District of Iowa, and elected to Congress, receiving twelve thousand six hundred and seventy-five votes to six tliou- sand nine hundred and ninety-nine cast for his opponent, W. W. Merritt. In the Forty-third Congress he was a member of the Committee on Pacific Railroads. 252 HON. JACKSON ORR. BEPRESENTATIVE FROM IOWA cTi^ CKSOI^T ORE. £wW^- HE aiicestoi's of the father of the subject of this sketch ^}-M were Scotcli-Irish inhabitants of the north of IrehuKJ, ''^l- while those of liis mother were Germans. I lis great grandfather, James Orr, emigrated to this country and settled in Bracken county, Virginia, shortly before the TJevohi- tion ; but subsequently removed to Harrison county, Kentucky, whence the son, John, removed to Fayette county, Ohio. Ileru the grandson, Samuel, married ; and the great-grandson, Jackson, the subject of this sketch, was born September 21, 1832. In 1836, his father, with his family, removed to Elkhart county, Indiana, and settled in the village of Benton. Here Jackson was permitted to attend the common scliool a portion of each year; and made considerable proficiency, always gaining the favor of his teachers by the ra|)idity and ease with which he mastered his studies. After a few inonths of pi'eparatory study at academies in La Grange, Indiana, and Greenfield, Ohio, he entered the State University at Bloomington, Indiana, where he remained until lie had acquired a good scientific education ; but not long enough to take the entire, classical course. After leaving college, Mr. Orr found employment in the ofliceof the clerk of the Circuit Court in Noble county, Indiana, where he remained four years, during which he prosecuted the stuih- of law and was admitted to the bar. He then removed to Iowa, settling at Jefferson, in Greene county. Here he engaged in the practice of his profession ; but the country being new, did not afford suffi- cient legal business to fully occui>y him, hence he engaged exten- sively in real estate transactions, in which he was occu])ied until the breaking out of the war in 18(51. Wlien President Lincoln issued his first call for volunteers, Mr. 2.53 — rr— 2 J A C K S O N O R R . Oir was oil a visit ',>lieving his longer stay in the service in that climate would cost him his life, he tendered his resignation, which was accei)ted on the 8th of August, 1863, and he returned to Iowa, where hia iiealth was soon restored. He then removed to Boonsboro, Iowa, and engaged in the mer- cantile trade. In 1868, he was elected to the lower house of tli(> Iowa Legislature. Although quiet and unpretentious, yet he took rank in the Legislature as a member of more than ordinary ability. He watched closely the proceedings of the body, and liMikcd well after the interests of his constituents. At the close of the session, few members had a more honorable legislative record, or a more extended influence. In the fall of 1870, Mr. Orr was nominated as the Republican candidate for representative in Congress. He made a thoroni!;li canvass of his district, which was no inconsiderable task, since it embraced thirty-eight counties. He was elected by over eleven tiionsaiid majority, and in the Forty-second Congress served on the (Committee on Pnblic Bnildings and Gronnds. He was re-elected to the Forty-third Congress, in which he was a member of the Com- mittee on Public Lands and chairman of tiie Cijinmittee on Expend- itures in the Interior Dcjiartment. 254 t ^IvCl^v 4^ , f^ VUVCKV^VA CHARLES G. WILLIAMS. '^P^HARLES G. WILLIAMS was born in Royalton, New ^^^ Yolk, October IS, 1829. He received an acutlemic: edu- A-/' J cation and studied law at Eochester, New Yorl?. He re- moved to Wisconsin in 1856 and entered upon tbe ]>rac- tice of his profession in Janesvillc. He entered into ])olitics as a Republican, and in 1S6S was a candidate for presidential elector on tiie Grant and Colfax ticket. In the same year he was elected to the State Senate, and was re-elected in 1870. He took a prominent part in the proceedings of the Senate during his service. He was chairman of the Judiciary Committee, and was chosen President pio tempore for two successive years, lie was appointed by the Governor of Wisconsin chairman of a committee to inspect the various cliaritable and penal institutions of the State. Mr. Williams was elected a Representative to the Forty-third Congress from the First District of Wisconsin, including tiie counties of Kenosha, Racine, Rock, Walworth, and Waukesha. He served on the Committee on Foreign Affairs. He was strictly and con- scientiously faithful in his attention to the interests of iiis constitu- ents, as is evidenced by his eloquent speech in favor of the bill to extend the time for completing the Wisconsin Central Railroad. His most elaborate speech was delivered June 9, 1874, on the subject of "Cheap Transportation," in which he pointed out certain evils which " affect not only the material interests of the country, but menace the very form of civil government itself." Near the close of his speech he said, "We want in America no aomnninism, no agrarian ideas, no confiscation of goods; but simply, in tlic lan- guage of the immortal Lincoln, ' to lift artificial weights from all shoulders, to clear the path of laudable pursuit for all, to afford all an unfettered start and a lair chance in the race of life.' " GEllIJY \V. HAZLETOI^. j^'AERRY W. HAZLETON was born at Chester, New- ■' '* Hampshire, February 24, 1829. He was educated at tlie Piukerton Academy, Derry, New-Haiupsliire, and with a private tutor. He studied law in New- York, and removed to AV^isconsin in 1856. He arrived in Cohnnbus, his present resi- dence, during the Fremont political campaign, and just at the time of the assemblage of a mass meeting of Republicans ; and, in the absence of the regular speaker, Mr. Hazleton addressed the people as an advocate of popiilar liberty and progress. In 1858, he de- clined the nomination for member of Assembly, but was elected State senator in 1860. He was elected president of the Senate. '' This," said the "Wisconsin State Journal," " was a high compli- ment to him, as he was among the youngest members of the Senate, and showed that he held a high rank among his fellow-members as a man of superior ability." In 1866, Mr. Hazleton was appointed a collector of internal revenue, but was removed in the same year because he refused to indorse President Johnson's policy. In 1869, he was appointed by President Grant United States District-Attorney for Wisconsin, which position he held until his election as Representative to the Forty second Congress. His predecessor, Hon. David Atwood, says of liim, Mr. Hazleton lias exhibited an ability and zeal that have given him high rank among the strong men in the State, a position that he has justly earned by his own personal exertions. He will at once take a prominent rank in Con- gress, and will prove an attentive and influential member. The great interests of the Second District, and of Wisconsin, will have an able defender and a ju- dicious Worker in Mr. Hazleton. As a speaker, he is fluent, clear, and logical. There are few more finished orators in the State. He possesses sound judg- ment and honesty of purpose, .rid a capacity for execution that will do credit not only to himself, but to the district he will represent in Congress. 256 ALEXAITDER MITCHELL. iv^^LEXANDER MITCHELL was born in tlie parish of ^5;^^^ Ellon, Aberdeenshire, Scotland, October 17, 1817. Ilis •^^MAm^ father was a farmer, a man of more than common intelli- gence and shrewdness, the umpire of disputes and general arbitrator of a large neighborhood, ^[r. Mitchell's education was what is furnished at one of those parish schools which has done so much for Scotland during the last three hundred 3'ears, or since John Kno.x said, "Let schools be established in every parish," giving Scotland a system of national education centuries before any other nation in Europe, and thereby placing her people in tlie van of the nations for intelligence. After leaving school Mr. Mitchell entered a bank at Peterhead, the most easterly town of Scotland. He afterwards had a short experience in a lawyer's office in the old and classic city of xiber- deen. In 1838 and 1839 several companies were organized for the i)urpose of investing in land in the North-western States of America, and among others was the Wisconsin Company. These companies were the occasion of bringing to this country a good many enterprising young men from "The land of the brown heath and .sliaggj- wood, The land of the mountain and the flood." Among them were Mr. George Smith and Mr. Alexander Mitchell. The former was President and the latter Secretary of the Wiscon- sin Marine and Fire Insurance Company. Mr. Mitchell landed in Milwaukee in 1839 to enter on his duties as Secretary. Mil- waukee, now a city of ninety thousand people, then numbered less than five hundred. Few men have done as much as Mr. Mitchell to build up Milwaukee and the whole State of Wisconsin. 2.