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I. M. SINGER & CO 
 
 PRINCIPAL OFFICE— 323 BROADWAY, N. Y. 
 
 i:>kaIjKks IX 
 
 SILK TWIST, 
 
 MACHINE NEEDLES, 
 
 Of various kinds, i\u< 
 all avtiolcs cnnnootri 
 with 
 
 Stitdiing flaxMiics. 
 
 «[iv;n\cb O^fficfs. 
 
 47 Hanover St., Boston. 
 
 32 Westminster Street, 
 Providence. 
 
 97 Chapel St.,N. Haven. 
 ;' 274 Broad Street. New- 
 ark, N. J. 
 
 387 Broadway, Albany. 
 
 142 Chesnut St., Phila. 
 
 105 Baltimore St., BaJto. 
 
 Gloversville, New York. 
 
 Chicago. 
 
 8 E. Fourth Street, Cin- 
 cinnati. 
 
 65 N. Fourth Street, St. 
 Louis. 
 
 81 St. Charles Street, N. 
 Orleans. 
 
 20 Dauphin St., Mobile. 
 
 szNa£R's sEWiisra machines. 
 
 The object ^©5€3Sc§5£S^e5w' 
 
 :::r:'.|iiBRARY of congress 
 
 do not breal? 
 stood and us 
 coarse or fin 
 whicli can 1: 
 and abroad. 
 
 
 [ niiicliiues lias been, and is 
 lies are perfect in their con- 
 ig and durable, so tluit they 
 llicy can l)e readily nnder- 
 ible to every kind of worlx, 
 ber, and b3'- these qualities, 
 e favor of the public at home 
 
 UNITED STATES OF AMERICA. 
 
 Or any nso whatever, they are greatly superior to any Sewing Machines ever constructed. An 
 erroneous idea has been extensively |)ut forth by iuter< ted parties, tliat the Sewing Machine 
 for private families should be A-ail and delicate, quite different fron\ lliat used by the artisan. 
 This notion, though clearly absurd, has led thousands of families to buy Sewing machines 
 which, though pretty to look at, liave turned out to be worthless. A great merit of our ma- 
 chines is their reUahiUtii. It is a settled iact all over the Avorld. that they will perform what 
 the}'' are recommended to do. The dear jnofit of a good operator, using one of our improved 
 machines, is 
 
 The machines are well packed for transportation, and plain printed instructions for using 
 them, in any language desired, are furnished to the purchaser. All persons desiring full in- 
 fofmation in regard to sewing machines, can obtain it by addressing us through the post of- 
 fice, and requesting a copy of I. I\r. SINGER k OO'S GAZETTE, a paper devoted exclusively 
 to this subject, which will be sent gratis. 
 
 N. B. New Machines, of the latest and best stylos, exchanged for old Sewing Machines, on 
 the usual liberal terms. 
 
 I. M. SINGER & CO. 
 
 PRINCIPAL OFFICE-323 BROADWAY, N. Y. 
 
The present senior ]);ivtnev in the hnu liavmgbeen in this biisi- ! 
 ness more than TWEXTV-ETGHT Years, first, under t\^e style of ' 
 
 CURRIKTl .fc aiLBERT 
 
 Afterwards T. CJ JliBERT, and for nbout twentv-two years j^ast, 
 
 T. GILBERT & CO. 
 
 .Vnd having Manufactured Upwards of 
 
 SIX THOUSAND FIVE HUNDRED PIANO-FORTES, 
 
 i Which can be found in all parts of the Countr3-, they refer to these 
 as their testimonials, confident Ihat their report will be worth more | 
 than gold or s^l^•er Medals, or any of the usual puffing forms of \ 
 advertisements. ! 
 
 < < > » ► 
 
 THEY ARE THE SOLE OWNERS OF 
 
 for Massachusetts, of which it is sufficient to say they have ajoplied 
 upwards of Two Thousand Three Hundred, with an increasing 
 demand, and. unbounded success. 
 
 l|^=^Orders from any part of the country^, or world, sent direct 
 to the manufactory in Boston, with cash or satisfactory reference, 
 will be promptly attended to, and as faithfully executed as if the 
 parties were present, or employed an agent to select, and on as rea- 
 sonable terms. 
 
 •*^ T. GILBERT & CO. 
 
 WM. H. JAMESON. 
 
 Manufactory and Ware Rooms— At 484 WASHINGTON STREET, BOSTON. 
 And New York Ware Rooms— 419 BROADWAY, Corner of Canal Street. 
 
♦A 
 
 MANCHESTER, N. H. 
 
 Npl^PTo^ilf •** ^'•f.'" ^^"?Pf ^' a corporation established under the laws of 
 New Hampshire, with a capital of three hundred thousand dollars for the pur 
 pose of Manufacturing all kinds and qualities of ' ^ 
 
 -A. 3>J 33 
 
 ARE NOW READY TO EXECUTE ORDERS, 
 
 They have erected the most spacious and convenient buildin<.s and m-ovided 
 themselves with Machinery of the most approved construction? incTudin^g the 
 
 PATENT PRINTING MACHINES 
 
 OF WM. M. SHAW, FOEMERLY OF NEWARK, X. J. 
 
 This Conipany, being the only concern in the country which manufactures its 
 
 own paper for hangings, will be able to insure a uniform quality do ken Z 
 
 the high standard ot excellence which they have adopted insurino- therebTsat^ 
 
 sfaction to those who may wish to patronize -them. PaVties wishin^^o order wi 1 
 
 be promptly furnished with all the grades of PAPER HANGINGS 
 
 Iraveling agents will present sample cards for examination if <lo.irod TI„^ 
 Company have also taken the spacious store, 
 
 B o S T o osr. 
 
 Where they will always keep a selected assortment of their own and fon-io,, .tvl... 
 of Paper Decorations for the Retail Trade f- ■ 
 
 Ovdevs directed to the Blodgett Paj^er Compmu/, Jhnrhrs^^^^^ 
 Mass., will receive prompt attention. ^ -^. //., o> jyosfon, 
 
 WM. M. SHAW, Agent. 
 
 133 
 

 Fjntered according to tlie Act of Con- 
 •^rcss in the ve;ir eighteen liundred and 
 fifry-six, in \he Clei-k's Office of tlie 
 District Court of Eastern Virginia. 
 
 J 
 
 i -w5s^^ 
 
 ?^i^ 
 
THE 
 
 PROGRESS OF THE REPUBLIC, 
 
 xc :v2 xx xt. .A. o X :v < 
 
 A FULL AND COMPREFIENSIVE REVIEW OF THE PROGRESS, PRESENT 
 
 CONDITION, COMMERCIAL, RAILROAD, MANUFACTURING 
 
 AND INDUSTRIAL RESOURCES OF 
 
 THE AMERICAN CONFEDERACY, 
 
 SnPERBLY ILLUSTRATED WITH NUMEROUS ENGRAVINGS, VIEWS OF THE PRINCIPAL CITIES 
 AND LARGE TOWNS, COAT OF ARMS OF EACH STATE, ETC. 
 
 Hon. Jf b.^'a. I^NNEDY, 
 
 LATE SUPERINTENDENT OF THE UNITED STATES CENSUS. 
 
 GEOGRAPinCAL AND HISTORICAL 
 
 DESCRIPTION OF EACH STATE AND TERRITORY 
 
 FROM THE EARLIEST PERIODS, 
 
 WITH AN ACCOUNT OF THE CHIEF PLACES IN THE UNITED iSLlTES UF AMERICA, 
 By RICHARD SWAINSON llSHER, 31. JJ. 
 
 AUTHOR OF THE STATISTICAL aAZETTKER OF THfi UNITED STATEm, EDITOR OF COLTON'S GREAT AMERICAN 
 
 ATLAS, ETC. ETC. 
 
 WASHINGTON: 
 
 PUBLISHED BY WM. M. MORRISON & CO. 
 
 No. 440 PENNSYLVANIA AVKNUE, 
 
 SOLD ONLY BY APPOINTED AGENTS THROUGHOUT THE UNITED STATES, 
 
 AND SUPPLIED AT $2 PEE COPY. 
 

 HALLET, DAVIS & CO. 
 
 MANUFACTURERS OF GRAND, PARLOR GRAND,AND SQUARE 
 
 intft Patent Suspension Brtage, 
 
 In consequence 
 of the many valu- 
 a b 1 e improvem- 
 ments which we 
 have introduced 
 into our Piano 
 Fortes, and as an 
 evidence of their 
 suiDeriority, our 
 business has in- 
 creased four fold 
 within the last 
 four years. 
 
 and Composition Hearings. 
 
 We received the 
 first premium for the 
 Best Grand Piano 
 Forte exhibited at the 
 late F A I R of the 
 Franklin Institute at 
 Philadelphia, Penna. 
 and at the State Fair 
 at Syracuse, N. Y. — 
 Also at the Mechan- 
 ic's Fair in Boston, 
 Mass. in competition 
 with the celebrated 
 maker Jonas Chick- 
 ering, who was Pres- 
 ident of the Associa- 
 tion. See extract of 
 Report. 
 
 "The Massachusetts Charitable Mechanics' Association award this 
 Diploma with a silver medal to HALLET, DAVIS & CO. for the 
 Best Graild Piano Forte contributed to the Exhibition of 1853." 
 [Signed] "JONAS CHICKERING, President." 
 
 Who also had one of his Best Grands on exhibition and in com- 
 petition with us. The Committee, Professors Geo. J. Webb, H. 
 K. Oliver, John Lange, &c. say of this Grand, "In tone powerful, 
 round, full and well balanced, a capital instrument, and best of its 
 class on Exhibition." We have also received Premiums for the su- 
 periority of our S(lUare Pianos, at the following Fairs : Worcester, 
 Mass. in 1848 and 1849; Boston, Mass. 1848 Silver Medal, also in 
 1851 two Medals; New York city 1853 Silver Medal; Philadela 1854 
 Silver Medal; Ilarttord, Ct. 1854 Gold Medal; St. John's, N. B.; also, 
 at the Penna. State Fair at Harrisburg, Sept. 1855, Silver Medal. ' 
 
 We have not space to give the many published reports of the 
 great advantage resulting from the improvements introduced, but 
 those in want of a §ijpeirIoir "(iQ^ilnilflient can order direct from us with 
 Perfect Safety, as ^S^*^^;??^^^^^^^^^'^:^""^^^:;:^ 
 our Pianos are /n^ - > jp^ ^^ \iVL\e the written 
 
 made with full ^^^^^^^mm^^^^ lo^ZljLntvtt 
 
 warrant'd to stand ^^§^^^^ ^^^^^^^ ^ustave Satter, fr Vienna 
 
 in any climate, kW^^^W"'^^^^^^^^^^^'^- ^f°^' «°^ <>' ^^ • 
 
 •^ ' , w w V# ^^^JSr W I'Owell Mason. 
 
 give perlect satis- m l--a».>*^ ^^ ■ "^i m-. Gottsohaik, 
 
 faction, or the pur- i^^^*^'^^ ^ w 
 
 chase money refunded, flLc,— -^ 
 
 Warerooms-409 WASHINGTON, near Boylston St., BOSTON, MSS. 
 
 Maurice Strakoscli, and 
 Many Others. 
 
 m^iiimutmiimmmm 
 
P<rt> 
 
 56 
 
 AfiTERTISEMENT. 
 
 A FEW years posterior to the foundation of the constitutional government 
 of the United States, a census of the population thereof was taken under 
 the authority of Congress in accordance with a provision of the fundamental 
 law ; and subsequently at the end of each period of ten years, similar and 
 successively more and more minute censuses have been instituted. These 
 enumerations have also embraced inquiries into the social and industrial 
 status of the country, and its resources and wealth for the time being, with 
 such collaterate inquiries as were deemed important to the determination 
 of the economic and political relations of the States constituting the Union. 
 
 The first national census was taken in 1790, and the seventh and latest 
 census in the year 1850. Intermediate to these decennial enumerations, 
 the States individually have likewise made numerous statistical inquiries, 
 which are still being continued at periods varying from two to ten years. 
 
 These show the progress of the United States from the first years of their 
 aggregate existence, and, in connection with the annual returns published 
 by the State and general government, are the ground-work of the statistical 
 portion of the present work. 
 
 The "Pkogkess of the United States," however, is not confined alone to a 
 statistical analysis of the development of the country. In its pages will be 
 found a complete description of its geography, both in relation to the States 
 severally, and also to the Union. The general history of the rise of the 
 colonies, their struggles in the cause of liberty, their transformation into 
 independent governments, and their onward progress are also summed up, 
 and their present relative condition and position in the Union fully illus- 
 trated. The subjects more particularly noticed are the mining, agriculture, 
 commerce, and general industry of the States, their institutions of learning 
 and education, their religious and moral institutions, and, in fact, all the 
 
ADVERTISEMENT. 
 
 great interests which make and distinguish their social, industrial, and 
 political existence. Such are the yarious subjects treated upon ; and cer- 
 tainly none can be more interesting — none more useful to the inquiring 
 citizen. "Without entering into minute and controverted details, which 
 would extend his work to many volumes, the author has endeavored to 
 exhibit clearly and truthfully the history of events, their results, and the 
 high destiny that awaits the future of a country already distinguished 
 among nations for its enlightened civilization, and the successful achieve- 
 ment of a position second to that of no other nation of ancient or modern 
 times. 
 
 The whole work has been arranged in al^hdbetical order, so as to be of 
 easy reference, and is divided into three general divisions : 
 
 1st. The descriptions, statistics, etc., of the United States. 
 
 2d. The descriptions, statistics, etc., of the States and Territories, 
 
 3d. The descriptions, statistics, etc., of principal cities, towns, etc., and 
 these are followed by several general tables relative to railroads, canals, 
 telegraphs, light-houses, etc., etc. This arrangement avoids the necessity 
 of a general Index to the subjects treated upon. 
 
DUJVCAN, SHERMAN & CO. 
 
 mmti or pine mt mtzm etsEETSt 
 
 NEW-YORK, 
 
 Issue Circular Letters of Credit for Travellers, available in all the 
 
 PRINCIPAL CITIES OF THE W R L D. 
 
 ALSO 
 
 Mercantile Credits for Europe, &c., on Messrs. George Peabody & Co., of London; 
 and for India, China, &c., on Geo. Peabody & Co., or on the Oriental Bank 
 Corporation of London, having 
 
 BRANCHES AND AGENCIES AT 
 
 Canton, Shanghai, Calcutta, 
 
 Hong Kong, Bombay, Madras, 
 
 Singapore. 
 
 CSEDITS FOE ATJSTEALIA ON THE BANK OF NEW SOUTH WALES OF LONDON. 
 
 BRANCHES AND AGENCIES AT 
 
 MAITLAND AND NEWCASTLE, Hunter River, i 
 
 BRISBANE AND IPSWICH, Moreton Bay. 
 
 TICTORIA BRANCHES. 
 
 Melbourne, Geelong, Kyneton. 
 
 CASTLEMAINE, Mount Alexander 
 
 I5AI..ARAT. 
 SANDHURST AGENCY, Bendigo. 
 
 OVENS IGENCY. 
 ALSO, DRAFTS ON SAN FRANCISCO. 
 
A LIST OF SIXTY ARTICLES 
 
 OF 
 
 HERRICK AIKEN, 
 
 FRANKLIN, N. H. 
 
 SPECIMENS AND MODELS ARE DEPOSITED IN THE PATENT OFFICE, WASHING- 
 TON, D. C, ELEVEN OF WHICH AKE PATENTED 
 
 No. 1. Leather Splitting Machine, for the use of saddlers, harness makers, shoe makers, 
 belt makers, and other works of leather. This was the first machine put into the market for 
 the above named object. 
 
 No. 2. The same as No. 1, with slides attached, to cut a wide or narrow bevel on strips of 
 leather for welts for the soles of boots and shoes ; the narrow bevel for sewed work, and the 
 wide bevel for pegged work. 
 
 No. 3. Leather Splitting Machine, with cylinder gauge, for making scarfs, ©r laps, or any 
 even thickness. 
 
 No. 4. Gauge, to attach to the cylinder of No. 3, for splitting straps of different widths, 
 making the strap thin on each edge, and thick in the centre ; also, to make a bevel on one 
 edge of the strap. 
 
 No. 5. Samples of Scarfs or Laps; also, different shapes made by the gauge. 
 
 No. 6. Leather Splitting Machine, Avith roller gauge. 
 
 No. T. Saddlers' and Harness Makers' Edging Tools, to round the corners of straps of leather, 
 (three sizes,) first introduced into the market by Mr. Aiken. The market has since been filled 
 with inferior imitations, by those who have unjustly seized upon ihe improvement. 
 
 No. 8. Leather Cutting Spring Gauge, with handle. 
 
 No. 9. Leather Cutting Spring Gauge, without handle. 
 
 Nos. 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 11, 18 and 19, are Saw Sets, all different in construction, 
 and all inferior to No. 1, which is patented. The different specimens were invented for the 
 purpose of saving others the trouble of trying to evade the patent by making inferior kinds. 
 
 Nos. 20 and 21. Awl Handles and Sockets, with set screw on the side. A few were made 
 a number of years ago, and soon abandoned as a poor kind. The same thing has of late been 
 imposed upon the public as a new article. 
 
 Nos. 22, 23, 24, 25 and 26, are Awl Handles, with different kinds of sockets, for holding 
 various kinds of awls and tools for the use of all kinds of mechanics who work in wood ; also, 
 for the use of shoe makers, and other classes generally'. 
 
 No. 27. Wrench and Case. One end contains the awls and tools, the other a wrench to 
 remove the socket for changing tools. 
 
 No. 28. A card of Twenty Tools and Brad Awls, fitted to the socket, and can be changed 
 at pleasure. 
 
 No. 29. Cotton Sampler. 
 
 No. 30. Marking Tool. 
 
 No. 31. Circular File. 
 
 No. 32. Machine for cutting Screws with circular dies, to be used in a common lathe» 
 
 Nos. 33, 34 and 35, are Dies to change for different screws. 
 
 No. 36. Samples of Screws. 
 
 No. 37. Bitt-Stock. 
 
 Nos. 38, 39, 40 and 41, are different kinds of Sockets to fit the BittrStock. 
 
 Nos. 42, 43, 44 and 45 are samples for different patterns for Hames. 
 
 No. 46. Part of a Trace, to fit the Hames. 
 
 No. 47. Mill Saw Set. 
 Round Pilars. 
 New kind of Tool. 
 Threads made from wood. 
 52 and 53, different specimens of Spiral Brushes. 
 
 Mo. 54. Model of a Ditching Plow. 
 
 Kps. 55, 56, 57 and 58. Models for differently constructed wrought iron Car Wheels. 
 
 Nos. 59 and 60. Models for Tools for making wrought iron Car Wheels. 
 
 ]059 
 
 No. 48. 
 No. 49, 
 No. 50. 
 Nos. 51, 
 
GENERAL INDEX AND LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS. 
 
 THE DESCRIPTIVE MATTER BEING ARRANGED ALPHABETICALLY, KENDER3 THE WHOLE 
 
 CONTENTS EASY OF ACCESS. THE FOLIOS AT THE BOTTOM OF THE DESCRIPTIVE 
 
 PAGES ARE REFERRED TO. 
 
 Coat of Arms of the United States A 
 
 The Capital at Washington A 
 
 Title Page A 
 
 Preface B 
 
 General Contents and List of lllusiraiions B 
 
 Judex to Cards and Advertisements B 
 
 Smitlisonian Institute 
 
 State Arms of Alabama 39 
 
 State Anns of Arkansas 51 
 
 S. W. Corner of State and Kandulpli sts., Chicago. .214 
 
 Steamboat Landing at Cincinnati 38 
 
 State Arms of Calilornia 51 
 
 City of Pittsburg 54 
 
 District of Columbia 60 
 
 Slate Arms of Connecticut 62 
 
 CityefSt Louis, from the Illinois side 63 
 
 Baltimore, troui Federal Hill 66 
 
 City of Norfolk 6B 
 
 State Arms of Uel.iware . . 70 
 
 The Public Landing at Louisville 72 
 
 Harbor of Cleveland, Ohio 73 
 
 State Arms of Florida 76 
 
 City of St. Charles, on the Missouri 75 
 
 View on the Hudson River Kail Road 78 
 
 State Arms of Georgia 80 
 
 City of New York 81 
 
 City of Natchitoches 82 
 
 Sandusky, Ohio 84 
 
 Outlet of Niagara River 86 
 
 State Anns of Illinois 87 
 
 Capital of Wisconsin 88 
 
 City of Loui>ville 91 
 
 View ot Fourth si., St. Louis 93 
 
 State Arms of Indiana ^4 
 
 City of Richmond, Va S'6 
 
 TUt> Greenwoo'J Steam Fire Engine, Cincinnati... 99 
 N. W. Corner of Fifth and Walnut sts., Cincinnati. 101 
 
 H^ Ha Falls, Minnesota 102 
 
 State Arms of Iowa 104 
 
 University of St. Louis 103 
 
 President's House 106 
 
 State Arms of Kentucky 108 
 
 City of New Orleans—-- 109 
 
 Cotton Landing on the Alabama 119 
 
 State Anns of Louisiana 114 
 
 Iowa and Illinois — Ruck Island 120 
 
 Town of Kickapoo, K. T 125 
 
 State Arms of Maine 126 
 
 City of Savannah, Geo 127 
 
 City of Boston 137 
 
 State Arms of Maryland 133 
 
 View on Main st., Columbus, Oliio 136 
 
 Naval Monument at Washington '42 
 
 State Arms of Massachusetts 144 
 
 View of the City of Detroit 149 
 
 City of St. Joseph, Mo 147 
 
 Muscatine, Iowa 150 
 
 City of New York, from Hoboken 
 
 State Arms of Michigan 152 
 
 View of Albany, N. Y 159 
 
 University ot Wisconsin 154 
 
 Public Landing at Van Buren 156 
 
 State Arms of Minnesota 160 
 
 State Arms ol Mississippi 162 
 
 City of Vicksburg 163 
 
 State Arms of Missouii 167 
 
 View on Pearl st., Cincinnati 168 
 
 Jefterson City and State House, Mo 172 
 
 Spring Hill, on the Merrimac, Mo 179 
 
 New Couit House, St. Lonis 176 
 
 State Arms of New Hampshire 177 
 
 New State House, Nashville 181 
 
 City of Lexington, Ky 182 
 
 City of St. Paul 183 
 
 City of Apaiacliicola ng 
 
 State Arms of New Jersey |84 
 
 City of Evansvilie 187 
 
 View of Charleston, S. C 1S9 
 
 State Arms of New Mexico 190 
 
 House of Representatives 191 
 
 N. E. Corner of Founh and Vine sts., Cincinnati.. 1 95 
 
 State Anns of New York 194 
 
 N. E. Corner of Third and Walnut sts., Cincinnati. 199 
 
 City ol Cincinnati 204 
 
 State Anns ol North Carolina aio 
 
 ViHw on Canal s-t., New Orleans 211 
 
 The Great Clay Monument at Lexington 215 
 
 The Medical College at St. Louis 216 
 
 View on Columbia st , Cincinnati 218 
 
 City of Chicago 219 
 
 State Arms of Ohio 221 
 
 Alton, and Mouth of the Missouri 223 
 
 University ol Louisiana 225 
 
 State Arms of Oregon 281 
 
 Birds-Eye View ot St. Louis 235 
 
 Canal st., New Orleans, in 1846 215 
 
 Canal St., New Orleans, 1856 v!l5 
 
 State Arms of Pennsylvania 237 
 
 Main st., Marshall, Texas 249 
 
 City of Philadelphia 
 
 The Great Bridge across the Mississippi 103 
 
 State Arms of Rhode Island 255 
 
 S. W. Corner of Fourth and Main sts., Cincinnati. 253 
 
 State Anns of Soutli Carolina 255 
 
 Stale Arms of Tennessee 263 
 
 State Arms of Texas ...269 
 
 Slate Anns of Utah 276 
 
 State Arms of Vermont 278 
 
 StJtle Arms of Virginia 285 
 
 State Arms of Washington 296 
 
 State Arms of Wisconsin 298 
 
 Birds-Eye View of Washington City 304 
 
 View on Columbia tt., Cincinnati... 218 
 
INDEX TO THE CARDS AND ADVERTISEMENTS 
 
 Of some of the most enterprising and extensive Merchants, Manufactories and Professional Firms of the 
 different large Cities of the Union. The folio on the descriptive reading matter is referred to, and not tlie one 
 on the advertising page. Those marked A are in front of the title, and those marked B are near it. A lar;;e 
 number of subscribers will not find their advertisements in this Edition, as they were receivod too late to be 
 stereotyped, and all such will be in the New Edition, which will soon be issued, with a lar^je amount of valu- 
 able addition, and some new Illustrations ('.\pri ssly made for th^ Work. The Engravings arc placed in front 
 of the advertising pages, per agreement, with the exception of a few, which we were unable to have ready 
 lor this Edition. Uurnext will be arranged so as to be much more convenient for reference, Sic. 
 
 Asrlcultural Implement*, Seed Trees, «fcc. 
 
 VVm. M. Plant & Co., 
 George Burnet, Jr., 
 B. F. Avery, 
 John Lariiue, 
 Hovey &. Co., 
 
 St. Louis, 
 St. Louis, 
 Louisrille, 
 St. Leuis, 
 Boston, 
 
 McCormick's Reaping Machine, Chicago, 
 Butfalo Agricultural Works, Buffalo, 
 
 90 
 104 
 112 
 120 
 139 
 2:i2 
 S208 
 
 New York, 
 Philadelphia, 
 New York, 
 Memphis, 
 
 Agents, Purchasing, <Sic. 
 
 John W. Carringlon. New York, 66 
 
 Alcohol, <Slic. 
 
 Cyru^ Edson &. Co., Albany, 160 
 Agent, Bounty liand, Stock Exchange, iStc. 
 
 Calvin VV. Smith, New York, 70 
 
 Kirk &. Cheever, Cincinnati, 199 
 
 J. L. Hickman &. Co., Ciiiciniiati, 199 
 
 N. P. Iglehart &, Co., Chicago, 21J 
 
 Agent, General Commission. 
 
 A. L. Ackerman, New York, 79 
 
 F. VV. Huilt, Cincinnati, 253 
 
 Ageuta 'Wanted. 
 
 Robert Sears, New York, 138 
 
 Dr. William Daily, LouisTille, 163 
 
 Auctioneers. 
 
 Bangs, Brother & Co., New York, 
 
 J. L. Hickman & Co., Cincinnati, 
 
 Leavitt, Uelisser &. Co., New York, 
 
 Anthony J. B:eekcr & Co., 
 M. Thorn IS &. Son, 
 Albert H. Nicolay, 
 Joseph Barbiere, Jr., 
 
 Artificial Stone. 
 
 The Amer. Artificial Stone Co., New York, 
 Artificial Leg. 
 
 New York, 
 Attorneys. 
 
 Cincinnati, 
 New York, 
 
 Architects. 
 
 Walter & Wilson, Cincinnati, 
 
 Hamilton &. Kaiikin, Cincinnati, 
 
 Asphaltlc Cement, Cellar Bottoms. 
 
 A. R. Moens, New York, 
 
 Bell and Brass Foundry. 
 
 Troy Bell Foundry, Jones &. Hitchcock. 
 A. Fulton, Pitt>buig, 
 
 William Kager, Louisville, 
 
 li. Biggs & Co., Louisville, 
 
 Billiard Tables. 
 
 D. D. Winant, New York, 
 
 Boots and Shoes. 
 
 Ambrose W. NelT &. Co., Cincinnati, 
 
 Brown &. Brickett, Fislierville,N. H 
 
 Weed & Converse, Troy, 
 
 Booksellers and Publishers. 
 
 D. Appleton &. Co., New York, 
 
 Philii)S, Sampson &, Co., Boston, 
 
 John P. Jewett & Co., Boston, 
 
 A. A. Marks, 
 
 A. S. Sullivan, 
 Sylvester Lay, 
 
 85 
 
 248 
 
 168 
 210 
 
 218 
 214 
 
 197 
 208 
 206 
 198 
 
 136 
 
 168 
 
 138 
 156 
 
 122 
 135 
 134 
 
 J. M. Falrchild k Co., 
 Henry VV. Law, 
 ("harie." S<cribiier, 
 Ivison & Phinney, 
 Slieldin, Blakemau 8c Co., 
 Fowler &. Wells, 
 Applegate &. Co., 
 Miller, Orton & Mulligan, 
 Bangs, Brother &. Co., 
 Robert Sears, 
 Leavitt Oelisser, 
 M. VV. Dodd, 
 George Koutledge, 
 C. S. Williams, 
 A. S. Barnes &. Co., 
 Mason Brothers, 
 
 Banks and 
 
 Bank of North America, 
 Bank of New York, 
 American Kxcliange Bank, 
 Bank of Commnrce, 
 Duncan, Sherman & Co., 
 Prime, Ward & Co., 
 Brown, Broih' rs &. Co., 
 S. H. Kerfoot & Co., 
 Cfflccr and Brnther, 
 G. C. Whitney & .Son, 
 Giliuore St Brotherton, 
 C. E. Nouise & Co., 
 Taylor Brothers, 
 White & Slorm, 
 Charles A. Merford, 
 Albert H. Nicolay, 
 John W. Clark, 
 Paddock &. Co., 
 N. P. Iglehart & Co., 
 
 Bank Jiote Reporters. 
 
 U. S. Bank Mirror, Cincinnati, 
 
 Blank Books, iScc 
 
 F. R. Slocum, New York, 
 
 Bridge Builders. 
 
 Stone, Boomer & Bouton, Chicago, 
 
 Brushes. 
 
 David McMurray, Jr., New York, 
 
 Woodwdid, Pinckney Si Clark, New York, 
 Cornelius Lock wood, New York, 
 
 Bags and Bagging. 
 
 Noyes &. Whittlesey, New York, 
 
 Burial Cases. 
 
 Fisk Patent, Raymond &. Co., New York, 
 
 Coach and Saddlery Hardware. 
 
 Nathaniel Wright & Co., Albany, 
 
 Stotesbury & Ayres, Philadelphia, 
 
 Commission Merchants. 
 
 Bruninicl & Royslers, New York, 
 
 Patterson &. Price, New York, 
 
 John U. Pearson &. Co., Boston, 
 
 Kinsey, llmde Si Co., Cincinnati, 
 
 Cloaks and Slantillas. 
 
 Lewis St Wilson, Cincinnati, 
 
 Chairs and Cane Seats. 
 
 Charles Robinson & Co., Rochester, 
 
 Bird 8i Burrows, Cincinnati, 
 
 New York, 
 
 69 
 
 New York, 
 
 70 
 
 New York, 
 
 71 
 
 New York, 
 
 76 
 
 New York, 
 
 76 
 
 New York, 
 
 84 
 
 <;iiiciiinati, 
 
 94 
 
 New York, 
 
 132 
 
 New York, 
 
 133 
 
 New York, 
 
 138 
 
 New York, 
 
 157 
 
 New York, 
 
 237 
 
 New York, 
 
 184 
 
 Cincinnati, 
 
 199 
 
 New York, 
 
 181 
 
 New York, 
 
 181 
 
 nkcrs. 
 
 
 New York, 
 
 
 New York, 
 
 
 New York, 
 
 
 New York, 
 
 
 New York, 
 
 B 
 
 New York, 
 
 
 New Y'ork, 
 
 
 Chicago, 
 
 238 
 
 Chicago, 
 
 212 
 
 Chicago, 
 
 220 
 
 Cincinnati, 
 
 199 
 
 Cincinnati, 
 
 199 
 
 New York, 
 
 68 
 
 New York, 
 
 63 
 
 New York, 
 
 65 
 
 New York, 
 
 77 
 
 Cincinnati, 
 
 168 
 
 Cincinnati, 
 
 168 
 
 Chicago, 
 
 213 
 
 168 
 
 103 
 
 76 
 
 77 
 151 
 
 180 
 
 161 
 198 
 
 174 
 181 
 179 
 
 ai8 
 
 194 
 97 
 
IN D LX. 
 
 Clotliiiig. 
 
 Jrim^s WildH & Co., Now Tork, 
 
 Dc G oi.ts, t»iik H;iil, N.w Vork, 
 
 Tiivlur, Dickson, Graves & Co., New \ork, 
 OakHall, Hoj-ton, 
 
 N"-ill & S ringer, Chicasn, 
 
 Allred Munrof & Co., New York, 
 
 Cnrdlnl aii<t Glii. 
 
 R. E. Messenger St Co., New York, 
 
 Corks. 
 
 Sparkmaii & Tru«low, New York, 
 
 Cliiua and GlasswHrc. 
 
 G.»y Si. Co., St. Louis, 
 
 Carriages. 
 
 Mott & Co., 
 Miner St Slevfns, 
 
 New York, 
 New York, 
 
 Collegra and Schools. 
 
 Cincinnati, 
 Nivr Orleans, 
 r'avaiii'ali. 
 
 Law Scliool, 
 
 Dolliar's Comiiiercial Coll. ge 
 
 (Iglcthoipe .Mifilical ( oHpge, 
 
 Univi r.-iiy ol l,oiiisiaiia, 
 
 UniVHrsi y of .VIar> laiul, 
 
 MttinphK MedHarcile;;*', 
 
 Mount Wishiiij^toii Col. Iii.-tifute,New York, 
 
 BartlHtl's Coniinercial College, Cincinnati, 
 
 Jones's Coranif rcial Coll^ije, ~ ' 
 
 Gundrv',- Mercantile College, 
 
 American Medical College, 
 
 Ohio Collese of Dental Siigery, 
 
 Smi nil's Mercantile College, 
 
 Raoon's Mercantile C'llege, 
 
 N.K gland remale ,M. d. ('olle^i 
 
 Cin. Col. 01 Vledii ine St siiiriiery. 
 
 Bell'- C'uriuiercial Coll- ge, Chicaso, 
 
 Brxani & Stratloii, Cleveland, 
 
 Baltimore Dental College, Uailimire, 
 
 Card, Clolhins- nnd l>I.~<cliine Cards. 
 
 New 1 irleans, 
 B tiiini"re. 
 
 St. Louis, 
 
 Cincinnaii, 
 
 Cincinnati, 
 
 Cinciiinuti, 
 
 Cincinnati, 
 
 Cincinnati, 
 
 Bu-ion, 
 
 Howe St Go.iiihue, 
 Sinitli St Dickinson, 
 Aniariali Storrs, 
 
 Lowell, 
 
 ■Manchester, 
 
 Boston, 
 
 Carpfts. 
 
 \V. P. Tenney & Co., Boston, 
 
 John H. Pray, Sons St Co., Bnsioii, 
 
 Peterson St Humphrey, New York, 
 
 Oogtirrreutype, Ambrolype &c. 
 
 M. B. Brady New York, 
 
 Uiibyns St Harrington, N> w Orleans, 
 
 Theodore Harris, Loui-ville, 
 
 Webster's Gallery, Louisville, 
 
 Hesler's, Chio:(go, 
 
 Monroe, Alleghany City, 
 
 Dagnevreott pe Stock. 
 
 Holms, Booth St Hayden, New York, 
 
 Scoville Manufacturing Co., 
 
 New York, 
 
 Drugs, Chrmicals. &c. 
 
 See Medicines. 
 
 Stebbins, Morgan St Allen, New Y'ork, 
 
 Hegeman, ('lark St Co., New York, 
 
 Liiidenberger St Co., Loui ville. 
 
 Reed. Cutter St Co., Kostoii, 
 
 <.;iiarles T. Carney, Bo^ton, 
 
 Tliomns .n St I'.oolh, BrnU-eport, 
 
 Scliietf- Im, Brother.- St Co., New York, 
 
 A. McClure St Co., Alhany, 
 
 Bockee, Iniiis St Co., Chicago, 
 
 McKesson St Rolibins, New York, 
 
 H. J. Baker St Brother, New York, 
 
 Frederick Br< wn, Fhiia elpliia. 
 
 Dentist's Stock. 
 
 Dederiek, Pears St Co., New York, 
 
 Dp Johi. Allen. 
 
 Jones, White St McCnrdys, 
 
 New York, 
 Philaiielphia, 
 
 D<e St'cffrt, Acids. <<ic. 
 
 Wi'liam Patrida St Son, New York, 
 
 William B. Rider, Providence, 
 
 77 
 17- 
 
 6:i 
 147 
 212 
 187 
 
 237 
 I 1 
 
 236 
 210 
 215 
 2-3 
 2o3 
 '64 
 80 
 *-6 
 92 
 100 
 107 
 llibi 
 115 
 118 
 145 
 
 1.10 
 
 25 
 
 190 
 
 249 
 
 198 
 128 
 J 46 
 
 136 
 149 
 189 
 
 192 
 239 
 23 
 1(9 
 233 
 38 
 
 148 
 167 
 
 6-i 
 
 80 
 114 
 137 
 136 
 143 
 148 
 160 
 247 
 184 
 208 
 211 
 
 63 
 
 78 
 173 
 
 e3 
 131 
 
 Dentists. 
 
 Dr. John Allen, New York, 
 
 Orv Go ds. Silk, Ribbons, &c. 
 
 Caleb Cope St Co., 
 Ali-xaiid' r I'. Stewart St Co., 
 J. Beck St Co., 
 C. W. St i.T. Moore i Co., 
 Ki) y, J iitiesiiii & Co., 
 
 nderso . McLa e St Co., 
 weor- Tiiriibull St Co., 
 Day St Mailaek, 
 French Wynne & Co., 
 S. W. Haseltine St Co., 
 Girvin, Bell St Co., 
 Siac\ St Thomas, 
 Bowen, McNam e St Co., 
 Morris L. Hailowell St Co., 
 
 Philadelphia, 
 New York, 
 Nev York, 
 N.w Y-rk, 
 .-t L.aiis 
 Loui ville, 
 Boston 
 Cincinnati, 
 Cincinnati, 
 Cincinnati, 
 Louisville, 
 Chieago, 
 New York, 
 Ptiiladelphia, 
 
 Distillers. 
 
 McCrrady, Motr St Brundage, New York, 
 • Jyrus, Ed.soii St Co., Albany, 
 
 Dyring E}s<abilshni«-nt. 
 
 Barrett, Nephews St I'o., New Yo-k, 
 
 Kugr«vin;i;s Ficturt-s 
 
 GoiipilSt' , New York, 
 
 Eiigravers on Wo<>d. 
 
 William Roberts, 
 Wagner St F azier, 
 I h'Odore Jones, 
 J. . Kershaw, 
 Chilli St Co.. 
 Wilhani Ilnwiaiid, 
 Lnvie, linuerie &, Bruin, 
 J. W. Orr, 
 
 New York, 
 Cincinnati, 
 Cinciiiiiati, 
 St. Loni>, 
 C caL'o, 
 New Y k, 
 CinCMiiiatl, 
 New Yotk, 
 
 Kngrnvers, Se I, cbc. 
 
 C. H Hall, Ciecienati, 
 
 I'. Evajis, Jr., (.'ineiiin li, 
 
 Willain Brown, Alhimv, 
 
 W. J. v\ hue, Chicasio, 
 
 Charles J. Stevens, New < >rleans 
 
 y. H. Bradford, 
 
 Adams & Co., 
 
 F. W. Lasat St Son, 
 C. G. Guiither St Sons 
 
 li^iigrnving. Printing. 
 
 Boston, 
 
 BxpreMtj Conve> tint'es. 
 
 New York, 
 
 New Y-rk, 
 New York, 
 
 F<irnlst>lng Goods 
 
 John M. Davis, Jones St Co., New York, 
 George M. Giaves, Cincinnati, 
 
 Pot-warding and C"mnii8si"n >fercli 
 
 John Hushnell, N. A'b .nv, 
 
 J. H. Shield- St Co., N. Albany, 
 
 Rahhitt, Go-d St Co., Cincinnat:, 
 
 Kinsey, Hinde St Co., Cincinnati 
 
 Fnrniture. 
 
 Doe, Hazelton & Co., Boston, 
 
 Johnson, Meader & Co., Cincinnati, 
 
 S. J. John, Cincinnati, 
 
 Aar.n Shaw, Cincinnaii, 
 
 Fire KngineH 
 
 Lavvson St Pearce, Lo i ville. 
 
 Fnrin Ii«n(la< 
 
 Illinois Central Rail Road i.^o., 
 Gr-icer" 
 
 Piilan, Ila'fi'l.' St Brown, Cin innaii, 
 
 J. M. Joliii-to' St (>> . New Orl ans, 
 
 John H. p. arson St Co., Boston, 
 
 Gold and <il%-er Lenf. 
 
 Plant St Ho .per, New Y rk. 
 
 Gold nn'i Sliver Kt finers. 
 
 Dederick, Sears & Co., New Yo k, 
 
 78 
 
 113 
 137 
 
 '68 
 168 
 168 
 2l'6 
 211 
 
 82 
 160 
 
 193 
 97 
 110 
 150 
 !71 
 
 2.^,3 
 
 le8 
 
 1-7 
 117 
 160 
 212 
 213 
 
 70 
 152 
 
 195 
 
 nts. 
 
 109 
 109 
 38 
 2 8 
 
 142 
 218 
 
 196 
 229 
 
 2 I' 
 243 
 179 
 

 
 
 
 HBSH^ii 
 
 INDEX. \ 
 
 Gas FixInrcH 
 
 
 Iron Merchants. 
 
 
 Jdlin Cox & Co., Nrw York, 
 
 69 
 
 Fuller, Lord St Co., New York, 
 
 67 
 
 < Walwortli, Hubbard & Co., Cl'icaio, 
 
 I4.i 
 
 I'i'rsoii 8t Co., New York, 
 
 68 
 
 Marvlaiid Portable Gas <.'o., UaliiiiKjre, 
 
 205 
 
 Corbcii 8t Co., N.-W Voik, 
 
 73 
 
 ' 
 
 
 John Huslin.ll, N^vv .Alb.ny, 
 Chninberlin St Co , (."im-innati. 
 
 109 
 
 Guns, Pistols, &c. 
 
 
 228 
 
 VV. J. Syins &. Brother, New York, 
 
 71 
 
 Insurance Coinpnnirs. 
 
 , 
 
 Glass. 
 
 
 Manhattan Life liiuranc- Co., New Yoik, 
 
 67 
 
 i H. J. Baker & Brntlipr, New York, 
 
 i2i8 
 
 N. K. .Mutual Life insnr. Co., Ho^toll, 
 
 138 
 
 1 A. & D. H. Chambers, I'iltsburg, 
 
 207 
 
 Liv. and Lon Ion Lite Ins. Co., New Yoik, 
 
 166 1 
 
 
 
 Atlantic .Mnliial lii.-nraneeCo , Pliila(lel|.hia, 
 
 167 
 
 Hotels. 
 
 
 Mercantile MuiU»l Ins. Co., Pliilad^ Iphia, 
 
 170 
 
 Townsley Hotel, St. Louis, 
 
 93 
 
 Manufacturer's Insurance Co., I'liilad'lplna, 
 
 170 
 
 Am'Tipan .1 use, I?o-toii, 
 
 ] !4 
 
 Knickerbocker Lite Ins. Co., New Ynrk, 
 
 237 
 
 St. Clair Hotel, I'ltisburg, 
 
 192 
 
 United ;<tatBS Liie Iiisur. Co , Philadelphia, 
 
 180 ; 
 
 Housekeeper's Furnl^Uliig Goods. 
 
 
 Iron Knlling, wi'lded Iron Piprs. ctec. 
 
 &c. 
 
 Robert Davis, New Y -rk, 
 Wiii.lle & Co., New York, 
 J. ii C. Uerriaii, New York, 
 
 62 
 71 
 79 
 
 E. Jacobs St Co., (iiicii i ali, 
 Walworth Hubbard & Co., Chicago, 
 (Ui-hiiig, Marsh &. Bunt, Providence, 
 Pruyn St Lansing, Albany, 
 
 94 
 145 
 152 
 
 154 1 
 
 Hose and Belt. 
 
 
 Iron ivorks. 
 
 1 
 
 JefTerv Sevmour, (Jiiici'jiiati, 
 J. H.'Clieever, N-w York, 
 P. Stark &. Co., Manchester, N. H 
 
 38 
 
 18.'. 
 
 .Atlantic Iron Work.s, Bridgep't, Ct. lJ6,14.i | 
 
 , 179 
 
 Architectural Iron Works, PhiLddpliia, 
 
 170 
 
 
 Ev.'rsoii, Preston &, Co., Pittsburg, 
 
 244 
 
 Hair Dyes, Restoratives, *c. 
 
 
 Pool St Hunt, Baltimore, 
 
 244 
 
 C. F. Haskells, New York, 
 
 73 
 
 Institutions. 
 
 
 llallaids, Vcw York, 
 
 73 
 
 Hydropathic and Hygienic, New York, 
 
 246 
 
 Priit. Wood, N. y. &-ii. Louis, 
 
 lOt) 
 
 Ink. 
 
 
 Li(iiiiil .VLiriow, Uostoii, 
 
 136 
 
 Thaddeus Davids & Co., New York, 
 
 72 
 
 Hnrd %vare. 
 
 
 Geo. W. Eddy, Watcrinrd, N Y., 64 | 
 
 Moore, Henszey & Co., Philadelphia, 
 
 200 
 
 James J. butler, Cincinnati, 
 
 227 
 
 Stotesliuy & Ayres, FhilaiLlpliia, 
 
 198 
 
 Jolin J. Liglubody, New York, 
 
 nil 
 
 Priestley '&. Heiii, New Oiltr.ins, 
 
 214 
 
 Inventors. 
 
 
 SaiiiUfl Locke, N.-w (jrleans. 
 
 217 
 
 Cyrus A. Sweet, Boston, 
 
 137 
 
 Peler Ni fl"&. r^oiis, Cinti'inali, 
 
 16e 
 
 llerrick Aiken, Franklin, N. H. 
 
 B 
 
 Child, I'ralt & Co.', St. Louis, 
 
 89 
 
 
 
 1 R. H. Cr.-shaiii & Bro., J<;tier nnviUe, 
 
 111 
 
 Ijlthographers. 
 
 
 I Charles Faiker, Meiideii, Conn., 
 
 i;n 
 
 SaronySiCo.. New York, 
 
 83 
 
 Edward Carter, 'l'""y, 
 
 l;>ii 
 
 Middletnn, Wallace &, Co., Ciiici:i!iati, 
 
 2.8 
 
 Nath'l Wright & Co., A. ■ , 
 
 161 
 206 
 
 L.eatlier Bands, Belling, &c. 
 
 
 A. McHride, Louisville, 
 
 
 Hunter, Coburn & Ednieston, Ciucinnati, 
 
 240 
 
 Edward Page, Lawrence, 
 
 128 
 
 
 
 Josiah (;.iti 8, Lov\ell, 
 
 145 
 
 Hat», Caps, Sic. 
 
 
 Colcord St Foster, Lawrence, 
 
 153 
 
 \ Hays, Craig & Co., Lnmsvillp, 
 
 HO 
 
 Lamps. 
 
 
 j Hum & ilo,.kiii.s, Ciucliiiiati, 
 
 ll'i 
 
 Newell, W'iliard &, Co., Boston, 
 
 141 
 
 j S. C. Erwiii tl Co., Cmciniiali, 
 
 253 
 
 Linen Goods. 
 
 
 Hatters' Goods. 
 
 
 Beiij. Jacob.-,. 320 W ..■.liiiigton st., Boston, 
 
 149 
 
 ' John J. Halsey, New York, 
 
 184 
 
 Miiciiine Ueltlug, tSlic. 
 
 
 j Harp Makers. 
 
 
 .\. Y. Belting and Packing Co., New York, 
 
 185 
 
 1 J. F. Brown, New York, 
 
 172 
 
 Nichols, sUerman &. Co., Newark, 
 
 
 R. & T. Lewis, New York, 
 
 185 
 
 Valuable Medicines. 
 
 
 Iron Buildings. 
 
 
 Mu-itan:; Lint, (J.W.Weitbrook, New York, 
 
 69 
 
 John A. Gondell, Philadelphia, 
 
 170 
 
 Cod L 'r't )il, Hcgcm'n, Clark & ( d. New York, 
 
 8U 
 
 
 
 Dr. Ea^tcrl>\ Iodine and .Sar^ap. St. Louis, 
 
 88 
 
 iron Foundry, Uocoinolivc Kncliies, 
 
 Ma. 
 
 Pain Kilkr, J. N Harris St. Co., Cineiniuiti, 
 
 97 
 
 clitniry,and Uuller works. 
 
 
 Lmdenbert'er ifc (-"o., Louisvi.le, 
 
 1 4 
 
 ( 
 
 
 Burnett's Cod Livcr < >il. JJosion, 
 
 126 
 
 1 Manchester Loconiot. Works, .Vlanche^ter, N. H 
 
 ,177 
 
 Kns»ia Salve, Redding Si Co., Boston, 
 
 131 
 
 Geo. VV. Edd), WatertorU, i\. Y. 
 
 64 
 
 Ur. J. A. VVo.id, Boston, 
 
 144 
 
 1 Merideii Machine Co., Meriden, Conn., 
 
 14J 
 
 I'liompson's Eye Water, liriiliicport. 
 
 145 
 
 Pool St Hunt, Baltiin>re, 
 
 244 
 
 Dr. Rowands, Phihnhdphia, 
 
 201 
 
 Kiiigslands Si Furguson, St. Louis, 
 
 91 
 
 Ur. B. Krandreth, New Yo<k, 
 
 191 
 
 Mct;ord.- &, Beck, St. Louis, 
 
 91 
 
 Mes>enger's London Cordial, Ni'w York, 
 
 21(1 
 
 .Miles (Jreeiiwood, Cincinnati, 
 
 94 
 
 K. K. R., Railway & Co., New York, 
 
 178 
 
 Uevn.ild-, lvit« and Tatuin, Cincinnati. 
 
 96 
 
 
 
 A. B. &. E. Latta, Cincmnatij 
 
 99 
 
 Manufacturers' Supplies. 
 
 
 B. F. Avfry, Louisville, 
 
 112 
 
 Frederick Miller, Providence, 
 
 187 
 
 Wright Si Uridgeford, Louisville, 
 Law.-on St Pearce, Louisville, 
 
 116 
 
 
 
 u:i 
 
 Machinery, .Hills, Si*-. 
 
 
 Amoskcag Hte. Co., Maucliester,N. H 
 
 , 127 
 
 n. A. Woodbury Si Co., Rochester, 
 
 193 i 
 
 Woodruff St Brach, Hartlord, 
 
 J 46 
 
 Yiiu'u Anierica iVIiil, T. J. Dobiiis, New Orleans, 
 
 239 
 
 John Punshon St Co., Albanv, 
 
 154 
 
 Gcor^re Page St Co., Kaliiniore, 
 
 230 
 
 W. T. Mnutrie, Albany. 
 
 154 
 
 Willis P. lUjlmaii, New Orle.ins, 
 
 103 
 
 Starbuck Bio hers, Troy, 
 
 155 
 
 A. L. Ackerniin, New York, 
 
 79 
 
 Concord Iron Foundry, Concord, N. H.. 
 
 179 
 
 M. Greenwood St Co., Cincinnati, 
 
 94 
 
 Schenectady Loeoniot. Works, Schenectady, 
 
 160 
 
 Thos. B. VViiig 8i Co., Cincinnati, 
 
 96 
 
 ii,i-. F. .Vlann, Fuitoii Works, Troy, 
 
 161 
 
 U. Cochran & Co., Cincinnati, 
 
 9b 
 
 J. B. Smith, LotiiBville, 
 
 168 
 
 T. W. Ba.Tter & Co., removed to 
 
 
 harles Rced"r, Baltimore, 
 
 
 West Water St., between kan- 
 
 
 G«i>rge PaB'- &. Co , Buliimore, 
 
 230 
 
 dalf and Madison sts., Chicago, 
 
 105 
 
INDEX. 
 
 B. J. Cole, 
 
 L. & A. H. Brown, 
 Charles Hanlet & Co., 
 MHrideii Marliine Co., 
 Samuel Flang St Co., 
 Atlantic Iron Works, 
 Woodruff & Beach, 
 
 C. VV. Urown, 
 George Ga'.'e, 
 Scot' & Hedges, 
 Fulion, Perkins & Co., 
 Lee & Leavitt, 
 
 LakeVil.jN. H., 
 Fisherv'f , N. H., 
 Meredith Bridge, 
 Meriden, Conn., 
 Worcester, 
 Bridiii port, 
 Hartford, 
 Boston, 
 Waterford, 
 Cinciiiiati, 
 Chicago, 
 Cincinnati, 
 
 128 
 138 
 
 in 
 
 Ui 
 142 
 143 
 146 
 152 
 157 
 204 
 242 
 245 
 
 12r. 
 2.')6 
 18:t 
 219 
 162 
 215 
 
 Melotlcons. 
 
 Carhart, Needham Si Co., New York, 
 
 R. G. GreeHe, Chic 'go, 
 
 Horacp Waters, New York, 
 
 Bead & Watkins, Chicago, 
 
 Child & Bisliop, Cleveland, 
 
 Geo. A. Prince &. Co., Butialo, 
 
 Altriuracturlng Coinpnnies. 
 
 Amoskcai [Wg. Co., Mam he-ter, N. H., 127 
 
 Bog.-rs Urothers Mfg. Co., Harttord, 129 
 
 Providence Forge and Nutt Co., Providence, 13(1 
 
 New England Nutt Co., Providonee, 1.10 
 
 Providence Tool Co., P oTidcnce, 13U 
 
 Cl).;rli s Parker, Meriden, Conn., 131 
 
 UlstcrCtinent Mlg. Co., New Vork, 143 
 
 Fr derick Millar, Providence, 187 
 
 Matliematlcal Instruments. 
 
 Park & Ellis, Troy, 
 
 Marble Works. 
 
 Charles T^ule, Cincinnati, 
 
 Sisson & Baird, Baltimore, 
 
 A. Gaddess, Baltimore, 
 
 Metallic Roofing. 
 
 Mathews, Caldwell & Co., Cincinnati, 2!8 
 
 Newspapers, Periodicals, and Printers. 
 
 161 
 
 169 
 55 
 39 
 
 Wrightson & Co , 
 Cincinnati Price Current, 
 Railroad Record, 
 Water Cure Journal, 
 Life Illustrated, 
 
 Cincinnati, 
 Cincinnati, 
 Cincinnati, 
 New York, 
 New York, 
 
 Ainer. Plireno'ogical Journal, New York, 
 Memphis £agle and Enquirer, Memphis, 
 N. Orleans Daily Crescent, New Orleans, 
 Daily Columbian, Cincinnati, 
 
 Cincinnati Gazelle Co., CiDcii<nati, 
 
 Loaisville Price Current, Louisville, 
 
 Nurseries. 
 
 Ellwanger &. Barry, 
 A. Frost & Co., 
 
 Rochester, 
 Rochester, 
 
 127 
 
 2 8 
 
 2-.i7 
 
 84 
 
 84 
 
 84 
 
 173 
 
 24 
 
 248 
 
 195 
 
 B 
 
 194 
 
 194 
 
 Nails and Spikes. 
 
 The Parker Mills, New York, 62 
 
 Fuller, Lord & Co., New York, 67 
 
 Troy Iron Nail Factory, Troy, 156 
 
 IVaval Stores, Ship Chtonrllery, &c. 
 
 McCready, Mott & Brunage, New York, 82 
 
 Charles Roo.se. New Albany, 109 
 
 George P. Tewksbury, Boston, 137 
 
 Oculist and Aurist. 
 
 Dr. Henderson. New York, 
 
 Omnibus. 
 
 Eaton, Gilbert & Co., 
 
 T. G. & A. L. Rowe, 
 Litchfield & Co., 
 F. S.. Pease, 
 
 Oil. 
 
 Troy, 
 
 New York, 
 New York, 
 Builalo, 
 
 175 
 156 
 
 Organ Builders. 
 
 A. Andrews & Son, Utica, 
 
 Paper Hangings, &e» 
 
 Pratt & Hardenbeigb, New York, 
 
 Blodgett Paper Co., Boston, 
 
 174 
 180 
 211 
 
 190 
 
 Printer's Material. 
 
 John G. Lightbody, New York 
 
 Geo. W Eidy, Waterford' N. 
 
 Edward 0. Jenkins, New Vork, 
 
 James Conner & Sons, New York, 
 
 Cyrus A. Sweet, Boston, 
 
 H. H. & J. S. Brown, Fishervllle,N, 
 
 C. T White Sc Co., N^wYork, 
 
 American Stereotype Foundry, Boston, 
 
 Franklin Type Foundry, Cincinnati, 
 
 Pharmacy, Homoeopathic. 
 
 John T. S. Smith, New York, 
 
 Paper warehouse. 
 
 Carson & Hard, New York, 
 
 J L. Ro=s, Cincin ati, 
 
 Blodgett Paper Co , Boston, 
 
 Piano Forte Manufacturers. 
 
 T. Gilbert & Co., 
 Hallett, Davis & Co., 
 William Knabe & Co., 
 John R. Dunham &. Co., 
 Brown & All«n, 
 Hoardnian, Gray & Co., 
 Lighte, Newton & Braiiburgs, 
 Giorce Hews, 
 William Gaelile & Co., 
 J. H. Hidley, 
 R. G. Greene, 
 Horace Waters, 
 Reed &. Wntkins, 
 Smith &. Nixon, 
 
 227 
 
 Y., 64 
 
 85 
 76 
 
 ]:n 
 
 H. l.-iS 
 1.50 
 
 248 
 
 65 
 
 65 
 
 218 
 
 A 
 
 A 
 
 B 
 
 ),47 
 
 174 
 
 149 
 
 , 159 
 
 70 
 
 126 
 
 54 
 
 154 
 
 235 
 
 183 
 
 219 
 
 195 
 
 Boston, 
 
 Boston, 
 
 Baltimore, 
 
 New York, 
 
 Boston, 
 
 Albanv, 
 
 New York, 
 
 Boston, 
 
 B liimore, 
 
 Albany, 
 
 Chicago, 
 
 New York, 
 
 Chicago, 
 
 Cincinnati, 
 
 Photographers. 
 
 Clement R. Edwards. Louisville, 124, 231 
 
 Professors. 
 
 Valentine Mott, M. U., LL. D., New York, 68 
 
 G. W. Miltenberger, M. D., Baltimore, 2 4 
 
 R. T. Trail, M. D., New Yoik, 68 
 
 Painters and Decorators. 
 
 J. Stanley D'Orsay, New York, 39 
 Paints, Colors, &c. 
 
 Reynolds, Devoe & Co., New York, 69 
 
 Woodward, Pinckney St Clark, New York, 77 
 
 Henry Waldron, New York, 15' 
 
 D. F. Tiemann & Co., New York, 212 
 
 T. Weddle & Song, Rochester, 185 
 
 J. Schoonmaker, Pittsburg, 2u7 
 
 Plumbers. 
 
 Alex. McKenzie, New York, 71 
 
 W. & B. Douglas, Middletown, 146 
 
 Pens. 
 
 Princes Fount. Pen, T.G.Stearns, New York, 82 
 
 Cutter, I'ower & Co., Bostoi>, 139 
 
 Railroad Findings, &c. 
 
 Union Car Works, Chicago, 103 
 
 Bridges St Brother, New York. 74 
 Charles Ranlet &. Co., Meredith Bridge, 141 
 
 Amariah Storrs, Boston, 146 
 
 W. F. Burden, Troy, J56 
 
 Eaton, Gilbert St Co., Troy, -156 
 
 Slienectadv Locomotive Works, Schenectady, 160 
 
 H. Stanley St Co., 'I'roy, 192 
 
 Rubber Goods. 
 
 Bart St Hickeoi, St. Louis, 93 
 Rnllroa<ts and Steamboat Routes. 
 
 Ohio and Mississippi R, R., St. Louis, ]03 
 
 Boston and N. Y. Inland Koute, 12i 
 
 Boston, (.'oneord and Monin-al R. R. Co., 141 
 
 (,'incMinati and Louisville Line, 38 
 
 Baltimore and Ohio Railroad, 46 
 
 Savannah and Charleston, 243 
 
 Ropes, Blocks. <bc. 
 
 Charles Roose, New Albany, 1(9 
 
 Rat, Insect and Vermin Exterminator. 
 
 Henry R. Costar, New York, 173 
 
 E. Lyon, New York, 178 
 
INDEX 
 
 Soap and Candle ivorks. 
 
 Allan Hay &. Co., N,nv Vork, 
 
 i'roctor &. GaiiiblK, Cinciiinati, 
 
 Stone. 
 
 Empire StoiiP Co., St. Louif, 
 
 B. H. Ure^iliaiii Ji Bro., Jfrrorsonville, 
 
 Sewing Mactiinea. 
 
 Grnver, B»ker & Co., Si. Louis, 
 
 I.. P. Bt-ers, Nuw York, 
 
 Wheeler & Wilson, Nfvv Vnrk, 
 
 I. M Sjpigei «Sc Co., New York, 
 
 L Philip Seers, New York, 
 
 S. H. Peck, New Orleans, 
 
 Staves, Stoves. <&c. 
 
 Wri'.'hf <fe Rririeel.ird, LoiiisTille, 
 
 W & J T'dwell, P- rry & N -rfn. Albany, 
 Henderson, Perry & Kneeland, Albany, 
 
 Clianiherliri & Co., 
 
 Cincinnati, 
 
 Safes. 
 
 C. Urban, Cincinnati, 
 
 S. C. Herring &. Co., New York. 
 
 Steari..'; & Marv n, N' w Y^rk, 
 
 >:nb Tl M. Pr<trick, New York, 
 Holmes, Valenun it Rutlir, New York, 
 
 IVathaniel Oin^tabie, st. Loui<, 
 
 R. H. Greslnini & Bro., Jeffersonville, 
 
 H II, Mod.ls&Co., Ci-cinoati, 
 
 Ciii^lims;, Marsh & Biirtt, Providen ce, 
 
 Wm MeFarlaiid &. Co., Baliiiuore, 
 
 Wilder's Patent, New York, 
 
 Snnir and Tobncco. 
 
 Peter Lorellard, New York, 
 
 Sash, Doors. i!tc. 
 
 J. N. Breeden &. Co., Louisville, 
 
 Silver Plated ware. 
 
 Wendle & Co., New York, 
 
 Roger- Broth, rs, H;irt'ord. 
 
 Gorbain &. Co., Providence, 
 
 Silversmith 
 
 Gorliani & Co., Providence, 
 
 Stttlonervr Paper, Sic 
 
 Ames, Herr'k. Barnes <fc Rlioad, New York, 
 Gray, Cook & Merriit, New York, 
 
 Thaddeus Davida & Co., New York 
 
 Francis & Loiitrell, New York) 
 
 C Iter, Tower & Co., Boston, 
 
 G. F. Bradley &. Co., Cincinnati, 
 
 T. Metcair & Co., 
 Dr. Mattson, 
 
 Syringes. 
 
 Boston, 
 Boston, 
 
 Savrs. 
 
 Henshaw & Clemson, 
 Welch &, Griffith, 
 Gage, Porier & Co., 
 Pruvii &. Lansing, 
 J. Flint, 
 
 183 
 241 
 
 91 
 111 
 
 103 
 
 2-26 
 
 234 
 
 A 
 
 2:)0 
 
 224 
 
 1'6 
 1.=.5 
 I.W 
 228 
 
 165 
 
 l.il 
 
 6S 
 
 6K 
 
 79 
 
 89 
 
 HI 
 
 119 
 
 159 
 
 221 
 
 18U 
 
 198 
 
 71 
 129 
 lyo 
 
 190 
 
 177 
 
 SJ 
 
 72 
 
 ~:i 
 
 139 
 
 253 
 
 196 
 139 
 
 Boston, 140 
 
 Boston, )44 
 
 Fisherrille, N. H., l.)3 
 Albany, l'=4 
 
 Rochester, 193 
 
 Sheet Brass, Copper, Silver. &c. 
 
 Holmes, Booth & Haydeiis, New York, 148 
 
 Straw Goods, Bonnets, Sic. 
 
 S. W. Haseltiue &. Oo., Cincinnati, 168 
 
 Tobacco. 
 
 C. IW. Connolly, 
 G. W. Hi.lnian & Co., 
 ^. Faima' &, Co., 
 Bruinm 1 & lioysters. 
 
 Niw York, 
 New York, 
 CiMCiiinat), 
 New York, 
 Teas. 
 
 Beebe & Brother, 
 J. Nevison, 
 
 Troy. 
 Waterfbrd, 
 Pitt biirH, 
 Providence, 
 
 New York, 
 6t Louis, 
 Tin aud Japan tvare. 
 
 Geo. D. Winchell, Cincinnati, 
 
 Type and Stereotype Foundry. 
 
 James Connor & Sons, New York, 
 
 Edwar. O. Jenkin , New York, 
 
 Charles T. White & Co., New York, 
 
 American Stereotype Foandry, Boston, 
 
 Tools, Planers, Butts, Hinges, «&c. 
 
 Providence Tool Co., J'rovidence, 
 
 New Kngland IJiittCo , Providence, 
 
 Provid. Korne and Nutt Works, I'rovide 
 
 Edward f.'arter, 
 
 G- orae Gage, 
 
 rioline> ,t (!o., 
 
 N. E. Screw & Co., 
 
 I'riisars. Ciandages, Sic. 
 
 ^t, Louis, 
 Boston, 
 Boston, 
 il.td Ipbia, 
 Trimmings. 
 T C. fc U. D. Foote, New York, 
 
 J. M. Pickering & Son, ('iiiciiinaii, 
 
 Universities. 
 St. Louis University, St. (..ouis. 
 
 Upholstery. 
 Doe, Hazleion &. Co., Boston, 
 
 AVines aiKl Ulquors. 
 
 B. M. & E. A. Whitluck & Co., New York, 6 
 Turnl. &. Haven, Chicago, 
 
 W itches. Jewelry, Sp'-ctaoles, &c. 
 
 New York, 
 
 Sherinin's, 
 L>r. J. W. Plolps, 
 Dr. J. • Hieever, 
 B. C. Everett, 
 
 Ball, Black & Co., 
 
 ifTiiiy Si. Co., 
 I). Giliniur, 
 George C. .Allen, 
 Robert Rait, 
 D. A. Bradley, 
 Samuel T Crosby. 
 Fellows & Co., 
 D. P. Houston & Co., 
 W. MeGrew & Son, 
 S. T. Carley, 
 
 New York, 
 
 New York, 
 
 New York, 
 
 New York, 
 
 Cincinnati, 
 
 Boston, 
 
 New York. 
 
 Ji ff-r-o.iTllle, I. 
 
 Cincinnati, 
 
 Cincinnati, 
 
 W illow and wooden -ivare. Sic, 
 
 Robert Davis, New York, 
 
 John Grav, New York, 
 
 Cornelius Lockwood, N' w York, 
 
 H. Coulter, Pbiladtlphia, 
 
 Watch Case JManuracturer. 
 
 Thomas Bond, New York, 
 
 "Water Cure Establishment. 
 
 Dr. R. T. Trail, New York, 
 
 T. T. Seelye, M. D., Cleveland, 
 
 Window Shades, Sic. 
 
 E. R. Kernan, Pittsburg, 
 
 67 
 80 
 209 
 174 
 
 71 
 93 
 
 76 
 
 85 
 
 150 
 
 153 
 
 130 
 130 
 130 
 1.56 
 
 1.57 
 207 
 218 
 
 93 
 140 
 
 43 
 173 
 
 184 
 95 
 
 103 
 
 142 
 
 I, 63 
 211 
 
 36 
 75 
 177 
 
 85 
 95 
 140 
 148 
 ,162 
 253 
 253 
 
 62 
 
 82 
 
 150 
 
 214 
 
 246 
 
 202 
 
 LOUISVILLE PRICES CURRENT A.\D COMMERCIAL REVIEW, 
 
 Published every Friday, from the Merchants' Exchange, 5th Street, near Main St. 
 X.OXJIS-VI3L.IL.E, IC-^. 
 
 8DBSCRIPTIOK8 AND ADVERTISEMENTS RESPECTFULLY SOLICITED, 
 
 One Copy per annum e 3 qo 
 
 Twenty Copies per annum .', '..'..'.'.. .'.'.*.*.'..'.'.*.'.'.'.'.'.'.'.'.'.'.'.'.'.'."!.'.'! 40 00 
 
 L. "WOODBURY FISKB & CO., Proprietors, 
 Bbn Cabsedat and L. Woodbue-s" Fiske, Editors. 
 
A STATISTICAL ACCOUNT 
 
 or THE 
 
 UNITED STATES OF AMERICA. 
 
 The United States, a confederacy of sovereign States, and the most influential republic of the 
 world, occupies the middle portion of North America. This confederation, consisting originally of 
 thirteen States, but now of thirty-one States, the federal district, and several territorial append- 
 ages, lies between the parallels of 24° and 49° north latitude, and the meridians of 10°ea3t and 48° 
 west from Washington, or 67° and 125° from Greenwich, extending from the Atlantic to the Pacific 
 Ocean, and from the British colonies on the north, to the republic of Mexico and the great Gulf on 
 the south. The whole extent of this boundary is now definitely settled by treaty.* The greatest 
 width of this country, from east to west, is 2,900 miles, and the greatest depth, from north to south, 
 1,730 miles. Its area may be estimated at 3,260,000 square miles, including California, Texas, etc. , 
 recently acquired. It has a frontier of about 10,000 miles, of which 4,400 is sea-coast, and 1,500 
 lake-coast. 
 
 The territory of the United States is traversed by two principal chains of mountains, the AUe- 
 ghanies on the east side, and the Rocky Mountains on the west. These divide the country into 
 three distinct regions : the Atlantic slope, the valley of the Mississippi, and the declivity from the 
 Rocky Mountains to the Pacific. 
 
 The Allegh^nies are less a chain of mountains than a long plateau, crested with several chains 
 oi mountains or hills, separated from each other by wide and elevated valleys. East of the Hudson 
 the mountains are chiefly granitic, with rounded summits, often covered at their tops with bogs and 
 turf, and distributed in irregular groups without any marked direction. Some peaks of the Green 
 Mountains, in Vermont, and the White Mountains, in New Hampshire, rise to the height of 5,000 
 to 6,400 feet above the sea. After passing the Hudson, the structure of the mountains seems to 
 change. In Pennsylvania and Virginia they assume the form of long parallel ridges, varying in 
 height from 2,500 to 4,000 feet and occupying a breadth of one hundred miles. In North Carolina, 
 the highest culmination is 6,476 feet ; but in the northern part of Georgia and Alabama, where 
 they terminate, they again lose the form of continuous chains, and break into groups of isolated 
 mountains, touching at their base, some of which attain a considerable elevation. 
 
 The Rocky Mountains are on a much grander scale than the AUeghanies. Their base is 300 
 miles in breadth, and their loftiest summits, covered with everlasting snow, rise to the height of 10 
 to 14,000 feet. These vast chains may be considered as a continuation of the Cordilleras of Mexico. 
 They are distant from the Pacific Ocean from 5 to 600 miles, but between them and the coast several 
 minor ranges intersect the country, of which the Maritime Range is the most conspicuous. 
 
 The immense valley included between these two ranges of mountains is intersected by the Mis- 
 sissippi River, which runs, from north to south, all through the United States. The country west 
 of the Mississippi, with little exception, is yet a wilderness, inhabited by roving bands of Indians, 
 and beyond the limits of the organized States the whites have scarcely a settlement; but the 
 country east of that river is thickly populated, and in the highest state of cultivation. The most 
 remarkable feature in the ftice of the country is the low plain, from 50 to 100 miles wide, which 
 extends along the Atlantic coast. Beyond this plain the land rises toward the interior till it ter- 
 minates in the AUeghanies. The rest of the country east of the Mississippi is agreeably diversified 
 
 ♦ The tre.ities relative to these boundaries are, 1. Treaty of Paris, 1783. 2. Treaty of London, 1794. .3. Louisiana Treaty, 
 1803. 4. Treaty of Ghent. 18U. 5. Convention of London, 1818 and 1828. 6. Florida Treaty, 1819. 7. Treaty with Mex- 
 ico. 1828. 8. Treaty with Russia, 1324. 9. Ashburton Treaty, 1842. 10. Texas Annexatioa Resolutions, 1S45. 11. Oregon 
 Treaty, 1846. 12. Treaty of Guadalupe, 1848. 
 
 5 
 " ' - I . ^ ' . - • . ■ - = 
 
UNITED STATES OF AMERICA 
 
 with hills and valleys, plains and mountains. The soil of the low country, except on the banks of 
 creeks and fivers, is sandy, and comparatively unproductive ; but the remainder has a strong, fertile 
 soil, capable of supporting a dense population. The Pacific section is a highly varied country, 
 abounding in wild and majestic scenery, and traversed by magnificent rivers. Much, however, of 
 its interior is desert, and will probably never be inhabited by civilized man. The great California 
 desert, indeed, is one of the dreariest regions of the world, the solitude being relieved only by a 
 few oases in the neighborhood of streams, or on the borders of its numerous lakes ; on these alone 
 is there even an aboriginal population. 
 
 The shores of the United States are washed by three seas : the Atlantic Ocean, on the east, the 
 Gulf of Mexico, on the south, and the Pacific Ocean, on the west. The principal bays and sounds 
 on the Atlantic border are Passamaquoddy Bay, which lies between the State of Maine and the 
 British province of New Brunswick ; Massachusetts Bay, between Cape Ann and Cape Cod ; Long 
 Island Sound, between Long Island and the coast of Connecticut; Delaware Bay, which seta up 
 between Cape May and Cape Henlopen, separating the Slates of New Jersey and Delaware ; Chesa- 
 peake Bay, which communicates with the ocean between Cape Charles and Cape Henry, extending 
 in a northern direction for 200 miles, throifgh the States of Virginia and Maryland; Albemarle 
 Sound, and Pamlico Sound, on the coast of North Carolina. There are no large bays or sounds on 
 the coast of the Gulf of Mexico. On the Pacific coast, however, there are several excellent bays, 
 but the principal and only one necessary to mention is the Bay of San Francisco, in the State of 
 California. It is one of the finest bays in the world, and capable of containing the navies of all the 
 European powers at one time. 
 
 With the exception of Michigan and Champlain, none of the great lakes of North America lie 
 wholly within the territory of the United States ; the rest are on the northern boundary, where they 
 form a connected chain, extending through a distance of more than 1,200 miles. The first in the 
 chain is Lake Superior, the largest body of fresh water on the globe. Few persons are really aware 
 of the magnitude of these great lakes ; they are truly inland seas, and navigation is as dangerous, 
 and subjected to all the vicissitudes which are connected with the navigation of the Baltic, the 
 Black Sea, or the Mediterranean. The following is a tabular statement of the extent of these fresh- 
 water seas, with the mean depth of their waters, and their elevation above the sea. 
 
 Namei. Mean Lanjtli. Mean Breadth, Area, Mean Ueplb. 
 
 Lake Superior 400 miles 80 miles 32,000 sq. m 900 feul 
 
 Michigan 320 
 
 Huron 240 
 
 Green Bay 100 
 
 Erie 240 
 
 Ontario 180 
 
 St. Clair 20 
 
 22,400 
 20,400 
 2,000 
 9,600 
 6.300 
 360 
 
 1.000 
 1,000 
 1,000 
 
 84 
 500 
 
 20 
 
 Eley. nbinre the Sea, 
 
 596 feel. 
 
 , 578 " 
 
 , 5TS " 
 
 678 " 
 
 565 " 
 
 232 " 
 
 670 " 
 
 Lake Champlain, lying between Vermont and New York, is 128 miles long, and from 1 to 16 miles 
 wide, and discharges its waters through the Sorel into the St. Lawrence. It is computed that the 
 lakes contain above 14,000 cubic miles of water — a quantity more than five-sevenths of all the fresh 
 water on the earth. The extent of country drained by the lakes, from the north-western angle 
 of Superior to the St. Lawrence, including also the area of the lakes themselves, is estimated at 
 335,515 square miles. 
 
 The principal rivers of the United States may be divided into four classes. First, the Mississippi 
 and its wide-spread branches, which drain the waters of the whole country included between the 
 Alleghany and Rocky Mountains ; second, the rivers east of the Alleghany Mountains, which, 
 rising from their eastern declivity, water the Atlantic plain, and hence flow into the ocean ; third, 
 the system of rivers flowing into the Gulf of Mexico, which may be subdivided into those flowing 
 from the southern slope of the Alleghanies, and those having their source in the north-western 
 highlands of Texas ; and, fourth, those streams on the west of the Rocky Mountains, which flow 
 into the P.acific Ocean. 
 
 The Mississippi rises west of Lake Superior, in latitude 47° 47' north, amid lakes and swamps, 
 dreary and desolate beyond description; and after a south-east course of about 500 miles, reaches 
 the Falls of the St. Anthony, where it descends perpendicularly 16 feet, and where are numerous 
 rapids. From these falls it pursues at first a south-easterly, and then a southerly direction ; and, 
 after forming the boundary between Iowa, Missouri, and Arkansas, on the west, and Wisconsin, 
 Illinois, Kentucky, Tennessee, and Mississippi, on the east, passes through Louisiana, and discharges 
 itself through a delta of many mouths into the Gulf of Mexico. It is nearly 3,200 miles in length, 
 and is navigable, with few obstructions, to the Falls of St. Anthony. 
 
 Its principal tributaries from the east are — 1. The Wisconsin, which joins it between the paral- 
 lels of 42° and 43° north latitude ; — 2. The Illinois, a navigable river, which joins it near latitude 
 6 
 
UNITED STATES OF AMERICA. 
 
 88° 40' north ; — 3. The Ohio, which is itself formed by the junction of the Alleghany and Monon- 
 giihelii rivers at Pittsburg. It flows in a south-westerly direction for 945 miles, separating the 
 north-western States from Virginia and Kentucky, and falls into the Mississippi in 37° north lati- 
 tude. The chief tributaries of the Ohio are the Wabash, the Cumberland, and tlie Tennessee, 
 which last is formed of several streams from the western parts of Virginia and the Carolinas, which 
 unite a little west of Knoxville, in the State of Tennessee, and runs at first south-west into Alabama, 
 where it turns and runs north-west, through Tennessee into Kentucky, and joins the Ohio 10 miles 
 below the mouth of the Cumberland; and — 4. The Yazoo, which rises in the northern part of the 
 State of Mississippi, and, running south-west, joins the Mississippi 100 miles above Natchez. 
 
 The tributaries from the west are — 1. The Minnesota, or St. Peter's, which joins it about nine 
 miles below the Falls of St, Anthony, after a south-east course of several hundred miles ; — 2. The 
 Des Moines, which joins it near the parallel of 40° north latitude, after a south-easterly course of 
 more than 800 miles ; — 3. The Missouri, which is formed by three branches, called Jefferson's, 
 Madison's, and Gallatin's rivers, all of which rise and unite in the Rocky Mountains. The whole 
 length, from the highest point of Jefferson's River, to the confluence with the Mississippi, is, by 
 actual course, about 2,500 miles, and to the Gulf of Mexico nearly 4,000 miles ; during the whole 
 of which distance there is no cataract or considerable impediment to the navigation, except at Great 
 Falls, which are above 2,000 miles from the Mississippi. At these falls the river descends, in the 
 distance of 18 miles, 3G2 feet. The principal tributaries of the Missouri are the Yellow Stone, which 
 rises in the Rocky Mountains, and joins it after a north-easterly course of 600 miles ; the Nebraska, 
 or Platte, whicli rises also in those mountains, and, after an easterly course of 800 miles, joins the 
 Missouri in latitude 41° north ; and the Kansas, which joins it near latitude 39° north, after an 
 easterly course of more than 600 miles ; — 4. The Arkansas, which rises in the Rocky Mountains, 
 and pursuing a south-easterly course, forms, for some distance, the boundary between the Indian 
 Territory and Texas; after which its course lies principally in the State of Arkansas, till it joins 
 the Mississippi in 34° north latitude. Its length is more than 1,300 miles; — 5. The Red River, 
 which also rises in the Rocky Mountains, below Sante Fe, and, after a south-easterly course of 
 more than 1,000 miles, falls into the Mississippi in latitude 31° north. 
 
 The principal rivers east of the AUeghanies are — 1. The Connecticut, which rises in the highlands 
 separating the United States from Canada, and running southerly, divides New Hampshire from 
 Vermont, and passing through Massachusetts and Connecticut, falls into Long Island Sound. It is 
 navigable for sloops for fifty miles to Hartford, and by means of canals and other improvements, 
 has been rendered passable for boats 250 miles farther; — 2. The Hudson, which rises west of Lake 
 Champlain, and pursuing a southerly course of more than 300 miles, falls into the Bay of New 
 York, after receiving numerous affluents. It is navigable for ships to Hudson, 130 miles, and for 
 sloops and steamboats to Troy, 40 miles farther. It is connected with Lakes Champlain, Erie, and 
 Ontario by means of canals from Albany, and with the Delaware by a canal from Rondout; — 
 8. The Delaware, which rises in New York, and flowing southerly, separates Pennsylvania from New 
 York and New Jersey, and falls into Delaware Bay, after a course of 300 miles. It is navigable for 
 ships of the line 40 miles, to Philadelphia, and for sloops 35 miles farther, to the head of the tide 
 at Trenton Falls ; — 4. The Susquehanna, which also rises in New York, and, pursuing a southerly 
 zig-zag course through Pennsylvania, falls into the head of Chesapeake Bay, near the north-east 
 corner of Maryland. During the last 50 miles the navigation is obstructed by an almost continued 
 series of rapids; — 5. The Potomac, which rises in the AUeghanies, and, after forming, during its 
 whole course, the boundary between Maryland and Virginia, falls into Chesapeake Bay. It is 
 navigable for ships of the largest dimensions to Washington, the federal capital, about 200 miles 
 from the ocean; but in the upper part of its course tliere are numerous obstacles, many of which, 
 however, have been overcome by canals ; — 6. James River, which rises in the mountains, and falls 
 into the southern part of Chesapeake Bay ; and — 7. The Savannah, which forms the dividing line 
 between South Carolina and Georgia, and falls into the Atlantic in latitude 32° north. It is navi- 
 gable for large vessels to Savannah, 17 miles ; and for boats to Augusta, 130 miles farther. 
 
 The principal rivers which rise south of the AUeghanies, and fall into tlie Gulf of Mexico, are — 
 
 1. The Appalachicola, which discharges itself into Apalachee Bay, in Florida. It is formed by the 
 union of the Chattahoochee and Flint rivers, the former of which rises in the northern part of 
 Georgia, and flowing south, receives the Flint at the south-west extremity of the State. During the 
 latter part of its course, the Chattahoochee forms the boundary between Georgia and Alabama; — 
 
 2. The Mobile, which discharges itself into Mobile Bay. It is formed by two large rivers, the Ala- 
 bama and Tombigbee, which unite near latitude 31° north, after having pursued each a separate 
 course of many hundred miles. There is another system of rivers flowing into the Gulf from the 
 
UNITED STATES OF AMERICA. 
 
 highlands of northern Texas, consisting of the Sabine, Trinity, Brazos, etc., which need only be 
 mentioned here, as the geography of Texas will be minutely described elsewhere. 
 
 The rivers flowing from the Rocky Mountains to the Pacific, consist of — l.The Columbia, which 
 rises near latitude 55° north, and running south-west, falls into the ocean in latitude 46° 15', after 
 a course of 1 ,500 miles. Its principal tributaries are Clark's River, Lewis' River, and the Multno- 
 mah or Willamette, all of which join it on its left bank. This river was discovered in 1792, and 
 settlements were made in the neighborhood by Americans in 1810. The mouth of the river is ob- 
 structed by flats, but vessels of 300 tons can ascend to the distance of 125 miles, and large sloops 
 farther; — 2. The Sacramento and San Joaquin, emptying into the Bay of San Franci.sco; — 3. The 
 Buenaventura, rising in the coast range of the California Mountains, empties into Monterey Bay; 
 — 4. The Colorado, and IJiver Gila (which separates Mexico from the United States), flow from the 
 mountains near Santa Fe, and would, if not received by the Gulf of California, empty into the 
 Pacific ; they belong, however, to the same system of rivers. 
 
 The government of the United States is a federal democratic republic. It is based on the consti- 
 tution of 1787, and amendments thereto. 
 
 The electors of the most numerous branch of the several State Legislatures are qualified electors 
 in the States respectively for all elective ofiicers of the general government. 
 
 All legislative powers are vested in Congress, which consists of a Senate and House of Repre- 
 sentatives. 
 
 The " House of Representatives" is composed of members chosen every second year by the people 
 of the several States, and in number in accordance with the population of each, and in order to 
 ascertain the number each State is entitled to, a census is takep every ten years, excluding from 
 the enumeration for this object two-thirds of the slaves, and all Indians not taxed. Each State is 
 entitled to at least one representative. Vacancies are filled by intermediate elections. The House 
 chooses its speaker and other officers. No person under twenty-five years of age, who has been 
 less than seven years a citizen of the United States, and who is not a resident of the State electing 
 him, is qualified for representative. 
 
 The constitution provided for a specific number of representatives from eacli State to compose the 
 House until the ascertainment of the population under the census of 1700; but since then legisla- 
 tion has decennially fixed the number to be elected. From the 3d March, 1798, the apportionment 
 wns one representative to every 83,000 of the representative population ; after 1803, one to every 
 33,000 also ; after 1813, one to every 35,000 ; after 1828, one to every 40,000 ; after 1833, one to every 
 47,000; after 1843, one to every 70,680; and after 3d March, 1853, 233 representatives to be di- 
 vided pro rata to the several States. The following table shows the number of representatives to 
 which each State has been entitled since the establishment of the government: 
 
 Slates. 17f7. I7'fl. 1803. I«13. IS:3, Xf,tX. IS'tS 1853. 
 
 Missis.'iippi — .. — .. — .. — .. 1.. 2.. 4.. 6 
 
 Loiiisiatin — .. — .. — .. — .. 8.. 3.. 4.. 4 
 
 Tenii-ssi-e _.._.. .s . . 6.. 9 . . 13 . . 11 . . 10 
 
 K.-iituekv — .. 2.. C .. 10 .. 12 .. 13 .. 10 .. 10 
 
 Ohio _.._.._.. 6 . . 14 . . 19 . . 21 . . 21 
 
 Indianii — .. — .. — .. — .. 8.. T..10..U 
 
 Illinois. — .. — .. — .. — .. 1.. 8.. 7.. 9 
 
 Missouri — .. — .. — .. — .. 1.. 2.. 5.. 7 
 
 A rkansus — .. — .. — .. — .. — .. — .. 1.. 2 
 
 Micliiiran — .. — .. — .. — .. — .. — .. 8.. 4 
 
 Florida — .. — .. — .. — .. — ..—.. 1.. 1 
 
 Ti^\:i8 — .. — .. — .. — .. — .. — .. 2.. 2 
 
 Iowa — .. — .. — .. — .. — .. — .. 2.. 9, 
 
 Wisi'onsiri — .. — .. — .. — .. — .. — .. 3.. 3 
 
 California — .. — .. — .. — .. — ..— .. 2.. 3 
 
 ."tates. 1787. \'.'r\. 1803. IR13. 1823. 1833. 1843. 18.=)3. 
 