=i7 2 ALEXANDER MITCHELL. With the growth and iirosperity of his adopted lionie, lie lias him- self grown and prospered. The Wisconsin Marine and Fire Insnrance Company did but little insnrance ])nsiness. It has l)een faiiions for banking rather than for insnrance. Tn 1839 and for years thereafter there was no circulating niedinm in the North-west, and the want of it was greatly felt. The Wisconsin Insnrance Company then issued cer- tificates of deposit signed by George Smith as President and Alex- ander Mitchell as Secretary. At one time they had out one mil- lion dollars of such certiiicates, and tliey were the only currency from Missouri to Michigan. Although they were unsecured, and were issued without any legislation authorizing them, yet the wants of business justified their issue. Tiiey were always promptly re- deemed in gold on presentation, and would be now paid in gold if any of the few still outstanding were presented. The old Wisconsin Insurance Company^ underwent many excited runs, but its gold never gave out. This fact, and his prompt, careful, strict and reg- ular modes of business have placed Mr. Mitchell in the front rank of the bankers, not only of the West, but of the whole country. Tn tiie early days of AVisconsin Mr. Mitchell was one of the originators and builders of the Milwaukee and Watertown Railroad. At the time when the Milwaukee and Prairie du Chicn Railroad and the La Crosse Railroad were figiiting like cats and dogs, and both aliout to be gobltled up by the Chicago and North-western Road, and I'un in the interests of Chicago and Illinois rather than of Milwau- kee and Wisconsin, Mr. Miti'hell stepped in and eftected the con- solidation of the Prairie du Chien, the La Crosse, and the Water- town Railroads, thereby making the present great railroad system of the Milwaukee and St. Paul Railway. He has for many years been President of that Company. Mr. Mitchell's name has been connected with every local improve- ment in Milwaukee. Although he never sought any municipal oflice, he has held the responsible positions of Commissioner of the Public Debt and Commissioner of Waterworks, as well as other im- portant trust.s as^i 'ued him bv the authorities of Milwaukee. 258 ALEXANDER MIT CHE LI.. Politically Mr. Mitcliell was, at first, a Wliicr. After the decease of the Wliig party he became a Conservative Republican. He con- tributed largely for tiie prosecution of tiie war, tiie comfort of our volunteers, and the fiilinti; of the draft from liis districr. After the war was ended he broke with the Republican party on account of its methods of reconstruction. He wrote a letter deprecating any attempt to reconstruct on a basis of punisiiment and vengeance. He advocated the burying of the hatchet and a welcoming back to the councils of tlie nation of all the leading Soutiicrn minds wlio were willing to accept the situation. He predicted that any attempt to reconstruct by the colored population and carpet-baggers, to tiie exclusion of the intelligent white population of the South, wcinid entail years of dissension and distrust, ever and anon neces- sitating interference from Washington, and keeping back tiie devel- opment of the South. Ill 1870 Mr. Mitchell was elected a Representative from Wiscon- sin to the Forty-second Congress as a Democrat, and was I'e-elected to the Forty-third Congress by over six thousand majority. He served on the Committee on Indian Afiairs and the Committee on Banking and Currency. On the sixth of April, 1872, he delivered in the House an able speech on the subject of American shipping and ship-building. He maintained that the decline in these interests was due to over-taxation, and to the policy of not admitting foreign- built ships to American registry. He declared subsidies to be " quack remedies which will only increase the disease instead of curing it." He insisted that our failure to compete with English ship-builders was by no means due to laok of skill in our mechanics. He said, " I am proud to say that among my constituents there are mechanics who can build a locomotive or a sleeping car superior to any in the Old World — -far superior to any which it lias been my fortune to see in Europe — -and I do not doubt that we can soon find mechanics equal to the demand for the purposes of ship- building." One of the most able of the s]ieeches in the discussion of the question of Currency and nankinsr in the Fortv-tliird Cotiirress was ALEXANDER Jl I T C H E L L . delivered by Mr. Mitchell on tlie 27th of March, 1874. He main- tained tliat it was impossible by legislation to prevent panics, " We can never," said he, " by any enactments of ours, so overrule the irrevocable laws of political economy as to enable those who live beyond their means ' to make both ends meet,' or to insure profitable returns to those who invest their means in undertakings that can never pay interest." At the same time he said that it was the duty of Congress to do all in its power " to place the finances of the nation in such shape as to discourage the retui'n of such disasters, and, in case of their occurrence, to render their dura- tion as short as possible." He showed from the history of other countries how extraordinary issues of paper money " have produced financial convulsions which have shaken the nations to their foun- dations, and produced ruin and misery more wide-spread than have ever been inflicted by famine or war." 260 ^ ar- ticipated in the siege and capture of Vioksburg. He then returned to Helena as lieutenant-colonel of his regiment. Fi'om the begin- ning of 1864 to the end of the war, he was in command of the regi- ment. For meritorious services, he was promoted to the colonelcy and subsequently was breveted brigadier-general for gallantry at tlie battle of Salkahatchie. In the Meriiliaii campaign he took a prominent part, and was specially complimented in general or- ders for the discipline he maintained on that march, and for not losing a man from straggling or inattention. Whenever the regi- ment was in action, he was at its head, leading in the thickest of the fight ; and was distinguished as a calm, cool-headed, energetic, and persistent officer. During Sherman's march tii the sea, he was still in the van, having command of the advance of the Seventeenth corps. During the Atlanta campaign, he was in command of the advance skirmishers, and at the battle of the " Twenty-second of July," lost one third of his men, and at one time was fairly cut oif and surrounded by soldiers armed witli sabre-bayonets. Ilis sword was seized, and he was ordered to surrender; but seizing his pistol, he used it with such deadly ctl'ect that he broke through his assail- ants, and escaped with a sliglit wound in his leg and the loss of his hor.se, riddled with bidlots. When the Twenty-fifth Regiment of Wisconsin Volunteers was 265 2 JEREMIAH M. RUSK. mustered out of the service, in lSf55, its officers and men were united in their expressions of esteem for General Rusk, both as an otiicer and a man. A card was issued signed by twenty-two officers, giv- ing utterance to their regret at parting with a leader " than whom," they said, " there is not one more daring or gallant. lie led us through Georgia, ' down to the sea,' and through the swamps of the Carolinas. Ever mindful of our welfare, he has stood by us to the last. Never despairing but always hopeful, we remember how he performed his arduous diities during the dark days around and in front of Atlanta; and when the regiment was called into action, we always knew who was at its head. Asking nothing and receiv- ing little, he stood by the regiment; at all times, ever mindful of the interests of its officers and men." General Rusk was also the subject of highest commendations from his superior officers. He i-eceived a communication, dated May 29, 1S65, from General Sprague, who said, " I can not leave you without expressing my thanks for that hearty support and coopera- tion which has ever characterized your actions and bearing in the field. You have been very much in command of your regiment ; it has won a proud name, second to none tliat I know in tmr armies. You, by your faithful and untiring efforts, have contriljuted lai'gely to this. You are entitled to and I hope will receive the generous thanks of the executive and people of your State for your faithful- ness to the troojjs intrusted to your care. The able manner in which you have discharged every duty in the field entitles you to the grati- tude of all who love the cause in which you served so well." In 1865, General Rusk was elected to the office of Bank Comp- troller, and was reelected to the same office in 1867. As a State officer, he made himself thoroughly conversant with the laws and rules pertaining to his department. In closing out old bunks he saved the State much money; and his suggestions concerning the final settlement of all bank accounts are said to have been of much value. In 1870, he was, by a handsome majority, elected represen- tative from Wisconsin to the Forty-second Congress, and took his seat as a member of that body March 4, 1871. 266 r^^ ^^^^fe^ ■ '"^ VCenEPcnn^.^^'^'^ ALEXANDEE B. M'DILL, ^V^^LEXA]SrDEIl S. M'DILL was horn m Crawford County, Pennsylvania, March 18, 1823. After a partial coui-se "^Hvl^ of studies at Allejihany College, lie studied and gradu- ated in medicine at the Cleveland Medical College. He was engaged in the general practice of his profession in his native State from IS-tS to 1836, when he reiqoved to his present place of residence in Portage County, Wisconsin. He was an active njenihcr of the Republican party, and as such he was, in 1861, elected to the House of Re])resentatives of the Wis- consin Legislature. In 1862 he was elected to the Wisconsin State Senate. In 1864 he was chosen presidential elector on the Lincoln and Johnson ticket. He was one of the Board of Managers of the Wisconsin State Hospital for the Insane from 1862 to 1868, when he was elected Medical Superintendent, He held this jiosition until he resigned to take his seat in tlie National House of Re])- resentatives. In 1873 lie was nominated by the Republicans as their candidate for Representative in the Forty-third Congress from the Eighth District of Wisconsin, which comprises si.xtecn counties. He was elected by a majority of three thousand four hundred and seventy- three votes. He served in the Committee on Education and Labor. Although he seldom occupied the time of the House by speaking, he was attentive to his duties, whether on the tloor or in tiie com- mittee-room. He was industrious in performing all the ontsiile labors in the Departments and elsewhere, which so greatly tax the time and energies of the rejiresentativc in Congress, and seriously interfere with that attention to the work of legislation which is his first duty. 267 J. ALLEN BAEBER. ^^^^ ALLEN BARBER was born in Goorgia, Vermont, Jan- •M^ uary 17, 1809. His father was a lawyer who removed ■{^^ from Connecticut to Vermont, where lie attained wide influence and popularity. There were eight children, all of whom are still living — three of them older than the subject of this sketch. He was raised