 Maine — .. — .. — .. — .. 7.. 8.. 7.. 6 
 
 New llampsliire 8 . . 4 . . 5 . . 6 . . C . . 5 . . 4 . . 3 
 Massarhii8Kl9.. . 8 . . 14 . . 17 . . 20 . . 13 . . 12 . . 10 . . 11 
 lihode Island . . 1 . . 2 . . 2 . . 2 . . 2 . . 2 . . 2 . . - 2 
 
 (Vinnectiout 5.. 7.. 7.. 7.. 6.. 6.. 4.. 4 
 
 Vermont — .. 2.. 4.. 6.. .5.. 5.. 4.. 3 
 
 New York 6 . . 10 . . 17 . . 27 . . 34 . . 40 . . 84 . . 83 
 
 New .Tersi>y 4 . . .') . . tj . . 6 . . 6 . . 6 . . 5 . . 5 
 
 Pennsvlviiuia.. . R . . 13 . . IS . . 23 . . 26 . . 2S . . 24 . . 25 
 
 Delaware 1 . . 1 . . 1 . . 2 . . 1 . . 1 . . 1 . . 1 
 
 Maryland 6.. 8.. 9.. 9.. 9.. 8.. 6.. 6 
 
 Virginia 10 . . 19 . . 22 . . 23 . . 22 . . 21 . . 15 . . 13 
 
 Norlh Carolina.. 5 . . 10 . . 12 . . 13 . . 13 . . 13 . . 9 . . 8 
 South Carolina.. 5.. 6.. 8.. 9.. n . 9.. 7.. 6 
 
 Ocnrsria 8.. 2.. 4.. 6.. 7.. 9.. 8.. 8 
 
 Alabama — .. — ..—•.. — .. 8.. 5.. 7.. 7 
 
 In addition to these representatives from States, the House admits a delegate from each organized 
 Territorj', who has the riaht to debate on subjects in which his Territory is interested, but can not 
 vote. California has two members by a special act. 
 
 The " Senate" consists of two members from each State, elected by the Legislatures thereof 
 respectively for six years. One-third the whole body is renewed biennially, and if vacancies hap- 
 pen, by resignation or otherwise, during the recess of the Legislature of any State, the executive 
 of such State makes a temporary appointment until the next meeting of the Legislature, which 
 fills such vacancy. Senators must be at least thirty years old, must have been citizens of the United 
 States for nine years, and be residents of the State by which chosen. Each senator has one vote. 
 The Vice-president of the United States is ex officio President of the Senate, but a president pro tem- 
 pore is elected by and from among the Senators, who, in the absence of the president, acts in his stead. 
 
UNITED STATES OF AMERICA. 
 
 The constitutional government went into operation on the 4th March, 1789, but a quorum of the 
 first Congress, which met at the city of New York, was not formed until the 6th April, nor was the 
 first president of the United States inaugurated before the 30th April. The following is a complete 
 list of sessions of Congress held up to the present time : 
 
 Con- 
 gross. 
 
 Ist-^ 
 
 2dj 
 3d I 
 4th I 
 
 5th -j 
 6th I 
 7th I 
 Sthj 
 9th I 
 10th-! 
 
 11th- 
 12th 
 13th- 
 Uth 
 
 Session, 
 
 1st 
 
 2<l 
 
 .3d 
 
 1st 
 
 2(1 
 
 Ist 
 
 2d 
 
 Ist 
 
 2d 
 
 1st 
 
 2(1 
 
 Sd 
 
 1st 
 
 2d 
 
 1st 
 
 2d 
 
 Ist 
 
 2d 
 
 1st 
 
 2d 
 
 1st 
 
 2d 
 
 Conimenced. Terniinat(»(l. -r» ' .■ 
 
 lJur:ilit)n. 
 
 . G April, 1789 29 Sept, 17S9 176 
 
 . 4 .Tan., 179(.) 12 Au^., 1790 221 
 
 . 6 Dec, 1790 3 Mar., 1791 SS 
 
 .24 Oct., 1791 SMay, 1792 19S 
 
 . 5 Nov., 1792 2 Mar., 1793 US 
 
 . 2 Dec, 1793 9June, 179-t 190 
 
 . 3 Nov., 1794 3 Mar., 1795 121 
 
 . 7 Dec, 1795 IJiine, 1796 178 
 
 . 5 " 1796 3 Mar., 1797 89 
 
 .15 May, 1797 10 July, 1797 57 
 
 .13 Nov., 1797 16 " 1798 246 
 
 . 3 Dec, 179S 3 Mar., 1799 91 
 
 .2 " 1799 14Miiv, 1800 165 
 
 .17 Nov., 1800 3 Mar., ISOl 107 
 
 . 7 Dec, 1801 3Mav, 1802 148 
 
 . 6 " 1802 3 Man, 1803 88 
 
 .17 Oct., 1803 27 " 1S04 168 
 
 . 5 Nov., 1804 3 " 1805 119 
 
 , 2 Dec, 1805 21 April, 1806 141 
 
 . 1 " 1806 3 Mar., 1807 93 
 
 26 Oct., 1807 25 April, ISOS 183 
 
 , 7 Nov., 1808 3 Mar., 1809 117 
 
 ;ist 22 May, 1809 28 June, 1809. 
 
 2d 27 Nov., 1809 1 May, 1810. 
 
 ' 3d 8 Dec, 1810 8 Mar., 1811. 
 
 4Nov., 1811 6July, 1812. 
 
 1812 3 Mar., 1813. 
 
 1813 2 Aug., 1S13. 
 
 Ist 
 
 2d 2 
 
 1st 24 May, 
 
 2d 6 Dec. 1813 18 April, 1814 134 
 
 3(1 19 Sept, 1814 3 Mar., 1815 165 
 
 1st 4 Dec, 1815 30 April, 1816 149 
 
 .2d 2 " 1816 3 Mar., 1817 92 
 
 ,,^,, (Ist 1 " 1817 30April,1818 151 
 
 ^""'l 2d 16 Nov., ISIS 3 Mar., 1819 lOS 
 
 1R,. jlst 6 Dec, 1819 15 May, 1820 162 
 
 ^""'j 2d 13 Nov., 1820 3 Mar., 1821 Ill 
 
 17th i 1st 3 Dec, 
 
 ^''"i 2d 2 " 
 
 inced. Term milted. jT'*?'' "'" 
 
 1821 S May, 1822 . . ."'.'.157 
 
 1822 3 Man, 1823 92 
 
 1823 27 Mav, 1824 179 
 
 1824 3 Man, 1825 88 
 
 1825 : 22 Mav, 1826 1 69 
 
 1826 3Man, 1827 90 
 
 1827 26 May, 1828 176 
 
 1828 8 Man, 1829 93 
 
 1829 31 May. 18-30 176 
 
 1S30 3 Man, 1S31 83 
 
 1831 14 July, 1832 223 
 
 18-32 3 Man, 1833 9] 
 
 lS-33 30 June, 1S34 211 
 
 1834 8 Man, 1835 93 
 
 l>-!35 4 July, 1836 211 
 
 1836 8 Man, 1837 89 
 
 1837 16 Oct, 1837 43 
 
 18.37 9.Tuly, 1838 218 
 
 1838 3 Man, 1839 91 
 
 1839 21 July, 1S40 238 
 
 1840 3 Man, 18ll 87 
 
 1841 13 Sept, 1841 106 
 
 1841 81 Au?., 1842 263 
 
 1842 3 Man, 1843 88 
 
 1843 17 June, 1844 196 
 
 1844 3 Man, 1815 91 
 
 1845 10 Aua:., 1846 253 
 
 1846 8Mar., 1847 87 
 
 1S47 14 Aui:., 1S4S 252 
 
 1848 3 Man, 1849 89 
 
 1849 .30 Sept, 1850 3ol 
 
 1850 3 Man, 1351 91 
 
 1851 31 Aug, 18.52 274 
 
 18.52 3 Man, 18.53 83 
 
 1853 1S54 _ 
 
 1854 3 Man, 1855 89 
 
 Besides its ordinary legislative capacity, the Senate is vested with certain judicial functions, and 
 its members constitute a High Court of Impeachment. No person can be convicted by this court 
 unless on the finding of a majority of Senators, nor does judgment extend further than to removal 
 from office and disqualification. Representatives have the sole power of impeachment. 
 
 The Executive Power is vested in a President, who is elected by an Electoral College, chosen by 
 popular vote, or by the Legislature of the State, the number of electors being equal to the number 
 of Senators and Representatives from the States to Congress. His term of office is four years, but 
 he is eligible for re-election indefinitely. The electors forming the college are themselves chosen 
 in the manner prescribed by the laws of the several States. A majority of the aggregate number 
 of votes given is necessary to the election of President and Vice-president, and if none of the can- 
 didates has such a majority, then the election of President is determined by the House of Repre- 
 sentatives, and that of the Vice-president by the Senate, from among the three candidates having 
 the highest number of electoral votes, and in doing so, the vote is taken by States, the representa- 
 tives of each State having only one vote, which must, of coarse, be determined by a majority of 
 their number. No person can be President or Vice-president who is not a native-born citizen, of 
 the age of thirty-five years, and who has been a resident of flie United States for fourteen years. 
 The President is commander-in-chief of the army and navy, and of the militia when in the service 
 of the Union. With the concurrence of two-thirds of the Senate, he has the power to make treaties, 
 appoint civil and military officers, levy war, conclude peace, and do all that rightly belongs to the 
 executive power. He has a veto on all laws passed by Congress, but so qualified, that notwithstand- 
 ing his disapproval, any bill becomes a law on its being afterward approved of by two-thirds of 
 both houses of Congress. The President has a salary of .^'25, 000 per annum, and "the white 
 house" at Washington for a residence during his official term. The Vice-president is ex-officio 
 President of the Senate; and in case of the death, resignation, or other disability of the President, 
 the powers and duties of that office devolve upon him for the remainder of the term for which the 
 President had been elected. This provision of the constitution, for the first time since the founda- 
 tion of the government, came into operation in 1841, on the demise of the late lamented General 
 Harrison, who died 4th April, just one month after his inauguration, when John Tyler, the Vice- 
 president, succeeded. Vice-president Fillmore also succeeded President Taylor under this provi- 
 
 9 
 
UNITED STATES OF AMERICA, 
 
 4th March 
 
 1T93, " 
 
 " 
 
 179T 
 
 u 
 
 179T " 
 1801 " 
 
 " 
 
 1801 
 
 " 
 
 1805 
 
 " 
 
 1805 " 
 
 " 
 
 1809 
 
 ) " 
 
 1809 " 
 
 " 
 
 1813 
 
 ) " 
 
 1S13 " 
 
 " 
 
 1817 
 
 
 1817 " 
 
 " 
 
 1n21 
 
 " 
 
 1821 " 
 
 " 
 
 1825 
 
 " 
 
 1825 " 
 
 " 
 
 1829 
 
 " 
 
 1829 " 
 
 " 
 
 1833 
 
 " 
 
 1833 " 
 
 " 
 
 1S37 
 
 " 
 
 1S37 " 
 
 " 
 
 1841 
 
 " 
 
 1841 " 
 
 41h April, 
 
 1841 
 
 sion. In case of the 'disability of the Vice-president, the President of the Senate pro tempore 
 takes his place. The offices of President and Vice-president haye been occupied by the following 
 gentlemen since the adoption of the constitution : 
 
 Pn-siiients. ¥1(6 president*. Terma of Office. 
 
 1. George Washington John Adams 30th April, 1 7S9, to 4lh March, 1798 
 
 2. Do. do Do. do "" 
 
 8. John Adams Tliomas Jcfftraon 
 
 4. Thomas Jf fiTerson Aaron Uiirr 
 
 5. Do. (I( George Chilton 
 
 6. James Madi.son Do. do. (d. 20th Apr., 1S12) 
 
 7. Do. do EIbr.Gerrv(d. 23d November, 1814) 
 
 8. James Monroe Daniel D. Tompkins 
 
 9. Do. do Do. do 
 
 10. John Quincy Adams John C. Calhoun 
 
 11. Aiwirew JaoUsoii Do. do 
 
 12. Do. do Martin Van Huron 
 
 18. Martin Van Bnren Richard M. Johnson 
 
 . , J William HiMiry Harrison John Tvler 
 
 •'*• I John Tvli-r (on the death of General llarris.liO 4th April, 1841 '■ 4th March, 1845 
 
 15. James K. Polk Geor;:.' M. Dallas 4lh March, 1845 " " 1849 
 
 ,„ j Zai-hary Tavlor Millard Fillmore " 1849 " 9th July, 1850 
 
 ■"'• ( .Millard P'illmoro (on the death of General Tavlor) 9th July, 1850 " 4th March, 1853 
 
 17. Franklin Pierce Wm. Iluius King (d. 13 Ap., 1853). 4th March, 1853 " " 1857 
 
 The administrative business of the nation is conducted by several officers, with the title of secre- 
 taries, etc., who form what is termed the " Cabinet." These are the Secretary of State, the Secre- 
 tary of War, the Secretary of the Navy, the Secretary of the Treasury, the Postmaster-general, 
 the Secretary of the Interior, and the Attorney-general — the last being the ofhcial law authority 
 for advisement in administrative affairs. Each of these presides over a separate Department. 
 
 The " Department of State" was created by an act of Congress of the 15th of September, 1789; 
 by a previous act of tlie 27th of July, 1789, it was denominated the Department of Foreign Affairs. 
 It embraced, until the establishment of the Department of the Interior in 1849, what in some other 
 governments are styled the Department of Foreign Atfuirs and Home Department ; but the duties 
 now being divided, it confines its operations almost entirely to foreign matters, and hence its original 
 title might with propriety and convenience be restored. 
 
 The Secretary of State conducts all treaties between the United States and foreign powers, and 
 corresponds officially with the public ministers of the government at foreign courts, and with min- 
 isters of foreign powers, resident in the United States. He is intrusted with the publication of all 
 treaties with foreign powers, preserves the originals of all treaties and of the public correspondence 
 growing out of international intercourse ; grants passports to American citizens visiting foreign 
 states, etc. He has charge of the Great Seal of the United States, but can not affix it to any com- 
 mission until signed by the President, nor to any instrument without authority of the President. 
 
 Secretaries of State — Salary S6,000 per Annum. 
 
 Thomas Jefferson, Vn. . . 2B Sept., 1TS9 
 Edmund Randolph, 17/.. 2 Jan., 1T94 
 Timothy Pickerins;, r<f.. 4 Feb., 1795 
 
 John Marshall, ('« 13 May, 1800 
 
 James Madison. Va 5 Mar., 18(il 
 
 Robert Smith, Mtl 6 •' 1809 
 
 James Monroe, Va 25 Nov., 1 811 
 
 J. Q. Adams, Mass 5 Mar., 1817 
 
 ITenrv Clav, A'lj 8 Mar., 1825 
 
 M. Van Buren, jV.r..... 6 " 1829 
 
 Ed. P. Livinuslon, La.. . 1831 
 
 Louis M-Lane, Del 7 Mar., 1833 
 
 John Forsyth. Ga 1834 
 
 D. Webster, ManK 5 Mar., 1841 
 
 II. S. Legarfe, S.C. 9 May, ls43 
 
 A. P. Upshur, Va 24 June, 1843 
 
 John Nelson, 3fd. 29 Feb., 1844 
 
 J. C. Calhoun, S. C. 6 Mar., 1844 
 
 J. Buchanan, /'(/ 5 " 1846 
 
 ,J.^\. (•\:\\ti>n. Dfil 6 " 1849 
 
 1). Welister, Jfdss 20 July, 1850 
 
 Edward Everett 1852 
 
 William L. Marcy,iV. Y. 5 Mar., 1853 
 
 This department has subject to it the Diplomatic Bureau, and the Consular Bureau. The United 
 States are represented by Ministers Plenipotentiary at the Courts of Great Britain, France, Rus- 
 sia, Prussia, Spain, Mexico, Central America, Brazil, and Chili ; by Commissioners at the court of 
 Pekin, China, and at the Sandwich Islands; by a Minister Resident at the Sublime Porte, and to 
 the Swiss Confederation, and at other courts by Charges des Affaires ; and United States' Consuls 
 are stationed at all the important commercial ports in the world. Foreign Ministers accredited to 
 the government of the United States are, Envoj'S Extraordinary and Ministers Plenipotentiary 
 from Great Britain, Russia, the Argentine Republic, France, Spain, Chili, New Grenada, Brazil, 
 Mexico, and Peru; Ministers Resident from Portugal, Prussia, and Belgium; and Charges des 
 Affairs from Denmark, Austria, Holland, Sweden, Naples, Sardinia, Venezuela, and Nicaragua. 
 Foreign Consuls from all commercial nations reside in the several Collection Districts of the Union. 
 
 The " Department of the Interior" was established by an act of Congress of the 30th of March, 
 1849. The Secretary of the Interior is intrusted with the supervision and management of all 
 matters connected with the public domain, Indian affairs, pensions, patents, public buildings, the 
 census, the penitentiary of the District of Columbia, the expenditures of the Federal Judiciary, 
 etc. Each of these interests is managed in a separate bureau or office, the immediate head of which 
 is styled Commissioner, Superintendent, or Warden, as the case may be. 
 10 
 
UNITED STATES OF AMERICA. 
 
 Secretaries of the Interior — Salary $6,000 per Annum. 
 
 Thomas H. Ewing, Ohio 6 Mar., 1849 I T. M.T. M-Kennon (dec.) 8 Aug., 1850 I Robert M'CleUand, Mich.. 5 Mar., 1853 
 Jame8A.Pearce(,decrU)20 July, 1850 | Alex. H. H. Stuart, Fa... lu Sept., 1S50 | 
 
 The " Department of the Treasury" was created by an act of Congress of the 2d of September, 
 1789. The Secretary of the Treasury superintends all the fiscal concerns of the government, and 
 upon his own responsibility recommends to Congress measures for improving the condition of the 
 revenue. All public accounts are finally settled at this department ; and for this purpose it is 
 divided into the ofiice of the Secretary, who has the general superintendence, the offices of the two 
 Controllers, the offices of the Six Auditors, the office of the Commissioner of Customs, the Treas- 
 urer's office, the Registrar's office, the Solicitor's office, and the office of the Coast Survey. Assist- 
 tant Treasurers' offices are also established at Boston, New York, Philadelphia, Charleston, New 
 Orleans, and St. Louis. 
 
 Secretaries of the Treasury — Salary $6,000 per Annum. 
 
 Alex. Hamilton, A^ K. ..12 Sept., 1789 
 
 Oliver Wolcott, Ct. 4 Feb., 17y5 
 
 Bamuel Dexter, Mas>t 31 .Jan., 18U2 
 
 Albert Gallatin, Pa 26 Jan., 1802 
 
 George W. Cauipbell, Ot. 9 Feb., 1814 
 
 Alex. J. Dallas, Ta 6 Oct., 1814 
 
 Wm. H. Crawford, Ga.. 5 Mar., 1817 
 
 Richard Eush, P« 7 Mar., 1825 i Walter Forward. Pa IS Sept., IS 
 
 Samuel D. Ingham, Pa.. 6 " 1S29 J. 0. Spencer, N. Y..... 3 Mar., It 
 
 Louis M'Laue, X"*?; 1831 
 
 William J. Duane, Pa. . . Ib8.3 
 
 Roger B. Taney, Md. . . . 18^3 
 
 Levi Woodbury, N. H... 7 Mar., 1833 
 Thomas Ewing, 0/tto 5 " 1841 
 
 1S41 
 , 1«43 
 
 George M. Bibb, Ky 15 June, 1844 
 
 R. J. Walker, Minn 5 Mar., 1845 
 
 W. M. Meredith, Pa 6 •> 1849 
 
 Thos. Ci>rwin, Ohio 2o July, 1850 
 
 James Guthrie, Ky 5 Mar., 1853 
 
 The " Department of War" was created by an act of Congress of the 7th of August, 1789, and at 
 first embraced not only military, but also naval affairs. The Secretary of War superintends every 
 branch of military affairs, and has under his immediate direction the Adjutant-general's office, the 
 Quartermaster-general's Bureau, the Paymaster's Bureau, the Subsistence Bureau, the Medical 
 Bureau, the Engineer Bureau, the Topographical Bureau, the Ordnance Bureau, etc. ; and the 
 department has the superintendence of the erection of fortifications, of making public surveys, and 
 other important services. 
 
 Secretaries of War — Salary $6,000 per Annum. 
 
 Henry Knox, Mass 12 Sept., 1789 
 
 Tim. Pickering, Pa 2 Jan., 1795 
 
 James M-Henry, Md 27 " 1706 
 
 Saml. Dexter, Mans 13 May, 1800 
 
 Roger GriswoUl, Ct 3 Feb., 1801 
 
 Henry Dearborn, J/iiss. . 5 Mar., 1^01 
 William Eustis " ..7 " 1809 
 
 John Armstrong, iV; y... 13 Jan., 1813 
 
 James Monroe, Va 27 Sept., 1814 
 
 Wm. H. Crawford. Ga. . . % Mar., 1815 
 
 Isaac Shelley, Ky 5 Mar., 1817 
 
 J. C. Calhoun, S. 0. 16 Dec, 1817 
 
 James Barbour, Va 7 Mar., 1825 
 
 Peter B. Porter, N.Y..... 26 May, 18:^8 
 
 J. H. Katon, Temi 9 Mar., 1829 
 
 Lewis Cass, Mich 1831 
 
 Joel R. Poinsett, S. C. .. 1 " lN37 
 
 John Bell, 7dw« 5 " 1841 
 
 John M'Lean, Ohio 13 Sept., 1841 
 
 J. C. Spencer, N. Y. .... 12 Oct., 1841 
 
 James W. Porter, Pa. . . 8 Mar., 1843 
 
 William Wilkins,P« 15 Feb., 1844 
 
 Wm. L. Marcy, K Y..... 5 Mar., 1.S45 
 Geo. W. Crawford, (t«.. 6 " 1849 
 Edm. Bates (declined) ..20 July, 1850 
 Charles M. Conrad. La... 8 Aug., 1850 
 Jefl'ersou Davis, Mi^iS.. . . 5 Mar., 1S53 
 
 The "Department of the Navy" was created by an act of Congress of the 30th of April, 1798. 
 The Secretary of the jYavy issues all orders to the naval forces and superintends naval affairs gen- 
 erally. Attached to the Department are — a Bureau of Docks and Navy Yards, a Bureau of 
 Ordnance and Hydrography, a Bureau of Construction, Equipment, and Repairs, a Bureau of 
 Provisions and Clothing, a Bureau of Medical and Surgical Instruments, etc. ; and the National 
 Observatory at Washington is under the control of the Navy Department. The ministerial duties 
 of these several Bureaux were formerly exercised by a Board of Navy Commissioners. 
 
 Secretaries of the Navy — Salary $6,000 j)er Annum. 
 
 George Cabot, Mass 3 May, 1798 
 
 Benjamin Stoddard, 3/t?. 21 " 1798 
 
 Robert Smith. 3jrd 26 Jan., 1802 
 
 J. Crtiwningshield. Mass. 2 Mar., ISno 
 Paul Hamilton, & C ... 7 " 1809 
 
 William Jones, P<( 12 Jan., 1813 
 
 B.W. Crownings'd, j;/a.«.s.l9 Dec. 1814 
 Smith Thompson, A^. Y..SO Nov., 1818 
 
 S. L. Southard, JV.J. .... 9 Dec, 1823 
 
 John Branch, A^. C. 9 Mar., 1829 
 
 Levi Woodbury, Jf. //... 1831 
 
 Mahlon Dickerson, y. J. 1834 
 
 J. K. P.iulding, N. Y. 80 June, 18:)8 
 
 G. P. Badger, N. <l 5 Mar., 1841 
 
 Abel P. Up.xhur, Va 13 Sept.. 1841 
 
 David Henshaw, J/a««...24 July, 1843 
 
 T. W. Gilmer, Va 15 
 
 Jfihn Y. Mason, Va 14 
 
 Geiirge Banc.TofU Mass. .10 
 
 John Y. Mason. Fif 
 
 William B. Preston, Va.. 6 
 Wm. A. Graham, A^. C .20 
 J. C. Dobbin, K C. 5 
 
 Feb., 1S44 
 Mar., 1844 
 " 1S45 ! 
 1846 
 Mar., 1849 
 July, 1850 
 Mar., 1853 
 
 The " Department of the Post-office" was established under the authority of the Old Congress. 
 The Postmaster-general has the chief direction of all postal arrangements with foreign states, as 
 well as within the federal limits. The general business is managed by three Assistant Postmas- 
 ters-general, who preside respectively over the Contract office, the Appointment office, and the 
 Inspection, etc., offices. 
 
 Postmasters- general — Salary $6,000 per Annum. 
 
 Samuel Osgood. J/as«...26 Sept., 1789 
 Timothy Pickering, Pa.. 7 Nov., 1791 
 Joseph Habersham, fi'rt.. 2 Jan., 1795 
 Gideon Granger, ...... 17 Mar., 1802 
 
 Reuben J. Meigs, Wwo.. " 1814 
 John WLe&ii, Ohio 9 Dec, 1823 
 
 William J. Barry, Ky... 9 Mar., 1829 
 
 Amos Kendall, Ky 1 May, 1835 
 
 John M. Niles, Ct 25 " 1840 
 
 Francis Granger, A'! y... 6 Mar., 1841 
 Charles A.Wickliffe, A'y.13 Sept., 1841 
 Cave Johnson, Tenn. ... 5 Mar., 1845 
 
 fas 
 
 Jacob Collamer, Vt. 6 Mar., 1849 
 
 Nathan K. Hall, A^ T... 20 June, 1850 
 James Campbell, Tenn.. 5 Mar., 1853 
 
 11 
 
UNITED STATES OF AMERICA. 
 
 The " Attorneys-general," who are considered as forming a part of the Cabinet, and who are the 
 constitutional advisers and defendants of the government, are generally men of the greatest acquire- 
 ments in their profession. The gentlemen who have held this office are enumerated in the annex- 
 ed list : 
 
 Attorneys- general — Salary $4,000 per Annum. 
 
 Edmund Randolph, Fff.. 26 Sept., 1789 
 "William Bra.lfcird, /'a...27 Jan., 179-1 
 
 Charlos Leo, Va. 10 Dec, 1795 
 
 Levi Lincoln, Mukh 5 Mar., 1801 
 
 Robert Smilh, JW 2 " ISllo 
 
 John Brcckenri.lcc A'v..28 Dee., 1806 
 C-esar A. Uodm-v. Dfi...i\ .Tan.. 1807 
 ■William Pinokney, J/(Z..ll Dec, 1^11 
 Kichard Kush, Pa 10 Feb., ISU 
 
 William Wirt, Md 16 Dec, 1817 
 
 .Tohn M'Ph. Berrien, Ga. 9 Mar., 1829 
 
 Roger B. Taney, Md 1831 
 
 Benj. V. Butler, A'; Y.... .25 Dec, 1835 
 
 Felix Grimdy, Tenn 1 Sept., 18:« 
 
 Henry D. Gilpin, Pa 11 Jan., 1840 
 
 John J. Crittenden, Ay.. 5 Mar., 1841 
 Hugh S. Legarfe. S. C... .13 Sept., 1841 
 John Nelson, Md 1 July, 1843 
 
 John Y. Mason, Ya 5 Mar., 1845 
 
 Nathan ClilTurd ]S47 
 
 Isaac Touoey, Ct 1S48 
 
 Reverdy Johnson, Md... 6 Mar., 1849 
 
 J. J. Crittenden, Ky 20 July, 1850 
 
 Caleb Gushing, Mass.... 5 Mar., 1S53 
 
 The judicial powers of the United States are vested in a Supreme Court, and in such other infe- 
 rior courts as Congress may from time to time establish. The present judicial establishment con- 
 sists of a Supreme Court, Circuit Courts, and District Courts. 
 
 The " Supreme Court," the highest judicial tribunal of the Union, is composed of a Chief- Justice 
 and eight Associate Justices, the Attorney-general, a Reporter, and Clerk. This court is held in 
 Washington, and has one session annually, commencing on the first Monday in December. 
 
 The Supreme Court has exclusive jurisdiction in all controversies of a civil nature where a State 
 is a party, except between a State and its citizens, and except, also, between a State and citizens 
 of other States or aliens — in which latter case it has original but not exclusive jurisdiction. It 
 has exclusively all such jurisdiction of suits and proceedings against ambassadors or other public 
 ministers, or their domestics or domestic servants, as a court of law can have or exercise consist- 
 ently witli the law of nations; and original, but not exclusive jurisdiction of all suits brought by 
 ambassadors or other public ministers, in which a consul or a vice-consul is a party. It has 
 appellate jurisdiction from final decrees and judgments of the circuit courts in cases where the 
 matter in dispute, exclusive of costs, exceeds the sum or value of 2,000 dollars, and from final 
 decrees and judgments of the highest courts of the several States in certain cases. It has power to 
 issue writs of prohibition to the District Courts, when proceeding as Courts of Admiralty and 
 maritime jurisdiction ; and writs of mandamus in cases warranted by the principles and usages of 
 law to any courts appointed or persons holding office under the authority of the United States. 
 The trial of issues in fact in the Supreme Court in all actions at law against citizens of the United 
 States is by jury, 
 
 A final judgment or decree in any suit, in the highest court of law or equity of a State in which 
 a decision in the suit could be had, where is drawn in question the validity of a treaty or statute 
 of, or any authority exercised under the United States, and the decision is ag.ainst their validity ; 
 or where is drawn in question the validity of a statute of, or an authority exercised under any 
 State, on the ground of their being repugnant to the constitution, treaties, or laws of the United 
 States, and the decision is in favor of their validity ; or where is drawn in question the construction 
 of any clause of the constitution, or of a treaty or statute of, or commission held under the United 
 States, and the decision is against the title, right, privilege, or exemption, specially set up or 
 claimed by either party, under such clause of the constitution, treaty, statute, or commission, 
 may be re-examined, and reversed or affirmed, in the Supreme Court of the United States, upon a 
 writ of error, the citation being signed by the Chief Justice, or Judge, or Chancellor of the court 
 rendering or passing the judgment or decree complained of, or by a Justice of the Supreme Court 
 of the United States, in ihe same manner, and under the same regulations, and the writ has the 
 same effect, as if the judgment or decree complained of had been rendered or passed in a Circuit 
 Court ; and the proceeding upon the reversal is also the same, except that the Supreme Court, in- 
 stead of remanding the cause for a final decision, may, at their discretion, if the cause shall have 
 been once remanded before, proceed to a final decision of the same, and award execution. But no 
 other error can be assigned or regarded as a ground of reversal in any such case, than such as 
 appears on the face of the record, and immediately respect the before-mentioned questions of valid- 
 ity or construction of the said constitution, treaties, statutes, commissions, or authorities, in 
 dispute. 
 
 Chief-.Tusliccs of the Suprejne Court — Salary ^5,000 per Annum. 
 
 John Jay.iV: Y. 26 Sept., 1789 I Oliver Kllsworth, Ct 4 Mar., 1796 Roger B. Taney, Jfrf 28 Dec, 1885 
 
 John Rutledgc, />. C... 1 Julv, 1795 John .Tay, N. Y. 19 Dec, 1800 
 
 WUliam Gushing, jt/a-s-s.. 27 Jan., 1796 | John Marshall, Va 27 Jan., ISOl 
 
 The " Circuit Courts" are held by a Justice of the Supreme Court assigned to the Circuit and by 
 the Judge of the District in which the Court sits conjointly. The United States is divided into 
 12 
 
UNITED STATES OF AMERICA, 
 
 nine judicial Circuits, in each of which a Court ia held twice a year, 
 follows : 
 
 The Circuits are as 
 
 VI. North Carolina, South Carolina, and G-eorgia. 
 VII. Ohio, Indiana, Illinois, and Michigan, 
 VIII. Kentuclcy, Tennessee, and Missouri. 
 IX. Mississippi and Arkansas. 
 
 I. Maine, N. Hampshire, Massachusetts, and E. Island. 
 It. Vermont, Connecticut, and New York, 
 
 III. New Jersey and Pennsylvania. 
 
 IV. Delaware, Maryland, and Virginia. 
 V. Alabama, Louisiana, and Kentucky, 
 
 The States of Florida, Texas, Iowa, Wisconsin and California have not yet been attached to any 
 circuit ; but the District Courts have the power of Circuit Courts. There is a local Circuit Court 
 held in the District of Columbia by three judges specially appointed for that purpose. The Chief- 
 Justice of that court sits also as District Judge of that District. 
 
 The Circuit Courts of the United States have original cognizance, concurrent with the courts of 
 the several States, of all suits of a civil nature, at common law, or in equity, where the matter in 
 dispute exceeds, exclusive of costs, the sum or value of 500 dollars, and the United States are 
 plaintiffs or petitioners, or an alien is a party, or the suit is between a citizen of the State where 
 the suit is brought and a citizen of another State. They have exclusive cognizance of all crimes 
 and offenses cognizable under the authority of the United States (except where the laws of the 
 United States otherwise direct), and concurrent jurisdiction with the District Courts of the crimes 
 and offenses cognizable therein. But no person can be arrested in one district for trial in another, 
 in any civil action, before a Circuit or District Court. No civil suit can be brought, before either 
 of said courts, against an inhabitant of the United States, by any original process, in any other 
 district than that whereof he is an inhabitant, or in which he shall be found at the time of serving 
 the writ ; and no District or Circuit Court has cognizance of any suit to recover the contents of 
 any promissory note, or other chose in action, in favor of an assignee, unless a suit might have 
 been prosecuted in such court to recover the said contents, if no assignment had been made, ex- 
 cept in cases of foreign bills of exchange. 
 
 The Circuit Courts have appellate jurisdiction from final decrees and judgments of the District 
 Courts, in all cases where the matter in dispute exceeds the sum or value of fifty dollars. They 
 also have jurisdiction of certain cases, which may be removed into them before trial from the State 
 courts. But no District Judge (sitting in the Circuit Court) can give a vote in any case of appeal, 
 or error, from his own decision, but may assign the reasons of such his decision. The trial of 
 issues in fact in the Circuit Courts, in all suits, except those of equity and of admiralty and mar- 
 itime jurisdiction, is by jury. 
 
 The " District Courts" are held respectively by a district judge alone. Each State is one district 
 for the purposes of holding District or Circuit Courts therein, with the exception of New York, 
 Pennsylvania, Virginia, Georgia, Florida, Mississippi, Louisiana, Arkansas, and California, each 
 of which is divided into two districts, and of Alabama, Tennessee, and Iowa, each of which are 
 divided into three districts. There are besides these, Territorial Courts, which are temporary, and 
 lose that character whenever a Territory becomes a State. 
 
 Each court has a clerk, a public attorney or prosecutor, and a marshal — all of which are ap- 
 pointed by the President of the United States, with the exception of the clerks, who are appointed 
 by the courts severally. 
 
 The District Courts of the United States, have, exclusively of the courts of the several States, 
 cognizance of all crimes and offenses that are cognizable under the authority of the United States, 
 committed within their respective districts, or upon the high seas, where no other punishment than 
 whipping, not exceeding thirty stripes, a fine not exceeding one hundred dollars, or a term of im- 
 prisonment not exceeding six months, is to be inflicted, and also have exclusive original cognizance 
 of all civil causes of admiralty and maritime jurisdiction, including all seizures under the laws of 
 impost, navigation, or trade, of the United States, where the seizures are made on waters which 
 are navigable from the sea by vessels of ten or more tons' burthen, within their respective dis- 
 tricts, as well as upon the high seas, saving to suitors, in all cases, the right of a common-law 
 remedy, where the common law is competent to give it ; and also have exclusive original cognizance 
 of all seizures on land, or other waters than as aforesaid, made, and of all suits for penalties and 
 forfeitures incurred, under the laws of the United States. And they also have cognizance, concur- 
 rent with the courts of the several States, or their circuit courts, as the case may be, of all causes 
 where an alien sues for a tort only in violation of the law of nations, or a treaty of the United States. 
 They also have cognizance, concurrent as last mentioned, of all suits at common law, where the 
 United States sue, and the matter in dispute amounts, exclusive of costs, to the sum or value of 
 one hundred dollars. They also have jurisdiction, exclusively of the courts of the several States, 
 of all suits against consuls or vice-consuls, except for offenses above the description aforesaid. 
 
 13 
 
UNITED STATES OF AMERICA. 
 
 The trial of issues in fact, in the District Courts, in all causes, except civil causes of admiralty and 
 
 maritime jurisdiction, is by jury. 
 
 An act of the 18th of December, 1812, requires the district and territorial judges of the United 
 
 States to reside within the districts and territories, respectively, for which they are appointed; 
 
 and makes it unlawful for any judge, appointed under the authority of the United States, to exer- 
 
 cise the profession or employment of counsel or attorney, or to be engaged in the practice of the 
 
 law. And any person oflFending against the injunction or prohibition of this act. shall be deemed 
 
 guilty of misdemeanor. 
 
 Appeals are allowed from the District to the Circuit Courts in cases where the matter in dispute. 
 
 exclusive of costs, exceeds the sum in value of $50, and from the Circuit Courts to the Supreme 
 
 Court in cases where the matter in dispute exceeds the sum or value of $2,000; and in some cases 
 
 where the inconvenience of attending a court by a justice of the f upreme Court is very great, the 
 
 District Courts are invested with Circuit Court powers. | 
 
 The appointment of all judges of the United States is made by the President, by and with the 
 
 advice of the Senate ; and the judges hold their several offices during good behavior, and can be 
 
 ] removed only on impeachment. Their compensation is fixed by law, and can not be diminished 
 
 during their period of office. 
 
 GENERAL STATISTICS OF THE UNITED STATES. 
 
 I. STATISTICS OF POPULATION, ETC., ETC. 
 
 1. Statement of the Extent, Population, Industry, and Wealth of each State and of the 
 
 United States, on the 1st June, 1850. 
 
 i 
 
 States and Territories. 
 
 Area in 
 Sqn.re 
 Miles. 
 
 Population. 
 
 Populat'n 
 
 to >nuare 
 
 Miles. 
 
 Manufar 
 turing Ks 
 tabh^li'ts 
 
 Farms in 
 Cultiva- 
 tion. 
 
 Census 
 Valuation. 
 
 White 
 Persons. 
 
 Colored. 
 
 Total. 
 
 Free. 
 
 2,293 
 608 
 
 342,^92 
 47,100 
 
 
 5(1,722 
 52,19S 
 
 426,486 
 162.189 
 
 771.671 
 2(19.897 
 
 15.2 
 4.0 
 
 1,022 
 271 
 
 41,964 
 
 17,758 
 
 $228.2(i4..333 
 39.841.025 
 
 Arkansas 
 
 California 
 
 lSS,i»Sl 
 
 272,31(6 
 
 83,201 
 
 — 
 
 3(iS,507 
 
 
 
 
 — 
 
 22.161,872 
 
 CiiUirabia District . 
 
 6(1 
 
 38,027 
 
 9,973 
 
 8,687 
 
 51,687 
 
 S61.4 
 
 427 
 
 264 
 
 ■14.018,874 
 
 Connecticut 
 
 4,fi74 
 
 863,099 
 
 7,693 
 
 — 
 
 370,792 
 
 79.3 
 
 3.913 
 
 22,445 
 
 155.707,980 
 
 Delaware 
 
 2,1:30 
 
 71,169 
 
 18,073 
 
 2.290 
 
 91.532 
 
 43.6 
 
 513 
 
 6.063 
 
 21,062.556 
 
 
 59,208 
 5'<.00(i 
 55.405 
 33,s()9 
 1S7.171 
 
 47.211 
 521,572 
 846,035 
 977.628 
 
 924 
 2.931 
 5.435 
 
 10,7SS 
 
 39,309 
 381,682 
 
 87,444 
 906.1 s5 
 8.51.470 
 988,416 
 
 1.4 
 15.6 
 16.3 
 29.2 
 
 121 
 1,4(17 
 3.090 
 4..326 
 
 4.304 
 51.759 
 76.2(18 
 93,896 
 
 22.n62.270 
 3.54,425,714 
 
 156.205,0(16 1 
 202,650,264 j 
 
 
 
 
 liKlian Ter 
 
 
 5(1,914 
 37.Gs(i 
 
 191.879 
 761,417 
 
 335 
 10,007 
 
 210,981 
 
 192,214 
 
 982.405 
 
 3.7 
 
 26.0 
 
 482 
 3.471 
 
 14,805 
 74,777 
 
 23 714.6.38 
 301,628,456 
 
 Kentucky 
 
 
 46,431 
 
 30,000 
 
 9,356 
 
 255,491 
 581.813 
 417,943 
 
 17,462 
 
 1..3.56 
 
 74,723 
 
 244,609 
 90,368 
 
 517.762 
 583,169 
 583,034 
 
 11.0 
 19.4 
 62.3 
 
 1.021 
 8,6S2 
 8,863 
 
 13,422 
 
 46,76(1 
 21,860 
 
 233,998.764 
 122.7T7..571 
 219,217.364 
 
 
 Maryland 
 
 Massachusetts 
 
 7,S(»0 
 
 9s5,45() 
 
 9,0(>4 
 
 — 
 
 994.514 
 
 126.1 
 
 9.637 
 
 34,23.1 
 
 573.342,286 
 
 
 56,243 
 83,000 
 
 395.(;97 
 6,(i3s 
 
 2,557 
 39 
 
 — 
 
 897.6.54 
 6.077 
 
 7.0 
 .0 
 
 1.979 
 5 
 
 34,089 
 157 
 
 59.787,255 
 
 Minnesota Ter. ... 
 
 Mississippi 
 
 47.1.56 
 
 295,71h 
 
 930 
 
 309,878 
 
 606.526 
 
 12.8 
 
 866 
 
 .33,960 
 
 228.951.130 
 
 
 67.3S0 
 136.700 
 
 592,004 
 
 2.618 
 
 87.422 
 
 682,044 
 
 10.1 
 
 3,030 
 
 54,458 
 
 137,247,707 
 
 Nebr.-iska Ter 
 
 New Hampshire .. 
 
 9.2.S(I 
 
 317.456 
 
 520 
 
 — 
 
 317.976 
 
 84.2 
 
 8.301 
 
 29 229 
 
 103.652.8.35 
 
 New .Tersey 
 
 8.320 
 
 465.513 
 
 23,820 
 
 222 
 
 4S0..555 
 
 60.0 
 
 4,374 
 
 23,905 
 
 200.00(1.0(10 
 
 New Mexico Ter... 
 
 210,744 
 
 61.530 
 
 17 
 
 — 
 
 61„547 
 
 .2 
 
 
 
 — 
 
 5,174,471 i 
 
 New York 
 
 46.000 
 
 3,04S,325 
 
 49,069 
 
 — 
 
 3.097.394 
 
 67.6 
 
 23.823 
 
 17(1.621 
 
 1.08(1.209.216 
 
 Norlh Carolina 
 
 45,000 
 
 553,02s 
 
 27,463 
 
 2SS.54S 
 
 869,039 
 
 19.3 
 
 2,523 
 
 56,916 
 
 226,800,472 
 
 North-West Ter. . . 
 
 587,.564 
 
 — 
 
 — 
 
 — 
 
 — 
 
 — 
 
 — 
 
 — 
 
 — 
 
 Ohio 
 
 89,964 
 
 1,955,108 
 
 25,319 
 
 — 
 
 1,98(1.427 
 
 49.5 
 
 10,550 
 
 14.3,887 
 
 504,726.120 
 
 Oregon Ter 
 
 341.463 
 
 13.( 88 
 
 206 
 
 — 
 
 13294 
 
 .0 
 
 51 
 
 1.164 
 
 5.06:3,474 
 
 Pennsylvania 
 
 46,000 
 
 2,25s,463 
 
 53.323 
 
 — 
 
 2..3n,7s6 
 
 50.2 
 
 22,036 
 
 127.577 
 
 722.486.120 
 
 Rhode Island 
 
 1.360 
 
 143,875 
 
 3.670 
 
 — 
 
 147,515 
 
 108.0 
 
 1,144 
 
 5.3S5 
 
 80.508,794 
 
 South Carolina 
 
 24.500 
 
 274,567 
 
 8,956 
 
 884,984 
 
 668.507 
 
 27.2 
 
 1,473 
 
 29.969 
 
 288,257.694 
 
 Tennessee 
 
 45.601.1 
 
 756,753 
 
 6,4(11 
 
 239,460 
 
 1,002.614 
 
 21.9 
 
 2.7^9 
 
 72.710 
 
 201,246,6^6 
 
 Texas 
 
 237,321 
 
 154,((34 
 
 397 
 
 58.161 
 
 212,.592 
 
 .8 
 
 307 
 
 12.19S 
 
 52,740,473 
 
 Utah Ter 
 
 1S7,923 
 10,212 
 
 11, .330 
 813,402 
 
 24 
 
 718 
 
 26 
 
 11.3S0 
 314,120 
 
 .0 
 30.0 
 
 16 
 
 1,=35 
 
 926 
 
 29,6s7 
 
 986,083 
 
 92.205,049 
 
 Vermont 
 
 ' Virj!;inia 
 
 61.352 
 
 8U4,b00 
 
 54,333 
 
 472,528 
 
 1,421,661 
 
 23.1 
 
 4,4:i3 
 
 77,013 
 
 4:30,7111,082 
 
 '^yashington Ter. . . 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 "Wisconsin 
 
 53.924 
 
 304,758 
 
 633 
 
 — 
 
 305.391 5.6 
 
 1.273 
 
 20,177 
 
 42.056.595 
 
 " __ _ ^ II 
 
UNITED STATES OF AMERICA. 
 
 2. Progressive Movement of Population. 
 
 Colored Peraons. 
 
 Census 
 
 White 
 
 Slave. 
 
 1T90 3.1T2.464 59.466 697,897.... 
 
 ISOO 4,804.4S9 1(18,395 893.057.... 
 
 1810 5.862.004 186,446 1,191.364.... 
 
 1820 7.866,569 233.524 1.538,098 
 
 1830 10,53-2,<I60 319.599 2.009,043. . . . 
 
 1840 14,189,705 386,292 2,487,356. 
 
 Total Pop. White. 
 
 .. S.929,R2T — ... 
 
 .. 5,305.941 85.7... 
 
 .. 7.239,814 36.2... 
 
 .. 9,63'*,191 34.2... 
 
 ..12,866.020 3:3.9... 
 
 ..17,069,453 34.7... 
 
 !Col. 
 
 
 Total. 
 
 1850 19,630,738 428,661 3.204,089 23,203,488 38.3. . . 
 
 3. Origin of the Free Population of 1850. 
 A. — Native Population. 
 
 82.2 27.9 85.00 
 
 92.2 33.4 36.45 
 
 25.2 29.1 33.12 
 
 36.8 30.6 33.48 
 
 20.8 23.8 32.67 
 
 10.9 28.3 86.28 
 
 Place of Origin. Pop. 
 
 Miiine 5S4,.310 
 
 New Hampshire.... 371,469 
 
 Vermont 377,741 
 
 Place of Origin Pop. 
 
 Dist. of Columbia.. 32,236 
 
 Virzinia 1.260.982 
 
 North Carolina 839,325 
 
 Massachusetts S94..sl8 I South Carolina 44S,639 
 
 Khode Island 145,941 j Georgia 525,620 
 
 Connectiput 447.544 i Florida 25.297 
 
 New York 2,698,414 Alabama 320.930 
 
 NewJersev 518,810 Mississippi 172,473 
 
 Pennsylvania 2,266.7'-'7 I Louisiana 160,2;)3 
 
 Delaware 104,316 I Texas 51,641 
 
 Maryland 52s,393 | Arkansas 74,122 
 
 Place ol Origin. Pop. 
 
 Tenne8.see 826,690 
 
 Kentucky 8.59.407 
 
 Ohio 1,514,885 
 
 Michigan 153,ti57 
 
 Indiana 633,117 
 
 Illinois 389,5(17 
 
 Missouri 315,428 
 
 Iowa 56,738 
 
 Wisconsin 66.790 
 
 Eneland 278.675 
 
 Ireland 961.719 
 
 Scotland 70,550 
 
 Wales 29.863 
 
 Germany 573,225 
 
 France 54,069 
 
 Spain 3,113 
 
 Portugal 1,274 
 
 Belgium 1,313 
 
 Holland 9,843 
 
 Turkey 106 
 
 Italy 8,645 
 
 Austria 946 
 
 Switzerland 18,358 
 
 Russia 1,414 
 
 Norwav 12,678 
 
 DenmaVk 1,838 
 
 
 6,698 
 
 Minnesota 
 
 Population, 
 
 Sweden 
 
 Prussia 
 
 . 1,334 
 
 . S.559 
 
 . 10,549 
 
 34 
 
 
 86 
 
 
 758 
 
 
 377 
 
 Africa 
 
 British America... 
 
 551 
 . 147,711 
 
 Place of Origin. Pop. 
 
 Oregon 3,175 
 
 Utah 1,381 
 
 New Mexico 58,421 
 
 Natives of the Ter- 
 ritories, but resid- 
 ing in other parts 
 of the Union 949 
 
 Total 17,737,578 
 
 Mexico 18,817 
 
 Central America ... 
 
 South America 
 
 West Indies 
 
 Sandwich Islands . . 
 Other countries 
 
 141 
 1,543 
 5,772 
 
 588 
 8,214 
 
 Total 2,210,839 
 
 C— Origin Unknown. Total 39,154. 
 
 4. Deaf and Dumb, Blind, Insane, and Idiotic, 1850. 
 
 -4.— Absolute Number of each Class. 
 
 ColoreJ Per3»ns. 
 
 Wliite Persons. 
 
 Free. 
 
 Kem. 
 
 Male. 
 
 Deaf and Dumb 5,027 4,058 78. 
 
 Blind 4.519 3,478 239. 
 
 Insane 7,697 7,459 144. 
 
 Idiotic 8,-*276 5,954 234. 
 
 £. — Ratio of each Class to the aggregate Population. 
 
 Colored Per:?on3. 
 Wliite Persona. * — 
 
 Fern. 
 , 65. 
 , 255. 
 
 . 177. 
 . 202. 
 
 Male. 
 276. 
 . 562. 
 , 117. 
 . 585. 
 
 Aggregate of 
 Fem. e»cli Cla.ss, 
 
 . 213 9,717 
 
 . 649 9,702 
 
 . 174 15,768 
 
 . 455 15,706 
 
 Total Ratio of Ratio 
 
 Sla 
 
 Deaf and Dumb... 9,(i91. 
 
 Blind 7,997. 
 
 Insane 15.156. 
 
 IdioUc 14,230. 
 
 2,151.. 
 2,445.. 
 1,290. . 
 1,374.. 
 
 0.04. 
 0.04. 
 0.07. 
 0.07. 
 
 143. . 
 494., 
 321 . , 
 436. 
 
 One to p. c. 
 
 . 3,032... 0.03.. 
 . 877... 0.11.. 
 . 1,350... 0.01.. 
 . 994... 0.10.. 
 
 Number. 
 . 489... 
 .1,211... 
 . 291 .. . 
 . 1,040... 
 
 One to 
 
 r c 
 
 6,552... 0.01.. 
 
 2,645... 0.03.. 
 
 11,010... — .. 
 
 3,080... 0.05.. 
 
 Number. 
 
 p, e. 
 
 9,723.. 2,385.. 0.04 
 
 9.702.. 2,390.. 0.04 
 
 15,768.. 1,470.. 0.06 
 
 15,706.. 1,476.. 0.06 
 
 Total, 
 
 46,474 
 
 420 0.22 1,3 
 
 311 0.32 8,031 1,057 0.09 60,899 455 0.21 
 
 5. Pauperism, 1850. 
 
 Number of paupers who received support within the year ending June 1st, 1850 — native 66,484, • 
 and foreign 68,538— total 134,972. 
 
 Number of paupers who were receiving support on the 1st June, 1850 — native 13,473, and 
 foreign 18,437— total 50,353. 
 
 Total cost of pauper support within the year specified — $2,954,806. 
 
 The following exhibit shows the number and cost of paupers to each of the States, within the 
 year 1850 : 
 
 states. Paupers. Cost. 
 
 Maine .... 5.503.. $151,664 
 
 N. Hamp.. 3,600.. 157 ,.351 
 
 Verm 8.654.. 120,462 
 
 Mas.s 15,777.. 892,715 
 
 Kh. Island 2,560.. 45.8.37 
 
 Conn 2.337.. 95.624 
 
 N.York .. 59,855.. 817,-336 
 
 N.Jersey. 2.392.. 93,110 
 
 6. Criminal Sialistics. 
 
 Whole number of persons convicted of crime within the year ending June 1, 1850 — native 18,000, 
 
 and foreign 14,000— total 27 ,000. 
 
 Whole number in prison on the 1st June of the same year— native 4,300, and foreign 2,460 — 
 
 total 6,700. 
 
 15 
 
 States. Paupers. 
 
 Cost. 
 
 states. 
 
 Paupers. 
 
 Cost 
 
 States. Paupers. 
 
 Cost. 
 
 Penn 11,551. 
 
 $232,133 
 
 Alabama.. 
 
 363.. 
 
 $17,559 
 
 Michigan. 1,190.. 
 
 $27,556 
 
 Delaware . 697. 
 
 17,730 
 
 Miss 
 
 260.. 
 
 18.132 
 
 Indiana .. 1,182.. 
 
 57,560 
 
 Maryland . 4,494. 
 
 71.668 
 
 La 
 
 423.. 
 
 89,8ii6 
 
 Illinois ... 797.. 
 
 45,213 
 
 Virginia .. 5.118. 
 N.Carolina 1,931. 
 
 151,722 
 
 Texas 
 
 7.. 
 
 433 
 
 Missouri.. 2,977.. 
 
 53.243 
 
 60,085 
 
 Arkansas . 
 
 105.. 
 
 6.S38 
 
 Iowa 135.. 
 
 5,358 
 
 S.Carolina 1,642. 
 
 48,337 
 
 Tennessee 
 
 1,005.. 
 
 30,980 
 
 Wisconsin. 666. . 
 
 14,743 
 
 Georgia .. 1,036 
 
 27,82(1 
 
 Kentucky. 
 
 1,126.. 
 
 57.543 
 
 
 
 Florida... 76. 
 
 937 
 
 Ohio 
 
 2,513.. 
 
 95,250 
 
 
 
UNITED STATES OF AMERICA. 
 
 II.— STATISTICS OP KELIGION. 
 1. Statistics of Churches. 
 
 states. 
 
 No. ef 
 
 Ch'8. 
 
 Arcnmtno- 
 
 d;iti(>n. 
 
 ValuporCh. 
 Property. 
 
 States. 
 
 No. of 
 Cli's, 
 
 Acfonimo- 
 
 <],.tion. 
 
 Value of Ch. 
 Property. 
 
 Maine 
 
 851 
 
 602 
 
 564 
 
 1,4.30 
 
 221 
 
 719 
 
 4,084 
 
 807 
 
 3,509 
 
 180 
 
 909 
 
 2,836 
 
 1,678 
 
 1,1 ('8 
 
 1,723 
 
 152 
 
 1,2.35 
 
 304,477 
 2:33,892 
 226.444 
 682,908 
 98.736 
 305.249 
 
 l,896.-.'29 
 344.9.33 
 
 1,566.413 
 .55.741 
 390.265 
 834,691 
 55s,204 
 453,930 
 612,892 
 41,170 
 388.605 
 
 $1,712,152 
 1,401,586 
 1.213.126 
 
 10,205,284 
 1,252.900 
 3,554.894 i 
 
 21.132,707 
 8,.540,436 
 
 11,551, ^sr, 
 
 .34(1.345 
 
 3.947,s>4 
 
 2,849,176 
 
 889,393 
 
 2.140,346 
 
 1,269,159 
 
 165,400 
 
 1,132,076 
 
 Mississippi 
 
 910 
 
 278 
 
 164 
 
 185 
 
 1.939 
 
 1,S1S 
 
 3.890 
 
 862 
 
 1,947 
 
 1,167 
 
 773 
 
 148 
 
 244 
 
 23 
 
 36,011 
 
 275,?7;i 
 
 104.0S(I 
 
 54.495 
 
 39.930 
 
 606.695 
 
 672.0.33 
 
 1,447.6.!2 
 
 11.8.S92 
 
 689..3-30 
 
 479.078 
 
 241.139 
 
 37,759 
 
 78.4.55 
 
 9.600 
 
 754.1>42 
 
 New Hampshire 
 
 Vermont 
 
 
 l,7v>,470 
 
 Texas 
 
 200.5:35 
 
 Massachusetts 
 
 
 89,315 
 
 
 Tt-nnessee 
 
 Kentucky 
 
 Ohio 
 
 l,2ii8,S76 
 
 
 2.260,098 
 
 
 5,76.5,149 
 
 New Jersey 
 
 
 723.200 
 
 
 
 1.512.485 
 
 Delaware 
 
 Illinois 
 
 1,476.:^A5 
 
 Maryland 
 
 Mis^•ouri 
 
 1,558.590 
 
 Virffinia 
 
 
 177,400 
 
 North Carolina 
 
 Wisconsin 
 
 350,600 
 258,:300 
 
 Georgia 
 
 Florida 
 
 Total 
 
 
 18,849,896 
 
 86,416,639 
 
 Alabama 
 
 
 
 
 . Statist 
 
 cs of Religious Denominations. 
 
 
 
 
 DenointnatJons. 
 
 No. of 
 
 Churches 
 
 Accnnimoda- 
 tions. 
 
 Value of 
 Property. 
 
 Denominations. 
 
 No. of 
 
 Churclies, 
 
 Accommoda- 
 tions. 
 
 Value i.r 
 Property, 
 
 Baptist 
 
 8,791 
 812 
 
 1,674 
 324 
 
 1,422 
 
 361 
 
 714 
 
 327 
 
 31 
 
 1,203 
 
 110 
 
 12.467 
 
 3,130,878 
 296,050 
 795.177 
 181,986 
 625,213 
 108,605 
 282,823 
 15(5,9:32 
 
 16,575 
 531,100 
 
 29,900 
 4,209,333 
 
 $10,931..3S2 
 
 84,5,810 
 
 7.973,962 
 
 4,096,730 
 
 11,261,970 
 
 252,255 
 
 1.709.867 
 
 965,880 
 
 371,600 
 
 2,867.886 
 
 94,245 
 
 14,636,671 
 
 
 831 
 
 4,5^4 
 
 1,112 
 
 15 
 
 52 
 
 619 
 
 2*3 
 
 494 
 
 325 
 
 ?112.1S4 
 
 2,040,316 
 
 620.9.iO 
 
 5.070 
 
 35,075 
 
 2I3,.5.52 
 
 137,367 
 
 205,462 
 
 115,:347 
 
 $443,347 
 
 
 
 14,369.8>9 
 
 
 
 8,973.8:33 
 
 
 
 108,100 
 
 
 Tunker...." 
 
 46,025 
 
 Free 
 
 
 6»0.(i(;5 
 
 Friends 
 
 Unitarian 
 
 8,268.122 
 
 
 
 1,767.1115 
 
 
 
 741, 9S0 
 
 
 Total 
 
 
 
 36,011 
 
 13,849,896 
 
 86,416,639 
 
 Methodist 
 
 
 
 N. B. The above tables do not include the church statistics of the District of Columbia and the Territories. 
 
 III.— AGRICULTURAL STATISTICS. 
 
 1. A Statement shoicing the numher of Acres of improved and unimproved Land, in Farms, the 
 
 cash value thereof and the average cash value per Acre, in each State and Territory 
 
 States and Territories. 
 
 M.aine 
 
 New Hampshire 
 
 Vermont 
 
 Massachusetts 
 
 Rhode Island 
 
 Connecticut 
 
 New York 
 
 New Jersey 
 
 Pennsylvania 
 
 Delaw.ire 
 
 Maryland 
 
 District of Columbia. 
 
 'Virginia 
 
 North Carolina 
 
 South Carolina 
 
 Georgia 
 
 Florida 
 
 Alabama 
 
 Mississippi 
 
 Louisiana 
 
 Texas 
 
 Arkansas 
 
 Tennessee 
 
 Kentucky 
 
 Ohio 
 
 Michigan 
 
 Indiana 
 
 Illinois 
 
 Missouri 
 
 Iowa 
 
 Wisconsin 
 
 California 
 
 Minnesota Territory . 
 Oregon do. 
 
 Utah do. 
 
 New Mexico do. 
 
 Acres of im- 
 proved land. 
 
 2.0:39,596 
 2.251.488 
 2.601,409 
 2,1.3:3.4:36 
 
 356.487 
 
 1,768.178 
 
 12.41 iS.968 
 
 1,767,991 
 
 8,628.619 
 
 580.862 
 2,797.905 
 16.267 
 10,360.1.35 
 5,4,53.977 
 4,072.651 
 6,378.479 
 
 349.049 
 4.4:35,614 
 3,444.358 
 1,590,025 
 
 639,107 
 
 781,531 
 .5.175,173 
 11,36S.270 
 9,851,493 
 1,929,110 
 5,046.543 
 5,039,545 
 2,938,425 
 
 824.6S2 
 
 1,045.499 
 
 62.;324 
 
 5.035 
 
 1.32.857 
 16,333 
 
 166,201 
 
 Acres of 
 
 proveit la 
 
 farm 
 
 2.515,797 
 
 1,140,926 
 
 1,524,413 
 
 1,222,576 
 
 197,451 
 
 615,701 
 
 6,710.120 
 
 984.9.55 
 
 6,294,728 
 
 375,282 
 
 1,836,445 
 
 11,187 
 
 1.5,792.176 
 
 1.5..T4;i,010 
 
 12.145,049 
 
 16,442.900 
 
 1,236.240 
 
 7,702,067 
 
 7,046,061 
 
 3,939.018 
 
 14,4.54.669 
 
 1,816.6^4 
 
 13,808,849 
 
 10.972,478 
 
 8,146.000 
 
 2.454,7>0 
 
 7,746,879 
 
 6.997,867 
 
 6.794,245 
 
 1.911,:3S2 
 
 1,931.1.59 
 
 8,831, .57 1 
 
 23.846 
 
 299.951 
 
 .30.516 
 
 124.870 
 
 4.555.393 
 
 8.392,414 
 
 4,125,822 
 
 3:356,012 
 
 553.938 
 
 2.383,879 
 
 19,119,088 
 
 2,752,946 
 
 14,923.347 
 
 956,144 
 
 4,634,:350 
 
 27.454 
 
 26,1.52.311 
 
 20,996.9s7 
 
 16.217.700 
 
 22,821,379 
 
 1,585.289 
 
 12.1:37.681 
 
 10.490,419 
 
 5,529.043 
 
 15.09:3,776 
 
 2..598,215 
 
 18.984,022 
 
 22.340,748 
 
 17.997,493 
 
 4.383..^9o 
 
 12,793.422 
 
 12.0:37,412 
 
 9.7:32.670 
 
 2.7:36(164 
 
 2.976.658 
 
 8,893..S95 
 
 28,881 
 
 4:32,808 
 
 46.849 
 
 290,571 
 
 Cash vat. of land 
 impioved and 
 
 Aggregate 118,457,622 I 184,621.348 803,078,970 
 
 -^ — ————— 
 
 $.54,861,748 
 
 55.245.997 
 
 63.367,227 
 
 109.076,:347 
 
 17,070,802 
 
 72,7'?6.4-.'2 
 
 554,.546,042 
 
 120,237.511 
 
 407,876,099 
 
 18,880,031 
 
 87.178.545 
 
 1.7:30,460 
 
 216,4(11.441 
 
 67.801.766 
 
 82,4:!1.6s4 
 
 95.7.53.445 
 
 6.32:3,109 
 
 64.323.224 
 
 54,738 634 
 
 75,814,:398 
 
 16,:398.747 
 
 15.265,245 
 
 97.851.212 
 
 154 :3:30.262 
 
 858,7,58.603 
 
 51.872,446 
 
 1-36,385.173 
 
 96.1:33 290 
 
 63,225.543 
 
 16.6.^7,567 
 
 28,528,563 
 
 3,874,041 
 
 161,9 ;8 
 
 2.'-49.170 
 
 311.7:9 
 
 1,653.952 
 
 $12 04 
 16 28 
 15 36 
 82 50 
 80 82 
 80 50 
 29 00 
 43 67 
 27 .33 
 19 75 
 18 81 
 63 03 
 
 8 27 
 
 3 23 
 5 08 
 
 4 19 
 3 99 
 
 5 30 
 5 22 
 
 13 71 
 1 09 
 5 SS 
 
 5 16 
 
 6 91 
 19 93 
 11 8:3 
 10 66 
 
 7 99 
 6 50 
 6 09 
 
 9 58 
 99 
 
 5 61 
 
 6 58 
 6 65 
 5 69 
 
 3,270,7:l3.(:f'3 'av. 10 79 
 
r, 
 
 UNITED STATES OF AMERICA. 
 
 2. Statement of the Food Crops for the Year ending \st June, 1850. 
 
 Maine 
 
 New Hampshire. 
 
 Vermoni 
 
 Massachusetts .. 
 Illiode Island . . . 
 
 Connecticut 
 
 New York 
 
 New Jersey 
 
 Pennsylvania ... 
 
 Delaware 
 
 Maryland 
 
 Dls. nf Columbia. 
 
 Virffinia 
 
 North Carolina.. 
 South Carolina . . 
 
 Georgria 
 
 Florida 
 
 Alabama 
 
 Mississippi 
 
 Louisiana 
 
 Texas 
 
 Arl<ansas 
 
 Tennessee 
 
 Kentucky 
 
 Ohio 
 
 Michigan 
 
 Indiana 
 
 Illinois 
 
 Missouri 
 
 Iowa 
 
 "Wisconsin 
 
 Culifiirnia 
 
 Minn. Territory. 
 Oregon Territory 
 Utah Territory.. 
 New Mex. Ter. . 
 
 Aggregate 
 
 296.2.59 
 1S5,65S 
 535,055 
 31.211 
 
 41,76: 
 
 13,121,495 
 
 1.601.19(1 
 
 15,367,691 
 
 482,51 1 
 
 4,494.6811 
 
 17.371 
 
 11,2-32.616 
 
 2,1.3(\102 
 
 1,066,277 
 
 1,08S,534 
 
 1,02 
 
 294,044 
 
 137.991) 
 
 417 
 
 41,689 
 
 199.639 
 
 1,619.381 
 
 2,140,822 
 
 14.487.351 
 
 4,925,889 
 
 6,214.45S 
 
 9,414,575 
 
 2.9^1.652 
 
 1.530,5sl 
 
 4,286,131 
 
 17,328 
 
 1,401 
 
 211,493 
 
 107.702 
 
 196,516 
 
 lOO.f 
 
 102,916 
 
 183.117 
 
 176,233 
 
 481,021 
 
 26.409 
 
 600.893 
 
 4,148.1v2 
 
 1,2.55.578 
 
 4,805,160 
 
 8.066 
 
 226,014 
 
 5 509 
 
 458.930 
 
 229.563 
 
 43,790 
 
 53,7,50 
 
 1,15.' 
 
 17,261 
 
 9,606 
 
 47.= 
 
 3.108 
 
 8,047 
 
 89,163 
 
 415,073 
 
 425,71s 
 
 106.871 
 
 78.792 
 
 83.364 
 
 44,268 
 
 19.916 
 
 81,253 
 
 125 
 106 
 210 
 
 1,750,056 
 
 1,573.670 
 
 2,032,396 
 
 2,345,490 
 
 539,201 
 
 1.9.S5,043 
 
 17,858,400 
 
 8.759.704 
 
 19,835,214 
 
 3,145.542 
 
 11.104.631 
 
 65,230 
 
 35.254,819 
 
 27,941,051 
 
 16,271,454 
 
 30,080,099 
 
 1 .996,809 
 
 28.754.04,8 
 
 22,446,552 
 
 10.266.373 
 
 5,926,611 
 
 8,893,930 
 
 52,276,223 
 
 58,675,591 
 
 59,078,695 
 
 5,641,420 
 
 52.064.-363 
 
 57,646,984 
 
 36,214,537 
 
 8,656,799 
 
 1,988.979 
 
 12,236 
 
 16,725 
 
 2.918 
 
 9,899 
 
 365,411 
 
 2,181,037 
 
 973.381 
 
 2,307,734 
 
 1,165,146 
 
 215,232 
 
 1.2.58.738 
 
 26.552,814 
 
 3,378,068 
 
 21,53S;.156 
 
 604,518 
 
 2,242.151 
 
 8,134 
 
 10,179,045 
 
 4,052.078 
 
 2,322.156 
 
 3,820.044 
 
 66.586 
 
 2,965.697 
 
 1,603.28s 
 
 89.637 
 
 178.883 
 
 656.183 
 
 T,703.086 
 
 8,201,311 
 
 13,472.742 
 
 2,866,056 
 
 5,6.55.014 
 
 10,087,241 
 
 5,278.079 
 
 1.524,345 
 
 3,414,672 
 
 30,582 
 
 65,146 
 
 10,900 
 
 5 
 
 151,731 
 
 70,256 
 
 42,150 
 
 112,385 
 
 18,875 
 
 19,099 
 
 3,585,1159 
 
 6,492 
 
 165,584 
 
 56 
 
 745 
 
 75 
 
 25.437 
 
 2,735 
 
 4,583 
 
 11,.501 
 
 3,958 
 229 
 
 4,776 
 
 177 
 
 2,737 
 
 95.:W:3 
 
 354,-35: 
 
 75,249 
 
 45,483 
 
 110.795 
 
 9,631 
 
 25.093 
 
 209.692 
 
 9,712 
 
 1,216 
 
 1,799 
 5 
 
 104.523 
 
 65265 
 
 209,819 
 
 105,895 
 
 1.245 
 
 229,297 
 
 3,183.955 
 
 878,9.34 
 
 2,19-3,692 
 
 8,615 
 
 103,671 
 
 37S 
 
 214,898 
 
 16,704 
 
 283 
 
 25(1 
 
 55 
 
 348 
 
 1,121 
 
 3 
 
 59 
 
 175 
 
 19,427 
 
 16,(197 
 
 638,064 
 
 472.917 
 
 149,740 
 
 184,504 
 
 23.641 
 
 52,516 
 
 79,878 
 
 515 
 
 332 
 
 100 
 
 ..503.890 14,188,3391592,326,612 146.567,870 5,167,016 8,956.016 215,312 710 9,219.975 65,796,793 88,259,196 
 
 pounds. 
 
 17.154 
 
 5,465,868 
 
 159,930,613 
 
 "8,950,691 
 
 1,075,090 
 
 2,311,252 
 
 2.719.&56 
 
 4,425,.349 
 
 87.916 
 
 63,179 
 
 258,854 
 
 5,688 
 
 TOO 
 500 
 
 205.541 
 
 70,856 
 
 104.649 
 
 43.709 
 
 6,846 
 
 19,000 
 
 741,636 
 
 14,174 
 
 55.231 
 
 4,120 
 
 12.816 
 
 7,754 
 
 521,581 
 
 ,584.252 
 
 ,026,900 
 
 ,142,011 
 
 135,3,59 
 
 892.701 
 
 ,072,757 
 
 161,732 
 
 179,-332 
 
 285,738 
 
 360.321 
 
 2(12,574 
 
 6(1,108 
 
 74,254 
 
 35,773 
 
 82.814 
 
 46,017 
 
 4,775 
 
 20.6-'- 
 
 2.292 
 
 10.002 
 
 6,566 
 
 289 
 
 15,688 
 
 busl.els 
 
 3,436.040 
 
 4,304,919 
 
 4,951.014 
 
 3.5S5.3S4 
 
 651.029 
 
 2.689.725 
 
 15,398,362 
 
 3.207.2:!6 
 
 5.980.732 
 
 240,542 
 
 764.93:i 
 
 28.292 
 
 1,316,933 
 
 620,31s 
 
 136,404 
 
 227.379 
 
 7.82s 
 
 246.001 
 
 261.482 
 
 95.682 
 
 93.548 
 
 103.S.32 
 
 1,067,844 
 
 1.492.48 
 
 5.057.709 
 
 2.359.807 
 
 2,0s3.:^:-lT 
 
 2,514.861 
 
 939.006 
 
 276,121 
 
 1,402.071 
 
 9,292 
 
 21.145 
 
 91,326 
 
 43,968 
 
 SO 
 
 5,623 
 
 508.015 
 
 52.172 
 
 65.413 
 
 208,993 
 
 3,407 
 
 1,013,671 
 
 5,(195.709 
 
 4,337.469 
 
 6 'J86,428 
 
 757,226 
 
 5,175,204 
 
 4,741.795 
 
 1,428,453 
 
 1,323,170 
 
 788.149 
 
 2,777.716 
 
 998,184 
 
 187,991 
 
 1,177 
 
 201.711 
 
 157.433 
 
 835,5(15 
 
 6,243 
 
 879 
 
 1,000 
 
 2.)0 
 
 60 
 
 3. Statement of Live-Slock in the several States, for the year ending 1st June, 1850. 
 
 states and Territories. 
 
 Other cattle. I Sheep. 
 
 Maine 
 
 New Hampshire 
 
 Vermont 
 
 Massachusetts 
 
 Khode Island 
 
 Connecticut 
 
 New York 
 
 New Jersey 
 
 Pennsylvania 
 
 Debiware 
 
 Maryland 
 
 District of Columbia. . 
 
 Virginia 
 
 North Carolina 
 
 South Carolina 
 
 Georgia 
 
 Flori.la 
 
 Alabama 
 
 Mississippi 
 
 Louisiana 
 
 Texas 
 
 Arkansas 
 
 Tennessee 
 
 Kentucky 
 
 Ohio 
 
 Michigan 
 
 Indiana 
 
 Illinois 
 
 Missouri 
 
 Iowa 
 
 Wisconsin 
 
 California 
 
 Minnesota Territory . . 
 
 Oregon Territory 
 
 Utah Territory 
 
 New Mexico Territory 
 
 Aggregate 
 
 41, 
 
 84, 
 61, 
 42. 
 6, 
 26, 
 
 447, 
 63, 
 
 350, 
 13, 
 75, 
 
 272, 
 1-1-^1 
 97, 
 
 151 : 
 
 lo: 
 
 128. 
 115. 
 
 89. 
 
 75. 
 
 60, 
 27(1. 
 315 
 468. 
 
 58, 
 314, 
 267. 
 225, 
 
 38, 
 
 30 
 
 21 
 
 721 
 233 
 
 ,067 
 ,216 
 ,16S 
 ,879 
 ,014 
 9.55 
 .398 
 ,852 
 ,684 
 824 
 ,403 
 ,693 
 ,1T1 
 ,331 
 ,848 
 ,001 
 ,460 
 ,514 
 ,419 
 ,197 
 ,636 
 ,682 
 ,397 
 ,5('6 
 ,299 
 ,653 
 .299 
 ,.536 
 ,179 
 ,719 
 860 
 ,046 
 ,429 
 ,079 
 
 55 
 19 
 
 218 
 34 
 1 
 
 49 
 
 963 
 
 4,089 
 
 2,259 
 
 791 
 
 5,644 
 
 57 
 
 21.480 
 
 25.259 
 
 37.483 
 
 57,379 
 
 5,002 
 
 59,895 
 
 54„547 
 
 44,849 
 
 12,364 
 
 11,559 
 
 75.303 
 
 65,609 
 
 3,4A3 
 
 70 
 
 6,599 
 
 10573 
 
 41,667 
 
 764 
 
 156 
 
 1,666 
 
 14 
 
 420 
 
 325 
 
 8,654 
 
 133,556 
 
 94,277 
 
 146.128 
 
 130,099 
 
 28.693 
 
 85.461 
 
 931,324 
 
 118,7-36 
 
 53' 1,224 
 
 19,248 
 
 86,859 
 
 813 
 
 317.619 
 
 221,799 
 
 193,244 
 
 834.223 
 
 72,876 
 
 227,791 
 
 214.231 
 
 105.576 
 
 214,758 
 
 9-3,151 
 
 250,456 
 
 247,475 
 
 544,409 
 
 99.676 
 
 284.554 
 
 294,671 
 
 230,169 
 
 46,704 
 
 64,339 
 
 4.280 
 
 607 
 
 9,427 
 
 4.861 
 
 10.635 
 
 83,893 
 59,027 
 48,577 
 46,611 
 
 8.189 
 
 46983 
 
 178,909 
 
 12,070 
 
 61,.527 
 
 9,797 
 84,135 
 104 
 89,513 
 37,309 
 20.507 
 73.2S6 
 
 5.794 
 66:961 
 83,435 
 54,968 
 49,932 
 34,239 
 86.255 
 62,074 
 65,381 
 55.350 
 40.221 
 76,156 
 112,168 
 21,892 
 42,8 il 
 
 4,780 
 655 
 
 8,1 '4 
 
 5.266 
 12.257 
 
 125.890 
 114.606 
 154,143 
 
 83,284 
 9,375 
 
 80,226 
 767.406 
 
 80,455 
 562,195 
 
 24,166 
 
 98,595 
 123 
 669,137 
 4-34,402 
 563,985 
 690.019 
 1,82,415 
 433,263 
 436.254 
 414,798 
 636,8»5 
 166 -320 
 414.0.51 
 442.763 
 749,067 
 119,471 
 3s9,S91 
 541.209 
 440,173 
 
 60.025 
 
 76,293 
 
 253,599 
 
 740 
 
 24,188 
 2,489 
 
 10,085 
 
 559.229 
 
 6,392,044 1,699,241 
 
 451.577 
 
 334,7.56 
 
 1,014,122 
 
 188,651 
 
 44.296 
 
 174,181 
 
 8,453,241 
 
 160,488 
 
 1,822,-357 
 
 27.503 
 
 177,902 
 
 150 
 
 1,310.004 
 
 595.249 
 
 285,551 
 
 560.435 
 
 23.311 
 
 371.880 
 
 804.929 
 
 110.333 
 
 99.098 
 
 91,256 
 
 811.591 
 
 1,102.121 
 
 3,943.920 
 
 746.4-35 
 
 1,122.493 
 
 894.04:3 
 
 762.511 
 
 149.960 
 
 124.892 
 
 17,574 
 
 80 
 
 15,382 
 
 3.262 
 
 377,271 
 
 54,598 
 
 63,487 
 
 66,296 
 
 81,119 
 
 19,5(9 
 
 76.472 
 
 1,018,252 
 
 250,370 
 
 1,040,366 
 
 56.261 
 
 352.911 
 
 1,635 
 
 1.830.743 
 
 1.812,813 
 
 1,06.5,503 
 
 2,168,617 
 
 209,453 
 
 1.904,540 
 
 1,582,7.34 
 
 597.301 
 
 633514 
 
 836,727 
 
 3,104,800 
 
 2,861.168 
 
 1,964.770 
 
 205.^47 
 
 2.253,776 
 
 1.915910 
 
 1.7(i2.6-.'5 
 
 3-'3.247 
 
 159.276 
 
 2,776 
 
 734 
 
 30,235 
 
 914 
 
 7.314 
 
 $9,705,726 
 
 8,871.9(11 
 
 12.643.223 
 
 9,647,710 
 
 1.5-32,637 
 
 7.467,490 
 
 73,570,499 
 
 10,670,291 
 
 41, .500,0,53 
 
 1.849.281 
 
 7,907.634 
 
 71.643 
 
 33.656,659 
 
 17,717,64T 
 
 1.5.060,015 
 
 25.728,416 
 
 2.880,058 
 
 21,69(t.ll2 
 
 19,403,662 
 
 11.1.52,275 
 
 lo,26:,s80 
 
 6.617.969 
 
 29.978,016 
 
 29,591.387 
 
 44,121.741 
 
 8.00s,7.34 
 
 22,478.555 
 
 24,209,258 
 
 19,S92.580 
 
 8,6^9.275 
 
 4,807,3,35 
 
 8,351.058 
 
 92,859 
 
 1,876.139 
 
 546968 
 
 1,404,629 
 
 10,268,856 21,721.81-1 .3'i,-316.60S 5 13,960.420 
 
 iT 
 
 B 
 
UNITED STATES OF AMERICA 
 
 
 11^ 
 
 $513,59!) 
 
 393.455 
 
 267.710 
 
 205.3,33 
 
 2fi.495 
 
 192,252 
 
 1,230.333 
 
 112 781 
 
 749.132 
 
 38.121 
 
 111.828 
 
 2.075 
 
 2.156,312 
 
 2,086.-522 
 
 909.525 
 
 1,838.968 
 
 75.582 
 
 1,934.120 
 
 1,164.020 
 
 139.232 
 
 2.55.719 
 
 638,217 
 
 3,137.810 
 
 2,458,128 
 
 1,712,196 
 
 340.947 
 
 1,631,039 
 
 1,1.55,902 
 
 1,674.705 
 
 221.292 
 
 43.624 
 
 7,000 
 
 1.392 
 6,033 
 
 
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 18 
 
UNITED STATES OF AMERICA. 
 
 5. Statement of the Products of Animals for the year ending \st June, 1850. 
 
 States and 
 
 VV(.iil, 
 
 Butter, 
 
 Cheese, 
 
 Value ofani 
 
 States and 
 
 Wool, 
 
 Butter, 
 
 Cheese, 
 
 Value of ani- 
 
 Territories. 
 
 pounds. 
 
 pounds. 
 
 pounds. 
 
 malsslaught. 
 
 Terrritories. 
 
 pounds. 
 
 pounds. 
 
 pounds. 
 
 mals slaught. 
 
 Maine 
 
 1,364,034 
 
 9,243,811 
 
 2,434,454 
 
 $1,646,773 
 
 Louisiana 
 
 109,897 
 
 683,069 
 
 1,957 
 
 1,458,990 
 
 N. Hampshire 
 
 1,108,476 
 
 6.977,056 
 
 3.196563 
 
 1,552,873 
 
 Texas 
 
 131,374 
 
 2,326,5.56 
 
 94,619 
 
 1,106,032 
 
 Vermont 
 
 3,400,717 
 
 12.137,98U 
 
 8,720,834 
 
 1,861.336 
 
 Ariiansas 
 
 182,595 
 
 1.854,239 
 
 30,088 
 
 1,162,913 
 
 Maasachusetts 
 
 855.136 
 
 8,071,370 
 
 7,088 142 
 
 2,500,924 
 
 Tennessee . . - 
 
 1,364,378 
 
 8,139,.585 
 
 177.681 
 
 6,401,765 
 
 Rhode Island. 
 
 129,692 
 
 995.670 
 
 316,508 
 
 667,48(! 
 
 Kentucky 
 
 2.297,403 
 
 9,887,523 
 
 213.954 
 
 6,462,598 
 
 Connecticut .. 
 
 497,454 
 
 5,498,119 
 
 5,363,277 
 
 2.202,266 
 
 Ohio 
 
 10,196,371 
 
 34,449.379 
 
 20,819,542 
 
 7,439.243 
 
 New York 
 
 10,071.301 
 
 79,766,094 
 
 49,741.413 
 
 13.573.983 
 
 Michigan 
 
 2,043 283 
 
 7,065,878 
 
 1,011.492 
 
 1,328,327 
 
 New Jersey. . . 
 
 375,396 
 
 9,487,210 
 
 365,756 
 
 2,638.552 
 
 Indiana 
 
 2,610,287 
 
 12,881,535 
 
 624,564 
 
 6,567,935 
 
 Pennsylvania. 
 
 4,481,570 
 
 39,878,418 
 
 2,505,034 
 
 8,219,484 
 
 Illinois 
 
 2,150,113 
 
 12.526.543 
 
 1,278.225 
 
 4,972,286 
 
 Delaware 
 
 57,768 
 
 1,055,308 
 
 3,187 
 
 373,665 
 
 Missouri 
 
 1,627,164 
 
 7,834,359 
 
 203 572 
 
 3,367,106 
 
 Maryland 
 
 480,226 
 
 3,806.160 
 
 3.975 
 
 1,954,800 
 
 Iowa 
 
 373,898 
 
 2,171,188 
 
 209,840 
 
 821,164 
 
 Diet. ofColum. 
 
 525 
 
 14.872 
 
 1,500 
 
 9.038 
 
 Wisconsin . . . 
 
 253,963 
 
 3,633.750 
 
 400,283 
 
 920,178 
 
 Virginia 
 
 2,860,765 
 
 11,089.359 
 
 436,298 
 
 7,503,006 
 
 CHlifornia 
 
 5,520 
 
 705 
 
 150 
 
 100,173 
 
 N. Carolina. .. 
 
 970,738 
 
 4,146 290 
 
 95,921 
 
 5.767,8.56 
 
 Minn. Ter 
 
 85 
 
 1,100 
 
 — 
 
 2,840 
 
 S. Carolina 
 
 487,2.33 
 
 2 981.8.50 
 
 4,970 
 
 1,302.637 
 
 Oregon Terr.. 
 
 29,686 
 
 211,464 
 
 36.980 
 
 164,530 
 
 Georgia 
 
 990,019 
 
 4.640,5.59 
 
 46,976 
 
 6,339,762 
 
 UtahTerritrjry 
 
 9,222 
 
 83,309 
 
 30,998 
 
 67.985 
 
 Florida 
 
 Alabama 
 
 Mississippi . . 
 
 23.247 
 
 657,118 
 559,619 
 
 371,498 
 4,008.811 
 4,346,234 
 
 18,015 
 31,412 
 21,191 
 
 514,685 
 4.823.485 
 3,636,582 
 
 NewMex.Ter. 
 
 32,901 
 
 111 
 
 5,848 
 
 82,125 
 
 Ag:sregate. . 
 
 52,789,174 
 
 313.266,962 
 
 105.535,219 
 
 109,485,757 
 
 6. Absolute and Relative Movement of Stock, Products, etc., 1840 and 1850. 
 
 Stook, products, etc. 
 
 Horses 
 
 Asses and mules 
 
 Milch cows 
 
 Working oxen 
 
 Other cattle 
 
 Sheep 
 
 Swine 
 
 Wool 
 
 Wheat 
 
 Eye 
 
 Indian corn 
 
 Oats 
 
 Barley 
 
 Buckwheat , 
 
 Eiee 
 
 Tobacco 
 
 Cotton 
 
 Sugar — cane 
 
 " maple 
 
 Hemp — dew-rotted . . . 
 
 " water-rotted . . 
 
 Flax 
 
 Hay 
 
 Hops 
 
 Potatoes — Irish 
 
 " sweet 
 
 Wine 
 
 Silk cocoons 
 
 Value of home-made 
 
 manufactures 
 
 : pounds . 
 I bushels . 
 
 4,335,669 head 
 
 - 14,971,586 " 
 
 19.311,374 " 
 
 26.301.29:? 
 
 35.802.1141 
 
 84,823,272 1 
 
 18,645..'56T " 
 
 87T531,8T5 " 
 
 123071.341 " 
 
 4.1 61 ..504 " 
 
 7.291.743 " 
 
 80,841.422 pounds 
 
 219,163.319 " 
 
 790,479,275 " 
 
 -155,110,809 " 
 
 : pounds , 
 bushels . 
 
 95,252 tons 
 
 10.248.10,9 
 1,238,502 
 
 •108,298,060 
 
 124.7.34 
 61,552 
 
 ■ 29,023,880 
 
 pounds 
 
 bushels •! 
 
 gallons 
 
 pounds 
 
 dollars ■} 
 
 18,n0. 
 
 4,335,35,S head* 
 5.59,229 " * 
 6,392.044 « 
 1.699,241 « 
 10,268,856 " 
 21.721.814 " 
 
 so.-iie.eos " 
 
 52,789.174 
 
 100,508,899 
 
 14.188 6-39 
 
 592,326,612 " 
 
 146,507,879 " 
 
 5,167.016 " 
 
 8.956.916 « 
 
 215.312,710 pounds , 
 
 199.752.646 " 
 
 987.449.600 " 
 
 84.249,886 " 
 
 247,5Sl.ii00 " 
 
 33.294 1 
 
 1.799 
 
 7.71.5.961 
 
 13,S3'i,579 i 
 
 8.406,029 
 
 65.796,798 
 
 88,259,196 
 
 221,240 
 
 10,843 i 
 
 : tons 
 
 pounds . 
 tons 
 
 pounds , 
 1 bushels , 
 
 gallons 
 pounds 
 
 27,481,899 doUars , 
 
 Decennial Movement. 
 
 558,918 head or 12.9 per cent 
 
 incr. 3,888,555 
 
 or 22.6 '* 
 
 tncr. 
 incr. 
 incr. 
 incr. 
 deer, 
 incr. 
 incr. 
 incr. 
 incr. 
 incr. 
 dci'r. 
 incr. 
 
 2,410.440 " or 12.4 
 
 4,015.315 " or 1,5.3 
 
 16.9'<7.06O pounds or 47.4 
 
 15.680.627 bushels or 18.5 
 
 4,456.928 
 
 214,794.7.37 
 
 23,496,.588 
 
 1,00.5,512 
 
 1.66.5,173 
 
 or 28.9 
 
 or .56.9 
 
 or 19.9 
 
 or 24.1 
 
 or 22.8 
 
 134.471,288 pounds or 166.3 
 19,410,673 " or 8.9 
 196,970,325 " or 24.9 
 
 incr. 126,720,077 
 
 or 81.6 
 
 deer. 56,301 tons or 58.1 " 
 
 ^nor. 
 incr, 
 
 d£cr. 
 
 incr, 
 deer. 
 
 deer. 
 
 8.590,471 " or 35.8 
 2,257.527 pounds or 182.2 
 
 4,242,071 bushels or 3.9 
 
 96.506 gallons or 77.3 
 50,709 pounds or 82.3 
 
 1,541,981 dollars or 6.8 
 
 IV. STATISTICS OF MANUFACTURES. 
 1. General Statistics. 
 
 The entire capital invested in the various manufactures in the United States on the 
 1st June, 1850 — not including any establishments producing less than the annual 
 
 value of 0500— amounted in round numbers to 0530,000,000 
 
 Value of raw material , fuel , etc. , used during the preceding year $550,000,000 
 
 Number of persons employed " " 1,050,000 
 
 Aggregate cost of labor " " 0240,000,000 
 
 Value of articles consumed " " 01,020,300,000 
 
 The total capital invested in manufactures in 1840, was 0267,726,579, and hence the manufac- 
 turing capital of the Union has duplicated in the succeeding decade. 
 
 * In the census of 1850, all horses, asses, and mules in cities are omitted, and those only or mainly employed in agri- 
 culture enumerated. 
 
 19 
 
UNITED STATES OF AMERICA. 
 
 2. Statistics of the Principal Manufactures. 
 
 Maine 
 
 New Hampshire 
 
 Vermont 
 
 Mas8Hcliu?ett8 
 
 Kliode Island 
 
 Connnt-ticut 
 
 New York 
 
 New Jersey 
 
 Pennsylvania 
 
 Delaware 
 
 Maryland 
 
 Virginia 
 
 North Carolina 
 
 South Carolina 
 
 Georgia 
 
 Florida 
 
 Alabama 
 
 Mississippi 
 
 Louisiana 
 
 Texas 
 
 Arkansas 
 
 Ti^niiessee 
 
 Kentucky 
 
 Ohio 
 
 Michif,'an 
 
 Indiana 
 
 Illinois 
 
 Missouri 
 
 Iowa 
 
 Wisconsin 
 
 California 
 
 District of Columbia 
 
 Total 
 
 COTTON GOODS. 
 
 12 
 
 44 
 
 9 
 
 213 
 
 158 
 
 128 
 
 86 
 
 21 
 
 208 
 
 12 
 
 24 
 
 27 
 
 28 
 
 18 
 
 35 
 
 12 
 2 
 
 1,094 
 
 $3,329,700 
 
 10,950.500 
 
 20-',5U0 
 
 28,455,630 
 
 6,675.1)00 
 
 4,219.100 
 
 4.176,920 
 
 1,483.500 
 
 4,528.925 
 
 460.100 
 
 2.236.000 
 
 1,908,900 
 
 1,058,800 
 
 8.57.200 
 
 1,736,156 
 
 80,000 
 
 651,900 
 
 38,000 
 
 16.500 
 669,600 
 239,000 
 297,000 
 
 43,000 
 
 102,000 
 
 85,000 
 74, .501. 031 
 
 11,573,110 
 
 4,839,429 
 
 114.415 
 
 11.289,309 
 
 3.484,579 
 
 2.500,06 
 
 1,98.".,973 
 
 666.645 
 
 3,152,530 
 
 312,068 
 
 1,165.579 
 
 828,375 
 
 531,903 
 
 295,971 
 
 900,419 
 
 30,000 
 
 237,081 
 
 21,500 
 
 8,975 
 297,500 
 180,907 
 237,060 
 
 28,220 
 
 86,446 
 
 3,739 $2, 
 
 12,122 
 
 241 
 
 28,730 
 
 10,875 
 
 6.186 
 
 6,320 
 
 1,712 
 
 7,663 
 
 838 
 
 3,02 
 
 2,963 
 
 1,619 
 
 1,019 
 
 2 272 
 
 ' 9.5 
 
 715 
 
 36 
 
 31 
 
 891 
 402 
 401 
 
 95 
 
 15, 
 
 144 
 
 596,356 
 ,830,619 
 196,100 
 ,712,461 
 ,447,120 
 257 522 
 1591^989 
 ,109,.524 
 .322.262 
 5,38,439 
 :,120,504 
 ,486,384 
 831,342 
 748.. 338 
 !,135,044 
 
 49,9i;o 
 382,2(;0 
 
 30,500 
 
 16637 
 510,624 
 273,439 
 394,700 
 
 44,200 
 
 142,900 
 
 100,000 
 
 "WOOLEN GOODS. 
 
 36 
 61 
 
 119 
 45 
 
 149 
 
 249 
 41 
 
 380 
 
 8 
 
 38 
 
 121 
 1 
 
 130 
 15 
 33 
 16 
 1 
 1 
 9 
 
 1 
 
 $467,600 
 
 2,437,700 
 
 886,300 
 
 9,089 34i 
 
 1.013,000 
 
 3,773.950 
 
 4,4.59.370 
 
 494,274 
 
 3,005,064 
 
 148,500 
 
 244,000 
 
 3i»2,640 
 
 18,000 
 
 68,000 
 
 8,000 
 
 10,900 
 
 249,820 
 
 870,220 
 
 94,000 
 
 171.545 
 
 154..500 
 
 20,000 
 
 10,000 
 
 31,225 
 
 700 
 
 1,55928,118,650 
 
 .$495,940 
 
 1,267,329 
 
 830,684 
 
 8,071,671 
 
 1,403,900 
 
 3.325,709 
 
 3,838,292 
 
 548,367 
 
 3,282,718 
 
 204.172 
 
 165,568 
 
 488,899 
 
 13,950 
 
 30,39; 
 
 10,000 
 
 1,675 
 
 205,287 
 
 578423 
 
 43,40; 
 
 120,486 
 
 115,367 
 
 16,000 
 
 3,500 
 
 32,630 
 
 1,630 
 
 25,755,988 
 
 624 
 212- 
 1,393 
 11,130 
 1,758 
 5,488 
 6,674 
 
 898 
 5,72(. 
 
 14(. 
 
 362 
 
 668 
 30 
 
 17 
 318 
 1,201 
 129 
 246 
 178 
 
 $ 753,300 
 
 2,127.745 
 
 1,579,161 
 
 12.770,565 
 
 2,381,825 
 
 6,465,216 
 
 7,030,604 
 
 1 ,164,446 
 
 5,321,866 
 
 251,010 
 
 295,140 
 
 841,013 
 
 23,750 
 
 88,750 
 
 15,000 
 
 6,310 
 
 318,819 
 
 1,111,027 
 
 90,242 
 
 205.802 
 
 206,572 
 
 56,000 
 
 13,000 
 
 87,992 
 
 2,400 
 
 43,207,555 
 
 MAXT AND SPIRITUOUS LIQUORS. 
 
 Maine 
 
 Vermont 
 
 Massachusetts . 
 Khode Island . . 
 
 Connecticut 
 
 New York 
 
 New Jersey 
 
 Pennsylvania 
 
 Maryland 
 
 Viriiinia 
 
 North Carolina. 
 
 South Carolina 
 
 Georgia 
 
 Alabama 
 
 LouisiaTia 
 
 Kentucky 
 
 Tennessee 
 
 Missouri 
 
 Ohio 
 
 Indiana 
 
 Illinois 
 
 Michigan 
 
 Iowa 
 
 Wisconsin 
 
 New Mexico Ter.. . 
 Utah Territory . . . 
 Dist. of Columbia 
 
 Total 
 
 20 
 
 Quantities and kinds of grain, etc., 
 
 Bnsliels of Bushels of 
 barley 
 
 $17,000 
 
 7,001 
 
 457,.500 
 
 17.00(1 
 
 15.. 501 1 
 
 !,.58.").90n 
 
 4119,6 
 
 1,719.960 
 
 247, 10( 
 
 100,9i: 
 
 21.931 
 
 3,47.': 
 
 7,150 
 
 500 
 
 8,.500 
 
 168,895 
 
 66.125 
 
 298.900 
 
 1 262,974 
 
 334,9.50 
 
 3(13,400 
 
 139.425 
 
 19.500 
 
 98.700 
 
 7.300 
 
 3.00(1 
 
 12,00U 
 
 2,500 
 80,000 
 12,500 
 
 ,062,2.50 
 
 103,700 
 
 550,105 
 
 76,900 
 
 20,000 
 
 10,000 
 
 65,6.50 
 
 3,000 
 
 124.440 
 
 330,950 
 
 118,150 
 
 98,000 
 
 32,030 
 
 91.020 
 
 1,000 
 5,000 
 
 Bushels of.t^ushels 
 rye. of oats. 
 
 hels Hhds.of 
 of apples, mola 
 
 19,400 
 
 20,000 
 
 1,647,266 
 
 2.54,000 
 
 1,483„5.55 
 
 166,100 
 
 2.50,700 
 
 64,(i50 
 
 18,100 
 
 20,150 
 
 551,3.50 
 
 2.58,400 
 
 309,200 
 
 3,588,140 
 
 1,417,990 
 
 703.,500i 
 
 212,300l 
 
 5l,150| 
 
 29,9'lOi 
 
 2,000| 
 
 26,600 
 
 20, 
 990, 
 
 58, 
 517, 
 
 54. 
 
 62, 
 4, 
 
 6,707 
 
 24,790 
 460 
 450 
 
 !,.500 1,500 
 
 30,520 — 
 
 5,480 — 
 
 24,900' _ 
 281,750 19..500 
 
 48,700 1,000 
 
 48,700 2,200 
 
 19,150 - 
 
 7,200' - 
 
 9,200 - 
 
 12,900, - 
 
 — 2,000 
 
 — 55,130 
 
 — I 10 
 60,940 24,500 
 
 409,700, - 
 51,2001 10 
 
 8 334.2.54 3.787.19.511,067,671 2.143,927 .56.517 526.840 61,675 1,294 .5.487 1,177.924 42,1.33,9556 500,500 
 
 hopa. 
 
 1 
 29 
 6 
 2 
 
 581 
 
 42 
 
 263 
 
 10 
 18 
 
 31 
 
 178 
 18 
 
 5 
 
 2 
 
 131 
 
 9 
 
 20 
 
 1,380 
 
 197 
 
 911 
 
 126 
 
 123 
 
 75 
 
 33 
 
 15 
 
 274 
 
 159 
 
 179 
 
 1,033 
 
 287 
 
 274 
 
 98 
 
 19 
 
 98 
 
 21 
 
 3 
 
 Quantities of liquor produced. 
 
 Barrels of 
 ale, etc 
 
 Gallons 
 whi»ky 
 high wi. 
 
 800 
 
 i,800 
 
 1,900 
 
 130 
 700 9,231 
 ,7.50, 1,250 
 ,581| 6..548 
 
 ,380: 
 ,500! 
 
 850 
 
 ■;87 
 87:t, 
 
 1.53, 
 43 
 60. 
 
 1,491 
 
 13; 1, 
 943n,8...5, 
 005 4,639, 
 925 2,315 
 
 320, 
 
 31,320 
 
 300 
 :.350 
 
 690, 
 16(1, 
 127, 
 42 
 
 Gallons of 
 rum. 
 
 220,000 
 3,786,000 
 
 1,200 
 
 ,488,800 
 
 1,500 
 
 3,000 
 
UNITED STATES OF AMERICA. 
 
 Stalistics of the Principal Manufactures — (continued). 
 
 
 PIG IRON. 
 
 CAST IRON. 
 
 "WROUGHT IRON. 
 
 STATES. 
 
 O D. 
 
 T3 
 
 >• 
 
 a 
 
 Q. 
 
 u 
 
 
 = c 
 
 > 
 
 2-- 
 
 -a 
 
 s 
 .1 
 
 O 
 
 
 si 
 
 > 
 
 55 
 
 1 
 
 a. 
 o 
 
 11 
 > 1 
 
 i 
 
 > 
 
 Maine 
 
 New Hampshire 
 
 Vermont 
 
 Mass.ichusetta .. 
 Ehode Island . . 
 
 Connecticut 
 
 New York 
 
 New Jersey 
 
 Pennsylvania. . . 
 
 Delaware 
 
 Maryland 
 
 Virginia 
 
 North Carolina . 
 South Carolina . 
 
 Georgia 
 
 Florida 
 
 Alabama 
 
 Mississippi 
 
 Louisiana 
 
 Texas 
 
 Arkansas 
 
 Tennessee 
 
 Kentucky 
 
 Ohio 
 
 1 
 
 1 
 
 3 
 6 
 
 13 
 
 IS 
 10 
 ISO 
 
 18 
 29 
 2 
 
 3 
 
 3 
 
 23 
 21 
 35 
 1 
 2 
 2 
 5 
 
 1 
 
 $214,000 
 
 2.000 
 
 62.500 
 
 469,000 
 
 225,600 
 
 605,000 
 
 967,0(10 
 
 8,570,425 
 
 1,420,000 
 513,800 
 25,000 
 
 26,000 
 
 11,000 
 
 1,021.400 
 924,700 
 1,503,000 
 15,000 
 72,000 
 65,000 
 619,000 
 
 15,000 
 
 $14,9.39 
 
 4,900 
 
 40.175 
 
 185,741 
 
 289,225 
 
 321.027 
 
 332,707 
 
 3,732,427 
 
 560,725 
 158,307 
 27,900 
 
 25,840 
 
 6,770 
 
 254.900 
 260,152 
 630,037 
 14,000 
 24,400 
 15.500 
 97,367 
 
 8,250 
 
 $36,616 
 
 6,000 
 
 68,000 
 
 295,123 
 
 415,600 
 
 597,920 
 
 560,544 
 
 6,071,513 
 
 1,056,400 
 
 521,924 
 
 12,500 
 
 57,300 
 
 22,500 
 
 676,100 
 604,037 
 1,255,85(1 
 21,000 
 58.000 
 70,200 
 314,600 
 
 27,000 
 
 25 
 26 
 26 
 68 
 20 
 60 
 
 323 
 45 
 
 320 
 13 
 16 
 54 
 5 
 6 
 4 
 
 10 
 
 8 
 8 
 2 
 
 16 
 20 
 183 
 63 
 14 
 29 
 6 
 3 
 15 
 1 
 2 
 
 $150,100 
 232,700 
 290,720 
 
 1,499,050 
 428,800 
 580,800 
 
 4,622,482 
 593,250 
 
 3,422,924 
 373,500 
 359,100 
 471,160 
 11,500 
 185.700 
 35,000 
 
 216,625 
 
 100,000 
 
 255,000 
 
 16,000 
 
 139,500 
 
 502,200 
 
 2,063,650 
 
 195,450 
 
 82,900 
 
 260,400 
 
 187.000 
 
 5,500 
 
 116,850 
 
 5,000 
 
 14,000 
 
 $112,570 
 
 177,060 
 
 160,603 
 
 1,057,904 
 
 258,267 
 
 851.369 
 
 2,393,768 
 
 301,048 
 
 2,372,467 
 
 153,852 
 
 259.190 
 
 297,014 
 
 8,341 
 
 29,128 
 
 11,950 
 
 102,085 
 50,370 
 
 75.300 
 8,400 
 
 90,035 
 
 295,533 
 
 1,199,790 
 
 91,865 
 
 66,918 
 
 172.330 
 
 133,114 
 
 2.524 
 
 86,930 
 
 8,530 
 
 18,100 
 
 $265,000 
 
 371,710 
 
 460,831 
 
 2,23.5,635 
 
 728,705 
 
 981,400 
 
 5,921,980 
 
 686,4.30 
 
 5,354.881 
 
 267,462 
 
 685,000 
 
 674,416 
 
 12,867 
 
 87,683 
 
 46,200 
 
 271,126 
 
 117,400 
 
 312,500 
 
 55,000 
 
 264,325 
 
 744,316 
 
 3,069,350 
 
 279,697 
 
 149,!30 
 
 441,185 
 
 336,495 
 
 8.500 
 
 216,195 
 
 29.740 
 
 41,696 
 
 2 
 S 
 6 
 1 
 
 18 
 60 
 53 
 131 
 2 
 17 
 39 
 19 
 
 8 
 
 1 
 
 42 
 
 4 
 
 11 
 
 8 
 
 2 
 
 $4,000 
 
 62.700 
 
 610,.300 
 
 208,000 
 
 529.500 
 
 1,131,300 
 
 1,016,843 
 
 7,620,066 
 
 15.000 
 
 780,650 
 
 791,211 
 
 103,000 
 
 9,200 
 
 2,500 
 
 755,050 
 176,000 
 620,800 
 
 17,000 
 
 42,100 
 
 $5,600 
 
 66,194 
 221,194 
 111,750 
 358,780 
 838,314 
 320,950 
 5,488,391 
 
 19,500 
 439,511 
 591,448 
 
 28,114 
 
 5,986 
 3,000 
 
 385,616 
 180,800 
 604,493 
 
 4,425 
 
 24,509 
 
 $10,400 
 163,986 
 428,320 
 222.400 
 667,560 
 
 1,423.968 
 629,273 
 
 8,902,907 
 55,090 
 771,431 
 
 1,264 995 
 66,980 
 
 15,334 
 
 7,500 
 
 670,618 
 
 299,700 
 
 1,076,192 
 
 11,760 
 
 Michigan 
 
 Indiana 
 
 Missouri 
 
 Iowa 
 
 Wisconsin 
 
 California 
 
 D. of Columbia 
 
 68,700 
 
 Total 
 
 377 
 
 17,346,425 7,005,289 
 
 12,748,777 
 
 1,391 
 
 17,416,361 
 
 10,346,355 
 
 25,108,155 
 
 422 
 
 14,495,220 
 
 9,698,10916,747,074 
 
 V. INTERNAL IMPROVEMENTS.— RAILED AD 8 , ETC. 
 
 In no other particular can the prosperity of a country be more strikingly manifested than by the 
 perfection of its roads and other means of internal communication. The system of railroads, ca- 
 nals, plank-roads, post-routes, river navigation, and telegraphs possessed by the United States, 
 presents an indication of its advancement in power and civilization more wonderful than any other 
 feature of its progress. In truth, the country in this respect occupies the first place among the 
 nations of the world. 
 
 The primary design of nearly all the great lines of railway in the United States has been to con- 
 nect the sea-coast with the distant interior ; to effect which object it was necessary to cross the 
 Alleghanies, which intersect every line of travel diverging to the West from the great commercial 
 cities of the sea-board. 
 
 The following are some of the vast enterprises which have been undertaken to accomplish this 
 great purpose, which have either been finished or are in such a state of progress as leaves no doubt 
 of their being brought to a successful issue within a few years : 
 
 First. The railroads connecting Portland, the commercial capital of Maine, with the British 
 provinces, and through their public works, the St. Lawrence River and the lakes, with the West- 
 ern States of the Union. 
 
 Second. The railroads from Boston westward, connecting at Albany with the roads of Central 
 New York, and, by the more northern route, traversing New Hampshire and Vermont, continuing 
 toward the West by the Ogdensburg Railroad, and bringing Montreal, the chief commercial city 
 of Upper Canada, into communication with the capital of New England. 
 
 Third. The New Yoi'k and Erie Railroad, extending from New York city to L.ake Erie, and 
 intended to form a part of a continuous line from the Hudson to the Mississippi — a project likely 
 to be effected within the ensuing ten years. 
 
 Fourth. The Pennsylvania Central Railroad, from Philadelphia to Pittsburg, with numerous 
 diverging branches, to points north and south of the general direction. This great route will 
 reach St. Louis by a nearly due west course through Ohio, Indiana, and Illinois. The Pennsyl- 
 vania section will be completed about the end of 1853. 
 
 21 
 
UNITED STATES OF AMERICA. 
 
 Fifth. The Baltimore and Ohio Railroad, one of the most magnificent works of the day, 
 passes from Baltimore, through Maryland and Virginia, to Wheeling, on the Ohio. At the latter 
 point it will form a connection with the system of roads traversing the West and North-west. 
 
 Sixth. The roads proposed to be constructed under authority of Virginia, and already com- 
 menced, intended to establish communication between tide-water and the interior, and south- 
 western parts of that State, and to continue the same through Tennessee to the Mississippi. 
 
 Seventh. The several lines of railroad from Charleston and Savannah, penetrating South Caro- 
 lina and Georgia, concentrating in north-eastern Alabama, and reaching the level region of the 
 Mississippi by the valley of the Tennessee River. These roads, by their veestern continuation, 
 will intersect lines running to every important point between the mountains and the Mississippi 
 River. 
 
 Eighth. The Mobile and Ohio Railroad, from the Mexican gulf to the mouth of the Ohio, and 
 the Illinois Central Railroad to the lakes, a distance in a straight line of about 1,100 miles. 
 
 It will be seen at a glance that the leading idea in all these vast enterprises was to overcome the 
 barrier presented by this chain of mountains, to a direct and unrestricted intercourse between the 
 sea-board and the West, and to supply the want of those natural channels of commerce, navigable 
 rivers, extending into the section we desire to reach. The enormous aggregate of expense of the 
 numerous works specified above, undertaken with this one object, and their importance as public 
 improvements, may be estimated from the following brief notice of the New York and Erie Rail- 
 road, which occupies the third place in our preceding enumeration : The longest continuous line 
 of railroad in the world, and that in the construction of which the greatest natural obstacles have 
 been overcome, is that which extends from the Hudson River, through the southern counties of 
 New York, to Lake Erie. Its length is 469 miles, and it has branches of an additional length of 
 68 miles. Nearly its whole course is through a region of mountains. The bridges by which it ia 
 carried over the Delaware and Susquehanna rivers, and other streams, and the viaducts upon 
 which it crosses the valleys that intercept its route, are among the noblest monuments of power 
 and skill to be found in our country. The most of these works are of heavy masonry ; but one of 
 them is a wooden bridge, 187 feet in height, with on6 arch, the span of which is 275 feet. One of 
 the viaducts is 1,200 feet long, and 110 feet high. The aggregate cost of this important work was 
 $23,580,000, and the expense of construction was $42,333 per mile. 
 
 The following table presents, in a convenient form, some of the principal facts connected with 
 railroads in the United States on the 1st January, 1852 and 1853. 
 
 1853. 
 
 Staten, etc. 
 
 Miles of rail- 
 road com- 
 pleted. 
 
 Maine 315... 
 
 New Hampshire . . 489. . . 
 
 Vermont 8S0... 
 
 Ma-ssachusctts 1,089. . . 
 
 RlKxle Isljmd 50... 
 
 Connectieut 547... 
 
 Nuw Yorlv 1.826. . . 
 
 Kew. Jersey 226... 
 
 Pennsylvania 1,146 774 
 
 Delaware 45 11 
 
 Maryland S76 125 
 
 Virginia.... 478 818 1,296 
 
 Milea ofrail- 
 road in course 
 of construction. 
 
 ... 127 
 
 ... 47 
 
 ... 59 
 
 ... 67 
 
 ... 82 
 
 ... 261 
 
 .. 745 
 
 ,.. Ill 
 
 Total. 
 
 . 442 
 . 5.S6 
 . 4.39 
 .1,156 
 . 82 
 . 80S 
 .2,.571 
 . 3.37 
 .1,920 
 . 56 
 . 501 
 
 North Carol I n.n.... 249 385. 
 
 Soul h Carolina..,. 840 298. 
 
 Georffia 754 229. 
 
 Florida — 
 
 Alabama 121 
 
 Mississippi 93 
 
 Louisiana 63 
 
 Texjis — 
 
 Tennessee 112 
 
 Kentucky 93 
 
 Ohio 828 
 
 Miohigran 427 
 
 IiKliiina 600 
 
 Illinois 176 1,409 . . 
 
 Misscjnri — 515. . 
 
 Wisconsin 20. 
 
 6:U 
 63S 
 983 
 
 . 190 
 . 273 
 
 ." 32, 
 
 . 74S, 
 . 414 
 .1,892 
 
 .... 811 
 .... 366 
 .... 63 
 
 32 
 
 860 
 
 .... 507 
 ....2,720 
 .... 427 
 
 915 1,.515 
 
 ....1.535 
 .... 515 
 .... 441 
 
 421. 
 
 10,843 
 
 10,893 
 
 21,741 
 
 states. 
 
 No. 
 
 of miles in 
 rogress. 
 
 Ill 
 
 42 
 
 Total. 
 
 . 505 
 . 542 
 . 427 
 .1,206 
 
 Maine 394 
 
 New Hampshire. . 500 
 
 Vermont 427 
 
 Massachusetts 1,140 
 
 Uhode Island 50 
 
 Connecticut 627 
 
 New York 2,128 
 
 New Jersey 254 
 
 Pennsylvania 1,244 
 
 Delaware 16 
 
 Maryland 521 
 
 Virfiinia 624 
 
 North Carolina . . . 249 
 
 South Carolina 599 
 
 Georgia 857 
 
 Florida 23 
 
 Alabama 236 
 
 Mississippi 95 
 
 Louisiana 63 
 
 Texas 32 
 
 Tennessee 185 
 
 Kentucky 94 
 
 Ohio 1.385 1 
 
 Iniliana 755 
 
 Michigan 427 
 
 Illinois 296 1 
 
 Missouri — 
 
 Wisconsin 50 
 
 Total 13,266 12,681 25,947 
 
 66 
 
 32 82 
 
 198 825 
 
 924 3,047 
 
 85 839 
 
 903 2,147 
 
 11 27 
 
 — 521 
 
 610 1,284 
 
 248 497 
 
 296 895 
 
 691 1,548 
 
 — 23 
 
 728 
 875 
 200 
 
 Measures are in progress for establishing railroads in California, with the object of connecting 
 San Francisco with some of the principal towns of the State ; and no doubt, ere the lapse of many 
 years, that important division of the Union will be in possession of as large a proportion of these 
 facilities for travel and business as her population and resources require. 
 22 
 
UNITED STATES OP AMERICA. 
 
 From the brief sketch of American railroads should not be excluded some mention of several 
 projects which are not only closely connected with the interests of the United States, but possess 
 something of national importance. The first of these, in point of vastness of design, 'is the enter- 
 prise of building a railroad from the Mississippi River to the Pacific Ocean. The routes proposed 
 in this great work are almost as numerous as the persons who claim the merit of havino- first su<r- 
 gested and brought forward the scheme of thus completing the chain of railroad connection between 
 the Atlantic and Pacific coasts of the Union. No scientific survey of any route west of the fron- 
 tier of Missouri has been made, but it is not probable that any could be found that would bring 
 the line of travel between the Mississippi and the ocean within the limit of 1,600 miles. 
 
 The natural obstacles to bo overcome are the Rocky Mountains and the Sierra Nevada, the 
 deserts between the Missouri and the former chain, and those of the great basin, the flying sands, 
 and the want of timber. Further explorations may lead to the discovery of means to overcome 
 tliese difficulties. Should the cost not exceed the average of Western roads, it would form no ob- 
 jection to the enterprise, since it would be only about $32,000,000, or only twenty-five per cent, 
 more than has been expended upon the Erie Railroad— less than fifty per cent, greater than the 
 aggregate expenditure upon the Baltimore and Ohio Railroad, and not two-thirds of that incurred 
 by the State of Massachusetts on her railroads. The only question, then, affecting the probabil- 
 ity of the construction of the Pacific Railroad is that of practicability. 
 
 This can only be determined by thorough surveys of some or all of the routes proposed, from 
 the valley of the Rio Grande, the Arkansas, the Missouri, and the Upper Mississippi. If this 
 road were completed, and the route continued westward by steamship to Calcutta, it would reduce 
 the time required for the circuit of the globe, by the American overland route, to 93 days, as 
 follows : from New York to San Francisco, 4 days ; to Hong-Kong, 25 days ; to Calcutta, 6 days ; 
 to Bombay, 13 days ; to England, 35 days ; to New York, 10 days. Total, 93 days. 
 
 Another project for connecting, by the means of cheap and rapid conveyance, the two coasts of 
 our confederacy, which deserves, as it has received, very great attention, is the proposition to 
 build a railroad across the Isthmus of Tehuantepec, in Mexico. Its feasibility is established. 
 The length of the road, according to the report of the surveyors, will be 166 miles from sea to 
 sea ; but only about 80 miles from the head of navigable water on either side. 
 
 ^The cost of the road, with all the necessary equipments, station-houses, etc., is estimated at 
 $7,848,000. The time expected to be required for its construction is three years. With this 
 connecting link of communication completed, the voyage from New Orleans to San Francisco will 
 be performed in eight or nine days. 
 
 For the purpose of comparison, the subjoined statement has been prepared, showing the number 
 of miles of railroads, with their costs, according to the most generally received authorities in all 
 the countries of Europe in which those improvements have been introduced : 
 
 COUNTRIES. 
 
 Miles. 
 
 Afcgregate cost. 
 
 Cost p. miJe 
 
 Great Britain and Ireland 
 
 6,890 
 
 5,832 
 
 1,018 
 
 5.32 
 
 2ii() 
 ITO 
 
 $1,218,000,000 
 325.875,000 
 238,905,000 
 
 46.288,000 
 15,000,000 
 15,000,000 
 
 $177,000 
 
 German States, including Prussia and Austria 
 
 France 
 
 
 Belgium 
 
 254,000 
 
 Russia 
 
 
 Italy '.'.".'.'.'.'.'.".'.'.'.'.'.'.'.'.'.".'.'.;;■.;.;! ■.!;!'.;; 
 
 75,000 
 88,000 
 
 
 14,142 
 
 1,859,068,000 
 
 181,300 
 
 By these statistics it is made to appear that the average cost of European railroads was #131,800 
 per mile. The average cost of American railroads completed previous to the commencement of the 
 present year was $34,307 per mile. The excess of expenditure, therefore, in the construction of 
 European roads over those in the United States, is $95,993 per mile, or about 280 per cent. ; but 
 it may be remarked that the average cost of construction in the United States of all the roads' does 
 not exceed $27,300 per mile ; so that the actual excess is $103,000 per mile. 
 
 The foregoing statements develop the striking fact that the United States possess an extent of 
 railroad nearly equal to that of the rest of the world combined ; and, at our present rate of pro- 
 gression, we are likely, in a few years, far to exceed it. 
 
UNITED STATES OF AMERICA, 
 
 VI. — COMMERCIAL STATISTICS. 
 
 1. Slatistical View of the Commerce of the United Slates, exhibiting the Value of Exports to 
 and Imports from each Foreign Country, and the Tonnage of American and Foreign Vessels 
 arriving from and departing to each foreign country, during the year ending June 30, 1850. 
 
 
 COMMERCE. 
 
 NAVIGATION. 
 
 COUNTRIES. 
 
 VALUE OF EXPOHTS. 
 
 Value of im- 
 
 JieirtS. 
 
 A-MEKICAN TONNAGE. 
 
 rOKEIGN TONNAGB. 
 
 
 Bnnipstic 
 produce. 
 
 Foreisn pro- 
 duce. 
 
 Total. 
 
 Entered 
 
 the 
 U. .States. 
 
 Cleared 
 from the 
 U. Sti.les. 
 
 Entered 
 
 the 
 U. State?. 
 
 Cleared 
 from the 
 U States. 
 
 
 $666.4-35 
 
 70.645 
 
 668,580 
 
 98,176 
 
 165.874 
 
 867,140 
 
 4,320,780 
 
 2.188.101 
 
 180.5:33 
 
 804.3:35 
 
 97.014 
 
 2,108.:357 
 
 (U,6s0.959 
 
 3.021.740 
 
 1.025,031 
 
 186.307 
 
 75.329 
 
 502.613 
 
 14:3,219 
 
 171.984 
 
 502.776 
 
 3.612.802 
 
 4,611,451 
 
 8,116,840 
 
 16.9:34.791 
 
 1.015.486 
 
 269.377 
 
 2.517 
 
 43.405 
 
 12,575 
 
 605.6.59 
 
 8,256..362 
 
 20.524 
 
 16.817 
 
 4,5:30.256 
 
 616,002 
 
 172.978 
 
 130,874 
 
 14,421 
 
 47.04:3 
 
 1,507.166 
 
 50.577 
 
 170,704 
 
 45.6(>4 
 
 1,179.893 
 
 204.397 
 
 1,211,007 
 
 1,498,791 
 
 57.225 
 
 970,019 
 
 678,462 
 
 2,723.767 
 
 718.:331 
 
 60.024 
 
 1,297.1:3:3 
 258,939 
 
 1,485,961 
 
 67.9.34 
 22,256 
 
 815.463 
 
 730,9:32 
 
 169.025 
 
 24,414 
 
 $198.,506 
 
 27.991 
 
 51,610 
 
 1,166 
 
 20,7ii6 
 114 818 
 885,742 
 
 416„564 
 
 262,952 
 
 50,083 
 
 5.425 
 
 875.41 >3 
 4,210.271 
 
 18:3,679 
 42.693 
 60,482 
 89.051 
 
 156,846 
 
 16,5.51 
 22.603 
 17,8.644 
 
 1,289,370 
 
 501,374 
 
 1.724.915 
 
 1.58.1.55 
 18.291 
 
 1,382 
 2,200 
 
 28.558 
 
 96.855 
 
 5,065 
 
 1.450 
 
 460.041 
 
 93.591 
 
 5,230 
 
 6.527 
 
 2.152 
 
 2,167 
 
 239.904 
 
 13,024 
 
 86.136 
 
 23,468 
 
 312,111 
 5:5..344 
 
 1.39.181 
 514.0.36 
 12.907 
 285,600 
 8-10,008 
 
 473 .347 
 340:311 
 1,.518 
 125,.588 
 16,7.89 
 119,256 
 
 50,442 
 
 13.-521 
 28,334 
 20,837 
 10,511 
 
 $864,941 
 
 98.636 
 
 7211.190 
 
 99.342 
 
 186..580 
 
 981.958 
 
 5.206,522 
 
 2.604.665 
 44:3.485 
 421,018 
 102.4.39 
 
 2 54:3.760 
 68,897.2.30 
 
 3,2115.419 
 
 1,067,724 
 2-16.7S9 
 114.:3S0 
 659.4i)9 
 14:3,219 
 
 188,5-35 
 
 525,439 
 
 3.791.446 
 
 5,930,821 
 
 3,018 214 
 
 18,659,706 
 
 1,173.641 
 
 287,608 
 
 2.517 
 
 44,787 
 
 14,775 
 
 6:34,217 
 
 8,.35.3.217 
 
 25.589 
 
 18.267 
 
 4,990,297 
 
 909,65:3 
 
 178.214 
 
 143,401 
 
 16.573 
 
 49.210 
 
 1.807.070 
 
 ■ 03.601 
 
 256.900 
 
 69,132 
 
 1,492,004 
 257,741 
 1..3.50.1S8 
 2.012.827 
 70.192 
 1,2.56.219 
 1,018.470 
 
 8.197.114 
 
 l,(i(U,642 
 
 61,.">42 
 
 1,422.721 
 
 275.728 
 
 1,605.217 
 
 67,934 
 72,698 
 
 828 7.84 
 759.266 
 189.862 
 84.925 
 
 $1,511. ,572 
 
 27,469 
 
 1,0:32.117 
 
 2.193 
 
 .527 
 
 267,459 
 
 8,787,874 
 
 1,686.967 
 
 444.404 
 
 5-30.146 
 
 71.043 
 
 2,4t)4,9.'>4 
 
 72118.971 
 
 2,746.670 
 
 293.783 
 
 44.209 
 
 11 ;3,54 
 
 2,865.(116 
 
 72,206 
 
 178.690 
 
 14.591 
 
 1.126,968 
 
 4,285,470 
 
 1,-358,992 
 
 497 
 
 25,835.170 
 
 1,702,8.55 
 
 75,684 
 
 12,551 
 10,005 
 
 380,181 
 
 1,702.214 
 
 85,223 
 
 1.336,806 
 
 10.292.:398 
 
 2.067.806 
 
 339.763 
 
 114,729 
 
 16,323 
 
 2,105,077 
 
 822,629 
 
 205 
 
 467,601 
 
 801,023 
 
 1.544.771 
 
 2,1:35,366 
 
 261.459 
 
 591.992 
 
 1,920,247 
 
 9,324.429 
 2,053,877 
 
 1.796.877 
 
 170,753 
 
 6,593,462 
 
 9.417 
 80.6.59 
 
 402.599 
 524.722 
 
 4.618 
 
 64,474 
 
 26 
 
 12,877 
 
 240 
 
 8,:591 
 
 449 
 
 ;396 
 
 12.940 
 
 23.:331 
 
 2.751 
 
 17.S84 
 
 8.689 
 
 22.964 
 
 3 892 
 
 23.1133 
 
 489 839 
 
 18.906 
 
 10.0-J2 
 
 2,:?:34 
 
 168 
 
 23.537 
 
 773 
 
 4:386 
 
 2,7:38 
 
 69.302 
 
 889,755 
 122 
 
 55.405 
 1,223 
 106,307 
 8.560 
 2,859 
 618 
 1,224 
 
 359 
 17..5:38 
 12.827 
 2.173 
 10.259 
 249.:307 
 41.708 
 2.708 
 1..586 
 1.050 
 
 81.417 
 
 1.8:33 
 
 6,701 
 
 803 
 
 4:398 
 
 6,<t76 
 
 44,090 
 
 22.585 
 
 3.549 
 
 104.176 
 
 11.530 
 
 846 
 
 62,905 
 
 13,930 
 
 90 
 
 14.510 
 
 5.110 
 
 21.909 
 
 993 
 
 "945 
 8.531 
 1.101 
 .331 
 9.267 
 89,005 
 
 5,048 
 
 049 
 2.4>4 
 
 502 
 19..375 
 21,1.56 
 
 14968 
 
 4,070 
 
 9,V!83 
 
 4,932 
 
 21.428 
 
 440.582 
 
 15.759 
 
 10.014 
 
 7.6.50 
 
 2.665 
 
 29.389 
 
 1.912 
 
 841 
 
 4.225 
 
 11.642 
 
 93.883 
 
 919,515 
 
 4.137 
 
 2.157 
 
 75,293 
 
 917 
 
 114,589 
 
 14,158 
 
 11.227 
 
 905 
 
 1,:334 
 
 13.706 
 
 9,867 
 
 647 
 
 8,105 
 
 254.018 
 
 80.744 
 
 2,976 
 
 4,1.32 
 
 91 tS 
 
 1,886 
 
 3.326 
 
 7,791 
 2.537 
 
 5,968 
 
 2,689 
 
 47,981 
 
 20,518 
 
 3,290 
 
 101,7.53 
 
 8,509 
 
 887 
 
 58,113 
 
 16,107 
 
 867 
 
 41,279 
 
 10,:332 
 
 17,830 
 
 1,11:39 
 
 3,843 
 
 1,:365 
 
 6,213 
 8,492 
 2,642 
 299 
 31,62:3 
 33,787 
 
 2,121 
 
 23,5.54 
 
 45 
 
 592 
 
 950 
 
 65,0(34 
 
 3,978 
 
 11,967 
 
 3,248 
 
 123 
 
 5,756 
 
 421,530 
 
 5.5.(126 
 
 77,507 
 
 290 
 
 236 
 
 615 
 
 9M 
 
 49.230 
 
 447,372 
 
 1,61(5 
 
 17,434 
 
 833,420 
 
 82,637 
 10,215 
 4,627 
 
 98 
 266 
 
 4,779 
 
 22,894 
 
 1,215 
 
 1,176 
 
 83,030 
 
 8,074 
 
 5,018 
 
 3:36 
 
 1,717 
 
 9,511 
 
 7,399 
 7,871 
 
 2,205 
 
 429 
 
 6,289 
 
 86,' 139 
 6.53 
 5,295 
 2,708 
 1,280 
 9,:i63 
 
 1:3,081 
 1,185 
 
 18,369 
 1,808 
 7,445 
 
 2.536 
 
 384 
 1.891 
 
 828 
 4,195 
 
 458 
 
 8,990 
 
 
 1,887 
 
 Sweflen and Norway 
 
 9,822 
 382 
 
 
 8.2-;2 
 
 
 2.690 
 
 
 08,016 
 
 
 200 
 
 Holland 
 
 22,753 
 
 
 3,:320 
 
 Dutch West Indies 
 
 161 
 
 
 364 
 
 
 4,068 
 
 England 
 
 269,1(78 
 
 Scotland 
 
 17,276 
 22,972 
 
 Gibraltar 
 
 806 
 
 Malta 
 
 456 
 
 
 2,138 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 1,9.33 
 
 British Guiana 
 
 2,537 
 89,071 
 
 Canada 
 
 Ni'wf'oundland 
 
 456.527 
 12.420 
 
 
 8.793 
 
 Briti.sh Amt-rican Colonies 
 
 Other British [lossessiona 
 
 521,112 
 
 428 
 
 17.616 
 
 France on the Mediterranean . . . 
 
 8,676 
 211 
 
 Miquelon and French Fisheries . 
 
 1,00s 
 93 
 
 
 762 
 
 French possessions in Alrica 
 
 ISO 
 10.588 
 
 Spain on the Mediterranean 
 
 TenerifTe and other Canaries 
 
 Manilla and Philippine Islands. . 
 Cuba 
 
 84.297 
 1.376 
 2.,592 
 
 29,703 
 
 Other Spanish "West Indies 
 
 3,108 
 7,.5:31 
 
 
 1,379 
 
 
 101 
 
 
 611 
 
 Italy 
 
 
 Sicily 
 
 1,6:33 
 
 
 6,300 
 
 
 960 
 
 
 
 Trieste and other Austrian ports. 
 
 6,839 
 
 Havti 
 
 8,127 
 
 
 80,104 
 
 
 1,722 
 
 
 6,237 
 
 
 2.097 
 
 
 370 
 
 Brazil 
 
 3,569 
 
 
 9,260 
 
 
 1,107 
 
 Chili 
 
 25,383 
 
 Peni 
 
 7,:340 
 
 China 
 
 8,106 
 
 
 
 West Indies generally 
 
 349 
 
 South America generally 
 
 Europe generally 
 
 549 
 
 Asia generally 
 
 
 
 
 631 
 
 South Sea Islands 
 
 1.477 
 
 Equador 
 
 1,185 
 
 
 11,970 
 
 All other places 
 
 866 
 
 
 
 Total 
 
 130.946,912 
 
 14,951.808 
 
 151.898.720 
 
 178,1.38..318 
 
 2.573.016 
 
 2,632,783 
 
 1,775,623 
 
 1,728.214 
 
 24 
 
UNITED STATES OF AMERICA. 
 
 2, Statement of the Commerce of each State, from July 1, 1849, to June 30, 1850. 
 
 
 VALUE OF EXPORTS. 
 
 VALUE OF IMPORTS. 
 
 STATES. 
 
 DOMESTIC PEODtJCE. 
 
 FOEEIGN PRODtrCB. 
 
 Total of 
 
 American & 
 
 f(»reign 
 
 produce. 
 
 
 
 
 
 In American 
 
 vesselei. 
 
 In Foreign 
 vessels. 
 
 Total. 
 
 In Ameri 
 can 
 
 vessels. 
 
 In Foreign 
 vessels. 
 
 Total. 
 
 vessels. 
 
 vessels. 
 
 Total. 
 
 Maine 
 
 |1,185,99S 
 
 $400,820 
 
 .$1,536,818 
 
 $14,564 
 
 $5,530 
 
 $20,094 
 
 $1,556,912 
 
 $609.1.55 
 
 $247,256 
 
 $856,411 
 
 N. Hamp 
 
 2.835 
 
 5,887 
 
 8.722 
 
 — 
 
 205 
 
 205 
 
 8.927 
 
 19,962 
 
 29.117 
 
 49.079 
 
 Vermont 
 
 404.74S 
 
 — 
 
 404.74S 
 
 26157 
 
 — 
 
 26.157 
 
 43.906 
 
 463.092 
 
 — 
 
 463 092 
 
 Massachus'ls. 
 
 7.0(iii.l(W 
 
 1,253,370 
 
 8,253 473 
 
 1,898497 
 
 529,793 
 
 2,428.290 
 
 10,680,763 
 
 22,106,011 
 
 8,268.673 
 
 80.374.684 
 
 Rhode Island 
 
 2ii5.9fiS 
 
 33« 
 
 206.299 
 
 9.966 
 
 — 
 
 9,966 
 
 215 265 
 
 251,708 
 
 6.595 
 
 258.303 
 
 Connecticut.. 
 
 241.262 
 
 
 
 241.262 
 
 668 
 
 — 
 
 668 
 
 241,930 
 
 311.927 
 
 60,463 
 
 372.890 
 
 New Tork. . . 
 
 88,934,4u9 
 
 7,568.391 
 
 41,502,81)0 
 
 7,086,687 
 
 4,123,802 
 
 11,209,989 
 
 52,712.789 
 
 88,147,721 
 
 22,975.S0.3illl,123.524 
 
 New Jersey . 
 
 — 
 
 1.6.00 
 
 1.6.55 
 
 
 — 
 
 — 
 
 1.655 
 
 — 
 
 1.494 
 
 1.494 
 
 Pennsylvania 
 
 3,428,150 
 
 621,314 
 
 4,049,464 
 
 363,225 
 
 88,917 
 
 452,142 
 
 4,501,606 
 
 10,795,462 
 
 1,270,692 
 
 12,066,154 
 
 Delaware . . . 
 
 
 
 — 
 
 
 
 — 
 
 — 
 
 — 
 
 — 
 
 — 
 
 — 
 
 — 
 
 Maryland . . . 
 
 4,657,185 
 
 1,932.296 
 
 6.589,481 
 
 250,861 
 
 127,011 
 
 877,872 
 
 6,967.353 
 
 5,529,682 
 
 594,519 
 
 6,124,201 
 
 Dist.of Col... 
 
 72.175 
 
 8,213 
 
 80,888 
 
 200 
 
 — 
 
 200 
 
 80.588 
 
 59.219 
 
 600 
 
 59.819 
 
 Virginia 
 
 2,36,0,241 
 
 1,047,917 
 
 8,413,158 
 
 2,488 
 
 — 
 
 2,4SS 
 
 3.415.646 
 
 172.878 
 
 258,721 
 
 426 599 
 
 N.Carolina.. 
 
 259.616 
 
 156.88.0 
 
 416.501 
 
 — 
 
 — 
 
 
 
 416.501 
 
 179.249 
 
 144,44:3 
 
 323.692 
 
 S. Carolina . . 
 
 6,467,201 
 
 4.979.691 
 
 11.446.892 
 
 400 
 
 508 
 
 908 
 
 11.447,800 
 
 1,813.658 
 
 620.127 
 
 1,983,785 
 
 Georgia 
 
 2.622,1.52 
 
 4929,791 
 
 7.551.943 
 
 — 
 
 — 
 
 — 
 
 7,551,948 
 
 806.SS8 
 
 330 081 
 
 686.964 
 
 Florida 
 
 1,113.978 
 
 1.493.990 
 
 2.607,968 
 
 15,656 
 
 — 
 
 15,656 
 
 2.623.624 
 
 30.241 
 
 65,468 
 
 95.709 
 
 Alabaraa 
 
 4.601,515 
 
 5,94;3,:M;3 
 
 10 .544.858 
 
 — 
 
 — 
 
 — 
 
 10,.W4.SoS 
 
 10.3,1.34 
 
 757,228 
 
 865,862 
 
 Louisiana . . . 
 
 20,927,751 
 
 16,770,526 
 
 37,698,277 
 
 828.980 
 
 78,148 
 
 407,078 
 
 38,105,350 
 
 8,107,929 
 
 2,652,570 
 
 10,760,499 
 
 Mississippi.. . 
 
 — 
 
 — 
 
 — 
 
 — 
 
 — 
 
 — 
 
 — 
 
 
 
 — 
 
 — 
 
 Tennessee. .. 
 
 — 
 
 — 
 
 
 
 — 
 
 — 
 
 — 
 
 — 
 
 27.966 
 
 — 
 
 27.966 
 
 Missouri 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 . . 
 
 — 
 
 — 
 
 859.643 
 
 — 
 
 8.59.643 
 
 Ohio 
 
 117,989 
 
 99,543 
 
 217,532 
 
 — 
 
 100 
 
 100 
 
 217,632 
 
 898.999 
 
 183.505 
 
 5S2..5(I4 
 
 Kentucky . .. 
 
 — 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 — 
 
 — 
 
 190.987 
 
 — 
 
 190,987 
 
 Michigan 
 
 57,2.32 
 
 74.813 
 
 132.045 
 
 
 
 
 
 — 
 
 132.045 
 
 144.102 
 
 
 
 144.102 
 
 Illinois 
 
 1,232 
 
 16,4437 
 
 17.649 
 
 — 
 
 
 
 — 
 
 17,699 
 
 7.783 
 
 7.922 
 
 15.705 
 
 Texas 
 
 
 
 24,958 
 
 24,958 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 24.958 
 
 14,052 
 
 10,998 
 
 25,650 
 
 California . . . 
 
 — 
 
 — 
 
 — 
 
 — 
 
 — 
 
 — 
 
 — 
 
 — 
 
 — 
 
 — 
 
 Oregon 
 
 — 
 
 — 
 
 — 
 
 — 
 
 — 
 
 — 
 
 — 
 
 — 
 
 — 
 
 — 
 
 Total.... 
 
 89,616,742 
 
 47,3-30,170 
 
 1.36,946,912 
 
 9,998,299 
 
 4958,509 
 
 14.951,808151,898.720' 
 
 189,657,043 
 
 38,481,275 
 
 178,138,810 
 
 3. Statement of the Navigation of each State. 
 
 STATES. 
 
 TONNAGE ENTERED UNITED STATES. 
 
 TONNAGE CLEARED FROM U. STATES. 
 
 
 American. 
 
 Foreign. 
 
 Total. , 
 
 American. 
 
 Foreign. 
 
 Total. 
 
 
 No. 
 
 Tons. 
 
 No. 
 
 Tons. 
 
 No. 
 
 Tons. 
 
 No. 
 
 Tons, 
 
 No, 
 
 Tons. 
 
 No. 
 
 Tons. 
 
 
 258 
 9 
 
 330 
 1,-345 
 
 100 
 
 109 
 4,1-37 
 
 "352 
 
 "295 
 
 7 
 
 69 
 
 140 
 
 163 
 
 47 
 
 56 
 
 40 
 
 524 
 
 778 
 
 "97 
 
 IS 
 
 3 
 
 140 
 
 53.309 
 8.572 
 86.828 
 889 508 
 17..847 
 22.5S0 
 1,502,290 
 
 100,009 
 
 70,427 
 
 1260 
 
 12.190 
 
 19.185 
 
 52,711 
 
 11.888 
 
 7,518 
 
 11.914 
 
 175,969 
 
 21,628 
 
 7,254 
 
 6,690 
 
 494 
 
 47,950 
 
 1.040 
 
 101 
 
 174 
 
 2,732 
 
 19 
 
 79 
 
 8,832 
 
 17 
 
 185 
 
 143 
 2 
 
 88 
 
 38 
 
 142 
 
 71 
 
 39 
 
 112 
 
 374 
 
 186 
 
 894 
 
 4 
 
 13 
 
 855 
 
 89,877 
 
 7.472 
 
 12,607 
 
 271.941 
 
 2.075 
 
 11.572 
 
 775.430 
 
 1.601 
 
 82,361 
 
 29,161 
 
 154 
 
 18.775 
 
 9.115 
 
 44.205 
 
 45.134 
 
 10.462 
 
 84.106 
 
 174,884 
 
 18.243 
 
 49.709 
 
 648 
 
 8.177 
 
 82,914 
 
 1,293 
 110 
 
 504 
 4,077 
 
 119 
 
 18S 
 
 7,969 
 
 17 
 
 537 
 
 438 
 
 9 
 
 157 
 
 188 
 305 
 118 
 95 
 152 
 898 
 
 814 
 
 491 
 22 
 16 
 
 495 
 
 14:3,186 
 
 11.044 
 
 99,435 
 
 611,449 
 
 19,922 
 
 34.152 
 
 2,277,720 
 
 1.601 
 
 132,370 
 
 99.588 
 1.4141 
 80,965 
 2S..300i 
 96916' 
 57.017J 
 17.980 
 96.020, 
 850,853 
 
 89,871 
 
 56,963 
 
 7.888 
 
 3.6711 
 
 180,864 
 
 585 
 
 5 
 
 322 
 
 1,149 
 
 94 
 
 87 
 
 3,610 
 
 1 
 
 809 
 
 859 
 
 S 
 187 
 212 
 205 
 58 
 60 
 76 
 493 
 
 137 
 
 112 
 4 
 3 
 
 308 
 
 111,123 
 
 682 
 
 81,073 
 
 272.278 
 
 16.770 
 
 17.515 
 
 1,411,557 
 
 150 
 
 81,276 
 
 89,296 
 
 1.520 
 42 091 
 80.739 
 72,222 
 21,089 
 10.022 
 32.268 
 211,800 
 
 15,485 
 
 7.982 
 
 1,04:3 
 
 591 
 
 104,266 
 
 1.040 
 
 102 
 
 20 
 
 2,757 
 
 16 
 
 69 
 
 8,693 
 
 10 
 
 170 
 
 162 
 
 2 
 
 98 
 
 62 
 
 170 
 
 83 
 
 42 
 
 106 
 
 850 
 
 ~181 
 
 390 
 
 5 
 
 12 
 
 320 
 
 91.014 
 
 7,.531 
 
 1.783 
 
 274.674 
 
 1.705 
 
 9.802 
 
 737,539 
 
 9S1 
 
 80,842 
 
 37,523 
 200 
 23,367 
 11,493 
 52.880 
 51.524 
 12.1-34 
 80.717 
 158,187 
 
 18,322 
 
 46,719 
 
 998 
 
 8.017 
 
 75,862 
 
 1,6.31 
 107 
 842 
 
 3,906 
 110 
 156 
 
 7,303 
 
 11 
 
 479 
 
 521 
 10 
 285 
 274 
 375 
 141 
 102 
 182 
 843 
 
 268 
 
 502 
 
 9 
 
 15 
 
 623 
 
 202.1.37 
 
 New Hampshire.. 
 
 8.213 
 82.856 
 
 Massachusetts. 
 
 Rhode Island .... 
 
 Connecticut 
 
 New York 
 
 New Jersey 
 
 Pennsylvania 
 
 Delaware 
 
 Maryland 
 
 T). of Colambia... 
 
 546,952 
 
 18.475 
 
 27.317 
 
 2,149.096 
 
 1.131 
 
 111,618 
 
 126,819 
 
 1.720 
 
 65,458 
 
 Norlh Carolina.. .. 
 South Carolina 
 
 42.2-32 
 
 125,052 
 
 72.563 
 
 Florida 
 
 22.156 
 
 
 112 985 
 
 Louisiana 
 
 Mississippi 
 
 Tennessee 
 
 869,937 
 
 Ohio 
 
 33,80T 
 
 Kentucky 
 
 Michigan 
 
 54.701 
 2,041 
 
 Texas -. 
 
 3.603 
 
 California 
 
 180,128 
 
 
 1 
 
 
 Total 
 
 8.412 
 
 2.673.016: 
 
 10.100 
 
 1,775,6231 
 
 18.512 4.34S.6.39' 
 
 8.379 
 
 2.6:52,788 
 
 9.816 
 
 1.728.214 
 
 18.195 
 
 4,861,002 
 
 25 
 
 c 
 
UNITED STATES OF AMERICA. 
 
 4. Statemeal exhibiting a condensed view of the Tonnage of the several Districts of the 
 United States on the 30th of June, 1850. 
 
 
 Registered 
 
 Knr..Iled and 
 licensed 
 toniiuoe. 
 
 Total tonnage 
 of eaih 
 distrirt 
 
 
 Registered 1 
 
 Enr.illed a.ni 
 
 Total toniMge 
 
 DI8TK1CTS. 
 
 UUIIUHK. 
 
 DISTPvICTS. 
 
 
 tf)nnnt:e. 
 
 distriot 
 
 
 1 uns im.l '..itl.H. 
 
 Tons nnd IJ.MIis. 
 
 Passamaq'y Me. 
 
 10.530 73 
 
 9,454 73 
 
 19,985 51 
 
 Vienna M'yl'd 
 
 
 
 15.478 01 
 
 15,478 01 
 
 Muchias ... " 
 
 2.267 65 
 
 19.(i5li 67 
 
 21..318 37 
 
 Snow Hill... " 
 
 
 
 9,511 .51 
 
 9,5-11 51 
 
 Fr'man's B. " 
 
 1.643 21 
 
 3(1.525 27 
 
 32 168 48 
 
 St. Mary's... " 
 
 
 
 2,184 91 
 
 2,184 91 
 
 Pcnobsoot.. " 
 
 5.713 4(1 
 
 31.237 38 
 
 86.950 78 
 
 Town Creek " 
 
 
 
 2,226 81 
 
 2.226 81 
 
 Beinist " 
 
 13,S69 79 
 
 31,7->5 48 
 
 45.595 32 
 
 Annapoli-s . . " 
 
 
 
 2,:323 17 
 
 2,:323 17 
 
 IJaniTDr " 
 
 9.3f.2 31 
 
 15,9 6 49 
 
 25,268 80 
 
 Georgetown D.ofC. 
 
 2,796 19 
 
 14,214 42 
 
 17,010 61 
 
 "Wald.>boro'. '• 
 
 3S,-1S3 13 
 
 57.S47 25 
 
 96.3.30 38 
 
 Alexandria . Virg. 
 
 2,887 81 
 
 5,8.50 a9 
 
 8,7:37 80 
 
 Wiseasset .. " 
 
 6.024 41 
 
 12 217 08 
 
 18.241 49 
 
 Norfolk " 
 
 10,542 10 
 
 13,592 79 
 
 24,1:34 89 
 
 Bath 
 
 76.6 i8 65 
 
 27,1 17 25 
 
 103 625 90 
 
 Petersburg.. " 
 
 94S 76 
 
 1,759 27 
 
 2,708 08 
 
 Portland ... " 
 
 6il,3i 4 43 
 
 2(;.197 86 
 
 86 502 31 
 
 Itichmond .. " 
 
 8,160 80 
 
 5,297 40 
 
 8,458 25 
 
 Sai'o " 
 
 1,57(J 00 
 
 1,1.53 3(1 
 
 2,723 30 
 
 Yorktown . . " 
 
 
 
 4,806 70 
 
 4,806 70 
 
 Kcnrii'bunk " 
 
 9,101 34 
 
 2.247 82 
 
 11.349 21 
 
 Tappahan'k . " 
 
 503 26 
 
 5,:320 93 
 
 5,824 24 
 
 York " 
 
 — 
 
 1.361 45 
 
 1361 45 
 
 Acconiacc'.H. " 
 
 — 
 
 4,082 75 
 
 4,082 75 
 
 Porismoutli.N. H. 
 
 14,978 92 
 
 8.117 41 
 
 23 096 38 
 
 Kast Kiver . . " 
 
 
 
 4,868 61 
 
 4,868 61 
 
 Burlington . Verm. 
 
 — 
 
 4,530 32 
 
 4 5311 32 
 
 Yeoco(nico.. " 
 
 
 
 3,2S3 90 
 
 8,283 90 
 
 Newburyp't. Mass. 
 
 16.213 57 
 
 7,048 29 
 
 23,2(il 86 
 
 CherrvsUine. " 
 
 
 
 1.2:32 08 
 
 1,2:32 OS 
 
 Ipswich.... " 
 
 — 
 
 578 39 
 
 578 39 
 
 Wheeling .. " 
 
 
 
 5,933 70 
 
 5,933 70 
 
 Gloucester . " 
 
 2,873 OS 
 
 19.6nl 00 
 
 22,474 08 
 
 Wilmington. N.Car. 
 
 9,123 51 
 
 6,074 76 
 
 15,198 32 
 
 Salem " 
 
 20.316 74 
 
 8.599 34 
 
 28.916 13 
 
 Newbern.... " 
 
 1,518 32 
 
 3,689 25 
 
 5,207 57 
 
 Beverly " 
 
 — 
 
 3 173 04 
 
 3,173 04 
 
 Washington. *' 
 
 1,097 61 
 
 4,605 49 
 
 5,703 15 
 
 Marblehead. " 
 
 1,349 11 
 
 5,493 31 
 
 6.842 42 
 
 Edenton .... " 
 
 127 07 
 
 1,018 09 
 
 1,145 16 
 
 Boston " 
 
 270,510 09 
 
 5l).177 17 
 
 32' (,687 26 
 
 Camden .... " 
 
 1,269 11 
 
 1((,678 88 
 
 11,948 04 
 
 Plymouth . . '• 
 
 3.966 SS 
 
 6 7.55 31 
 
 10.722 24 
 
 Beaufort " 
 
 613 69 
 
 1,645 79 
 
 2,259 58 
 
 Fall Itiver. . " 
 
 2.2.-)l OS 
 
 10.S.5.i 76 
 
 13.101 8-t 
 
 PIvmouth ... " 
 
 1,183 88 
 
 1,144 54 
 
 2,:328 47 
 
 N. Bedford. « 
 
 119.026 4h 
 
 8.933 69 
 
 127 960 09 
 
 Ocracoke .... " 
 
 
 
 1,428 15 
 
 1,458 15 
 
 Bariisial)le . " 
 
 5.52 1 32 
 
 85.'ilS1 67 
 
 91,11.(2 04 
 
 Charleston .. S.Car. 
 
 15,377 48 
 
 17,915 10 
 
 33,292 53 
 
 Edgarlown. " 
 
 6.464 26 
 
 2.145 28 
 
 7.609 54 
 
 Georgetown. " 
 
 1,749 19 
 
 1,030 31 
 
 2,779 50 
 
 Nantucket . " 
 
 25,^37 8(1 
 
 3.174 S3 
 
 29.012 68 
 
 Beaufort " 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Providence. E. I. 
 
 9.177 14 
 
 7 5:34 64 
 
 16,711 78 
 
 Savannah... Geor. 
 
 10,4:37 16 
 
 9,293 67 
 
 19,730 88 
 
 Bristol 
 
 11.247 12 
 
 1.951 27 
 
 13 198 39 
 
 Suiibury .... " 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Newport ... " 
 
 5,644 33 
 
 4,934 21 
 
 10.578 54 
 
 Brunswick . . " 
 
 
 
 533 81 
 
 583 81 
 
 Middletown. CJonn. 
 
 95 55 
 
 12.(133 7-2 
 
 12 129 32 
 
 Ilardwick .. . " 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 N. London . " 
 
 23.364 23 
 
 17.120 62 
 
 40.484 85 
 
 St. Mary's ... " 
 
 491 48 
 
 933 87 
 
 1,425 40 
 
 Stonirigtoii.. " 
 
 13.1S8 47 
 
 6.724 03 
 
 19.912 50 
 
 P' nsacola . . . Flor. 
 
 1,221 11 
 
 572 63 
 
 1,793 74 
 
 N. Havt-n.. " 
 
 4,994 65 
 
 10.736 70 
 
 15.731 40 
 
 St. Augustine " 
 
 
 
 
 Fairfield ... " 
 
 S68 35 
 
 13.960 27 
 
 24.828 62 
 
 St. Mark's... " 
 
 
 
 353 07 
 
 853 07 
 
 Champlain . N. Y. 
 
 — 
 
 2,745 74 
 
 2.745 74 
 
 St. .John's .. . " 
 
 
 
 309 72 
 
 3fi9 72 
 
 Sackelt's IPr. " 
 
 — 
 
 8.123 57 
 
 8.123 57 
 
 .\palaehieola " 
 
 
 
 2,05(» 36 
 
 2,050 36 
 
 Oswefjo .... " 
 
 — 
 
 22,404 78 
 
 22,404 78 
 
 Key West... " 
 
 4,415 46 
 
 2.:3.50 09 
 
 6,7()5 55 
 
 Niagara " 
 
 — 
 
 732 73 
 
 732 73 
 
 Mobile Ala. 
 
 7,403 67 
 
 16,753 88 
 
 24,157 60 
 
 Genesee " 
 
 — 
 
 1,036 74 
 
 1,036 74 
 
 Pearl Eiver.. Miss. 
 
 
 
 1,367 34 
 
 1,367 34 
 
 Oswegatchie " 
 
 — 
 
 1,985 34 
 
 1,985 34 
 
 Vicksburg... " 
 
 
 
 460 28 
 
 460 23 
 
 Buffalo Or.. " 
 
 — 
 
 39.679 00 
 
 39.679 00 
 
 New Orleans. La. 
 
 83,668 55 
 
 165,040 49 
 
 248,709 09 
 
 Sag Harbor. " 
 
 10,953 68 
 
 4,211 69 
 
 15,165 42 
 
 Teclie " 
 
 
 
 1,3S0 71 
 
 1,:380 71 
 
 Greenport.. " 
 
 4.236 29 
 
 4,319 46 
 
 8555 75 
 
 Nashville ... Tenn. 
 
 — 
 
 8,776 05 
 
 3,776 ((5 
 
 New York.. " 
 
 441,336 76 
 
 394230 SO 
 
 835,867 61 
 
 Louisville . . . Ky. 
 
 
 
 14,S20 19 
 
 14,820 19 
 
 C. Vincent.. " 
 
 — 
 
 2,496 92 
 
 2.496 92 
 
 St. Louis Miss. 
 
 
 
 28,907 47 
 
 28,907 47 
 
 Cold Spring. " 
 
 2,376 40 
 
 1,478 911 
 
 3,855 35 
 
 Chicago HI. 
 
 
 
 21,242 17 
 
 21,242 17 
 
 PerlhAmboy N.J. 
 
 133 69 
 
 21.950 82 
 
 22.084 56 
 
 Cuyahoga.. . Ohio 
 
 
 
 85,315 84 
 
 35,315 84 
 
 Bri<lgetown. " 
 
 — 
 
 14 472 21 
 
 14.472 24 
 
 Sandusky ... " 
 
 — 
 
 7,32s 49 
 
 7,:328 49 
 
 Burlington.. " 
 
 — 
 
 7,578 67 
 
 7,578 t;7 
 
 Cincinnati... " 
 
 
 
 17,1<8 80 
 
 17,188 .80 
 
 Camd.n " 
 
 — 
 
 9,569 32 
 
 9,569 32 
 
 Miami " 
 
 
 
 2.629 20 
 
 2,629 20 
 
 Newark " 
 
 77 58 
 
 6.5.51 05 
 
 6,62S 63 
 
 Detroit Mich. 
 
 
 
 36,893 89 
 
 36,893 89 
 
 L. Kgg Har. " 
 
 — 
 
 6,182 75 
 
 6,182 75 
 
 Michilim'kinac " 
 
 
 
 1,250 55 
 
 1,250 55 
 
 G. Egg Har. " 
 
 — 
 
 14,084 14 
 
 14,084 14 
 
 Galveston . . Tex. 
 
 415 92 
 
 2,892 88 
 
 8,308 65 
 
 Philadelphia Penn. 
 
 &1,205 10 
 
 142.292 72 
 
 206.497 82 
 
 Saluria " 
 
 
 588 52 
 
 588 62 
 
 Presque Isle " 
 
 — 
 
 7.870 31 
 
 7,S70 31 
 
 Astoria Oreg. 
 
 1,063 43 
 
 _ 
 
 1,063 43 
 
 Pittsburg ... " 
 
 — 
 
 44 571 30 
 
 44,571 30 
 
 San Francisco Calif. 
 
 15,285 12 
 
 2,306 65 
 
 17,.591 77 
 
 Wilmington. Del. 
 
 1,651 68 
 
 7,808 70 
 
 9.46(i 43 
 
 Point Isabel. Tex. 
 
 401 35 
 
 274 28 
 
 675 63 
 
 
 90,669 82 
 
 7.259 14 
 58.349 51 
 12.343 46 
 
 7.2,59 14 
 
 149.019 38 
 
 12,343 46 
 
 Total 
 
 
 
 
 Baltimore. . . M'yl'd 
 
 1,585,711 22 
 
 1,949,748 01 
 
 3,535,454 23 
 
 Oxford " 
 
 
 
 5. The general Statement of Tonnage Accounts from June 30, 1849, to June 30, 1850 
 
 
 Kegi.ster'd 
 tonnage. 
 
 Aggregate 
 tonnage. 
 
 1 
 
 Regi-terd 
 tonnage. 
 
 Aggregate 
 
 1850. 
 To amount of tonnage sold to foreigners 
 
 in the year ending 30lh June, 1850 
 
 To amount of tonnage condemned as un- 
 
 13,467 
 
 4,666 
 23,724 
 
 1,585,711 
 
 13,467 
 
 6,753 
 84,748 
 
 8,585,454 
 50,175 
 
 JiiJie ZOth, 1849. 
 
 By balance of tonnage, per statement, 
 
 rendered for the year ending 30th 
 
 June, 1849 
 
 1,453,941 
 
 157,612 
 81,016 
 
 3,334,015 
 
 
 June Both, 1850. 
 
 By amount of tonnage built, registered, 
 
 enrolled, and licensed in the year 1850 
 
 By this amount, being an increase of the 
 
 To amount of tonnage lost at sea in the 
 year ending 80th June, 1850 
 
 
 SOt/i June. 
 To balance, as appears by general state- 
 
 272,218 
 81,016 
 
 ment of tonnage (marked A) 
 
 By this amount, being an increase of the 
 licensed toimage under 20 tons 
 
 
 To this difference in the enrolled ton- 
 nage, which is presumed arises from 
 transfer to the account of registered. . . 
 
 8,349 
 
 1,627,570 
 
 3,640,599 
 
 
 1,627,570 
 
 3,640,5991 
 
 
 26 
 
UNITED STATES OF AMERICA. 
 
 6. A comparative View of the registered and enrolled Tonnage of the United States, showing 
 the Tonnage employed in the Whale Fishery ; also, the j^roportion of the enrolled and licensed 
 Tonnage emj^loyed in the Coasting Trade, Cod Fishery, Mackerel Fishery, and Whale Fish- 
 ery, from 1815 to 1850, inclusive. 
 
 Registered ton- 
 nage. 
 
 rolled and li- 
 sed tonnage. 
 
 Total tonnage. 
 
 Primortion of the enndled and lit 
 
 Coasting trade 
 
 Mack'! fi.ilj'y. 
 
 1815.... 
 
 8.^4.294 74 
 
 513.833 04 
 
 1816.... 
 
 8(10.759 63 
 
 571,458 85 
 
 1817.... 
 
 8119.724 70 
 
 590,186 66 
 
 1818.... 
 
 606.088 64 
 
 619,095 51 
 
 1«19.... 
 
 612,930 44 
 
 647,821 17 
 
 1820.... 
 
 619,047 58 
 
 661,118 66 
 
 1821.... 
 
 619,896 40 
 
 679.062 30 
 
 1822.... 
 
 628.150 41 
 
 696.548 71 
 
 1828.... 
 
 639.920 76 
 
 690,644 87 
 
 1824.... 
 
 669.972 60 
 
 719.190 37 
 
 1825.... 
 
 70(1,787 OS 
 
 722,323 69 
 
 1826.... 
 
 737,978 15 
 
 790,210 68 
 
 182T.... 
 
 747,170 44 
 
 878.437 34 
 
 1828.... 
 
 812,619 34 
 
 928,772 52 
 
 1829.... 
 
 650.142 88 
 
 610,654 8S 
 
 18.30.... 
 
 576,675 38 
 
 615,311 10 
 
 1831.... 
 
 620,451 92 
 
 647.394 32 
 
 1S.32.... 
 
 686,9s9 77 
 
 752,460 39 
 
 1833.... 
 
 750,126 72 
 
 856,123 22 
 
 1S34.... 
 
 857.438 42 
 
 901,468 67 
 
 18:55.... 
 
 885,821 60 
 
 939,118 49 
 
 1836.... 
 
 897,774 61 
 
 984,328 14 
 
 1837 .... 
 
 810,447 29 
 
 1,0^6,238 40 
 
 1838.... 
 
 822.591 (■6 
 
 1.173.047 89 
 
 1S;B9.... 
 
 834.244 54 
 
 1,262.234 27 
 
 1840.... 
 
 899,764 74 
 
 l,2s0,9H9 85 
 
 1841 .... 
 
 845,S()3 42 
 
 1,184,940 90 
 
 1842.... 
 
 975,358 74 
 
 1,117,031 9i( 
 
 1843.... 
 
 1.0(19.305 01 
 
 1,149.297 92 
 
 1844.... 
 
 1,068.764 91 
 
 1,211.330 11 
 
 1845.... 
 
 1,095,172 44 
 
 l,321,8-'9 57 
 
 1846.... 
 
 1.131,286 49 
 
 1.431.798 32 
 
 1847.... 
 
 1.241.312 92 
 
 1.597,732 80 
 
 1848.... 
 
 1,360,SS6 85 
 
 1,793,155 00 
 
 1849.... 
 
 1 438.941 53 
 
 1,895 073 71 
 
 1850.... 
 
 l.^s.'.jn 22 
 
 1.949.743 01 
 
 1,368.127 78 
 1,372.218 53 
 1,399.912 41 
 1.225,154 20 
 1,260,751 61 
 1,280.166 24 
 1,298.9.08 79 
 1,. 32 1,699 17 
 l,33(i,565 68 
 1,389,163 02 
 1,423,110 77 
 1.534,189 83 
 1,020.607 78 
 1,741,.391 87 
 1,260,797 81 
 1,191,776 4:5 
 1,267,846 29 
 1.4;39,450 21 
 1,606,149 94 
 l,75s.907 14 
 l,'-24,940 14 
 1,882.102 65 
 1,896,685 69 
 1,99.5,639 81 
 2,(196,478 81 
 2,180,764 16 
 2,130,744 37 
 2.090.390 69 
 2,158,601 93 
 2.280,095 07 
 2.417,(:02 06 
 2.562,084 81 
 2.839,045 77 
 3.154.041 85 
 3.334,015 29 
 8.535,454 23 
 
 4.874 41 
 
 16,134 77 
 
 31,700 40 
 
 35.391 44 
 
 26,070 S3 
 
 45.449 42 
 
 39.918 13 
 
 ,33.165 70 
 
 35,379 24 
 
 41,757 32 
 
 45,653 21 
 
 54,621 08 
 
 57.284 38 
 
 88,911 82 
 
 82.315 79 
 
 72 868 84 
 
 101.1.58 1 
 
 108,060 14 
 
 97.640 00 
 
 144,680 50 
 
 127,241 81 
 
 119,629 89 
 
 131.845 25 
 
 136,926 64 
 
 157,405 17 
 
 151.612 74 
 
 152 374 89 
 
 168.293 63 
 
 190,695 65 
 
 186,980 16 
 
 193.858 72 
 
 192,176 90 
 
 180,186 29 
 
 146.016 71 
 
 435.066 87 
 
 479.979 14 
 
 481.457 92 
 
 503.140 37 
 
 523 556 20 
 
 539,080 46 
 
 559,435 57 
 
 578 080 02 
 
 566,408 88 
 
 589.2.33 01 
 
 587,273 07 
 
 666.420 44 
 
 732.937 65 
 
 758.922 12 
 
 508.858 10 
 
 516.978 18 
 
 539.723 74 
 
 649.627 40 
 
 744,198 60 
 
 783.618 65 
 
 792.301 20 
 
 873,023 21 
 
 956,980 60 
 
 1.041,105 18 
 
 1.1.53.551 811 
 
 1,176.694 46 
 
 1,107.067 88 
 
 1,045,7.53 39 
 
 1.076.1.55 59 
 
 1,109.614 44 
 
 1.190.898 27 
 
 1.289.870 89 
 
 1.452.623 35 
 
 1.620,988 16 
 
 1.730,410 84 
 
 1,755.796 42 
 
 26.570 83 
 87,869 30 
 58,990 26 
 58.551 72 
 65,044 92 
 60,842 55 
 51,851 49 
 58.405 35 
 67,621 14 
 68,419 00 
 70.626 02 
 63,761 42 
 74.048 81 
 74,947 74 
 101,796 78 
 61,554 57 
 60.977 SI 
 54.027 70 
 62.720 7(1 
 56.403 70 
 72,374 IS 
 63.307 37 
 80.551 89 
 T0.064 00 
 72.258 68 
 76,035 65 
 66,551 84 
 54,804 02 
 61,224 25 
 85,224 77 
 69.8J5 66 
 72,516 17 
 70,177 52 
 82.651 82 
 42.970 19 
 85,646 30l 
 
 85,978 88 
 46,210 80 
 47.427 72 
 48,725 43 
 61,082 11 
 64.443 11 
 64.424 25 
 46.810 90 
 56.649 16 
 85,983 87 
 28,269 19 
 11, .321 13 
 16.096 S3 
 11,775 70 
 16,170 66 
 21.413 16 
 86.463 16| 
 81.4.51 1.3| 
 43..5.=.8 78| 
 73,853 78 
 58,111 94I 
 
 1,229 92 
 
 1,168 00 
 
 349 92 
 
 614 63 
 
 686 35 
 
 1,053 66 
 
 1,924 40 
 
 8,183 50 
 
 585 37 
 
 180 OS 
 
 226 83 
 328 94 
 ISO 34 
 
 792 87 
 481 82 
 377 47 
 473 39 
 364 16 
 
 1,573 26 
 
 1,894 86 
 
 5,229 55 
 
 439 69 
 
 877 31 
 142 83 
 
 320 14 
 2(16 92 
 439 58 
 
 432 75 
 
 7. A. Statement of the Number of Vessels built in the several States, and the Aggregate Ton- 
 nage of each for the year ending 30th June, 1850. 
 
 CLA68 OP VESSELS. 
 
 Ships. 
 
 Brigs, 
 
 Sloop!) 
 
 Maine 
 
 New Hampshire 
 
 Vermont 
 
 Massachusetts 
 
 Ehoile Island 
 
 Connecticut 
 
 New York 
 
 New Jersey 
 
 Pennsylvania 
 
 Delaware 
 
 Maryland . ., 
 
 District of Columbia. 
 
 Virginia 
 
 North Carolina 
 
 Soutii Carolina 
 
 Georgia 
 
 Florida 
 
 Alabama 
 
 Mississippi 
 
 Louisiana 
 
 Tennessee 
 
 Kentucky 
 
 Missouri 
 
 Illinois 
 
 Ohio 
 
 Michigan 
 
 Texas 
 
 Oregon 
 
 Total 
 
 127 
 
 115 
 
 2 
 
 46 
 5 
 27 
 50 
 85 
 39 
 12 
 125 
 
 27 
 23 
 
 2 
 2 
 3 
 
 16 
 
 3 
 3 
 9 
 
 112 
 
 17 
 
 107 
 
 3 
 
 326 
 10 
 1 
 
 121 
 14 
 47 
 
 224 
 57 
 
 185 
 16 
 
 150 
 
 8 
 
 34 
 
 33 
 
 5 
 2 
 3 
 
 91,211 73 
 
 6,914 32 
 
 77 41 
 
 85,836 14 
 
 3,587 15 
 
 4.819 79 
 
 68.-342 73 
 
 6.201 68 
 
 21.409 93 
 
 1.848 82 
 
 15,964 80 
 
 288 17 
 
 3.584 09 
 
 2,651 59 
 
 683 82 
 
 79 75 
 
 113 66 
 
 1,.592 33 
 
 6.460 69 
 
 1.353 82 
 
 1.691 21 
 
 5.214 62 
 
 2,001 63 
 
 105 54 
 
 122 43 
 
 247 
 
 117 
 
 547 
 
 290 
 
 159 
 
 1,860 
 
 272,218 54 
 
 "aT 
 
 LJ 
 
UNITED STATES OF AMERICA. 
 
 8. Statement showing the Number and Class of Vessels built, and the Tonnage thereof, in the 
 several States and Territories of the United Slates from 1815 to 1850 inclusive. 
 
 CLASS OF TE8SKLS. 
 
 Ships 
 
 Brigs. 
 
 L 
 
 1815 
 1816 
 1817 
 1818 
 1819 
 1820 
 1821 
 1822 
 1823 
 1824 
 lS-25 
 1826 
 1827 
 1823 
 1829 
 18:30 
 1831, 
 1832 
 18=33. 
 
 mu. 
 
 1885. 
 18S6. 
 1837. 
 1838. 
 1839. 
 1840. 
 1841. 
 1842. 
 184=3. 
 1S44. 
 1845. 
 1846. 
 1847. 
 1S4S. 
 1849. 
 ISoO. 
 
 136 
 
 76 
 
 34 
 
 53 
 
 53 
 
 21 
 
 43 
 
 64 
 
 55 
 
 56 
 
 56 
 
 71 
 
 58 
 
 73 
 
 44 
 
 25 
 
 72 
 
 132 
 
 144 
 
 98 
 
 25 
 
 93 
 
 67 
 
 66 
 
 83 
 
 97 
 
 114 
 
 116 
 
 53 
 
 73 
 
 124 
 
 100 
 
 151 
 
 254 
 
 198 
 
 247 
 
 224 
 
 122 
 
 86 
 
 85 
 
 82 
 
 60 
 
 89 
 
 131 
 
 127 
 
 156 
 
 197 
 
 187 
 
 1.33 
 
 108 
 
 68 
 
 56 
 
 95 
 
 143 
 
 169 
 
 94 
 
 50 
 
 65 
 
 73 
 
 79 
 
 89 
 
 109 
 
 101 
 
 91 
 
 34 
 
 47 
 
 87 
 
 164 
 
 163 
 
 174 
 
 148 
 
 117 
 
 6S0 
 781 
 659 
 423 
 473 
 801 
 248 
 260 
 200 
 377 
 5:38 
 482 
 464 
 474 
 485 
 403 
 416 
 568 
 625 
 406 
 302 
 444 
 507 
 5iil 
 4S9 
 378 
 810 
 273 
 138 
 204 
 322 
 576 
 6S9 
 701 
 623 
 547 
 
 274 
 424 
 394 
 332 
 242 
 152 
 127 
 168 
 165 
 166 
 168 
 227 
 241 
 196 
 145 
 116 
 94 
 122 
 1S5 
 ISO 
 100 
 164 
 168 
 153 
 122 
 224 
 157 
 404 
 173 
 279 
 843 
 855 
 892 
 547 
 370 
 290 
 
 15 
 
 26 
 
 85 
 
 45 
 
 38 
 
 83 
 
 43 
 
 37 
 
 34 
 
 100 
 
 65 
 
 68 
 
 30 
 
 124 
 
 1.85 
 
 90 
 
 125 
 
 64 
 
 78 
 
 137 
 
 79 
 
 16:3 
 
 163 
 
 225 
 
 198 
 
 175 
 
 208 
 
 159 
 
 1.314 
 
 1,403 
 
 1,073 
 
 898 
 
 850 
 
 534 
 
 507 
 
 623 
 
 622 
 
 781 
 
 994 
 
 1,012 
 
 9:34 
 
 884 
 
 785 
 
 637 
 
 711 
 
 1.065 
 
 1,188 
 
 937 
 
 507 
 
 890 
 
 949 
 
 898 
 
 a58 
 
 873 
 
 782 
 
 1,021 
 
 482 
 
 766 
 
 l,o:3S 
 
 1.420 
 
 1,598 
 
 1.851 
 
 1,.>17 
 
 1.360 
 
 154,624 39 
 
 131.668 04 
 
 S6.:393 3T 
 
 82.421 20 
 
 79.817 86 
 
 47.784 01 
 
 55.a56 01 
 
 75.346 93 
 
 75.0(17 57 
 
 90 939 00 
 
 114.997 25 
 
 126 4.38 85 
 
 104..343 67 
 
 98 375 58 
 
 77,098 65 
 
 58.094 24 
 
 85.962 68 
 
 144.5:39 16 
 
 161.626 36 
 llS.:3:3i) 37 
 
 46 2:33 52 
 
 118.627 49 
 122.987 22 
 H 3.1:35 44 
 120.08'? 34 
 llS,.3ii9 23 
 l]8.-5ii3 71 
 120.0^3 64 
 
 63.617 77 
 103.,5:37 29 
 146.018 02 
 18S,208 93 
 24:3,732 67 
 318.075 54 
 256.577 47 
 272.218 54 
 
 VII. 
 