on a farm, attending sclmol durinu; the wiiUei', and engaging arduously in manual labor (hiring the re- mainder of tiie year. He left his home when seventeen years of age, resolved to obtain a liberal education. He entered the LTm"- versity of Vermont, where he studied two years, but left before gradnuting, as he was uuwilling to incur debts which he might not be able to pay. He immediately began the study of law with Hon. George P. Marsh, now American Minister to Italy, and was ad- mitted to practice in 1834. In 1837 lie removed to the then Ter- ritory of Wisconsin, and fixed his residence at Lancaster, Grant County, wliere he has since followed his profession. He was ai)pointed liy Governor L^odge a Judge of Probate, in which office he served three years. He subsequently served as District Attorney for five years. He was a member of the first Constitutional Con- vention of Wisconsin in 18-46. He was elected to the State As- sembly of Wisconsin in 1852, 1853, and 18G3, serving the last year as Speaker. In 185G and 1857 he was a member of the State Semite, and both in this body and in the House he was Chairman of the Judiciary Committee. In 1870 he was elected a Re[>r(>- sentative from Wisconsin to the Forty-second Congress, as a Re- publican. He served in the Committee on Private Land Claims, and the Committee on Expenditures of the War Department. He was re-elected to the Forty-third Congress, in which he served on tlie Committee on War Claims and Committee on Revisions of the Laws. 268 u -J^J o^^t^Le /^ c^'t^ HON- J.ALLEN BARBER REPRESENTATIVE FHOM WrSCONSra - W H. BARIICS 4 CHARLES CLAYTON. "^^^^^HARLES CLAYTON was born in England in 1825, and ^l^^ received a public sclmol eduration. At the age- of seven- r^-A teen lie came to tlie United States, and for five years there- after lie was a resident of the State of Wisconsin. In the spring of 1847 he set out for the Pacific coast, crossing the Rocky Mountains into Oregon. He arrived in San Francis(!0 April 2, 1S4S, and soon after established himself at Santa Clara. Here he was alcalde in 1849 and 18.50. He entered actively into business, and in 1852 bnilt the Santa Clara flouring mills, the jtroduct of which has established a reputation second to none in California. In 1853 he removed to San Francisco, where he engaged in the wheat flour and general produce commission :j isiness, in which he soon took the leading position, which he has ever since continued to hold. Although holding himself absolutely aloof from the " wire-work- ing " branch of politics, he has been repeatedly placed in represent- ative political positions. In 1864 the people of his ward, in non- political organization, selected him to represent them as a member of the Jjoard of Supervisors. As chaii-man of the Financial Coni- iidttoe he gave unwavering and effective opposition to the schemes of municipal plunder, operated by a ring in the Board of Super- visors. A compact minority, of which Mr. Clayton was one, courageously exposed schemes, the consunnnation of which tlioy were powerless to prevent, and paved the way for the overthrow of the corrupt power a few years later. In 18(53 the mercantile element in San Francisco was canvassed to select one from their own number to reijrcsent them in the State Legislature, and with remarkai)le imaniniity indicated their choice of Charles Clayton. He was elected bv a largo majority, and upon 269 ■ ^ 2 CHARLES CLAYTON. taking his seat as a meinber from San Francisco, liis standing was recognized liy liis appointment as cliairinan of the Cominittee on Commerce and Navigation, and as a member of tlie Committee of Wa^s and Afeans. Tlie mercantile element of San Francisco was so well satisfied with iiis management of their interests that, in deference to their demand, lie was re-elected. In March, 1870, Mr. Clayton was appointed Surveyor of the port and district of Sa'i Francisco. Under the Congressional apportionment act passed by the Forty- second Congress California became entitled to four Representatives. The State Legislature, re-districting the State, erected the city and county of San Francisco into one Congressional District. At the first election nnder the new apportionment, in November, 1S72, Mr. Clayton was elected over a candidate supported by a combina- tion of Democrats and Liberals by a majority of one thousand and fifty-five votes, which was more than double the majority given for the Republican presidential ticket. Speaking of this '" popular in- dorsement of five hundred votes from political opponents," an au- thority in San Francisco says: " These, it is well known, came from the Democratic merchants and citizens of the better sort, who selected the merchant Clayton as the fittest representative of this commercial city. His election, and especially the figures of his majority, furnish a gratifying proof of the substantial value of an unblemished reputation, won through many years of active busi- ness life, to turn aside the shafts of personal slander aimed by an unprincipled or reckless press." 270 rya^^n^ - HOEAOE FRANCIS PAGE. fORACE FRANCIS PAGE was born in Orleans County, New York, October 20, 1833. His father was of German ]^V/i^ extraction, born in Pennsylvania; his mother was a native of New En<;lancl. After the usual ex])crienc'e of a farmer's boy — Work and school alternate!}-— he entered the Millville Acad- emy, which he left at the age of eighteen with a good English edu- cation. He then went to Indiana, and tanglit .school in Laporte County until 1854, when he went with a coniijany of emigrants to California by the overland route. On arriving in California he engaged first in mining, and then in running a saw-mill. He sub- sequently engaged extensively and successfully in business as a stage proprietor and mine contractor. His first vote was given in 1855 for Necly Johnson, American candidate for Governor of California. In 1850 he supported Fill- more for the Presidency. In 1860 he took an active part in favor of Douglas, whose adherents in California were led by Brodcrick in opposition to the (-Iwin taction of the Democratic party, who were sympathizers with the Southern secessionists. Immediately after the breaking out of the war Mr. Page became an active member of the Republican party, attending as a delegate nearly all its con- ventions in his county, district, and State. He was chairman of the Republican Central Committee of his county in 1868, and man- aged affairs so judiciously as to come within seven votes of carrv- ing the county, which had never before given less tlum three hun- dred Democratic majority. In 1869 he was nominated for the State Senate, but consented to run only on condition that the conventiun slimild indorse the pend- ing Fit"teenth Amendment to the Constitution, which was done, Mr. Page drawing the resolution to that efl'ect. He met his com- 271 2 HORACE FRANCIS PAGE. ])(.'titor i)i diseussion at every prominent point. Although he was defeated 1)\' a small majority, he did much to insure the success of his [larty in the election two years later. He was very active iu the campaign of 1871, canvassing the county very thoroughly for the State and county ticket, tiie majority of which was elected, largely through his efforts. There was no Republican press in the county, and evei-y thing had to be accomplished by ]ier?onal eflbrts and influence. Tliis canvass brought Mr. Page so prominently and favorably before the people that he was early named by leading newspapers as a proper person to succeed his friend, Mr. Sargent, as a Repre- sentative in Congress. Without personal effort on his part, he was nominated in the convention on the third ballot over several gen- tlemen of great prominence in the State. Immediately after his nomination several prominent newspapers opened upon him in violent opposition, with the avowed purpose of drawing him into hostility to the railroads. He could not be induced to join in what he regarded as an unreasonable crusade against great w(^rks of pub- lic improvement. Pie was sustained in his position by the people, and was elected by one thousand majority over the Democrats and Liberal Republicans. In the Forty-third Congress Mr. Page served on the Committee on Post-OfRces and Post-Roads, and the Committee on Mines and Mining. He opposed the subsidizing of railroads. Two bills in- troduced by him, declaring forfeited certain lands conditionally granted to companies, restored millions of acres to the Government tor the use of the ])eople. He introduced several measures of great importance to the mining interests, with wiiich his long residence on the Pacific coast and his close observations made him remarka- bly familiar. Deeply impressed witii the idea that specie consti- tutes the only legitimate and reliable currency, he has constantly opposed all schemes increasing the volume of irredeemable paper. 