 STATEMENT OF THE DUTIES, REVENUES, AND PUBLIC EXPENDITURES DURING THE 
 YEARS ENDING SOrn JUNE, 1849 AND 1850. 
 
 From customs $2S,.34fi,738 82 
 
 From sales of public lands. 1,688,959 55 
 From miscellaneous sources 1,0:38.649 13 
 
 Total receipts $:31 ,074,:347 50 
 
 Avails of stocks, treasury 
 
 notes, etc., i!»sued 128,588,750 00 
 
 Bal:ince in treasury 1st Julv, 
 
 1848 & 1849 .'. 153..t;34 60 
 
 IS.'iO. 
 
 $89,668,686 42 
 1, 859,^^94 25 
 1,S47,21S 83 
 
 $4:3,375,798 90 
 
 $4,045,950 00 
 
 2.189.964 28 
 
 Total mean^ $59,816,632 10 $49,606,713 18 
 
 EXPENDITURES. 
 
 ls4;l. 
 
 CiNlllist $2 SiW.OiS 83 
 
 Foreiffn intercourse 7,972,S32 01 
 
 Miscellanpous 3,179,192 66 
 
 Interior department — 
 
 War department 17.290,936 63 
 
 Navv department 9.809,818 20 
 
 Pubiie debt 16,453,272 39 
 
 Total expenditures $57,631,667 82 $43.0i'2.16S 69 
 
 Balances 1st July '49 & '50 $2,184,964 23 
 
 $6,604,544 49 
 
 VIII. STATEMENT OF THE PUBLIC DEBT SOth NOVEMBER, 1850. 
 
 DENO.MI.SATION OF DEBT. 
 
 Principal and interest of old funded and unfunded debt. Treasury notes of 1812 
 
 and Yiizon scrip 
 
 Debt of the cities of the District of Columbia, assumed per act :iOlh May, 1S.36 
 Outstanding treasury not<>s issued previous to 22d July, 1:346, payable or fundable 
 Outstandine treasury notes issued underact 2i')th .Iiine, l'^46, payal)le or funilable 
 Outstandiiis treasury notes issued under act 2>th Jan. 1847, payable or fundable 
 
 Slock issued for treasi\rv notes 1837-184:3, under act 2Stli Jan. 1847 
 
 Loan of 15th .Vpril, 1842 
 
 " .3.1 March. Ti4:3 
 
 " 22d Julv, 1S46 
 
 " 28ih .Tan., 1817 
 
 " 31 si M.irch, 1 S48 
 
 Mexican indemnity stock 
 
 On presentation 
 $00,000 per annum 
 On presentation 
 On presentation 
 On presentatim 
 1st Januarv. 1S6S 
 31st Dec. is62 
 1st Julv, 18.53 
 12lh Nov.. 1856 
 1st Jan., 1868 
 1st Julv. ].>;6S 
 9th Aug., 1851 
 
 $n9..5S5 98 
 
 900.(1(10 00 
 
 1:39.011 64 
 
 25.8.'>0 00 
 
 44.70II 00 
 
 154.3.>8 00 
 
 8.198,686 03 
 
 6.46S.231 85 
 
 4,999149 46 
 
 27.135,123 00 
 
 15,740.000 00 
 
 303.573 92 
 
 Total debt per statement Ist December, 1850 $64,228,2:38 
 
UNITED STATES OF AMERICA. 
 
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1 
 
 UNITED 
 
 STATES OF AMERICA. 
 
 
 
 X. STATISTICS OF COINAGE, 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 1. Deposits for Coinage, at the 
 Mint of the United Slates and its 
 Branches, in the Year 1850. 
 
 2. Coinage of the Mint of the United 
 Stales and its Branches, in the 
 Year 1850. 
 
 
 GOLD. 
 
 Coins of U. S., old stand. 
 
 $9,996 
 
 1,303.740 
 
 36.938,314 
 
 113,110 
 
 $38,365,160 
 1,939,041 
 
 Denominations. Pieces. Value. 
 
 Deiiuminatiuns. 
 
 Fiecea. 
 
 Value. 
 
 
 GOLD. ( 
 
 xold & Copper 
 Coins 
 
 SILVER. 
 
 iollars 
 
 lalf Dollars., 
 [uar. Dollars . 
 
 Jimes 
 
 lalf Dimes . . 
 
 Total 
 
 7,268,420 
 
 47,500 
 
 2,6S;i,0o0 
 
 602,800 
 
 2,441,500 
 
 1,645,000 
 
 182,026,200 
 
 47,500 
 
 1,841,500 
 
 150,700 
 
 244,150 
 
 82,250 
 
 
 United States Bullion. . 
 
 Foreign Bullion 
 
 Total of Gold 
 
 SILVER. 
 
 United Slates Bullion. . 
 
 Foreign Bullion 
 
 Foreign Coins 
 
 Total of Silver 
 
 Total 
 
 Eagles 
 
 Half Eagles., 
 yuar. Eagles 
 Dollars 
 
 Total Gold . . 
 
 COPPEB. 
 
 Cents 
 
 Half Centa . . 
 
 Total Copper 
 
 i,3ii.zbi 5-.2tj,rzD.rzo 00 
 
 348.951; 3,489,6)0 00 
 172,032 860,160 OO 
 858,219 895,542 5o I 
 511,301 511,301 00 1 
 
 
 $209,253 
 
 143,192 
 
 1,526,696 
 
 
 2,701,764.181,981,733 50 1 
 1 
 4,426,844 44,268 44 
 39,812 199 56 
 
 
 
 
 $40,304,201 
 
 14,588,220 
 
 $33,892,301 
 
 
 
 
 4,566,6561 $44,467 50 
 
 
 3. Coinage of the Mint of the United States, from 1792, including the Coinage of the Branch 
 Mints, from the Commencement of their Operations, in 1838. 
 
 
 Years. 
 
 Gold. 
 
 Silver. 
 
 Copper. 
 
 WHOLE COINAGE. 
 
 
 wo. „1 f.ece,.,. 
 
 ..i„e. 
 
 
 1793-95 
 
 $71,485 00 
 102,727 50 
 108,422 50 
 205.610 00 
 213.285 00 
 817,760 00 
 422,570 00 
 423.310 00 
 258.377 50 
 258,642 50 
 170.367 50 
 824,505 00 
 437,495 00 
 284,665 00 
 169,375 00 
 501.435 00 
 497.900 00 
 290,435 00 
 477.140 00 
 77,270 00 
 3,175 00 
 
 242,940 00 
 
 258,615 00 
 
 1,319,030 00 
 
 189,325 00 
 
 88,980 00 
 
 72,425 00 
 
 93,200 00 
 
 156,385 00 
 
 92,245 00 
 
 131,565 00 
 
 140.145 00 
 
 295,717 50 
 
 643,lii5 00 
 
 714,270 <W 
 
 798,435 00 
 
 978,550 00 
 
 3,954,270 00 
 
 2.1s6,175 00 
 
 4,135,700 00 
 
 l,14>,3i.5 00 
 
 1,809,595 00 
 
 1,355,8-5 00 
 
 1,675,302 50 
 
 1,091,597 50 
 
 1,S34,170 50 
 
 8,108,797 50 
 
 2.230 00 
 
 3,756,447 50 
 
 4.034,177 00 
 
 20,221,385 00 
 
 3,77,'"v>12 50 
 
 9,007,761 50 
 
 31,981.733 50 
 
 $370,683 80 
 
 79,077 50 
 
 12,591 45 
 
 330.291 00 
 
 423,515 00 
 
 224,296 00 
 
 74,758 00 
 
 58.343 00 
 
 87,118 00 
 
 100,340 50 
 
 149.388 50 
 
 471.319 00 
 
 597.448 75 
 
 684.300 00 
 
 707.376 00 
 
 638,773 50 
 
 6(tS,340 00 
 
 814,029 50 
 
 620,951 50 
 
 561.687 50 
 
 17.308 00 
 
 28,575 75 
 
 607,783 50 
 
 1,070,454 50 
 
 1,140,000 00 
 
 501,680 TO 
 
 825,762 45 
 
 805,806 50 
 
 S95.550 00 
 
 1,752,477 00 
 
 1,564,583 00 
 
 2,002.090 00 
 
 2.869,200 00 
 
 1.576,600 00 
 
 1.994,578 00 
 
 2,495,400 00 
 
 8.175,600 00 
 
 2 579,1100 00 
 
 2.7.^>9,000 00 
 
 3.415.002 00 
 
 3.443.003 00 
 3,606,100 00 
 2.096,010 00 
 2,333.243 00 
 2,189,296 00 
 1.726.703 00 
 1.132,750 00 
 2.332.750 00 
 3,834.750 00 
 2.2.36550 00 
 1.S73.2O0 00 
 2,568,580 00 
 2,374.450 00 
 2,040.050 00 
 2,114,950 00 
 1,866,100 00 
 
 $11,373 00 
 
 10,824 40 
 
 9.510 34 
 
 9,797 00 
 
 9.106 68 
 
 29.279 40 
 
 13,628 37 
 
 84.422 S3 
 
 25,203 03 
 
 12.844 94 
 
 13.483 48 
 5,260 00 
 9,6.62 21 
 
 13,090 00 
 8,001 53 
 
 15,660 00 
 2,495 95 
 
 10,755 00 
 4,180 00 
 3,578 80 
 
 28,209 82 
 
 89.484 00 
 31,670 00 
 26,710 00 
 44,075 50 
 
 8.S90 00 
 20,728 39 
 
 12.620 00 
 14,926 00 
 16.344 25 
 23,557 32 
 25,636 24 
 16.5.80 00 
 17,115 00 
 33,603 60 
 23,620 00 
 28,160 00 
 19,151 00 
 39,4-9 00 
 23,100 00 
 56.583 00 
 53,702 00 
 31,2-6 61 
 24.627 00 
 15,973 67 
 23,83;5 90 
 24.283 20 
 23,987 52 
 88,948 04 
 41,203 00 
 61,836 69 
 64,1.67 99 
 41.984 32 
 44,467 50 
 
 1,8.34.420 
 1,219.370 
 1,095,165 
 1,368,241 
 1,365.681 
 3,337,972 
 1,571.390 
 8.615869 
 
 $45:j,541 80 
 192,129 40 
 125.524 29 
 545.698 00 
 645906 63 
 571.335 40 
 
 
 1796 
 
 
 1797 
 
 
 1798 
 
 
 1799 
 
 
 1800 
 
 
 1801 
 
 1802 
 
 
 510,956 37 
 516.075 83 
 
 
 1803 
 
 2.780 8.3U 
 
 
 370,698 53 
 
 371.-27 94 
 
 333,239 48 
 
 801,084 00 
 
 1,044,596 96 
 
 982,055 00 
 
 884,752 53 
 
 1,155.868 50 
 
 1,108,740 95 
 
 1,115.219 50 
 
 1,102,275 50 
 
 642,635 80 
 
 20.4-3 00 
 
 56,7-5 57 
 
 647,207 50 
 
 1,345,064 50 
 
 1,425,325 00 
 
 1.864.786 20 
 
 1,018.977 45 
 
 915.5119 89 
 
 967,975 00 
 
 1. 858.297 00 
 
 1,7-35.894 00 
 
 2,110.679 25 
 
 3,024,:342 32 
 
 1,741. ,881 24 
 
 2,306.875 50 
 
 8,155.620 00 
 
 8,923.473 60 
 
 8,401.1 55 00 
 
 3.765.710 00 
 
 7,3-8 423 00 
 
 5.668,667 00 
 
 7,764.900 00 
 
 3,299 898 00 
 
 4.2(16.540 00 
 
 3.570.467 61 
 
 8.4-'6,6-32 50 
 
 2,240.321 17 
 
 4.190.754 40 
 
 11.967.830 70 
 
 7.6.S7.767 52 
 
 5.668,595 54 
 
 6.638.9()5 00 
 
 22.6.67.671 69 
 
 5,879.720 49 
 
 11.164.695 82 
 
 88,892,3(11 00 
 
 
 1804 
 
 2.046.83! 
 
 
 
 1805 
 
 2,260,361 
 
 1,815.409 
 
 2.731,345 
 
 2,936.888 
 
 2,861,834 
 
 8,056,418 
 
 1,649,570 
 
 2,761,646 
 
 1.756,:!31 
 
 1,833,859 
 
 69,-67 
 
 2,888,135 
 
 5,163,967 
 
 5,637,084 
 
 5,074,723 
 
 6,492,509 
 
 8,139,249 
 
 8,813,788 
 
 2.166.485 
 
 4,7s0.8'.t4 
 
 5.17s,760 
 
 5,774,434 
 
 9,097,845 
 
 6.1fi6,8.>3 
 
 7.674,.601 
 
 8.357.191 
 
 11.792.284 
 
 9.128.387 
 
 10.3oT.790 
 
 11,637,643 
 
 15.996 342 
 
 13.719.333 
 
 13.010.721 
 
 15,780,311 
 
 11,811.594 
 
 10.558,240 
 
 8.811.968 
 
 11,743.153 
 
 4,640..6S2 
 
 9.061.S34 
 
 1.806.196 
 
 10.133.515 
 
 15,392.344 
 
 12.619.790 
 
 12.606.669 
 
 14.5-8,220 
 
 
 1806 
 
 
 1807 
 
 
 1808 
 
 
 18(9 
 
 
 1810 
 
 
 1811 
 
 
 1812 
 
 
 1813 
 
 
 1814 
 
 
 1815 
 
 
 1816 
 
 
 IblT 
 
 
 1818 
 
 
 1819 
 
 
 1820 
 
 
 1821 
 
 1822 
 
 1823 
 
 
 1824 
 
 
 1825 
 
 
 Ih26 
 
 
 1827 
 
 
 1828 
 
 
 1S29 
 
 
 1830 
 
 
 1831 
 
 1832 
 
 18;« 
 
 
 1834 
 
 
 18i5 
 
 
 1S36 
 
 
 1-37 
 
 1838 
 
 1839 
 
 1840 
 
 
 1841 
 
 
 1842 
 
 
 1843 
 
 
 1844 
 
 
 1845 
 
 
 1846 
 
 
 1847 
 
 
 1848 
 
 
 1849 
 
 
 1850 
 
 
 
 $117,33 
 
 
 
 Total 
 
 l),935 00 
 
 $77,447,564 90 
 
 $1,296,21 102 
 
 370,530,129 
 
 $195,074,710 92 
 
 
 80 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
UNITED STATES OF AMERICA 
 
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 » P 
 
UNITED STATES OF AMERICA. 
 
 The progress of the United States has been as rapid as astonishing. The exhibits of the fore- 
 going tables incontrovertibly attest the fact in every department of industry and economy. The 
 mind, indeed, becomes bewildered in contemplating the subject. The States composing the Amer- 
 ican Union on the ratification of its independence were thirteen in number, viz. : Massachusetts, 
 New Hampshire, Connecticut, Rhode Island, New York, New Jersey, Delaware, Pennsylvania, 
 Maryland, Virginia, North Carolina, South Carolina, and Georgia. These States, the whole in- 
 habited territory of which, with the exception of a few small settlements, was confined to the 
 region extending between the Alleghany Mountains and the Atlantic Ocean, were those which 
 existed at the period, they became an acknowledged separate and independent federal sovereign 
 power. The thirteen stripes of the national standard continue to represent this number — the 
 stars have increased to thirty-one, in accordance with the increase of additional sovereignties. 
 The land area of these thirteen original States comprehended a superficies of 825,400 square miles. 
 The United States as existing at the present time cover an area of about 8,260,000 square miles. 
 The population at the first census in 1790 and that of 1850, compares as follows : 
 
 Increase in no years. 
 Classes. Census Census ' ' 
 
 1790. 18.iO. Ak.olute. Percent. 
 
 White persons 8,172,464 19,630,733 16,468,274 518.78 
 
 ^ Colored " —free 59,466 428,661 369,195 620.85 
 
 " " —slave 697,897 3,204,089 2,.'>06,192 859.10 
 
 " » —total 757,363 3,632,750 2.875.387 379.65 
 
 Total population 8,929,827 23,263,488 19,333,661 491.97 
 
 — with such expansion of territory and augmentation of population may not the republican citizen 
 indulge a feeling of satisfaction and gratitude. It presents the true test of the condition of a 
 people, and the soundness and beneficence of the institutions under which such extraordinary 
 results have accrued. 
 
 The first accession of territory to the old Union was Louisiana, a territory extending from the 
 British possessions in the north to the Gulf of Mexico (Texas excepted) on the south, and from 
 the Mississippi on the east to the Rocky Mountains on the west. The area within these limits is 
 about 1,200,000 square miles. This vast territory is now occupied by the States of Louisiana, 
 Arkansas, Missouri, and Iowa, the Indian and Nebraska Territories, Minnesota Territory, and the 
 extensive territory yet unsettled, extending westward of Iowa and Minnesota and north of the 
 43d parallel. Louisiana was purchased from the French in the year 1803. By the terms of the 
 cession of this country, the United States also acquired the French claim to the territory west of 
 the mountains. 
 
 Florida was purchased from Spain in 1819. It contains an area of 59,300 square miles, and is 
 now one of the organized States of the Union. The act of cession secured to the United States 
 not only the actual territory of Florida, but also the Spanish claim to all the territory between 
 the Pacific Ocean and the Rocky Mountains north of 42° latitude north. That portion of Florida 
 now comprised in the States of Alabama and Mississippi was taken possession of by the United 
 States as early as 1811. 
 
 Texas was admitted into the Union in 1845, and added to the federal limits an area of 237,300 
 square miles. 
 
 The line of demarkation between the British possessions and the United States west of the Rocky 
 Mountains, which had remained in doubt for many years, was settled in 1846; and a positive pos- 
 session of a country extending over a space of 341,500 square miles was thus secured to the 
 Union. The right of the United States to this territory dates from 1792, and was based on the 
 discovery of the Columbia River by an American citizen (and had been strengthened by the cession 
 of the French and Spanish claims) ; but until the period above named it could not be said to form 
 an integral part of the federal territory. This acquisition is now divided into the Territories of 
 Oregon and Washington. 
 
 California Alta and New Mexico became parts of the Union by the terms of the treaty of Gua- 
 dalupe Hidalgo, in 1848. The area of these Territories extends over about 596,500 square miles, 
 and is now occupied by the State of California and the Territories of Utah and New Mexico. 
 
 Are the present limits of the Union the ultimatum of its expansion, or if not, where is to be the 
 line of our nationality .' Some there are whose ambitious views embrace the whole of North America 
 and the Antilles in the American federation ; others do not confine themselves to so limited an ac- 
 quisition, but already, with prophetic eye, see the star-spangled banner floating over tlie whole 
 western hemisphere, and embracing in its ample folds the isles of the Pacific, and claiming sov- 
 ereignty over the oceans on both its sides ; and again others foresee in the Union a palladium which 
 82 
 
UNITED STATES OF AMERICA. 
 
 shall cover the earth and gather all nations into one great brotherhood. The future will unveil 
 wonderful events. " Manifest destiny," indeed, points to an unlimited extension of tlie Union. 
 Already the popular mind is made up on the propriety or policy of annexing Mexico, Cuba, and 
 the Canadas, which in the course of time and favoring events will most certainly become States of, 
 or States under the protection of, the United States. As the greater body attracts the lesser, so 
 the more liberal government attracts a more despotic ; and thus on a principle of nature the 
 amalgamation will be consummated. But if the old world is too distant for annexation, there is 
 some satisfaction in knowing that its people are willing to mingle their destiny with ours within 
 our own territories, which are large enough to harbor and provide for the whole human family. 
 The swelling tide of immigration to our shores bears witness to the superior attraction of our in- 
 stitutions to the millions on whom the iron heel of despotism presses hardest. " Excelsior !" 
 
 A few historical facts connected with the formation of the original Union, and the admission of 
 new States, will not be out of place in this connection. On Monday, the 5th September, 1774, 
 there was assembled at Carpenters' Hall, in the City of Philadelphia, a number of men who had 
 been chosen and appointed by the several Colonies in North America, to hold a Congress for the 
 purpose of discussing certain grievances imputed against the mother country. This Congress re- 
 solved on the next day that each colony shotild have one vote only. On Tuesday, the 2d July, 
 1776, the Congress resolved, " That these United Colonies are, and of right ought to be. Free and 
 Independent States," etc., etc. ; and on Thursday, the 4th July, the whole Declaration of Indepen- 
 dence having been agreed upon, it was publicly read to the people. Shortly after, on the 9th Sep- 
 tember, it was resolved that the words " United Colonies" should be no longer used, and that the 
 " United States" should thenceforward be the style and title of the Union. On Saturday, the 15th 
 November, 1777, " Articles of Confederation and Perpetual Union of the United States of Amer- 
 ica" were agreed to by the State delegates, subject to the ratification of the State legislatures 
 severally. Eight of the States ratified these articles on the 9th July^ 1778 ; one on the 21st July ; 
 one on the 24th July, and one on the 26th November of the same year ; one on the 22d February, 
 1779, and the last one on the 1st March, 1781. Here was a bond of union between thirteen inde- 
 pendent States, whose delegates in Congress legislated for the general welfare, and executed cer- 
 tain powers, so far as they were permitted by the articles aforesaid. On the 4th Mai-ch, 1789, 
 the present Constitution, which had been adopted by a convention and ratified by the requisite 
 number of States, went into operation, and thus a more perfect union for the general good was 
 formed. The dates at which the State legislatures severally ratified this instrument are given in 
 the annexed table : 
 
 Original States, Date of Ratification. 
 
 Delaware 7th December, 17S7 
 
 rennsylvania 12th " 1787 
 
 New Jersey ISth « 1787 
 
 Georgia 2d January, 1788 
 
 Connecticut 9th " 1788 
 
 Massacliuaetls 2d February, 1788 
 
 Maryland 28th April, 1783 
 
 Original States. Date of Ratification. 
 
 South Carolina 23d May, 1783 
 
 New Hampshire 21st June, 1788 
 
 Virginia 26th " 1783 
 
 New York 26th July, 1783 
 
 North Carolina 21st March, 1789 
 
 and 
 
 Ehode Island 29th May, 1790 
 
 The privilege of becoming members of the Union by ratifying the Constitution was confined to 
 those States that were parties to the confederation by which the Constitution had been framed. 
 The Constitution had been adopted by the convention on the 17th day of September, 1787. It re- 
 quired that nine States should ratify it before its provisions could go into effect. Congress, on the 
 13th September, 1788, determined that as a sufficient number of States had ratified it— eleven hav- 
 ing done so— that it should become operative on the first Wednesday (the 4th) March, 1789. North 
 Carolina and Rhode Island had not yet given it sanction ; but as soon as they acceded to its pro- 
 visions, they were admitted to a participation of its blessings. 
 
 The usual practice observed on the admission of new States is first to form a certain part of the 
 country into a sort of colonial appendage, with a governor and other executive and judicial officers 
 appointed by the President. When the population of such organized Territory becomes equal to 
 the ratio which entitles a State to one member in the United States House of Representatives, the 
 people are authorized to petition Congress for leave to frame a State Constitution, and this done, 
 the admission of the State is only a matter of form. The ratio on which a Territory is entitled 
 to claim admission is altered after each general census. At first it was about 40,000 ; but as 233 
 is now the maximum number of members allowed for the lower branch of the federal legislature, 
 and as the population is about 23,800,000, the ratio is not far from 96,000. The petition is sel- 
 dom questioned, except, perhaps, at times when sectional feelings prevail, and even then the usages 
 of the country eventually enforce its demands. The only interference by Congress being as re- 
 
 C as 
 
UNITED STATES OF AMERICA. 
 
 Bpects boundaries, and that any constitution that may be framed by the new State shall be repub- 
 lican in its form and not discordant with that of the United States. All the Western and Southern 
 States have been admitted on these principles ; but in the case of Texas and California other prin- 
 ciples have been necessarily adopted. 
 
 Eighteen new States have been admitted into the Union since the confederation of the original 
 thirteen colonies, as follows : 
 
 1. Vermo7it, which formed a part of the territory of New York and New Hampshire, was admit- 
 ted on the 4th March, 1791. 
 
 2. Kentucky, which was formerly a part of Virginia, was admitted on the 1st June, 1792. 
 
 3. Tennessee, formed from the territory ceded to the United States by North Carolina, and 
 which afterward was known as the " Territory south of the Ohio River," was admitted on the Ist 
 June, 1796. 
 
 4. Ohio, the first State formed from the " Territory north-west of the Ohio River"— a territory 
 which had been ceded to the United States by Virginia and other claimants, and which was erected 
 into a government as early as 1787, was admitted on the 29th November, 1802. 
 
 5. Louisia7ia, a part of the vast territory of the same name, purchased of France by the United 
 States in 1803, and subsequently known as the Territory of Orleans, was admitted on the 8th 
 April, 1812. 
 
 6. Indiana, the second State formed to the north-west of the Ohio, was admitted within its 
 present limits on the 11th December, 1816. 
 
 7. Alississippi, which was formed from the territory ceded to the United States by South Caro- 
 lina and Georgia, was admitted on tlie 10th December, 1817. 
 
 8. Illinois, the third of the North-western States, was admitted on the 3d December, 1818. 
 
 9. Alabama, the second State formed from the South Carolina and Georgia cessions, was admit- 
 ted on the 14th December, 1819. 
 
 10. Maine, origin.ally a province of Massachusetts, but having been permitted to frame a State 
 government by that State, was admitted on the 15th March, 1820. 
 
 11. Missouri, the second State formed from the French purchase, was admitted on the 10th 
 August, 1821. 
 
 12. Arkansas, the third State formed from the Louisiana cession, was admitted on the 15th 
 June, 1836. 
 
 13. Michigan, the fourth State formed from the Territory north-west of the Ohio River, was 
 admitted on the 26th June, 1837. 
 
 14. Florida, which has the same limits as when ceded by Spain, was admitted on the 3d March, 
 1845. 
 
 15. Texas, which had been an independent Republic for the ten preceding years, was admitted 
 by a joint resolution of both Houses of Congress on the 29th December, 1845. 
 
 16. Iowa, the fourth State formed from the Territory of Louisiana, was admitted on the 28th 
 December, 1846. 
 
 17. Wisconsin, the fifth State formed from the Territory north-west of the Ohio River, was ad- 
 mitted on the 29th May, 1848. 
 
 And 18. California, having been governed as a State for upward of a year, was admitted on 
 the 9th December, 1850; and though the last, it is by no means the least important of the mem- 
 bers of the great confederacy. 
 
 Besides these thirty-one States which send representatives to Congress, in number according to 
 their population, there are several local and dependent goverments, which are styled " Territories 
 of the United States." Such are the Territories of Oregon, Washington, Utah, New Mexico, and 
 Minnesota. The Territory of Nebraska is not yet organized, nor has the vast territory set apart 
 for the Indians any aggregate existence, but each nation, within its own limits, is governed by ita 
 own laws. 
 
 1. Oregon was erected into a Territory on the 14th August, 1848 ; 
 
 2. Minnesota, on the 3d March, 1849 ; 
 
 3. Utah, and 
 
 4. JVew Mexico, on the 9th September, 1850; and 
 
 6 Washington, originally a part of Oregon, was formed into a separate Territory at the session 
 of 1852-68. 
 
 The only Territory now remaining without local government is that portion of the United 
 States embraced in the Nebraska country, and the vast domain extending beyond Minnesota and 
 Iowa westward to the Rocky Mountains and north of the 43d parallel of north latitude. 
 
UNITED STATES OF AMERICA. 
 
 The District of Columbia, or Federal District, is under the immediate government of Congress, 
 and is not represented in that body. 
 
 The statistics of population of the old colonies were obscure and uncertain at the commencement 
 of the Revolution ; but the population at that time could not have been far from 3,000,000, more 
 or less. Since the peace a census has been taken at decennial periods. 
 
 In 1790 the number of inhabitants in the States amounted to 3,929,827, of which number 
 3,172,464 were white persons, 59,466 free colored persons, and 697,897 slaves. 
 
 In 1800 the population had increased to 5,305,941, of which number 4,304,489 were whites, 
 108,395 free colored, and 893,057 slaves. 
 
 In 1810 the population amounted to 7,239,814, viz. : 5,862,004 whites, 186,446 free colored, and 
 1,191,364 slaves. 
 
 In 1820 the whole number amounted to 9,638,191, viz. : 7,866.569 whites, 233,524 free colored, 
 and 1,538,098 slaves. 
 
 In 1830 the population had increased to 12,866,020, of which 10,532,060 were whites, 819,599 
 free colored, and 2,009,043 slaves. In the aggregate of this census are included 5,318 seamen in 
 the United States service. 
 
 In 1840 the census returned 17,069,453 inhabitants, viz. : 14,189,705 whites, 386,292 free color- 
 ed, and 2,487,356 slaves. Included in the aggregate are 6,100 seamen in the United States service. 
 
 The census of 1850 gave the whole population at 23,263,488, of which number 19,630,738 were 
 white persons, 428,661 free colored, and 3,204,089 slaves. 
 
 The per centum increase of the several classes, from one decennial period to another, was as 
 exhibited herewith : 
 
 Clasees. 
 
 17911. 1 SOO. 
 
 1800-10. 
 
 1810-20. 
 
 1820-30. 
 
 1B3040. 
 
 18405 
 
 White persons 
 
 Colored *' —free 
 
 35.7 .... 
 
 82.2 .... 
 
 36.2 
 
 .... 84.2 . . . . 
 
 .... 33.9 .... 
 .... 36.8 .... 
 
 .... 84.7 .... 
 
 .... 20.8 .... 
 
 .... 88.3 
 
 .... 72.2 .... 
 
 . . . . 25.2 . . . . 
 
 . . . . 10.9 
 
 " " — slave . . . 
 
 27.9 .... 
 
 . . . . 33.4 . . . . 
 
 .... 29.1 .... 
 
 .... 30.6 .... 
 
 .... 23.8 .... 
 
 . . . . 28.8 
 
 " " —total.... 
 
 S2.2 .... 
 
 ... 37.6 .... 
 
 .... 28.6 .... 
 
 .... 31.4 .... 
 
 . . . . 23.4 . . . . 
 
 .... 26.4 
 
 Total population 
 
 35.0 .... 
 
 .... 36.4 .... 
 
 .... 33.1 .... 
 
 ....83.4 .... 
 
 .... 32.6 ... 
 
 . . . . 36.3 
 
 The above sums are independent of the Indian population, the enumerations of which have ever 
 been uncertain, but what at the present time may probably amount to about half a million. 
 
 Sixty years since, says the census report of December, 1851, the proportion between the whites 
 and blacks, bond and free, was 4.18 to 1. In 1850 it was 5.4 to 1, and the ratio in favor of the 
 former race is increasing. Had the blacks increased as fast as the whites during these sixty years, 
 their number, on the 1st June, would have been 4,686,410 ; so that, in comparison with the whites, 
 they have lost in this period 1,053,660. 
 
 This disparity is much more than accounted for by European emigration to the United States. 
 Dr. Chickering, in an essay upon emigration, published at Boston, in 1848 — distinguished for great 
 elaborateness of research — estimates the gain of the white population from this source at 3,922,152 
 No reliable record was kept of the number of immigrants into the United States until 1820. when, 
 by the law of March, 1819, the collectors were required to make quarterly returns of foreign pas- 
 sengers arriving in their districts. For the first ten years, the returns under the law afford 
 materials for only an approximation to a true state of the facts involved in this inquiry. 
 
 Dr. Chickering assumes, as a result of his investigations, that of 6,431,088 inhabitants of the 
 United States in 1820, 1,430,906 were foreigners, arriving subsequent to 1790, or the descendants 
 of such. According to Dr. Seybert, an earlier writer upon statistics, the number of foreign pas- 
 sengers from 1790 to 1810, was, as nearly as could be ascertained, 120,000 ; and from the estimates 
 of Dr. Seybert, and other evidence, Hon. George Tucker, author of a valuable work on the Census 
 of 1840, supposes the number, from 1810 to 1820, to have been 114,000. These estimates make for 
 the thirty years preceding 1820, 234,000. 
 
 If we reckon the increase of these emigrants at the average rate of the whole body of the white 
 
 population during these three decades, they and their descendants, in 1820, would amount to about 
 
 360,000. From 1820 to 1830, there arrived, according to the returns of the custom-houses, 135,986 
 
 foreign passengers, and from 1830 to 1840, 579,370, making for the twenty years, 715,356. During 
 
 this period, a large number of emigrants from England, Scotland, and Ireland came into the United 
 
 States through Canada. Dr. Chickering estimates the number of such from 1820 to 1830 at 67,993 , 
 
 and from 1830 to 1840 at 199,130 — for the twenty years together, 267,123. During the same time 
 
 a considerable number are supposed to have landed at New York with the purpose of pursuing 
 
 their route to Canada ; but it is probable that the number of these was balanced by the omissions 
 
 in the official returng. 
 
 «5 
 
UNITED STATES OF AMERICA 
 
 From 1840 to 1850, the arrivals of foreign passengers in the ports of the United States hayo 
 been as follows : 
 
 lSlO-41 88,504 
 
 1842 101,107 
 
 1843 75,159 
 
 1844 74,607 
 
 1845 102,415 I 1849 290,610 
 
 1S46* 202,157 1850t 173,011 
 
 1347 234,756 
 
 1&48 226,524 I Total 1,569,850 
 
 Within the last ten years there has probably been comparatively little immigration of foreigners 
 into the United States over the Canada frontier ; the disposition to take the route by Quebec hav- 
 ing yielded to the increased facilities for direct passenger transportation to the cities of the Union ; 
 ■what there has been, may, perhaps, be considered as equaled by the number of foreigners passing 
 into Canada, after landing at New York, many having been drawn thither by the opportunities 
 of employment afforded by the public works of the province. As the heaviest portion of this 
 great influx of immigration took place in the latter half of the decade, it will probably be fair to 
 estimate the natural increase during the term at twelve per cent., being about one-third of that 
 of the white population of the country at its commencement. 
 
 Investigations instituted since the date of this report lead to the conclusion that the immigration 
 through Canada virtually ceased with the ten years ending in 1840, and that during the decennial 
 term from 1840 to 1850, at least 48,000 foreign immigrants passed from the United States into 
 Canada in excess of the number which passed from that province into the States of the Union. 
 This correction does not materially alter the table of immigration up to 1840, but slightly reduces 
 the aggregate for the sixty years. 
 
 Taking for granted the substantial correctness of the above estimates, and the accuracy of the 
 returns during the last ten years, the following statement will show the accessions to our popula- 
 tion from immigration from 1790 to 1850 : 
 
 Number of foreigners arriving from 1790 to ISIO 120,000 
 
 Natural increase, reckoned in periods of ten years 47,560 
 
 Number of foreigners arriving from 1810 to 1820 114,000 
 
 Increase of the above to 1820 19,000 
 
 Increa.se from 1810 to 1S20 of those arriving previous to 1810 53,450 
 
 Total uutubtr of immigrants and descendants of immigrants in 1S20 859,010 
 
 Number of immigrants arriving ft-om 1820 to 1830 203,979 
 
 Increase of the above 85.723 
 
 Increase from 1820 to 1880 of immigrants and descendants of immigrants in the country in 1820 1-34.180 
 
 Total number of immigrants and descendants of immigrants in the United States in 1880 732.847 
 
 Number of immigrants arriving from 1830 to 1S40 762,369 
 
 Increase of tlie above 129,602 
 
 Increase from 18.30 to 1840 of immigrants and descendants of immigrants in the United States in 1880 254,445 
 
 Total number of immigrants and descendants of immigrants in the United States in 1840 1,879,263 
 
 Numl)er of immigrants arriving from 1840 to 1850 1.521,850 
 
 Increase of the above at twelve per cent 183,942 
 
 Increase from 1840 to 1850 of immigrants and descendants of immigr.ants in the United States in 1840 719,361 
 
 Total number of immigrants into the United States since 1790, living in 1850, together with descendants of im- 
 migrants , 4,804,416 
 
 Should the population increase in the average ratio (say 83J per cent, decennially) it has main- 
 tained for the past sixty years, the United States will contain in 18ti0, 31,018,000 ; 1870, 41,358,000 ; 
 in 1880, 55,144,000; in 1890, 73,525,000; in 1900, 98,034,000; in 1910, 130,712,000; in 1920, 
 174,293,000; in 1930, 232,391,000; in 1940, 809,855,000 : and in 1950, 413,139.000. Thus in one 
 hundred years hence the United States may equal in its population that of China — a nation, the 
 age of which reaciies beyond the dawn of history. 
 
 That the mission of the United States is one of a high destiny, who can doubt. Its progress in 
 the past and its prospects for the future arc alike incomparable, for no other nation of the world 
 has been so blessed with increase, nor has any ever adopted so mild, j'et potent influences to guard 
 its welfare. Of the past, present, and future of our country, Mr Everett, one of America's great- 
 est statesmen, thus speaks : " We live at an era as eventful, in my judgment, as that of '76, 
 though in a different way. We have no foreign yoke to throw oflP, but in the discharge of the duty 
 devolved upon us by Providence, we have to carry the republican independence which our fathers 
 achieved, with all the organized institutions of an enlightened community, institutions of religion, 
 
 • Tills return includps (Irtppn moiitlrs. from .Inly 1. l«4.i, to notli September, I!M6, 
 
 t Tlie r<'|i<>rt lr..ni tlie State nepartment for tliis yenr gives :!1 i.3:n a.t llie total mimlier of pnssengers nrriring in tlie UniteJ States, but i)( 
 lieoe, SdM'i were citizens uf the AtlHiilic States proi'eeiliug to Ciilirornia l.y sea. anil .n,.'3M nalivea ol tlie ci-untr.v returnnig Ironi visits abroad. 
 A. deducti>>n of 106,870 19 made IVuni the baliim e lur tbat purtiun of the year IVom June 1 to September 30. 
 
 86 
 
GEOGRAPHICAL 
 
 INDEX OF STATES, 
 
 ETC. 
 
 
 
 States 
 
 Area 
 
 Population in 1850 
 
 
 Total. 
 
 Pop. 
 
 
 
 Territories. 
 
 sq. miles. 
 
 Whites. 
 
 Free Colored, 
 
 Slaves. 
 
 Bq. m. 
 
 6. 
 
 
 I. New England States: 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Maine 
 
 3n,ono 
 
 581,813 .. 
 
 . i,a56 . . . 
 
 
 
 ... 583.169 
 
 19.4 
 
 120 
 
 
 New Hampshire . . . 
 
 9.280 
 
 317,456 . . 
 
 520 .. . 
 
 — 
 
 ... 317,976 
 
 84.2 
 
 177 
 
 
 Vermont 
 
 10,212 
 
 313.402 . 
 
 718... 
 
 — 
 
 ... 314.120 
 
 30.1 
 
 278 
 
 
 Massacliiisctls 
 
 7.8(10 
 
 985,450 . . 
 
 . 9,064 . . . 
 
 — 
 
 . . . 994.514 
 
 126.1 
 
 144 
 
 
 Khode Island 
 
 1,360 
 
 143.875 . . 
 
 . 8,670... 
 
 — 
 
 . . . 147,.545 
 
 108.0 
 
 249 
 
 
 Connecticut 
 
 4.674 
 
 863,099 . . 
 
 . 7,693 . . . 
 
 — 
 
 ... 870,792 
 
 79.3 
 
 62 
 
 
 Total 
 
 63,326 
 
 2,705,095 . . 
 
 .. 23,021 ... 
 
 - 
 
 ... 2,728,116 
 
 48.1 
 
 
 
 II. Middle Atlantic States : 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 New York 
 
 46,000 
 
 3,048.325 .. 
 
 .. 49,069 ... 
 
 
 
 ... 8,097,894 
 
 67.6 
 
 1 194 
 
 
 New Jersey 
 
 8.330 
 
 465.513 . . 
 
 . . 2.3.820 . . . 
 
 222 
 
 . . . 489.555 
 
 6ii.0 
 
 184 
 
 
 Pennsylvania 
 
 46.000 
 
 2,258,463 . . 
 
 . 53.323 . . . 
 
 — 
 
 ... 2,311.786 
 
 50.2 
 
 235 
 
 
 
 2,120 
 
 9,856 
 
 71,169 .. 
 417,943 . . 
 
 .. 18.073 ... 
 .. 74.723 ... 
 
 2,290 
 . 90,368 
 
 91.5.32 
 . . . 583,034 
 
 43.6 
 
 62.3 
 
 70 
 1 133 
 
 
 Maryland 
 
 
 Total 
 
 111,796 
 
 6,261,413 . . 
 
 .. 219,008 ... 
 
 . 92,880 
 
 ... 6,573,301 
 
 67.3 
 
 
 
 III. District of Columbia 60 
 
 88,027 . . 
 
 .. 9,973... 
 
 8,687 
 
 51,687 
 
 861.4 
 
 I 60 
 
 
 IV. Southern Atlantic States: 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Virginia 
 
 61..362 
 
 S94.S00 . . 
 
 . 54,333 . . . 
 
 472,528 
 
 ... 1,421,661 
 
 23.1 
 
 285 
 
 
 North Carolina 
 
 45.000 
 
 5.5.3.1128 .. 
 
 . 27,463 . . . 
 
 288.548 
 
 869,039 
 
 19.3 
 
 210 
 
 
 South Cunlina 
 
 24.500 
 
 274,567 .. 
 
 . 8.956 . . . 
 
 384.984 
 
 ... 668.507 
 
 27.3 
 
 255 
 
 
 
 58,000 
 
 59,268 
 
 521. .572 .. 
 47.211 .. 
 
 . 2,931 ... 
 924 . . . 
 
 381.682 
 39,309 . 
 
 ... 906.185 
 87.444 . 
 
 ... ... 15.7 
 
 1.4 
 
 80 
 75 
 
 
 Florida 
 
 
 H, Total 
 
 248,120 
 
 2,291,178 . . 
 
 . 94,607 . . . 
 
 1,567,051 
 
 ... 3,952,836 
 
 15.9 
 
 
 
 V. Central Slave States, etc. : 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 50,722 
 
 47,1.56 
 
 426,4'56 .. 
 29.5.7 IS ... 
 
 . 2,293 . . . 
 930 . . . 
 
 842.892 . 
 
 8119.878 . 
 
 . . . 771.671 
 . . . 6ii6..526 . 
 
 1.5.2 
 
 12.8 
 
 39 1 
 162 
 
 
 Mississippi 
 
 
 
 45,600 
 
 37.680 
 
 756,753 . . 
 761,417 .. 
 
 . 6.401 .... 
 . 10,007 .... 
 
 239.460 . 
 210.981 . 
 
 . . . 1,002.614 . 
 ... 9^2.405 . 
 
 21.9 
 
 26.0 
 
 263 
 
 108 
 
 
 Kentucky 
 
 
 Louisiana 
 
 46.431 
 
 25,5.491 ... 
 
 . 17,462 .... 
 
 244.809 . 
 
 ... 517.762. 
 
 11.1 
 
 116 
 
 
 Texas 
 
 237.321 
 
 154,C34 ... 
 
 897 ... . 
 
 58,161 . 
 
 . .. 212.592. 
 
 0.9 
 
 269 
 
 
 Arkansas 
 
 52,198 
 
 162,189 ... 
 
 608 ... . 
 
 47.100 . 
 
 . . . 209.897 . 
 
 4.0 
 
 46 
 
 
 
 67,380 
 
 187,171 
 
 771,659 
 
 592,004 . . . 
 
 . 2,618 . . . . 
 
 87,422 . 
 
 . . . 682,044 . 
 . . . 4,985,511 . 
 
 10.1 
 
 8.6* 
 
 108 
 102 
 
 
 Indian Ter 
 
 Total 
 
 
 3,404,092 . . . 
 
 . 40,716 .... 
 
 1,540,703 . 
 
 
 VL Central Free States, etc. : 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Ohio 
 
 39,964 
 
 1,9.55,108 . . . 
 977.628 . . . 
 395.097 . . . 
 846.0.S5 ... 
 804,758 . . . 
 191,879 ... 
 6.038 . . . 
 
 . 25,319 . . . . 
 
 
 
 ... 1,980,427 . 
 
 49.5 
 
 221 
 
 
 
 83.809 
 
 56.243 
 
 55.405 
 
 53,924 
 
 50,914 
 
 S3.<mo 
 
 . 10,788 . . . . 
 . 2,557 . . . . 
 . 5.435 . . . . 
 
 533 .... 
 
 835 . . . . 
 39 . . . . 
 
 - ■ 
 
 . . . 988.416 . 
 ... 397.654. 
 ... 851.470. 
 ... 805.391 . 
 ... 192.214. 
 6.077. 
 
 29.2 
 
 7.0 
 
 1.5.3 
 
 .5.6 
 
 3.7 
 
 0.1 
 
 94 
 
 152 
 87 
 298 
 103 
 1.59 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Minnesota Ter 
 
 
 North-West Ter 
 
 587.564 
 
 — 
 
 — . . . . 
 
 — 
 
 — 
 
 — 
 
 220 
 
 
 Nebraska Ter. 
 
 Total.... 
 
 l:!«.700 
 
 1,097,523 
 
 4,676,543 ... 
 
 — .... 
 
 — 
 
 .. 4,721,049 . 
 
 21.5* 
 
 176 
 
 
 . 45,106 .... 
 
 - . 
 
 
 VII. Pacific States, etc. 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 California 
 
 18S.9S1 
 
 210.744 
 
 91,632 ... 
 61. .530 . . . 
 
 965.... 
 17.... 
 
 — . 
 
 92.597t 
 61.547. 
 
 05 
 
 0.2 
 
 51 
 
 190 
 
 
 New Mi!xic() Ter 
 
 
 TTlah Ter 
 
 187,92.'? 
 
 11,330 ... 
 
 . 24 ... . 
 
 26 . 
 
 11,380. 
 
 0.1 
 
 276 
 
 
 Ongon Ter \ 
 
 Washington Ter. . j 
 
 Total 
 
 Grand Total .... 
 
 341,463 
 
 929,111 
 
 3,221.595 '. . 
 
 13,088 . . . 
 
 177,580 . . . 
 19,.553,928 . . . 
 
 200.... 
 
 — . 
 
 13,294 . 
 
 . . 178.818 . 
 
 0.1 
 
 0.1 
 
 1.4 
 
 (231 
 
 
 . 1.212.... 
 . 433.643 . . . . 
 
 26 . 
 
 
 3,204.347 . 
 
 ... 23,191,673 . 
 
 
 1 
 
 • In calculating tliese ratio 
 
 , till- area of tlie uninlialilted and Indian territory is oni 
 
 tied. 
 
 
 
 
 
 f Tliis is the United States Census ascertainment. 
 
 The census tak 
 
 ;n by the State a 
 
 uthorities in 
 
 832 .allows a popu 
 
 ation ol 21j4,43S. 
 
 
 
 1 38 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
SUCCESSORS TO MARQUAND & C( 
 
 savHn AND ptATHo-waaEt t 
 
 247 BROADWAY, SIGN OF THE GOLDEN EAGLE, SOT 
 
 IlKNRY BALL. WM. BLACK. EBENEZER MONROE. 
 
QFACTURERS AND IMPORTERS OF 
 
 OSt WATCHESt aEWEUYt ^C. 
 
 OF MUREAY STREET, OPPOSITE THE CITY HALL, 
 
CINCINNATI AND LOUISVILLE LINE. 
 
 LEAVE EACH PLACE DAILY AT 11 O'CLOCK, A. M. 
 FAKE $2.50, WHICH INCLUDES MEALS AND STATE KOOMS. 
 
 THE MAGNIFICENT LOW PRESSURE STEAMER 
 AND TnE UNRIVALED STEAMER 
 
 TELEG-I^.A.FIi 3STO. S. 
 
 These Boata are of the largest class afloat on the Vestem Waters, and are furnished ■with every thing for the 
 comfort and safety of passengers. 
 
 LOUISVILLE AND ST. LOUIS LINE. 
 
 Leave Louisville Daily at 11 A. M. Leave St. Louis Daily at 5 P. M. 
 
 EABE $8, "WHICH INCLUDES MEALS AND STATE BOOMS. 
 
 THE FINE, FAST AND COMMODIOUS BTEAMEK3 
 
 ALVIN ADAMS, FASHION No. 2, SOUTHERNER, 
 
 MOSES McLELLAN, NORTHERNER, SUPERIOR. 
 
 Fare from Cincinn.nti 1o St. Louis $10. For through tickets apply on board the Boats or to TIIOS. SHER- 
 LOCK, Cincinnati; C. BASHAM, Je., Louisville; DWYKK & McCOKD, St. Louis. 
 
 BABBITT, GOOD & CO. 
 
 Mljaltsalc ^xmxs, ^fiximxVm^ anb Commissian gltrcljants, 
 
 DEALERS IN HEMP, GRASS SEEDS AND PRODUCE GENERALLY, 
 18 and 19 PUBLIC LANDING, CINCINNATI, OHIO. 
 
 TJ I^ rS. O Ej ' S 
 
 kg f ig|t l^mbrotjge #alkrg, 
 
 POST OFFICE BUILDING, WATER STREET, 
 ALLEGHENY CITY, PA. 
 
 JS^" My facilities for taking Pictures are not equaled by any in the city. Hav- 
 ing rooms built expressly for the purpose, I am now prepared to take pictures, 
 either old or new styles, in all kinds of weather. Rooms open from 8 o'clock, A. 
 M., until 6 o'clock, P. M. R M U N R O E 
 
 JEFFERY SEYMOUH, 
 
 ■II Mi ilH IMDFACTMB, 
 
 No. 65 Walnut Street, between Second and Pearl Streets, 
 
 ci3srcinsrasr-A.Ti, 013:10. 
 
 ENGINE, STEAMBOAT, FACTORY and GARDEN HOSE 
 
 MADE OF THE BEST MATERIALS, BOTH COPPER AND IRON RIVETED. 
 Also, Belts or Bands, for Machinery, Round and Elevator Belts, &c., made of 
 Patent Stretched Leather, Water Proof Cemented. 
 ^^" Orders from our own citizens, and the country generally, thankfully re- 
 ceived and promptly attended to. 
 

 ^%^ 
 r^^^ 
 
 Tn 
 
 Water Proof Fresco. 
 
 We wjuld call the attPtition of pooiPtirs who are about buililinir or repairin? fhoir churches, 8tc, to excel 
 lent ii'.iprDvcinenls in a !!)■ tliod for painting vvalN in Fresco. This nmde ot decoralion lias lieen extensivily 
 useii Oy the inventor, in some of ilie finest structures in Aineiica, and lias given the utmost saiisliiclion iii 
 ev»ry instance. It is far snperior to water color, the old nieiliod of decoraiio.i. It is tree from oil, lead, spir- 
 its, wax, &c , which are known, hy their nature, to 'urii yellow. It is entire ly water prooi, so if hy accident 
 the root or sides ol the huilding should leak, (all large buildiiiHs do,) it will pr 'teci the paintirg Ironi stains or 
 discoloration, until such times as the leak can be repaired. This is an important iiem, lor it is a wii; knoirn 
 fact, that nine tenths of the churches decorated in this country, are del'accu in less than a year alter comple- 
 tion, in consequence of leaky roo''-'. 
 
 There is no one who has visited churches, where Fresco decorations have been used, but has seen the evil 
 effect of water colors In our method, we will vvanaiit the decoration free from leaks, stains, &e., as long as 
 tlie walls of the building stand. Water color, which some socielie- ii^e on account of its cheapness, we would 
 not warrant five minutes in a rain storm. Our work can be cleaned vvi h a scrubbing brush and water. In the 
 most thorough manner, without producing the least particle <if discoloration to the work. I ti.e saiee test is 
 applied to water colors, it wruld iitl. riy destioy it. Wc have had an experience of many years as an architec 
 tural and Fresco painter, and we do by tar the most extensive business in the United States. Our work has 
 been iiseu in some of the finest structures in America, and has been the admiraiion of thousands. Moldiies, 
 ornaments, cornices, and perspectives are paiiited for less than one hall thn same w u'd enst in plaster, and 
 possessing far more beauty and ilnrjibility. We will send plan to re-pon^ib'e persons, to all put- oi the conn 
 try. We will also furnish niaiis for ihe remodeling of churches on the most improved metl oil in finishii g and 
 ventilating. We will warrant all edifices placed in our hands for decoration, to give the ntmost sali-faelion in 
 harmony and effect. Societies who are contemidHtini; the use of Fresco decoiations, shou d ap()ly t" us he!ore 
 tlie fining or plaster is applied, as from our knoivl'dg'' of this art, we can cause the plaster to take such shapes 
 iit trifling expense as would cost thousands of dnilars to execute in plaster. 
 
 We can refer to i|ie pa^tir ai'd trustees of severcl M. E Churches in the city or country, who have pro- 
 nounced our work superior, in every re.-pect. to anything ol the kind in the country. 
 
 For lurther particulars, referenees, &c., address 
 
 J. STANLY D'OKSAY, Church Decorator, and 
 Inventor of Water Proof Fresco, 556 Broadway, New York. 
 
 i=»i3:o:Brg-i:^ 
 
 m 
 
 Corner Sharp and German Streets, Baltimore, 
 
 Persons owning Family Lots in public Cemeteries or private Burial Grounds, are rcBpectfully invited to cal' 
 before purchasii.ff elsewlnre, and exaiiii'ie the stock of Monuments, Tombs, Head ."^tonis, &c., of the best 
 AiU'-rican and Italian Marble, now finished and ready tor sale at the above establishinenl The assortment 
 which is lar/e, embraces original designs, and of cho-ce selections from the most appropriate and beautiful 
 artistic siriictiires io modern use. Visitors irom the South .ind West are assured thai they can be as well 
 served in any of tin: above articles, at rates wliicli defy competition. Those who may be willing to entrust me 
 with their written orders, mav rely upon prompt and f.iithful attention ; workmen sent to pi. ice up work when 
 requested by purchesers. Also, 
 
 MARBLE STATUES, GARDEN VASES, FOUNTAINS, 
 
 And other Ornaments, appropriate for Gardens, Dwellings or Grave Lots, constantly on hand 
 
 ALEXANDER GADDESS, Proprietor, 
 
 Steam Marble Works. 
 
THE STATE OE ALABAMA. 
 
 Alabama is bounded on the north by Tennessee, on the east by Georgia and Florida, on the south by Florida and the 
 Gulf of Mexico, and on the west by Mississippi, and extends generally between latitudes 31° and 35° north, and lonsji- 
 tudes S50 10' and 88° 31' west from Greenwich, or 8° OS' and 11° 29' from Washington; a narrow strip, however. extenJa 
 south beyond the main body of the State between Florida and Mississippi, reaching theGulf of Mexico, which it strikes in 
 about 30° 10'. Its length from north to south, excluding the strip of land above mentioned, is 22S miles, and its breadth 
 varies from 146 miles on the north line to 210 on the south line; and the area of the State is 50.722 square miles. 
 
 The north-eastern part of Alabama, being traversed by several ridges of the Alleghanies, which terminate in this Slate, 
 is decidedly mountainous, but presents nowhere any considerable elevations. South of this moimtiun region the surface 
 has a general declivity toward the Gulf of Mexico, first descending gradually from mountains to high hills, and then 
 sinking to a vast plain, scarcely broken except by gentle swells; and the more southern portion is a dead level, but little 
 'ibove the water surface of the ocean. The southern half of the State consists of extensive prairies and pine-barrens, 
 .nterspersed with alluvial river bottoms of great fertility; and the lands of the centre and north are generally covered 
 with a good if not a very rich and productive soil. In the valley of the Tennessee, which occupies so large an area in 
 the northern part of the State, alluvion is the prevailing formation ; and the rich bottom-lands of this region are extensive, 
 and form one of the best agricultural districts within the limits of the State. 
 
 "With the exception of the Tennessee, which takes a circular sweep through Northern Alabama, but receives no con 
 siderable tributary on its southern side, all the rivers flow into the Gulf of Mexico; nearly the whole surface, indeed, is 
 drained into one single channel, the Mobile River, which by several large arms gathers up the waters of the whole south- 
 ern slope, except those of a comparatively small tract in the south-east. The Chattahoochee, although a large stream, and 
 washing the eastern border for more th.in a hundred miles, receives only a few inconsiderable streams from this State; 
 and the Choctawhatchee, Conecuh, and Perdido are, in point of size, secondary rivers. The Mobile, the great river of 
 Alabama, is formed by the junction of two large rivers, the Alabama and Tombigbee, 50 miles above Mobile Bay. A 
 few miles below i;s junction it gives out a large branch, called the Tensaw, which receives also an arm from the Alabama, 
 and reaches Mobile Bay at Blakely. The Tombigbee, or Western Branch of the Mobile, is formed by the confluence of 
 two large streams, the Tombigbee Proper from Mississippi, and the Black Warrior from Northern Alabama. It admits 
 vessels drawing Ave or six feet of water to St. Stephens, 93 miles from the bay, and steamboats to Tuscaloosa, on the 
 Black Warrior, 285 miles, and to Columbus, on the Tombigbee Proper, in Mississippi, about 300 miles. The length of 
 this river, by its tortuous channel, is about 450 miles, and it is boatable almost to its sources. The Alabama, or Eastern 
 Branch, is navigable for vessels of six feet draft to Claiborne, 60 miles above its junction with the Tombigbee; 150 miles 
 farther, to the mouth of the Cahawba, it has four or five feet of water, and to the junction of the Coosa and Tallapoosa, 
 of which it is formed, it has in the shallowest parts three feet of water. Steamboats ascend it to Montgomery, 300 miles 
 by the course of the river, and even to Wetumpka, on the Coosa, several miles above. The Coosa and Tallapoosa both 
 have their rise in Georgia. The navigation of all these rivers, however, is interrupted during the season of low water in 
 the summer months, and at best affords only a precarious means of transport for merchandise. 
 
 The sea-coast of Alabama extends only from the Perdido to the western line of the State, a distance of some 60 miles, 
 but it contains Mobile Bay, one of the largest and deepest basins on the Gulf, and the great outlet of the navigable 
 waters of the State. This fine sheet of water is about 30 miles long, and from three to 18 miles broad, and the main 
 entrance has 15 feet of water at low tide, but vessels of more than eight or nine feet draft can not approach nearer than 
 10 or 11 miles from Mobile city, except at high water. Smaller vessels may go hence to New Orleans by an inland chan- 
 nel through Pascagoula Sound, a long, narrow lagoon, lying between a range of low .sand-islands and the mainland. 
 Perdido Bay, on the south-eastern edge of the State, is of little consequence to commerce, and is, moreover, difficult of 
 access, on account of the sand-bars and islands which block its entrance to the sea. 
 
 Alabama has great mineral resources. The whole central region is underlaid with vast beds of iron ore, or occupied 
 by coal measures of great thickness and extent. The coal found here is of a highly bituminous character, and well 
 adapted for steamboats and factories, and being in juxtaposition with the iron ores, will greatly facilitate the progress of 
 mining industry. The country in this region is also well wooded, fertile, and easily attained from all directions, and in 
 the succession of events must eventually become of great importance to the whole South. Bloomeries and rolling mills, 
 with other establishments for manufiicturing iron, have already been erected, and the products of these have become 
 both extensive and valuable. The principal seats of these operations are on the Cahawba and Coosa rivers. Besides 
 coal and iron, Alabama yields lead ore, manganese, several descriptions of ochres, limestone, and marbles, and in the 
 north-eastern section gold in considerable quantities has been collected. Lead ore, or galena, is found in the limestone 
 formation, chiefly in Benton County : it is a pure sulphuret and granular, closely attached to the rock, and passes it in 
 irregular bunches. The carbonate is also found, and in its neighborhood there are veins of calx spar and sulphate of 
 barytes. Manganese occurs also in the limestone region, and has been used in the n>anufacture of chloride of lime. The 
 ochres occur chiefly near Bucksville, and the red ochre found here is sufficiently rich to be used as an ore of iron. The 
 marbles found in this State occur most plentifully on the Cahawba, and many of the beds aff'ord specimens of greet 
 beauty: some are gray, with red veins; others are red and yellow, and specimens with greenish veins are not uncom- 
 mon. There is also a buff-colored marble, filled with organic remains, and beds of white crjstalline marble, clouded 
 with red, occur. Black marble is also abundant. The compactness and thickness of these formations are such as to 
 elicit a favorable opinion of their value, and cause them to be looked upon with great interest in connection with the 
 
 89 
 
THE STATE OF ALABAMA. 
 
 industrial resources of the State. The resources of Alabama, however, have never been thoroughly examined ; but 
 there can be little doubt, taking the present knowledge of its mineral deposits as an index, that the researches now being 
 instituted, will result in furtlier and more valuable disclosures of a vast wealth of mineral within its borders, and be the 
 means of placing the State in the first rank of mineral-producing districts. 
 
 The soil, climate, and vegetation of Alabama vary with the position and elevation of its several parts. In the north, 
 ■where mountain is the prevailing feature, the soil is but moderately fertile, but in the intervales there is much that can not 
 be excelled. The climate is here moderate, and tlic vegetation hardy : it is the region of the cereals, and a fine grazing 
 country. The central parts of this State, less elevated and undulating, are well watered, and in the river-bottoms the 
 land is extremely rich and productive. The valley of the Alabama is one of the most fertile regions of the Union. In 
 the south the climate is very warm, the soils rich, but with great exceptions, and the principal growths of a tropical 
 character. The sugar-cane has been found to succeed well in the extreme southern strip between Florida and Mississippi, 
 and indigo was formerly raised in considerable quantities; rice, also, grows well in the alluvial bottoms near the Gulf; 
 but cotton, which thrives throughout the State, is the great agricultural staple. The natural growths and animals are in 
 no way different from tliose of the neighboring States on the Gulf of Mexico. The most common of animals is the deer, 
 and the country abounds in turkeys, partridges, geese, ducks, and various other species of smaller game ; and fish in 
 abundance may be taken in the rivers and bays. 
 
 Alabama is divided into 52 counties, the general statistics of which, and the capitals of each, in 1S50, were as follows : 
 
 NoETnKBN Alabama — ^18 counties. 
 
 Counties. Dwell. 
 
 Benton 2,1S8. 
 
 Blount 1,12T. 
 
 Cherokee 2,0.39. 
 
 DeKalb 1,251. 
 
 Fayette 1,403. 
 
 Franklin 1,955. 
 
 Hancock 251. 
 
 Jackson 2,000. 
 
 Jefferson 1,140. 
 
 Pop. 
 ,17,163. 
 . 7,S67. 
 .18,834. 
 . 8,245. 
 . 9,681. 
 .19,610. 
 . 1,542. 
 .14,088. 
 . 8,9S9. 
 
 .1,227 
 . 753 
 .1,126 
 . 616 
 .1,065 
 . 913 
 . 144 
 . 856 
 • 752 
 
 ^^""f- Capitals. 
 
 .31. .Jacksonville 
 
 . 9 . . Blountsville 
 
 .15.. Centre 
 
 . 8.. Lebanon 
 ..24.. Fayette 
 ..28..Paissellville 
 
 . L.HancockC. H. 
 
 . 4..Bellefonte 
 .. 4..Elyton 
 
 Counties. Dwell. 
 
 Lauderdale 1,868.. 
 
 Lawrence 1,469.. 
 
 Limestone 1,429.. 
 
 Madison 2,046. 
 
 Marion 1,108., 
 
 Marshall 1,.301 . 
 
 Morgan 1,103., 
 
 St. Clair 944. 
 
 Walker 799. 
 
 Pop. 
 
 17,172. 
 
 15,253. 
 16,483. 
 26,427. 
 7,833. 
 . 8,846. 
 10,125. 
 . 6,829. 
 . 5,124. 
 
 .1,180.. 82.. Florence 
 . 930..24..Moulton 
 . 649.. 28.. Athens 
 .1,080.. 92.. UuntsvUle 
 . 573.. 5..Pikeville 
 . 586. .12..Warrenton 
 . 584..13.,Somerville 
 . 573.. — ..AshviUe 
 . 909.. 11.. Jasper 
 
 SouTHKEN Alabama— 34 counties. 
 
 Autauga 1,114. 
 
 Baldwin 397. 
 
 Barbour 2,306. 
 
 Bibb 1,153. 
 
 Butler 1,210. 
 
 Chambers 2,138. 
 
 Choctaw 760. 
 
 Clarke 873. 
 
 Coffee 893 
 
 Conecuh 847. 
 
 Coosa 1,725. 
 
 Covington 503. 
 
 Dale 928. 
 
 Dallas 1,375. 
 
 Green 1,730. 
 
 Henry 1,142. 
 
 Lowndes 1,854. 
 
 Pop. 
 .15,028. 
 . 4,414. 
 .22,632. 
 , 9,969. 
 .10,836. 
 .23,960. 
 . 8,737. 
 . 9,786. 
 . 5,940. 
 . 9,322. 
 .14,543. 
 . 3,645. 
 . 6,346. 
 .29,737. 
 .31,441. 
 . 9,019. 
 .21,915. 
 
 Farrna Manuf. 
 intuit. Estali. 
 
 . 711.. 61.. 
 . 121.. 88.. 
 .1,325.. 39.. 
 , 654. .13.. 
 . 553.. 14. 
 .1,842.-56. 
 . 445.. — . 
 . 456.. 16. 
 . 604.. 9. 
 . 498. .12. 
 .1,130.. 13. 
 . 188.. 6. 
 . 697.. — . 
 . 749.. 32. 
 .1,310.. 71. 
 . 671.. — . 
 . 874.. 2. 
 
 Capitals. 
 
 Kingston 
 
 Blakely 
 
 Clayton 
 
 Centreville 
 
 Greenville 
 
 Chambers 
 
 Butler 
 
 Clarkesvillo 
 
 Wellborn 
 
 Sparta 
 
 Eockford 
 
 Andalusia 
 
 Newton 
 
 Cahawba 
 
 Kutaw 
 
 Abbeville 
 
 Hayncsville 
 
 Counties, 
 
 Macon 
 
 Marengo .... 
 
 Mobile 
 
 Monroe 
 
 Montgomery 
 
 Perry 
 
 Pickens 
 
 Pike 
 
 Randolph . . . 
 
 Eussell 
 
 Shelby 
 
 Sumter 
 
 Talladega . . . 
 Tallapoosa . . 
 Tuscaloosa... 
 
 Wilcox 
 
 Washington . 
 
 Dwell. 
 
 1,849. 
 
 1,353. 
 
 3,027. 
 
 1,005. 
 
 1,881. 
 , 1,332. 
 , 1,896. 
 
 1,973. 
 . 1.904. 
 
 1.411. 
 . 1,170. 
 , 1,342. 
 . 1,861 
 . 2,037. 
 . 1,914. 
 . 988, 
 . 258 
 
 Pop. 
 
 . 26,898 
 
 .27,881. 
 
 .27,600. 
 
 .12,013. 
 
 .29,795. 
 
 .22,285. 
 
 .21,512. 
 
 .15,920. 
 
 .11,581. 
 
 .19,548. 
 
 . 9.536. 
 
 .22.250. 
 
 .18,624. 
 
 .15.584. 
 
 .18,056. 
 
 .17.352. 
 
 . 2,718. 
 
 Fai 
 
 Ma 
 
 ,lt. K.-t 
 .1,208.. 19. 
 . 818.. 4. 
 . 249.. 61. 
 . 692.. 23. 
 . 962.. 6. 
 .1,006.. 21. 
 .1.4-38.. 84. 
 .1,533.. 5. 
 . 969.. 23. 
 .1,049.. 4. 
 . 693.. 9 
 . 668. .12 
 998.. 21 
 .1,270.. IS 
 .1,115.. 82 
 . 666.. 6 
 ,. 141..— 
 
 "l[' Capitals. 
 
 .Tuskegee 
 .Linden 
 .Mobile 
 . Claiborne 
 
 . MONTGOMEBY 
 
 . .Marion 
 . . CarroUton 
 ..Troy 
 ..WeedoTvee 
 . . Crawford 
 ..Columbiana 
 . .Livingston 
 . . Talladega 
 . .Dadeville 
 . .Tuscaloosa 
 . . Camden 
 ..Old Washington 
 
 The whole number of dwellings in the State was, at the above date, 73,070 ; of families, 78,786 ; and of inhabitants, 
 771 671; viz., whites 426,507— males 219,728, and females 206,779 ; fr. col. 2,272— males 1,047, and females 1,225, and si. 342,892. 
 Of the' whole population there were, deaf and dnmh—^h. 157, fr. col. 1, si. 28— total 186; llind—vth. 164, fr. col. 3, 
 el. 141— total 308; insane— vih. 208, fr. col. 2, si. 35— total 245; and idioUc^v/h. 363, fr. col. 0, si. 142— tolal 405. The 
 
 Ga. 58,997, Flor. 1,060, Alabama 237,542, Miss. 2,852, La. 628, Tex. 55, Ark. 91, Tenn. 22,541, Ky. 2,994, Ohio 276, Mich. 
 13 Ind 93, III. 114, Mo. 158, la. 7, Wis. 3 ; and the foreign population was composed of persons from— England 941, 
 Ireland 8,639,' Scotland 584, Wales 67, Germany 1,068, France 503, Spain 16.3, Portugal 39, Belgium 4, Holland 1, 
 Turkey 1,'ltaly 90, Austria 33, Switzerland 113, Kussia 10, Denmark 18, Norway 3, Sweden 51, Prussia 45, Greece 7, 
 Africa 18^ British America 49, Mexico 39, Central America 3, South America 2, West Indies 28, Sandwich Islands 3, and 
 
 other countries, 116. , t, .v 
 
 The following table wUl show the decennial progress of the population since the first census of the State, taken by the 
 
 United States authorities : 
 
 Colored Persons. Decenni al Increate. 
 
 r> TTTl ..« ^ . » Total / * * 
 
 yeTs' rTrlons. ^^ Slave. Total. Population. Ku.nerical. Percent. 
 
 1820 85,451 671 41,879 42,450 127,901. 
 
 1830 ...190,406 1,572 117,549 118,121 809,527 181,626. 
 
 184o" .. .8.35,185 2,039 253.5.32 2.55,.571 590.756 281,229. 
 
 I860 426,507.,.. .....2,272 842,892 845,164 771,671 180,915. 
 
 40 
 
 .142.0 
 . 90.S 
 . 30.6 
 
THE STATE OF ALABAMA, 
 
 I 143,147 head i 128,001 head i 44,749 head, or 31.3 per cent. 
 
 5 ( 59,895 " f ' '^ 
 
 The general statistics of the resources, products, manufactures, wealth, and institutions of the State, according to the 
 census of 1850, and other official documents referring to the same period, are as exhibited in the following summary : 
 
 Occupied Lands, etc — Farm lands, improved 4,435,614 acres, and unimproved 7,702,067 acres. Cash value of farraa 
 $64,8'23,224. The whole number of farms under cultivation on the 1st June, was 41,964— in Northern Alabama 14,216, 
 and in Southern Alabama 27,748. Value of farming implements and machinery, $5,125,663. 
 
 Live-Sioel:— Hones, 128,001 ; asses and mules, 59,895 ; mileh cows, 227,791 ; working oxen, 66,961 ; other cattle, 433,263 ; 
 sheep, 871,880 ; and swine, 1,904,540. The live-stock of 1840, compared with the live-stock of 1850, exhibits the 
 following results: 
 
 Description. 1840, 1850. 
 
 Horses 
 
 Asses and mules 
 
 Milch cows \ / 227,791 " j 
 
 Working oxen V 668,018 « -j 66,961 " V 57,997 " or 8.9 " 
 
 Other cattle ) ' 483,263 " ) 
 
 Sheep 163,243 " 371,880 " 208,537 " orl27.9 " 
 
 Swine 1,423,873 " 1,904,540 « 430,667 " or 33.8 « 
 
 —in 1850, the value of live-stock was estimated at $21,690,112. 
 
 PfoducU of Animals. — Wool, 657,118 pounds; butter, 4,008,811 pounds; cheese, 31,412 pounds; and the value of 
 animals slaughtered during the year had been $4,823,485. The wool crop, represented in the census of 1840, 
 amounted to 220,353 pounds, and hence the increase of the crop in 1850 was 436,765 pounds, or in the ratio of 198.2 per 
 centum. In 1840, the average clip per fleece was 21.6 ounces, and in 1850, 28.3 ounces — making an increase per fleece 
 amounting to 6.7 ounces, or 12.4 per centum — a fact which is suflaciently Indicative of the surprising success of sheep- 
 farming in the extreme Southern States. A similar increase is apparent in Mississippi and Louisiana. 
 
 Grain t>o;j«.— Wheat, 294,044 bushels; rye, 16,261 bushels; Indian com, 22,446,552 bushels; oats, 1,503,288 bjshels; 
 barley, 8,958 bushels ; and buckwheat, 348 bushels. These crops compared with those of 1840, give the following results : 
 
 Crops. 1840. 1850. Movement. 
 
 Wheat 828,052 bushels 294,044 bushels deer. 534,008 bushels, or 64.4 per cent. 
 
 Eye 51,008 " 16,261 " deer. 34,747 " or 68.1 " 
 
 Indian corn 20,947,004 « 22,446,552 " mcr. 2,499,548 " or 11.9 " 
 
 Oats 1,406,353 " 1,503,288 " incr. 96,935 « or 6.9 " 
 
 Barley 7,692 " 3,958 " deer. 3,734 " or 48.5 " 
 
 Buckwheat 58 " 348 " incr. 290 " or500.0 " 
 
 Other Food (?ro/).s.— Pace, 2,811,252 pounds; peas and beans, 892,701 bushels; and potatoes— Irish 246,001 bushels, 
 and sweet 5,475,204 bushels. The rice crop of 1840 was only 149,019 pounds. The potato crop of the same year 
 amounted to l,708,-356 bushels. 
 
 Mi^eellaneotm Crops. — Tobacco, 164.990 pounds ; ginned cotton, 564,429 bales of 400 pounds ; hay, 32,685 tons ; clover- 
 seed, 138 bushels ; other grass seed, 547 bushels; hops, 276 pounds; flax, 3,921 pounds; flax-seed, 69 bushels; silk 
 cocoons, 167 pounds; sugar — maple 643 pounds, and cane 8,242,000 pounds; molasses, 83.42S gallons; beeswax and 
 honey, 897,021 pounds ; wine, 220 gallons, etc. The principal of these, compared with the crops returned in the census 
 of 1840 exhibit the following movement : 
 
 Crops. 1840. 1850. Movement. 
 
 Tobacco 27-3,302 pounds 164,990 pounds .... dear. 108,312 pounds, or 39.6 per cent 
 
 Cotton 117,138,823 " 225,771,600 " .... *««•. 108,532,777 " or 92.6 " 
 
 Hay 12,718 tons 82,685 tons .... incr. 19,967 tons or 156.9 " 
 
 Sugar-maple J. ^^^^ ^ ^ ( 643 pounds . . . . i ^ 8,232,500 pounds, or - « 
 
 " cane » ^ ( 8,242,000 " ....) 
 
 Wine 177 gallons 220 gallons incr. 43 gallons, or 24.3 " 
 
 — the value of orchard products in 1850 was .$15,408, and of market-garden products .$84,821. 
 
 Homtr-made manufactures for the year ending 1st June, 1850, were produced to the value of $1,934,120. The same 
 description of goods returned in the census of 1840 were valued at $1,656,119. 
 
 Manufactures. — Aggregate capital invested on 1st June, 1850, $0,000,000 ; value of all raw material, fuel, etc., consumed 
 in the year then ending, $0,000,000 ; average number of hands employed 00,000 — male 0,000, and female 0,000 ; monthly 
 cost of labor $000,000— male 000,000, and female $00,000; value of manufactures produced in the year, $4,464,000. The 
 whole number of manufacturing establishments in operation on the Ist June, 1850, and producing to the annual value of 
 $500, was 1,022— in the Northern District 341, and in the Southern District 681, and these were distributed to the counties 
 as shown in the general table. Of the whole number 12 were cotton factories; 14 iron works — 3 making pig iron, 10 
 making castings, and one making wrought iron ; and 149 were tanneries. The total capital invested in manufactures, in 
 1840, amounted to $2,180,064. 
 
 The condition of the iron manufacture is exhibited in the annexed summary: 
 
 SpecificatJona. I'ig Iron. Cast Iron. Wrought Iron. Total. 
 
 Capital invested ,.... dollars.... 11,000 216,625 2,500 230,125 
 
 Oreused tons 1,833 — — 1,838 
 
 Pig iron used " — 2,348 120...., 2,468 
 
 Coke and charcoal used husliels.. . .145,000 31,300 80,000 206,300 
 
 Value of r.aw material, etc dollars.... 6,770 102,085 3,000 111,855 
 
 Hands employed member 40 212 14 266 
 
 Monthly cost of labor dollars.... 700 77,447 3,360 81.507 
 
 Iron produced to7is 522 1,915 100 2,537 
 
 Value of year's products dollars. . . . 22,500 271,126 7,500 301,126 
 
 —in 1S40, Alabama had in operation 1 furnace, producing annually 30 tons, and 5 forges producing 75 tons, and the total 
 capital invested in the manufacture was $9,500. 
 
 41 
 
THE STATE OF ALABAMA. 
 
 Capital invested in cotton manufactures, $651,900 ; value of all raw material, etc., consumed, $237,081 ; cotton con- 
 sumed, 5,208 bales; hands employed, 715— males 340, and females 369; average monthly cost of labor, $6,909 — male 
 $4,053, and female $2,946; products of tlie year— sheeting, etc., 3,081,000 yards, and yarn T90,0iK) pounds; entire value 
 of products $382,200. The total capital invested in the cotton manufacture, in 1840, atnountcii to $35,575. 
 
 Capital invested in Umncrien $200,570; value of raw material, etc., used, $158,247; hands employed 462 — ^males 457, 
 and females 5; average monthly cost of labor $7,745 — male $7,700, and female $45; sides of leather tanned during the 
 year 158,066, and skins tanned 13,922; value of annual products $335,911. According to the census of 1840, there were 
 in the State, 142 tanneries ; sides of sole leather produced 30,705, and sides of upper leather 42,777 ; hands employed, 
 800; capital invested $147,463. 
 
 In the manufacture of spirituous liquors, a capital of $500 was invested ; 2 hands employed ; 25 hogsheads of molasses 
 used, and 3,000 gallons of rum produced. In 1840 there were in the State, 188 distilleries producing annually 127,230 
 gall<ins spirits ; and 7 breweries, producing 200 g.allons ale, etc. ; hands employed 220, capital invested $-34,212. 
 
 The manufactures, others than the above speeified, consist chiefly of such as are found in all agricultural countries ; 
 but at some of the large towns there are machine shops, and a variety of other manufactures. 
 
 Foreign i^ommercfi and navigation. — Mobile is the only port of Alabama open to the foreign trade. For the year 
 eniling 30th June, 1850, the commercial movement was as follows : value of exports (all domestic produce) $10,514,858 — 
 in American vessels $4,001,515, and in foreign vessels $5,943,343; and value of imports $865,362— in American vessels 
 $108,134, and in foreign vessels $757,228. The shippmg employed in the carrying trade was as follows : 
 
 Kntered. Cleared. Total, 
 
 Nationnlity of / ' v . ' . 
 
 pliipping. Vessels. Tons. Crews. Vessels. Ton.s. Crews. 
 
 American 40 11,914 444 76 82,268 974. 
 
 Foreign 112 84,106 4,057 106 80,717 3,896. 
 
 Vessels. Tons. Crews. 
 
 ..116 44,182 1,413 
 
 ..218 164,823 7,953 
 
 Total. 
 
 .152 96,U20 4,501 1S2 112,985 4,S70 334 209,005. 
 
 9,871 
 
 The shipping owned in the State at the date referred to, amounted to 24,157 tons, of which shipping amounting to 
 7,403 tons was registered— 1,405 tons " permanent," and 5,998 tons " temporary ;" to 16,003 tons was enrolled and Ucensed 
 ' permanent," and 751 tons was " licensed under 20 tons." Of the aggregate 12,028 tons were navigated by steam-power, 
 and chiefly employed on the rivers. During the year, tlirec schooners (113 tons) were built. The following table will 
 exhibit the movement of foreign commerce in this State, from ISIS to 1850 inclusive : 
 
 Years 
 1818 
 1819 
 1820 
 1821 
 1822 
 1828 
 1824 
 1*'>5 
 1826 
 
 Kxpoits. 
 
 Imports. 
 
 $90,S,')7 $ 
 
 50,906 
 
 96,636 
 
 108,960 
 
 209,743 36,421 
 
 200,387 125,770 
 
 460,727 91,604 
 
 692,635 113,411 
 
 , . 1,527,112 179,554 
 
 1S27 1,376,364 201,909 
 
 1828 1,182,559 171,909 
 
 Years. Exports. Imports. 
 
 1829 $1,693,958 $233,720 
 
 1830 2,294,954 144,823 
 
 1831 2,413,894 224,435 
 
 18.32 2,736,387 107,787 
 
 1838 2,527,961 265,918 
 
 1834 5,670,797 895,361 
 
 1835 7,574,692 525,955 
 
 1S36 11,184,166 651,618 
 
 1837 9,671,401 609,885 
 
 1838 9,668,244 524,548 
 
 1839 
 
 Yc.irs. Exports. Imports. 
 
 1840 $12,854,694 $574,651 
 
 1841 10,981,271 530,819 
 
 1842 9,965,675 353,871 
 
 1843 11.157,460 860,655 
 
 1844 9,907,654 442,818 
 
 1845 10,538,228 473,491 
 
 1846 5,260,317 259,607 
 
 1S47 9,054.580 890,161 
 
 1848 11,927,749 419,396 
 
 1849 12,823,725 657,147 
 
 1850 10,544,858 865,365! 
 
 Internal Trade and Communication.— TYie greater part of Alabama as yet depends on wagons over common earth 
 roads, for the transportation of its productions and supplies; and those places distant from the rivers and railroads are 
 consequently almost isolated from the commercial world. The river navigation, however, is extensive, in its various 
 courses measuring at least 2,000 miles. The great body of the products of the State fltid their way to Mobile, the commer- 
 cial emporium ; some are shipped by the Chattahoocliee, ior Apulachicola, and some — but in a smaller degree — by Ten- 
 nes-see River, lo the Oliio, whence tliey are conveyed to New Orleans by the Mississippi, or by way of the Illinois f'anai 
 and the great lakes to a norlhern market. The cotton crop, passing in these various channels, may be estimated at one 
 seventh the whole by the Chatt.-ilioochee, one sixteenth by the Tennessee, and the renuiinder by the system of rivers 
 centering at Mobile Bay. The progress of the State in building railroads is as yet limited ; the great line fram Mobile to 
 the Ohio Kiver is completed within Alabama, and is progressing in Mississippi; the Tuscumbia and Decatur llailroad, 
 now merged into the Charleston and Memphis railroad, crosses the State in the north ; the Alabama and Tennessee 
 River Railroad, 209 miles long, extends from Selma to Guntersville; the M<intgomery .ind West Point Railroad is 86 
 miles long, and there are several other important lines chartered, and some in progress ; these have been of comparatively 
 small benefit as yet. but wlien opened for commerce, and their exterior connections built, the elTect they wdl have in 
 sliniulaiing production and consumption will be felt in every direction— the latent mineral wealth of the State will be 
 disentombed, the fine cotton lands on the rivers will be entered and cultivated, mechanic tnides will be demanded every- 
 where, and the whole country will experience a beneficial change in its material welfiire. Besides these avenues of 
 commerce, Alabama has two canals, the "Muscle Shoal Canal," and the "IluntaviUe Canal;" the former 351 miles long 
 from Florence, along the north bank of the Tennessee, and designed to overcome the obstruction caused by the shoals; 
 and the latter extending from Triaiia on the Tennessee, 16 miles, to Himtsville. 
 
 Bank.'<.—\n January^ 1S50, there was one bank in the State— the Bank of the State of Alabama— with branches at 
 the j.rincipal points. Its aggregate condition, as published in the General Hank returns by the Federal Oovernment, 
 is exhibited in the following figures: ^*«f*s— loans and discounts, $2,116„'i91 ; stocks, $71,018; real estate, $152,601; 
 other investments, $1 ,'229,201; duo by other banks, $928,209; notes of other banks, $10,029, and specie, $1,307,892; and 
 ijrti!;i;'(7/V.s— capitiil, $1,500,000; circulation, $2,558,868; deposits, $1,216,319; due other banks, $20,740; and other 
 habilities, $39.%124. 
 
 Gover7iment.—y\w. Constitution provides that every white male citizen of the United States, twenty-one years of age, 
 a resilient of the State one year, and in the county, city, or town three months next preceding, may vote for the election 
 of all constitutional olHcers. 
 42 
 
THE STATE OF ALABAMA. 
 
 The executive power is vested in a Governor, who is chosen by a plurality of votes for two years; he must be at least 
 thirty years of age, a citizen of the United States, and have resided in the State four years. 
 
 The General Assembly consists of a Senate and House of Representatives : the Senate of 33 members, elect-^d for four 
 years, one half biennially, and the House of 100 members, elected for two years. The qualifications extend only to 
 age and residence. The Assembly meets in Montgomery on the second Monday in November, every second year, 
 commencing 1S27. 
 
 The Judiciary consists of a Supreme Court, with a Chief Justice, and two associate Justices, a Eeporter, Attorney 
 General, and Clerk ; a Court of Chancery, with separate chancellors for the three districts of the State ; Circuit Courts, 
 each with a Judge, Solicitor, etc. ; County, or Probate Courts, etc. The judges of the Supreme and Chancery Courts are 
 elected by joint vote of both Houses of the Legislature for six years. The Supreme Court has appellate jurisdiction only, 
 and holds its sessions at the capital, annually, on the first Monday of January and June, for the hearing and determining 
 points of law taken by appeal or writ of error from the Chancery, Circuit, and Probate Courts. The volumes of reported 
 decisions are 3T in number. For chancery legislation the State is divided into 3 Divisions and 87 Districts, in each of 
 which at least one court is held annually. Circuit courts have jurisdiction in all civil and criminal cases in the State, and 
 hold two sessions (spring and fall) in each county annually. The State is divided Into nine Circuits. In Mobile County, 
 criminal jurisdiction has been transferred to the Special City court of Mobile, which holds three terms each year, and has 
 concurrent jurisdiction with the Circuit Courts, except in real actions. The judges of probate are also clerks of the court 
 and registers of deeds for their respective counties. Circuit judges, the judge of the City court of Mobile, and judges of 
 Probate, are elected by the people for six years. 
 
 Alabama, under the law regulating the distribution of Representatives to Congress, has a delegation of seven 
 members. 
 
 Finances. — On the 31st December, 1850, the foreign debt of the State amounted to $6,693,888 98, and the domestic debt 
 to $1,845,220 99— total debt $8,539,109 9T. The animal liabUilies of the State are— interest on debt $418,627 70, and the 
 estimated current expenses of the government $97,678 — total $516,305 70. The immediate means of the treasury on the 
 1st Nov., 1849, were— balance from former dates $588,792 44, taxes for 1850 $487,987 48, and interest on $1,100,000 U. S. 
 6 per cent, stock owned by the State $66,000^total $1,092,779 92, from which deduct annual disbursements, and the 
 balance will be $596,474 22, of which $488,016 is the amount of notes of the State bank in the treasury. The real balance 
 then is $178,458 22, which sum is moreover liable for $60,000, appropriated for the rebuilding of the State House, burnt 
 in December, 1849. The State has resources besides the United States Stock, and the treasury balance above alluded 
 to, amounting to $1,766,907 64, its interest in the State bank, etc., all which may be applied to the discharge of the 
 public debt. 
 
 The militia force of the State, according to the returns of 1850, consisted of an aggregate of 58,048 men of all arms, of 
 which number 2,387 were commissioned officers, and 55,661 non-commissioned oflBcers, musicians, artificers, and privates. 
 Of the commissioned officers 32 were general officers, 170 general staflf-officers, 760 field-officers, etc., and 1,425 company 
 officers. Every white male citizen, between IS and 45 years of age, unless disabled or excused by law, is subject to 
 military duty. 
 
 Provision was made by the Legislature of 1851 and 1852, for establishing a State institution called the Alabama Insane 
 Hospital, the selection of the site of which was intrusted to the Governor. The same Legislature also appropriated $5,000 
 for organizing and sustaining an Institution for the Deaf and Dumb. 
 
 JSducation. — The means of education in Alabama are ample; nor have the people been unmindful of its importance. 
 Throughout the State are schools for the poor, and in all the cities and towns, academies and schools of a higher class are 
 numerous. As a State formed from the territorial lands of the Union, it enjoys the benefit of the Congressional grant of 
 school lands, which are becoming every day more valuable ; and with increased means the several beneficiary schools 
 become more efficient. Besides its schools and academies, however, there are several colleges of a high grade, at the 
 head of which stands the University of Alaljama, an institution second to none in the South. The following is a list of the 
 most important of these institutions, with their statistics to 1850 : 
 
 Colleges, etc. Location. Founded. Professors. Alamni. Students. Vols, in libr. 
 
 University of Alabama Tuscaloosa 1831 9 197 91 7.123 
 
 La Grange College (Meth.) La Grange 1830 6 Ill 70 3.700 
 
 Spring Hill College (K. C.) Spring Hill laSO 12 — TO 4,000 
 
 Howard College (liapt.) Miirion 1841 5 17 70 2,050 
 
 Howard Theol. luft, (Bapt.) Marion 1843 2 — 10 1,000 
 
 Law Dept. Univ. of Ala Tuscaloosa — 1 — — — 
 
 — all of which are in a flourishing condition both as respects their systems and the patronage they receive from 
 the citizens. 
 
 Public Librarien.— One State library 3.000 volumes; 1 social— 1,454 volumes; 4 college— 13.000 volumes : 2 students'— 
 2,623 volumes; 30 public school— 1,000 volumes. Total— 87 libraries, 18,077 volumes.— Jiepo/'t of Libr. of Smitlisonian 
 Inatitutimi, 1851. 
 
 Periodical Press. — The whole number of periodicals and newspapers published in Alabama on the 1st June, 1850, wag 
 60, of which the political principles of 16 were whig, of 22 democratic, and of 6 neutral and independent— total political 
 papers 44; and there were 2 devoted to literature, 1 to religious subjects, and the attributes of 13 were not specified. 
 Of the whole number 6 were issued daily, 4 tri-weekly, 1 semi-weekly, 48 weekly, and 1 semi-monthly. The aggregate 
 
 circulation of the dailies was 9,177 copies at each issue; of the tri-weeklies, 550 copies, of the semi -weekly, copies; 
 
 of the weeklies, 24,120 copies; and of the semi-monthly, 750 copies— making in the aggregate about four million and a 
 quarter copies annually. The counties, etc., in which published are as follows: Barbour, 3 weekly; Benton, Butler, 
 Choctaw, and Clitrokee, each 1 weekly; Coosa, 1 weekly and 1 tri-weekly; Clarke and Chambers, each 1 weekly; 
 Dallas and Franklin, each 2 weekly; Greene, 3 weekly; Henry, Jackson, Lawrence, Lowndes, Limestone, and 
 Lauderdale, each 1 weekly; Montgomery, 3 daily, 3 tri-weekly, and 3 weekly; Madison, 3 weekly; Marshall, 
 
 1 weekly; Macon, 2 weekly and 1 semi-montbly ; Miirengo, 2 weekly; Mobile, 3 daily, 1 semi-weekly, and 
 
 2 weekly • Morgan, 1 weekly ; Perry, Pickens, Sumpter, and Talladega, each 2 weekly ; and Tuscaloosa, 3 weekly. 
 
 43 
 
THE STATE OF ALABAMA. 
 
 Religious Denominations.— The statistics of the several religious denominations in Alabama are as exhibited in the 
 annexed table : 
 
 Dennmina- No. of Ctiurch Value of 
 
 tioiis. Churches, aciom. Property. 
 
 Baptist 505. .158,880. .|22T,297 
 
 Christian 13.. 3,550.. 6,166 
 
 Congregational. — . . — .. — 
 
 Dutch Eef. — .. — .. — 
 
 Episcopal 16.. 6,220.. 76,300 
 
 Free 5.. I,b00.. 2,300 
 
 Friends — . . — . . — 
 
 Denomlna No. of Church Value of 
 
 tii»ij8. Churched, aocom. Properly. 
 
 German Ref — . . — . . $ — 
 
 Jewish — .. — .. — 
 
 Lutheran 1 . . 200 . . 250 
 
 Mfnnonite — .. — .. — 
 
 Methodist 531 . .150,675 . .276,939 
 
 Moravian — .. — .. — 
 
 Presbyterian . . .150 . . 58,705 . .222,775 
 
 Dennmina- "Kf 
 ti..n9. Chu 
 
 Eoman Catholic. 
 Swedcnborgian.. 
 
 Tunker 
 
 Union 
 
 Unitarian 
 
 Universalist 
 
 Minor Sects 
 
 5 . . 5,200 
 
 4 . . 1,125 , 
 1 . . 1,000 , 
 1 . . 250 . 
 3 . . 1,000 . 
 
 Vahie of 
 Property, 
 
 .$300,000 
 
 1,650 
 
 6,000 
 
 400 
 
 12,000 
 
 —making an aggregate of 1,235 churches, with accommodation for 388,605 persons, and valued as property at |1.132,076. 
 Alabama is a Protestant Episcopal Diocese of the same name, and with West Florida constitutes the Eoman Catholic 
 Diocese of Mobile. 
 
 fitvpfiri.im and Crimf.—^ho\c number of paupers who received support within the year ending 1st June,lS50, 363 — 
 352 natives, and 11 foreigners; and whole number of paupers at date aliove spocided 315—306 natives, and 9 foreigners. 
 Annual cost of support .$17,.')59. The whole, number of convicts in the Alabama Penitentiary at Wetumpka, 1st Oct., 1851, 
 ■Wits 156, of which number 153 were white persons — 149 males, and 4 females ; and 3 were free persons of color. Offenses 
 against the person 55, and against property 101. Ages— under 20 years, 15 ; from 20 to 80, 69 ; from 30 to 40, 35 ; from 
 40 to 50, 20 ; from 50 to 00, 12 ; over 60, 2 ; unknown 2. 
 
 Jlistorical Sk^ch.—T\iQ thrilling and romantic, yet terribly fatal adventures of De Soto, introduced the European for 
 the first time to the wilds of Alabama. After a long and disastrous march through Florida and Alabama, the cavalcade 
 of this heroic chieftain arrived by the waters of the beautiful Coosa. The province of this name extended over 300 miles, 
 and embraced the present counties of Cherokee, Benton, Talladega, and Coosa. From Coos.i, the expedition advanced 
 toward Tallapoosa, and eventually to the town of Tallassee. Crossing the Tallapoosa, they were received by the chief 
 of the country with apparent hospitality. The expedition reached soon after the banks of the Alabama. At Maubilia 
 the savages precipitated themselves on the strangers in one of the most terrible battles recorded in the annals of 
 history. In this battle, which lasted nine hours, 82 Spaniards were slain, and 45 horses perished, an irreparable loss in 
 tlwir condition. All their equip.ige and supplies were consumed in the flames of the burning town. The Mobilians 
 were almost annihilated, 11,000 having been destroyed, among whom was probably the chief Tuscaloosa. 
 
 De Soto had been expecting the vessels of Maldonado to arrive at Pensacola, and learned at Maubilia that they had 
 actually arrived. Notwithstanding this, and a knowledge of a conspiracy in his camp, he came to the desperate resolu- 
 tion to turn his back on the shipping and plunge again into the forests of the north. Crossing the Warrior, and inter- 
 rupted by daily savage attacks, the expedition reached the Tombigbee. Quarrels growing out of the cruel oppressions of 
 the Spaniards soon led to a general outbreak and an engagement, scarcely less sanguinary than that of Maubilia. The 
 8ut)sequent fate of De Soto may be briefly told. After the battle, which was on the Yazoo Eiver, he crossed the Missis- 
 sippi, spent a year in Arkansas, and returning to the great river, death ended his fortunes. He sleeps beneath its waters, 
 which had never before been disturbed by civilized man, but which have sineo ministered to the wants of millions and 
 millions of a race more hardy, energetic, and adventurous than even the Spaniard himself. 
 
 At the time of De Soto, Alabama was inhabited by the Coosas, Tallassees, Mobill.ans, and Choctaws. Being nearly 
 destroyed by his invasion, their places were filled by the Muscogees and Alabamas, who were of Mexican origin, and 
 were driven out of that country by Cortez. Wandering a long time in the wililcrness, the Muscogees reached at last^ 
 and settled upon, the banks of the Ohio, almost to the Wabash. They had previously mot and vanquished the Alabamas, 
 driving them to the Y.nzoo, whence they again drove them to the Alabama, near the confluence of the Coosa and Talla- 
 poosa. Further pressed by the warlike Muscogees, the unfortun.ate Alabamas were dispersed a third time and sought 
 an asylum among the Choctaws and other tribes, while the Muscogees overspread Georgia to the banks of the Savannah. 
 Eeceiving at last into their tribe the relies of the Alabamas, the Tookahatches, the Tuskegees (who were allowed to 
 occupy the forks of the Coosa and Tallapoosa), the Ozeallies, the Uchees, and fugitives of the Natchez, after the terrible 
 massacre of the French, the Muscogee confederacy increased in strength and power, until it became the most formidable 
 in the country, receiving the name of " Creek" from the number of beautiful streams meandering through its limits. 
 
 Various relics of the aborigines .still exist in Alabama. The mounds found in this State are by some attributed to a 
 period anterior to the Indians; but it is known that the Natchez constructed such as late as 1730. In Alabama they are 
 found upon the Tennessee, Coosa, Tallapoosa, Alabama, Cahaba, Warrior, and Tombigbee rivers, and upon being 
 opened are found to contain bones, stone ornaments, pottery, and sometimes gold and silver ornaments, layers of char- 
 coal, ashes, etc. The ditches which have been discovered at Cahaba, at the falls of Little River, and at Talladega Springs 
 are attributed to Indian origin, an<l are thought to have been built for the purposes of defense. At Little River are four 
 or five caves, which have Ijeen called "De Soto's Rock Houses," from the fact of their exhibiting the marks of intelli- 
 gent occupation. Their walls have been smoothed by the hands of man. The cuttings upon rocks in various parts of 
 the State are also attributed to the Indians, who used the pieces for the fabrication of pipes, mortars, bowls, etc. These 
 cuttings are especially noticeable near the Tallapoosa River, and at Elyton, in Jefferson County. 
 
 We now come to the period when the French began to occujiy Alabama. Bienville, the governor of Louisiana, sailed 
 up the Bay of Mobile, and at the mouth of Dog River commenced to build a lort, etc. This was in 1702, and seventeen 
 years before the founding of New Orleans. The site of Mobile, however, was removed, nine years later, to the mouth 
 of Mobile River, its present position. Besides the numerous Indian wars of the colonists and their contests with the 
 Spaniards, their appears to be little in the history of the French period to attract notice. The traders from Carolina and 
 Virginia had also caused great annoyance. To stop their expeditious, Bienville located a fort upon the Alabama at Tus- 
 kegee. In 1721 three French war ships loaded with African slaves arrived at Mobile. Ultimately the disasters of the 
 colonists forced tlie al>anilonment of both Mobile and Biloxi. 
 
 At the conclusion of the long and bloody wars of Europe, and with the adoption of the pacification of Paris in 1763, 
 France had divested herself ot her whole North American interests. The western bank of the Mississippi from its source 
 to its mouth, but including the island of New Orleans on the other bank, passed into the hands of Spain; while Great 
 Britain succeeded to Canada, all the territories east of the Mississippi as fiir south as the Bayou Iberville and the whole of 
 
THE STATE OF ALABAMA. 
 
 Florida. The whole of Alabama and Mississippi, and that portion of Louisiana north of a line drawn through the Bayoa 
 Iberville, the Amite, Lakes Maurepas and Pontchartrain to the sea and cast of the Mississippi River, became thus a 
 British possession, known until 1781 as West Florida, and the province of Illinois. Alabama was divided on the parallel 
 of 320 2S' between West Florida and Illinois in nearly equal divisions; and Montgomery and Wetumpka, which are but 
 fifteen miles apart, were in different jurisdictions. The Florida portion only was then in European occupation, having 
 Pensacola as its seat of government. 
 
 George Johnson, the first English governor, organized the government, garrisoned the fort at Mobile, and that of Toulouse 
 up the Coosa. The government was purely military. Its earliest history was marked by great sufferings among the 
 English inhabitants of Mobile who died in great numbers from habits of intemperance, exposure, and a contagious disease 
 Introduced by one of the regiments. The exports of Mobile in 1772 were indigo, raw hides, corn, cattle, tallow, rice, 
 pitch, bear's oil, tar, tobacco, timber, shingles, cured fish, etc. Cotton was cultivated in small quantities. 
 
 The charter of Georgia granted to that colony the right to all lands lying westward to the Mississippi, and that State 
 considering its title perfect to all the lands within these limits, proceeded to grant them to companies for the purpose of 
 settlement. There were two sets of these grants known as the ''Tazoo grants," both of which have acquired a celebrity 
 in history. By the first, 5,000,000 acres in Mississippi were granted to the South Carolina Yazoo Company, and 7,000,000 
 to the Virginia Tazoo Company, and 3,500,000 acres in Alabama to the Tennessee Company — the first paying $60,000, the 
 the second .$93,000, and the last $46,000. The United States authorities opposed these grants, and this combined with 
 the opposition of the Indians prevented their immediate settlement; and the several companies having failed to meet 
 the instalments upon their purchases, the grants were eventually rescinded by Georgia herself. Several years afterward 
 other and more considerable grants were made by Georgia. For the sum of $250,000 the Georgia company received a 
 tract embracing parts of many of the present wealthiest counties of Alabama and Mississippi — 18 in Alabama and 21 in 
 Mississippi ; for $150,000 the Georgia Mississippi Company received a tract embracing parts or the whole of two or three 
 of the present counties of Alabama and 31 counties of Mississippi ; for $.35,000 the Upper Mississippi Company received 
 that part of Mississippi now embraced in the counties of De Soto, Marshall, Tippah, Tishemingo, and part of Tunica; 
 and for $60,000 the Tennessee Company received a tract in North Alabama, embracing most of the present counties of 
 Lauderdale, Limestone, Madison, Jackson, De Kalb, Cherokee, Marshall, Morgan, Lawrence, Franklin, Marion, Walker 
 and Blount. This second Yazoo sale was followed by a storm throughout the country. It was denounced in the mes- 
 sage of General Washington, and Congress instructed the attorney-general to investigate the titles of Georgia to the 
 territory; but the legislature of that State being convened again, and all the adherents and supporters of the grants 
 having been defeated before the people upon the allegation of bril)ery and corruption on the terms of the sales, they 
 were declared nuU and void, and even the papers upon which they were written were committed to the flames, and con- 
 sumed by fire drawn direct, as it were, from heaven, through a sun-glass. 
 
 At this period Alabama was almost entirely in the occupation of the natives. There was a garrison of Spanish troops 
 at Mobile and also at St. Stephens, on the Tombigbee, with trading posts upon the Oconee, and on other points in the 
 south and west. The whole country beyond the present limits of Georgia was now purchased by the United States, and 
 the Mississippi Territory established, with Winthrop Sargent as its first governor. This territory extended from the 
 Chattahoochee to the Mississippi, and from 31° to 32° 28' north lat. Fort Stoddard was erected near the confluence of 
 the Alabama and Tombigbee, and the county of Washington laid out, embracing a space out of which twenty counties 
 in Alabama and twelve in Mississippi have been subsequently carved. Claiborne succeeded as governor. 
 
 Louisiana having been ceded by Spain to France and re-ceded to the United States, a great controversy arose as to 
 whether it included the country south of 31° and between the Mississippi and Pearl Kiver, known as the Baton Rouge 
 Bkirict, and that south of the same parallel, between the Pearl and the Perdido, known as the Mobile District. The 
 Spaniards claimed these as West Florida, and only gave them up after long struggles and negotiations. In 1811 the 
 United States seized upon these districts, and thus secured to the present States of Alabama and Mississippi and the 
 eastern portion of Louisiana outlets on the Gulf of Mexico. After this event there followed a series of terrible and 
 bloody Indian wars upon the soil of Alabama, and the war with England, in which General Jackson figured so glo- 
 riously, might add a bright page to the history of this State. The British having been defeated at New Orleans repaired 
 to Fort Boyer, near Mobile Point. Twenty-five vessels anchored within a distance of five miles, thirteen ships ap- 
 proached within three miles, and 5,000 men landed and encamped. The Americans capitulated to a force of twenty 
 times their own. This was the last act of the war, as the news of the treaty of peace had reached the Territory. 
 
 Alabama began now its career of rapid progress. Settlers flocked to the Tombigbee, over which and the Black War- 
 rior (acquired from the Chickasaws) the jurisdiction of the Mississippi Territorj' was extended. In 1816 a cession was 
 received from the Indians of all the territory from the head waters of the Coosa westward to Cotton Gin Point, and to a 
 line running from thence to Caney Creek, on the Tennessee. The Americans contiimed to press into the territory. The 
 following year the limits of the present State of Mississippi were defined and the territorial government of Alabama 
 established. The seat of government was fixed at St. Stephen's. William W. Bibb was appointed governor, and the 
 first legislature was convened in 1818. " The flood-gates of Virginia, the two Carolinas, Tennessee, Kentucky, and 
 Georgia were now hoisted, and the mighty streams of emigration poured through them, spreading oyer the whole ter- 
 ritory of Alabama. The axe resounded from side to side and from corner to corner. The stately and magnificent forests 
 fell. Log cabins sprang as if by magic into sight. Never before nor since has a country been so rapidly peopled." — 
 Pickett. The time had now come when, from the rapid increase of population, Alabama might take her place among 
 the States of the confederation. By the act of Congress of the 2d March, 1819, it was admitted into the Union as a 
 sovereign State, and at the present time occupies an enviable position among its neighbors in reference alike to its 
 resources, industry, and general wealth. 
 
 Succession of Governors. — Territorial Governoks: William W. Bibb, 1817; and CoNSTiTtrTiONAi, Goteknors: 
 William W. Bibb, 1819 ; Israel Pickens, 1821 ; Israel Pickens. 1823 ; John Murphy, 1825 ; John Murphy, 1827 ; Gabriel 
 Moore, 1829 ; John Gale, 1831 ; John Gale, 1S33 ; Clement C. Clay, 1835 ; Arthur P. Bagby, 1837 ; Arthur P. Bagby, 1839 ; 
 Benjamin Fitzpatrick, 1841 ; Benjamin Fitzpatrick, 1843; Joshua L. Martin, 1845; Keuben Chapman, 1847; Henry W. 
 Collier, 1849; Henry W. Collier, 1851. 
 
 MoKxeouxsY. on the Alabama Kiver, is the political capital of the State, 
 
 45 
 
THE STATE OF ARKANSAS. 
 
 Arkansas is bounded on the north by Missouri, on the east by Tennessee and Mississippi, on thu south by Louisiana, 
 and on the west by the Indian Territory and Texas ; and extends generally between the latitudes 33° and 86° 30' north, 
 and the longitudes 89° 30' and 94° 30' west from Greenwich, or 12° 28' and 17° 2s' west from Washington. Its length 
 from north to south is 242 mile.s, and its breadth from east to west varies from 170 miles on the south line to 258 miles on 
 the 36th parallel, where it is widest. The area of the State is 52,198 square miles. 
 
 The surface of Arkansas presents great variations in its configuration. Along the Mississippi River, which demarks its 
 boundary on the east, and for 30 to 50 miles itdand, the country is low and widely interspersed with lakes and swamps, 
 and, with inconsiderable exceptions, is annually overflowed by tlie floods of the Mississippi, Arkansas, and SI. Francis. 
 
 In regard to the country west of the Mississippi, says Col. Long, it is proper to observe, that the broad valley of the 
 Lower Mississippi, which is terminated to the north by the hilly country, connected with a continuous rocky bar, or reef, 
 traversing the beds both of the Mississippi and the Ohio, about 12 miles above their junction, and denominated the Grand 
 Chain of those rivers respectively, and which stretches southward, interrupted by a single hill, or ridge, elevated more 
 than a few feet above the reach of the highest floods; that this entire valley region, once probably an arm or estuarj' of 
 the ocean, and inhabited by the monsters of the deep, but long since reclaimed by the immense alluvion precipitated 
 over the Grand Chain, in cataracts incomparably more grand and stupendous than th.it of Niagara, and borne thither 
 on the backs of countless floods, is one continued and almost boundless flat, broken only by a multiplicity of water- 
 courses, lagoons, and bajous, some of them trilmtary to the Mississippi, and others supplied from it, and exhit)its an 
 aspect variegated rather than embellished by the inequalities just mentioned, tugelher with countless swamps, slashes 
 stagnant pools, etc. Across this valley there arc as yet no passes by land secure from frequent and protracted interrup- 
 tions, occasioned by overflows from the rivers by which it is traversed, nor Is there any encouraging prospect that roads 
 can be hereafter constructed to any tolerable advantage, except in a very few instances. 
 
 The country through which the St. Francis Kiver passes is one continuous swamp. The surface presents, in ordinary 
 times, an alternating appearance of lakes, bayous, cypress Ian<l8, and marshy ground ; the lakes free from any growth of 
 timber, except of cypress, growing in the water close to the banks, ami the bayous, also free from timber, but frequently 
 lying in broad and deep valleys, wooded not less thickly than the high ground, and containing comparatively little 
 undergrowth. The valleys are in many cases inundated to the depth of 15 or 20 feel, or even more. The pimds are 
 mostly filled with very large cypress trees, growing in the water, where its depth does not exceed 3 or 4 feet, except in 
 time of overflow. The marshy ground is filled with trees of immense size, principally gum and sycamore, in the lower 
 places, and white oak and hickory in those that are a little higher and dryer, having occasionally brakes of cane very 
 thickly set, and frequently rising to the height of 20 and 30 feet, and of proportionate diameter. 
 
 Farther west the surface rises, and toward the centre of the State becomes moderately hilly, and farther west still it 
 rises into the Ozark Moimtains. There are numerous and extensive prairies interspersed throughout, but much of the 
 land is well wooded, and in many places it is covered with a heavy forest. 
 
 Of the highlands that have been called the Ozark or Masserne Mountains, our knowledge is very imperfect. They 
 consist of several low ridges, irregular in their direction, and seldom rising to an elevation of more than 1.500 or 2,000 
 feet. They appear to be composed chiefly of secondary rocks, limestone, clay slates, and sandstones, traversed in many 
 places by dykes of greenstone, granite, and sienite. Those portions of this region which have been examined are 
 found to be rich in metallic minerals, of which iron and lead, copper and zinc exist in great profusion. Coal and salt 
 also abound ; and there are valuable thermal and sulphurous springs. The Hot Springs of the Washita are remarkable 
 for their high temper.ature, but are not powerfully impregnated with any mineral substances; they burst forth in great 
 numbers and volume in a small valley lying between two lofty ridges of sandstone, and varj in temperature from 105° 
 to 151 Fdhf. There are said to l>o mor« than seventy of these springs, several rising from the bed of a small stream 
 wliich flows through the valley, and others issuing from the bounding ridges, at various heights. The W^ashita oilstones, 
 or novaculites, so much esteemed, are foun<l in this region. 
 
 The climate of Arkansas is temperate, but subject to sudden and frequent variations; and the whole country is ex- 
 posed to Cic effect of the cold north wimis which render the central portions of the United States so cheerless in the 
 winter season. The same winds traverse southward to the eijuator, and are known in the Gulf of Mexico as the "north- 
 ers," the terror of seamen navigating that sea. Yet in the spring, summer, and fall the seasons are highly propitious to 
 agriculture, and here cotton, Indian corn, and, in fact, all the great staples of the country find the climate highly con- 
 genial. The soils vary from the most sterile to the most fertile, and on the margins of all the rivers the productiveness 
 is unbounded. On most of these the soil is a rich alluvion deposited from the washings of the floods, deep and wide, 
 coverin;:; millions of acres. Back from the rivers the soil becomes more and more sterile, and in many parts it is unfit for 
 culture, either from scarcity of water or from metallic impregnation. The principal growths are pines, cypresses, syca- 
 mores, and oaks, according to the formation, and on the prairies, which are extensive, is that rank grass for which this 
 description of land is so famous. On the whole, Arkansas has many advantages for agriculture, and it has many dis- 
 advantages. Where the latter exist, however, they are fully compensated for l>y the abundance of its minerals. It is 
 also well stocked with wild animals, as the buffalo, deer, elk, beaver, otter, rabbit, raccoon, wild cat, catamount, wolf, 
 bear, etc., which are valuable for their skins, and there is also a plentiful supply of wild turkeys, geese, quails, and other 
 species of birds. 
 4G 
 
T HJE 
 
 
 CV- 
 
 \ 
 
 BETWEEN THE EAST AND THE WEST ! 
 
 B-^ TKCE 
 
 This great Railroa.1 is located nearly npon tl,c line forniorly traveled by tS. 
 .Vitn.nallload. running between the Cities of Wn.hinoton •.,.; tV u ^ 
 
 the Comn^ercial Cities c^f the Ohio and Missislni V 1 "v TtK ""'''' ""•' 
 
 tions unite it .nth the Ci.es of" Philadelphia, r^^ Yo^l^^^a t^^^^::^ 
 Canal, and by bea, afifordtng the amplest focilities fi,r travel and tradel^Jl^n 
 
 ALL POINTS EAST AND ALL POINTS WEST. 
 
 Its arrangements have now become so for perfected as to present at once the 
 attractions of unsurpassed 
 
 Speed, Directness, Regularity, Comfort and Safety! 
 
 ALL OF MillCH ARE CROWNED WITH THE UNAPPROACHABLE BEAUTY AND GRVN- 
 
 DEUR OF ITS SCENERY. 
 The Baltimore and Ohio Railroad, which forms the grand central linh In thi ■ 
 
 p'Ltg N:;/west " "" "°""^ '" "" «■•"" ''''''■ '^« s-'t»--' -^ .1,0 ':i 
 
 THROTOH TICKETS AND BAGGAGE CHECKS may be had at all ,h, 
 Eastern and Western Cities "^ ^" "^^' 
 
 FOR PiRTIfdLlflS SEE mm?mM ,1\D ffl^DBILLS. 
 
Eutaw Street, between Baltimore and Fayette Streets, 
 
 OPPOSITE THi: KUTAW UOUSK. 
 
 SOUTH SIDE BALTIMORE STREZT, B EIWEEN LIGHT AND CuARLEo 
 
WM. KNABE & GO'S PIANO FORTES. 
 
 FIRST 
 
 I» li E Ivor I TJ ]S<I 
 
 AND HIGHEST HONORS 
 
 Awarded at the 
 Anntial Fair of the 
 
 MARYLAND INSTITUTE 
 
 MCH:r-D ' 
 
 Nov. 1855, & Nov, 1856. 
 
 1 
 (senior partner or the 
 
 LATE FIRM Or KNABE, 
 0£HLE & CO.) 
 
 Continues the Manufac 
 ture and sale of 
 
 OI^-A^UNTID -A.3SrnD SQXJ.A.K.E 
 
 W^EAW® 
 
 ^ ^ IP * 
 
 UNDER THE NAME OF 
 
 AT THE OLD STAND, 
 
 Nos. 1, 3, 5 and 7 NORTH EUTAW STREET, 
 
 OPPOSITE THE EUTAW HOUSE. 
 
 NEW SALES ROOM-207 Baltimore Street, Between Light and Charles. 
 
 informf thi nuwl!" fhi??""^ Kl^'T^t ''.'"^^"'^ ^^ *^^ ^^*« S™' ^^^ undersigned respectfully 
 partnTrsiip was dlssorvPd'''h« I ' '^^^^h of one of his partners, Mr. Henry Gamble, by which the 
 h«/o^^ tu ^iissolved, he has purchased the entire large stock of unfinished Pianos Inm 
 businl at'tL^oirstlraf.¥' belonging to tl.e late firlt. He wilMheretrt co^^ne'Sl 
 repSon of thf late firm but r^^^^ TI^ endeavor not only to sustain the well established 
 ijutauou oi ine late nrm, but to excel all former eflforts in nerfectine- thp Pianr. rnrto 
 
 we Lv. f '?J" '^' ^^"^ established warehouses and factoryCEutai near Sammore street 
 more Seet' be'tween'^r,?.''''^ of customers, opened a m^agnificent Sales Room 2 7 S ' 
 Somh FnfAJ^ot f^ ^.^* ^""^ Charles, and have also started a very large new factory on 
 mosl'exp^r^Wrwcirtr" '^^ "^"^ ''''''' "'"^ ^^ ""'' now empfoyed^ n^^ref 7the 
 deposhSSlS^Fafr'n/^f T ^j^^^l^PO^ ^ ^^^ and improved scale, the first of which was 
 
 Stheunusuafcom^^^^^^^ 
 
 ton New York and^S ^.rf tk''"" ^'^°?f- ^^^^i^ited by some of the best makers in Bos- 
 
 awarderbytheInstL^Pat^ri;t^p'-'Tot/'^°°' '"'"^^^^' "'^^^^^^^ ^^^ ^'^^hest honors 
 the best makers. "^' ' ^^''' ^^^^' °^'" *^^ competition of eighteen Pianos from 
 
 biUon S&monl *fe^"whe"e the'A>«Tp '^* -'^ afterwards confirmed at the Industrial Exhi- 
 
 By the facilirs col"Ae?rt[lLlwo"sUbrhrn7s'L'fre ^M'^^ ^°<^ ''''• . 
 
 satisfaction all orders with which he may be fav^ed ' '^'''' promptness and 
 
 ad^pa^renl^^^^^^^^^^^ 
 
 InsTu-SnT^^^^^^^ 
 
 qualities requisite for a good Piano 'ereiore oe luiiy warranted by him, possessing all the 
 
 WILLIAM KNABE & CO. 
 
GEORGE D. WINGHELL, 
 
 NORTH WEST CORNER OP 
 
 Race and Colnmbia Sts. 
 
 CINCINNATI, 
 
 MANUFACTUEEK OF 
 
 jf jOl IE* jA. jsr jsr 7si 
 
 AND 
 
 JS5 T -A. :Di/£ I> 
 
 m 
 
 m 
 
 "WATE 
 
 .A. Xi s o k: E E i^ s 
 
 T I N M E N'S 
 
 FOR SALE AT 
 
 MANUFACTURERS' PRICES. 
 
THE STATE OF ARKANSAS. 
 
 The State is traversed or washed by several of the largest rivers in America. The Mississippi bathes its eastern front for 
 more than 350 miles by its windinsjs, but affords no sites suitable for large towns in the present condition of the country. 
 The Arkansas, one of the largest tributaries of the Mississippi, traverses the whole breadth of the State through its centre 
 by a very tortuous course of about 1,530 miles, and is navigable during the greater part of the year far above its western 
 limits. The Eed Eiver flows through the south-western corner, which is thus rendered accessible to steamboats. All the 
 other rivers, some of which are of great magnitude, empty themselves into these three, affording navigal)le facilities to 
 almost every quarter of the State. The St. Francis is a large and full river, rising in the eastern highlands of Missouri. 
 Its channel, however, is much obstructed by niimerous rafts or jams of fallen trees, and above and below the northern 
 boundary its waters are dispersed in such a manner as to render the navigation intricate and difficult. The "Spread," 
 as it is caJled by the inhabitants, extends for the space of about 50 miles, with a width in some parts of 20 miles, and is 
 attributed to the earthquake of ISll, at which time a large tract of country sunk considerably below the furmer level, 
 and the waters of the rivers were dissipated in numerous lakes and branches. The White River has its sources in the 
 south-westerly part of the Stale, and passes into Missouri, whence it soon returns, reaching the Mississippi in a general 
 south-easterly course. Its length is not less than 600 miles ; and although at present it is choked up in many places by 
 accumulations of drift-wood, steamboats ascend it as far as Balerville, 260 miles, and on the removal of these obstructions 
 will be able to ascend it 200 miles farther. The White Eiver receives several large tributaries from Missouri, of which 
 the Big Black, a navigable stream, is the principal; the Cache and Little Et-d Eiver have their courses wholly within 
 this Slate. The Arkansas receives no considerable tributary. The Washita, a noble river running through a fertile and 
 beautiful region, drains nearly the whole southern part of the State ; rising near the western border, it flows nearly 
 parallel with the White Eiver and the Arkansas, flrst east, and then south-east, and is navigable upward of 350 niilea 
 from its mouth. The Little Missouri, the Saline, the Bayou Bartholomew, the Bayou BceuflT, and the Bayou Ma^on, are 
 its principal tributaries. 
 
 Arkansas is divided into 51 counties, the general statistics of which and the capitals of each in 1850, were as follows: 
 
 Counties. Dwell. 
 
 Arkansas 328 . , 
 
 Ashley 269 .. 
 
 Benton 573 .- 
 
 Bradley 440 . 
 
 Calhoun . 
 
 Carroll 696 . . 
 
 Cliicot 226.. 
 
 Clark 537.. 
 
 Cojiway 595 . , 
 
 Crawford 1,247 .. 
 
 Oritten<i«a 860 .. 
 
 I>aHa8 740.. 
 
 Desha 350 .. 
 
 Drew 430 . . 
 
 Franklin 617 . . 
 
 Fulton 288 . . 
 
 Greene 436 .. 
 
 Hempstead 855 . . 
 
 Hot Springs 579 . . 
 
 Independence .. 1,159 .. 
 
 Izard 496 . . 
 
 Jackson 447 . . 
 
 Jefferson 595 . . 
 
 Johnson 777 . . 
 
 L;ifiiy<-tte 349 .. 
 
 Lawrence 800 . . 
 
 Madison 843 . . 
 
 3,245 . . 153 . . Arkansas Post 
 
 2,058 . . 173 . . Hamburg 
 3,710 . . 295 . . 5 Bentonville 
 
 3,829 .. 303e. 1 Warren 
 ;ted since 1850) Hampton 
 
 4,614 .. 541 .. 1 Carrollton 
 
 5,115 . . 142 . . Columbia 
 
 3!995 . . 362 . . 2 Arkadelphia 
 
 8,583 . . 3S7 . . 8 Lewisburg 
 
 7,960 . . 499 . . 10 Van Buren 
 
 2,648 . . 192 . . Marion 
 
 6,877 . . 899 . . 9 Princeton 
 
 2,900.. 118.. 2 Napoleon 
 
 8,275 .. 277 .. 9 Monticello 
 
 3.929 .. 454 .. 3 Ozark 
 
 1,819 . . 222 . . Salem 
 
 2,593 .. 345 . . Gainesville 
 
 7,672 . . 550 . . 8 Washington 
 
 3,609 . . 820 . . 10 Hot Springs 
 
 7,7(17 .. 694 .. 10 Batesville 
 
 8.213 .. 332 .. 7 Athens 
 
 3,086 . . 282 . . 4 Klizubeth 
 
 5.S34..817.. 9PineBIuir 
 
 5,227 . . 526 . . 24 Clarkesville 
 
 5.220 . . 177 . . 2 Lf wi-ville 
 
 5,274 .. 601 .. OSiiMthsville 
 
 4,823 .. 660 .. 12 Hunlsville 
 
 r.u 
 
 Counties. Dwell. Pop. 
 
 Marion 361 . . 2,302 
 
 Missis.sippi 234.. 2,368 
 
 Monroe 310 . . 2.049 
 
 Montgomery 319.. 1,958 
 
 Newton 288 . . 1,758 
 
 Perry 154 . . 978 
 
 Phillips 809 . . 6,985 
 
 Pike 306 .. 1,861 
 
 Poinsett 350 . . 2,308 
 
 Polk 139 .. 1,2(33 
 
 Pope 695 .. 4,710 
 
 Prairie 828 . . 2,097 
 
 Pulaski 808 . . 5.653 
 
 Randolph 538 . . 3,275 . . 896 . . 
 
 St. Francis 643 . . 4,479 . . 348 . . 
 
 Saline 621.. 8,901.. 405.. 
 
 Scott 614 . . 8.083 . . 365 . . 
 
 Searcy 822 . . 1,979 . . 246 . . 
 
 Sebastian (erected since 1 850) 
 
 Sevier 500.. 4,240.. 326.. 
 
 Union 964 . . 10.298 . . 679 . . 
 
 Van Buren 448 . . 
 
 Washington .... 1,430 .. 
 
 Washita 1,122 .. 
 
 White 455 .. 
 
 Yell 473.. 
 
 2.864 
 9,849 
 9.591 
 2,619 
 3,341 
 
 tab." ^»P'''«'- 
 
 2 Yellville 
 
 2 Osceola 
 
 Lawrenceville 
 
 6 Montgomery 
 
 Jasper 
 . 2 Perryville 
 . 13 Helena 
 . 2 Murt'reesboro' 
 . Bolivar 
 . 1 Dallas 
 . 16 Dover 
 . Brownsville 
 
 . 14 LlTTLK EocK 
 . 2 P<'Cahontas 
 . Mt. Vernon 
 . 16 Benton 
 . 10 Winfield 
 . Letjanon 
 Greenwood 
 4 Paraclifla 
 El Dorado 
 Clinlon 
 . 850 . . 27 Fayetteville 
 . 697 . . 1 Camden 
 . 3(i7 . . 2 Searcy 
 . 330 .. 20 Danville 
 
 255 .. 
 
 170 .. 
 
 183 .. 
 . 215 .. 
 
 230 .. 
 
 752 .. 
 
 409 , 
 
 207 . 
 , 264 , 
 , 155 
 , 584 
 , 165 
 
 306 . 
 
 380 
 
 Tke whole number of dwellings in the State at the above date was 28,252, of families 23.416. and of inhabitants 209.639, 
 viz. : whites 162,068— males 85,699, and females 76.369 ; fr. col. 589— males 818, and females 271, and si. 46 982. Of the 
 whole p.-.pulalicm there were deaf and dumb — wh. S3, fr. col. 0, si. 6 — total 89 ; blhul — wli. 75, fr. col. 1, si. 5— total .SI ; 
 insaiie—vrh. 60, fr. col. 0, si. 8 — total 63; and idiotic — wh. 91, fr. cmI. 2, si. 9— total 102. The nmnl>er of free persons 
 boru in the United Slates was 160,315. the numl)er of foreign l>irtli 1,628, and of birth unknown 824. The iiitU/ve popu- 
 lation originated as follows: M.aine 80, N. Hamp. 49, Venn. 82, Mass 174, E. I. 36, Conn. 121, N. Y. 53T, N. Jer. 117, 
 Penn. 702, Del. 51, Md. 1,326. Dist. of Col. 49, Virg. 4,737, N. Car. 8.772, S. C.'ir. 4,5,S7, Ga. 6.367, Flor. 38, Ala. 11.'250, 
 Miss. 4.463. La. l,o;i6. TfX. 386. Arkanmn 68.206, Tenn. 38,8t)7, Ky. 7,423, Ohio 1,051, Mich. 17, IikI. 2,128, III. 3 276, Mo. 
 5,828, 1.1. lo6. Wise. 13. Calif. 6, Territories 9; .and \.\\q foreign population was composed of persons IrofM — England 196, 
 Ireland 514, Scotland 71, Wales 11, Germany 516, France 77, Spain 3, Portug;il 3, Belgium 2, HolUind 2, Italy 15. .\usiria 
 0, Switzerland 12, Eussia 6, Denmark 7, Norway 1, Sweden 1, Prussia 24, Sardinia 0, Greece 0, China 0. .Asia 0, Africa 1, 
 British America 41. Mexico, 68, Central America 0, South America 0, West Indies 7, Sandwich Islands 0, and other 
 countries 50. The following table will show the decennial progress of the population since the flrst census ol the Slate 
 taken by the United States authorities : 
 
 ColoreJ Person.". Derenniiil Iiicrca.'ie. 
 
 0enf?U3 Wliite , ■ > Tot.il / ' , 
 
 Years, Persons. Free Slave. Total. Hop, Nunier. Percent. 
 
 ... 12.579 77 1,617 1.694 14.273 — — 
 
 1S20. 
 1830. 
 1840. 
 1850. 
 
 4.717 8.I.33S 
 
 16.115 
 
 .. 112.9 
 
 25,671 141 4.576 . . 
 
 77.174 4ft) 19.935 20.400 97.574 67,186 221,1 
 
 162,063 589 46,9S2 47,571 209,689 112,065 '. . 114.8 
 
 47 
 
THE 8TATE OF ARKANSAS. 
 
 Arkansas is almost wholly occupied in agricultural pursuits ; its manufactures are merely in their inception, nor hag it 
 the advantages of a seaward commerce. Nevertheless it has increased in population and material wealth within the 
 de(?ade preceding 1S50, at a rate suri)assed only by lowa and Wisconsin among its sister States. The following statistics 
 exhibit its condition at the latter date: 
 
 Occupied Ltnuf«, e^c— Improved lands 781,531 acres, and unimproved lands 1,S16,6S4 acres— together valued at 
 $15,265,24o. Value of farming implements and machinery $1,001,290. Farms in cultivation 17.753. 
 
 Live-Stvck. — Horses, 60,197 ; asses and mules, 11,559; milch cows, 93,151 ; working oxen, 34,239; other cattle, 1 65,820 ; 
 sheep, 91,250 ; and swine, 830,727. These numbers, compared with the live-stock of 1S40, give the following results: 
 
 Livestock. 18<0. 1850. Increaee. 
 
 Horses I ^i .-,„ ,..„., i 60,197 head i 
 
 Asses and Mules . 
 
 Milch Cows ) ( 93,151 
 
 ) ( 60,197 head ) 
 
 f 51,472 head \ ^^^^i^ « ) 20,2S4 head, or S9.3 per cent 
 
 Milch Cows ) ( 93,151 " j 
 
 \V..rking Oxen |- 183,786 " -134,239 " V108,924 " or 55.0 " 
 
 OtherCattle ' 1 165,320 •' ) 
 
 Bheep..... 42.151 " 91,256 " 49,105 « or 116.5 " 
 
 Swine 393,053 " 836,727 " 443,069 " or 112.8 " 
 
 —in 1850 the total value of live-stock is set down at $6,647,909. 
 
 Products of Ammals.—yV oo\, 182,595 pounds; butter, 1,854,239 pounds; and cheese, 30,088 pounds. In the year 
 1840 the wool crop amounted to 64,943 pounds, and hence the increase of that of 1850 is 181.2 per centum. The clip of 
 1840 averaged 24.6 ounces per fleece, and that of 1850, 32.0 ounces — increase, 7.4 ounces to the fleece, or 30.1 per centum. 
 The value of animals slaughtered during the year preceding 1st June, 1850, $1,162,913. 
 
 GriUn C/'op.?.— "Wheat, 199,639 bushels; rye, 8,047 busheis; Indian corn, 8,893,939 bushels; oats, 656,183 bushels; 
 barley, 177 bushels; and buckwheat, 175 bushels. Comparison of the crops returned in the censuses of 1840 and 1850, 
 gives the following results : 
 
 CrupB. 1840. 18S0. Movement. 
 
 Wheat 105,378 bushels 199,639 bushels incr. 93,761 bushels, or 88.5 per cent 
 
 Eye 6,219 " 8,047 " hicr. 1,823 " or 129.4 " 
 
 Indian com 4.846,632 " 8,893,939 " itici: 4,047,307 " or 83.5 " 
 
 Oats 189,553 " 656,183 " incr. 466,630 " or 246.2 " 
 
 Barley 760 •' 177 " deer. 583 " or 76.7 " 
 
 Buckwheat 88 " 175 " iiicr. 87 " or 99.3 " 
 
 Otfier Food Crojis. — Eice, 63,179 pounds; peas and beans, 285,738 bushels ; potatoes— Irish, 193,332 bushels, and sweet, 
 788,149 bushels. The rice crop returned in the census of 1840, was 5,454 pounds, and the potato crop of that period 
 amounted to 298,608 bushels ; and hence the increase in the crops of 1850 appears to be — rice 57,725 pounds, or 1,058.3 
 per centum, and— potatoes 668,373 bushels, or 234.4 per centum. 
 
 Staple and Miscdkineous Crops. — Tobacco, 21)5,930 pounds ; ginned cotton, 65,346 bales of 400 pounds ; hay, 3,977 tons ; 
 clover-seed, 90 bushels, and other grass-seed, 436 bushels ; hops, 157 pounds ; liemp — water-rotted, 15 tons ; flax, 12,291 
 pounds; flax-seed, 321 bushels; silk cocoons, 38 pounds; maple-sugar, 9,330 pounds ; molasses, 18 gallons ; beeswax and 
 honey, 192,338 pounds; wine, 35 gallons, etc. Value of orchard products $40,141, and of market-garden products $17,150. 
 The most important of the above crops compare with the like crops returned in 1840 as follows: 
 
 Crops. 1840. ISfiO. IMovenient, 
 
 Tobacco 148,439 pounds 218,936 pounds incr. 70.497 pounds, or 47.9 per cent 
 
 Cotton 6,028.642 " 26,138,409 " i?icr. 24,109,758 " or 899.7 " 
 
 Hay 508 tons 3,977 tons incr. 3.391 tons or 579.8 " 
 
 ^^^■•"P i l,039i " -I ^^ " idecr.* 2,035,709 " or 93.1 ' 
 
 Flax J t 12,291 pounds S 
 
 Silk cocoons 95 pounds 38 '• deer. 57 " or 60.0 " 
 
 Home^nade Manufactures produced in the year ending 1st June, 1350, were valued at $633,217. The same description 
 of goods returned in the census of 1840 wero valued at $4S9,750. 
 
 Manufacture.t. — Capital invested in manufactures on the 1st day of June, 1850, $338,154; value of all raw material, 
 fuel, etc., consumed in the year then ending, $280,899 ; average number i>f hands employed 0,000 — males 0,000, and 
 females 000; monthly cost of labor $00,000— male $00,000, and female $0,000; Talua of products for the year $668,815. 
 The whole number of manufacturing establishments, producing to the value of $500 and upward annually, was at the 
 date specified 271, of which 3 were cotton factories (aggregate capital $16,500), an<l the remainder of various character, 
 but chiefly such as are immediately necesisary to the wants of an agricultural country, as saw mills, distilleries, carriage 
 factories, blacksmith shops, wheelwright shops, tanneries, etc. ; of the latter there were 51 (92 according to the tax list), 
 with an aggregate capital of $42,100. The distribution of manufactures in Arkansas is very unequal: of (he cimnties 15 
 have no manufactures, 17 have less than live establishments, 7 have five and less than ten, 7 have ten and less than filUen, 
 2 have fifteen and less than twenty, and 3 have twenty and upward. The distribution are noted in the general tal>le. 
 
 Commerce, Internal Coinniimication, etc. — Arkansas lias no direct intercourse with foreign countries. Its export 
 staples, cotton, hemp and flax, corn, pork, beef, etc., are carried to New Orleans for shipment, and the great bulk of its 
 supplies, dry-goods, groceries, etc., are drawn from the same quarter. On all the great rivers steaml)oats jily regularly, 
 an<l in suffi'-ient numbers for the present wants of the population. A large share of the produce of the country is also 
 brought down in flat and keel boats, and other primitive ways. Few of the roads are good, being chiefly earth tracks, 
 almost impassable in wet weather. No railroad exists throughout the St.ite; but there are several projected, arul the 
 spirit of enterprise on the subject, appears to have become vitalized. The several conventions at New Orleans and 
 Memphis have favorably reported on the prospects, and according to appearances, no long time can elapse belbre one or 
 more of the great projects recommended are realized. The initial point of the system projected is Helena on the Miasia- 
 
 .„ " See "Oil oa tbis matter of hemp iiDd flax, under the liead of the " State of Ohio.* 
 
THE STATE OF ARKANSAS. 
 
 sippi, where connection will be made with the roads eastward to the Atlantic ports. From this point a direct line will be 
 built to Little Rock, the capital, with one extension from that place to the Red River to meet the Texas roads pointing 
 east, an4 another extension by way of Van Buren and Fort Smith to be ultimately carried into the Indian Territory, this 
 latter being a part and parcel of the Great Southern Pacific Railroad. From these trunk lines branches will be built, 
 tapping the principal valleys, and giving to each section of the State facilities of direct railroad communication with the 
 Mississippi River and New Orleans, the natural outlet of Arkansas products. A railroad is also projected from the main 
 trunk, west of White River, northward through the fine agricultural and mineral regions of Northern Arkansas and 
 Southern Missouri. 
 
 Banks. — " No bank or banking institution shall be hereafter (1S47) incorporated or established in this State." None 
 are now in operation, and the old "State Bank" has for some time been in liquidation. 
 
 Government. — In accordance with the State Constitution, adopted 4th January, 1930, every free white male citizen of 
 the United States, 21 years oUI, and a citizen of Arkansas for six months next before the election, may vote iu the district 
 or county in which he resides. 
 
 The Legislature consists of a Senate of 25 members, and a House of Representatives of 75 members. Senators must be 
 at least 30 years of age, inhabitants of the State for one year before the election, and of the district at the time, and are 
 ohosen for four years. Representatives must be at least 25 years of age, resident in their counties, and are chosen for 
 two years. The Legislature meets at the capital biennially. 
 
 The governor is elected by a plurality of votes; he must be 80 years of age, a native-born citizen of the United States, 
 and have resided in the State four years, and is chosen for four years (but is not eligible more than eight in any twelve 
 yegrrs). His veto to any bill passed is negatived by a subsequent majority vote of each house. In case of his disability 
 or death, first, the President of the Senate, and after him the Speaker of the Representatives, becomes governor to the 
 end of the term. The Secretary of the State, auditor, and treasurer, are elected by joint vote of the two houses. 
 
 The judiciary consists of a Supreme Court, which has a chief and two associate justices, an attorney, clerk, and reporter ; 
 six circuit courts, each with a judge and attorney, and county courts, etc. The Supreme Court has appellate jurisdiction 
 only, except in particular cases pointed out by the Constitution. It holds two terms annually, in April and October, at 
 the seat of government. The justices are elected by the General Assembly, by joint ballot, for eight years. Circuit courts 
 have original jurisdiction over all criminal cases not expressly provided for otherwise by law, and exclusive original 
 jurisdiction of all crimes amounting to felony at common law ; and original jurisdiction of all civil cases which are not 
 cognizable before justices of the peace ; and in all matters of contract where the sum in controversy is over $100. Two 
 terms are held annually in each circuit. The judges and prosecuting attorneys are elected by the people, the former for 
 four years, and the latter for two years. The justices of the peace in each county form a county court, and have exclusive 
 jurisdiction in civil cases below .$100. The justices are elected in towns for two years. 
 
 Arkansas, under the law regulating the distribution of Representatives to Congress, has a delegation of two members. 
 
 Finances, State Debt, etc. — The specie receipts into the treasury from all sources from October 1st, 184S, to September 
 80th, 1850, amounted to .$89,988, which with $12,682 in the treasury at the former date makes the total specie resources 
 for the biennial period $102,670. Specie expenditures for the same period $44,054. Balance in the treasury 1st October, 
 1850, $58,616. Of this balance there was due— to the 500,000 acres fund $41,524, to the seminary fund $14;351, to the 
 school fund .$63, and to counties $589. Balance of specie applicable to the redemption of Treasurer's Warrants $2,289, 
 Amount of Treasurer's Warrants outstanding on the 1st October, 1850, $16,862. Amount of funds to the credit of the 
 State in the Bank of the State of Arkansas at the above date $74,726, and Arkansas bank paper in the treasury $2,001. 
 The taxable property* in the State in 1849 and 1850 was as follows : 
 
 Specifications. Number. 
 
 Polls 26,727 
 
 Acres of land 4,987,919 
 
 Land and implements 
 
 Town and city lots 
 
 Slaves over 5 and under 60 years. . . 
 
 Saw-mills 
 
 Tan-yard 
 
 Distilleries 
 
 Household furniture 
 
 Pleasure carriages 
 
 Horses and mares over 2 years old.. 
 Mules " " 
 
 The whole revenue for the biennial period ending 30th September, 1850, amounted to $.329,615, and the whole amount 
 received from all sources $495,195. Total paid out $4.3.3,975. Balance of various accounts in treasury, 1st October, 1850, 
 $61,2\9 76. The value of the taxable property and the amount of taxes levied in a series of years has been as follows : 
 
 
 
 ..15,762,190 
 
 9.841 . . 
 
 .. 1,289.580 
 
 32.399 . . 
 
 . .13,455.976 
 
 144. 
 
 98,1.30 
 
 92 . 
 
 28,130 
 
 88. 
 
 2,680 
 
 — . 
 
 .. 39,660 
 
 298.. 
 
 36,566 
 
 45,916 . . 
 
 .. 1,716.780 
 
 7,230 . . 
 
 . . 358,809 
 
 Specifications. Number. 
 
 Jacks and jennies over two years old 333 . . 
 Neat cattle " " 149,888 . . 
 
 Merchandise 
 
 Money at Interest, beyond that for which in- 
 terest is paid 
 
 Capital in steamboats, ferries, and toll-bridges. 
 
 Watches and jewelry 
 
 Capital invested In manufactures 
 
 Value. 
 $34,580 
 954,766 
 905,384 
 
 157,751 
 23,433 
 51,788 
 19,682 
 
 Total value of taxable property $34,995,8S3 
 
 Total tax 93,540 
 
 Year. Property. Taxes, 
 
 1839. . .$23.283,691. . .$30,446 
 1840... 22.011,433... 31,095 
 1841... 24,119,122... 31,956 
 
 Year. 
 
 Property. 
 
 Taxes. 
 
 1842. 
 
 .$22,.302,990. 
 
 .$30,402 
 
 1843. 
 
 . 21,090,267. 
 
 . 31,040 
 
 1844. 
 
 . 19,940,848. 
 
 . 26,752 
 
 Tear. Property. Taxes. 
 
 1845 .. . $20,765,514 . . . $30,154 
 1846... 21,159,857... 28,860 
 1847t.. 27,178,875... 70,498 
 
 Year. Property. Taxes. 
 
 1848t. .$28,904.596. . .$75,174 
 lS49t.. 3.3,406.612... 87,986 
 1850t.. 34,995,885... 93,540 
 
 The public debt bonds unredeemed 1st October, 1850, are thus stated : 
 
 For the State Bank. Principal. Payable. Interest. Aggreg;ate. 
 
 39 five per cent, bonds $39,000 Ist Jan. 1887 $17,062 $56,062 
 
 936 six per cent, bonds 936,000 " 1868 519,480 1,465,480 
 
 Total $975,000 
 
 — on which the annual accruing interest is $2,803 12, and $87,323 80— total I 
 
 $536,542 $1,511,542 
 
 0,181 92. 
 
 ^ This tax list will serve to show Iiow extremely inaccurate are the census returns of 1S50. The census, for instance, returns the land 
 at2,598,2tn acres, instead of $4,9K7,919 acres. The State returns are undoubtedly cnrrect, as any inaccuracies would be attacked by tbos* 
 taxes to pay* t Under new Revenue law. 
 
 D 49 
 
 n farms 
 having 
 
THE STATE OF ARKANSAS. 
 
 SclwoU and Education. — Although Arkaiisiis has had advantages to foster education equal to any others of the new 
 States, hfr improvident legislators have not improved iliem. There arc but few common schools in the State. In each 
 township the IGtli section is given by Congress for the support of schools, and the revenue arising from leases of salt 
 springs, and from estrays sold, forms part of the school fund. There are academies and high schools in Little Rock, 
 FayelteviUe, "Washington, Camdtn, and some other places. There is no State College, although Congress granted to the 
 St;it<? seventy-two sections of laud for the purpose of founding an institution of learning ; this, by a law of the Legislature 
 of 1S49, and iu utter defiance of the intentions of Congress, was distributed among the counties. The only effort to 
 eslalilish a college has been made by the Koman Catholics. In 1S50 the Legislature granted them a charter for the 
 College of St. Andrews, near Firt Smith, in Crawford County. The college has a president and five professors, and its 
 course of studies embraces all the branches taught in the best insiuulions. The Ecclesiastical Seminary is located on the 
 collige grounds, and is considered one of the finest edifices in the Union. St. Mary's Academy, for young ladies, at Little 
 Rock, is also a ('alholic institution. 
 
 J'uIjUu LibrarieK. — One State library ; one social library— 1,000 volumes, etc. 
 
 Periodical Piens.—lH all the Slate there are but 14 periodicals — 13 are issued weekly, and one monthly. The aggre- 
 gate circulation of the weekly papers is only 7,250 copies, or 377,000 copies annually. Of the whole number of papers, 
 three are Whig in politics, and five Democratic, the remaining six being devoted to literature, religion, and various 
 f)thi'r subjects. Many single counties in New York and Ohio contribute more to literature than the whole of this State. 
 There are published in Crawford County, 2 w. ; in Hempstead, 1 w. ; in Independence, 2 w. ; in Johnson and Jefferson, 
 each 1 w. ; in Pulaski, 2 w. ; in Philli[)ps, 2 w. and 1 m. ; in Union and Washita, each 1 weekly. 
 
 lieliffinuH Denomi)iuUons. — The statistics of the several religious deaominations in Arkansas according to the census 
 
 of 1850 are as follows 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 DennrnulK- N<) (if 
 
 CIr.irch 
 
 V 
 
 Imp of 
 
 T)i-niimiiia- No. nf 
 
 Cl.urrh 
 
 Value of 
 
 Denomina- No. of 
 
 CliurcU 
 
 Value of 
 
 ti.,ii, Cliutcliei. 
 
 «cc<.in. 
 
 Pr 
 
 M.ert.v. 
 
 Ii..n8. Cliurche 
 
 3. acci.m. 
 
 Property. 
 
 lions. Clninhes 
 
 accom. 
 
 Prolierty 
 
 Baptist T3 .. 
 
 8,075 . 
 
 . $19,790 
 
 German Ref. . . . — 
 
 . — . 
 
 . $- 
 
 Roman Catholic. 6. 
 
 1,400 . 
 
 . $6,650 
 
 Christian — . 
 
 — . 
 
 
 — 
 
 Jewish — . 
 
 . — . 
 
 — 
 
 Swedenborgian. — . 
 
 — . 
 
 — 
 
 Congregational.. — . . 
 Dutch Reformed. — . . 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Tunker — . 
 
 
 
 
 _ 
 
 
 _ 
 
 Mennonite — 
 
 . _ 
 
 _ 
 
 Union 5 . 
 
 . 1,800. 
 
 . 1,000 
 
 Episcopal 2 .. 
 
 830. 
 
 
 4,250 
 
 Methodist 73 . 
 
 .14,250 . 
 
 . 27,070 
 
 Unitarian — . 
 
 — . 
 
 — 
 
 Free 1 . . 
 
 200. 
 
 
 200 
 
 Moravian — 
 
 . — . 
 
 — 
 
 Universalist .... — . 
 
 . — . 
 
 — 
 
 Friends — . . 
 
 — . 
 
 
 — 
 
 Presbyterian.... 25. 
 
 . 7,200 . 
 
 . 28,275 
 
 Minor Sects — . 
 
 . — . 
 
 — 
 
 — making a total of 185 churches, having accommodation for 39,930 persons, and valued as property at $89,815. 
 Arkansas is a Miss.onary Diocese of the Protestant Episcopal Church, and is comprised in the Roman Catholic Diocese 
 of Little Rock. 
 
 Paupensim and Crime. — The whole number of paupers who received support or relief within the year ending 
 Ist June, 1350, was 105, of which number 97 were native born, ami 8 foreigners; and the whole number of paupers re- 
 ceiving support at that date was 67, all native born. Total cost of support .$6,888. The State Prison at Little Rock was 
 consumed by fire 28th March, 1850. At that date it had 32 inmates, all men, and chiefly convicted of larceny and 
 counterfeiting. 
 
 Historical Sketch. — Arkansas, originally a portion of the Louisiana purchase, and more recently in connection with 
 Missouri, a part of the territory of the latter name became a separate Territory on the admission of Missouri into the 
 Union in 1S20. In 1830 it was admitted within its present limits as an independent State. In 1^00 the whole territory 
 contained only 1,052 inhabitants, chiefly settled near the mouth of the Arkansas River, and consisting of Frenchmen, whose 
 progenitors settled Arkansas Port, the oldest white settlement of the country. The early history of the State will be found 
 intermingled with that of Louisiana and Missouri. 
 
 " Arkansas, with all that nature has done for her, is far behind her neighbors in improvements, population, and general 
 prosperity. It is a source of humiliation to make these acknowledgments ; but the truth should be told, though the 
 kearvens falV Such was the language of the Committee on Arkansas Railroads at the New Orleans Convention in 
 1851, and such must be the response of every intelligent resident of the State. "With her increase of population and 
 reviving prosperity, however, it Is to be hoped that so magnificent a State, one so richly endowed and so blessed with a 
 propitious climate and soil, will take heed and redeem itself from the just opprobrium of the enlightened among them- 
 selves, and of the world that is observant of its progress. 
 
 Sncce^'nion of tfo^wjio/w.— Territobial GovEKNons: James Miller, 1819; George Izard, 1825; John Pope, 1829; 
 "William 8. Fulton, 1885; and — Constitutional Governors: James S. Conway, 1S36; Archibald Tell, 1840; Samuel 
 Adams (acting), 1844 ; Thomas S. Drew, 1844 ; Thomas 8. Drew, 1848 ; John Selden Roane, 14th March, 1849 ; Eliae 8. 
 Conway, 1852. 
 
 Little Rock, on the south side of the Arkansas, is the seat of government. It is 800 miles from the mouth of that 
 river, and astronomically situate in lut. 34<5 40' N., and long. 92° 12' "W. from Greenwich. 
 50 
 
THE STATE OF CALIFORNIA, 
 
 Caltfounia occupies all that portion of California Alta* westward of the following line, to wit — beginning at the 
 intersection of 42° north latitude, and 120° longitude west from Greenwich, or 42° 58' from Washington ; thence south 
 in a direct course to 39° north latitude; thence south-east to whore the Rio Colorado intersects the parallel of 35° north 
 latitude, and thence down the mid channel of that river to the boundary between the United States and Mexico. Within 
 these limits the surface measures 18S.9S1 square miles, or 120,947,840 acres. 
 
 This grand division of California (the only part, indeed, to which the name properly applies) is traversed from north 
 to south by two principal ranges of mountains, called respectively Sierra Nevada, which divides the region from the 
 great basin, and the CoaKt Range, running almost parallel to, and at a short distance from, the Pacific coast. The main 
 feature of this region is the long, low, broad valley of the San Joaquin and Sacramento rivers — the two valleys forming 
 one — 500 miles long and 50 miles broad. Lateral ranges, parallel with the Sierra, make the structure of the country, 
 and break it into a surface of valleys and mountains — the valleys a few hundreds, and the mountains 2,000 to 4,000 feet 
 above the sea. These form greater masses and become more elevated in the north, where some peaks, as the Shastfi, 
 enter the regions of perpetual snows. The great valley is discriminated only by the names of the rivers that traverse it. 
 It is a single geographical formation, lying between the two ranges, and stretching across the head of the Bay of San 
 Francisco, with which a delta of 25 miles connects it. The two rivers rise at opposite ends of this long valley, receive 
 numerous affluents — many of them bold rivers, becoming themselves navigable rivers — flow toward each other, meet 
 half way, and enter the bay together in the region of tide water ; making a continuous water line from one end to tho 
 other. The resources of this valley, mineral and agricultural, are immense, and perhaps no part of the world affords 
 greater facilities for easy development. Gold and quicksilver are the most valuable of its mineral products. The soil 
 and climate, though varying much with locality, are generally well suited for agriculture. Westward of the rivers, the 
 soil is chiefly dry and unproductive; but on the east side the country is well watered and luxuriantly fertile, being inter- 
 sected by numerous fine streams, forming large and beautiful bottoms of rich land, wooded principally with white oaks. 
 The foot hills of the Sierra, which limit the valley, make a woodland country, diversified with undulating grounds and 
 pretty vales. Near the Tulare lakes, and on the margins of the Sacramento and San .Joaquin rivers, the surface is com- 
 posed of level plains, gradually changing into undulating, and rolling toward the mountains. The region west of the 
 Coast Eange to the Pacific — the only portion inhabited before the discovery of gold — has long been the seat of numerous 
 missions; and around these, generally situated in the most lovely vales, agriculture has converted the country into a 
 perfect garden. All the cereals of temperate regions are cultivated, and the olive and grape thrive luxuriantly. Wheat 
 is the first product of the north. The moisture of the coast seems particularly suited to the cultivation of roots, and to 
 vegetables used for culinary purposes, which, in fact, grow to an extraordinary size. Few localities, indeed, can produce 
 in such perfection so great a variety of grains and fruits. 
 
 The coasts of California are generally precipitous and rugged ; and in relation to their extent present few good harbors. 
 The bays of San Diego, Monterey, and San Francisco are the finest, and their capacities extensive. San Francisco 
 Bay is one of the most important in the world, not merely as a harbor, but also and mainly from the accessory advant- 
 ages which belong to it — fertile and picturesque dependent country, general mildness of climate, connection with the 
 great central valley, etc. When these advantages are taken into account, with its geographical position on the line of 
 communication with Asia, its importance rises superior to all contingencies. Its latitudinal position is that of Lisbon* 
 its climate that of It.ily ; bold shores and mountains give it grandeur ; the extent and resources of its dependent coimtry 
 are the cynosure of the world. The bay is separated from the sea by low mountain ranges, and only a narrow gate, 
 about a mile wide, affords an entrance. It is land-locked in every sense of the word, and protected on all sides frona 
 the weather. Passing through this narrow entrance, the bay opens to the right and left, extending in each direction 
 about 85 miles, having a total length of 70 and a coast of 275 miles. It is divided by projecting points and straits into 
 three separate compartments, of which the northern two are called San Pablo and Suisson bays. The surface is much 
 broken by numerous islands — some mere rocks, and others grass-covered, rising to the height of 300 to 800 feet. Directly 
 fronting the entrance, mountains, a few miles from the shore, rise about 2,000 feet above the water, crowned by forests 
 of lofty cypress, which are visible from the sea, and make a conspicuous landmark for vessels entering the baj'. Behind, 
 the rugged peak of Ml, Diavolo, 3,770 feet high, overlooks the surrounding country of the bay and the San -Joaquin. 
 
 The shore presents a varieil character of rugged and broken hills, rolling and undulating land, and rich alluvial tracts, 
 backed by fertile and wooded ranges, suitable for towns, villages, and farms, with which it is beginning to be over- 
 
 * C«1ifornia Alta in its full extent, as acquired of Mexico, lies between 32" anil 42" N. lat.. and in6° and 124" W. long., and is bounded N. by 
 Oregon. E. b.v the <re.«t of Hie R(H!ky Mouiit.Tiiis, S. by tbe Rio Gila and California Baja, and W. by the Pacific Ocean, on wbicli it has a front 
 of 500 m. The area included wiiiin the^e limits is 448,691 eq. m. This extensive territory ia now divided into the State of Caliluruia, Utah 
 Territory, and (in part) the Territory of New Mexico, 
 
 51 
 
THE STATE OF CALIFORNIA. 
 
 spread. Such is the bay and proximate country and shore of San Francisco. It is not a mere indentation of the opast, 
 but a little sea to itself, connected with the ocean by a defensible gate. The head of the bay is about 40 mile« uistunt 
 from the sea, and there commences its connection with the noble valley of the San Joaquin and Sacramento. 
 
 The climate of California is so remarkable in its periodical changes, and for the long continuance of the wet and dry 
 seasons, dividing as they do the year into about two equal parts, which have a most peculiar influence on the labor ap- 
 plied to agriculture and the products of the soil, and, in fact, connect themselves so inseparably with all the interests of 
 the country, that it is deemed proper briefly to mention the causes which produce thwe changes, and which, it will be 
 seen, must exercise an important and controlling influence on the commercial prosperity and resource* of the country. 
 It is a well-established theory, that the currents of the air under which the earth pasaos in i** diurnal revolutions, follow 
 the line of the sun's greatest attraction. These currents of air are drawn toward thw line from great distances on each 
 side of it, and, as the earth revolves from west to east, they blow from north-east and couth-etst, meeting, and, of course, 
 causing a calm on the line. Thus, when the sun is directly, in common parlance, over the equator, in the month 
 of March, these currents of air blow from some dist^mce north of the Tropic of Cancer and south of the Tropic of 
 Capricorn in an ol>lique direction toward this line of the sun's greatest attraction, and form what are known as the north- 
 east and south-east trade-winds. As the earth in its path round the sun gradually brings the line of attraction north in 
 summer, these currents of air are carried with it; so that about the middle of May the current from the north-east has 
 extended as far as the 3Sth or 39th degree of north latitude, and by the 20th June, the period of the sun's greatest 
 northern inclination, to the northern portions of California and the southern section of Oregon. These north-east winds, 
 in their progress across the continent toward the Pacific Ocean, pass over the snow-capped ridges of the Rocky Mount- 
 ains and the Sierra Nevada, and are, of course, deprived of all the moisture which can be extracted from them by the 
 low temperature of those regions of eternal snow: and consequently no moisture can be precipitated from (hem, in 
 the form of dew or rain, in a higher teniperatute than that to which they have been subjected. They therefore pass 
 over the hills and plains of California, where the temperature is very high in summer, in a very dry slate ; and, so 
 far from being charged with moisture, they absorb, like a sponge, all that the atmosphere and surface of the earth can 
 yield, until both become apparently perfectly dry. This process commences when the line of the sun's greatest attrac- 
 tion comes north in summer, bringing with it these vast atmospheric movements, which on their approacti produce the 
 dry season in California, which, governed by these laws, continues until some time after the sun repasses the equator in 
 September; when, about the middle of November, the climate being relieved from these north-east currents of air, the 
 south-west winds set in from the ocean, charged with moisture; the rains commence, and continue to fall — not constantly, 
 as some persons have represented, but with sufficient frequency to designate the period of their continuance — from about 
 the middle of November until the middle of May, in the latitude of San Francisco — as the icet season. It follows, as a 
 matter of course, that the rf/'y season commences first and continues longest in the southern portions of the State, and 
 that the climate of the northern part is influenced in a much less degree by the eauses heretofore mentioned than 
 any other section of the country. Consequently, we find, that as low down as latitude 39'^, rains are sufficiently frequent 
 In summer to render irrigation quite unnecessary to the perfect maturity of any crop which is suited to the soil and 
 climate. There is an extensive ocean-current of cold water which comes from the northern regions of the Pacific, or, 
 perhaps, from the Arctic, and flows along the coast of California. It comes charged with, and emits in its progress, cold 
 air, which appears in the form of fog when it comes in contact with a higher temperature on the American coast — as 
 the gulf stream of the Atlantic exhales vapor when it meets in any part of its progress a lower temperature. This cur- 
 rent has not been surveyed, and, therefore, its source, temperature, velocity, width, and course, have not been accurately 
 ascertained. It is believed by Lieutenant Maury, on what he considers sufficient evidence — and no higher authority can 
 be cited — that this current comes fTom the coasts of China and .Tapan, flows northwariUy to the peninsula of Kamts- 
 chatka, and, making a circuit to the eastward, strikes the American coast In about latitude 41° or 4'20, it passes thence 
 southwardly, and finally loses itself in the tropics. Below latitude 39°, and west of the foot-hills of the Sierra Nevada, 
 the forests of California are limited to some scattering groves of oak in the valleys and along the borders of the streams, 
 and of red-wood on the ridges and on the gorges of the hills — sometimes extending into the plains. Some of the hills 
 are covered with dwarf shrubs, which may be used as fuel. With these exceptions, the whiilc State presents a surface 
 without trees or shrubberj'. It is covered, however, with various species of grass, and, for many miles from the coast, 
 with wild oats, which in the valleys grow most luxuriantly. These grasses and oats mature and ripen early in the dry 
 season, and soon cease to protect the soil from the scorching rays of the sun. As the summer advances, the moisture in 
 the atmosphere and the earth, to a considerable depth, soon becomes exhausted, and the radiation of heat from the 
 extensive naked plains and hill-sides is very great. The cold, dry currents of air from the north-east, after passing the 
 Kocky Mountains and the Sierra Nevada, descend to the Pacific, and absorb the moisture of the atmosphere to a great 
 distance from the land. The cold air from the mountains and that wliieh accompanies the great ocean-current from 
 the north-west thus become united, and vast banks of fog are generated, which, when driven by the wind, have a pene- 
 trating or cutting effect on the human skin, much more uncomfortable than would be felt in the humid atmosphere of 
 the Atlantic at a much lower temperature. As the sun rises from day to day, week after week, and month after month, 
 in unclouded brightness during the dry season, and pours down its broken rays on the dry, unprotected surface of the 
 country, the heat becomes so much greater inland than it is on the ocean, that an under-current of cold air, bringing the 
 fog with it, rushes over the coast range of hills, and through their numerous passes, toward the interior. Every day, as 
 the heat inland attains a sufficient temperature, the cold, dry wind frdm the ocean commences to blow. This is usually 
 from 11 to 1 o'clock ; and, as the day advances, the wind increases and continues to blow till late at night. When the 
 vacuum is filled, or the equilibrium of the atmosphere restored, the wind ceases; a perfect calm prevails until about the 
 same hour the following day, when the same process commences and progresses as before. And these phenomena are 
 of daily occurrence, with few exceptions, throughout the dry season. These cold winds anil fogs render the climate at 
 San Francisco, and all along the coast of California, except the extreme southern portion of it, probably more uncom- 
 fortable to those not accustomed to it in summer than in winter. A few miles inland, where the heat of the sun modlfii's 
 and softens the wind from the ocean, the climate is moderate and delightful. The heat, in the middle of the day, is 
 not so great as to retard labor or render exercise in the open air uncomtortable. The nights are cool and pleasant. 
 This description of climate prevails in all the valleys along the coast range, and extends throughout the country, north 
 and south, as far eastward as the valley of the Sacramento and San .Joaquin. In this vast plain, the sea-breeze loses 
 its Influence, and the degree of heat in the middle of the d.ay, during the summer months, is much greater than is known 
 on the Atlantic coast in the same latitudes. It is dry, however, and probably not more oppressive. On the foot-hills of 
 52 
 
THE STATE OF CALIFORNIA. 
 
 the Sierra Nevada, and especially in the deep ravines of the streams, the thermometer frequently ranges from 110° to 
 115° in the shade, during three or four hours of the day, say from 11 to 3 o'clock. In the evening, as the sun declines, 
 the radiation of heat ceases. The cool, dry atmosphere from the mountains spreads over the whole country, and renders 
 the nights cool and invigorating. 
 
 The valleys which are situated parallel to the coast range, and those which extend eastwardly in all directions among 
 the hills toward the great plain of the Sacramento, are of surpassing fertility. They have a deep, black, alluvial soil, 
 which has the appearance of having been deposited when they were covered with water. This idea is strengthened by 
 the fact, that the rising grounds on the borders of these valleys, and many hills of moderate elevation, have a soil pre- 
 cisely like that of the adjoining plains. This soil is so porous that it remains perfectly unbroken by gullies, notwithstand- 
 ing the great quantity of water which falls in it annually during the wet season. The laud in the northern part of the 
 State, on the Trinity and other rivers, and on the borders of Clear Lake, as far as it has been examined, is said to be re- 
 markably fertile. The great valley of the Sacramento and San Joaquin has evidently been at some remote period the 
 bed of a lake; and those rivers which drain it present the appearance of having cut their channels through the alluvial 
 deposit after it had been formed. In fact, it is not possible that they could have been instrumental in forming the plain 
 through which they pass. Their head-waters come from the extreme ends of the valley, north and south ; and were it 
 not for the supply of water received from the streams which flow into them from the Sierra Nevada, their beds would be 
 almost, if not quite dry in the summer months. The soU is very rich, and, with a proper system of drainage and embank- 
 ment, would undoubtedly be capable of producing any crop, except sugar-cane, now cultivated in the Atlantic States of 
 the Union. There are many beautiful valleys and rich hill-sides among the foot-hills of the Sierra Nevada, which, when 
 the profits of labor in mining shall be reduced so as to cause its application to agriculture, will probably support a largo 
 population. There is said to be a rich belt of well-timbered and watered country extending the whole length of the 
 gold region between it and the Sierra Nevada, some twenty miles in width. There is no information sufficiently accu- 
 rate respecting the eastern slope of the great snowy range, to enable us to form any opinion of its general character or 
 soil. Some of its valleys have been visited by miners, who represent them as equal to any portion of the country to the 
 westward of it. The great valley of the Colorado, situated between the Sierra Madre and the Sierra Nevada, is but 
 little known. It is inhabited by numerous tribes of savages, who manifest the most decided hostility toward the whites, 
 and have hitherto prevented any explorations of their country, and do not permit emigrants to pass through it. There- 
 fore parties from Santa Fe, on their way to California, are compelled to make a circuit of near a thousand miles north- 
 ward to the Salt Lake, or about the same distance southward by the route of the Gila. Although this valley is little known, 
 there are indications that it is fertile and valuable. The name of the river " Colorado" is descriptive of its waters; they 
 are as deeply colored as those of the Missouri or Ked Eiver, while those of the Gila, which we know flows through 
 barren lands, are clear. It would seem impossible for a large river to collect sediment enough in a sandy, barren soil, 
 to color its waters so deeply as to give it a name among those who first discovered and have since visited its shores. 
 The probability, therefore, is, that this river flows through an alluvial valley of great fertility, which has never been 
 explored. This conjecture is strengthened by the fact that the Indians who inhabit it are hostile, and oppose, as far as 
 they can, all persons who attempt to enter or explore it. This has been their uniform course of conduct respecting all 
 portions of the continent which have been fertile, abounding in game and the spontaneous productions of the earth. As 
 this valley is situated in the direct route from Santa F^ to California, its thorough exploration becomes a matter of very 
 great importance, especially as it is highly probable that the elevated regions to the north of it, covered with snow during 
 most of the year, will force the line of the great national railway to the Pacific through some portion of it. The soil 
 situated west of the Sierra Nevada, and embracing the plain of the Sacramento and San Joaquin, covers an area, as nearly 
 as can be estimated, of between fifty and sixty thousand square mUes, and would, under a proper system of cultivatiou, 
 be capable of supporting a population equal to that of Ohio or New York at the present time. 
 
 As already stated, the forests of California south of latitude 89°, and west of the foot-hills of the Sierra Nevada, are limited 
 to detatched, scattering groves of oak in the valleys, and of red-wood on the ridges and on the gorges of the hills. It 
 can be of no practical use to speculate on the causes which have denuded so large an extent of country, further than to 
 ascertain whether the soil is or is not favorable to the growth of forest trees. When the dry season sets in, the entire 
 surface is covered with a luxuriant growth of grass and oats, which, as the summer advances, becomes perfectly dry. The 
 remains of all dead trees and shrubs also become dry. These materials, therefore, are very combustible, and usually 
 take fire in the latter part of summer and beginning of autumn, which commonly passes over the whole country, destroy- 
 ing in its course the young shrubs and trees. In fact, it seems to be the same process which has destroyed or prevented 
 the growth of forest trees on the prairies of the Western States, and not any quality in the soil unfriendly to their growth. 
 The absence of timber and the continuance of the dry season are apt to be regarded by farmers, on first going into the 
 country, as irremediable defects, and as presenting obstacles almost insurmountable to the successful progress of 
 agriculture. A little experience will modify these opinions. It is soon ascertained that the soil will produce abundantly 
 without manure; that flocks and herds sustain themselves through the winter without being fed at the farm-yard, and 
 consequently no labor is necessary to provide forage for them; that ditches are easily dug, which present very good 
 barriers for the protection of crops until live fences can be planted and have time to grow. Forest trees may be planted 
 with little labor, and in very few years attain a sufficient size for building and fencing purposes. Time may be usefully 
 employed in sowing various grain and root crops during the wet or winter season. There is no weather cold enough to 
 destroy root crops, and therefore it is not necessary to gather them. They can be used or sold from the field where they 
 grow. The labor, therefore, required in most of the old States to fell the forests, clear the land of rubbish, and prepare it 
 for seed, may here be applied to other objects. AlMhese things, together with the perfect securiti/ of all crops in 
 Juirvejst-time from injury by wet iceat/ier, are probably sufficient to meet any expense which may be incurred in irriga- 
 tion, or caused for a time by a scanty supply of timber. In the northern part of the State, above latitude 39°, and on the 
 hills which rise from the great plain of the Sacramento and San Joaquin to the foot of the Sierra Nevada, the forests of 
 limber are beautiful and extensive, and would, if brought into use, be sufficiently productive to supply the wants of the 
 southern and western portions of the State. 
 
 The extent and value of the public lands suitable for agricultural purposes in California can not be ascertained with 
 any degree of accuracy until some very important preliminary questions shall have been settled. It is not known 
 whether the Jesuits, who founded the missions, or their successors, the Franciscans, ever did, or do now, hold any title 
 from the Spanish crown to the lands which they occupied. Nor has any investigation been made to ascertain how far 
 those titles, if they ever existed, have been invalidated by the acta of the priests or the decrees of the Mexican goveni- 
 
 53 
 
THE STATE OF CALIFORNIA 
 
 ment. A superficial view of the matter would be very apt to lead U.' the sappositioa that the Jesuits, so celebrated for 
 wisdom and foresight, would not fail to secure that which, at that time, would probably have been obtained by merely 
 asking for it — a royal decree, granting to them all the lands they might require in tliat remote couutrj' for ecclesiastical 
 purposes. There have been some intimations to that efl'ect, but nothing is distinctly known. These missions embrace 
 within their limits some of the most valuable lands in the State, and it is very important that it should be ascerlained 
 whether they belong to the government or may be justly claimed by individuals. Moft of the land fit for cultivation 
 Bouth of latitude 39°, and west of the valley of the Sacramento and San Joaquin, is claimed under what purport to be 
 grants from the Mexican government. On most of these grants the minerals and metals are reserved to the government ; 
 conditions were coupled witli many of them which have not been complied with ; in others, the boundaries described 
 embrace two or three times as much land as the grant conveys. The Mexican law required all grants made by the 
 provincial government, with few exceptions, to be confirmed by the supreme government. The great distance which 
 separate them, and the unfrequent or difficult means of communication, made a compliance with the law so expensive 
 and tardy that it came to be almost disregarded. There.were other causes which led to this neglect. Previous to the 
 treaty with Mexico and the immigration of American citizens to that country, land was not regarded as of much value, 
 except for grazing purposes. There was room enough for all. Therefore, the claimants or proprietors did not molest 
 one another, or inquire into the validity of titles. These extensive grants are described by natural boundaries, such :is 
 mountains, bays, and promontories, which, in many instances, might allow of a variation of several miles iu the 
 establishment of a comer with chain and compasR. By the treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo, the United States purchased 
 all the rights and interests of Mexico to and in California. This purchase not only embraced all the lands which had 
 not been granted by Mexico, but all the reserved minerals and metals, and also reversionarj' rights which might accrue 
 to Mexico from a want of compliance on the part of the grantees with the conditions of their grants, or a want o/pet/ec- 
 tion in the grants. The lands in the northern part of the State, above 39°, have not been explored or granted. They 
 are supposed to embrace an area of about twenty millions of acres, a large portion of which is doubtless valua&le for its 
 timber and soil. Comparatively few grants have been obtained in the great vaUey of the Sacramento and San Joaqum. 
 This vast tract, therefore, containing, as is estimated, from twelve to fifteen millions of acres, belongs mostly to the 
 government. South of this valley and west of the Colorado, within the limits of California, as indicated in her constitu- 
 tion, there are said to bo extensive tracts of valuable unappropriated land ; and, on investigation, it will probably appear 
 that there are many of them in detached bodies which have not been granted. 
 