272 JOHN K. LUTTRELL. ^f >^ "'OIIN K. LUTTRKLL was Ix.ni neiii- Knoxville, Tcnnes- %^ see, June 27, 1831. His fatlier was a Yiririniaii, whose jj^^t ancestors, tor many generations, lived near Dublin, Ireland. His mother, who was of Scotch descent, was born near Georgetown, D. C, of the Magruder anil l^call families. His ancestors on both sides were soldiers in the Revolutionary war. Being of an enterprising and adventurous spirit, at the age of fourteen he left home to serve as a volunteer in the Mexican war, but as he was too young his services were not accepted. After S])end- ing some time in Alabama and in Missouri, he travelled overland to California. His first movelnent after arrivins at the Pacific coast, was to take a contract for cutting three hundred cords of wood, wiiich lie promptly carried out. After this lie engaged act- ively in farming. He made rails and fenced in a large tract of land. He worked the first threshing machine ever used on the Pacific coast. In 1858 he went to Siskiyou (bounty, where he en- gaged in mining and farming. In 18.52 he married the only daughter of Rev. Herbert Patterson, of Portland, Oregon. He studied law, and in 1S5S commenced the ])ractice, which he has continued to tiie present time, not, howevei', to the exclusion of other more active pursuits. Originally a Whig, he became a Onion Democrat during the war. He was never a strict party man; the first vote he ever cast wms a "split ticket." He was elected to the Legislature of California in 18fi3; the counting of the votes of soldiers then out of the State, however, gave the seat to another bv a small majority. The Courts of California decided this to be unconstitutional, but he was uinvilling to contest the seat. In 18fi5 he was airain elected to the Li'irislature, while :i'l 273 2 J O H N K . L U T T R E L L . the other candulates on the Democratic ticket were defeated. ITe declined a re-election for the next term on account of ill-health, but consented to serve in the session of 1871-2. During liis service in the Legislature he introduced several measures of much importance to the people. He was the author of a bill for the reform of abuses and reducing fees in oiBce ; a bill for exempting the homes and all mining claims of miners from forced sale for debts ; and an act donating a poll-tax of three dol- lars upon each person for the support of free public schools. He supported the Thirteenth and Fourteenth Amendments to the Con- stitution of the United States. He was a member of the Judiciary Committee and the Committee of Ways and Means. On two oc- casions, at the organization of the House, he received the votes of his party for Speaker j9ro tern. He took a leading part in the fight against monopolies, opposing the exactions of the railroad corpora- tions, with all his ability and energy. He took the stump for Governor Booth and the reform ticket, which swept the State tri- uuiphantl}' in 1872. By a combination of Democrats, Liberal Kepublicans. and farm- ers, Mr. Luttrell was elected to the Forty-third Congress. He served on the Committee on Reform in the Civil Service. He took part in several discussions in the House, always speaking very much to the point, especially upon subjects bearing upon the interests of the Pacific coast. Among his more elaborate speeches was one in favor of the Centennial and another on the Pacific Railroad. He is a man of nervous temperament, full of energy, throwing his whole soul into whatever he undertakes. In debate he is read}', ilnent, and impressive, and yet gives evidence of being more a man of action than of words. 274 SHERMAI^ O. HOUGHTON". ^BhEEMAN" O. HOUGHTON was bom in the city of New ^P) York, April 10, 1828. He is a descendant of John Hongh- M^ ton, who first settled in Watertown, Massaeluisetts, but re- moved to Lancaster in lt)52, and was a Representative in the General Court of the Comnionwealth for fourteen years. His grandfather was a soldier of the Revvilutioii, and was disabled 1)3' wounds received in the early part of the war. His father pub- lished a newspaper in Goshen, Orange ('ouiity. New York, and served in the army as a captain of artillery during the war of 1812. Mr. Houghton was educated at a coniinercial institute in the city of New York. At the coinniencenient of the war with Mexico he enlisted as a private soldier, and accompanied his regiment to Cali- fornia, where it was sent in September, 1846. He went thence to Mexico, in the early jtart of 1847, with a detachment of his regi- ment, and served there until the close of the war. In his twentieth year he was promoted to a lieutenancy, and at the same time was appointed adjutant, the duties of which position he discharged until the expiration of his term of ser\ ice. In the fall of 1848 he returned to California, where he has since continued to reside. He engaged for a time in gold-mining with success, and afterward in various pursuits, passing through all the vicissitudes of fortune attendant upon business enterprises in that new country. In 1855-6 he was Mayor of San Jose. He engaged in the practice of law, soon obtaining a large and successful busi- ness, especially in important land Ciises involving large amounts. Familiarity with the French and Spanish languages and law has been of great advantage to him in this particular line of practice. He was elected a Representative from the First District of Cali- 275 2 SHERMAN O. HOUGHTON. fornia to tlie Fortj-second Congress as a Republican, receiving a majority of one thousand ix iiiindred and three votes in a total poll of fifty thousand three hundred and fifty-one. As a candidate for re- election to the Forty-third Congress Mr. Houghton received a major- ity of one thousand three hundred and seventy-nine, the total number of votes being nineteen thousand four hundred and three. The great difference between these totals arises from the fact that pre- vious to the second election, imder the nev? apportionment tlie city and county of San Francisco had been formed into a new and sep- arate district designated as the First. Mr. Houghton's second elec- tion was from the Fourth District, comprising eighteen counties. During the Forty-second Congress Mr. Houghton served on the Committee on the Pacific Railroad and the Committee on the Post- ofiice and Post-Roads. In the Forty third Congress he was a mem- ber of the Committee on Coinage, Weights, and Measures, and the Select Committee on the Washington Monument, and continued to serve on the Committee on the Pacific Railroad. Although Mr. Houghton was in all respects an active and eflicient Representative, yet it was as a member of the last named committee that his sorvicis were most notewortliy and important to the countrv. Most of tlie bills which came from that committee were reported by Mr. Houglilon. Among the more important of these may be mentiontd a bill to secure to the United States five per cent, of all the Pacific Railroads subsidized by the Government. He took an enlighteneil and statesmaidike view of the relations between the people ami iln^ railroads. He maintained that these, as among the most important interests of the country, should be subject to Congressional control, and that tbcy should be treatetl with perfect fairness, while the jien- plc >-lioiild be suitabh' protected against the encroachments ot' monopolies. 276 MARK H. BUNNELL. 'ARK rr. BUNNELL was born in P.iixton, Maine, July ■2, 1823. By iiis own exertions lie obtained the means for a preparation for college, and graduated at Water- ville College, in August, 18-1:9. He then became a teacher, and continued in this employment until the spring of 1855. During this time he was Principal of Norway and Hebron Acade- mies, and was regarded as one of the most successful instructors in the State. In 1853 he was elected as a Whig to the House of Representa- tives of Maine, and the following year to the Senate. In March, 1855, he was appointed State Superintei-dent of Common Schools. "He entered upon the duties of his offlrc with marked energy, and soon had the respect and support of the educational men of the entire State. The Democrats coming into power in ISoti, lie was removed from office. Having previously studied law, Mr. Dunnell, on relinquishing his office, commenced practice in Norway, Maine. lie was sent as a Delegate to the National RepuMican Convention at I'liila- delphia in lS5t>. During tlie Presidential campaign of that year he spoke in nearly every county of the State, and after the September election in Maine he canvassed for some weeks in Pennsylvania. In January, 18,57, Hon. Hannibal Hamlin, then (iovernor of Maine, appointed Mr. Dunnell Superintendent of Common Schools for three years. During this period he labored with great faithfulness and efficiency. When his term expired an appointment for another term was tendered him by Governor Morrill. This he declined, and commenced the practice of the law at Portland in i>artnership with Colonel Stephen Poothby. 277 2 MARK H. BUNNELL. Ill March, ISGl, Mr. Dnnnell was appointed United States Con- sul at Vera Cruz, but wliile preparing for liis departure the rebel- lion broke out, and lie immediately engaged in organizing men for the military service. Having been elected colonel of the Fifth Maine Volunteers, he asked for leave of absence from the consu- late for four months. During this time he took part with his regi- ment in the finst battle of Bull Run. On the expiration of liis leave, at the earnest request of Secretary Seward, conveyed to him in camp by Senator Morrill, he immediately repaired to Mexico, for the consulate was then in the hands of a rebel. During the year he held office he rendered valuable service to the Government. On two occasions he was especially thanked by Secretary Seward for his promptness in retaining at Vera Cruz munitions of war destined for Te.xas, in aiding Union refugees from Texas, and in forwarding dispatches to the State Department detailing the move- ments of rebels and of the European allies then seeking the subju- gation of the Republic of Mexico. In 1861 Mr. Dunnell was tendered by President Lincoln the Secretaryship of the Territory of Montana, which he declined. Near tiie close of that year he moved with his family to the State of Minnesota, and settled in Winona. In November, 1866, he was elected to tiie House of Representatives of that State. In April, 1867, he was appointed State Superintendent of Public Instruction, and in 1869 was re-appointed. In July, 1870, he was nominated as a candidate for Congress by the Republican Convention of his district, and after a canvass of unusual spirit was elected by more than five thousand majority. In the Forty-second Congress he was a member of the Committee on Public Lands and the Commit- tee on Education and Labor. He was re-elected to the Forty-third Congress by ten thousand majority. His first speech was an argument in favor of the bill for the enforcement of the Fourteenth Amendment. His speecli f)n " The Republic of Mexico " was replete with important facts. He addressed the ILjiise on the Public Lands, the Educational Bureau, and other subjects, evincing unusual ability in debate. 27S JOHl^ T. AYERILL. OHN T. AVERILL was born in Alma, Maine, March 1, 1825. He received a common sc-hool and academic edu- cation, completiniT liis studies at tiie Maine Wcsleyan Seminary. He married a daugliter of the Hon. Samuel Atkinson, of Montville, Maine, in 1849, and tiirec years later re- moved to Tioga County, Pennsylvania, wiiere he engaged exten- sively -in the lumber b\)siness. Subsequently he emigrated to Minnesota, and invested largely in tlie manufacture of paper. His firm, Averill, Russell, & Carpenter, have a manufactory at St. Anthony's Falls, and a wholesale house at St. Paul's, where tiiey do the heaviest paper business in the North-west. In politics Mr. Averill was a Republican from the first, and was a member of the National Convention which organized the party in 1856. He was elected to the Minnesota Senate in 1858 and 1859, and in this body he did much to promote the interests of that young and thriving State. He entered the military service of the country in August, 1862, as Lieutenant-Colonel of the Sixth Minnesota Infantry, and with his regiment was ordered South, but had proceeded no further than St. Louis when the occurrence of the Indian massacre caused orders to be given for tin's regiment to re- turn for the protection of their own firesides. Colonel Averill served in the Indian country under General Pope a year and a half, all the time engaged in active service, in a field not so conspicuous as the Southern theater of war. He was brevetted Brigadier-Gen- eral, and was appointed Provost-Marshal General of Minnesota, in which capacity he liad charge of raising and discharging troops. He was not mustered out of the service until six months after the close of the war. 279 2 JOHN T. AVERILL. He was ji]ipoiiited a nieniber of tlie National Republican Com- mittee in 1868, and was re-appointed in 1872. He was elected a Representative from Minnesota to the Forty-second Congress, re- ceiviTio; seventeen thousand one hundred and thirty-three votes against thirteen thousand four hundred and ninety-one votes for Ignatius Donnelly. During this Congress Mr. Averill served on the Committee on Indian Affairs and the Committee on tlie Pacific Railroad. He was re-elected to the Forty-third Congress by a largely increased majority. In this Congress he was promoted to the Chairmanship of the Committee on Indian Affairs. This proved to be a difficult and laboriotis position ; since for several months during the Foi'ty third Congress the Committee held ses- sions five days in the week for the investigation of charges of fraud brought against officers of the Interior Department. Mr. Averill presented a report, which was thorough and exhaustive, fully ex- onerating these officers of the offenses charged. The record of bills and resolutions introduced by Mr. Averill in the House of Representatives, while it indicates no ambitious aspi- rations for reputation as a national legislator, shows a most watchful interest in the welfare of his constituents and his State. His speeches are the brief and business-like utterances of a prac- tical man, rather than the generalizations of an aspirant for rep- utation in statesmanship. 280 HORACE B. STRAIT. ^^^ORACE B. STRAIT nvk. b.a-n in Potter C.unty, Renn- "^1^^ sylvania, Jamiarv 2(5, 1835. llisgramlfather, a Viririniaii, -JJ;^'^ was a captain in the war of 1812. Ilis fatiier, who was both auiercliant and a fanner, removed to Indiana in 18.5i, and thence to Minnesota in 1865. Tiie son received InV education in tlie common scliools of the tliree States in which his early life was passed. He entered the Union army in 1862 as cajJtain in tiie Xintli Regiment of Minnesota Infantry, and was promoted to tiie nmk of major in 1864. He subsequently served as inspector-general on the staff of Genei'al M'Arthur. After the close of the war he en- gaged extensively in the mercantile, manufacturing, and banking business. At the organization of the first National Bank of Sha- kopee he was elected a director, and is now president of that insti- tution. He has been very successful in business, to which he has given his attention rather than to politics, for which he has com- paratively little taste. He was elected mayor of Sluikopee in 187n, and was re-elected in 1871 and 1872, running as a Republican, and overcoming a large Democratic majority. He was elected a Re])resentative in Congress in 1872 by about five thousand majority. So popular was he where best known, that in his own county, at the election in which the Democratic candidates on the National ticket received one thousand majority, Mr. Strait received a majority of ninety votes. In the Forty-third Cojigress he was appointed on the Com- mittee on Public Buildings and Grounds, and the Committee on Coinage, Weights, and Measures. He introduced an important bill for the Relief of Settlers on Railroad lands. 281 JAMES W. NESMITH. AMES W. NESMITH, of Oregon, was born in Washing- ton County, Maine, July 23, 1820. His parents were natives of New Hampshire, and liis Scotcli-Irisli Presby- terian ancestors were among the earliest settlers in the Granite State. He left his native State when a mere hoy, and lived for several years in New Hampshire atid Ohio, but at the age of twenty he had wandered west to the Missouri River, and in 1843 went overland with the pioneer emigration to Oregon, who took through to the Pacific coast the first ox-teams and wag(jns which ever crossed the Rocky Mountains. General Fremont, on his first exploring expedition to the Pacific, followed the trail made by Nesinith's company of emignints, and the pathfinder arrived at the Dalles of the Columbia some thirty days after the indomitable emigration of 18-13, unaided l)y the Gov- ernment, had cut a road for their wagons and teams across the mountains and over the deserts, from the valley of the Missouri to the navigable waters of Oregon, within two hnndred miles of the Pacific Ocean. The story of the toils, privations, sacrifices, and endurance of the first emigrants to Oregon, who traversed two thousand miles of unbroken wilderness to find a home in the sunset land, remains to be written, and furnishes a fertile theme to the future historian of the settlement of the North-west coast. Mr. Nesmith, soon after his arrival in Oregon, took an active and leading part in forming a provisional government there. Prior to the Buchanan-Pakenham treaty of IS-Ki, while the North-west coast was disputed territory, a Government republican in form, inaugu- rated and controlled by the .\merican element, but ailniinistered faithfully and in accordance with the p:i[)ular will, was in full and 283 3 JAMES W. NESMITH. snccessf'iil operation in Oregon, under which that conntrv continued to be governed until tlie Territory was organized in 1849. In 1848 he coniinanded a company of vtihinteerd in wluxt is known as the '"Cayuse Indian War," an expedition to suppress Indian iiostilities in Eastern Oregon, and to avenge the murder of Dr. Wliitman and other Protestant missionaries. In 1853 lie (tom- nianded an expedition against Iiostile Indians in Sontliern Oi'egon. Mr. Nesmith was United States Marshal for Oregon from 1853 until 1855, when he resigned to coniniand a re^jinient of vrihinteers in the general Indian war in Oregon and Washintrtnn Tei'ritories. In 1857 he was appointed Superintendent of Indian Aflairs foi- Oregon and Washington Territories, which offlcj he held until 1859. Mr. Nesmith was oloeted a United States Senator froni the State of Oregon in 1860, and took his seat in the Senate March 4, 18()1. He served for the full term of six years, embracing the whole period of the late civil war. His voice and vote in the Senate were ever given for the support of the war to suppress rebellion and restore the Union. Although a Democrat, he never favored the extension of slavery ; and when a vote was taken on that question in Oregon in 1857, at the time of the adoption of the State Constitution, he voted with the Free State wing of the Demooratic party, and exerted his influence to secure the defeat of the project to make Oregon a slave State. At a special election, held in October, 1873, to fill the vacancy occasioned by the death of Hon. J. G. Wilson, Republican, Mr. Nesmitii was elected a Representative to the Forty-third Congress as a Democrat, receiving a majority of more than two thousand votes over his Republican competitor. He is an able and success u I debater. He possesses an unlimited fund of wit and hnnun', is quick at retort, and ready at repartee. Like the late President Liiu-oln, he is disposed to illustrate his points by apt stories, and, like him, is never at a loss for anecdotes and quaint illustrations. He is one of the largest farmers and stock-raisers in Oregon, owning a well-impi'oved farm of more than two thousand acres of the best land in the heart of the Willamette Valley. 