 The gold region of California is between 400 and 500 miles long, and from 40 to 50 miles broad, following the line 
 of the Sierra Nevada. Further discoveries may, and probably will, increase the area. It embraces within its limits 
 tliose extensive ranges of hills which rise on the eastern border of the plain of the Sacramento and Sao .Joaquin 
 and, extending eastwardly from 50 to 60 miles, they attain an elevation of about 4,000 feet, and terminate at the base 
 of the main ridge of the Sierra Nevada. There are numerous streams which have their sources in the springs of the 
 Sierra, and receive the water from its melting snows, and that wliich falls in rain during the wet season. These 
 streams form rivers, which have cut their channels through the ranges of foot-hills westwardty to the plain, and disem- 
 bogue into the Sacramento and San Joaquin. These rivers are from 10 to 15, and probably some of them 20 miles 
 apart. The principal formation, or substratum, in these hills, is talcoso slate ; the superstratum, sometimes penetrating 
 to a great depth, is quartz; this, however, does not cover the entire face of the country, but extends in large bodies 
 in various directions — is found in masses and small fragments on the surface, and seen along the ravines, and in the 
 mountains overhanging the rivers, and in the hill-sides in its original beds. It crops out in the valleys and on the 
 tops of the hills, and forms a striking feature of the entire country over which it extends. From innumerable evi- 
 dences and indications, it has come to be the universally-admitted opinion, among the miners and intelligent men 
 who have examined this region, that the gold, whether in detadied particle-i and pieces, or in veins, teas erected in 
 combinatiomc-ith the quartz. Gold is not found on the surface of tlie country, presenting the ai>pearancc of having 
 been thrown up and scattered in aU directions by volcanic action. It is only found in j)articular localities, and attended 
 by peculiar circumstances and indications. It is found in the bars and shoals of the rivers, in ravines, and in what 
 are called the " dry diggings." The rivers, in forming their channels, or breaking their way through the hills, have 
 come in contact with the quartz containing the gold veins, and by ci>nslant attrition cut the gold into fine flakes and 
 dust; and it is found among the sand and gravel of their beds at those places where the swiftness of the current 
 reduces it, in the dry season, to the narrowest possible limits, and where a wide margin is consequently left on each 
 Bide, over which the water rushes, during the wet season, with great force. As the velocity of some streams is gn^ater 
 than that of others, so is the gold found iu fine or coarse particles, apparently corresponding to the degree of attrition 
 to which it has been exposed. The water from the hilLs and upper valleys, in finding its way to the rivers, hiis cut 
 deep ravines, and, wherever it has come in contact with the quartz, has dissolved or crumbled it in pieces. In the 
 dry season, these channels are mostly without water, and gold is found in the beds and margins of many of them iu 
 large quantities, but in a much coarser state than in the ri<'ers, owing, undoubtedly, to the moderate flow aii<l tempo- 
 rary continuance of the current, which has rethiced it to smooth shapes, not unlike pebbles, but has not had sufficient 
 force to cut it into flakes or dust. The dry diggings are places where quartz containing gold has cropped out, and been 
 disintegrated, crumbled to fragtnents, pebbles, and dust by the action of water and the atmosphere. The gold has l>een 
 left as it was made, in all imaginable shapes — in pieces of all sizes, from one grain to several pounds in weight. The 
 evidences that it was created in combination with quartz, are too numerous and striking to admit of doubt or cavil ; t/iei/ 
 arefound in combination in large quantitifs. 
 
 A very large proportion of the pieces of gold found in these situations have more or less quartz adhering to them. In 
 many specimens, they are so combined they cannot be .separated without reducing the whole mass to powder, and sub- 
 jecting it to the action of quick.silver. This gold, not having been exposed to the attrition of a .strong current of water 
 retains in a great degree it« original conformation. These diggings, in some places, spread over valleys of considerable 
 extent, which have the appearance of an alluviim, formed by washings from the adjoining hills, of decomposed quartz 
 and slate earth and vegetable matter. In addition to these facts, it is beyond doubt true that several vein-mines have 
 been discovered in the quartz, fVom which numerous specimens have been taken, showing the minute connection 
 between the gold and the rock, and indicating a value hitherto unknown in gold mining. These veins do not present 
 the appearance of places where gold m;iy have been lodged by gome violent cniption. It is combined with the quartz 
 in all imaginable forms and degrees of richm^ss. The rivers present very striking, and it would seem, conclusive 
 evidence respecting the quantity of gold remaining undiscovered iu the quartz veins. It is not probable that the gold 
 64 
 
GAEHLE & CO. 
 
 N. E. Corner of Eutaw and Fayette Streets, 
 
 113 A IL 'H' n ffi ® m li 9 
 
 Would respectfully call the attention of purchasers to their Stock of 
 Granb and Square Pianos; also to their improved 
 
 Cross-String Pianos, 
 
 Which combine not only great power and volume, but also a rich- 
 ness of tone unsurpassable by any other maker. Having been con- 
 nected for the last 15 years with the manufacture of Pianos, and 
 superintended their construction at the late establishment of Knabe 
 & Gashle, whose Pianos are so widely celebrated, we deem it unneces- 
 sary to say more. All Pianos of our Manufactory are furnished with 
 full iron frames, which, combined with the best seasoned materials 
 and superior workmanship, give them the best strength and durability 
 adapted to every climate. 
 
 All our Pianos are warranted for five years, and a jirivilege of ex- 
 change granted within six months from day of sale. Particular at' 
 tention paid to the selection of Pianos on distant orders. Terms and 
 prices moderate. 
 
 N. E. CORNER OF EUTAW AND FAYETTE STREETS, 
 
 Not opposite the Eutaw House — the firm of Knabe & Ga3hle, opposite 
 the Eutaw House, is dissolved since June 16th, 1855. 
 
SISSON & BAIED'S 
 
 CORNER NORTH & MONUMENT STS. 
 
 NEAR SUSQUEHANNA RAIL ROAD DEPOT, 
 
 I 3VvII> O H. T E I^ S OJE' 
 
 mmm Mmmmr, m^mt wm^ m. 
 
 MANUFACTURERS OF 
 
 Cabinet makers and others furnislied with 
 
 Made from every Variety of Marble, for 
 
 fS^RIfMI^ iMP)^!^® raPif^^'i^.lS i^/, p;^'^''4\@f^ i^^^MW^ 
 EfflBM ffifflaDQ §ySaiiii iS mwS Sliiimiiiyo 
 
 Permanent Washstands made entirely of Marble, for hot and cold 
 water, kept constantly on hand. Also Slabs for Pluinbcrs, counter- 
 sunk or jilain, at the lowest prices. 
 
 Marble cutters supplied on the most reasonable terms with all kinds 
 of Foreign or American Marbles, either in slabs or blocks. 
 
THE STATE OF CALIFORNIA. 
 
 in the dry diggings and that in the rivers — the former in lumps, the latter in dust — were created by differen*. processes. 
 That which is found in the rivers has undoubtedly been cut or worn from the veins in the rock, with which their currents 
 have come in contact. All of them appear to be equally rich. This is shown by the fact that a laboring man may 
 collect nearly as much in one river as he can in another They intersect and cut through the gold region, running 
 from east to west, at irregular distances of fifteen to twenty, and perhaps some of them lliirt) miles apart. Hence it 
 appears that the gold veins are equally rich in all parts of that most remarkable secliou of country. Were it wanting, 
 tliere are further proofs of this in the ravines and dry diggings, which uniformly confirm what nature so plainly shows 
 m the rivers. 
 
 The quicksilver mines of California are believed to be numerous, extensive, and valuable. Hitherto this metal, so 
 useful in the arts and mining, has been chiefly derived from Spain and Mexico, and its production been a moiuip<i|y. 
 The best known mine in California is that near San Jose, which is claimed by Mr. Forbes, of Tepic, in Mexico. The 
 cinnabar ore which produce the mineral lies near the surface, is easily procured, and the niine is believed to have been 
 remarkably productive. Discoveries of other like mines are reported in other parts of the State, but little is publicly 
 knowTi respecting them, the belief being, however, that quicksilver will be eventually found in sufficient quantities for 
 all purposes of extijnsive mining operations, if not for export. It is, undoubtedly, a fortunate eircumslanco, that nature, 
 in bestowing on this State such vast metallic wealth, has thus provided, almost in its immediate neighborhood, inex- 
 haustible stores of the only agent by which gold can be successfully sei>arated from its matrices. It is also believed that 
 California is rich in silver, copper, iron, and coal. A silver mine has been discovered a short distance from Monterey, 
 which affords a very rich ore, and has been productive in comparison to the labor bestowed in operating it. In the 
 neighborhood of San Francisco bituminous coal is abundant, and the indications noted In many other sections leave no 
 doubt of the great extent of coal formation in the State. With regard to other metals, lime and circumstanres are 
 required to develop our knowledge of them; but there can be but one opinion on the subject, that California is, in one 
 part or other of its territory, bounteously supplied with all the more useful as well as the precious metals. 
 
 California offers a very interesting and but partially explored field of research to the botanist. Almost every variety 
 of vegetation, from the luxuriant productions of the tropics, to the stinted and scanty growth of the frozen regions, may 
 be found in this country. The labors of Douglas and others have made known to the world many of the most valuable 
 and remarkable species. Of these it is possible here to mention only a few. Of the pine and oak, there are several noble 
 and useful varieties in different parts of the country. Ono of those, /ii/i>«t Dou(/lasU, first described by Douglas, is probably 
 the grandest of the whole vegetable kingdom. It is found on the mountains alKiut the Bay of San Francisco, and in 
 some other sections of California, generally on elevated localities. Specimens of this tree occur of the height of 240 feet, 
 the base of whose trunks have a circumference of nearly GO foot. The trunk is quite destitute of branches, until above 
 more than half the altitude, when they grow outward and upward in such a manner as to give the top the form of an 
 inverted pyramid. From the enda of the branches hang the cones or seed-vessels, from 12 to 15 inches in length, and 
 egg-shaped. The seeds are as large as a gowi sized bean, and furnish a common article of food to the Imlians, who 
 collect large quantities of them in tho autumn, and pound them into a kind of cake, which is baked on heated stones. 
 The wood is very flne-grained, and contains a great quantity of resin. The pintt-i Sai/inii., p. LamberUana, p. nohilis, 
 and p. reainosa, are also fine species, though less in size than their gigantic relative. The former is, however, a large 
 tree, being often found 110 feet high, and tVom 10 to 12 in diameter. Among the elevated pl.iins of Upper California it 
 grows quite plentifully, as also on the low hills, near the coast, where it attains a larger size. The natives frequently 
 build their fires against these trees to save the trouble of collecting fuel ; by this means, also, a sweet g\im is made to 
 exiule from the trunk, which serves them for sugar. The white oak grows on the low and level parts of the country. It 
 is not generally a large tree, being from 40 to .50 feet high, and from 2 to 3 feet in diameter at tlie base. The top is 
 extremely thick and leafy, forming an almost impenetrable mass of boughs. It is in some places very abundant. The 
 qtiercrts navalis occupies the prairies, river banks, and lower hills, and is 4 or 5 feet in diameter, with branches of 
 corresponding dimensions, extending horizontally from the trunk. The live oak (q. virens) grows only on the highlands. 
 It is from 2 to 5 feet in thickness, and from 60 to 70 in height. The maple, the ash, the beech, the chestnut, in several 
 varieties, compose large portions of the forests. It is impossible to give a full description of the flowering shrubs and 
 plants of California, so great is their variety and beauty. A species of raspberry {fibes specioswii) is one of the most 
 elegant flowering shrubs of the country. It is exceedingly abundant in some localities, and, with its long crimson 
 stamens, and its deep green leaves, presents an appearance truly lovely. The flowers bloom early in spring. 
 In many places are found several species of mimulus, one of which is from 3 to 4 feet in height, and is a very 
 showy plant. This country also has numerous species of phlox arul heuchern, and innumerable quantities of epilo- 
 Miirn, <E7iotliera, or primrose, penttitti'mon, papaver, or poppy, delphinium, and salvia. A species of lily also grows 
 here, the roots of which ar* eaten by the natives. The Scilla escul^ntii grows along the whole coast; this is called by 
 the natives " quama-sh,'" and the root forms a very common article of food. To prepare this for eating, a hole is made in 
 the ground, and a number of stones placed in it, on which a flre is kindled and kept burning until they are made hot, 
 when the fire is extinguished, and the roots, wrajjped in straw, leaves, and moss, are placed upon them. They are well 
 roasted in a few hours, and are then taken off and hung up to dry. This root is also sometimes pounded and made into 
 cakes, which are preserved for future use ; the taste is sweet, and rather agreeable, but if eaten too freely they are apt to 
 produce diarrhea. This plant is most abimdant on the banks of rivers and on lowlands by the margins of forests, in 
 which localities are also found several species ofpi/rola, capHtbliimi and lupiiiAim, which sometimes cover an immense 
 extent of land. The arbictus is also abundant in similar situations. The large species (a. procera), is a fine shrub 
 frequently attaining a growth which entitles it to be called a tree. The a. uva urs-i is found in almost every part of the 
 colder sections of the country, and its berries are frequently eaten by the natives, and even by travelers. A very usefiil 
 plant to the natives is the Mmiias tenax, the fibres of which are stronger than any hemp. Cords made of this are used 
 by the Indians for the purpose of snaring deer and other animals, and one the thickness of tho little finger is so strong as 
 not to be broken by the largest elk. The go-iseberry grows in California, and bears plentifiilly. The sand-hills and 
 moors are covered with a great variety of syngenesious plants, and on the more fertile and humid soil grows a gaudy- 
 flowered currant-bush, and a pretty species of honeysuckle. Perhaps the most remarkable shrub here is the t/edra, a 
 poisonous plant, which, however, affects some particular constitutions only. By cont.act with the skin, it produces 
 tumors and violent inflammation. It is a slender shrub, preferring cool and shady places, and bearing a trefoil 
 crenated leaf. Two roots — the jilants of which are very beautiful — are used by tlio natives for soap; the.ie are called 
 cmtolo and saniate. On the rocky coast of Monterey are immense collections of sea- weed, /(MJii.v pi/rijb/-ni.t. which 
 
 55 
 
THE STATE OF CALIFORNIA. 
 
 are suid to hare gathered there in such abundance as lo have saved several ressels from splitting on the rocks, when 
 driven on them by the tempest. 
 
 The animal kingdom in California is made up of most of the zoological varieties found ea.<»t of the Eocky Mountains, 
 and of some few species peculiar to the region itself. The black bear {iirsxis Americanns) is an inhabitant of many 
 districts, and in its habits ami appearance differs little from its congener of the north ; the barren-ground bear (urs^ie 
 arctus) is of a lighter color, but in every other respect similar to the black bear; the grizzly bear {urHus/ennD) is also o 
 denizen, and is the most f<;rmi(lable wild anim.al of the country. The Polar bear (tintiu) maritimtif) is sometimes seen 
 on the northern coast, but is e\idently a stranger, borne down on floating ice from the higher latitudes. The raccoon 
 {prootjon lotor), the American badger (meles salracloira), the glutton or wolverine (r/itlo luavus), the common weasel 
 (iniifiMa vulgaris), the ermine (»t. erminea), the mink, martin, and skunk, are found in various parts, and are valuable 
 for their furs. In many parts wolves are very numerous. The species mostly seen are the common ■woXt {lupiis AinerU 
 cinmn), the gray wolf (I. {/rijieii-i), the dusky wolf (^Z. niihilis), the black wolf {I. ater), and the prairie wolf (cauis lutrans). 
 Foxes are common, and of these two species exist, the red fox {canU fulvu«) and the gray fox (c. cinereo-argent<itini). 
 Of the cat tribe there are several species, as the cougar or puma (/«/(« oorwolor), the northern lynx (/. cancnteniiis), the 
 banded lynx (f. fascinUi), and the red \yn\ {f. ruj'a). These inhabit mostly tlie dense forests and thickly-wooded sides 
 of the mountains, preying on deer and other animals. In the Sacramento and Sail Joaquin rivers, as well as on many 
 parts of the coast, the common hair seal {phoca vitellina) is abundant, and follows the track of the salmon. The beaver 
 (eaxtorjihor) and the musk rat {fiber zehethicius) are also common, especially at the confluence of the Sacramento with 
 the Bay. The quality of the far of these latter animals, however, is inferior to that obtained more to the north. The 
 moose (cervus alce«) is found in all the woody and mountain regions, and near the coast, and the elk (ct^rvtm canaden- 
 su) roams through the valleys in immense herds. There are many other species of deer found in various parts, as the 
 black-tailed deer (c. inaorotU), the long-tailed or jumping deer (c. leueurun), etc. ; and the prong-horned antelope (a. 
 furcifer) is found in considerable numbers. The mountain sheep, or argali {<mis numtumi), inhabits the loftiest and 
 coldest mountains ; in its general appearance it resembles the large domestic sheep, but has horns out of all proportion 
 to its body, and is covered with a coarse short hair, of a dingy brown color, which can scarcely be called wool. The 
 nison (Jjos Americanns) is seldom seen, but is not altogether unknown to the hunter. Tho sea otter {Intra mo.tnna) is 
 abundant along the coast, and at the mouths of rivers, and the land otter {I. BraMliensiH) is found in many parts of the 
 country. Of rats, mice, marmots, hares, rabbits, and squirrels, there are numerous species in all parts of the country. 
 
 Among the feathered tribes of California, the first worthy of notice is the great vulture {narcoramphos Cali/ornianuK), 
 second only to the huge condor of South America, and closely allied to it in many respects. It is met with along the 
 whole coast ; it is solitary in its habits, rapacious, of enormous size, and singular in conformation and appearance, and 
 seems to hold the same position in tho scenery of this country as its European congener, the lammergeyer, in that of the 
 Alps. It builds in the highest trees of the mountain forests, and only approaches the valleys in search of its carrion food. 
 When full grown, it measures about 4 feet S inches from beak to end of the tail, and from 9 to ID feet from tip to tip of its 
 wings. Its color Is brownish black, the bill and legs yellow, and its quills are much esteemed by the hunter for making 
 tubes for his pipe. The turkey buzzard {cathartea aura) is also found here, but is not common, but the black vulture 
 {cathartes atratus) is found in every part. The golden eagle {aquila chrysotus), the bald eagle {aquUa leiicocephala), 
 the osprey or flsh-hawk {aquila halloa), the black hawk or peregrine falcon {falco peregrinus), the jer-falcon {J'alco 
 inland ious), and several others of kindred species, but of lesser note, are found here, as the sparrow-hawk, the pigeon- 
 hawk, and the gos-hawk— the latter identical with the European species so celebrated in the royal sport of falconry. 
 Owls of various species are found throughout the country ; and among the birds common to the temperate region of the 
 continent may be mentioned the shrike, the robin, the cat-bird, the thrush, the lark, the red-wing, the cross-bill, the raven, 
 the magpie, the jay, the wood-pecker in numerous varieties and species. In some parts of the south the humming-bird 
 is ([uite numerous, and swallows of every description — barn, cliff, and bank swallows — are as common as in any other 
 section of the Uniou. There is probably no other country which produces so many varieties of grouse, or in so great 
 numbers. The bays, inlets, and rivers are alive with water-fowl, and the low lands near the outlets of some of the streams 
 in the Pacific coast actually swarm with geese, ducks, widgeons, teal, cranes, curlews, snipes, and various other waders 
 and swimmers. The swan {(yygnus buccinator) is the largest swimming bird of the country, and seems to differ nothing 
 from the same species elsewhere. The white pelican {p. onocrotalun) is Ibund on the coast, and large numbers frequent 
 the bays and harbors. Off the coast, too, may be seen the mighty albatross ; specimens of enormous size are sometimes 
 seen, measuring 4 feet in length and 10 or 12 across the wings. 
 
 The waters of California are replete with fish of every size and variety. Tho seas swarm densely, and the bays and 
 rivers are alive with their peculiar denizens. The California Gulf produces great numbers of edible shell-flsh. The 
 oyster, the pearl-shell, the muscle, several species of haliotis, all afford either food or articles of trade and ornament to 
 the inhabitants. In California fish are generally little sought after, the productions of the earth being so numerous 
 and plentiflil ; but in the colder regions of the north they afford the common, and sometimes the sole subsistence of the 
 natives. In the Columbia, as well as in the San Joaquin and Sacramento rivers, and in almost every water-course 
 having its outlet in the sea, the number of {salnio) salmon are almost incredible. On some of these rivers from two to 
 three thousand are sometimes taken in a single day. The Indians sometimes capture them with a kind of wicker basket 
 similar to that used by the fishermen on the Atlantic coast for taking lobsters. This is done in the spring, when the fish 
 are on Uieir passage up the stream. They are also taken with the spear, which consists of a sharp piece of bone fastened 
 to the end of a shaft of wood 12 or 15 feet in length, and which the Indians use with great dexterity, frequently securing 
 salmon of from 20 to 30 pounds in weight. The fish are dried or salted, and preserved for future use. They are also 
 sometimes taken with only a small scoop net, fastened to the end of a pole. Douglas speaks of an individual measured 
 by him which was 3 feet 5 inches long, and 10 inches broad, weighing 35 pounds. This size is not exaggerated 
 specimens nearly or quite as large having often been seen. Some of the streams also abound with very fine 
 salmon-trout, and with a small trout nearly resembling the one which affords so nmch sport to the anglers of the 
 older States. The sturgeon {accipenser tran.imontanus) sometimes attains great size in the large rivers, being 
 from 8 to 10 feet in length, and weighing nearly hOO pounds. In general, however, this fish is of much smaller dimen- 
 sions. It is principally found not far from the mouths of the rivers. In the Bay of Monterey is a species of mackerel 
 {soomher colias) in great plenty, and easily taken. Here, as well as in most other yiarts of the coast, also swim schools 
 of a small fish resembling, if not identical with, the sardine of Italy, familiar to epicures. These are sometimes seen in 
 such immense numbers tliat the surface of the water for a great distance around resembles a living mass, being kept in 
 56 
 
r 
 
 THE STATE OF CALIFORNIA. 
 
 constant commotion by their flns. Porpoises are very numerous In almost every bay on the whole coast, and in foul 
 weather may always be seen playing their pranks on the waves, while far in the offing appears the spouting of the hu^e 
 whale. The halibut, pilchard, slvate, turbot, bonito, and many other species, are found in various parts of tlie sea-coast. 
 The shell-tish are numerous and valuable, particularly in the gulf. Of these may be mentioned, oysters, which are often 
 of large size and excellent flavor ; muscles, several species of haliotis, patella, cardium, and turbo, besides the pearl 
 oyster {mya margaritifera), the product of which, as an article of commerce, is well known. The pearls produced by 
 these shell-fish are in this country of very fine water, though rather irregular in figure. 
 
 The estimates and ascertainments by census, of the population, resources, and productions of California have hitherto 
 been very incomplete, and in reference to the population returned by the federal census of 1S50, it can scarcely be con- 
 sidered as an approximation. The estimate made by General Douglass, of the State Senate, in the fall of the year 1S50, 
 is perhaps more nearly accurate, and is given below for what it is worth. The population by the census of 1S50 is that 
 returned to the Legislature by the census agent. The returns of 1852 are those of a census instituted by the State author- 
 ities, and those which will be adopted by the U. S. census department in the oflScial exhibit of the condition of the State. 
 The following are the population returns referred to : 
 
 Names of Census Douglass' Census 
 
 Counties. 1850. Estimate. 18fiS. 
 
 San Louis Obispo 1,336 500 984 
 
 Santa Barbara 1,185 2,500 2,131 
 
 Santa Clara 3,502 5,000 6,664 
 
 Santa Cruz 674 1,000 1,219 
 
 Shaste 378 ...(with Trinity).... 4,050 
 
 Sierra (from Tuba) 4,855 
 
 Siskiyou (from Trinity, Shasta, & Klamath) 2,240 
 
 Solano 580 1,600 2,835 
 
 Sonoma 561 1,600 2,337 
 
 Sutter 8,030 8,000 1,207 
 
 Trinity 659 10,200 1,764 
 
 Tuolumne no returns 20,000 17,657 
 
 Tulare (from Mariposa) 8,575 
 
 Yolo 1,003 1,000 1,307 
 
 Tuba 19,032 22,000 22,005 
 
 Total 117,538 180,000 264,435 
 
 Names of Census Douslass' Census 
 
 Counties. ISfiO. Estimate, 18.=)2. 
 
 Butte 4,686 14,000 8,572 
 
 Calaveras 16,884 16,000 20,192 
 
 Colusi 115 ...(with Trinity)... 612 
 
 Contra Costa 722 600 2,745 
 
 El Dorado 20,985 22,000 estim. 40,000 
 
 Klamath (from Trinity) 530 
 
 Los Angeles no returns. . . 6,000 7,8-31 
 
 Marin 323 500 1,036 
 
 Mariposa 4,400 4,500 8,969 
 
 Mendocino 56 400 416 
 
 Monterey 1,872 2,000 2,728 
 
 Napa 414 1,600 2,116 
 
 Nevada (from Tuba) 21,365 
 
 Placer (from El Dorado) 10,784 
 
 S.tcramento 11,000 12,000 12,589 
 
 San Diego no returns... 2,000 2,932 
 
 Ban Joaquin 4,000 5,000 5,029 
 
 San Francisco 21,000 25,000 36,151 
 
 — Ilumbolt County, from Trinity, and San Bernardino County, from Los Angeles, are counties erected since 1852. 
 
 The following summary of Uie census of the State in 1852, is abstracted from the report of W. Van Voorhies, Secretary 
 of State, to the governor, and dated 25th January, 1853 : " Immediately after the adjournment of the last Legislature 
 active measures were commenced, which have been prosecuted up to the present time, for the purpose of making a 
 correct and complete exhibit of the population and resources of the State. This object, however, has been but imper- 
 fectly accomplished, in consequence, in some degree, of the intrinsic diflBculties of so complicated and extensive an 
 undertaking in a new atid comparatively unknown country, but mainly owing to the mixed, unsettled, and fluctuating 
 character of our population, the difficulty of thoroughly exploring the mountain counties, the hostile tribes of Indians 
 infesting some sections, and the mistaken supposition on the part of many that the business of the census agent was in 
 some way connected with taxation. Believing that the occasion of taking this census afforded an opportunity which 
 might not be again soon enjoyed, of procuring interesting geographical, geological, mineralogical, and other information 
 pertaining to the natural curiosities and features of the State, I embraced it, and instructed each of the census agents to 
 collect whatever of notable objects might come within their observation. These instructions not having been received 
 by some of them until they were far advanced in their labor, were only carried out in a portion of the counties. A 
 number of the counties, however, are represented in this particular and much useful and interesting intelligence collected 
 on these subjects. Even from the imperfect showing which is thereby made, it will be seen that our State contains 
 within her borders almost every variety of minerals and many most inviting fields of investigation to the natural 
 philosopher, the antiquary, and the statesman. 
 
 " A large number of the most important counties having failed to furnish any information on these subjects, we are left 
 to conclude that much of the most usefbl and interesting matter in this branch remains yet to be developed. 
 
 " Population. — It will be observed that the county of El Dorado has not been as yet returned, either as respects 
 population or productions. This is admitted to be one of the most populous and productive counties of the State. The 
 vote cast in this county at the late general election was, as appears from the returns on file In this office, 11,252 ; and 
 judging from the relation generally obtaining in this State between the vote and population, it should contain 40,000 
 inhabitants. This county cast a vote of 2,S44 greater than any other county in the State. The county of San Francisco, 
 with a population of 36,151, easts 8,408 votes. The county of Tuba, with a population of 20,005, casts a vote of 4,276. 
 The county of Nevada, with a population of 21,365, casts a vote of 5,474. The county of Calaveras, with a population 
 of 20,192, easts a vote of 5,132. The county of El Dorado, therefore, which cast a vote of 11,252, I set down as containing 
 a population of 40,000 ; which is, in fact, an under estimate, preserving the parallel exhibited in other counties between 
 the number of votes and inhabitants. Estimating the population of El Dorado at 40,000, makes the entire population 
 of the State 264,485. This appears from the actual returns of the census, with the exception of El Dorado County, and 
 the data upon which I have based the estimate of that county are given above. There can be no doubt, however, that in 
 consequence ol the difficulties previously mentioned, not more than five-sixths of the whole population of the State has 
 been taken. The reports of all the census agents who have made returns, set forth the fact of their inability to obtain 
 the whole population of their respective counties ; adding then one-sixth to the population returned and that estimated 
 for EI Dorado County, gives the population of the State at 308,507, which is believed to be about correct. Our entire 
 popular vote at the late general election was 76,890, according to the election returns on file in this office, estimating the 
 nopulanon ai four times the amount of the popular vote, which is below the ratio usually obtaining throughout this State, 
 and far btilow that obtainiuir in other States of the Union- places our population at 307,560. This exhibit shows an 
 
 57 
 
THE STATE OF CALIFORNIA. 
 
 increase in the course of two years, taking the actual returus of the census, of 99,4.35, au annual increase of 49,717, and 
 an increase nf Sit per cent, per annum; of the increase per cent, per annum, the United States, according to the lata 
 census, was 3i, showing a difference of increase between the State of California and the other States of the Union of 
 26^ per cent, per annum. Taking, however, the estimated and more probable census of the State, namely, 308,507, and 
 it gives an annual positive increa.se of 71,753, an increase of 43 per cent, per annum, and a difference of increase per 
 cent, between California and other Slates of 39J. 
 
 '* This population is composed as follows : 
 
 White inhabitants, male 151,115 
 
 " " female 29,741 
 
 Citizens over 21 years of age 93,344 
 
 Kegroes, male 1,637 
 
 " female 253 
 
 " over 21 years of age 1,259 
 
 Mulattoes, male 424 
 
 " female 98 
 
 " over 21 years of age 4<i7 
 
 Indians (domesticated), male 19,675 
 
 " " female 12,864 
 
 Indians over 21 years of age 15,866 
 
 Foreign residents, male 50,631 
 
 " " female 4,360 
 
 " over 21 years of age 89,444 
 
 TOTAL. 
 
 Whites 180,850 
 
 Citizens over 21 years of age 93,344 
 
 Negroes 1,890 
 
 Mulattoes '. 522 
 
 Indians (domesticated) 32,539 
 
 Foreign residents 54,991 
 
 " In this estimate the county of El Dorado is not included, which will probably add to the whites 30,000 ; to the citizens 
 of the United States over 21 years of age 12,000 ; to the negroes 200 ; to the mulattoes 50 ; to the Indians 1,000 ; and to 
 the foreign residents 5,000 — making a final t(jtal of whites, 210,858 ; citizens over 21 years of age, 105,344 ; negroes, 2,090 ; 
 mulattoes, 572 ; Indians (<lomesticatcd). 33..^39 ; foreign residents, 59,991. 
 
 "The oounlies of Nevada, Placer, and Tuba have reported 9,809 Chinese. The other counties have embraced them 
 without discrimination under the gener.il head of foreign residents, the number is believed to approximate 25,000. 
 
 "P/oductimi^ and dipitnl. — Under this head, I regret to state, that not only the county of El Dorado, entire, but that 
 Of Calaveras, also, in part, two of the most wealthy and productive of the State, have to be omitted, not having as yet 
 been returned. 
 
 " A few of the counties have reported on the subjects of horticulture, manufactures, mUling, farming, and farming 
 utensils, separately, while the others have combined them under the general head of ' capital employed for other purposes.' 
 
 "The following items are not included under the general head above mentioned : 
 
 Capital employed in stock, farming, and gardening $1,857,502 00 
 
 " " fruits and orchards 366,910 00 
 
 " " improvements and real estate 6,348.346 00 
 
 " " farming utensils 125,940 00 
 
 " " milling 240,850 00 
 
 —making the total capital employed for purposes other than those specified under general heads $49,800,981. Estimate 
 of El Dorado and Calaveras counties, 10,000,000— making $59,800,981. 
 
 " The articles of sheep, hogs, and poultry, although not specifically required by law, have been reported upon from 
 twenty counties, and are as follows : sheep, 82,867, at $12 each— $994.404 ; hogs, 38,976, at $10 each— 389,760 ; poultry, 
 96,230, at $2 each— 192,460 ; total value, $1,576,624. 
 
 " For the number of horses, mules, cows, beef cattle, work oxen, bushels of barley, oats, wheat, potatoes, com, acres 
 of land in cultivation, quartz-mills, capital invested in quartz mining, capital invested in Placer mining, capital invested 
 in other mining, and capital employed for other purposes, reference la made to the statistics of different counties respectively. 
 
 " The following is the estimated value of the live-stock and agricultural products. These prices are given at an aver- 
 age much below the market value : 
 
 Live-stock, 
 
 Horses at $30 $1,948,190 00 
 
 Mules at 50 828 900 00 
 
 Cows at 60 5.216,950 00 
 
 Beef cattle., at 25 7,884,800 00 
 
 Work oxen, at 50 1,453,250 00 
 
 $17,327,090 00 
 
 Agricultural Products. 
 
 Bfirley at $1 40 per bushel $3,163,227 00 
 
 Oats at 1 00 " 100,497 00 
 
 Wheat at 2 40 " 652,23100 
 
 Potatoes at 1 50 " 2,089,755 00 
 
 Com at 2 50 " 156,330 00 
 
 $6,162,040 04 
 
 The counties of Sonoma, Santa Cruz, Santa Clara, Sacramento, Napa, Mendocino, Los Angeles, and Contra 
 
 Costa have reported 5.5.a3,6.55 pounds onions, valued at $186 000 
 
 The counties of Yolo, Sierra, Santa Barbara, Santa Cruz, Santa Clara, and Monterey have reported 2,359,250 
 
 cabbages, valued at gO 777 
 
 The counties of Sonoma. Santa Barliara, Santa Clara, and Monterey have reported 80,271 bush, of beans, value 72,492 
 
 The county of Santa Barbara has reported 1,370 barrels olives, v.ilued at 27,400 
 
 The counties of Santa Barbara and Santa Clara have reported 26,811 grape vines, valued at 26,811 
 
 The counties of Yolo, Sonoma, Sierra, S.ieramento, and Mendocino have reported 490,990 lbs, turnips, valued . . 14,927 
 
 The county of Sacramento has reported 1,0.39,800 pounds tomatoes, valued at 82,408 
 
 The counties of Santa Clara and Sacramento have reported 1,107,.'500 pounds of carrots, valued at 33,225 
 
 The county of Sacramento has reported 3.58 acres of melons, valued at 17,900 
 
 The county of Sacramento has reported 400.000 pumpkins, valued at 46,000 
 
 The county of Santa Clara has reported .508,000 bricks, valued at 10,1 60 
 
 The county of Marin has reported 1,500,001) bricks per month, valued at (per annum) 860,000 
 
 The counties of Santa Barbara and Los Angeles have reported 73,462 gallons wine, value 146,924 
 
 And 73,056 gallons brandy 109,584 
 
 The counties of Santa Cruz and Nevada have reported capital invested in manufactures ... 6800 
 
 53 
 
THE STATE OF CALIFORNIA. 
 
 "Showing total capital and productions of the State as follows: 
 
 Total capital employed for purposes other than I Horticulture, manufactures, etc $1 150 000 
 
 (hose specified under general heads, includ- Quartz mining 5 871405 
 
 P'acer " 4,174.419 
 
 Other « 3,851,623 
 
 Estimate for El Dorado minmg 2,500,000 
 
 ing estimates for El Dorado and Calaveras. . $59,800,000 
 
 Live-atock 18,903,714 
 
 Agricultural products 6,162,040 
 
 Land in cultivation 1,107,480 
 
 Estimate for El Dorado and Calaveras 5,000,000 $108,520 681 
 
 " In the above estimate it will be observed that the value of no land except that In actual cultivation is included. 
 
 " With these facts now before us, it may not be uninteresting or devoid of utility to take a comparative view of oui 
 position in reference to the other States of the Union. 
 
 " nbraes.—ln these we are in advance of fifteen of the States. Mules. — In these we are in advance of twenty-six of 
 the States. Milch Caws.— In these we are in advance of twelve of the States. Work Oxen.— In these we are in advance 
 of eight of the States. Sheep. — In these, although having returns from only twenty counties, we are in advance of four 
 States. Sioirie.—ln these, although only twenty counties have reported, we are in advance of three States. Value of 
 Live-stock. — In this we surpass twenty-two of the States. Barley.— In this we are only equaled by one State, Now York. 
 We raise more than one-half as much of this article as is produced in the whole Union besides. Potatoes. — In this 
 again we stand next to New York, and raise one-flfth the quantity produced by the balance of the Union. Wheat. — In 
 this we surpass ten of the States. Oats. — In this we cultivate more than three-fourths of our sister States. Indian Corn. 
 —We produce less of this than any State of the Union. Beans.— In this we surpass nine of the States, notwithstanding 
 only five counties have reported the quantity produced. Hay.— In this, though not returned from more than one-half 
 counties, we exceed nine of the States. Fruits.— In these we excel all the States in variety, and one-half in quantity 
 produced. Mining.— In this branch of industry we stand not only without a parallel, but without a competitor. Agri- 
 culture. — ^This important branch has been comparatively but little attended to in this State, and consequently in the value 
 of cultivated land we are surpassed by all the States of the Union. The fact, however, that we excel most of them in 
 the productions of the soil, shows the fertility and productiveness of our lands in a most favorable light. Trade.— Yolo, 
 Trinity, Sutter, Santa Cruz, San Diego, Sacramento, and Nevada counties have reported merchandise to the amount 
 of $4,000,000. The remainder of the counties have included this item, with others, under the general head of 'Capital' 
 employed for other purposes— in these, too, we surpass more than one-half the States. Minerals.— The many interesting 
 geological developments made by the census, place our State far in advance of all her sisters in the variety and import- 
 ance of these great handmaids of science and civilization. Many matters of interest are touched upon in the reports of 
 the different agents, which, on account of their isolated character, could not be arranged under general heads and class- 
 ified. I have, therefore, endeavored to supply this defect by reference to them in this manner. It is needless to say 
 the estimates submitted in this report are not claimed to be entirely accurate, but suflBciently so for practicable purposes. 
 They will be found, I think, to present no exaggerated representation of our resources." 
 
 Yallejo is the capital of the State ; the Legislature of 1853, however, sat at Benicia. 
 
 S9 
 
THE DISTRICT OF COLUMBIA. 
 
 The District of Columbia, the seat of the Government of the United States, originally occupied a square of ten miles, 
 on both sides of Potomac Iliver, and comprised portions of Virginia and Maryland, ceded to the United States for the 
 use of the federal government. In 1S46, however, that portion of the territory south of tlie river was retroceded to 
 Virginia," and hence the present territory lies altogether on its north bank, and contains only 60 square miles. 
 
 The Maryland act of cession was passed on the 23d December, 17S8, and that of Virginia on the 8d December, 1789. 
 Subsequent acta were passed by these States confirming the location. 
 
 This District was established in pursuance of the Constitution of 1789 (Sec. vin — IT), which declares that Congress 
 shall "exercise exclusive legislation, in all cases whatsoever, over such district (not exceeding ten miles square), as may 
 by cession of particular States, and the acceptance of Congress, become the seat of the Go^■ernment of the United States ;" 
 and further. In pursuance of an Act of Congress, approved 16th July, 1790, which declared "that a district of territory, 
 not exceeding ten miles square, to be located as hereafter directed, on the river Potomac, at some space between the 
 mouths of the Eastern Branch and Conecocheague, be, and the same is hereby accepted for the permanent seat of the 
 Government of the United States; and that the President be authorized to appoint three Commissioners to survey, an! 
 by proper metes and bounds define and limit, a district of territory under the limitations above mentioned." 
 
 By a proclamation of the President, dated 30lh March, 1791, the following were defined as the boundaries of the 
 territory: "Beginning at Jones' Point, being the upper cape of Hunting Creok, in Virginia, and at an angle of 45 
 degrees west of the north, and running in a direct line ten miles for the first line; then beginning again at the same 
 Jones' Point, and running another direct line, at a right angle with the first, across the Potomac, ten miles, for the second 
 line ; then from the terminations of the said first and second lines, running two other direct lines of ten miles each, the 
 one crossing the Eastern Branch and the other the Potomac, and meeting each other in a point." 
 
 The District of Columbia, as now demarked, contains only one county, that of Washington ; and in this are comprised 
 the cities of Washington and Georgetown, and what are denominated the country parts. The statistical couditiou of 
 this county, etc., in 1850, as exhibited in the census of that year, is as follows : 
 
 Ciiil Divisidns. Dwellings. Families. Population. Farms. Mnnuf, 
 
 Washington City, 1st Ward 940 991 5,543 — 10 
 
 " 2d " 1,057 1,068 6,934 — 72 
 
 " 3d « 982 982 5.908 5 116 
 
 " 4th " 1,216 1,216 8,780 — 101 
 
 " 6th « T16 769 4,137 4 21 
 
 " 6th " 645 661 3,714 20 17 
 
 " 7th " TS9 892 4,985 — 18 
 
 Total 6,345 6,679 40,001 29 356 
 
 Georgetown, N. W. part 461 482 3,329 6 9 
 
 " otherparts 713 733 5,017 3 50 
 
 Total 1,174 1,215 8,366 9 59 
 
 Country— E. of Turnpike 222 222 1,956 130 — 
 
 « — W. " 176 176 1,364 96 12 
 
 Total 898 398 3,.320 226 12 
 
 Grand Total 7,917 8,292 31,887 264 427 
 
 The following exhibits the caste and sexes of the population in the several civil divisions : 
 
 White PiTstins. Free Colored. Slare. 
 
 Washington, 1st Ward 1,609.... 1,S93.... 2,502.... 746.. ..1,044.. ..1,790.. .. 
 
 " 2d " 2,432.... 2,599.... 5,0,31.... 603.... 938.... 1,541.. .. 
 
 " 3d " 2,345.... 2,401.... 4,746.... 353.... 528.... 881.... 
 
 " 4th " 8.491.... 3,409.... 6.900.... 547.... 788. ...1,835.. .. 
 
 « 6th « 1,202.... 1,458.... 2,720.... 491.... 668.. ..1,159.. .. 
 
 " 6th " 1,664.... 1,746.... 3,410.... 73.... 69.... 142.... 
 
 " 7th " 1,775.... 1,731.... 3,506.... 549.... 676.. ..1,225.. .. 
 
 IHale. 
 
 Female. 
 
 Total. 
 
 As'te 
 Popiila. 
 
 90.. 
 
 .. 161.. 
 
 .. 251.. 
 
 .. 5,543 
 
 107.. 
 
 .. 255.. 
 
 .. 862.. 
 
 .. 6.934 
 
 S3.. 
 
 .. 198.. 
 
 .. 281.. 
 
 .. 5,flOS 
 
 201.. 
 
 .. 344.. 
 
 .. 545.. 
 
 .. S,7S0 
 
 90.. 
 
 .. 163.. 
 
 . 258.. 
 
 .. 4,137 
 
 62.. 
 
 .. 100.. 
 
 . 162.. 
 
 .. 3,174 
 
 100.. 
 
 .. 154.. 
 
 . 254.. 
 
 .. 4,985 
 
 Total 14,578. . . .15,237. . . .29,815. . . .8,362. . . .4,711 . . . .8,073. . . . 733. . . .1,380. . . .2,113. . . .40,001 
 
 Georgetown, N. W. part 1,255.. .. 1,864. ... 2,5S9.. .. 189.... 252.... 432.... 119.... 209.... 328.... 3.349 
 
 other parU.... 1,679.... 1,813.... 3,592.... 487.... 641. .. .1,128... . 123.... 274.... 897.... 6,017 
 
 Total 2^.... S^f?.... 6,081.... 667.... 893. .. .1,060. .. . 242.... 483.... 795.... 8,366 
 
 Conntrj'-K. of Turnpike ... . 582.... 596.... 1,178.... 121.... 111.... 232.... 294.... 252.... 546.... 1.956 
 
 " W. " .... 484.... 469.... 953.... 60.... 48.... 108.... 153.... 150.... 303.... 1,364 
 
 Total To66. ...To65.... '2^131. ...Tsi.... 159.... 340.... 447.... 402 ... 849.... SMO 
 
 Grand Total... 18,548.... 19,479.... 88^.... 4,210.... 5,763.... 9,978.... 1,422.... 2,265.... 3,687.... 51,687 
 60 
 
ifistorjj, ^eeor$ii)g ii|e Jbei^fs of ii)e liniloi). 
 
THE DISTRICT OF COLUMBIA. 
 
 Of the whole free population, 42,956 were natives, 4,967 foreigners, and 7T of origin unljnown. The native population 
 originated as follows: Me. 87, N. Ilamp. S4, Verm. 43, Mass. 331, E. I. 23, Conn. 135, N. T. 817, N. Jer. 163, Penn. 1 164 
 Del. 99, DUtHct of ColumUa 24,967. Md. 9.245, Virg. 4.950, N. Car. 100, S. Car. 100, Ga. 67, Flor. 26, Ala! 45, Miss'. 55* 
 La. 58, Te.x. 7, Ark. 4, Tenn. 58, Ky. 90, Ohio 123, Mich. 28, Ind. 29, III. 24, Mo. 28, la. 1, Wise. 2, Calif. 0, and Territories 
 3; and the foreign population was made up of persons from— England 682, Ireland 2,373, Scotland 142, Wales 29 Ger- 
 many 1,404, France SO, Spain 20. Portugal 6, Belgium 14, Holland 4, Italy 74, Austria 3, Switzerland 36, Russia 2,' Den- 
 mark 6, Sweden 5, Prussia 11, China 1, Asia 4, Africa 2, British America 32, Mexico 9, South America, 5, West Indies 
 15, and other countries 17. 
 
 Number of persons in the District suffering from physical Infirmities was. In 1S50, as follows: deaf and dwmt)—\i\i. 16, 
 it. col. 4, and si. 1— total 21 ; l/lind—yvh. 14, fr. col. 8, and si. 1— total 23; insane— wh. 13, fr. col. 8, and si. 1— total 22* 
 and idiotic — wh. 7, fr. col. 4 — total 11. 
 
 The progressive movement of the population has been as follows : 
 
 Date of -Wliite T„ta, 
 
 Census. Persons. Free C<.1. Slare. Popula. 
 
 1800 10,066 783 3,244 14,093 
 
 ISIO 16.079 2,849 5,395 ^4,023 
 
 1820 22.614 4,043 6,077 33,039 
 
 1830 27,563 6,153 6,119 38.S34 
 
 1840 80,657 8,361 4,694 43,712 
 
 1850 88,027 9,973 3,687 51,687 
 
 or if the County of Alexandria be included in the returns for 1S50— and such, for comparison with former returns, will 
 be necessary— the figures are as follows : white persons 45,240, free colored persons 11,386, and slaves 5,069— total 61,695. 
 
 The employments of the District embrace almost every branch of national industry. Its manufactures and commerce 
 are extensive, and its agriculture, though confined chiefly to the production of city-market products, is m a highly 
 flourishing condition. In relation to these subjects, the census of 1850 supplies the following returns: 
 
 Occupied Lands, ete.— Improved lands 16,267 acres, and unimproved lands, 11,187 acres, valued at $1,730,640 
 Number of farms, 264. Value of farming implements and machinery, .$40,320. 
 
 Live-Stock.— Morses, 824 ; asses and mules, 57 ; milch cows, 813 ; working oxen, 104 ; other cattle, 123 ; sheep, 150 ; and 
 swine, 1,635 — valued in the aggregate at $71,643. 
 
 Agricultural ProductAi.—'^'\ie-Ai,\'l,Z10\)\i&he\s\ rye, 5,509; Indian com, 65,230; oats, 8,134; barley, 75; buckwheat 
 378; peas and beans, 7,754; Irish potatoes, 28,292; sweet potatoes, 3,497 bushels; tobacco, 7,800 pounds; hay, 2.279 tons, 
 clover seed. 3 bushels; hops, 15 pounds; wine, 803 gallons; value of the products of orchards, !|!14.843; and of market- 
 gardens, $67,222; beeswax and honey, 550; wool, 525 pounds; butter, 14,872 pounds; cheese, 1,500 poonds; and the 
 value of animals slaughtered, $9,038. Value of home-made manufactures, $2,075. 
 
 Manufactures.— A^^re^aio capital invested, $1,000,000; value of all raw material, fuel, etc., consumed. $1,000,000; 
 average number of hands employed 1,000— males 51)0, and females 500 ; average monthly cost of male labor. $10,000, and 
 of female labor, $5,000; annual value of products, $1,000,000. The whole number of manufacturing establishments, pro- 
 ducing to the value of $500 and upward annually, was 427, and of these one was engaged in the manufacture of cotton 
 goods, one in that of woolen goods, and two in making castings of iron— the remainder being distributed to a variety of 
 handicrafts. 
 
 Commerce, Internal Comni'unication, etc.— The foreign commerce of the District is limited. In the year ending 80th 
 June, 1S50, the exports an<l imports were as follows : Exports— domestic produce— in American vessels, $72,175 : in 
 foreign vessels, $8,213; total domestic produce, $80,888; foreign produce— in American vessels, $200: total exports, 
 $80,588. Imports- in American vessels, $59,219 ; in foreign vessels, 600 : total, 59,819— balance in favor of exports, $20,769. 
 The number of vessels entered during the year was nine, of an aggregate burden of 1,414 tons ; and the number 
 cleared, ten vessels, of 1,720 tons. Of the vessels entered, two, and 154 tons were foreign, and of those cleared, two, and 
 200 tons— the remainder being American. Georgetown is the only port. Alexandria, formerly a district city, has eight 
 times the amount of foreign commerce, owing probably to its being the eastern terminus of the Chesapeake and Ohio 
 Canal. The tonnage owned within the District is 17,010 tons, of which 2,796 is registered, and the remainder enrolled 
 and licensed, and employed in the coasting trade and on the canal. The steam marine measures 1,949 tons. During the 
 year 1849-50, there were built 8 sloops and canal boats of 288 tons burden. 
 
 The district is connected with the interior by numerous fine turnpikes, and by railroads diverging from the neighbor- 
 hood on both sides of the Potomac, and also through that river and its several branches. The Chesapeake and Ohio 
 Canal passes through Georgetown, and extends to a western terminus at Cumberland, to which point and along the 
 whole line of its route an active commerce with the District is carried on. The railroads of the District are the Washing- 
 ton Branch R. R., connecting it with Baltimore, and the West and South ; and diverging from Alexandria, which is 
 virtually a part of the metropolis, are the Orange and Alexandria R. R. (which connects at Gordonsville, its S. terminus, 
 with the Virginia Central E. R.) ; and the Manassas Gap E. E., which extends into the heart of elevated valleys beyond 
 the first ridge of the AUeghanies. These avenues open to the national capital a respectable sphere of commerce, and 
 when completed will be the means of greatly enlarging the trade and general interests of the place. 
 
 Government, etc. — The government of the District is vested solely in Congress. It has no representation, nor any 
 voice in the election of federal oflicers. The only fundamental laws, beyond the Constitution of the United States, to 
 which its governors are subject are those which were in force in Maryland at the period of the cession of the jurisdiction 
 of that State in 1788. 
 
 Washington and Geokgetown are the cities of the District : these are described under their proper captions. 
 
 62 
 
 =J 
 
THE STATE OF COINECTICUT. 
 
 CoNNEcnorT, lying between Massachusetts and Long Island Sound, and extending from Ehodo Island to New York, 
 is 90 miles in length from E. to W., and in width, from N. to S., from 6U to 70 miles. It is siluatoil between 41° and 42^ 
 02' latitudes N., and between 71° 40' and 73° 43' longitudes "W. from Greenwich, or 8° 19' and 5° 22' E. from "Washington. 
 The contents of its superficies is estimated at 4,674 square miles. 
 
 The aspect of the country is greatly diversified by hills and valleys. The hills are generally of a moderate size, and 
 occur in quick succession, presenting to the traveler a beautiful and constantly varying scenery. All the principal ranges 
 are continuations of the mountains of the Slates lying northward. The Housatonic range enters the State in the north- 
 west, and extends in a southerly direction along the Housatonic River to the coast; this is rather a succession of groups 
 and eminences than a continuous range. The Green Mountain range, coming from Vermont and Massachusetts, passes 
 through the State from N. to S., and terminates at AVest Rock, a bluff 40 feet high, 2 miles N. W. of New Haven. Be- 
 tween this and the Connecticut River is the Mount Tom range, which, coming from Massachusetts, also traverses this 
 State, and terminates at East Rock, 370 feet high, a little to the north-cast of New Haven. The Blue Hills in Southing- 
 ton, a part of this range, have an elevation of 1,000 feet, and are said to be the highest land within the State. On the E. 
 side of the Connecticut is a fourth range, which crosses the river at Chatham and terminates at East Haven. 
 
 The principal valleys of the State are the Housatonic on the E., the Connecticut in the centre, and the Quinnebaug in 
 the E. The Valley of the Connecticut varies in breadtb from 10 to 16 miles, and extends northward from Middletown, 
 having in this State a length of about 30 miles. This is a rich agricultural district. The valleys of the Quinnebaug and 
 Housatonic have also fertile soil, and produce fine crops. The scenery of the valleys is magnificent, and the landscapes 
 varied and romantic. Many of the surrounding hills are cultivated like gardens to the very summit, while others are 
 bald, or only support a few stunted trees and shrubs. The Farminglon Valley extends from New Haven N. through 
 the State between the Green Mountains and the Mount Tom range, and is from three to five miles wide. In the hilly 
 parts of the Stale the soils are of moderate fertility, and are generally acknowledged to be better fitted for grazing than 
 Beed-farming. 
 
 Few of tlie streams are of much use to navigation, except in thfir lower courses. The principal is the Connecticut, 
 which, coming from the N., and pursuing a pretty direct southward course to Middletown, then suddenly turns to the 
 Bouth-east, and so flows on to the Sound. There is a bar at its mouth, but vessels drawing ten feet of water can go up to 
 Middletown, and those drawing only eight feet to Hartford, 50 miles from the Sound. The navigation of the upper course 
 of this river has been improved by means of locks and canals, which secure boat navigation to the mouth of Well's River, 
 in Vermont. The River Tunxis, or Farraington, is the principal tributary of the Connecticut in this State; it rises in the 
 eastern slope of the Green Mountains, in Massachusetts, and runs to the S. as far as Farmington, where it aburptly 
 changes its direction to the N., until, breaking through the trap range, here called the Talcott Mountains, it again flows 
 southwardly, and joins the Connecticut opposite to East Windsor. The Housatonic rises in the western part of Massa- 
 chusetts, and enters this State near Oie north-west corner, after which it runs in a southerly and south-easterly course to 
 the Sound; the first part of its course is broken by cataracts, and its entrance is barred against large vessels; it has, how- 
 ever, a sloop navigation for a distance of 12 miles. The Thames, formed by tiie junction of the Quinnebaug, the She- 
 tucket, and the Yantic at Norwich, empties itself into the Souml at New Lon<lon, after a navigable course of 14 miles. 
 All these streams, and numerous smaller ones, are applicable as a motive power, and, besides turning almost all the ma- 
 chinery of the State, are highly favoraljle to the fertility of the lands through which they pass. Scarcely is there a 
 single square mile in all the country but lias one or more sparkling, never-failing rills to refresh the soil and make it 
 productive. 
 
 The whole coast of the State lies upon Long Island Sound, which is an extensive gulf or channel, being 140 miles in 
 length and 25 miles wide in its broadest part. It is somewhat narrow at its Atlantic or eastern entrance, but expands in 
 the middle; toward the west it gradually contracts, till it joins the harbor of New York by a narrow and crooked strait, 
 called the East River. It admits of a tree navigation throughout its whole extent for the largest ships ; but in the western 
 strait there was formerly a dangerous whirlpool, at a spot called Hell Gate, where the current is contracted by the rocky 
 shores, and at certain seasons of the tide tlie navigation was most hazardous. The obstructions, however, were removed 
 by submarine blastings in 1852. The northern shore of the Sound is deeply penetrated by numerous bays and creeks, 
 affording excellent harbors. The harbor of New London is the best in the State— it is spacious, deep, and not liable to 
 be frozen over in winter. New Haven harbor has not so great a depth. Stonington harbor is well protecteil by a break- 
 water, and the harbor of Bridgejtort has similar iniprovemcuts. These harbors form so many starting-points of travel 
 or Internal trade to the New England States and Canada. 
 
 Connecticut produces many valuable minerals. Iron ore of excellent quality, and in great abundance, is found in 
 various parts. Ttie copper-mines of Bristol and Plymouth are regarded by many as the most profitable now worker! in 
 the United SUites, not excepting the mines of Lake Superior. The most distinguished scientific man of the State, Professor 
 Silliman, has expressed the confident opinion that they extend from Bristol, in a southerly direction, toward Hampden, 
 for a distjince of more than 30 miles, and that, if thoroughly worked, would be sufficient to give profitable employment to 
 80,000 miners. Already they furnish a large amount of ore. The Plymouth mines are equally rich. The vein here runs 
 from east to west, with a vertical dip, cutting the gedogiial formation of the mountain at right angles, and forming what 
 is termed a rake vein. The working of this mine is only now being commenced, but there is every indication that the 
 code contained in the vein will yield a copper ore of as good quality and in as large a quantity as the mine now wrought 
 62 
 
Benj. M. & Edw'd A. Whitlock & Co. 
 
 13 BEEKMASr STREET, 
 
 CORNER OF NASSAU, 
 First street above the Astor House, on the opposite side of, and 4 doors east of the Park, 
 
 NEA\^ YORK. 
 
 Importers of Cognac Brandies 
 
 From Otard, Dupny & Co.^ Hennessey, Finet, Castillon & Co. 
 
 And other houses of the highest reputation, and SOLE PEOPRIETORS of the celebrated Brandies, 
 of their Native Proof and Flavor, 
 
 
 o 
 
 PL, 
 
 ^^.^^^"^^i^ 
 
 C H ATE AU-BERN ARD. 
 
 MAGNA CHARTA, &c., &c. 
 
 SCHIEDAM AND OLD HOLLAND GINS, JAMAICA AND WEST INDIA RUMS, 
 
 IRISH AND SCOTCH MALT WHISKEY, OLD BOURBON AND 
 
 MONONGAHELA, MADEIRA PORT AND SHERRY 
 
 WINES, CHOICE FAMILY CLARETS, HOCK 
 
 AND GERMAN WINES. 
 
 From the oldest established houses in Europe — all of which have been ordered and selected with 
 
 a view to their Purity and Medicinal use. 
 
 ALES AND PORTER, 
 
 Direct from the Brewers in England and Scotland. 
 
 Itnported for our own Trade from the best Shippers in Havana. 
 
 T O 33 -A. <0 CJ O • 
 
 Agents for the first description of Virginia Manufactured Tobacco. Many styles made to 
 order, and which are highly esteemed in the South and West. Also a large stock of Me- 
 dium and Low Grades. 
 
 Pretnium Chanipaigne, Cremant. 
 
 
 R. M. k E. A. W. <fe Co. are the exclusive owners of this AVine, and are in receipt of shipments 
 by regular packets, and bog those who may not have given it a trial to do so, under their guarantee 
 that it will be found superior in delicacy of flavor and quality to any Wine at present impoitod. 
 
 BENJ. M. WHITLOCK, 
 EDW. A. WHITLOCK, 
 FRED. K. HAVEKSTICK, 
 OLIVER W. DODGE. . 
 HENRY CAMMEYER. 
 
 1 
 
 ;- B. M. & E. A. WHITLOCK & CO. 
 
ill iir i'l Bc] tms ^m '^^ii 
 
f 11 IPAMll MUM 
 
 EDGAR SPRAGUE, Agent, 
 
 MANUFACTURERS OP 
 
 mi 
 
 NEW YORK. 
 STEBBINS, MORGAN & ALLEN, 
 
 IMPORTERS AND JOBBERS OF 
 
 OflFer to the trade a well selected stock of goods in their line. The qualities can 
 
 be relied upon by 
 
 The Physician, the Family, or the Manufacturer, 
 
 And the terms cannot fail of giving satisfaction. 
 
 ®|e §xmt imprittm tat Suplpng Ijr^ Mants at ^auulu^txs ! 
 
 GENKRAIi DEAIiER IN 
 
 PUTEB, mif mum & pumisheb tim wake, 
 
 BASKETS, BIRD CAGES, CUTLERY AND MATS, 
 
 W®®®!!^? ASS"© WniLIL]®W WAIEHg) 
 
 PORCELAIN AND FANCY GOODS, 
 And all articles appertaining to a House Furnishing and General Variety Store. Five large sales rooms, 
 
 644 and 646 Broadway, North East corner of Bleeker St. 
 
 ^iiXILIL [Pi&glllE SiE® {I)B@(D[E&?[l®[i3§. 
 
 PRATT & HAHDENBERGH, 
 
 No. 360 Broadway, between Leonard and Franklin Streets, 
 N E \\r YORK. 
 
 WHOH-ES-A-ZiE DEI'.A.I^TnVEElNra?. 
 
 p. & H. manufacture extensively all varieties of Paper Hangings, Borders, Curtains, Sec, suited to the wants 
 of any section of the country, and are constantly producing new and original designs, to which they invite the 
 attention of Country Merchant and the Trade. In their 
 
 HET.A.IL ID E I> -A. I?, T 3VE E 3Sr T 
 
 They have, in addition to their own production, all the desirable styles of the most eminent manufacturers in 
 Europe, and they are determined to merit the reputation they now have of exhibiting to the public each season 
 the laraest and best assortment of Plain and Decorative Paper Hangings ever offered by any one house in the 
 United Stales. Faithful and accomplished workmen sent to any part of the country to execute orders intrusted 
 to them. 
 
 131 
 
 «!HP 
 
 «W^ 
 
 ■S^^'^ 
 
"vimn^E: cfo SToniLj:, 
 
 50 "W^LL STREET, ISTEAV" YORK. 
 
 » «»» I 
 
 Bought and sold at the Board of Brokers on commission. Business Paper and 
 
 Loans negotiated. Collections of Notes and Drafts made throughout the 
 
 United States and Canadas. Sight Exchange bought and sold. 
 
 DEDERICK SEARS & CO. 
 
 GOLfl Aril) MJLvEE JaEMrlm^, 
 
 ^ssajtrs anb Slelttrs of |tfotltrs* nub gtntisls* Stodi, 
 
 18 nyL-A-inDEIN" Hi^A^KTE, ISTE^V^ ■^OI^KI- 
 
 JS^ A. supply constantly on hand, rolled to any width and gauge. Also, Fine 
 Gold and Silver. 
 
 [ESX-A^BLISHEID IIsT 1798.] 
 
 WM. PARTRIDGE & SON, 
 
 Importers, Sealers and Manufacturers of 
 
 DYE-STUFFS, DYE-¥OODS, ACIDS, &c. 
 
 J '■ 
 
 Indigo. 
 
 Bengal, 
 Guatemala, 
 Paste, 
 Chemic. 
 
 Dye StulTa. 
 Lac Dye, 
 Cochineal, 
 Madder, 
 Garancine, 
 Munjeet, 
 Cudbear, 
 Orcliille, 
 Safflo-.ver, 
 Persian Berrie*, 
 Turkey " 
 Pruss. of Potash, 
 Red " 
 
 Chlorate " 
 Bichromate " 
 Cream of Tartar, 
 Salts of « 
 Argols, 
 Nut Galls, 
 Sal Ammoniac, 
 liitharce, 
 Copper Uust, 
 Antimony, 
 
 Turmeric, 
 
 Sumac, 
 
 Alum, 
 
 Copperas, 
 
 Verdigris, 
 
 VVoad, 
 
 Weld, 
 
 Su»ar of Lead, 
 
 Nitrate of Lead, 
 
 Blue Vitriol, 
 
 Prussian Blue, 
 
 Pure Till, 
 
 Aiinaito, 
 
 Cutch, . , 
 
 Terra .laponica, 
 
 Divi Divi, 
 
 Acer Kubrum, 
 
 Valonia, 
 
 Red Orpiment. 
 
 Dye Woods. 
 
 Bazil Wood, 
 Red Saunders, 
 Hype^r Nic, 
 Peach Wood, 
 Hache " 
 Cam " 
 Bar « 
 
 Green Ebony, 
 
 Nic Wood, 
 
 L<igwood, 
 
 Fustic, 
 
 Sapan Wood, 
 
 Cluercitron Bark, 
 
 Ext. Safflower, 
 " Logwood, 
 " Hyper Nic. 
 " Qiiercitrou, 
 
 Barbary Root, 
 
 Acids. 
 
 Oil Vitriol, 
 Muriatic, 
 Aqua Forti», 
 Nitric Acid, 
 Muriate of Tin, 
 Nitrate " 
 
 MurioSulph." 
 Oxymuriate " 
 Chrystals <« 
 Pyroligiieous Acid, 
 Tartaric " 
 
 Oxalic " ♦ 
 
 (■itric " 
 
 Nitrate of Iron, 
 Iron Liquor, 
 
 Red Liquor. 
 
 Sundries. 
 
 Wbitine, 
 
 Aqua Ammonia, 
 
 Irish Mosa, 
 
 Glue, 
 
 Gum Powder, 
 
 Gum Arabic, 
 
 Gum Senegal, 
 
 British Gum, 
 
 Gum Senegal pow. 
 
 Fullers' Earth, 
 
 Brimstone, 
 
 Bleaohiug Salts, 
 
 Sal Soda, 
 
 Soda Asli, 
 
 Sal yEratus, 
 
 Potashes, 
 
 Pearlashes, 
 
 Manganese, 
 
 Teazles, 
 
 Pipe Clay, 
 
 Thernioinetcrg, 
 
 Hydrometers, 
 
 Vat Nets, 
 
 Wringing Cloth, 
 
 Borax. 
 
 OFFICE OF THE GRAVESEND DYE-WOOD MILLS. 
 
THE STATE OF CONNECTICUT. 
 
 !!* 
 
 at Bristol has ever pro.luced. Cop|HT also occurs at Granby, where it is found at the junction of the green-stone and 
 new red sand-stone formations. Fine marbles, of different characters, are abundant ; and free-stone, extensive quarries 
 of which exist in the mountain regions, furnishes an excellent building material. Zinc, cobalt, and manganese also 
 ooour. and plumbago and some other metals of minor importance have been discovered at various times and places. The 
 mineryl waters of Staff.)rd have long been celebrated for their medicinal properties. 
 
 The soils of Connecticut are generally good, but in some parts better suited to grazing than corn-growing. The Valley 
 of ihe Connecticut has a strong and fertile argillaceous loam, varying in different sections from a hard, stiff clay to a 
 light, sandy loam, according to the prevalence of argillaceous or silicious carlh. In the eastern part of the State the 
 Iirevailing soil is warm, strong, fertile, and excellent for grasses. The north-western part is in some places cold and 
 sterile, but is generally a good grazing country. In the western part of the State are many fertile districts. The climate 
 and vegetation correspond nearly with those of Massachusetts, the climate differing only in being a little more temperate, 
 and the season of growth in being earlier and somewhat more prolonged. The peach perfecU its fruits in the southern 
 portion of the State. 
 
 Connecticut is divided into S counties and 148 townships, and contains 6 cities, 12 boroughs, and Innumerable villages. 
 The general statistics of the counties, with the capitals of each, in 1850, were as follows : 
 
 Counliee, Dwelt 
 
 Fairfield 
 
 Pod raruis manui. 
 
 10,S1T..59,7T5.. 3,155.. 482. . -J 
 
 Hartford ....11,318.. 69,966.. 3,850. .734. . 
 Litchfield... 8,721. .45,253. . 3,621. .487.. 
 Middlesex... 5,882. .30,680.. 2,018.. 303.. 
 
 Capitals, 
 
 Danbury 
 
 Fairfield 
 
 Haktfobd 
 
 Litchfield 
 
 Middletown 
 
 Counties. Dwell. Pop. j*'';™ Manut. capitals. 
 
 New Haven. 10,204. .62,126. . 2,794. .521. . New Haven 
 
 New London 8,386. .51,821. . 2,619. .765. . -j ^^^ London 
 
 I Norwich 
 
 Tolland 3,741.. 20,091.. 1,948.. 241.. Tolland 
 
 Windham... 5,494.. 31,079. .24,445. .880.. Brooklyn 
 
 Whole number of dwellings in the State, 64,013 ; of families, 78,448 ; and of inhabitants, 370,791 ; viz., whites 363,305— 
 males 180,001, and females 183,804; fr. col. 7,486— males 3,749, and females 3,737. Of the whole population there were, 
 deaf and rfwrnJ- wh. 385, fr. col. 4— total 389 ; Uind—vih. 177, and fr. col. 15— total 192 ; insane— wh. 449, and fr. col. 13 
 —total 462; and idiotic — wh. 296, and fr. col. 4 — total 800. The number of persons born in the United States was 332,536, 
 the number of foreign birth 37,462, and of birth unknown 794. The native population originated as follows: Maine 
 670, N. Hamp. 795, Verm. 1,508, Mass. 11,866, R. I. 6,890, Connecticut 292,658, N. York 14,416, N. Jer. 1,174, Penn. 1,055, 
 Del. 58, Md. 265, Dist. of Col. 50, Virg. 228, N. Car. 95, S. Car. 116, Ga. 217, Flor. 46, Ala. 74, Miss. 23, La. 64, Tex. 20, 
 Ark. — , Tenn. 13, Ky. 41, Ohio 400, Mich. 89, Ind. 47, 111. 80, Mo. 28, la. 18, Wise. 22, Calif. 11, Territories 3; and the 
 foreign population was composed of persons from — England 5,091, Ireland 26,689, Scotland 1,91 6, Wales 11, Germany 1,671, 
 France 321, Spain 12, Portugal 74, Belgium 2, Holland 19, Turkey 2, Italy 16, Austria 20, Switzerland 55, Russia 5, 
 Denmark 16, Norway 1, Sweden 18, Prussia 42, Greece 1, China 5, Asia 16, Africa 72, British America 959, Mexico 4, 
 Central America 21, South America 35, West Indies 192, Sandwich Islands 45, and other countries, 57. 
 
 The following table will show the decennial progress of the population* since the first census of the State, taken by the 
 United States authorities : 
 
 Colored Persona. Decennial Inoreaee. 
 
 Census White < " , Total < ' , 
 
 Years. Persons. Free. Slave. Total. Population. Numerical. Per cent. 
 
 1790 282,581 2,801 2,759 5,560 238,141 — — 
 
 1800 244,721 5,380 951 6,281 251,002 12,861 5.4 
 
 1810 255,279 6,453 310 6,763 262,042 11,040 4.4 
 
 1820 267,161 7,944 9T 8,041 275,202 13,160 5.0 
 
 1880 289,603 8,047 25 8,072 297,675 22,473 8.1 
 
 1840 301,856 8,105 17 8.122 309,978 12,803 4.1 
 
 1850 363,805 7,486 — 7,486 370,791 60,813 19.6 
 
 The general statistics of the wealth, products, industry, and institutions of the State according to the census of 1850, and 
 other official documents referring to the same period, sum up as follows : 
 
 Occupied Lands, etc. — Improved lands, 1,768,178 acres, and unimproved lands, 615,701 — valued in cash at $72,726,422. 
 Value of farming implements and machinery $1,892,541. The whole number of farms under cultivation on the 1st June 
 1850, was 22,445. 
 
 Live-Stock, etc. — Horses, 26,879 ; asses and mules, 49 ; milch cows, 85,461 ; working-oxen, 46,988 ; ther cattle, 80,226 
 sheep, 174,181 ; swine, 76,472. The live-stock of 1840, and of 1850, compare as follows : 
 
 Live-stock. 1840. 18S0. 
 
 Horses l34,650head i 26,879 head 
 
 Asses and mules. 
 
 Milch cows \ 
 
 Working oxen V 238,650 
 
 Other cattle ' 
 
 Sheep 403,462 
 
 Swine 131,961 
 
 49 
 
 85,461 
 
 ! 46,988 
 
 ' 80,226 
 
 174,181 
 
 76,472 
 
 Decrease. 
 8,722 head, 
 
 or 25.1 per cent. 
 
 25,975 
 
 " 229,281 
 
 " 55,489 
 
 or 10.9 " 
 
 or 56.8 
 or 42.1 
 
 —total value of live-stock In 1850, $7,467,490. 
 
 ProdiKta of A7umals.— Woo], 497,454 pounds ; butter, 6,468,119 pounds ; and cheese, 5,863,277 pounds. The wool 
 crop, of the year represented in the census of 1840 amounted to 889,870 pounds, and hence the decrease at the end of 
 the subsequent decade, was 392,416 pounds, or 44.1 per centum. The clip per fleece in 1840, was 85.28 ounces, and iu 
 1850, 45.69 ounces — increase per fleece 10.41 ovmces, or 29.6 per centum. The value of animals slaughtered in the year 
 ending 1st June, 1850, was $2,202,266. 
 
 Grain Crop*.— Wheat, 41,762 bushels; rye, 600,893 bushels; Indian com, 1,935,048 bushels; oats, 1,258,788 bushels; 
 
 * The first reliable census of Connecticut was taken in 1756, and exhibits the then population at 130,611; 
 197,866; and in 1782 it was found to have increassd to an aggregate of 209,lfiO. 
 
 1 mi, 18 years afterward, it wa» 
 
THE STATE OF CONNECTICUT. 
 
 barley, 19,099 bushels ; and buckwheat, 229,297 bushels. The crops for the years represented in the census of 1840 and 
 1850, compare as follows : 
 
 Crops. 18^0. 
 
 "Wheat 87,009 bi 
 
 Eye 737,424 
 
 18M. 
 
 
 Movement. 
 
 
 41,762 bushels.... 
 
 deer. 45,247 bushels 
 
 , or 52.0 per cent 
 
 600,893 
 
 " 
 
 .... rf^cr. 136,531 " 
 
 or 18.5 « 
 
 1,935,043 
 
 " 
 
 iner. 434,602 " 
 
 or 28.9 « 
 
 1,258,738 
 
 " 
 
 .... deer. 194,524 " 
 
 or 13.4 " 
 
 19,099 
 
 " 
 
 deer. 14,660 " 
 
 or 4.3.4 " 
 
 229,297 
 
 " 
 
 .... deer. 73,746 " 
 
 or 24.3 " 
 
 Indian com 1,500.441 
 
 Oats 1,453,262 
 
 Barley 3.3,759 
 
 Buckwheat 308,043 
 
 Other Food Cropn.—Veas and beans, 19,090 bushels; and potatoes— Irish 2,689,725 bushels, and sweet SO bushels. 
 The potato crop in 18-39 amounted to 3,414,238 bushels. Showing that the potato crop has decreased in the decade 
 724,4-33 busht'ls, or in the ratio of 21.2 per centum. 
 
 Misc^Umieom (7;o/^?.— Tobacco, 1,267.624 pounds; hay, 516,131 tons; clover-seed, 13,841 bushels; and other grass- 
 seed, 16.608 bushels; hops, 554 pounds ; flax, 17,928 pounds; flax-seed, 703 bushels; silk cocoons, 308 pounds; maple- 
 sugar, 50,796 pounds; molasst-s, 665 gallons; beeswax and honey, 93,-304 pounds; wine, 4,269 gallons, etc. Value of 
 orchard products $175,118, and of market-garden products $196,874. A comparison of the crops of 1840 and 1850 results 
 as follows : 
 
 Crops. 1840. 18.50. Mnvement. 
 
 Tobacco 471,657 pounds 1,267,624 pounds irvcr. 795.967 pounds, or per cent 
 
 Hay 126,704 tons 516,131 tons tncr. 389,427 tons or " 
 
 Hops 4 573 pounds 5.54 pounds ... . ... deer. 4,019 pounds, or " 
 
 Flax 88,764 " 17,928 " deer. 65,836 " or " 
 
 "W'ine 2,666 gallons 4,269 gallons incr. 1,603 gallons, or " 
 
 nome-^xade manufacturer were produced in the year ending 1st June, 1850, to the value of $192,252. The same 
 description of goods returned in the census of 1840 were valued at $226,162. 
 
 Mannfactures.—'^o\sK capital invested in manufactures, $23 589,-397; value of raw material, fuel, etc., consumed in the 
 year, $23,589,397 ; average hands employed 000,000— males 00,000, and females 00,n00 ; monthly cost of labor $000,000— 
 male $000,000, and female $00,000; value of products for the year, $45,110,102. The whole number of manufacturing 
 establishments producing annually $500 and upward on the 1st June, 1S50, wa.'< 3,913. Of which number 128 were cotton 
 factories; 149 woolen factories; 91 iron works; viz., 13 making pig iron, 60 making castings, and 18 making wrought 
 iron; 115 tanneries, etc. The capital invested in manufactures, in 1840, amounted to $13,669,139. 
 
 The cotton manufactures in 1850, employed a capital of $4,219,100 ; consumed 39,483 bales of cotton, 2,866 tons coal, etc, 
 valued at $2,500,i'62; employed 6,186 hands— males 2,708, and females 3,478, at a monthly cost of $92,7-39— to males 
 $51,679, and to females $41,060, and produced in the year 51,780,700 yards of sheeting, etc., au<l 950,000 pounds of yaru, 
 in all valued at $4,257,522. In 1S40, there were 114 factories in the State, and the capital, including that employed in 
 6 dyeing establishments, was $3,152,000. 
 
 In woolen factories the capital invested was $3,773,950. Wool used in the year 9,414,100 pounds, and coal consumed 
 7,912 tons— valued together at $3,325,709; number of hands employed 5,488— males 2,907, and females 2,581 ; monthly 
 cost of labor $103,.357— male $70,141, and female $33,216; products of the year— 9,408,777 yards of cloth, valued at 
 $6,465,216. In 1840, the State contained 119 woolen factories. 
 
 The statistics of the iron manufacture are exhibited in the annexed figures : 
 
 Specifications. I'ig Iron, Cast Iron, Wrought Iron. Total. 
 
 Capital invested dollars.... 225,600 580,800 629,500 1,885,900 
 
 Ore used tons 35,450 — — 35,450 
 
 Pig metal " — 11,396 7,081 18,477 
 
 Oldmetal " — 337 — 337 
 
 Blooms " — — 1,644 1,644 
 
 Mineralcoal " — 7,592 5,062 12,654 
 
 Coke and charcoal bushels 2,870,000 30,600 783,600 3,6>!4.200 
 
 Value of all raw material dollars.... 289,225 851,369 858,780 999.374 
 
 Hands employed, males number.... 148 942 874 1,464 
 
 " females " — 7 — 7 
 
 Monthly cost of labor, male dollars. . . . 8,967 25,458 11,814 20,234 
 
 '• female " .... — 56 — 56 
 
 Iron manufactured torn 13,420 11,210 6.825 80.9.55 
 
 Value of other manufactures dollars 20,000 70,000 5,0u0 95.000 
 
 Value of entire products " .... 415,600 981,400 667,560 2.064,560 
 
 — in 1S40, there were in the State 28 furnaces, producing 6,495 tons cast iron, and 44 bloomeries, forges, and rolling-mills 
 producing 16,938 tons bar iron; hands employed 895; capital $577,300. 
 
 The capital invested in tanneries in 1850, was $360,500; value of raw material $453,854; hands employed 407; 
 monthly cost of labor $10,027; skins tanned 67,110, and sides of leather tanned 244,910; value of products for Ihe year 
 $731,000. In 1840, the number of tanneries was 197; men employed 1,859; products— 83,081 sides sole leather, and 
 126,867 sides upper leather; capital $494,477. 
 
 In the manufacture of malt and spirituous liquors, the capital employed in 1850, was $15,500; quantities and kinds 
 of grain, etc., consumed — corn 20,000 bushels, rye 20,000 bushels, molasses 10 hogsheads, and hops 2 tons ; hands em 
 ployed 20; quantities of liquors produced— whisky and high wines 130,000 gallons, and rum 1.200 gallons. In 1850 
 there were in the State 70 distilleries, producing 215,892 gallons spirits; hands employed 42; capital invested .$50,380. 
 
 The manufactures of Connecticut other th.-in the above specified are very extensive, and more varied in their character 
 (ban perhaps in any other State. They embrace machinery, cutlery (a very large manufacture), firearms (also exten- 
 sive), gunpowder, paper, boots and shoes, India-rubber articles, and an indescribable number of manufactures of small 
 64 
 - -• ' ■ . -.., . ... . -, — 
 
WATERFORD, NEW-YORK. 
 
 IRON FOUNDRY AND MACHINE WORKS. 
 
 Double Plate Chill'd Car Wheels and Machine Castings, Car Wheels and Axles fitted com- 
 plete with Jaws and Boxes. All kinds of Machinery made to order. 
 
 Also, Manufacturer and Wholesale Dealer in 
 
 Cooking and Parlor Stoves of a Variety of Patterns, 
 Office & Sales Room, 279 River Street, Troy, N. Y. 
 
 WATERPORD, SARATOGA CO., N. Y. 
 
 Manufacturer of every Variety of 
 
 •Mso, Chemical Refined Ltannp Black. 
 
 WATERFORD, NEW-YORK. 
 
 Manufacturers of every Variety of 
 
 mm ini liiEe^iiTTs, 
 
 Also, Manufacturers of 
 
 nnnt mm mma mau, 
 
 Together with 
 
 ECCENTRIC AND CONCENTRIC SCREW CHUCKS. 
 
 GEOnaE W. EDDY, HENRY C. EDDY. 
 
 MORS, EDDY & SHEPAED, 
 
 Manufacturers of 
 
 And all other Varieties of Flour, 
 
DE^. rL- S Ij O CJ XJ IVE, 
 
 Mannfactorer and Wholesale Dealer in 
 
 Blank ^aah, Cutk Ptmomikms, Jiaries, 
 
 MEMORA.NDUMS, PASS BOOKS, 
 
 Writing Books, Steel Pens, Pen Holders, &c. 
 
 All kinds of Paper on hand or furnished to order. Blank Books of all descriptions made to 
 order. The above are made of good materials. 
 
 J5 XKE X >QC< XX "" Sb 
 
 JOHN T. S. SMITH, 
 
 Nos. 484 BROADWAY AND 105 FOURTH AVENUE, 
 
 TAYLOR, DICKSON, GRAVES & CO. 
 
 [late bates, TAYLOR 4 CO.] 
 MANUFACTURERS AND WHOLESALE DEALERS IN 
 
 Xj. €> "X" XX X XV <3- 
 
 AT,FRBD TAYLOR, 
 ANDREW DICKSON, 
 
 ISTE^VS^ YORK. 
 
 , H. A. 0RAVE8, 
 ' JI. B. 8ANF0ED. 
 
 GEORGE W. CARSON. MELVIN HARD. 
 
 44 Beekman St., between William and Gold, New York, 
 
 3yiUA.3SrXJFA.CTTJR,ER,S OF 
 
 CHARLES A. MORFORD, 
 
 COR,. OE IDE^S?- J^ISTJD GE-EElST^AT'ICIi SXS. 
 Basement Mercliants' Exchange Bank. 
 
 NEW YORK. 
 
 139 
 
THE STATE OF CONNECTICUT. 
 
 articles of geueral utility. Two of the three great pen manufactories of the coiititry are in this State, one, the oldest, at 
 Birmingham, and another at Waterbury. Manufactures, indeed, within Connedicut are rapidly usurping the position it 
 formerly occupied in regard to its agricultural interests: while the stock and products of the one decrease, the interests 
 of the other appreciate. 
 
 Commerce and Navigation. — The direct foreign commerce of Connecticut, although the State enjoys many peculiar 
 facilities for engaging in such, is comparatively small, and chiefly carried on with Ihe British Provinces and the West 
 Indies. For the year ending 30th June, 1850, the exports were valueil at $241,930, of which sum $66S was the value of 
 re-exports; and the imports for the same period were valued at $^72,390. The shipping employed in carrying tho 
 merchandise above represented was as follows : 
 
 KnterpJ. CIparpil. Total. 
 
 Nationality of < 
 
 6lii|.ping. Vessels 
 
 American 109 . 
 
 Foreign 79. 
 
 Total ISS. 
 
 New Haven 89 . 
 
 Fairfield 60. 
 
 New London 26 . 
 
 Tons. Crews. 
 
 .22,550 1,867. 
 
 .11.572 530. 
 
 .34,153 1,897 156 2T.81T... 
 
 .16,177 695 72 13,400... 
 
 . 6,895 372 56 6,322... 
 
 . 7,876 600 18 4,943... 
 
 Stonington 10 2,894 213. 
 
 Middletown 3 310 17. 
 
 .17,515 1,058. 
 
 . 9,802 458. 
 
 .1,516. 
 . 591. 
 . 349. 
 . 380. 
 . 191. 
 . 5. 
 
 Vessels. Ton,s. Crewa. 
 
 .196 40,095 2.425 
 
 .148 21.374 983 
 
 2,591. 
 61. 
 
 .844 61,469 _3,413 
 
 .161 29,577 1,2S6 
 
 .116 13,217 721 
 
 . 44 12,819 980 
 
 . 19 5,4S5 404 
 
 . 4 371 22 
 
 The following table will exhibit the movements of foreign commerce in this State from 1791 to 1850 
 
 Kxpoits. linporta. 
 
 Years. 
 
 1791 ... 
 
 1792 . . . 
 
 1793 ... 
 
 1794 ... 
 
 1795 . . . 
 
 1796 ... 
 
 1797 . . . 
 
 1798 . . . 
 
 1799 . . . 
 
 1800 . . . 
 
 1801 . . . 
 
 1802 . . . 
 
 1803 . . . 
 
 1804 ... 
 
 1805 . . . 
 
 1806 . . . 
 
 1807 . . . 
 
 1808 ... 
 
 1809 ... 
 
 1810 . . . 
 
 $710,353 . 
 879,753 . 
 770,255 , 
 812,765 , 
 819,465 . 
 1,452,793 , 
 814,506 , 
 763,128 , 
 1,143,813 , 
 1,114,743 
 1,446.216 
 1,606,809 
 1,284,571 
 1,516,110 
 1,443,727 
 1,715,828 
 1,624,727 
 413,691 
 666.518 
 768,643 
 
 Years. Exports. Imports. 
 
 1811 $1,032,354 $ 
 
 1812 780,805 
 
 1813 974,303 
 
 1814 1,043.136 
 
 1815 383.185 
 
 1816 598.806 
 
 1817 604,139 
 
 1818 577,564 
 
 1819 438,534 
 
 1820 421,931 
 
 1821 376.187 312,090 
 
 1822 485,312 507.094 
 
 1823 482,061 456,463 
 
 1824 575,852 581,510 
 
 1825 689,270 707,478 
 
 1826 708,893 736,194 
 
 1S27 590.275 630.004 
 
 1S23 521.545 485,174 
 
 1829 457,97(J 809,588 
 
 1880 889,511 269,583 
 
 Years. Exports. 
 
 1831 $482,888 . . 
 
 Imports. 
 
 $405,066 
 
 1832 480,466 437,715 
 
 1833 427,603 352,014 
 
 1834 422,416 385,720 
 
 1835 512,970 439,502 
 
 1836 488,199 468.168 
 
 1887 532,590 818,849 
 
 1888 513,610 343,331 
 
 1839 583,226 446,191 
 
 1840 518,210 277,072 
 
 1841 509,-348 295,989 
 
 1,842 332,392 835,707 
 
 1843 307,223 230,841 
 
 1,844 800,016 82-3.299 
 
 1845 969,055 372,075 
 
 1846 775,912 413,478 
 
 1847 599.492 275,828 
 
 1848 501,064 229,310 
 
 1849 264,000 234,748 
 
 1850 241,980 372,390 
 
 Tonnage and 3!iip-huilding.—The amount of shipping owned in Connecticut on 30th June, 1850, was 118.085 tons, 
 viz.: registered "permanent" 41.555 tons, and "temporary" 956 tons; enrolled and licensed "permanent" 67,778 tons, 
 and '' temporary" 410 tons ; and licensed " under 20 tons," in the coasting trade 1,179. and in the cod fishery 1,208 tons. 
 Of rtie registered tonnage 11,4*3 tons were employed in the whale fisheries, and 31,028 tons in foreign trade; and the 
 proportion of the enrolle^l and licensed tonnage employed was thus— in coasting, 61.862 tons ; in the cod fishery 4,249 tons, 
 and in the mackerel fishery 1,577 tons. The whale fishery is carrie<i only chiefly from Stonington and New London. The 
 steam mtirine of the State consists of 8.455 tons of shipping, all employed in the coasting trade, and distributed to the 
 several di.stricU in the following proportions— New London, 3,879 tons; New Haven, 2,563 tons; Middletown, 1,941 tons; 
 and Stonington, 67 tons. The shipping built during the year specified consisted of— 3 ships, 7 brigs, 27 schooners, 9 sloops, 
 and 1 steamer — in all 4,819 tons. 
 
 Internal Communication. — The lines of travel and transportation in Connecticut extend— east and west directly 
 through the length of ihe State, having their termini at New York and at Boston, and— north and south, stretching from 
 the ports on Long Island Sound, across the country into Massachusetts, Maine, New Hampshire, and Vermont, and 
 ultimately to the Western States, and also into Canada. The connections thus formed extend several thousands of miles, 
 and afford easy and expeditious routes of communication between tho interior and sea-board. There are two lines of 
 railroad running in a direction east and west— the line composed of the New York and New Haven E. R., and the New 
 Haven and New London R, R., which, in connection with the Stonington R. R., and also with the Norwich and 
 Worcester R. R., forms the southern route between the two commercial centres, Boston and New York ; and the Hartford, 
 Providence, and Fishkill R. 11., which will form a direct line through the middle section of the State, from Providence, 
 R. I., to Fishkill on the Hudson River, opposite the east terminus of the Erie R. R. The lines running north from the 
 Sound ports are— the Norwich and Worcester R. R. ; the New London, Willimantic, and Palmer R. E. : the New Haven, 
 Hartford, and Springfield R. R. ; the New Haven and Northampton R. R. (on the old canal route) ; the Naugatuck R. R. ; 
 the Housatonic R. R. , and the Danbury and Norwalk R. R. There are also several additional railroads in progress or 
 projected ; one of which, and the most important, is that designed to effect an air line route between New York and 
 Bosion. The common and turnpike roads of the State are proverbially good and well kept. The only canal of any 
 length the State ever possessed, the Farmington Canal, has been filled in, and now forms the bed of the New Haven 
 and Northampton E. R. 
 
 Bankx. etc—in April. 1850, there were in the State 41 banks and 2 branch banks, the condition of which at th:it date 
 was as follows: ZiaWZi^ieii-capital, $9,907,508 ; circulation, $5,253,884 ; deposits, $2,357,939; due other banks, $463,763; 
 
THE STATE OF CONNECTICUT. 
 
 dividends unpaid, $37,372; surplus fund, $763,654; earnings since dividend, 304,396; and other liabilities, $38,961 ; and 
 Assets— \oans and discounts, $15,607,315 ; real estate, $3S9,9s3 ; other investments, $396,035; due by other banks and 
 brokers, $1,637,411 ; notes of ihe hanks. $215,349: specie funds, $103,614; specie, $640,622, and expenses since dividend, 
 $51,S7S. Total of balance sheet, $19,122,207. Connecticut had also 15 savings' banks, in which $4,746,692 was deposited 
 by 32.966 imlividual depositors: the sums deposited in 1S49-50 amounted to $1,051,300, and the sums withdrawn to 
 $719,S9S. The aggregate expense of managing these institutions was $10,S37 ; and the dividends made on sums deposited 
 raiige<i from 5 to 7A per cenlum. The securities on which the credits are based are loans on real and personal estate and 
 stocks, and investments in bank stocks and bonds, etc. The Insur.ince Companies in the State comprised — 8 general 
 stock companies, with an aggregate of capitals amounting to $1,400,000; 11 mutual general companies — capitals, 
 $1,487,025; 6 life mutual companies— capitals, $1,400,000; 2 health companies— capitals, $203,175; and 1 life and health 
 company— capital, $100,000. 
 
 Gm^ernm-ent.— The charter granted in 16G2, by Charles II., formed the basis of the government until ISIS, when the 
 present ccmstitution was formed. 
 
 Every white male citizen of the United Slates, 21 years of age, who has gained a settlement in the State, has resided 
 six months in his town, is possessed of a freehold of $7 a year in value, or has done military duty for one year, or has 
 been excus'ul lh«-refrom, or h.-is paid a State tax within the year, and who has a good moral character, may vote at all 
 elections on taking the oath. Every voter is eligible to any office, unless it be expressly excepted. The general election 
 is held <m the first Monday of April annually. 
 
 The Legi.Hlature, slylud the General Assembly, consists of a Senate and House of Keprescntatives. The Senate is not 
 to consist of less than IS nor more than 28 members — senators are chosen by districts of equal population, and by a plurality 
 of votes, ami in case any two candidates have an equal and highest vote, then the House of Representatives shall elect 
 one of them. IJepresentalives are chosen by towns, and in the same manner as senators; but in case of no candidate 
 receiving a highest vote, the Senate chooses one as member from the two candidates having the highest. The Legislature 
 meets alternately at Hartford and New Haven, on the first Mimday in May, yearly. 
 
 The Governor exercises the chief executive power. He must be at least 80 years of age and have been elected by a 
 majority of votes, and in case there be no choice by the people, one of the two candidates having the highest vote is 
 chosen by the General Assembly on joint ballot. The Governor has power to grant reprieves, except in cases of 
 impeachment, but not pardons; an<l he may veto a bill, but a majority of both houses may pass it again, and it becomes 
 law nevertheless. A Lieutenant-Governor (^fior-officio President of Senate), Secretary of Slate, Treasurer, and Comptroller 
 are chosen in the same manner as the Governor. All these officers are elected annually. 
 
 The Judiciary of the State consists of a Supreme Court, a Superior Court, County Courts, etc. The Supreme Conrt 
 consists of a chief and four associate justices, and meets annually in each county. The Superior Court is helil by one judge 
 of the Superior Court semi-annually in each county. County Courts are held three times each year in the several counties 
 by a judge elected annually by the Legislature. Appeal lies from the County Courts to the Superior Court. Clerks of 
 the County Courts are likewise clerks of the Superior Court and Supreme Court in their counties respectively. In all 
 cases of libel, truth may be given in evidence. Sheriffs are chosen by the Assembly, and hold office for three years. 
 
 Federal Representation.— ConneQ,WQ.\xi, under the law relative to the distribution of representatives, has four members 
 tn Congress. 
 
 Finances, etc. — Puring the year ending 1st April, 1S50. the total receipts into the public treasury amounted to $122,347^ 
 and the expenditures to $118,392. leaving a balance of $3,955. The chief sources of income were, from taxes, $73,557 ; 
 from dividen<ls on bank stock, $37,053, etc. The principal expenses were, the expenses of legislation, $25,986; salaries, 
 $14,150; contingent expenses of government, $15,399; judicial expenses. .$49,002, etc. Connecticut has no absolute debt. 
 The contingent debt amounted to $58,212. The value of property belonging to the State otherwise than the School Fund, 
 amounts to $406,000. 
 
 Religion.^ Denominations.— T\iQ statistics of the several religious denominations in accordance with the census of 
 1850, were as follows : 
 
 Den..niina- No. f.f Church Vuli.e of 
 
 tions. Chur^.■h^8. accom. Property. 
 
 Baptist 113.. 44,384 . . $406,034 
 
 Christian 4.. 950.. 5,500 
 
 Congregational 252. .127,320. .1,657,185 
 
 Dutch Ref — .. — .. — 
 
 Episcopal 100. . 44,350. . 773,875 
 
 Free 1.. 325.. 800 
 
 Friends 5.. 1,025.. 7,150 
 
 Denotnlna- No. of Church Value of | Denoniina- No. of Church Value of 
 
 P<Tty. 
 
 Roman Catholic. 12 . . 9,015 . .$ 97,500 
 Swedenborgian . . — . . — . . — 
 
 Tunker — .. — .. — 
 
 Union 4.. 1,850.. 28,400 
 
 Unitarian 5 . . 1.750 . . 4,200 
 
 Universalist 22 . . 8,905 . . 90.200 
 
 Minor Sects 6 . . 1,250 . . 6,000 
 
 Churclies. accom. Property. 
 
 German Ref — . . — . . $ — 
 
 Jewish — .. — .. — 
 
 Lutheran — .. — .. — 
 
 Mennonite — .. — .. — 
 
 Methodist 178 . . 56,625 . .351,550 
 
 Moravian — .. — .. — 
 
 Presbyterian ... 17 . . 7.500 . . 88,700 
 —making a total of 719 churches, with accommodation for 305,249 persons, and valued as properly at $3,554,894. 
 Connecticut forms a diocese of the Protestant Episcopal Church, and with Rhode Island constitutes the Roman Catholic 
 Diocese of Hartford. 
 
 Fducaiional Stat'ixtics.— The number of common school societies in the State on the 1st April, 1850, was 217; of 
 school districts, 1,649, and of children between 4 and 16 years of age, 92,055. The value of the School Fund, 2d Sept., 
 as appears from the biennial exhibit, was $2,076,602 75 ; and the amount of dividend tor 1850 was $137,449 61, or $1 50 
 for every eimmerated child. The returns do not give the number of teachers, or their wages, or the time during which 
 schools are open, but only the information above indicated. The Legislature, at the session of 1849, appropriated 
 $10,000 for the establishment of a State Normal School, which is under the control of eight trustees, appointed by the 
 General Assembly, one from each county. The collegiate establishments of the Stale are: Yale College. Trinity College, 
 the Weslcyan University, and the Theological Institute. Yale College is one of the oldest, most richly endowed, and 
 most extensively useful institutions of learning in the United States. It was founded in 1701 by the gentleman whose 
 name it perr.etuates. In 1850 it had in the academical department 432 students, of which 93 were of the senior class, 
 91 of the junior class, 122 of the sophomore class, and 126 of the freshmen class— total, 432 ; and the number of students 
 in theology was 3S, in law 26, in medicine 3-!, and in philosophy and the arts 2i— total in professions and the arts, 128. 
 Grand total. .55.5. From 1702 to 13.50, the numl)er of graduates had been 5,932, of which 2,962 were living; and of the 
 total. 1,562 h:id been ministers of the gospel, of whom 724 were living in 1850. The libr.ary of Yale College contains 
 49,000 volumes. Trinity College, an Episcopal institution, is located at Hartford. It was founded in 1824, and in 1860 
 C6 
 
^'^^ 
 
T7 H o s - :i3 o nxr 
 
 MANUFACTURKR OF 
 
 No. 4 LIBERTY PLACE, NEW YORK. 
 CARRINGTON, 78 Broadway, 
 
 Personal Orders, small or large, and for articles of every description, promptly and carefully 
 
 attended to. 
 
 CDOisaiis/Lissxoisr cn^ft-Pia-E, i^i"ve i>ei?, cehstt. 
 
 _^^ Orders exceeding $20 in amount, or from places beyond reach of the daily expresses, 
 should be accompanied by a remittance. Address, 
 
 JOHN MV. CARRINGTON, 
 
 78 Broadway, N. Y. 
 
 Referencks. — Messrs. David Hoadley, President Panama Railroad Co., New York; Asa Worthinpton, New 
 Yorit; VV. B. Dinsmore, do.; Alvin Adann, Boston; E. S. Sanford, Pliiliidelphia; S. M. Shoemaker, Ballimore; 
 A. J. Falls, Washington; VV. T. J. O. Woodward, Charleston, S. C.; J. M. West, Petersburg, Va.; James Gard- 
 ner, Editor, &c., Augusta, Ga.; H. B. Plant, Augusta, Ga.; Ch. H. Parmelee, Albany, Ga.; Lewis A. Middle- 
 ton, Mobile; Edwin M. Taylor, Staunton, Va.; Dr. Wni. A. Carrington, of Charlotte, Va., now of New York; 
 J. B. Ezell, Columbia, S. C; C. H. Bulkley, Atlanta, Ga.; Alsop & Co., Valparaiso, Lima and San Francisco; 
 Robt. VV. Scott, Frankfort, Ky.; Hening & WoodrutT, St. Louis; Dr. John M. Riely, New Albany, la.; John S. 
 Potwin, Zanesville, Ohio; Prof. I. W. Andrews, Marietta, Ohio; J. C. Calhoun, Jamestown, New York; Dr. H. 
 L. Leaf, Philadelphia; Rev. Dr. F. L. Hawks, New York; S. A. Jones, Louisville, Ky., and to the agents and 
 offices generally of the American, Adams, Harnden, National, United States and Kingsley Expresses, and of 
 those of Wells, Fargo & Co., Freeman & Co., and Pacific Express Co. 
 
 IDEFI-A^nsrCE ^J^X^J^J^/Lj^lsrJD-E:R S-A.EES. 
 
 K «> o 
 
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 2.0 3; 
 
 P TO 
 
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 S.3 
 
 ROBERT M. PATRICK, 
 
 No. 192 PEARL STREET, NEW YORK, 
 
 Sole manufacturer in the United States of the above celebrated Safes, and the Patent Powder Proof Defiance 
 Lock and Patent Cross Bar, the best Safes and Locks combined in the world. Each Safe is provided with the 
 Patent Powder Channel, making them both Fire and Burglar Proof, beyond a douht. 
 Depot No. 192 Pearl, one door below Maiden Lane. Manufactory No. 60, 62, 64, 66 Cannon St., New York. 
 
FULLER, LORD & CO. 
 
 No. 139 GREENWICH STREET, NEW YORK, 
 
 MANUFACTURERS OF 
 
 BOONTON CUT NAILS, 
 
 RA.IL ROA.D SPIKES, &c. 
 
 PETER LORELLARD, 
 
 [successor to peter & GEO. LORELLARD,] 
 OFFERS FOR SALE ALL KINDS OF 
 
 
 
 
 For particulars, a full price current can be obtained by applying as above. This estab- 
 lishment is one of the oldest of the kind in the United States. 
 
 The Manhattan Life Insurance Co. 
 
 Gash Capital and Accumulative^ $400,000. 
 
 < *>» » 
 
 This Company affords to the assured all the advantage of the Mutual System, joined with 
 the security of the Joint Stock Company. 
 
 N. D. MORGAN, President. 
 
 • C. Y. WEMPLE, Secretary. 
 
 viKGiWiA mmwkttmm tobacco agemcv, 
 
 [Established 183G.] 
 
 The subscriber has now on hand a full assortment of Manufactured Tobacco. Twist, in tierces and kegs, 
 suitable for the London and Australian markets. 
 
 The most celebrated brands of pounds, half pounds, 5s, as, 10s, 16b, 18s, 20s, 22s, 32s, or Nail Rod and La- 
 dies' Twist, in packages suitable for the Canada and Home Trade, in part of the following brands : 
 
 Grant & "Williams, James Thomas, Jr., El Dorado, Unique, Jewel of Ophir, A. G. Saun- 
 ders, S. S. Saunders, Harper, Jesse Hare, Jones & Hudson, McEnery & McCulloch, Square & 
 Compass, A. Thomas & Sons' Grape, Osborne & Bragg, G. W. Gilliam's Wine Sap, J. R. 
 Palmone & Sons, Mills & Hatcher, Jones & Hudson, Wash. B. Ross, B. & M. Armstead, Wm. 
 Anderson, Briton's Emblem, Boyster's Pomona, Royster's Perfect Love, Royster's Invincible, 
 C. P. & J A. Word, Young & Burwell, Irvin, Virginia, Jackson, Madison, M. A. Butler, In- 
 dian Queen, Wm. Crumpton, Crumpton & Payne. 
 
 El Dorado, Nectar Leaf, Ultimatum Virgin, Esmeralda, W. H. Luckc, Cross, Wm. Ligon, Lyle & Davidson, 
 W. H. Hare, R. A. Mayo, G. Sherwood, C. Wortham, Wm. G. Farmer, Charles M's, Brooks, Williams & Co. 
 Melville, W. A. Gilman, Crutchfield, J. H. Trotter & Co., Ward, Greyhound, Delano, Humboldt, Alma, Price 
 & Harwood, Goodrow, Doggett, Han's Climax, Martin & Co., Gentry & Royster. For sale on liberal terms by 
 
 C. M. CONNOLLY, 45 Water Street. 
 
 N. B.— Orders from country buyers attended to promptly and faithfully. 
 
 116 
 
THE STATE OF CONNECTICUT. 
 
 had 9 professors, 66 students, and a library of 9,000 volumes. Its alumni counted at the latter date 257, of which 117 had 
 taken holy orders. The Wesleyan University at Middletown was founded in 1S31, anil in 1S50 hud 8 professors, 125 
 students, and a library of 11,123 volumes. Since its commencement it had graduated 327 students, and of these, 126 had 
 gone into the ministry. At Hartford is the Theological Institution of Connecticut, an establishment under the Congrega- 
 tional churches, founded in 1S34. It had, in 1850, 3 instructors, 17 students, and a library of 5,000 volumes. Its alumni 
 counted 151. There are, besides the above, a large number of academies, and other descriptions of private schools, 
 which, for efHciency and cheapness, have few equals. There is also at Hartford the Connecticut Historical Society, which 
 publishes its transactions at stated periods. 
 
 CharitaTjIe IiifitUutiuni:— Connecticut, at an earlier period, and on a more extensive scale than any other of the 
 States, commenced and completed institutions the object of which was the relief of those whom nature or accident had 
 deprived of the use of senses or mental faculties. The principal of these institutions are the Retreat for the Insane, 
 and the American Asylum for the Deaf and Dumb, both at Hartford; and to these may be added the State Prison at 
 Wethersfield, conducted on paternal and correctional, rather than vindictive, principles. The Ketreat for the Insane was 
 opened in 1S24 ; on the Ist April, 1849, it contained 133 patients, and in 1849-50, 135 were admitted, making 268 in all ; and 
 during the same year 125 were discharged, leaving in the Retreat 143. Of the patients discharged 64 were recovered, 24 
 improved, 7 not improved, and 30 died. The whole number of admissions, from the opening oY the institution, had been 
 2,038. The terms of admission are $39 a quarter for patients belcmging to the State, and $45 50 for patients from other 
 States. The American Asylum for the Deaf and Dumb was the first institution of the kind founded in the United States, 
 and has been well endowed by individual. State, and Federal bounties. The number of students for the year ending 1st 
 May, 1850, was 210, and of these 20 were supported by friends, 32 by the State of Maine, 23 by New Hampshire, 19 by 
 Vermont, 75 by Massachusetts, 7 by Rhode Island, 26 by Connecticut, and 8 by South Carolina. The annual cost is 
 $100, but in sickness extra necessaries are charged for; applicants for admission must be between 8 and 25 years of age, 
 of good natural intellect, capable of forming and joining letters legibly and correctly, and of good moral character. 
 
 Periodical Press. — The whole number of periodicals and newspapers published in Connecticut, in 1850, was 51, of 
 which 30 were political, and 21 literary, religious, scientific, etc. Of the political papers, 20 were whig and 10 democratic 
 in their teachings. Of the total, 8 were daily papers, 4 tri-weekly, 83 weekly, and 6 at other periods. The circulation of 
 the daily papers amounted at each aggregate issue to 12,300 copies; of the tri-weeklies, to 1,600 copies; of the weeklies, 
 to 34,810 copies ; and of all others, to 2,400 copies. The best known of the Connecticut periodicals arc — the " American 
 Journal of Science," the "New Englander" (literary), the ''Church Review" (religious), and the "Yale Literary Maga- 
 zine" (literary); all of which are published from the New Haven press. The "Journal of Science" is under the editorial 
 supervision of the celebrated Dr. Silliman, and has long stood at the head of scientific periodicals in America. 
 
 Pauperism ami Crime. — The whole number of paupers supported in the year ending 1st June, 1S50, was 2,337, of 
 which number 1.872 were natives, and 465 foreigners ; and the whole number of paupers receiving support at the date 
 specified was 1,744, viz. : 1,463 natives, 281 foreigners. Cost of supporting paupers in the year $95,624. The number of 
 convicts in the Stale Prison on the 3l8t March, 1850, was 175, of which 163 were males and 12 females. During the year 
 then ending, 61 convicts had been received and 43 discharged. The average number in confinement during the year 
 was about 160. The male prisoners are employed in making cabinet-ware, cutlery, and shoes; and the females in wash- 
 ing, cooking, making and mending clothing, and binding boots and shoes. A small library has been purchased for the 
 use of the prisoners, and it is a duty of the chaplain to give educational as well as religious instruction to the prisoners. 
 The institution is self-supporting, and the receipts for the past year show a balance in favor of the prison. A reform 
 school for juvenile offenders has also been lately established, and is supported by the legislature and individuals con- 
 jointly. 
 
 Historical Sketc1i.—'T\\e territory now constituting the State of Connecticut was granted by the Plymouth Company 
 in 1630 to the Earl of Warwick, and in the following year he assigned his rights to Lord Say and Seal, Lord Brook, and 
 others. Among the assignees were many distinguished Puritans and active friends of liberty. So little was yet known 
 of tlie geography of the country, that the grant was made to extend from the Atlantic Ocean to the South Sea, and it 
 was upon this clause of her charter that Connecticut long afterward founded her claims to lands in Pennsylvania and 
 Ohio. 
 
 About the same date, on the invitation of an Indian chief, Winslow, the governor of Plymouth, visited his tribe on the 
 Connecticut River, and selecled a place near the mouth of the little river in Windsor for the establishment of a trading house. 
 The Dutch at New York, apprised of this project, determined to anticipate them, and immediately dispatched a party, who 
 erected a fort at Hartford. In September, 1633, a company from Plymouth arrived at the place previously selected, and 
 in October raised their first house, fortifying it with palisades. The Dutch, considering them as intruders, attempted to 
 drive them away, but finding them in too strong a force, abandoned the design. In 1635, other parties arriving from 
 Massachusetts, settled at Wethersfield and Windsor, but many of them returned after suffering great hardships. In the 
 same year the assignees above mentioned, desirous of commencing a settlement, sent over as their agent John Winthrop, 
 son of the governor of Massachusetts, with instructions to build a fort at the mouth of the river and commodious houses 
 for the emigrants. Hearing at Boston that the Dutch were preparing to take possession of the same place, he repaired 
 thither immediately, began his fort, and mounted his cannon. A few days after the Dutch arrived, but were not permitted 
 to land. The next spring, the Rev. Thomas Hooker, of Cambridge, the "light of the Western churches," and about in« 
 others, established themselves at Hartford, on lands purchased of the Indians. In 1637 many of the settlemejits were 
 ravaged by the savages, and their inhabitants carried off and slaughtered. 
 
 Hitherto the settlements had acknowledged the authority of Massachusetts. In January, 1639, the freemen having 
 convened at Hartford, adopted a constitution for themselves. At this time the colony consisted only of three towns — 
 Windsor, Hartford, and Wethersfield, each of which was empowered to send four members to the General Court. In 
 the same year George Fenwick, one of the patentees, came over with his family, and settled at the mouth of the river. 
 In honor of Lord Say and Seal and Lord Brook he called the place Say-Brook. Others afterward joined him, and fur 
 several years they were governed by their own magistrates and laws. In 1644, Fenwick, for $7,000 assigned all the 
 rights conferred by the patent of the Plymouth Company to the General Court of Connecticut, and henceafter this set- 
 tlement became a part of the colony. The claim of Plymouth Colony, founded upon their having first made an estab- 
 lishment at Windsor, had been previously purchased. 
 
 In the mean time another colony had been planted within the limits of the Connecticut patent. In 1637 two large ship? 
 arrived at Boston, having on board Mr. Davenport and others. Being possessed of great wealth, the Court of Mass* 
 67 
 
THE STATE OF CONNECTICUT. 
 
 chusetts, desirous of retaining them in the colony, offered them any place they might select for a plantation. Wishing 
 however, to institute a civil and religious community, conforming in all things to their peculiar principles, Ihey removed 
 next year to Quinnipiac, which they called New Haven. Soon after their arrival, at the close of a day of fasting and 
 prayer, they subscribed what they termed a " Plantation Covenant," solemnly binding themselves, '• until otherwise or- 
 dered, to be governed in all things of a civil as well as religious concern, by the rules which the Scriptures held forth to 
 them. They purchased lands of the natives, and laid out their town in squares, designing it for a great and elegant city. 
 In 1639 a more eflBcient constitution was framed, but the same foundation was retained. As new towns sprung up, 
 however, this instrument was modifled, and the institutions and laws became gradually assimilated to those of Con- 
 necticut. 
 
 The Dutch of New York, claiming the territory as far as the Connecticut Elver, involved the colonists in constant and 
 vexatious disputes, and the fear of attack from that quarter was one of the reasons which, in 1643, induced the colonies 
 of New England to form a confederation for their mutual defense. 
 
 The criminal code of Connecticut (commonly known in modern times as the Blue Laws) was completed in the year 
 1642. 
 
 In 1650 a treaty of amity and partition was concluded at Hartford between the English and Dutch, the latter relin- 
 quishing their claims to the territory, exct-pt the lands which they actually occupied. Soon after the two nations were 
 at war, but their American colonies had agreed to remain at peace. Notwithstanding this agreement, the Dutch governor 
 was detected in concerting with the Indians a plot for the total extirpation of the English. Connecticut and New Haven 
 were alarmed. They applied to Massachusetts for aid, but in spite of the confederation that colony refused to take up 
 arms in their defense. Exasperated at such conduct, and fearing the worst from their enemies, they represented their 
 danger to Cromwell and implored his assistance, who, with his usual promptness, sent a fleet for their protection and for 
 the conquest of the Dutch; but peace in Europe saved the Dutch from subjugation and the colonies fi-om dread of 
 massacre. 
 
 On the restoration of Charles II., Connecticut applied for a royal charter, which was granted, and the constitution 
 which the people themselves had adopted was confirmed. The charter comprehended New Haven; but it was not 
 before 1665 that that colony reluctantly assented to the union. 
 
 When Charles II., in 1664, granted the New Netherlands to the Duke of York, regardless of its charter, the territory 
 of Connecticut was included in the same patent, an<l in 1775, Major Andros, the duke's governor, arrived with an armed 
 force at Saybrook to take possession of the fort at that place; but his object was frustrated by the address and opposition 
 of the colonial militia, and he obliged to return to New York. 
 
 According to a report made to the Board of Trade and Plantations in 16S0, it appears that the colony then con- 
 tained 26 towns, that the militia consisted of 2,507 men; that the annual exports amounted to $44,000; that the whole 
 number of trading vessels was 27, and the tonnage 1,050 tons. The population is supposed to have numbered about 
 12,000. 
 
 In 16S6, James II., desirous to annul all the colonial charters, summoned the several colonies to appear and show 
 cause why they should not surrender them. Andros advised Connecticut, to insure the good-will of his majesty, to re- 
 sign her charter voluntarily, but the people estimated too highly its privileges to surrender it until necessity compelled 
 them. Sir Edmond, therefore, repaired with a body of troops to Hartford, where the Assembly was in session, and de- 
 manded it of them. After a prolonged debate until evening, the charter was produced and laid upon the table, a large 
 number of persons being present. Suddenly the candles were extinguished. With counterfeited haste they were again 
 relighted, but the charter could nowhere be found. In the dark it had been privately carried off by a Captain Wads- 
 worth, and concealed in a hollow tree. Sir Edmond, however, assumed the government, and ruled with absolute sway. 
 When James was driven from the throne and the governor deposed, Connecticut resumed her former government 
 The Assembly voted a flattering address to King William, and, in consequence, the suit instituted for annulling the charter 
 was discontinued. But not long afterward they were again called upon to defend their liberties. In 1692 Fletcher 
 was appointed governor of New York, and was authorized to take command of the militia of Connecticut. This power 
 having been given by the charter to the governor of the colony, he determined not to relinquish it. Next year, when 
 the General Court was in session, Kktcher repaired to Hartford, and required that the militia should be placed under 
 his command ; but the same Captain Wadsworth who had preserved the charter, also by his address in this case pre- 
 served the honor of the colony. The governor finding great opposition deemed it unwise to contend against such a 
 people, and returned to New York without effecting his purpose. A representation of the opposing claims being made 
 to the king, he decided that the governor of Connecticut should retain command of the militia, but that in time of war 
 a certain number should be placed under the command of Fletcher. 
 
 In 1700 Yale College was founded at Saybrook. 
 
 Though harassed by repeated attempts upon her civil rights, Connecticut, like the other colonies, was compelled to 
 engage in the contests which the mother country maintained with France. In 1709 great exertions were made to assist 
 an enterprise undertaken for the reduction of Canada. The armament expected from England, however, did not arrive, 
 and the expedition was thus defeated at the oiiLset. In the succeeding year another levy was made, troops were sent 
 out from England, but the attempt failed through the blunders of the English commanders. In 1745 Connecticut con- 
 tributed liberally in men and money to the campaign which resulted in the capture of Louisburg. and in the succeeding 
 war, which terminated in the reduction of Queliec, her exertions were out of proportion to her population and strength. 
 At one time 6,000 Connecticut troops, equipped by the colony, were in actual service, and the expenses incurred between 
 1756-62 amounted to £400,000 sterling more than the Parliament allowed her. 
 
 A short period of repose succeeding, Connecticut participated in the prosperity enjoyed by the colonies in general, 
 and made rapid advances in population and wealth. On the breaking out of the Revolution, Connecticut was one of the 
 most foremost in defense of liberty. Committees of correspondence acted in concert with Massachusetts, and the militia 
 of the colony furnished a considerable force for the relief of Boston. During the war. Connecticut suffered little from 
 the actual presence of the enemy ; a few towns, indeed, were destroyed in 1777 and 1779, but in both cases the invaders 
 were severely handled by the militia. 
 
 Shortly l)efore the conclusion of the war, a dispute which had arisen between Connecticut and Pennsylvania, respect- 
 ing the right to lands lying on the Susquehanna west of New York, was terminated by the decision in favor of Penn- 
 sylvania, made by a board of commi8si(mers appointed by Congress. 
 
 After the peace of 17S3, no event of historical importance occurred in this State for many years, and so liberal was the 
 68 
 
TAYLOR BROTHERS, 
 
 w 
 
 m.: 
 
 76 "WAIiZi STREET, COH. OF PEARIi, NEW ITORK. 
 
 i^»» • 
 
 In addition to our regular business as Bankerb and Money Brokers, we are largely engaged 
 in the buying and selling of 
 
 Parties sending to this market -will find our rates very favorable. 
 
 For the convenience of persons wishing to remit to the Old Country, we issue Siffht Drafts 
 (at $5 per £) in sums from £l upwards, payable at the 
 
 UNION BANK OF LONDON, BELFAST BANKING COMPANY, IRELAND ; 
 
 NATIONAL BANK OF SCOTLAND. 
 These drafts form a most desirable remittance, being good in every part of ENaLAUD, Ireland, 
 Scotland and Wales. 
 
 VAIENTINE MOTI, M.D., 11. D. 
 
 IN THE UNIVERSITY OF NEW YORK, 
 
 24 & 26 BROADWAY, AND 77 & 79 NEW ST., NEW YORK, 
 
 Keep a large assortment of all kinds of Iron, Steel, &c., used by Railroads and Machinists. 
 
 R. T. TRULL, M. D., Proprietor. 
 
 P. H. HAYES, M.D., MRS. L. H. H. ANDERSON, M.D., Associatb Physicians. 
 
 At this Institution all kinds of diseases are treated on strictly Hygienic principles. Especial 
 attention is paid to the management of Female Diseases. The Electro Chemical Baths are 
 employed as efficient adjuvants in the treatment of various Rheumatic, Paralytic, Neuralgic 
 and Nervous Affections. 
 
 School Department. — A department of the establishment is devoted to the education of Wa- 
 ter Cure Physicians and Health Reform Lecturers. 
 
 The year is divided into two terms of six months each, commencing 1st May and 1st Nov. 
 
 ^^^ Dr. T. has competent assistants for general practice in city and country. 
 
 STEARNS & MARVIN'S SALAMANDER SAFES, 
 
 This thoroughly fire-proof article of our manufacture, has been in use throughout the country for thirteen 
 years, and has been severely tested in upwards of two liundred accidental fires, and has invariably maintained 
 its tire-proof qualities. Numerous certificates from all parts of the United States can be seen at the depot; 
 also, tested safes with (he books and papers which have passed through the hottest fires. They are now se- 
 cured by the celebrated PATENT " LA RELLE " LOCK, wtiich is both thief and powder proof, with asmall 
 key, wliich can be carried in the vest pocket. 
 
 They are finished in a superior manner, with or without inside iron vaults, and can be fitted with such inte- 
 rior arrangements as may be desired by the purchaser. 
 
 Our Plate Chests are specially adapted for Private Families, Public Houses, Churches, Lodges and Societies, 
 to preserve Plate, Jewelry and other valuables from burglars. 
 
 We invite the attention of all Merchants, Bankers, Professional Men, Hotel Proprietors, Public Officers, 
 Manufacturers, and others in need of the above, to our extensive stock of Sales. 
 
 STEARNS & IMCARVIir, 
 
 Depots, 40 Murray Street, New York ; 57 Gravier Street, Nevr Orleans. 
 
 THOMPSON & OUDESLUYS, Agents, Baltimore. 
 
[LATE a. & I. COX,] 
 
 No. 349 B PI O -A. 13 "W^ -A. -^T , KI E 'W^ "X-OI^IS:, 
 
 IMPORTERS OF AND DEALERS IN 
 
 FRENCH^ ENGLISH AND AMERICAN 
 
 Rich Mantel Clocks, Candelabras, Bronzes, Porcelain Flower Vases, Parian Marble Figures, 
 Sheffield, Birmingham and American Plated Wares, Table Cutlery, Japannery, &c. 
 Also, Manufacturers of Silver Ware in all its branches, in the first style of the art. 
 
 3F» j«k. X IV "r ^ « 
 
 RAYNOLDS, DEVOE & CO. 
 
 IsTO- 106 -A.3Sr3D 108 FTTLTOZST STI^EEX, 
 
 IMPORTERS AND MANUFACTURERS OF 
 
 Paints, Colors, Yarnishes, Ac. 
 
 Have constantly on hand a perfect assortment of Genuine Goods in their line, free from Adul- 
 teration, -which they offer on the most liberal terms. 
 
 J. M. FAIRCHILD & CO. 
 
 109 H^-A-SSJ^TJ STI?,EET, l^q■E"^7^7■ "^OI^K:. 
 
 Country Mercliants, Teachers and Book Agents supplied with School and Mis- 
 cellaneous Books. Blank Books and Stationery, in large or small quantities, at 
 the lowest prices. 
 
 Orders by mail correctly and promptly executed, with the endeavor to supply 
 every article which the market will afford. 
 
 Catalogues sent to any address, free of postage. 
 
 MEXICAN MUSTANG LINIMENT, 
 
 rOI?, THE CTJIiE or 
 
 Rheumatism, Neuralgia, Files, Caked Breast, Sore Nipples, Spinal Irritations, Burns and Scalds, 
 
 Ulcers, Gout, Stiff Joints, Bruises, Cuts, Chafes, Galls, Spavin, Ring Bone, 
 
 Sweeney, Sores of any kind, Scratches, Hard Lumps or Tumors, and 
 
 all kinds of Pains or Inflammation in men or animals. 
 
 This preparation has become so extensively and so thoroughly known to the public in all 
 
 parts of the Union, that we need scarcely say more than that it gives satisfaction to all who 
 
 use it. Medical men, who have used it in their practice, speak of it lu the highest terms. It 
 
 is used in Hospitals in St. Louis, New Orleans and New York. The Government ot liquador 
 
 have lecently ordered a large supply for the Military Hospitals of that Republic. It is also 
 
 extensively used in California, Oregon, the Sandwich Islands, and most of the West India Is - 
 
 ands, Brazil and the Cape of Good Hope. Its merits sustain it wherever it is tried. Let all 
 
 the sufl'ering try it, and they will never be without it. Principal office, 
 
 343 BROADWAY, NEW YORK, 
 
 G. W. WESTBROOK, Sole Proprietor. 
 
THE STATE OF CONNECTICUT. 
 
 charter the inliahitants had received from Charles II., that it was continued, while most of the other States established 
 new cunstitutions. 
 
 Connecticut ratified the federal constitution on the 9th January, 17S8. In the subsequent division of parties, a great 
 majority of the inhabitants espoused the cause of the federalists, and to this side they adhered with constancy during 
 the whole administrations of tlie first three presidents, the representatives in Congress from Connecticut uniformly op- 
 posing the leading measures of the republican party. The war which was declared against England in 1S12, although 
 commenced upon similar principles to that of the Revolution, was opposed in Congress by her delegates, and received 
 no voluntary support from the people. The hostility of Connecticut to the system of the then dominant party in the 
 general government was displayed in various acts of minor importance, until the meeting of the Convention at Ilartfnrd, 
 in the winter of IS14-1.5. seemed to draw the affairs of the Union in that quarter to a crisis. The real views of the party 
 leaders by whom this assembly was projected have been the subject of controversy. Charity would incline us to the 
 belief that nothing mure than legal opposition was intended and that their projects were attained by its results. After 
 proposing certain alterations in the federal constitution, and remonstrating against the measures of the general govern- 
 ment, the convention adjourned. 
 
 This opposition of the New England governments, however, had the effect of saving them from the horrors of the 
 ■war, and the only attack made on Connecticut was by a British force on Stonington, in August, 1814. On the conclusion 
 of the war the relations of the State with the general government were restored to their former footing, and soon after- 
 ward a revolution took place in its internal politics. The federal party, for the first time since the existence of party 
 distinctions, found itself in a minority, and the offices of the State passed into the hands of their political opponents. 
 
 Another event of importance was the formation of a new constitution in 1S18, the result of recent occurrences, the 
 chief provisions of which are given on a former page. Since this period the progress of the State has been onward and 
 prosperous, and the public spirit of its inhabitants has of late years made a rapid development of its wonderAiI capa- 
 cities for commerce and manufactures. 
 
 Succession of Governors. — Governors of CoNNROTiotrT Colony: John Haynes, 1639 ; Edward Hopkins, 1640 ; John 
 Haynes. 1641; Edward Hopkins, 1642; John Haynes, 164-3; Edward Hopkins, 1644; John Haynes, 1645; Edward Hop- 
 kins, 1646; John Haynes, 164T; Edward Hopkins, 1648; John Haynes, 1649: Edward Hopkins. 1650; John Haynes, 
 1661; Edward Hopkins. 1652; John Haynes, 1653 ; Edward Hopkins, 1654; Thomas Wells, 1655 ; John Webster, 1656 ; 
 John Winthrop. 1657 ; Thomas Wells, 165S ; and John Winthrop, 1659. Governors op New Havbn Colony : Theoph- 
 ilus Eaton, 1639 ; Francis Newman, 1658 ; and William Leet, 1661. Governors of the United Colonies : John 
 Winthrop, 1665; William Leet, 1676; Robert Treat, 16S0; ;SV/' Rlmond Andro.% 1687; Robert Treat, 1689; John Win- 
 throp, 1696 ; Gurdon Saltonstall, 1707 ; Joseph Talcot. 1724 ; Jonathan Law, 1741 ; Roger Wolcott, 1751 ; Thomas Filch, 
 1754; William Pitkin, 1766; Jonathan Trumbull, 1769; and State Governors: Jonathan Trumbull, 1776; Matthew 
 Griswold, 1784 ; Samuel Huntington, 1785 ; Oliver Wolcott, 1796 ; Jonathan Trumbull, 1798 ; John Treadwell, 1S09 ; 
 Roger Griswold, 1811 ; John Cotton Smith, 1813; Oliver Wolcott, 1S17 ; Gideon Tomlinson, 1827; John S. Peters, 1831 ; 
 Henry W. Edwards, 1833; Samuel Augustus Foot, 1834; Henry W. Edwards, 1835; William W. Ellsworth, 1838; 
 Chauncey F. Cleveland, 1842 ; Roger 8. Baldwin, 1844 ; Isaac Toucey, 1846 ; Clark Bissell, 1847 ; Joseph Trumbull^ 
 1849 ; and Thomas H. Seymour, 1850. 
 
 Habtford and New Havbit are alternate capitals of the State. 
 
 89 
 
THE STATE OF DELA¥ARE. 
 
 Delaware, next to Rhode Island, the smallest State of the Union, and, in point of population, much inferior to that 
 Slate, lies between 38° 28' and 89° 47' latitudes N., and between 74° 56' and 75° 46' longitudes W. of Greenwich, or 
 1° 22' and 2° 06' E. of Washington. It is bounded on the N. by Pennsylvania (from which the arc of a circle drawn with 
 a radius of 12 miles from Newcastle as a centre, divides it), on the K. by Delaware Bay and the Atlantic Ocean, and on 
 the S. and W. by Maryland, occupying the north-eastern portion of the peninsula between the bays Chesapeake and 
 Delaware. The N. and W. and S. boundaries were originally determined by Mason and Dixon, under whose name the 
 lines are still known. The lengUi of the State N. and 8. is about 92 miles, and its width varies from 36 miles in the S. 
 to less than 10 in the N., the area being 2,120 square miles. 
 
 Nearly the whole of Delaware lies on the Atlantic plain. The northern part, however, to Christiana creek, belongs to 
 the primary tract, and is hilly and somewhat rugged; but there are no hills exceeding 500 feet in height above the 
 ocean. South of the creek above named, the surface is an almost perfect level, the general slope being toward the 
 Delaware and the ocean. In the south-west the direction of the slope is toward Chesapeake Bay. A table-land, or low 
 Bandy ridge, nowhere more than 60 or 70 feet in height, near its western boundary, passes through the State, and forms 
 the watershed of the peninsula. This table-land abounds with swan)ps. in which most of the rivers and streams have 
 their sources, some flowing west into the Chesapeake, and others east into the Delaware. At the southern extremity 
 of the State is the Cypress Swamp, a morass 12 miles in length and 6 miles in width, including an area of 50,000 acres 
 of land, the whole of which is a high and level basin, very wet, though undoubtedly the highest land between the sea 
 and the bay. This swamp contains a great variety of trees and plants, and is infested by wild animals and reptiles. In 
 the northern parts of the Stale, along the Delaware Kiver and Bay, and for 8 or 10 miles inland, the soils are generally 
 rich clays, in which the most useful agricultural staples can be easily reared ; from thence to the swamps the soil is light 
 and sandy, and of an inferior quality; and the central and southern parts have also a sandy soil, which gradually 
 becomes more unproductive as the south is approached. Bog-iron ore is found in the swampy tracts in the Houth, and 
 has long been used for economical purposes; shell marl, highly valuable in agriculture, occurs, aud in the north is found 
 kaolin or porcelain clay, which has supplied the Philadelphia Works with that valuable earth. 
 
 The climate of the Slate is getierally mild, and highly favorable to agricultural pursuits. The northern portion has a 
 salubrious atmosphere, but where the land is swampy, endemic sicknesses prevail to a considerable extent. The natural 
 productions are similar to those of the middle region of the Atlantic States. Some large timber grows in the north, 
 and throughout the State, in localities, woods of various kinds are found, and much has been exported at different 
 periods. 
 
 All the rivers of Delaware are small, generally rising within the State, and flowing into the Delaware ; the Brandywine, 
 however, comes in from Pennsylvania, and the head waters of the Choptank and Nanlicoke, which pass into Maryland, 
 are within its limits. The streams are generally wide in proportion to their length, and navigable by small craft several 
 miles from their mouths. The Brandywine (Brandewyne or Brandy liiver of the Dutch) is, in the upper part of its 
 course, a valuable mill stream, but at Wilmington it receives Christiana creek, and becomes navigable for large ships. 
 Small vessels also go up the latler branch to Christiana Bridge. The Appoquinnimink Eiver, Duck Creek, Jones' Creek, 
 Mother or Murder Kill, Mispilion or Mospihon Creek, Broad Kill, Indian Creek, etc., are the other principal streams. 
 
 The eastern shore is washed by Delaware Bay ; in all its length it has no good harbors, but generally presents long 
 sandy beaches to the waves. To remedy this inconvenience, the General Government has constructed the Delaware 
 Breakwater, opposite the village of Lewestown, and above Cape Ilenlopen ; it consists of two piers, one of which is 
 designed to form a shelter from the fury of the waves, which roll in here with great violence, and the other to afford 
 protection from the masses of floating ice brought down by the ebb tide. The breakwater proper is 2,743 feet long at the 
 bottom, or 2,080 feet above high water, 75 feet wide at low water mark, and raised 15 feet above low, or 3 feet above high 
 water mark. The ice-breaker is 1,710 feet in length at bottom, and 1,378 at top, of the same breadth as the breakwater, 
 but only 9 feet in height. The whole work has cost nearly $3,000,000. Uehoboth Bay, and the estuary called Indian 
 liiver, are the only arms of the sea exten<ling inland; these, about 9 miles south of Cape Ilenlopen, are spacious but 
 shallow basins, not admitting vessels of more than 6 feet draft. Cape False is the headland forming the south side of 
 their common inlet from the ocean. 
 
 Delaware is divided into three counties and twenty-flve hundreds. The general statistics of the counties and the 
 capitals of each in 1850 were as follows : 
 
 ropnlation. 
 
 Cduntiea. Area in No. of No. of , ' > No. of Manuf. Capitals, 
 
 Aires. Hundreds. Dwell. Wliites. Free C.il. Slaves. Total. Farms. Estab. 
 
 Kent 392,660.... 6.... 8,873 .... 16,119 .... 6,350.... 347 .... 22,816 .... 1,655 .... 121 .... Dovee 
 
 Newcastle... 271,490.... 9.... 7,098 .... 34,822 ... . 7,563.... 894 .... 42,784 .... 1,662 .... 281 .. i ^'''™"S'oii 
 
 ( Newcastle 
 Sussex 636,100 .... 10 ... . 4,319 .... 20,348 .... 4,039 .... 1,548 .... 25,985 .... 2,746 .... Ill ... . Georgetown 
 
 Total 1,800,250 .... 25 ... . 15,290 .... 71,289 .... 17,957 .... 2,289 .... 91,535 .... 6,063 .... 513 
 