284 WILLIAM A. PHILLIPS. [^|''?IL[JAM ADDISON PHILLIPS was horn in Paisley, ScDthind, June 14, 1S2G. His fatiier was a iiierchant, dealing almost exclusively in the celebrated shawls named after that uld city. He found time, however, to cultivate a taste for landscape painting and literature, and was a fellow student and life-long friend of Polluk the poet. Ruinous reverses in business compelled liim to emigrate to America, and in 1839 he settled in Randolph County, Illinois. In 1841, unable to recover from his broken fortunes, he died. The subject of this sketch was the second son. and in consequence of his fatlier's dis- asters and death his education, though classical and thorough, was not completed, as he was compelled to tiliandon the idea of iiradu- ation and devote all his energies to the support of his widowed mother. During the years of his early manhood he worked labori- ously on the farm, studying when he could ; but of course his ambi- tion to become a lawyer was by these embarrassments prescribed and delayed. In 1851 Mr. Philli])s ]iaitly owned and edited the " Chester Her- ald," published in the town of Chester, Illinois, which, through his editorial ability, grew to be an important sheet. In 1854 he was admitted to the bar by the Supreme Court of Illinois. He now began to write frequently for the eastern ])ress, including the " Now York Tribune." He wrote several works of fiction descriptive of western life, all of which were published anonymously'. Among the best of them was " Paul Persimmons," " Scenes and Characters of Backwoods Life," aiid " Sketches of the Old Iron-Back Bap- tists." This latter book first brought that sect into notice. In 1855 Mr. Phillips became a regular member of the " New 285 2 WILLIAM A. PHILLIPS. Yoi-k Triliiiuo" staff, and was sent, to Kansas as special corre- spondent of tliat pa]ier. He took an active ])art in tlie struggles which made Kansas famous in history, and, his life was eagerly sought for by the enemies of free soil. His " Tribune " letters from that section were copied into hundreds of newspapers all over the country. In ]nirsuit of the material which made them so intensely interesting, Mr. Phillips had literally to carry his ink-bottle in one hand and his rifle in the other. He soon became the warm friend and confidant of the leaders in the free State movement. John Brown, Robinson, and Lane were his companions and correspond- ents. In the old Topeka State Senate Mr. Phillips represented the historic town of Lawrence, where he then resided. In 1856 he pulilished over his own name his " Conquest of Kansas." When quiet had been restored to the unfortunate Territory Mr. Phillips determined to reuuiin permanently, and to that end dis- posed of all his ])roperty in Illinois, and moving his family to Kan- sas, founded the city of Salina, actually driving the bnffalo from the site of the town. Saw-mills, stores, dwellings, and hotels grew as if by magic under his energy and will. Farms were shortly opened in the vicinity and loads made, so tliat where but a few years since the sod was unbrdken, thei'e now is a thriving village of nearly two thousand inhabitants, supporting two weekly newspapers. Notwithstanding all the time and energy which the establishment and success of the new town required, Mr. Phillips did not sever his connection with the " Tribune," but continued to write inter- esting letters for that paper. In 1860 he was sent to the Chicago Convention as a delegate from Kansas, where he persistently voted for Mr. Seward on every ballot. He made a speech in the Con- vention, and it was a curious fact that his chief, Horace Greeley, was also a delegate, opposing Mr. Seward. Although Mr. Phil- lips refused to cliange his vote to Mr. Lincoln, he ever afterward cordially su|i|)t)rted him. The war found Mr. Phillips responsive to the call for troops, and he expended liberally of his private means to raise a body of etfect- ive voung men. He was unanimously elected bv both the tlier libraries, and of course lias had constant access to his own very valuable accnmulation of rare boc^kt^. This work, if lie is permitted to finish it, will rank with the very first writings on the ethnology and archaeology of America, and will contain matters of antiquity that no other author has touched. In 1872 Mr. Phillips was nominated for Representative from Kansas to the Forty-third Congress from the Statcat-large, and receiving sixty-seven thousand one hundred and fourteen votes, was elected by a large majority. Since he took his seat in Congress he has had to suspend all literary pursuits, his public duties e.xacting all his time. He served on the Committee on Public Lands and the Committee on Expenditures in the Treasury Department. Mr. Phillips began his political life as a Free Soil Democrat, and was always strongly antislavery. He voted for Yan Bureu in 1848, for Hale in 1852, and supported Fremont in 1856. He has been an ardent and devoted Republican, acting always prominent!}' in the organization of that party in Kansas. He is a rapid speaker, a quick thinker, and has a strong vein of humor which crops out occasionally in his speeches in Congress and arguments before Com- mittees. His scholarly acquirements and knowledge of prominent men make him an agreeable conversationalist in congenial society. To properly appreciate all his excellent qualities it is necessary to meet him at his own fireside in the character of host, where his versatile talent and genial nature have full scope. 288 DAVID P. LOWE. AA^ID P. LOWE was born in Vienna, Oneida County, _,^., N'ew York, Angnst 22, 1823. His father, Jonatlian -^;^ Lowe, removed to Oneida County from Fitclil)urt' his party fur Governor of West Virginia, but declined the honcir. In 1870 he 293 2 JOHN J. DAVIS. was elected a Representative from the First District of West Vir- ginia to the Forty-second Congress as a Democrat. He served on tlie Committee on Public Expenditures. He addressed the House in an able argument against the validity of the recent amendments to the Constitution. In 1872 he was re-elected to the Forty-third Congress as an Independent Democrat over a Greeley Democratic candidate. During this Congress he served on the Committee on Agriculture. 294 , <^^^-^eople of Western Virginia con- firmed by the complete realization of a long cherished desire. They felt released from a bondage no less galling, when the animus of the age is considered, than that of the ancient Isi'aelites in Eicypt. They felt, too, that although the scheme had been accomplished amid the dire scenes of confusion accompanying civil commotions, yet they had proceeded upon the strong foundations of well-known 290 JOHN MARSHALL HAQANS. 3 precedents, established law, and iucontrovertil)lc principles. ... To retain the freedom thus acquired, it only remains for the people of West Virginia to keep constantly in view the great cardinal points of patriotism, obedience to law, honor, courage, and devotion to liberty." Mr. ITagans was elected Mayor of Morgantown in 1866, and was twice re-elected. He was the elector on the Republican ticket dur- ing the presidential contest of 1868. He was elec^ted a delegate for the county of Monongalia to the convention which framed the present Constitution of West Virginia, in October, 1871. The " Baptist Record," published in Charleston. West Virginia, Ai)ril 10, 1872, in sketciiing the members of tiie Constitutional Conven- tion, said of Mr. Hagans : " While he is uncompromising in his views, and tenacious of his opinions, and will maintain them witli all the vigor of a cultivated and thinking mind, he recognizes a proper and just respect for the views and opinions of others. . He is deferential in discussion to those who are his seniors, respectful always to those who differ from liim, and kind and courteous to all. His social qualities are of lare order. With a generous and impulsive nature, it is your comfort and not his convenience that is to be consulted. He pos- sesses to a rare extent the faculty of impersonating ciiaracters and telling anecdotes, which, with his ready flashes of wit and humor, render him, as a conversationalist, almost unapproacliahle. As a debater he has but few superiors in the convention, and verv i'ew, if any, in the State. He is a forcible as well as an eloquent speaker. He is never at a loss for words to express his ideas ; they always seem to be ready and waiting for his use, which sjives him that readj' and eloquent diction that but few of our public men possess. His style is generally calm, ami never boisterous; he is content, upon all occasions, to address himself to the judg- ment, and not the prejudices, of his hearers. His cool, calculating mind, coupled witii iiis natural as well as cultivated shrewdness, tit him for a skillful politii-al leader. He lias in a peculiar degree enjoyed the confidence of his section, and it niav he cx])ccted, al •2'J7 4 JOHN MARSHALL HAGAN8. no distant day, to see him made one of the first leaders of his party in the State. His suavity of manners, keen perception, busi- ness tact, professional ability, witli his recognized powers as a stump oratoi", open up to him a brilliant future." Mr. Hagans was elected a Representative from West Virginia to the Forty-third Congress, as a Republican, by nearly three thou- sand majority, and served on the Committee on the District of Columbia. 298 FRAITK HEREFORD. RANK HEREFORD was bom in Fauquier County, Vir- ginia, July i, 1825. His father was a native of Loudon County, Virginia, and was a successful lawyer. His mother was a sister of Hon. Henry S. Foote, Senator from Mis- sissippi, and subsequently Governor of that State. In 1835 yonno- Hereford emigrated witii his father and family to the State of Illinois, settling in Hillsborough. In 1846 he graduated at M'Ken- dree College, Lebanon, Illinois. In the following year he went to Missouri, where he remained until 1849, when he went with thousands of other enterprising young men overland to California. He was occupied profitably in the gold diggings until the fall of 1850, when he returned to Mis- souri. Three years later he returned to California again for the purpose of practicing his profession as a lawyer. He was District Attorney of Sacramento County, California, from October, 1855, to October, 1857. He engaged actively in politics as a Democrat. He made the first speech that was made in California in favor of Stephen A. Douglas after his nomination for the presidency, and supported him on the stump in the ensuing campaign against Jolin C. Breckinridge. Mr. Hereford lost his wife in 1865, and in the followino' vear lie removed to Virginia City, Nevada, where he soon acquired a largo practice in profitable cases growing out of the numerous conflicting mining interests of that region. He was a delegate from Nevada to the Philadelphia Democratic National Convention, and was one of its Vice-Presidents. In August, 1866, he canvassed Nevada for the Democrats. In February, 1867, he left Nevada and settled in West Virginia, where he engaged in the jiractice of his professiipii. In 2 FRANK HEREFORD. 186S he was elected for the State at large on the Seymour and Blair ticket. Two years later he was elected a Representative from West Virginia to the Forty-second Congress by a majority of one thou- sand seven hundred and ninety-three votes. He served on the Com- mittee on Territories, and addressed the House against the Pacific Mail Steamship subsidy, and has constantly opposed all railroad subsidies. He also delivered a speech. May 4, 1872, on the extrav- agance and corruption of the present administration. He was re-elected to the Forty-third Congress, during which he took an active and influential part in the discussions on the floor of the House. Among his published speeches may be mentioned his argument in favor of liills introduced by him to pay the Methodist Episcopal Churc'h, Sontli, at Charleston, West Virginia, and the Baptist Church in Grcenl)ier County, West Virginia, for their church buildings destroyed during the war. This speech presented a large array of precedent in support of the proposed relief. Another of his noteworthy speeches was on the subject of Banking and Cur- I'ency, and was an eloquent plea for the South and West against " unequal sectional legislation." 300 C^. 7K'A^ HuN.CHARLii^S W.KENDALL HEPRESBNTATIVK FROM NEVADA^ CHARLES W. KEXDALL. 3jHE fiist Dttiucratic Ifciirtsciitative in Congress from Nevadii, Charles West Kendall, was born at Sears- i'^.'- inoit, Maine, April 22, 18£8. He \va> L'(liu-ates in say! Such noljility of intellect ami sonl could well atVord to eoiitenin all the petty l)iekirings cngenrlcrcd hy wounded vanity and ])ride. Wliile he he!d high discourse in favor of popular rights, plain, uncultured men, as well as finished and critical scholars, listened, admired, and applauded; and this doubtless is one of the highest proofs of genius. It is true that this uiemoraMe campaign did not yield the fruit of im- mediate success in the election which followed; but the people, the true Democracy of whatever party, were aroused and quickened to a new political life. The vital principle of Democracy was raised in new beauty and power. The protiiie and terror of "regular organization" were no more. Ideas quick, living, real, took the place of mere empty forms of words signifying uothi ig. Men everywhere— amid the solitudes of the Sieiras, in tunnel or rufic cabin — warmefl with enthusiasm when Baker revived l>y a new statement some old and familiar, but h.df-lbrgottcn truth. It is true that defeat followed, liut the deleat itself was a victory. The thrall of a tynannous rule, since ripened into treason, was broken. The principle of free government, for which he abandoned party then, he lived to see that party adopt as its own. . . . The wise forecast which led liim above and lieyond party then has been fully vindicated in the policy of an Administration whose cnntidence lie enjoyed. That struggle over, he yielded with grace and dignity and cheerfulness until sai'idencd by the fall of one* who had stood fiiithfully by him. The swift tide of events swept on. He arose stronger than ever from defeat. He obtained a place but second in the gift of the people, only to perish how untimely '. In the Senate he leaves not his peer. That fine presence, that bright intelligence, that teeming fancy are no more ! What excellence, what ethereal force has gone from among us — vanished beyond recall ! " Can storied urn, or animated bust. Back to its ra.insion call the fleeting breath? Can Honor's voice provoke the silent dust, Or Flattery soothe the dull, cold ear of Death?" He has fallen, but his example still lives to fix the high resolve, and to nerve the unconquerable will. " And as in life no other voice so rang its trumpet upon the ear of freemen, so iu death its echoes will reverberate among our mountains and our valleys until truth and valor shall cease to appeal to the human heart." After serving his term in the Legislature of California, Mr. Ken- dall, in the tall of 1862, removed to Nevada, where he has since resided, successfully j^racticing his profession. He has never been an office seeker, always preferring the pursuits of the private citi- zen to the turmoil of political life. Though not inclined to seek political controversy, yet when thrust into it he has never failed in * Hon. David C. Broderiek, United States Senator from California, kiUed in a duel near San Francisco, September, 1S61. 303 4 CHARLES W. KENDALL. energy and pluck to carry it tliroiii^li. The nomination for Repre- sentative in Congress was unsolicited and unexpected by iiim. During the sitting of the Democratic Convention which placed his name KS K. ARMSTRONG was Ix.ni at Milan, Ohio, Sep- fM^lii t<-'i"''f''" 1", lS-^2. That jxirtion <>{ what was then styled %%5^ tlie West was settled by people from New-England, who had earlv established common schools of a superior or- der. Of the advantages afforded by them youno; Armstrong dili- gently availed himself, and subsequently sought further education at Huron Institute, and Western Reserve College, Ohio. Filled with the spirit of enterjjrise and adventure, he removed to Minne- sota Territory in 1858, and was soon after elected surveyor of Mower county. In 1858, he was assigned to the survey of the United States lands. On the admission of Minnesota as a State, he removed to Yanckton, now the capital of Dakota Territory, then an Indian village. On tlie organization of the Territory of Dakota, in ISfil, he was elected to the tirst Legislature, and was reelected in 1862 and 1803, serving the last year as Speaker. lie ef the condition of affairs in the allied camps, as given in his letters to New York and London, many of which were published, that upon his return to the latter city he was invited to testify before the celebrated Roebuck (parliamentary) Investigat- ing Committee, but declined doing so on account of his neutral re- lations to the combatants. lie returned in the spring of 1855 to Constantinople, where he remained for some time, daily visiting the hospitals there, which were then crowded with woimded and dying from the Crimea, and administering so far as in his power to the relief of the suffering, lie was among the first to meet Florence Nightingale upon her arrival in Constantinople, and his description of her personal appearance was one of the earliest given the American press. His letters from the Crimea were compiled in book form, and published in New York and London in the summer of 1855, under the title, "A Visit to the Camp before Sebastopol." The work passed through a number of editions, and was favorably received as a clear, entertaining, and satisfactory, though unpreteiulini;', record of affairs there, as seen by a disinterested party. In isno he published in New York a larger volume entitled "St. Rani's to St. Sophia ; or. Sketchings in Europe," end)racing descrijitions of street life in London, of the rauircd schools, industrial institutions, ■3U niciiARD V. Mccormick. !uk1 pliiluntliiH-iiic or-uni>c;itioiiA of i;reat r.riraiii ; also pictures ol life upon the Continent and of Turkish life, and sketches of notc all the ivnuUrr His speeches up.,n Indian affairs are among the st intelligent and exhaustive made in that body. He has adv-eated the nu.st generous treatment of the friendly red skins, and sh.nvn the fully of a temporizing p.,licv with those iiahitually hostile. He was an untiring advocate of the bill to organize the Southern I'acitic Railroad. In the Departments he is an industrious and successful worker; his acquaintance in Washington, and familiarity with public busi- ness prior to his going to the Pacilic, giving him ujany advantages. He is certainly among the most efficient Western representatives, and it is doubtless in view of such fact that the President lias ap- pointed him a Commissioner for the Centennial Celebration of American Independence, to be held in Philadelphia in 187G. As a writer, Air. McCormick is careful, concise, and expressive ; thorough and exact in his references, and clear in his conclusions. His public papers, even those prepared in the wilds of Arizona, all bear the impress of thought and scholarship. As a speaker he is fluent and impassioned, sometimes eloquent, and never uninterest- ing. His political speeches are rennirkable for the absence of that persona! abuse so commonly indulged in by Western orators ; and yet few men are more fearless and forcible in debate. He is yet under forty years of ago, and his eventful and in many respects arduous and e.xposed life seems to have affected him but little. Slender in form, with a face still 3'outhful, and quiet and unpretending in manners, it is difiienlt to iialize how niiu-h of the World he has seen, and how many resjtonsible positions he has held. 31J WILLIAM R. STEELE, 'William R. Steele was bom in New York Citj, Jnly 2i, 184:3. He received an academic education in tlie scliools of his native city. He studied law and liad the enterprise to "go "West" for tliepi-actice of his profession, in wliich lie has been in a high degree snccessfnl. Meanwhile, however, he was destined to pass through an ordeal of preparation for his professional and public duties which is not in the ordinary course of events. He entered the Union Ami}' as a private in the late war, and soon became a commissioned otficer. He served as staff-officer of Major-Generals John Sedgwick, O. O. Howard, John Gibbon, and Alexander S, Webb, of the Army of the Potomac. He pei-formed all his duties as a soldier and an officer with the approbation of his superiors, and with honor to himself. He was elected a member of the Legislative Council of Wyoming Territory in the fall of 1871. He resigned the position in 1873, when he was elected a Delegate to the Forty-third Congress as a Democrat by a majority of about three Inlndred Votes. He repre- sented the interests of his distant constituents with much faithful- ness and industry. Without being noisy or demonstrative, he was ready to maintain his views of principle and policy on all suitable occasions, whether publicly or privately. By industry and persever- ance he deserved the successes which he achieved. 320 JOHI^ HAILET. 'OHN IIAILET was boni in Smith County, Tennessee, August 29, 1835. His fatlier was a Viriiinian. who went to Tennessee in his j'outii ami engatred in fanning, to whicli pursuit the son was brought up. He received a limited country school education, and in IS-iS removed with his parents to Dade County, Missouri. In April, 1853, he left home, and crossed the plains to Oregon, arriving at Salem in October. He worked on a farm for two months, and then went to the gold mines in Southern Oregon. He was occu]iied in mining until Oc- tober, 1854, when he again went to work on a farm. He continued in this employment until the breaking out of the Oregon Indian war of 1855, when he enlisted as a private, and served until the close of the war in May, 185(5, during the last four months being First Lieutenant in Company D. of the Ninth Regiment. In June, 1856, Mr. Hailey settled in Jackson County, Oregon, where he engaged in farming and stock-raising. In 1803 he moved to Idaho Territory, and engaged in the transi)ortation of passengers and freight, by the use of pack and saddle animals, from ITmatilla, Oregon, to the Boise Basin mines in Idaho Territory. In ISd-l he put on a daily line of stages from Umatilla, Oregon, to Idaho City. In 1866 he extended his lines to Wallawalla in Washing- ton Territory, and in 1868 to the Dalles in Oregon. Having bought out the Overland stage line from Boise City to Kelton in Utah, on the Central Pacific Railroad, he ran a daily line ot' stages from the latter place, by way of Boise City, Idaho, and Walla- walla, Washington Territory, to the Dalles in Oregon— a distance of seven hundred and sixty-live miles. The history of the development of the Western country, so much 321 2 JOHNHAILEY. abomulinjr in wondeiv, scarcely contains a parallel to this achieve- metit aecouiplished by the industry, energy, and courage of one man. In putting into successful operation this immense line of daily stages — the longest in the world — Mr. Hailey was under the necessity of making roads, sometimes over great distances, and building bridges over streams otherwise impassable. The amount of executive ability and capital required in conducting this immense business may be conceived from the fact that it gave employment to no less than two hundred men and tive hundred hoi-ses. In July, 1870, Mr. Hailey sold the line to the North-Western Stage Company. Mr. Hailey has always been a Democrat, but has never had any predilection for politicks. Against his inclination, he was nominated in 1873 for delegate from Idaho to the Forty-third Congress, and was elected, receiving two tiiousand six hundred and ninety-nine votes against one thousand six hundred and iifty-four for J. W. Huston, Republican. He gave faithful attention to the interests of his constituents and the wants of the immense territory which lie represented. 322 MARTIN MAGINNIS. ARTIN MAGINNIS was born in Wayne County, New York, October 27, 1840. His parents einiirratci! to tbis ^cHV country from Ireland in 1882, and after reniaiiiiii<^ a few years in the State of New York i-enioved to Minnesota, settlinti; in Goodhue County. Mr. Ma^innis was a student of Ham- line University, but did not graduate, leavinij college in bis senior year to take editorial charge of the " Reilwiiig Sentinel," a Demo- cratic newspaper, as joint proprietor with Hon. William W. Phelps, a member of the Thirty-ninth Congress. He enlisted as a private in the First Minnesota Volunteer Infan- try on the 18th of April, 1S61. He |>;ii;icipated in the battles of Bull Run and Ball's Bluft". Soon aft.M- the forinei' battle lie was made second lieutenant, promoted to first lieutenant in September, 1862, and to captain in July, 1863. In the spring of 1862 he took part in the Shield's campaign in the Shenandoah Valley. With his regiment as a part of the Second Army Corps, he served in the Peninsula under Gen. M'Clellan, taking part in the battles of Yorktown, Williamsburg, West Point, Fair Oaks, Savage Station, Glendale, and Malvern Hill. He subsequently partiL'i|>atcd in the memorable engagements of the second Bull Run, Chantilly, South Mountain, Antietam, Fredericksburg, Chancellorsville, Uraudy Station, Gettysburg, and the battle on the Rappahannock. He then went to New York to aid in quelling the riots of July, 1863, and then returning to the" front, participated in the battles of Bristow Station, Mine Run, and the Wilderness. In September, 1S6-1, he was appointed major of the Eleventh Regiment of Minnesota Volunteers, and was ordered to join the Army of the Cumberland, in which be served under command of 323 2 MARTIN jM AG INN IS. Gen. Thomas until mustered out with his regiment in July, 1865. He was several times wounded, but not severely ; was never, dur- ing his entire service, away from the post of duty and danger. Probably no soldier in our armies saw more active or more contin- uous service. In 1866 he led a train of emigrants to Montana, opening the route to that distant Territory. Like most early settlers in that region, he at first engaged in mining. lie s(jon, liowever, resumed his early profession of journalism. He established the '" Helena Daily Gazette," which proved to be a success. Although the entire establishment has been twice destroyed by lire, the journal lias survived and continued to advance steadily in influence. In 1872 Mr. Maginnis was elected to the Forty-third Congress as the Delegate from Montana Territory. He has been exceed- ingly active, and very successful in his efforts to subserve the inter- ests of his constituents, and to promote the development of the im- mense Territory which he represents. He introduced a bill to re- move the Indians from Bitter Root Valley ; to change the Indian res- ervation for the Blackfeet ; to establish an assay office in Helena ; to establish a land office in Bozeinan ; and to give the United States control of the Territorial penitentiaries; all of which were passed. 324 NORTON P. CHIPMAN, '^ORTON PARKER CHIPMAN was huvn in Milford Cen- ter, Union County, Ohio, March 7, 1834. When he was fourtuen years of age he removed with Ills father to the West and iirst located at ISTauvoo, tlie Mormon city, wliich had jnst been evacuated by its founders. From here he removed to Iowa, and after temporary residence in Yau Buren, Davis, and Henry Counties, he made his permanent Iiome in ■\Vasliino-ton County. He early embraced Republican [irinciples, and made his maiden speech in favor of John C. Fremont for the presidency. While attending Washington College, at Washington, Iowa, he became impatient to enter into active life, and left college and en- tered a law school in 1857, where he graduated in April, 1858. Re- turning to his home in Washington, Iowa, he entered upon the practice of law with Hon. Joseph R. Lewis, now Associate Justice of the United States District Court for Washington Territory. When President Lincoln called for volunteers lor the suppression of the Rebellion, Mr. Chipinan was one of the first to enroll his name. His example was followed by some of the most prominent and promising young men of tliat part of the State. A company was at once raised, which formed a part of the Second Iowa In- fantry. Mr. Chipman was elected lieutenant of the company, and upon the oiganization of the regiment was appointed adjutant by the colonel, Hon. Samuel R. Curtis, then a member of Congress. Soon after Colonel Cm-tis was appointed Brigadier-Ciencral, and Lieutenant Chipman Wiis, by vote of the officers, elected major of the regiment. He was with his regiment during its campaigns in Missouri, Ten- nessee, and Mississippi. He participated in the buttle of Fort 325 2 NORTON P. CHIPMAN. Donelsoii, wliere his regiment led tiie cliarge on the enemy's works wiiich resulted in tlieir capture. He was severely wounded while leading his men to the charge, and shared with his comrades the very high compliment paid them at the time by General Halleck as being " the bravest of the brave." He returned to his regiment after the battle of Shiloh, and par- ticipated in the siege of Corinth, where he received the appointment of colonel, and additional A. T). C. in the regular army on the staif of Major General Halleck, dating back to the battle of Fort Doncl- son. He was assigned by the War Department to duty witii Gen- eral Curtis, then at Helena, Arkansas. Upon reporting he was appointed chief of staif, and served in that capacity during the period that General Curtis commanded the Department of Arkansas and the ])epartment of the Missouri. General Curtis had a most difficult and embarrassing command. The State of Missouri, as well as the Territories west and south of his command, was under martial law, thus giving him civil as well as military control. In the discharge of the delicate duties thus devolving upon iiim he found a most valuable assistant in his chief of staif. A roving court of inquiry was sent out into the Mississippi Valley from Washington to inquire into the military management, and into the conduct of individual officers. This court gathered up all the gossip and scandal that was volunteered or that could be procured, and without giving officers accused an opportunity of being heard in defense, made a report to the President which re- ilected upon the integrity of General Curtis's administration while at Helena, Arkansas. This, together with the intrigues of Mis- souri politicians, led to General Curtis being relieved from iiis com- mand. He obtained permission to send Colonel Chipman to Wash- ington to examine the record of this court of inquiry, and to pre- pare a defense to any charges that might be made in it. Colonel Chipman went to Washington in obedience to orders in September, 1863, and obtained permission, in President Lincoln's handwriting, to examine the record of the court of inquiry, and to submit any evidence in defense. Finding that this involved the 326 NORTON P. CIIIPMAN. 3 work of several months, lie applied for assignment to duty as Judge Advocate. He was immediately detailed as Judge Advocate of a military commission, and conducted a very important trial of a Maryland merchant for smuggling, and for communicatiiiu' with the enemy contrary to the laws of war. This trial was concluded about the time he closed his defense of General Curtis, and resulted in the conviction of the smuggler, and the confiscation of a lar