 The whole number of dwellings in the State was, at the above date, 15,290, of families 15,439, and of inhabitants 
 91,535, viz. : whites 71,2S9— males 85,771, and females 85,518 ; fr. col. 17,957— males 8,9»9, and females 8,963 ; »1. 2,38D. 
 TO 
 
 ~~~rT"77" "- • ' " '' ■■ "" ' -" ' 
 
SIO B I^ O -A. ID -W .A. ^2- , IST E "^AT "2" O li 12: . 
 
 School Books, Homoeopathic Books and Cases, Popular Works on Science and Art, Historical 
 
 and Miscellaneous Books. 
 
 JAMES D. SPARKMAN. JAMES L. TROSLOW. 
 
 IMPORTERS AND MANUFACTURERS OP 
 
 9 
 Also, Manufacturers of Whiting, Paris White, &c. 
 
 ATTENDS ALSO TO THE PROSECUTION OP OTHER CLAIMS AGAINST GOVERNMENT, 
 
 No. 65 Chatham, opposite Chambers Street, New York. 
 
 Xj^A.Krr> "i;Ar.A.i?.R„A.3srTS botjokct -a^ostid solid. 
 
 F. ^v\r. L ^ s A. T & so:n^. 
 
 [EST-A.BXjISIiEr> 1S23-] 
 
 RUSSIAN, AMERICAN AND HUDSON'S BAY GO'S 
 
 'F^ XJ H. 
 
 A full and complete assortment of manufactured Furs and Skins, of every description, on 
 hand and to order. All goods warranted as represented. 
 
 Late of 19 John Street. 520 Broadway, opposite St Nicholas Hotel. 
 
 LIGHTE, NEWTON & BRADBURY'S 
 
 PIANO - FORTE ' MANUFACTORY, 
 
 421 Broome Street, a few doors from Broadway, New York. 
 
 The subscribers invite attention to their Piano- Fortes constructed with the Patent Jirch Wrest Plank, the 
 greatest improvement ever introduced into this popular instrument. We invite our friends and patrons, and all 
 wi-ihing a superior instrument, to call and examine our stock and elegant warerooms, No. 421 liROOME St. 
 
 Our lacilities for manufacturing are now such that we shall be able, more readily than heretofore, to supply 
 the increasing demand for our unrivaled instruments. We are manufacturing tuenii/ Piano Fortes per week, 
 which is more than any other firm is doing in this city; and for our unprecedented success, and the flatterinff 
 testimonials which we are constantly in receipt of, from the most eminent musical talent in the country, as to 
 the superiority of our instruments, and the awarding of the First Premium hy the juries of the World's Fair and 
 the Fair of the American Institute, in 1853, we are encouraged to renewed exertions, not only to maintain the 
 reputation already acquired, but by adding improvement to improvement, to bring the general character of the 
 Piano Forte to a degree of perfection co-equal with the advance of musicil taste and science. 
 
 The richness and purity of tone of our Pianos, combined as they are with unprecedented power and strength, 
 render them peculiarly adapted, not only for the parlor, but for the use of Public Schools, Seminaries and Musi- 
 cal koeieties. We have already supplied about one hundred Public Schools and Seminaries, which have given 
 the highest satisfaction. Very many of our most renowned musicians have, from time to time, examined and 
 testified to the superiority of ourPianos, and recommended them to their friends; among whom are Lowell Ma- 
 son and Thomas Hastings, of world-wide celebrity ; H. C. Timm, President Philharmonic Society, New York ; 
 Theodore Eisfeid, Conductor of Philharmonic Society, New York, and Member of the Crystal Palace and Fair 
 of the Ametican institute Jury on Musical Instruments, for 1853 and 1854 ; George J. Webb and Nathan Rich- 
 ardson, Boston; William Mason, Geo. F. Bristow, Geo. H. Curtis, Geo. F. Root, Jurors in the Fair of tlie Amer- 
 ican Institute, 1853 ; J. Leati, U. C. Hill, F. H. Nash, Edward Howe, Jr., &c. 
 
 1^^ All orders punctually attended to. 
 
 "^ 115 
 
WM. J. BKEBE. 
 
 149 Sc 151 FI^OnSTT STPIEET, ISTE^"?^ -STOPIK:. 
 
 X\rilNr 13 31. 3E3 dfe CJ O - 
 
 geahrs anir |(mprttrs of SHfer ^lattir Solnrt, Cutltrj, 
 
 Tea Trays, Planisliod Tin Ware, Ship and Steamer's Cabin Outfitting, Bathing Apparatus, &c 
 56 MAIDEN LANE, AND 25 AND 27 LIBERTY STREET, 
 
 ALEX. Mckenzie, 
 
 341 Fourth St., between Broadway and Lafayette Place, 
 
 Keeps constantly on hand a large assortment of Pumps, Hydranlic Rams, "Water Closets, 
 Bathing Tubs, and all kinds of Plumbers' Materials. 
 Good and experienced workmen sent to all parts of the country at the same rate of wages 
 as charged in the city. Particular attention paid to the fitting up of country residences. 
 
 W. j7^YMS^& BROTHER, 
 
 (late DLUNT &. STJIS,) 
 
 Importers of English and German Guns of every quality and Gun Materials of every description, for manufac- 
 turers and sportsmen. Manufacturers of Shot Guns, Ritles, Kitie and Shot Guns, Rfvolving and Single 
 Barreled Pistols, of great variety, supplied in large quantities, and Gun Locks and Double Triggers. 
 Muskets, Carbines and Military Equipments, always on hand. Wholesale dealers are invited to examine, 
 
 ORiaiNA^L ^m:eric^n avoiiks, 
 
 SUITABLE FOR PUBLIC AND PRIVATE LIBRARIES, PUBLISHED BY 
 
 CHARLES SCRIBNEH, 
 
 377 AND 379 BROADWAY, NE'W YORK. 
 
 Any of these Books will be sent by mail, post-paid, for the price remitted to the Publisher : 
 
 Washington and his Generals, by J. T. Head 
 ley; 2 vols., 12mo., $2.50 
 
 Napoleon and his Marshals, by J. T. Headley; 
 
 2 vols., 12ino., $2.50. 
 Headley's (J. T.) complete works, 15 vols., 
 
 $1-8.00. 
 Reveries op a Bachelor, by Ik Marvel ; 1 vol. 
 
 12mo., $1.25. 
 Dream Life, by Ik Marvel; 1 vol., 12mo., 
 
 $1.25. 
 Marvel's (Ik) complete works, 8 vols., $9,50. 
 Pencilings by the Way, by N. P. Willis; 1 
 
 vol., $1.25. 
 
 Willis's (N. P.) complete works, 11 vols., 
 $13. V5. 
 
 Cyclopedia of American Literature, a com- 
 plete history of our Literature from the ear- 
 liest period to the present day — being the 
 lives (with portraits) of all our authors, se- 
 lections from their writings, an history of 
 all our Colleges, Public Libraries, &c. &c., 
 with 500 engravings, by E. A. & G. L. 
 Duyckinck ; 2 vols., royal octavo, $7.00. 
 
 Homes for the People ; or, the Villa, the Man- 
 sion and the Cottage; by G. Wheeler, 1 vol., 
 12mo., 100 engravings, $1.50. 
 
 A descriptive Catalogue of ray Publications will be sent to any address on api)lication. 
 A liberal discount made to Booksellers, Agents, Clergymen, and to any one ordering a num- 
 ber of Books. Special discount made to Libraries. 
 
THE STATE OF DELAWARE. 
 
 Of the whole population there were, deaf and dumli—-vi\\. 54, fr. col. 2 — total 56 ; Uind — wli. 27, fr. col. 19— total 46 • 
 insane — wh. 57, fr. col. t3— total 70 ; and idiotic — wh. 78, fr. col. 19, si. 4— total 101. The number of free persons b rn 
 in the United States was 83,968, the number of foreign birth 5,211, and of birth iinlinown 63; the native population 
 oripnated as follows— Maine 24, N. Hamp. 31. Verm. 12, Mass. 113, K. I. 204, Conn. 50, N. Y. 21S, N. ,Ter. 1,186, Penn. 
 5.067, Delaware 72,351, Md. 4.360, Dist. of Col. 28, Virg. 139, N. Car. 18, S. Car. 13, Ga. 14, Flor. 4, Ala. 4, Miss. 6, La. 4, 
 Tex. 1, Ark. 0, Tenn. 4, Ky. 16, Ohio 54, Mich. 12, Ind. 19, 111. 5, Mo. 8, Wise. 1, Territories 2 ; and i\\(; foreign population 
 was composed of persons from— England 952, Ireland 3,513, Scotland 155, Wales 17, Germany 243, France 73, Spain 1, 
 Portugal 0, Belgium 1, Holland 5, Turkey 0, Italy 0, Austria 0, Switzerland 22. Russia 1, Denmark 1, Norway 0, Sweden 
 2, Prussia 23, Africa 10, British America 21, Mexico 8, South America 3, West Indies 25, and other countries 25. 
 
 The following table will show the decennial progress of the population since the first census of the State taken by the 
 United States authorities : 
 
 Colored Persons, Decennial Incre.lse. 
 
 Census White t * , Total * * ^ 
 
 years. Persons. Free. Slave. Total. Pop. Kumerical. Percent. 
 
 1790 46.310 3,899 8,887 12,786 59.096 — — 
 
 ) ) 13,852 head | 
 
 {■ 14,421 head -J .^g^ „ j- incr. 222 head, or 1.54 per cent 
 
 1800 49,852 8.268 6,153 14,421 64,273 5,177 8.7 
 
 1810 55,361 13,136 4.177 17.313 72,674 8,401 13.0 
 
 1820 55.282 12,958 4,509 17,467 72,749 75 0.1 
 
 1830 57,601 15,855 3,292 19,147 76.748 3,999 5.5 
 
 1840 58,561 16,919 2.605 19,524 78,085 1,337 l.T 
 
 1850 71,289 17,957 2,289 20,246 91,585 18,450 17.2 
 
 Agriculture is the principal occupation of the people; but in the north, where there is abundance of water-power, 
 manufactures have long been in existence, and are in a very flourishing condition. Commerce and trade are also com- 
 paratively extensive, and the whale fisheries have been prosecuted with success from Wilmington. The statistics of the 
 industry, wealth, and institutions of Delaware, according to the returns of the census of 1S50, and other official docu- 
 ments referring to the same period, are as follows : 
 
 Occupied Lands, etc. — Farm lands, improved 580,862 acres, and unimproved 375,282 acres — valued togethe-r at 
 $18,880,031. Whole number of farms under cultivation 6,00.3. Value of farming implements and machinery $510,279. 
 
 Zice-iS'toci-.— Horses, 13,852 ; asses and mules, 791 ; milch cows, 19,248 ; working oxen, 9,797 ; other cattle, 24,166 ; 
 sheep, 27,503 ; and swine, 56,261. The returns of 1840 compared with those of 1850 establish the following results: 
 
 Live-stock. 1840. 1850. 
 
 Horses I . , ,„. , , ) 13,852 head. 
 
 Asses and Mules . 
 
 Milch Cows I I 19,248 " \ 
 
 Working Oxen [• 53,883 " -j 9,797 " .Adeer, 672 « or 1.24 » 
 
 Other Cattle ' ( 24,166 •' ) 
 
 Sheep 39,247 " 27,503 " (fecn 12,744 " or 32.49 " 
 
 Swine 74,223 " 56,261 " deor.17,%7 " or 24.20 " 
 
 — the value of all live-stock in the State on the 1st June, 1S50, amounted to $1,849,281. 
 
 Products of Animals. — Wool, 57,768 pounds ; butter, 1,055,308 pounds ; and cheese, 8,187 pounds. The wool crop 
 represented in the census of 1840 was 64,404 pounds, and hence the decrease in 1850 amounted to 6,636 pounds, or 10.31 
 per centum. The clip per fleece in 1840 was 26.3 ounces, and in 1850, 36.6 ounces— increase, 7.3 ounces or 27.7 per 
 centum. The value of animals slaughtered in the year ending 1st June, 1850, was $373,665. 
 
 Grain Crops. — Wheat, 482,511 bushels; rye, 8,066 bushels; Indian corn, 3,145,542 bushels; oats, 604,513 bushels; 
 barley, 56 bushels ; and buckwheat, 8,615 bushels. The crops of 1840 and 1850 compare as follows : 
 
 C.-ops. 1840. 18.50. Movement. 
 
 Wheat 315,165 bushels 482,511 bushels incr. 167.846 bushels, or 53.09 per cent. 
 
 Kye 38.546 " 8,066 " deer. 25,480 " or 75.97 " 
 
 Indian com 2,099,359 " 3,145,542 " wcr. 1,046,183 " or 49.83 " 
 
 Oats 927,405 " 604,518 " deer. 322.887 " or 34.81 " 
 
 Barley 5.260 " 56 " deer. 5.204 " or 98.93 " 
 
 Buckwheat 11,299 " 8,615 « ...:.. ....dear. 2,634 " or 23.75 " 
 
 Other Food Crops. — Peas and beans, 4,120 bushels ; and potatoes-r-Irish, 240,542 bushels, and sweet, 65.443 bushels. 
 The potato crop of 1840 amounted to 200,712 bushels, being less than that of 1850, 105,273 bushels, or 52.44 per centum. 
 
 Miscellaneous Crops. — Hay, 80,159 tons ; clover-seed, 2,525 bushels ; other grass-seed, 1,403 bushels ; hops, 348 pounds ; 
 flax, 11,174 pounds ; flax-seed, 904 bushels ; moliisses, 50 gallons ; beeswax and honey, 41,248 pounds ; wine, 145 gallons, 
 etc. Value of orchard products $46,574, and of market-garden products $12,714. The crops of 1840 and 1850 were as 
 follows : 
 
 Crops. 1840. IWO. Movement. 
 
 Hay 22,483 tons 80,159 tons .... incr. 7,676 tons or 34.14 per cent 
 
 Hops 746 pounds 348 pounds deer. 493 pounds, or 66.75 " 
 
 Hemp I 52iton3 \ . ~ *"°^ . \deer.U,S26 " or 89.41 " 
 
 Flax..; ) « 11,174 pounds ;...) 
 
 Wine 322 gallons 145 gallons deer. 177 gallons, or 54.93 " 
 
 The census of 1840 enumerates the following products— tobacco, 272 pounds ; cotton, 384 pounds, and silk cocoons, 
 1,458} pounds. No returns of the like products are noted in the census of 1850. With regard to hemp and flax, the 
 remarks of the superintendent appended to the details of the miscellaneous crops of Virginia will also apply to 
 Delaware. 
 
 Home-made Manufact/ures were produced in the census year 1850, to the value of $38,121. The same description of 
 manufactures returned in 1840 were valued at $62,116. 
 
 Manvfaetures.—ToiaX capital invested in manufactures on Ist of June. 1850, $2,978,945; total value of raw material, 
 
 Tl 
 
THE STATE OF DELA^VARE. 
 
 fncl, etc., consumed during the year then emting, $2,S64,60T; number of hands employed -males and 
 
 females average monthly cost of iHbor $ —male $ and female $ annunl value of products 
 
 $4,649,296. "Whole niim'jer of manufiicturing establishments producing to the annual vahie of ,$500 and upward, and 
 in operation at date 513, of which 12 were cotton factories, 8 wo<ileu fac-tories, 15 iron works (13 making castings and 2 
 ■wrought iron), 16 tanneries, etc. The total manufacturing capital returned in 1840 amounted to $1,589,215. 
 
 Capital invested in the cotton manufactures, $400,100 ; raw material, etc., consumed — cotton 4,730 bales, and coal 1,920 
 tons, together valued at $31'2.068; number of hands employed 838 — 413 males, and 425 females; average monthly cost 
 of labor $11.362— male $6,326, and female $4,926; products of the year— sheeting, etc., 3,521,636 y.irds, and yam 5;i3,(i00 
 pounds, valued togelher at $538,439. The statistics of this manufacture in 1840 was — factories, 11 ; capital, $330,500 ; 
 hands. 5C0 ; value of products, $332,272. 
 
 Capital invested in the u-oolen manufacture, $148,500; consumption of material, etc.— wool 893,000 pounds, and coal 
 45 Ions, valued at $204,172 ; average number of hands employed 140 — males 122, and femjiles IS ; monthly cost of labor 
 
 12.605 male $2,293, and female $312 ; dolh manulactured 152,000 yards, valued at $251,010. In 184ii there were in the 
 
 State 3 fulling mills and 2 woolen factories, employing a capital of $107,000, and 83 hands, and producing to the annual 
 value of $104,1100. 
 
 The iron manufacture of Delaware embraces only two of the great branches — no pig iron being made in the State. 
 In the manufacture of "castings" a capital of $373,500 is employed ; 4,440 tons of pig iron and 4.967 tons mineral coal 
 consumed ; value of raw material, fuel, etc., $153,S52 ; hands employed 250, at average monthly wages equal to .$23 36 
 per hiind; castings made 3,630 tons; value of other products $55,000 ; value of entire products $207,462. The capital 
 employed in making " wrought iron" amounts to $15.000 ; consumption of raw material — pig iron 510 tons, blooms 60 
 tons, coke and charcoal 228.000 bushels, in all valued at $19,500 ; hands employed 50, at monthly wages averagmg $24 19 
 per hand ; wrought iron produced 5.")0 tons, valued at $55,000. In 1S40, 2 furnaces produced 17 tons cast iron, and 5 
 bloomeries, forges, and rolling mills produced 449 tons bar iron— fuel consumed 971 tons; hands 28; capital $36,200. 
 
 Capital invested in tanneries, $99,350; value of raw hides and skins used, .$99,620 ; hands employed 108, at a monthly 
 cost of $2,533 ; sides of leather tanned 62,100, and skins tanned 12,950, together valued at $163,742. In 1840 there were 
 18 tanneries, employing 66 hands, and a capital of $89,300; annual products — 20,648 sides of sole leather and 22,075 
 sides of upper leather. 
 
 The manufactures otherwise than the above are extensive, and embrace machinery, railroad carriages, etc. Delaware 
 also produces flour to a large extent, the mills on the Brandywine and other streams being among the most noted of the 
 Union. 
 
 Commerce, Kavigation, etc. — Delaware has a very inconsiderable direct foreign commerce; but indirectly, through 
 the neighboring ports, its export and import trade is commensurate with its productive powers. For the year ending 
 30th June, 1S50, no returns of this branch of industry are made in the Treasury Reports. The following table exhibits 
 the value of the foreign commerce of the Slate for a series of years, commencing with 1791 : 
 
 Years. Exports. 
 
 1791 $119,879 , 
 
 1792 133,972 
 
 1793 93 559 
 
 1794 207,9^5 , 
 
 1795 158.041 , 
 
 1796 201,142 
 
 1797 98,929 , 
 
 1798 183,727 , 
 
 1799 297.065 
 
 1800 418.695 
 
 1801 662.042 
 
 1802 440.5114 
 
 1803 428.153 
 
 1804 697,396 
 
 1805 858.3S3 
 
 1806 500,106 
 
 1807 229.275 
 
 1808 108,7.35 
 
 1809 133,036 , 
 
 1810 120,342 
 
 Imports. 
 
 Years. Exports, Imports. 
 
 1811 $88,632 $ 
 
 1812 29,744 
 
 1813 133,432 
 
 1814 14.914 
 
 1815 105,102 
 
 1816 56,217 
 
 1817 44,854 
 
 1818 81.525 
 
 1819 29 828 
 
 1820 89,493 
 
 1821 85,445 80,997 
 
 1822 168.492 216.909 
 
 1823 53.837 60,124 
 
 1824 18,964 12,080 
 
 18-25 31,656 18.693 
 
 1826 
 
 1827 
 1828 
 1829 
 1830 
 
 35,195 10,009 
 
 9,406 6,993 
 
 29,396 15,260 
 
 7,195 24,179 
 
 52,258 26,574 
 
 Years, Exports. Imports. 
 
 1831 $34.514 $21.6.56 
 
 1832 16,242 23.6.53 
 
 1833 45 911 9,048 
 
 1834 51,945 1*5.493 
 
 1835 88,826 10,611 
 
 1836 74,981 107,063 
 
 1837 40,333 66.841 
 
 18.38 86,8J4 1348 
 
 1889 8,680 none 
 
 1840 37.001 802 
 
 1841 38.585 3.276 
 
 1842 5.3.655 S,53T 
 
 1843 93,6^2 4.6'55 
 
 1844 .... 126.177 8,003 
 
 1845 1.38,195 2.274 
 
 1S46 146.222 11.215 
 
 184T 235,459 12,722 
 
 1848 83.053 490 
 
 1849 38,229 1,400 
 
 1850 none none 
 
 The statistics of the shipping tonnage owned in the State at the end of the official year 1850, are exhibited in the fol- 
 lowing returns : 
 
 ■Wilmington 681 
 
 Newcastle — 
 
 Temporary, 
 . . . 971 . . . 
 
 jrmanenl. 
 
 7,289 . . 
 7,124 . . 
 
 Temporary, (unjer 20 tons). 
 
 . . . 207 318 ... . 
 
 ... — 185 .... 
 
 Total. 
 
 681 
 
 971 
 
 14,413 207 448 16,720 
 
 Of the enrolled and licensed shipping, 2,774 tons were navigated by steam-power — 1,429 tons belonc tig to "Wilmington 
 and 1,.345 to Newcastle. Vessels built at Wilmington in the official year— 12 schooners, 8 sloops ana canal boats, and 
 1 steamer — total, 16 vessels, of an aggregate burden of 1,849 tons. 
 
 Internal Communication. — Except in the north, where the State is crossed by a canal and two railroads, the lines of 
 travel are over ordinary turnpike and M'Adam roads. The Chesapeake and Delaware Canal is an important work, 
 connecting those bays by a channel navig.ible for sea-going vessels; it extends from Delaware City, 40 miles below 
 Philadelphia, to Back Creek, a n.ivigable branch of KIk River, in Maryland, 13J miles, and is 6G feet wide at the top and 
 10 feet deep, and it has two tide and two lift locks. The deep cut in this canal is 4 miles in length, through a hill 90 feet 
 73 
 
THADDEUS DAVIDS & CO. 
 
 MANUFACTURERS OF 
 
 SEALING WAX, WAFERS, MUCILAGE, &c. 
 
 THADDEUS DAVIDS 
 B. POMEKOT, JU 
 
 IN ALL THEIR VARIETIES FOR THE TRADE ONLY 
 
 
 r MANUFACTORY ES- 
 \ TABLISHED 1825. 
 
 Will remove Feb'y 1, 1857, to 137 and 129 William, between Jolin and Fulton Sts. 
 
 AVasliingtou Block. 
 
 Having been practical manufacturers of the above articles since 1825, our atten- 
 tion has been sedulously directed to the production of goods of the greatest possible 
 excellence, consequently our articles have borne the highest reputation of any in 
 the country, and we have acquired such a degree of experience in their manufac- 
 ture, that we are enabled to offer to the trade 
 
 
 T 
 
 Superior to any in the market, either of home or foreign manufacture. We con- 
 fidently claim for our Inks superiority to all others yet made, in the most important 
 particulars, viz : Fluidity, Legibility and Permanence for all time. We beg leave 
 to state there is no especial secret in the manufacturing of good 
 
 :]bjlm.a.c:} 
 
 inxri^. 
 
 Our process is well known to Chemists ; it involves an absolute necessity of using 
 the best materials and a knowledge of preparing the same, without which, no ink 
 yet made and tested by time, can be permanent, even for a life time. 
 
 A manuscript, written in 1836 by the Mechanics' Institute, with ours and two 
 other well known and popular inks, expressly to test their relative degrees of per- 
 manence, has been constantly exposed in a frame in our office, (part of the time 
 without a glass.) and, as it appears now, our Ink is darker than when first written; 
 the others are much faded. A further exposure of twenty or thirty years will 
 probably show our Ink distinct and legible, while the others will be entirely oblit- 
 erated. 
 
 We further ask the attention of Merchants, Banks, State and County Record 
 Offices, and all who require an Ink that shall be legible for future generations, to 
 an examination of Dr. Chilton's recent severe test of the permanency of ours in 
 connection with several other prominent Inks, engraved fac-similes of which can 
 be seen at our office. 
 
 THADDEUS DAVIDS & CO. 
 
 May 1, 1856. 
 
 N. B. — The First Premiums (15 silver medals and 29 diplomas) have been 
 awarded to us by the various Fairs held in this country during the last thirty years. 
 
sa&sjK mm^, ]i>Mm Awn mAmmmiia 
 
 FRANCIS & LOUTRELL, 
 
 I^o. 'Z'Z 3VI «. X ca. o XX XjA.xxe, ISTG-ypvr TTox-liC. 
 
 Merchants, Banks, Bankers, Insurance, Railroad and Express Companies, Factories, Steamers 
 and others supplied at the lowest price with all articles in our line. 
 Our Factory and Frinling Office being in complete order, enable us to execute with prompt- 
 ness all orders for Account Books, Engraving, Lithographic or Type Printing. Diaries and 
 Dailj' Journals published annually. Croton Ink, best Black Writing Ink, Expense Books, 
 Hotel Registers, Time Books, Notes, Drafts and every variety of Fancy and Staple Stationery, 
 Writing Paper, Envelopes, &c. 
 
 Copy your letters by the use of Francis' Manifold Letter Writer. The letter is written and 
 copied at the same time. Prices from $1 to $5. 
 
 FRANCIS & LOTJTRILL, Stationers, Printers and Eook Binders, 
 
 77 Itlaitlen Lane, New York. 
 
 JOHN ▲. COBBETT. 
 
 ANDW. JOHNSTON. 
 
 Iron, Stnl, Petals m)i glanufiuturtrs' ^fiiAiitgs, 
 
 S5 CLIFF STTtEET, nSTEVir "STOIiK:. 
 
 Pig Bar nnd Sheet Iron, Cast and Spring Steel, Copper, Speller, Tin, Lead, Antimony, Solders, Babbitt 
 Metal's, VVroualit and Cast Iron Tubing, Lead Pipe, Fire Brick, Leather and Rubber Belting, Crucibles, Foun- 
 dry Facings, &c. 
 
 THE SOVEREIGN REMEDY FOR 
 
 GRAY HAIR, BALDNESS AND DISEASED SCALP, 
 
 C. F. HASKELL. ss 3sr.A.ss.A.xj ST., nsTEAAT- -^o:r:£z. 
 
 PiTTsriELD, November 6, 1855. 
 
 Mr. Haskei.l — Sir : I am desirous of obtaining some of your " Restittdor " for my own use and for sale by 
 us. Please send us two dozen by express, and we will forward the amount by return mail. 
 
 We have seen a remarkable case of restoration — a man of 60 years, whose head was bald and white as snow — 
 by the use of a few (two or three) botUes. Has now a handsome head of auburn hair, long and fine, the bald 
 spot entirely covered. Rcspectiully, 
 
 Reference— Clxfliu, Mfllen & Co. MOREY &. HAND. 
 
 New York, September 11, 1855. 
 Mr. C. P. Haskell — Sir: We have used your " Coloris Capilli ReStitutor" ourselves, and witnessed its 
 effects when it has been used by others, and take pleasure in saying that we know of no other article for resto- 
 ring llie original color and producing a new growth of hair like it. We prefer ii to any otlier article for the toilet. 
 ALriERT WELLS, Gramercy Park Hotel, S. B. OLMSTKAD, 11 Warren Street, 
 
 SAMUEL BAILEY, Howard Hotel, B. F. FORD, 74 Pine Street. 
 
 BALLARD'S 
 HAIR D'TE 
 
 NE-W AND IMPROVED EDITION. 
 
 CHEAPEST & BEST IN THE WORLD. 
 
 Warranted not only to color the Hair a beau- 
 tiful brown or blnck the moment applied in 
 all kinds of weather, but to correct the bad 
 coloring produced by other dyes. 
 
 BALLARD'S 
 
 §tmm pair 6rokr, 
 
 Will positively prevent the Hair from fall- 
 ing off in less than 48 hours, and preserve 
 it in a healthy and luxuriant growth through 
 -_ —.life. Trial Bottles 25 cts., pint bottles $1. 
 HAIR DYE Office and store 
 
 BALLARD'S 
 
 Received the Premium at the World's Fair. 
 
 PRINCIPAL DEPOT, 500 BROADWAY. 
 
 498 az 500 BIiO^A-3DW-A.-3r, 
 
 NEW YORK. 
 138 
 
THE STAtIj of DELAWARE. 
 
 high. The work was completed in 1829, at a cost of $2,250,000. A very considerable portion of its cost was furnished 
 by the General Government in donations of laud. The work bears a similar relation to the commerce of the country 
 with the Delaware and Itarilan Canal, and makes up a part of the same system of internal water navigation. It is also 
 the channel of a large trade between Chesapeake Bay and Philadelphia and New V<irk. The Newcastle and French- 
 town U. E. extends also across the peninsula, between the Delaware and the Chesapeake, 1(5^ miles, and, in conneclion 
 with steamboats at each terminus, forms a convenient line of transi)<>rtalion between Philadelphia and Baltimore. This 
 road, however, is at present of less importance than formerly, as it originally formed p:\rt of the route of travel East and 
 West, which has nnw been superseded by the more northerly linr. The Philadelphia, Wilmington, and Baltimore 
 R. E. crosses Delaware farther north, and is the nearest laud line between those cities, and the usual route taken by trav- 
 elers between the Northern and Southern States. A railroad also unites Wilmington and Newcastle. These are all 
 the compleled works of internal improvements within the State, but there are others projected and in progress, the object 
 of which is principally to form a direct line from New York to Norfolk, in Virginia, and incidentally to afford accom- 
 modation to the agriculturalists of the southern sections. A ship canal is also projected across the neck of the peninsula, 
 and will be immediately placed under construction. 
 
 Banks^ etc. — On the 1st day of January, 1851, there were in Delaware six banks and three branch banks. The 
 aggregate condition of these at that date was as follows : liahiliUes—cai>\lal. $1,293,185 ; circulation, $833,960 ; deposits, 
 $592,705; other liabilities, $170,873 ; and fl.s««?.s— loans and discounts. $2,284,813 ; stocks, $52,983 ; real estate, $117,941 ; 
 other investments, $2,000 ; other assets, $281,145; specie funds, $51,022, and specie, $159,778. 
 
 Ooveniment. — The present constitution of Delaware gives the right of voting to all free white male citizens 21 years 
 old, and who have resided in the State one year, and in the county in which they offer to vote one month next before an 
 election. 
 
 The Legislature, styled the General Assembly, consists of a Senate and House of Eepresentatives. Senators, three from 
 each county, must be at least 27 years old, possessed of 200 acres of freehold land in the county, or of an estate therein 
 worth $1,000, citizens and inhabitants of the State for three years, and for the last year of the county, and must be 
 chosen in counties for the term of four years. Eepresentatives must be at least 24 years old, and have the same qualifi- 
 cations as senators, except as regards the property qualifications, and must be chosen for two years. The Legislature 
 meets at Dover on the first Monday in January, biennially. 
 
 The Governor (elected for four years by a plurality of votes) must be at least 80 years old, a citizen of the State for 
 twelve years next before the first meeting of the Legislature after his election, and an inhabitant for the last six years. 
 The President of thj Senate, the Speaker of the Eepresentatives, and the Secretary of State are successively alternates 
 to fill the office shonld it become vacant by death or disability of the Governor; but in case the office be filled by the 
 Secretary of State, the General Assembly, at lis next session, chooses a Governor ad interim. If the Governor elect die, 
 decline, etc., ihe Governor in office continues until a new election is had. The Secretary of State is appointed by the 
 Governor. The general elections are held on the second Tuesday of November. 
 
 The Judiciary consists of a Superior Court, Court of Chancery, Orphans' Court, etc. There are five judges in the 
 State, one of whom is Chancellor and President of the Orphans' Court, and of the other four, one is Chief Justice of the 
 State, and three associate justices, one resident in each county. The Chief Justice and two of the associates form the 
 Superior Court and Court of General Session, and all the judges, except the Chancellor, form the Court of Oyer and 
 Terminer. The Court of Errors and Appeals is composed of three or more of the judges. The Orphans' Court consists 
 of the Chancellor and the associate judge of the county. Judges are appointed and hold office during good behavior. 
 The Eegister's Court is held by the Ecgister, with appeal to the Superior Court, and all proceedings are in writing. 
 
 The Constitution provides that no act of incorporation shall be passed without a two-third vote, unless it be the renewal 
 of an existing incorporation ; and all acts are to contain a power of revocation by the Legislature. No act hereafter 
 passed shall be in force longer than twenty years without a re-enactment of the Legislature. No person belonging to the 
 military, naval, or marine service of the United States can gain such a residence as will entitle him to vote by being 
 stationed at any military or naval post in the State. 
 
 Finances, etc. — The government of Delaware is one of the least expensive in the Union. In 1850 the whole income 
 amounted to only $31,863 S3, and the expenditure to a sum $5,071 41 less than the income. The sources -of income 
 were— bank tax, $3,963 61 ; railroad tax, $2.5ii0 ; interest on loans, $6,147 62 ; bank dividends, $15,305 ; retailers' licenses, 
 etc., $4,352 SO; fines, etc.. $549 81, and sundries, $45 49. The expenditures were— executive, $3,383 38; legislature, 
 $2,010 97 ; judiciary, $5,500 ; school fund, $15,947 62, and balance, $5,071 41. The resources of the State are amply 
 sufficient to meet all expenses of the government without recourse to personal or property tax. The invested capital of 
 the State (including school moneys) amounts to $414,725 S3, and the permanent annual income is as follows: dividends 
 and interest on loans, $20,052 64; taxes on corporations, $5,725; retailers' and tavern licenses, $4,852 80; fines aud 
 forfeitures, .$549 81, and sundries, $1,073 75. The State is free from debt of any description. 
 
 Federal Representation.— XieXavi&xe, In accordance with the act of Congress 23d May, 1850, is entitled to one repre- 
 sentative in the national Legislature. 
 
 Educational Statistics. — The number of free schools in the State in 1850 was 209, and of scholars attending them 
 13,2SS, divided as follows: Newcastle County, 72 schools and 4,969 scholars; Kent County, 55 schools and 3,876 scholars, 
 and Sussex County, 82 schools and 4.443 scholars. The total amount paid for tuition was $38,461 70, viz. : in Newcastle, 
 $17,293 72 ; in Kent, $10,964 72, and in Sussex, $10,203 20 ; and there was a sum charged for contingencies amounting 
 to $5,747 68, making the annual cost, $44,209 38. The sources whence these moneys were derived are stated thus — from 
 School Fund, $27,5u7 33, and from contribution and tax, $17,089 56. Besides these there are between 84 and 40 
 academies and grammar schools in the State. Delaware College, at Newark, was founded in 18-33, and in 1850 had a 
 president, 5 professors, and 30 students ; its alumni at that period numbered 78, of which 42 were in the ministry, and 
 ita library contained 7.000 volumes. St. Mary's College, at Wilmington, is under the sway of the Eoman Catholics, and 
 is, perhaps, the best literary institution of the State ; in 1850 it had a president and 3 professors, and 107 students. 
 
 Periodical Press. — The whole number of newspapers published in Delaware in 1850 was 11, and of these 2 were 
 issued Iri-weekly, 1 semi-weekly, and 8 weekly (of the weekly, however, 8 are editions of the tri-weeklies and the semi- 
 weekly newspapers). The total circulation of each edition of the tri-weeklies was 1,900, of the semi-weekly 1,000, and 
 of the weeklies 4,600 copies— in the aggregate equal to 12,800 copies weekly, or 639.600 copies annually. 
 
 Public Libraries. — One Slate library — 4,000 volumes; 1 social — 4,000 volumes; 1 college — 2,500 volumes; 2 students' 
 6,200 volumes. Total 5 libraries, and 16,700 volumes. — Repoii of Librarian Sinit/i^onian Institution, 1S51. 
 
 73 
 
THE STATE OF DELAWARE. 
 
 HeligioiM Dentrmin(iti(i}ui.—T\vi statistics of the several religious denominations of the State according to the census 
 of 1850, exhibit the following figures: 
 
 De.i.m-.ina- No .if 
 
 Chur.h 
 
 Value of 
 
 Denomina- No. o 
 
 f Church 
 
 \'alue of 
 
 tions Churches 
 
 mo<.in. 
 
 Properlj-. 
 
 l.oua. Church. 
 
 8. acconi. 
 
 Properly. 
 
 Baptist 12 . 
 
 2,975 . 
 
 . $16,800 
 
 German Ref. . . — 
 
 .. — . 
 
 . $- 
 
 Christian — . 
 
 — . 
 
 — 
 
 Jewish — 
 
 .. — . 
 
 
 
 Congregational.. — . 
 
 — . 
 
 — 
 
 Luthf ran — 
 
 .. — . 
 
 — 
 
 Dutch Iteformed. — . 
 
 — . 
 
 — 
 
 Mennonite — 
 
 .. — . 
 
 — 
 
 Episcopal 21 . 
 
 7,650 . 
 
 . 78,900 
 
 Methodist 106 
 
 .29,301 . 
 
 . 127,845 
 
 Free — . 
 
 — . 
 
 — 
 
 Moravian — 
 
 .. — . 
 
 — 
 
 Friends 9 . . 
 
 3,636 . 
 
 24,900 
 
 Presbyterian 26 
 
 .10,100 . 
 
 . 75,500 
 
 Denomina- No. of Church 
 
 tioriB. Churches, accom. 
 
 Roman Catholic. 3.. 1,630. 
 
 Swedenborgian. — .. — , 
 
 Tuiiker — .. — 
 
 Union 1 .. 200 , 
 
 Unitarian — . . — . 
 
 Universalist — . . — . 
 
 Minor Sects 2 .. 250 . 
 
 Value of 
 Property 
 
 . $15,000 
 
 1,000 
 
 400 
 
 — making a total of 180 churches, with accommodation for 55.741 persons, and valued as property at $340,345. 
 Delaware constitutes a Protestant Episcopal Diocese of the same name, and is included in the Roman Catholic Dioceso 
 of Philadelphia. 
 
 Paupei-Um and Cfime. — Whole number of paupers who received support within the year ending 1st June, 1850, 697— 
 569 natives, and 12S foreigners; and of these 273 — 240 natives and 33 foreigner.'*, were on the lists at that date. Cost of 
 support during the year .$17,730. For the year ending May, 1848, the whole number of convicts was 47, of which 16— 
 6 whiles and 10 blacks, were convicted of felonies, and 31 — 27 whites and 4 blacks, of misdemeanors. Convictions in 
 Newcastle County 21, in Kent 13. and in Sussex 13; and in addition to those of Newcastle County, 2 blacks were 
 convicted o' felony, and 6 blacks and 2 whites of misdemeanors at the Mayor's Court of the city of Wilmington. These 
 added would make the total in the Slate 6 whites and 12 blacks convicted of felonies, and 33 whites and 6 blacks of 
 misdemeanors. 
 
 Historical Sketch. — Lord De la War, Governor of Virginia, appears to have been the first to enter the bay which 
 thence took his name. This was in 1610. The Dutch, from whom the names of its capes are derived, frequented it 
 soon after, and had a post at Hcerenkill, but the precise date of their arrival is uncertain. The bay was by them called 
 Nieuw Port May, or Gcedyn's Bay, and Uie River Zuyd Rivler, or South River. The Swedish W. I. Company, chartered 
 in 1G35 by O.xenstiern, sent out in 1037 a ship with a body of colonists under Peter Menewe or Minuils. In the following 
 year Minuits seated himself on the Maniques, now Brandywine River, and there built Fort Christina. The Dutch, 
 however, had never relinquished their claim in this region, and in 1651 they built Fort Casslmir on the site of New- 
 castle. The subsequent settlements of the Swedes were mostly within the present limits of Pennsylvania, where New 
 Gottenburg (Nya-Goetheborg), the capital of New Sweden (Nya-Sveriga), was founded on the island of Tinicum. In 
 1655 a small force from New Amsterdam reduced the Swedish settlements, which were incorporated with New Nether- 
 lands, and with that colony taken possession of by the English in 1664. The settlements on the Delaware, although this 
 region fell within the chartered limits of Maryland, were attached to the province of New York until 1681, when they were 
 purchased of the Duke of York by William Penn, who annexed them to Pennsylvania under the name of the Territories, 
 or the Three Ij>xcer Comities on tlie Delaware. They continued subordinate to that province, though with a distinct 
 legislature, from 1701 until 1776, when Delaware declared itself an independent State, and a constitution was framed by 
 the inhabitants thereof. By this constitution the executive power was vested in a President and Privy Coimcil, elected 
 by the Legislature. In 1792 a new constitution was framed, which was modified in 1802, in 1831, and in 1838; and it is 
 now again proposed to alter the fundamental law. The principal provisions of the present constitution are given else- 
 where. Delaware has hitherto been one of the least progressive of the American States, but within the last decade its 
 population, material wealth, and general interests have been developed in a very respectable ratio. 
 
 ;Si(ccftss/on o/(?orcrno/'s.—GovEitNORS OF New Sweden: Peter Menewe or Minuits, 1637; Peter Tlolloendare, 1640 ; 
 John Printz, 1642 ; John Papegoia, 1652; and John Claudii Rising, 1654:— //wft 1655 «o 1776 /><?^rtMiare tea-* wnrfer i/i« 
 Governors of the New Net/ierlandx, New York, and Pennsylvania: — Presidents of the Council: John M'Kenley, 
 1777; Ca?sar Rodney, 1778; John Dickinson, 1782; John Cooke (acting), 1783; Nicholas Vandyke. 1783; Thomas 
 Collins, 1786; John Davis (acting), 1789; Joshua Clayton, 1789; and— Constithtional Governors: Joshua Clayton, 
 1793; Gunning Bedford. 1796; Daniel Rogers (acting), 1797; Richard Bassett, 1798; James Sykes (acting). 1801; David 
 Hall, 1802; Nathaniel Mitchell, 1805; George Truett, 1808; Joseph Haslett, 1811 ; Daniel Rodney, 1814; John Clarke, 
 1817; Jacob Stout (acting), 1820; John Collins, 1821; Caleb Rodney (acting), 1S22 ; Joseph Haslett, 1823; Samuel Paynter, 
 1824; Charles Polk, 1827; David Hazzanl, 1830: Caleb P. Bennett. 1833; Cornelius P. Comegys, 1837; William B. 
 Cooper, 1840 ; Thomas Stockton (died 2d March, 1846), 1844 ; Joseph MauU (acting— died in office), 1846 ; William Temple 
 (acting), 1846; William Sharp, 1S46; William H. Boss, 1851. 
 
 Dover is the political capital of the State. 
 74 
 
WM. G. BOARDilAN. 
 
 JAMES A. GRAY. 
 
 SIBERIA OTT. 
 
 BOARDMAN, GRAY & CO. 
 
 DOLCE CAMPANA ATTACHMENT AND COKRUGATED SOUNDING BOARD 
 
 '/^^f^ -^^^ ^^r^ '^^^' "^^^-i 
 
 ALBANY, N. Y. 
 
 JOHN M. DAVIES, JONES & CO. 
 
 iliFOBTERS MB JOiiEiS OF 
 
 ENGLISH & GERMAN HOSIERY, 
 
 
 ALSO, SOLE MANUFACTURERS OF 
 
 A NEW AND SUPERIOR CUT OF DRAWERS 
 
 WINCHESTEE'S PATENT SHOULDER SEAM 
 
 FINDINGS AND MATERIALS. 
 
 Axles, Wheels, Boxes, Chairs, 
 Spikes, Bolts, Nuts, Washers, 
 Coacli or Lag Screws, Cast- 
 ings, Steel Springs, Rubber do , \ 
 Wood Screws, Jack do.. Pott ^\ '^ 
 able Forges, Babbitt Metal, 
 Rubber Packing, Hemp do , 
 Engine Bells, Signal do.. Steam J^'^lf 
 Whistles, Screw Wrenche's, ~--^" 
 Gauge Cocks, Oil Caps, Boiler 
 Felt, Plushes, Head Linings, rc 
 Curled Hair, Cotton Duck, 
 
 Cotton Waste, Car Glass, Car 
 Niils, Gilt Mouldings, Carved 
 do.. Ventilators and Rings, 
 Malleable Seat Arms, Hat 
 Hooks, Seat do., Sash Fasts, 
 bash Lifters, Blind Springs, 
 Door Locks and Knobs, Bell 
 Cord and Fixtures, Paints and 
 Oils, Varnishes, Glue, Loco- 
 motive Lamps, Car Lamps, 
 Hind Lanterns, Car Candle- 
 sticks. 
 
 BRIDGES & BROTHER, 
 
 ^ 
 
 I 
 
 w 
 
 Warehouse 64 Cortlandt St., New York. 
 
TIFFANY & Q 
 
 [LATE TIFFANY, YOUNG &. ELLIS,] 
 
 If 
 
 
 Beg to invite the visits of citizens and strangers to an inspection of their Stock, 
 believed to be the largest in this country, of 
 
 J^ 
 
 W^ w' ^m 
 
 AND OTHER PHBCIOUS STONES, 
 
 w {7>2/i 
 
 '^ 
 
 SILVER AHD PLATED WAEE. 
 
 Of Frodsham's, Cooper's, Jurgensen's and Patrick Phil- 
 ippe & Go's Make. 
 
 mwm. mwm^^ wmM mm^^ m. 
 
 A VERY GREAT VARIETY OF FANCY ARTICLES OF ART AND LUXURY. 
 
 Our facilities through our House in Paris, TIFFANY, REED & CO., Rue 
 Richelieu No. 79, assures our ability to procure every desirable novelty quite as 
 soon as others and at as moderate prices. 
 
 Every article is marked in plain figures the lowest price at which it will be sold. 
 
 An inspection of their stock incurs no obligation to purchase. Equal attention 
 will be shown visiters, whether their calls are for business or pleasure. 
 
 133 
 
^ 
 
THE STATE OF FLORIDA 
 
 Floeeda, the most southerly of the Atlantic States, consists of a long, narrow strip on the northern shore of the Gulf 
 of Mexico, extending from the Atlantic coast to the Eiver Perdido, and of a vast peninsula, 320 miles in length, and 
 about 150 miles broad, separating the Gulf of Mexico from the Atlantic Ocean. It lies generally between latitudes 25° 
 and 31^ north, and between longitudes 80° and 87° 45' west from Greenwich, or 2° 58' and 10° 43' west from Washing- 
 ton, and comprises within its limits an area estimated at 53,786 square miles. 
 
 The southern portion of Florida, from about 28° N. latitude, is an extensive marsh, which, during the rainy season, 
 between June and October, eflectually prevents an overland passage from one shore to the other. North of this tract to 
 Georgia, the surface of the country is generally a dead level, but in some parts it is undulating, and even presents some 
 eminences worthy the name of hills. The face of the country, west of the neck of the peninsula, is somewhat more 
 uneven, but it contains no considerable elevations. 
 
 The Great Southern Marsh contains numerous tracts of pine land, prairies, and hummocks, and the more northerly 
 part of the peninsula consists chiefly of fine forests, interspersed with hummocks, prairies, and marshes. The soil is gen- 
 erally sandy, except in the hummocks, in which it is clay, mixed with sand. These hummocks are scattered throughout 
 the country, and vary in extent from a few acres to thousands, but forming in the aggregate only a small portion of the 
 whole surface. They are covered with a growth of red, live, and water oak, dog-wood, magnolia and pine, and afford, 
 when cleared, excellent arable land. The prairies, or savannahs, as they are here called, are sometimes pretty extensive, 
 stretching for several miles in length and breadth, and forming natural pastures. The barrens are overgrown with pine 
 forests, with little underwood, and though the soil is generally indifferent, it is sometimes productive. The swamps or 
 morasses, which form so conspicuous a feature in the country, are either formed by the inundations of the rivers, which, 
 overflowing the high-wooded ridge that forms their banks, cover the lowlands in the rear with water, or they are pro- 
 duced by the drainage of the surrounding country ; the latter, or pine-barren swamps, are overgrown with pine, cypress, 
 and cypress knees; and the former, or river swamps, are covered with a heavy growth of various timber. 
 
 The rivers of Florida are numerous, and they afford valuable navigable channels. The St. John's rises in the Great 
 Southern Marsh, and reaches the ocean after a northerly course of nearly 300 miles, in lat. 30° 20' north; for nearly 100 
 miles from its mouth it forms a wide, sluggish sheet of water, more resembling a lagoon than a river, and it is navigable 
 to Lake George, a little higher up, for vessels drawing 8 feet of water. Indian River is a long lagoon, having much the 
 same character, and communicating with the ocean by Indian Eiver Outlet. Charlotte and Amaxura are the principal 
 rivers on the western side of the peninsula, the whole of which, south of the St. John's and Suwanee, contains only small 
 streams. The Suwanee is formed by the junction of the Withlacoochee and Little St. John's from Georgia, and reaches 
 the Gulf at Vacasasa Bay ; its bar has only 6 feet water at high tide. The Ocklockonee also rises in Georgia, and flows 
 into Appalachicola Bay. The Appalachicola, formed on the frontier of Florida by the junction of the Chattahoochee and 
 Flint rivers, falls into the bay of the same name, after a course of 75 miles, and is navigable for steamboats throughout 
 its whole length. The Choctawatchee, rising in Alabama, flows into the bay of its name, and the Escambia into Pensacola 
 Bay. The St. Mary's forms in part the northern boundary, and is a flne navigable stream. 
 
 Florida has a sea-coast of more than 1,000 miles in length, but so much of it is rendered inaccessible by soundings, that 
 it has few good harbors. West of Cape San Bias the shore is bold, but east of that point it begins to shallow. From 
 Appalachee Bay to Tampa Bay the whole coast sends off shallow banks, and from Wacasasa Bay to the Amaxura there 
 are but six or seven feet of water six miles from shore; to the south of Carlos Bay the shores are bolder. On the eastern 
 side there is no harbor south of San Augustine, and scarcely an inlet breaks the coast ft-om that point to Cape Florida. 
 
 South from the mainland, a chain of small rocky islands, named cai/os or keys, extends to the westward, ending in a 
 cluster of rocks and saud-banks, called the Tortugas, or Dry Tortugas. South of the bank upon which these keys rise, 
 and separated from them by a navigable channel, is a long, narrow coral reef, known as the Florida Eeef. The most 
 important of these keys is Key West, a nautical corruption or free translation of Cayo Uueso (Bone Key), also called 
 Thompson's Island. Long the haunt of smugglers and pirates, it is now a naval station of the first importance, and the 
 seat of bands of wreckers, whose business is to assist vessels in distress ; and a special court is here established to adjust 
 salvages. The marine disasters occurring in this vicinity are frequent ; the number of vessels which put into the port 
 of Key West in distress, in 1850, and which had been ashore on the reef, was thirty, valued with their cargoes at $929,000, 
 and on these the salvage and charges amounted to $200,860. This key is about six miles in length by two in breadth, with 
 a large, well-sheltered, and commodious harbor, which admits the largest vessels. The salt ponds, on the key, hare of late 
 years yielded considerable quantities of salt, and are very valuable to those engaged in the manufacture. The Tortugas 
 derive their name from the immense number of turtles that visit them and the adjacent keys and mainland for the 
 purpose of depositing their eggs. The turtles here are of several kinds, and form an article of considerable trafiSc. 
 
 The whole of the peninsula is of diluvial formation. The substratum of the eastern part is clay mixed ^/ith sand, but 
 that of the western is a kind of rotten limestone, which in many places is undermined by subterranean streams, forming 
 numerous cavities in the ground, called " sinks." These sinks are inverted conical hollows, varying m size from a few 
 yards to several acres, at the bottom of which running water often appears. The central district is the most productive ; 
 but even of this district a large j»ortion is composed of poor pine-barrens, yet in the midst of these are found gentle 
 eminences of fertile land, supporting a vigorous growth of oaks and hickories, while numerous rivulets of pure water flow 
 through the country, or expand Into beautiful lakes. Farther west the land is more generally poor. Thus it appears 
 that but a comparatively small portion of Florida can be said to be available for cultivation, yet the warmth and humidity 
 of the cUmate compensate in a great measure for the stubborn nature of the soil, and give it a vegetation of great variety 
 
 aud luxuriance. 
 
 75 
 
THE STATE OF FLORIDA. 
 
 The productions, natural and agricultural, of Florida, are chiefly those which require a tropical 8un to mature their 
 fruits. It is not, however, merely in tropical products that Florida possesses advantages over every other State of the 
 Union: It is now established beyond a doubt that the Sea Jdand, or long staple cottt)n (the production of which was 
 formerly conllned to a few small islands in South Carolina and Georgia) will grow luxuriantly even in the very centre of the 
 peninsula. A fine quality of this staple has also been produced on the Buwanec, and in the very centre of the Alachua, as 
 well as on the eastern coast. This important fact is no doubt attributable to the almost insular position of the State. The 
 soils are also adapted to the successful cultivation of the colTee plant, also cocoa, the sugar-cane, cottons generally, Cuba 
 and other tobaccoes, rice, indigo, arrow-root. Sisal hemp. New Zealand flax, etc., and the climate is suitable for the 
 cochineal insect and silk-wonn ; corn, potatoes, turnips, and, in short, most of the vegetables known to the North or 
 South, flnd in one or otiier locality congenial soils. The fruits produced are too numerous to recount, and of the most 
 delicate descriptions: oranges, lemons, limes, pine-apples, olives, grapes, etc., flourish luxuriantly, and if properly 
 attended to, would soon become valuable export staples. As matters stand at the present time, indeed, Florida supplies 
 much of the tropical fruit found in the markets of our northern cities. It has every delicacy of vegetable culture, and at 
 all seasons of the year ; beets, onions, egg-plants, carrots, lettuce, celery, cauliflowers, etc., are produced with the most 
 indifferent culture; and water-melons, cantclopcs, pumpkins, cucumbers, and every thing that grows upon vines are 
 in abundance and in great perfection. Tlie driest seasons are relieved by heavy dews, and the sun that would bake the 
 earth in other States, and wither the vegetation, is here so tempered by tlio prevailing moisture as to force the develop- 
 ment of vegetable life to the utmost, and envelop the earth in perennial verdure. 
 
 The climate of Florida has been spoken of, and justly, as one of llic fluest ; and, aside from the miasms that arise from 
 theswamps, as ono of the most salubrious in the world. In the south the temperature scarcely changes the year round, 
 and summer is only distinguished by the copiousness of its sliowcrs. No more delightful residence for invalids can be 
 found than Key West, where the dilTerence of tlio mean temperature of summer and winter is not more than 11° Fahr. 
 And what is said of Key West will equally apply to other portions of Southern Florida : Miami, on Key Biscayne Bay, 
 has a climate at once placid and constant, and presents to the Invalid of the North a desirable retreat from the rude 
 blasts peculiar to that region ; and were suitable accommodations prepared for their reception at the points indicated, num- 
 bers of those who now annually go to Cuba and the other AVest India Islands, wouUl bo induced to stop short on their 
 voyage, and try the advantages of so delightful a home climate. The average mean temperature of the State generally is 
 about 70°, and in no place does the difference between summer and winter exceed 25°. The mean average quantity of 
 rain during the year is 83 inches. 
 
 The grassy prairies of this country afford excellent pasturage, and have long been feeding grounds of the southern 
 grazier ; immense herds of cattle are constantly roaming over these, requiring no care from their owners, nor housing on 
 account of the colds of winter ; and in most parts of the State hogs thrive well and fatten without any other support than 
 that which they derive from the abundant roots and mast of the country. And there is certainly no portion of tlie United 
 States where game and fish arc so abundant as in Florida. The fact that a largo body of Indians supported themselves 
 well for the space of seven years, while hunted themselves by an army of 6,000 men, is some evidence in proof of this 
 assertion. It was common before the war for a good hunter to kill seven or eight deer of a day, and multitudes of these 
 animals were slaughtered merely for their skins. The country abounds also in wild turkeys, partridges, geese, ducks, 
 curlews, and various other species of smaller game. The whole coast is productive of the finest flsh, an<i the oysters 
 especially are of excellent flavor. Sheep-head, grouper, red-lish, mullet, green turtle, etc., are to bo found in inexhaustible 
 abundance at almost every point, both on the eastern and western coasts; and the numerous lakes, rivers, and creeks 
 of the interior teem with fresh-water flsh, and tlio most delicious species of soa-shcUcd turUe, etc. On many parts of the 
 coast sponges are found, and in this product the trade is constantly increasing. 
 
 Florida oontjiins 2S counties, the general statistics of which, and the capitals of each in 1S50, were as follows : 
 
 Counties. Dwell. Pop. 
 
 Alachua 274 ... 2,524 
 
 Benton 113 ... 920 . 
 
 Calhoun 165 ... 1,377 
 
 Columbia 596 
 
 Dade 23 , 
 
 Duval 451 , 
 
 cult. 
 
 lOscambia 
 Franklin 
 Gadsden , 
 Hamilton 
 Hillsboro' 
 
 Holmes 267 
 
 Jackson 560 
 
 Jefferson 620 
 
 563 , 
 201 , 
 684 , 
 801 , 
 258 
 
 . 4,808 . . 
 159 . . 
 
 4,530 .. 
 
 4,351 .. 
 
 1,561 .. 
 
 8,7S8 .. 
 
 2,469 . . 
 . 2,877 . . 
 , 1,644 .. 
 . 6,039 .. 
 , 7,718 .. 
 
 . 238 
 . 82 
 . 08 
 . 475 
 . 6 
 . 167 
 . 34 
 . 
 . 482 . . 
 . 205 . . 
 . 120 .. 
 . 108 
 . 287 
 . 377 
 
 Manuf. 
 Kstab. 
 
 .. .. 
 
 .. .. 
 
 .. 1 .. 
 
 . 2 .. 
 
 . 5 .. 
 
 . 9 .. 
 
 . .. 
 
 . .. 
 
 . 0.. 
 
 9 .. 
 
 .. .. 
 
 .. .. 
 
 . 7 .. 
 
 Capitals, 
 
 Counties. 
 
 Dwell 
 
 . Newnanville 
 
 Leon 
 
 737 
 
 . Melendez 
 
 Levy .... 
 
 64 
 
 . St. Joseph 
 
 Madison . . 
 
 498 
 
 . Alligator 
 
 Marion . . 
 
 894 
 
 . Miami 
 
 Monroe . . 
 
 420 
 
 . J.acksonviUe 
 
 Nassau ... 
 
 188 
 
 . Pensacola 
 
 Orange . . . 
 
 55 
 
 . Appalachicola 
 
 Putnam . . 
 
 .103 
 
 . Quincy 
 
 St. John 
 
 821 
 
 . Jasper 
 
 St. Lucie . 
 
 22 
 
 . Tampa 
 
 Santa Kosa 
 
 526 
 
 . Ccrro Gordo 
 
 Wakulla . 
 
 227 
 
 . Mariana 
 
 Walton . . 
 
 185 
 
 . Monticello 
 
 Wash'gtor 
 
 273 
 
 Pop. 
 11,442 . . 
 405 . . 
 . 5,490 .. 
 , 8,338 .. 
 , 2,643 . . 
 
 2,104.. 
 . 466 . . 
 . 6S7 .. 
 , 2,525 .. 
 . 139.. 
 . 2,883 . . 
 , 1,955 . . 
 . 1,879 .. 
 , 1,950 . . 
 
 Farms 
 in cult. 
 . 356 . . 
 . .. 
 . 262 . . 
 . 829 . 
 . 6 . 
 . 137 . 
 . 19 . 
 . 20 . 
 . 34 ., 
 . . 
 . 91 ., 
 . 100 . , 
 . 161 . , 
 . 155 . 
 
 Capitals. 
 
 . Tallaiiassbk 
 . Wakasasa 
 
 , . Madison 
 
 . . Ocola 
 
 . . Key West 
 
 . . Nassau C. II. 
 
 . . Mellonville 
 
 . . IMlatka 
 
 . . Sau Augustine 
 
 . Milton 
 . Newport 
 . Uchee Anna 
 4 . . . Holmes Valley 
 
 15 . 
 
 . 
 , 4 . 
 . 
 
 11 
 . 11 
 . 
 . 
 
 7 
 . . 
 , 28 .. 
 , 5 .. 
 
 .. 
 
 The whole number of dwellings in the St.ito was, at the above date, 9,022, of families 9.107, and of inhabitants 87,401, 
 viz. : whites, 47,167— males, 25,674, and females, 21,493 ; free colored, 925— males, 420, and females, 505, and slaves, 80,309. 
 Of the whole population, tho following classes and numbers of persons were blind, deaf and dumb, insane or idiotic: 
 deaf and dumh—wh. 12, fr. col. 0, si. 10— total 22; blind— \s\\. 12, fr. col. 2, si. 12— totJil 26; inmne—yi\\. 6, fr. col. 0, 
 si. 2— total 8 ; idioUo—yi\\. 29, fr. col. 1, si. 7— total 37. The number of free persons born in the United Slates, was 
 45,820; of those born in foreign countries, 2,757; and of those whose country was unknown, 58 : ne native population 
 originated from— Maine 140, N, Hamp. 61, Verm. 55, Mass. 235, K. I. 66, Conn. 179, N.York 614, N. Jer. 83, I'enn. 
 240, Del. 9, Md. 194, Dist. of Col. 33, Virg. 64.3, N. Car, 3,537, S. Car. 4,470, Geo. 11,316, Florida 20,563, Ala. 2,310, Miss. 
 92, La. 140, Tex. 8, Ark. 5, Tenn. 112. Ky. 87, Oh. 53, Mich. 7, Ind. 14, 111. 8, Mo, 7, la. 0, Wise. 3, Calif. 0, .ind the Terri- 
 tories ; and the ,forei\in population was composed of natives of— England 300, Ireland 878, Scotland 182, Wales 11, 
 Germany 807, France 67, Spain 70, Portug.il 17, Belgium 4, Holland 8. Italy 40, Austria 8, Switzerland 7, Kussia 2, Nor- 
 way 17, Sweden 23, Dennnirk 21, Prussia 17 Asia 3, AtJ-ica 28, British America 97, Mexico 5, South America 8 West 
 Indies 599, other countries 37. 
 76 
 
CJ o r^ isr :e3 
 
 Nos.29, 31 and 33 BEEKMAN STREET, NEW YORK. 
 
 TO I>I?-IlSrXEIiS JitJlSTlD I>TJB3LISHEI*S. 
 
 The undersigned beg to inform tlie Trade that they have issued their new quarto Specimen Book of Printing 
 Types, Bordering, &c., and tiiat it is now ready for delivery to their old patrons, and to all who patronize their 
 Foundry. In it will he found a new series of Faces, from Pearl to Pica, surpassing, if possible, their celebrated 
 Series of Scotch Cut Faces. The Fancy Type Department exhibits an unsurpassable variety of beautiful styles, 
 selected from France, Germany and England. The Scripts and Borderings are now for the first time presented 
 to the printing public, and are the productions of the best American and European artists. An entire new se- 
 ries of German Faces, both for Newspapers and Job Printing, of a very superior style, is now completed and 
 ready for sale. Every article necessary to a perfect Printing Establishment furnished to order. The metal 
 from which the Type is made will be found peculiarly adapted to the severe usage of Machme Press Printing. 
 
 They beg to return thanks for past favors, and to solicit a continuance. Their well known liberal manner of 
 doing business, for Die past thirty years, is a guarantee to new patrons of their disposition and ability not to 
 allow themselves to be surpassed for fair dealing, whether orders are by letter or otherwise. 
 
 JAMES CONNER & SONS. 
 
 IVISON & PHINNEY, 
 
 ilBlttlK AM FHlHIi 
 
 No. 321 BROAD-WAY, NEW YORK, 
 
 OF THE AMEPiICAN EDUCATIONAL SERIES OF SCHOOL AND COLLEGE TEXT BOOKS. 
 
 ^^ A full Descriptive Catalogue of our School and other Publications sent, 
 postpaid, on application to us. 
 
 i¥i¥ii¥7¥ii¥i¥i7¥ii¥¥iil 
 
 NO CONNECTION WITH ANY OTHER HOUSE. 
 Brushes of all kinds at Wholesale and Betail, cheaper than at any other House in the V. States 
 
 [ESTABLISHED 1825.] 
 
 DAVID McMURRAY, Jr. 
 
 ^roprirfor of i\t %mtmm Bitm §ni$f] Panufecteing Ca. 
 
 -WAREHOUSE 252 FEARI. STREET, NEVT YORK. 
 
 Always on hand a large assortment of my Patent Wire Bound Paint Brushes and Tampico 
 Scrubbing Brushes. Factory 205 Eiver Street, Troy, JH. Y. Letters directed to the Factory or 
 Warehouse ■will meet with prompt attention. 
 
 SHELDON, BLAKEMAN & CO. 
 
 PUBLISHERS, BOOKSELLERS & STATIONERS, 
 
 S., B. & Co. are the Publishers of the celebrated NORMAL SCHOOL SERIES OF TEXT BOOKS, con- 
 sisting of some of the most important and thoroughly tested School Books now in use, viz : 
 
 A SERIES OF SCHOOL ARITHMETICS, by Prof. 
 J. F. Stoddard, A. M., Principal of the Univer- 
 sity of Pennsylvania. 
 
 A SERIES OF SCHOOL READERS, by J. Russell 
 Webb 
 
 HAZKN's" SERIES OF SPELLERS AND DEFIN- 
 ERS, by Prof. J.R. Looms, of the Leivisburg Uni- 
 versity. 
 
 COLTON AND FITCHE'S SERIES OF GEOG- 
 RAPHIES. 
 
 GOODRICH'S GEOGRAPHIES AND HISTORIES. 
 
 PHELPS' PHILOSOPHIES AND CHEMISTRIES, 
 for beginners. 
 
 ELEMENTS OF PHySIOLOGY, by Prof. J. R. 
 LooMis, of the Lcvvisburg University. 
 
 ELEMENTS OF GEOLOGY, by Prof. J. R. LooMis. 
 
 S., B. & Co. are, besides, very largely engaged as Publishers of Miscellaneous Books, are special Agents for 
 the publications of J. P. Jewett & Co., Gould Si Lincoln and other Publishing Houses in this country, and of 
 Messrs. Collins St Co., of Glasgow. 
 
JAMES "WILDE, Jr. & CO 
 
 Manufacturers and WholeBale Dealers in 
 
 27 Park Place and 24 Murray Street^ 
 
 JAMES WILDE 
 THOMAS WARRIN 
 r. S. KIRTLAND 
 JOHN 8. WILDE 
 JOSEPH WILDE 
 
 , JR. 1 
 RIN, 
 ID, I- 
 
 CORNER OF CHURCH STREET, 
 
 NEW YORK 
 
 WOODWARD, PmCKNEY & CLARK, 
 
 118 FULTON STREET, NEW YORK, 
 
 a^mm, (ffn§lislj 3>\ttt i' Jfrtnclj ilass, 51|}tt JtA %m,^t. 
 
 Manufacturers of Extra and Ground Paint Brushes. 
 
 ENGLISH and AMERICAN COLORS, dry and ground in Oil, imported expressly for the 
 Trade, which we offer on the most favorable terms. 
 ^^©* All goods warranted as represented. Orders by mail promptly attended to. 
 
 ALBERT H. NICOLA Y, 
 eOc LJI3 X X U 1\ Xa JuXi ciXii XJ X) eiXJL 1 XSo JuXVj 
 
 No. 4 BROAD STREET, NEXT TO WAIiL, NEW YORK. 
 
 Regular semi-wcckly Auction Sales of Stocks and Bonds every Monday and Thursday, at 
 12J o'clock, at the Merchants' Exchange. Also, special sales of the same on any other days 
 when required. Sales also made of Real Estate, Ships, Steamboats, <j-c. First class Stocks, 
 Bonds and Real Estate at private sale, and Loans negotiated. 
 
 Interest allowed on all moneys deposited on trust, and securities bought and sold at the 
 board of Brokers, strictly on commission. 
 
 NOYES & WHITTLESEY, 
 
 so "W.A.TEI^ STI^EEO?, 3SrE-A.Ti OLID SLIF, KTETT^ 'S'OIllK, 
 HAVE CONSTANTLY ON HAND AND MANUFACTURE TO ORDER 
 
 Bags for Flour, Grain, Salt, Buckwheat, Hams, &c. 
 
 "Would also call the attention of Country Merchants to their assortment of SEAMLESS and 
 FARMERS' BAGS, and of MILLERS' BAGS, designed and printed to order, expressly for 
 their use. Our facilities are such that we can supply from 10,000 to 20,000 bags per day. 
 
 Also, importers and dealers in GUNNY BAGS AND BAGGING, and various kinds of 
 Thread and Twine, both Linen and Cotton, of which we are receiving continual supplies. 
 
THE STATE OF FLORIDA. 
 
 And the following table will exhibit the decennial progress of the population : 
 
 Colored Persons. 
 
 Census. AVIiite 
 
 Year. Persons, 
 
 1830 1S,3S5 
 
 Free. Slave. 
 
 . . 844 . . . . 15,501 
 
 1840 27,94.3 SIT ... . 25,717 
 
 1850 47,167 
 
 925 
 
 Total. 
 
 . 16,345 . . 
 . 26,5:'.4 . . 
 39,.309 .... 40,234 . . 
 
 Tiitai 
 Population. 
 
 . 34,730 . . 
 , . 64,477 . . 
 . 87,401 . . 
 
 Becpnni 
 
 al Increase. 
 
 Numerical. 
 
 Percent 
 
 19,747 . . 
 32,924 . . 
 
 56.8 
 
 60.4 
 
 The industry of Florida is devoted almost wholly to agriculture ami commerce, the manufactures of the State as yet 
 being of small account, and consisting of such branches only as those the position of the inhabitants immediately demands. 
 None of the great national manufactures have yet been introduced, and hence manufactured goods of almost every 
 description are imported from the Northern States and exchanged for the indigenous agricultural staples of the soil— an 
 exchange creating a large commercial movement between the different sections of the Union, and in the interior of the 
 State itself. The statistics of the wealth and industry of the State, according to the census of 1850, etc., are as follows: 
 
 Occupied Lands, etc — Improved lands, 849,049 acres, and unimproved lands, 1,236,240 acres— valued in cash at 
 $6,323,109. Whole number of farms under cultivation, 4,304. Value of farming implements and machinery, $658,795. 
 
 Live-Stock.— RoKea, 10,848 ; asses and mules, 5,002 ; milch cows, 72,870 ; working oxen, 5,794 ; other cattle, 182,415 ; 
 sheep, 23.311 ; and swine, 209,453 — valued in the aggregate at $2,880,058. (In 1840 there were 12,043 horses, mules, etc. ; 
 118,080 neat-cattle of aU kinds ; 7,193 sheep, and 92,630 hogs.) 
 
 Grain Crops. — Wheat, 1,027 bushels ; rye, 1,152 bushels ; Indian com, 1,996,869 bushels ; oats, 66,586 bushels ; barley, 
 bushels; and buckwheat, 55 bushels. (The crops of 1339^0 were— wheat, 412 bushels; barley, 30 bushels; oats 
 13,829 bushels ; rye, 305 bushels ; buckwheat, bushels ; and Indian corn, 893,974 bushels.) 
 
 Other Crops. — Kice, 1,075,090 pounds ; tobacco, 998,614 pounds ; ginned cotton, 45,131 bales of 400 pounds ; peas and 
 beans, 135,359 bushels ; Irish potatoes, 7,828 bushels ; sweet potatoes, 757,226 bushels ; hay, 2,510 tons ; clover-seed, ; 
 and other grass-seed, 2 bushels ; hops, 14 pounds ; flax, 50 pounds ; maple sugar, pounds ; cane sugar, 2,752 hogsheads 
 of 1,000 pounds ; molasses, 352,393 gallons ; wine, 10 gallons, etc. The value of orchard products was $1,200, and of 
 market-garden products, $3,721. The annexed table will exhibit the staple crops of 1840 and 1350 comparatively : 
 
 Staples. 1840. 1850. Increase. 
 
 Cane Sugar 275,317 pounds 2,752,000 pounds 2,476,683 pounds, or 899.57 per c ent. 
 
 Ginned Cotton 12,110,533 " 13,052,400 " 5,941,867 " or 49.06 " 
 
 Tobacco 75,274 " 993,614 " 923,340 " or 226.64 « 
 
 Pace 431,420 " 1,075,090 " 643,670 " or 149.19 " 
 
 Products of Animals.— ^oo], 23,247 (in 1840, 7,285) pounds; butter, 371,493 pounds ; cheese, 18,015 pounds; and the 
 vahie of animals slaughtered during the year had been $514,685. Silk cocoons were produced to the amount of 6 (in 
 1840, 124}) pounds, and beeswax and honey, to that of 18,971 pounds. 
 
 Home-made manufactures for the year ending 30th Jtme, 1850, were valued at $75,582. (In 1840, $20,205). 
 
 Manufactures. — Aggregate capital invested, $547,060 ; value of raw material, fuel, etc., used and consumed, $220,611 ; 
 average number of hands employed, —males and females, ; average monthly cost of labor — male,$ 
 
 and female, $ annual value of products, $668,335. The whole number of manufacturing establishments, producing 
 
 to the annual value of $500 and upward, was one hundred and twenty -one. 
 
 Commerce.— F\or\iia., in the year ending 30th June, 1350, exported to foreign countries to the value of $2,623,624, of 
 ■which amount $2,607,963 represented domestic produce, and $15,656 foreign merchandise re-exported. The proportion 
 of the total value of domestic produce carried in foreign bottoms, was $1,493,999— the remainder in national vessels. The 
 foreign imports for the same year amounted in value to $95,709, of which $30,241 was carried in American, and $65,463 
 in foreign vessels. The greatest portion of the exports are cleared from Appalachicola, which is also the outlet of Eastern 
 Alabama, and South-western Georgia, whence produce is brought down the river in steamboats. The shipping entered 
 at all the ports of the State amounted to 17,980 tons, of which was foreign 10,462 tons ; and the shipping cleared, to 
 22,156, of which was foreign 12,134 tons. The tonnage owned in the several collection districts of the State, was as follows : 
 
 Registered. 
 
 Enrolled and Licensed. 
 
 Perm't. 
 
 Collection Districts. 
 
 Pensacola . . . 
 
 St. Augustine — 
 
 St Mark's — ^ 
 
 St. John's — 
 
 Appalachicola — 
 
 Key West 3,017 1,: 
 
 Total 
 
 Temp'ry. 
 
 . 1,221 . 
 
 Perm't. 
 495 .. 
 
 Temporary. 
 
 , 282 
 810 , 
 2,050 
 1,546 . 
 
 546 
 
 Licensed Total 
 
 under 20 tons. Tonnage. 
 
 ... 77 1,793 .. 
 
 Navigated 
 by Steam. 
 
 71 
 
 259 
 
 353 — 
 
 810 79 
 
 2,050 2,050 
 
 6,766 56 
 
 1849-50 
 
 . T9 
 
 79 
 
 . 8,017 2,619 4,633 546 407 11,272 2,135 . 
 
 The coasting trade of Florida is immensely larger than its direct foreign trade, and employs a large tonnage both 
 of steam and sail vessels. Of the cotton exported in 1351, 70,547 bales were sent direct to foreign ports, and 111,532 coast- 
 wise, and so with other staples— which facts illustrate the course of Florida commerce. The statistics of the foreign 
 commerce of the State for a series of years, exhibit the following movements : 
 
 Tears. Imports. 
 
 1821 $13,270 
 
 1822 6,877 
 
 1823 4,808 
 
 1824 6,936 
 
 1825 3,218 
 
 1826 16,590 
 
 1827 .... 
 1823 .... 
 
 1829 .... 
 
 1830 .... 
 
 Exports. 
 $ 
 
 1,777 
 1,510 
 
 216 
 2,865 
 
 200 
 
 257,994 57,486 
 
 168,293 60,321 
 
 153,642 56,086 
 
 82,689 7,570 
 
 Years. Imjiorts. Exports. 
 
 1831 $115,710 $30,495 
 
 1832 306,845 65,716 
 
 1838 85,386 64,805 
 
 1334 135,798 228,825 
 
 1S35 93,173 61,710 
 
 1836 121,745 71,662 
 
 1837 805,514 90,084 
 
 1838 168,690 122,532 
 
 1339 279,283 384,806 
 
 1840 190,728 1,858,850 
 
 Years. Imports. Exports. 
 
 1341 $145,181 $86,629 
 
 1342 176,930 33,884 
 
 1843 158,682 760,688 
 
 1844 155,695 1,011,416 
 
 1845 107,868 1,514,745 
 
 1846 140,584 176,448 
 
 1347 143,298 1,810,538 
 
 1843 64,267 1,896,683 
 
 1849 63,211 2,518,027 
 
 1850 95,709 2,628,624 
 
 11 
 
THE STATE OF FLORIDA. 
 
 Internal Communication. — Florida, beyond those provided by nature, has but few means of internal communication. 
 In the south there are several military roads to depend on ; and in the north, where greater progress has been made in the 
 settlement of the country, there are some short railroads, and more progress has been made in opening inter-communi- 
 cation t>y ordinary roads. There are, however, several public works of great importance to the prosperity of the State 
 projected ; one of which, the Ship Canal, or railroad across the neck of the peninsula, will be of vital importance to the 
 commerce of the Gulf of Mexico; and the railroads from Savannah and Brunswick to Appalachicola, will also be the 
 means of opening u|) Ihe southern parts of Georgia to the Ploridian Gulf porta. There is also a raiUroad projected from 
 some point on tlie St. Mary's Kiverto Pensacola. 
 
 G(ycernment.~-'X\w, constitution of Florida provides that all free white male citizens, twenty-one years of age, who shall 
 have resided in the State two years, and in the county six months next preceding, shall be eligible to vote at elections. 
 
 The Legislature, styled the General Assembly, consists of a Senate and House of Representatives. Representatives and 
 Senators are elected lor terms of two years. Representation is apportioned every ten years according to population, 
 Ihree-tiflhs of the slaves being counted in the representative numbers. The general election takes place on the first 
 Monday of October, and the Assembly meets biennially on the third Monday in November. 
 
 The governor is elected by a plurality of votes for four years, and is ineligible for the four years next after. He must 
 be at least Uiirty years of age, and have been ten years a citizen of the United States, or an inhabitant of Florida at the 
 adoption of the constitution, and a resident thereof for five years next before the election. The governor has a qualified 
 lotio on all legislative acts. In case of the disability or death of the governor,,;?/'*^, the President of the Senate, and 
 secotid, the Speaker of the House of Representatives act in his stead for such part of the term as may be unexpired. 
 
 No officer in a banking company, while he serves In a bank, or for twelve months afterward, shall be eligible for the 
 office of governor, senator, or representative ; nor shall a duelist or second in a duel hold any otflce under the State. 
 The Secretary of Slate is elected by the Legislature for four years. 
 
 The Judiciary consists of a Supreme 0)urt, Circuit Courts, and several courts of minor jurisdiction. The Supreme 
 Court has appellate jurisdiction only, and is composed of a chief justice and two associate justices. It holds four sessions 
 annually — one at Tallahassee, on the first Monday of January ; one at Jacksonville, on the third Monday of February ; 
 one at Tampa, on the first Monday of March ; and one at Mariana, on the third Monday of March. When one or two 
 of the judges are disqualified from sitting in any cause, the vacancy is filled by a corresponding number of circuit judges. 
 For the purpose of holding Circuit Courts, the State is divided into four circuits, viz., the Western, the Middle, the East- 
 em, and the Southern, to each of which there is one judge. The Circuit Courts have original common-law jurisdiction iu 
 all matters, civil and criminal, and also original equity jurisdiction, until a separate Chancery Court is established by the 
 Legislature. The judges are now elected by concurrent votes of the two houses of the General Assembly. An act was 
 passed, however, in 1S50-51, giving the election to the people, and limiting their term to six years ; but this act has to be 
 sanctioned by another Legislature before becoming law. 
 
 Respecting banking, the constitution provides that " no bank charter shall be for more than thirty years, nor shall it ever 
 be extended or renewed. The capital of a bank shall not exceed $100,000, nor shall a dividend be made exceeding 16 
 per cent, a year. Stockholders shall be individually liable for the debts of the bank, and no notes shall be issued for less 
 than $5." And, in relation to corporations, it further provides, that " no act of incorporation shall be passed or altered except 
 by the assent of two-thirds of each house, and by giving three months' notice." "The credit of the State shall not be 
 pledged in aid of any corporation whatsoever." 
 
 With regard to slavery, the same instrument says : " No law shall be passed to emancipate slaves, or to prohibit the 
 immigration of persons bringing slaves with them ; but free colored persons may be prevented from entering flie State." 
 
 For an amendment of the constitution, two-thirds of each house must assent ; the proposed alteration must then be 
 published six months before the succeeding election, and then be again approved by a two-thirds vote in the succeeding 
 General Assembly. 
 
 Florida, under the law-distributing congressional representation, has only one representative in Congress. 
 
 Finances, etc.— The assessed value of all real and personal property in the State in 1S50, was $2'2,TS4,887 ; the value 
 truly estimated, .$32,802,270. Florida has no public debt. The balance in the treasury for the year ending 1st Nov., 1847, 
 was $3,755 10 ; and the receipts for the year ending 1st Nov., 1S4S, amounted to $56,832 72— making the resources for that 
 year $60,5S7 82. The aggregate expcn.litures during the year were $59,259 72, leaving in the treasury, for future dis- 
 bursement, $1,32S 10. The average ordinary expenses of the government, however, is only about $45,000 per annum. 
 
 Iklucation.— Florida, is as yet but ill i)rovided with schools; it has no institutions in which a liberal education can be 
 obtained, nor are the existing public schools or academies efficient in their organization. The State has ample means for 
 the support of public schools from the proceeds of the lands designated by Congress for that purpose, and the State con- 
 stitution makes it imperative on the Legislature to organize and provide for a system of public education. The peculiar 
 circumstances of the people, and the sparsity of the population, however, will, for a long time to come, present obstacles 
 to the operation of any system devised, and more than apologize for any deficiencies that may be observed in the educa- 
 tional condition of the inhabitants. These matters must be left to time and favoring circumstances. 
 
 Religimis Denominatiom.—T\i& statistics of the religious denominations of Florida, according to the census of 1850 
 are as follows : 
 
 Denomina- No. of 
 
 Church 
 
 Value of 
 
 Denomina- No. of 
 
 Church 
 
 V.ilue of 
 
 Denomina- No. of 
 
 Cliurch 
 
 Value of 
 
 lionB. Cliurches. 
 
 Bcconl. 
 
 Properly. 
 
 tions. Churclies 
 
 
 Property. 
 
 tions. Churclies 
 
 accom. 
 
 Prnpertv 
 
 Baptist 45 .. 
 
 10,400 . . 
 
 . $25,640 
 
 Germ'n Ref. — . . 
 
 
 
 . $- 
 
 Rom. Cath. 5 . . 
 
 1,850 . . 
 
 . $13,600 
 
 Christian ... — . . 
 
 — .. 
 
 — 
 
 Jewish — .. 
 
 
 
 
 Tunker — .. 
 
 .. 
 
 
 
 Congregat'l. — . . 
 
 — .. 
 
 — 
 
 Lutheran . . — . . 
 
 
 
 
 
 Union — .. 
 
 _ .. 
 
 
 
 Dutch Ref. . — . . 
 
 — .. 
 
 — 
 
 Mennonite . — . . 
 
 — 
 
 
 
 Unitarian.. — .. 
 
 
 
 ■ 
 
 Episcopal .. 10 .. 
 
 3,810 . . 
 
 . 87,800 
 
 Methodist .. 75.. 
 
 18,010 . . 
 
 , 55,260 
 
 Universalist — . . 
 
 _ .. 
 
 — 
 
 Free 1.. 
 
 400.. 
 
 400 
 
 Moravian... — .. 
 
 — .. 
 
 — 
 
 Minor Sects 3 . . 
 
 1,000.. 
 
 1,200 
 
 Friends — . . 
 
 — .. 
 
 — 
 
 Presbyteri'n 14 . . 
 
 5,700.. 
 
 . $31,500 
 
 Total.... 152.. 
 
 41,170 . . 
 
 . $165,400 
 
 Florida is a diocese of the Protestant Episcopal Church; and it constitutes parts of the Roman Catholic dioceses 
 of Savannah and Mobile— in the diocese of Savannah is included all of the State east of the Appalachicola, and in 
 that of Mobile all west of that river. 
 
 Periodical Press,— There are 11 newspapers published in the State, of which 10 are issued weekly, and 1 semi-weekly 
 
 78 
 
DR. J. ALLEN, 
 
 isr E W^ YORK, 
 
 LATE PROFESSOR IN THE OHIO COLLEGE OF DENTAL SURGERY, 
 
 Invites attention to his improved method of constructing artificial dentures, which combine 
 
 the following advantages : 
 
 First. — There are no seams or crevices for the lodgment of food, to vitiate the saliva or in- 
 fect the breath, as not even the slightest moisture can get between the teeth and plate. 
 
 Second. — An Artificial Gum, which is as firm and indestructible as the teeth, is fused, at a 
 high heat, between and around their base, which unites them firmly to each other, and to the 
 plate upon which they are set. The gum imparts to the teeth that peculiar expression and 
 life-like appearance which characterizes the natural organs. 
 
 Third. — Great strength is obtained by thus uniting the Teeth, Gum and Plate, and no ordi- 
 nary force in masticating can break them from their base. 
 
 Fourth. — The natural form and expression of the mouth and face can be restored iu cases where 
 they have become sunken. This is done by means of additional attachments to the frame- 
 work supporting the teeth. These attachments are so formed as to bring out the sunken portio7is 
 and sustain them in their proper position. They are covered with the above named gum com- 
 pound, and become component parts of the denture, and when rightly formed, cannot be de- 
 tected by the closest observer. This method of restoring the cheeks to their original fullness, 
 and also the natural form and expression of the mouth and lips, has been well tested, having 
 been made a special feature in the author's practice for several years past. A variety of pho- 
 tographic and daguerreotype likenesses, which have been taken of persons without this im- 
 provement and with it, can be seen at this office, showing- the great change in appearance 
 which is produced in the countenance of individuals now Avearing dentures constructed upon 
 this principle, which the public are invited to call and examine, together with other specimens 
 of his improved style of work, not requiring the above attachments. 
 
 Fifth. — A clear and distinct articulation of speech is restored. This important change is 
 effected by having the inside of the teeth and gum of a natural form. To this form the tongue 
 is readily adapted. This perfect adaptation of the tongue to the denture prevents the hissing 
 or mufBed sounds in speaking or singing, so often observed in persons wearing artificial teeth. 
 
 Sixth. — The plates usually employed for this work are platina, the purity of which prevents 
 even the slightest tarnish or unpleasant taste in the mouth. In short, this system embraces 
 many new and important features, which are readily appreciated by those wearing artificial 
 dentures upon this principle. With reference to the utility of this method, numerous testimo- 
 nials can be given from eminent dentists in the various cities of the Union, and persons wear- 
 ing the work in this and other cities. 
 
 J. ALLEN, 
 
 No. 30 Bond Street, Ne-w York. 
 
 P. S. — Persons desiring further information in reference to the above, will be furnished with 
 pamphlets, free of postage, by sending a note with address to J. Allen. 
 
 118 
 
SCHENCK MACHINERY DEPOT 
 
 lilMI, 
 
 ,111 ABlSf 
 
 A. L. AOKERMAN, Proprietor, 
 
 No. 163 GREENWICH STREET, NEW YORK. 
 
 (!Iwbi/5 & Dick^^ latent lie-§au)ing JHacliiiifS; 
 
 5 
 
 mm\ 
 
 [ 
 
 HAHRIS & SON'S SMUT AND SCOURING MACHINES, 
 
 STEAM ENGINES, COMPLETE; MACHINE TOOLS, MORTLSING AND TENONING 
 MACHINES, SAWS, BELTING, MACltlNEUY, OIL, &c. 
 
 C. BE 
 
 IAN, 
 
 Tfl' 
 
 
 CUTLERY, SILVER PLATED WARE, 
 
 JAPANMRY, GERMAN SILVER & BRITANNIA ¥ARE, 
 
 COMPOSITION, ENAMELED AND IRON HOLLOW WARE, 
 
 BAT til N a APPARATUS, 
 
 Tin, Wood and Willow Wares, 
 
 ilRUSIIES, MATS, BASKETS, REFRIGERATORS, SPORTING TACKLE, &o. 
 No. 601 BROADWAY, NEW YORK. 
 
 HOLMES & BUTLER'S PUffifsIX SIFES FICTORIOUS 
 
 At the Great Test of Safes at the Crystal Palace, December 2, 1853. 
 
 1 Ml lit 
 
 -^VARRANTED ENTIRELY FREE FROM DAMPNESS. 
 
 Bsla n 
 
 These celebrated Safes have been publicly tested at the American Institute State Fair, Crys- 
 tal Palace and other Exhibitions, and from each and all have obtained the highest premiums 
 "for uD(iualitied excellence as proof against Fire, &c." 
 
 They have been in use for many years, and have never, -when subject to the test, whether by 
 accidental fire or otherwise, failed to i)reserve their contents, and they are therefore believed 
 to be the only Safes now before the public that are exactly what they are rejjresented to be, that 
 is perfectly Fire and Burglar Proof, and yet at the same time entirely free from dampness. 
 
 For sale by the Manufacturers and Patentees, at their warerooms,' 
 
 90 and 92 MAIDEN LANE, NEW YORK, AND 173 LAKE ST., CHICAGO. 
 
 HOLMES, VALENTINE & BUTLER. 
 
 H., V. & B. are also the Patentees and sole Manufacturers of the renowned Rotary Door 
 Lock, which has only to be seen to be appreciated. 
 
 119 
 
THE STATE OF FLORIDA. 
 
 and of these 5 are whig in politics, 3 democratic, 1 neutral, and two, the politics of which are not stated in the census. 
 The semi-weekly paper has an average circulation of 200 at each issue, or 20,800 copies annually ; and the 10 weekly 
 papers an aggregate circulation of 5,550, or 288,000 copies annually, making the 309,400 copies the total annual issue. The 
 papers having the largest circulations are, the " Commercial Advertiser" of Appalachicola, which is 1,500 copies weekly • 
 the '• Sentinel," and " Floridian and Journal" of Tallahassee — the first having a weekly circulation of 1,800, and the latter 
 of 800, and the "iTorida Kepublican," which issues 700 weekly ; none of the others circulate more than 400 copies of 
 each issue. 
 
 IliHiorical Sketch. — The adventures of Narvaez, and the romantic wanderings of Ponce de Leon and De Soto, tho 
 buccaneering of the English, the wars waged with Oglethorpe by tho Spaniards, and more recently, tho long and 
 bloody Indian wars, have given to Florida a greater historical interest than attaches to any other portion of the Union. But 
 as one of the youngest sisters of our confederacy, but comparatively little is known of its geography, resources, and pro- 
 ductions. Peninsulated from almost all intercourse with other Stat«s, it lies out of tho great thoroughfare of travel; and 
 while tho commerce of the Great West sweeps around its shores, they are looked upon as so many dangerous reefs and 
 rocks, threatening destruction to the mariner. In the foregoing sketch the aim has been to give an idea of the present 
 actual state and condition of the country. Its history is briefly as follows: 
 
 Florida was discovered in 1496 by Cabot, and was visited by Tonce de Leon in 1512, who came in search of the spring 
 of perpetual youth and beauty, and fabled mines of gold, the fame of which had filled all Europe. In 1502 we find the 
 French and Spaniards contesting their respective rights to the soil. San Augustine was settled in 1564, it being by forty 
 years the oldest setUemenl in the United States. Pensacola was settled in 1596. 
 
 The archives of the country during the Spanish rule having been carried away, it is difficult to judge to what extent the 
 country was settled previous to its cession to Great Britain, llemains of ancient settlements exist between theSuwanee and 
 Chattahoochee rivers ; the traces of old fortifications, roads, etc., are very distinct, and gun-barrels, pottery, ship-spikes, 
 etc., are found ; but the public opinion of the country is rather inclined to attribute these to the buccaneers, and the quan- 
 tity of ship-spikes, etc., found, seem to render the opinion highly probable. It is presumable, therefore, from the known 
 inertness of the Spanish character, and the slight progress made by them in the settlement of new countries, that their 
 settlements in Florida were of very little extent; and, with the exception of establishing a few missions, they never 
 ventured far from tho coast, and paid but little attention to the cultivation of the soil. 
 
 The cession to Great Britain was made in 1763: most of the Spaniards left the country, and it soon began to prosper 
 under the energetic impulse communicated by the Anglo-Saxon race. Efforts at settlement on a large scale were imme- 
 diately undertaken, the government favoring the enterprise by granting large tracts to settlers. Doctor Turnbull brought 
 1,500 families from the islands and shores of the Mediterranean, and located tliem at New Smyrna; and Lord EoUe, 
 Governor Moultrie, Lord Beresford, and others established settlements ; and on the breaking out of the lievolution, large 
 numbers of royalists came into the country from Georgia and Carolina. In 1780 the exports of Florida reached 40,000 
 barrels of naval stores ; and at this time one of the principal articles of culture was indigo, which in tho markets of London 
 brought a higher price than that from any other country. The British possession of the country continued for but twenty 
 years, but during that period more was cfifected in settling and improving the country than in the two hundred years 
 of Spanish occupation. 
 
 But, unfortunately for Florida, in 1783 the province was retro-ceded to Spain, and the English population, which iu 
 1778, in East Florida alone, numbered over 13,000, principally left the country and went into the adjoining States. From 
 this period to its cession to the United Slates in 1821 — a period of nearly forty years — it languislied and struggled along 
 with difficulty; cultivation was neglected, the English settlements having been allowed to go to ruin; and at no time 
 during this period wus tlie population in both the Floridas estimated at over 10,000, a large portion of whom lived in 
 towns, or were hangers-on of government. The Spanish population, to a considerable extent, left the country upon its 
 cession, and immigration began to flow in rapidly ; but the unsurveyed state of the country, the uncertainty of land-titles, 
 etc., militated against its settlement; and the fierce and turbulent Indian race, who had made it a battle-ground for over 
 two hundred and fifty years, and who had never been conquered, and had no egress from their peninsular home, occu- 
 pied the best lands, rendering it impossible to obtain them. But yet in spite of all these obstacles, a considerable 
 population planted themselves in the country. 
 
 The territory was now beginning to reap the fruits of its American occupation, when in 1885 the desolating Seminole 
 war broke out and continued for seven years, rendering all habitation out of the limits of the occupied parts insecure, and 
 destroying all the improvements which had been undertaken. In 1842 tliis war terminated, and the Indians, after a 
 struggle of nearly three hundred years, were forced to yield, and were nearly all transferred beyond the Mississippi. Thus 
 the population of Florida had, ujj to 1842, undergone four entire revolutions, and after having been settled by the European 
 race for two hundred and eighty years, was forced to begin anew the settlement of the country. Since this period, how- 
 ever, it lias progressed with reasonable rapidity, and in 1845 it was admitted into the Union as an independent State. 
 The few Indians now remaining, although they have given some temporary trouble to the inhabitants, have lately 
 made up their minds to abandon their homes, and will, before long, be domiciled with their brethren in the country 
 beyond the limits of tho white settlements, set apart for them by the beneficence of the Government, where alone they cau 
 be protected from utter annihilation. 
 
 Tallahabsee is the poUtical capital of the State. 
 
 79 
 
TIE STATE OE GEORGIA. 
 
 Georgia is bounded on the north by Tennessee and North Carolina ; on the north-east by South Carolina, from which 
 Savannah Eiver divides it ; on the east by the Atlantic Ocean ; on the south by Florida, and on the west by Alabama — 
 the Chattahoochee Eiver being the western boundary for more than half its length. It extends generally between lati- 
 tudes 30° 22' and .35° N., and longitudes S0° 4S and 84° 41' W. from Greenwich, or 3° 46' and 7° 39' W. from Washington. 
 Its greatest length from north to south is 322 miles, and its greatest width from the east point of Tybee Island, at the 
 mouth of Savannah Kiver, to Florence, on Chattahoochee Eiver, 224 miles ; but from this point it gradually narrows 
 northward, and on the parallel of 34° 40' does not measure more than 126 miles. The whole area of the State is 53,000 
 square miles. 
 
 No State in the Union presents a richer field for the geologist than Georgia. With a territory embracing the southern 
 extremity of the great Atlantic chains of mountains, extending across them to the north-west into the valley of the 
 Mississippi, running to the south-west into the cretaceous slope of the Gulf of Mexico, and occupying along their east- 
 ern base a wide belt of territory, it contains most of the important geological formations. Commencing at the Atlantic 
 Ocean and spreading out from 100 to 150 miles to the west, an extensive plain of a tertiary furmatmi rises from the 
 level of the sea, and gradually swells up to the height of about 500 feet, at a line passing near the head of navigation of 
 the rivers Savannah, Ogecchee, Oconee, and Ocmulgee, where it meets a priinary formation. Between the Ocmulgee 
 and Flint rivers it leaves the primary formation to the right, and resta on the cretaceous from a point nearly midway 
 between Macon and Knoxville, by a line running in a south-west direction to another point between Pataula Creek and 
 Fort Gaines, on the Chattahoochee Eiver. Bounded by the last mentioned line to the south-east, and by the southern 
 edge of the primary, as indicated by the heads of navigation in the Flint and Chattahoochee rivers, the cretaceaui 
 formation extends from Alabama into Georgia, forming an acute triangle. The primary, or non-fossiliferous, bounded 
 on the east by the tertiary and cretaceous formations as descril^ed above, crosses the State from north-east to south-west, 
 with a width of 160 miles at the northern limit and of 100 miles at the .southern. The Blue Eidge range of mountains 
 passes near its western edge and forms the most elevated land of the State, varying in height from 1,200 to 4,000 feet 
 From this crest there is a gradual descent to the east by a series of parallel and undulating ridges, until the tertiary plain 
 is reached. On the west the descent is much more precipitous. The western boundary of the primary is not very 
 accurately established, but is believed to be not far from a line running nearly north and south through the centre of 
 Gilmer County, and continued in the same direction to near Canton, in Cass County, and thence to the western base of 
 the AUatoona Mountain, on the Etowah Eiver, where it turns to the south-west, and passing near Van Wert, in Paulding 
 County, and along the northern base of the Dugdown Mountain to the Alabama line. The north-western part of the 
 State, bounded to the east and south by the western limit of the primary, consists of a transition, or older fossiliferoua 
 formation, except the extreme north-west corner, where the carboniferous occurs. 
 
 The coast is lined by a succession of low islands, intersected by numerous navigable channels, which afford good inland 
 navigation all along the shore. They are generally separated from each other by wide bays or sounds, wliich bear 
 their names and receive the waters of this section- The principal islands are Cabbage Island, Ossaba Island, St 
 Catharine's Island, Sapello Island, St. Simon's Island, Jykill Island, Cumberland Island, etc. These are covered with 
 rich plantations, and produce, as before stated, the long staple cotton called, from the place of its growth, sea-island 
 cotton. 
 
 Along the southern line of the State, between the head branches of the Suwannee and the St. Mary's rivers, there is 
 an extensive swamp, or series of swamps, covered with a thick growth of bay-trees, vines, and underwood, and in the 
 wet season presenting tlie appearance of a wide lake containing islands of rich highland. Tliis swamp extends over the 
 border into Florida, and bears the Indian name of "Okefinoke." Several streams are lost in its morasses, and others, 
 head waters of rivers flowing to the Atlantic and Gulf of Mexico, take their rise from within its limits. 
 
 The great mineral region of Georgia is found in the primary and metamorphic formations of the spurs of the 
 Alleghany Mountains. Through the northern portion of the State these pursue their course toward the south-west with 
 similar features of parallelism and straightness peculiar to them further north ; but their more broken character, the 
 greater rugge<lness of their outline, and the impetuous nature of their streams, testify to different geological formations 
 than the stratified shales and sandstones of which they are composed in Pennsylvania. It is in these out-licrs of the main 
 ridge that the metamorphic slates and quartz rock are found, which are productive in gold ores ; and frequently in near 
 proximity to these are deposits of hematite iron ores of extraordinary extent. In the gneiss, also, are found veins of 
 magnetic iron ore of great purity, as at Cane Creek, near Dahlonega. Specular ores, too, like those of the Iron 
 Mountain in Missouri, are found in the vicinity of some of the hematite beds ; and localities of the same ore are of frequent 
 occurrence down the course of Chattahoochee Eiver. Another range of them, of much greater consequence, is found 
 in the AUatoona hills, along the Etowah Eiver. Here the broad, shallow stream, obstructed in its course, falls over 
 ledges of rock, producing good water power. On each side are seen, projecting from the hills, ledges of rough silicious 
 rock, in strata of various degrees of thickness, dipping to the south of east Beds of limestone are associated with these 
 rocks, and veins of sulphate of barytes, of great extent. On the south-eastern slope of this range of hills, talcose and 
 mica slates, hornblende slate, green stone, and quartz veins containing gold, more abound. Through deep cuttings in 
 these rocks, in one place 90 feet deep, the Western and Atlantic Eailroad passes. To the west and north-west an exten- 
 sive limestone country commences, about four miles from the river. Nearly the whole of Cass County is formed of this 
 rock, anil it spreads out into Floyd and Murray counties. Iron ores are found on both sides of the Etowah Eiver. To 
 the south-west they extend into Paulding County, and in the other direction through Cherokee County to its north-west 
 comer; and so far as explored their range is about 40 miles, and their course about north-east and south-west. These 
 ores, in their appearance and qualitv, resemble the best ores found in the Ilousatonic Valley. Numerous furnaces have 
 80 
 
ji a?WlOO;9gio pJ9etOOjqPton)qplflr)iOPi ci(p;9(?lOOJQP(o. 
 
 ^'^^^^fS^^^r3^^::^:^^^^>^^3'^:=si^^^ 
 
 ^fe^^^^5^^5^3^cii>i5:5^3i^i^>ir=$fe^ 
 
 l<^^^y^^^^^^(^^}^^g=^^c^^y^2=^g^^^^^^ 
 
 f6s I 
 
 H^^^::§^?^=^^=^^(|^}J2=^^^^^|^}^^ 
 
Q. W. HILLMAN. J. S. HILLMAN. 
 
 G. "W. HILLMAN & CO. 
 
 fllliill iliiiilifilii filMi 
 
 COMMISSION MERCHANTS, 
 
 50 FRONT STREET, NEW YORK, 
 
 Have on hand and are constantly receiving from some of the most desirable factories in 
 
 Virginia, 
 
 iffl i\ EI iS iF ia Ig T ® !B 1 EI ir®©£i@(B® 
 
 Of the different styles and varieties, which we offer on liberal terms. 
 
 A PRIVATE man SCHOOL, 
 On Washington Square, No. 218 Fourth Street, New York. 
 
 Established by the Proprietors (Messrs. CLARK & FANNING,) in 1843, for 
 the accommodation of two hundred and fifty day and boarding pupils. 
 
 Although this Institute receives no aid from the State, the attractiveness of its location on 
 one of the largest Parks of the city, the singular commodiousness of its internal construction 
 and arrangements, the enterprise of its Principals and the excellent scholars they produce, 
 have given their school a wide celebrity. The total number of Professors and Teachers of 
 Classics, Mathematics, Foreign Languages, Natural Science, Commercial Education, Arts of 
 Design and Belles-Lettres, is fifteen, being three departments — Junior, Middle and Senior. 
 
 Pupils are received from seven years of age and conducted through the entire range of 
 Academical Study. 
 
 .^9* The above Institute is one of the most flourishing of our country. Its well known 
 reputation and the popularity of the Principals are sufficient guarantees that a finished educa- 
 tion will be given at the Mount "Washington. — Editor. 
 
 HEG-EMAN, CLARK & CO. 
 
 [LATE KUSHTON, CLARK Si CO.] 
 
 "W'liOLES-A.LB -A-lJTr) HET-A-IXj 
 
 JuliXXa X u cDLl* iJ UXi u utrXd X uy 
 
 165. 273, 511 ANE> 756 BROADWAY, 
 
 Have constantly on hand a large assortment of Drugs, Chemicals, Perfumery, 
 &c., of best quality and at lowest market prices. 
 
 THE GENUINE COD LIVER OIL 
 
 Of Hegeman, Clark & Co., (late Kushton, Clark & Co.,) has stood the test of 
 eight years' experience, and is acknowledged the best and purest article made. 
 See that the eagle and mortar are on the label, and our signature over the cork, 
 without which it is not genuine. 
 
 HEGEMAN, CLARK & CO. 
 
 165, 273, 511 and 756 Broadway. 
 "WUoIesale Depot 169 Broad^iray. 
 
 lao 
 
J. BECK & CO. 
 
 AND 
 
 ■zoo st73.<X "ZOQ DBro«,<a.-vc-a,3rj, 
 
 NEW YORK, 
 
 JMPORTEKS, JOiiEKS AI8B RETASLEKS W 
 
 FOREIGN, FANCY, STAPLE AND DOMESTIC 
 
 For eighteen years the Messrs. Beck have operated with world-wide notoriety in 
 their present locality, which is one of the most central in the city ; they have also 
 recently opened at 786 and 788 Broadway, a branch establishment for the conve- 
 nience of their up-town customers. At both these establishments they deal exten- 
 sively in the first class fabrics from every part of the Globe. Here meet the eye 
 the finest products of European manufacture — the Silks of China, and the Cash- 
 meres and Shaids of Oriental production ; Cloaks and Mantillas, Laces ami Em- 
 hroiderics, Linen and Cotton Goods, from the most celebrated manufactories of both 
 hemispheres. Housekeeping articles of the dry goods department, both useful and 
 ornamental, are here oifered for sale on the most reasonable terms, of every grade 
 and quality, and every variety of price. Damash TaUe Cloths, from one dollar 
 to seventy-five dollars each, gratify the taste of the opulent; and those of inferior 
 quality and lower price attract the attention of all. In Gloves and Hosiery, and 
 articles of Haberdashei-y, tliesc establishments maintain the most complete and ex- 
 tensive assortment for Ladies, Gentlemen and Children. 
 
 No other establishment in this city exhibits to its customers so extensive and 
 choice a variety of Cloaks and Mantillas as that of J. Beck & Co. They are com- 
 posed of all the fabrics suited to their garments, embracing the most approved and 
 fashionable patterns. In the article of Lace Dresses their prices range from twelve 
 hundred dollars downwards, and Lace Collars from fifty cents to fifty dollars. They 
 have Lace Scarfs and Shaicls as high as six hundred dollars ; printed Delaines 
 and Cashmeres at one shilling per yard and upwards. Brocade and Flounced Silk 
 Dresses are frequently sold at this house for one hundred and fifty dollars each, 
 and their Shawls range along the scale of prices from fifteen hundred mills to fif- 
 teen hundred dollars. They have Laces less than three inches in width at fifty 
 dollars per yard, and from that price down to two cents. Such is an outline of the 
 variety of goods in these establishments, adapted to the means and wants of all 
 classes of society; the result of indefatigable perseverance and real enterprise. 
 What wonder, therefore, that such places of business, situated in the heart of the 
 metropolis and conducted on strictly honorable j)rinciplcs, should be daily filled to 
 overflowing with the elite and the fashionable of this great city. 
 
 In addition to their retail business at the lower store, Nos. 855 and 357 Broad- 
 way, which is conducted on the first and second floors, there are the third and 
 fourth floors for their wholesale, where there is always a large assortment of goods, 
 which they sell to merchants from every section of the Union. — Publishers. 
 
THE STATE OF GEOllGIA, 
 
 been established in this region and are now in successful operation ; the vast water-power, the abundance of timber the 
 cheapness of living, and the beaut}' of the climate being highly favorable characteristics of the region. 
 
 Georgia embraces every variety of soil, climate, and productions. While southern and middle Georgia are parched 
 with heat, the more nortlierly climate among the mountains is moderate and even cold. The sky is of a deep blue nor 
 does a more lovely heaven smile upon Italy than that which favors this country. The cordon of islets which border the 
 sea-coast has a light, sandy soil, but produces the finest staple, known to the world as sea-island cotton. In the south 
 are the tide and swamp lands, producing immense crops of rice. The soil of this region varies as it is situated on 
 the sea-shore or upon the large and small rivers. On tlie Savannah these lands are cultivated 20 miles from the 
 brackish marsh up the river, and are the finest in the State ; and nixt to these are the lands on the Alataniaha Elver 
 
 which in width are equal to those on the Savannah. They do not extend from the marshes up more than 16 miles 
 
 beyond, the freshets render them valueless, except for timber. Next come the tide lands of the Ogoechee, extending 10 miles 
 up from the marshes, which produce rice, but are not well adapted to cotton. The tide lands of the Great SantUla are 
 not as broad as the others, but are productive and fertile 20 miles up from the marshes, yielding good crops of rice 
 and cotton, and are not so liable to inundation as those of other large streams. The inland swamps produce abundantly. 
 Black-seed cotton is produced on the oak lands adjoining the inland swamps, though these lands are said to be of inferior 
 quality. About 60 or 70 miles from the coast begin the pine lands, which are valuable chiefly for the immense quantity 
 of timber annually yielded. Tar, pilch, and turpentine are also largely manufactured in this section. The mi<ldle 
 region of the State contains land of a red, loamy soil, producing tobacco, cotton, and all the grains. It was ojice very 
 productive, but owing to the exhausting system of cultivation adopted by the planters, it has become in many parts 
 much impoverished, and large gullies and red barren hill sides often meet the eye in places where once abundant crops 
 were produced. The i)lantcrs, however, have become awake to the folly of a system so injurious to their best interests, 
 and hill-side ditching, manuring, and a judicious rotation of crops, together with occasional rest to the land, is gradually 
 restoring the soil. The institution of agricultural societies has also of late years stimulated emulation in this direction, and 
 many of the great planters have set a good example to their neighbors by adopting the improvements which science has 
 proved necessary to insure success in agricultural operations. The lands in the south-western part of the State, between 
 the Chattahoochee and Flint rivers, are in general fertile wlien first cleared, but are not very durable. Being of a light, 
 sandy soil they produce fine crops of cotton and sometimes sugar cane for a few years, and then become exhausted, 
 when resort must be had to fertilizers. These lands, however, are cheaper in proportion to their fertility than any others 
 in Georgia. In the north part of the State — that part known as Cherokee Georgia — the valleys are exceedingly rich, 
 producing wheat, corn, potatoes, etc., and in some places cotton is extensively raised ; but the crop is not so certain as in 
 the lower regions. This, indeed, is peculiarly a grain country, while the mountains yield the more valuable minerals, 
 and arc exceedingly attractive as grazing lands. The land here is more costly than in any other part of the State, rang- 
 ing from $10 to $30 per acre; while in the south-west lands of equal fertility cost not more than one-third those sums — 
 the diflerencc being due to the greater durability of the nortliern soils. But Cherokee Georgia is not the place to raise 
 cotton ; it is to be the granary and work-shop of the State, and its fields will produce corn to feed the operatives who 
 are to direct its wator-power in manufacturing the cotton which the south produces, and in digging out from the bowels 
 of the earth the minerals which are to regulate its inland commerce. 
 
 Upward of fifty streams in the State of Georgia are enumerated as desen'ing and having the designation of rivers. 
 A very cursory glance at the map will show that her water resources are immense. The streams of this state alone 
 which pour the volume of their waters from the mountain springs into the bosom of the Atlantic Ocean and the Gulf of 
 Mexico, would supply sufficient power, in the eligible sites, to manufacture all the cotton grown in tlie world, or to grind 
 all the grain grown within the limits of the Union. The navigable rivers are the Savannah, the Alatamaha, the Oconee, 
 the Ocraulgec, the St. Mary's, the Ogcechce, the Flint, the Chattahoochee, the Coosa, and various others. These bear 
 down to the seaboard the productions of the interior, and are thronged by steamboats, sloops, and flat boats, laden with 
 the material of a commerce valued at thirty-five to forty million of dollars a year. If Georgia has not the best of harbors, 
 she has a large number, equal to all the requirements of the coasting trade. Savannah, Darien, Brunswick, and St. 
 Mary's have harbor accommodations for a large class of shipping, and arc the centres of a considerable foreign trade. 
 The great river of the State is the Savannah, which rises by two principal branches in North Carolina, near the sources 
 of the Tennessee and Iliwassce on the one side, and the Chattahoochee on the other, and after a course of about 800 
 miles, falls over the last chain of rock-hills into the great plain at Augusta, to which place, 250 miles from its mouth, it is 
 navigable for steamers of light draft, and for large ships to Savannah, there being IS or 19 feet water on the bar at low 
 tide. Its principal tributaries are Brier Creek and Broad Eiver. The Chattahoochee, rising near the southern branch 
 of the Savannah, pursues at first a south-westerly course, but afterward turns to the south, and receiving Flint Eiver on 
 the Florida line, enters that State under the name of Appalachicola. It is navigable to the falls at Columbus, 300 miles 
 from its mouth, for a great part of the year, and its whole length is about 500 miles. Flint Eiver, above named, rises in 
 the hilly country south of the Chattahoochee, and has a total length of 300 miles, of which 75 miles to the falls is open 
 to navigation. The Oostanaula and Etowah, rising in the mountains of the north, unite their streams at Home, in 
 Floyd County, whence they pass directly west into Alabama, under the name of Coosa. The Alatamaha is formed by the 
 junction of the Oconee and the Ocmulgee, which rise in the hilly region south of the Chattahoochee, and flow for about 
 250 miles nearly parallel to each other, where the latter bends round to the east, and unites its waters with those of the 
 former— there are 12 to 13 feet water on the bar of the Alatamaha at ebb-tide, and steamboats ascend the Ocmulgee to 
 Macon, and the Oconee to Milledgeville, although there are some obstructions to their navigation. The Ogeechee has a 
 course of about 200 miles, of which 40 miles are navigated by small vessels. The Santilla, or St. Ilia, has a winding 
 course, chiefly through a low, swamp region, but is partially navigable for river craft. The St. Mary's Eiver rises in a 
 low ridge, near Okefinoke Swamp, and reaches the sea in Cumberland Sound ; it has 13 feet of water on the bar at low 
 tide, and sometimes as much as 23 feet in times of flood. The AUapaha and Withlacoochee, principal constituents of 
 Suwannee Eiver of Florida, and the Ockloekonee Eiver, are considerable streams in the south part of the State, which 
 empty into the Gulf of Mexico. 
 
 Mr. Stephens, one of Georgia's representatives in Congress, in a^speech before that body, exhibited the physical, 
 industrial, and moral condition of his State in the following glowing terms: "Georgia is the youngest of the old thirteen 
 States that formed the Union. At that time she was the weakest of that fraternal band." ***** "Boston, New- 
 York, and Eichmond were nearly as old as Georgia now is, when Oglethorpe first landed at Savannah. But notwith- 
 standing all this, I will not shrink from the comparison, let it be instituted when or where it may. Georgia has her beds 
 F SI 
 
XHE STATE OF GEORGIA. 
 
 of coal and iron ; her lime, gypsum, and marl ; her quarries of granite and marble. She has inexhaustible trea-sures of 
 minerals, incliuling gold, the most precious of metals. She has a soil and climate suitable for the growth and culture of 
 every proiluct known to husbandry and iigriculturc. A better country for wheat and corn, and all the cereal plants, to 
 say nothing of cotton and tobacco, is not to be found in an equal space on this continent. There, too, grow the orange, 
 the olive, the vine, and the fig, with forests of oak and pine sufficient to build and mast the navies of the world. She 
 has mountains for grazing, rivers for connnerce, and waterfalls for machinery of all kinds without number. Nor have 
 these great natural advantages and resources been neglected. Young as she is, she is now the first cotton-growing State 
 in the Union. She has, I believe. Ihirty-six cotton factories in operation, and a great many more hastening to comple- 
 tion — one of them h:is, or soon will have, ten thousand spindle-s, with two hundred looms, capable of turning out eight 
 thousand yards of cloth per day. Her yarns are already finding their way to the markets of the North and foreign 
 countries; and the day is not distant when she will take the lead in the manufacture as well as the production of this 
 great staple. She has also her flour nulls and paper mills — her forges, foundries, and furnaces, in full operation. Her 
 exports exceed yearly $;3."),OOU,(X)0 — equal to if not greater than those of all New England together. She has six hundred 
 anil fifty miles of railroad in operation, at a cost of $l.'i,0OO,0O0, and two hundred miles more in the course of construc- 
 tion. I5y her energy and enterprise she has scaled the mountain barriers, and opened the way for the steam-car from 
 the southern Atlantic ports to the waters of the great valley of the "West. But this is not all: she has four chartered 
 universities — nay, five, for she has one devoted exclusively to the education of her daughters. She was the first State, I 
 believe, to establish a female college, which is now in a flourishing c<indition, and one of the brighest ornaments of her 
 character. She h.as four hundred young men pursuing a collegiate course — a greater number, I believe, than any State 
 in tlie Union, in proportion to her white population. Go, then, and take your statistics if you wish — you will find not 
 only all those things to be so; but I tell you also what you will not find, you will not find any body in that State begging 
 bread or asking alms — you will find but few paupers — you will not find forty thousand beings, pinched with cold and 
 hunger, demanding the right to labor, as I saw it stated to be the case not long since in the City of New York. And 
 when you have got all the information you want, come and institute the comparison if you wish, with any State you 
 please ; make your own selection ; I shall not shrink from it, nor will the people of that State shrink from it. Other 
 gentlemen from the South can speak for their own States — I speak only for mine. And in her name, and in her behalf, 
 as one of her respresentatives upon this floor, I accept the gauntlet in advance, and I have no fears of the result of a 
 comparison of her statistics, socially, morally, politically, with any other state of equal population in this confederacy." 
 4= ii< * * « * » That country has the greatest elements of prosperity where the same amount of human labor or 
 exertion will procure the greatest amount of human comforts, and that people are the most prosperous, whether few or 
 many, who, possessing tJiose elements, control them by their energy, and industry, and economy for the accumulation 
 of wealth. In these particulars the people of Georgia are inferior to none in this or any other country. They have 
 abundant reason to be content with their lot." ******" The six hundred and filly miles of railroad now in 
 operation, to which I have alluded, were built by Georgia capital. One hundred and thirty-six miles, from Atlanta to 
 Chattanooga, on the Tennessee River, which is one of the greatest monuments of the enterprise of the ago, was built by 
 the State. But her public debt is only a little over $1,800,000, while that of the State of New York is over $20,000,000, 
 besides $14,000,000 owed by the city alone; and the debt of Pennsylvania is .$40,000,000. The bonds of the State of 
 Georgia are held mostly by her own people. You do not see them hawked about in Northern or foreign markets at a 
 depreciation. But they, as well as the stocks and securities of the private companies, are held mostly by her own citizens, 
 and are comman<ling premiums at home." 
 Georgia is divided into 94 counties, the general statistics of which, and the capital of each in 1S50, was as follows: 
 
 ' Capitals 
 . Carnesville 
 . EUejay 
 . Brunswick 
 . Calhoun 
 , Greensboro' 
 . Lawrenceville 
 5 . . Clarkesville 
 . Gainesville 
 . Sparta 
 . Hamilton 
 . Franklin 
 , M'Donough 
 . Perry 
 , Irwinville 
 . Jefferson 
 . Monticello 
 . Louisville 
 , Clinton 
 . Dublin 
 , StarkeviUe 
 . ninesville 
 . Lincolnton 
 . Troupville 
 . Dahlonega 
 , Lanier 
 . Danielsville 
 , Tazewell 
 . Darien 
 . Greenville 
 , Forsyth 
 . . Mount Vernon 
 
 Counties. 
 
 nwelL 
 
 P„p. 
 
 Fiirms 
 inrult. 
 
 Manu 
 Kstab 
 
 '■ Capitals. 
 
 Counties. 
 
 Dwell. 
 
 Pop. 
 
 Farms 
 in .lilt. 
 
 Manu 
 KstaL 
 
 Appling.. 
 
 410 . 
 
 2,949 . 
 
 313 . 
 
 . . 
 
 Holmesville 
 
 Franklin . . 
 
 . 1,546 . 
 
 . 11, ,513 . 
 
 . 1,305 . 
 
 . 4. 
 
 Baker .... 
 
 755 . 
 
 8,120 . 
 
 444. 
 
 .12. 
 
 . Newton 
 
 Gilmer ... 
 
 . 1,396 . 
 
 . 8,440 . 
 
 . 577. 
 
 . 5. 
 
 Baldwin . . 
 
 64T. 
 
 8,148 . 
 
 240. 
 
 . 3. 
 
 MlLLEDQEVILLE 
 
 Glinn 
 
 . 145. 
 
 . 4,933. 
 
 . 92. 
 
 . 8. 
 
 Bibb 
 
 1,2.34 . 
 
 12,699 . 
 
 308. 
 
 .82 . 
 
 . Macon 
 
 Gordon . . . 
 
 . 861 . 
 
 . 5,984. 
 
 . 419 . 
 
 . 0. 
 
 Bryan 
 
 . 212 . 
 
 . 3,424. 
 
 . 209 . 
 
 . . 
 
 . Eden 
 
 Greene . . . 
 
 . 854. 
 
 . 18,068 . 
 
 . 512 . 
 
 .47. 
 
 Bullock... 
 
 . 477 . 
 
 4,300 . 
 
 412 . 
 
 . 3. 
 
 . Statesboro' 
 
 Gwinnett . 
 
 . 1,610 . 
 
 . 11,257 . 
 
 1,036 . 
 
 .26. 
 
 Burke 
 
 . 1,017 . 
 
 . 16,100 . 
 
 . 712. 
 
 .41 . 
 
 . WajTiesboro' 
 
 H.abersham 1,338 . 
 
 . 8,895. 
 
 . 732. 
 
 . 5. 
 
 Butts 
 
 . 642 . 
 
 . 6,4^^8 . 
 
 . 891 . 
 
 .14. 
 
 . Jackson 
 
 Hall 
 
 . 1,300 . 
 
 . 8.713 . 
 
 . 697. 
 
 . 0. 
 
 Camden . . 
 
 . 400 . 
 
 . 0,819 . 
 
 . 2-35 . 
 
 . 5 . 
 
 . Jefferson 
 
 Hancock.. 
 
 . 761 . 
 
 . 11,573 . 
 
 . 444. 
 
 . 20. 
 
 Campbell . 
 
 . 920. 
 
 . 7,232 . 
 
 . 694. 
 
 .18. 
 
 . Campbcllton 
 
 Harris 
 
 . 1,175 . 
 
 . 14,721 . 
 
 . 873. 
 
 .78. 
 
 Carroll . . . 
 
 1,879 . 
 
 . 9,.357 . 
 
 . 782. 
 
 .16. 
 
 . Carroll ton 
 
 Heard 
 
 . 724 . 
 
 . 6.923 . 
 
 . 512. 
 
 . 5. 
 
 Cass 
 
 1,712 . 
 
 . 13,300 . 
 
 . 601 . 
 
 . 8. 
 
 . Oassville 
 
 Henry . . . 
 
 . 1,680 . 
 
 . 14,726 . 
 
 . 1,003 . 
 
 . 3. 
 
 Chatham . 
 
 1,915 . 
 
 . 23,901 . 
 
 . 182 . 
 
 .13. 
 
 . Savaimah 
 
 Houston .. 
 
 . 1,138 . 
 
 . 16,450 . 
 
 . 750. 
 
 .23. 
 
 Chattooga. 
 
 . S69 . 
 
 . 6,815 . 
 
 . 419 . 
 
 . 10 . 
 
 . Summcrville 
 
 Irwin 
 
 . 448. 
 
 . 8,834. 
 
 . 414. 
 
 . 0. 
 
 Cherokee . 
 
 . 1,970 . 
 
 . 12,800 . 
 
 . 1,000 . 
 
 . 5. 
 
 . Canton 
 
 Jackson . . 
 
 . 1,200 . 
 
 . 9,768. 
 
 . 547. 
 
 . 6 . 
 
 Clark 
 
 . 1,024 . 
 
 . 11,119 . 
 
 . 400 . 
 
 .55. 
 
 . Athens 
 
 Jasper 
 
 . 812 . 
 
 . 11,486 . 
 
 . 538. 
 
 . 12. 
 
 Cobb 
 
 . 1,919 . 
 
 . 13,843 . 
 
 . 931 . 
 
 .10. 
 
 . Marietta 
 
 Jefferson . . 
 
 . 765. 
 
 . 9,181 . 
 
 . 638. 
 
 .48. 
 
 Columbia . 
 
 . 751 . 
 
 . 11,901 . 
 
 . 489 . 
 
 . 7. 
 
 . Appling 
 
 Jones .... 
 
 . 789. 
 
 . 10,224 . 
 
 . 405. 
 
 .15. 
 
 Coweta . . . 
 
 . 1,382 . 
 
 . 13,0.35 . 
 
 . 911 . 
 
 .52. 
 
 . Newnan 
 
 Laurens .. . 
 
 . 634. 
 
 . 6,442 . 
 
 . 823. 
 
 . 6. 
 
 Crawford . 
 
 . 754. 
 
 . 8,984. 
 
 . 444 . 
 
 . 5. 
 
 . Knoxville 
 
 Lee 
 
 . 550 . 
 
 . 6,659 . 
 
 . 887. 
 
 . 7. 
 
 Dade 
 
 . 421 . 
 
 . 2,630 . 
 
 . 235. 
 
 . 4 . 
 
 . Trenton 
 
 Liberty . . . 
 
 . 860. 
 
 . 7,926. 
 
 . 244. 
 
 . 4. 
 
 Decatur ... 
 
 . 898. 
 
 . 8,262 . 
 
 . 441 . 
 
 . 2. 
 
 . Bainbridgo 
 
 Lincoln ... 
 
 . 378. 
 
 . 5,998 . 
 
 . 273. 
 
 .13. 
 
 De Kalb . . 
 
 . 1,792 . 
 
 . 14,828 . 
 
 . 1,019 . 
 
 .45 . 
 
 . Decatur 
 
 Lowndes . . 
 
 . 932 . 
 
 . 8,351 . 
 
 . 649. 
 
 . 2. 
 
 Dooly 
 
 . 962 . 
 
 . 8,361 . 
 
 . 663 . 
 
 . 8. 
 
 . Drayton 
 
 Lumpkin . 
 
 . 1,881 . 
 
 . 8,954. 
 
 . 598. 
 
 . 0. 
 
 Kariy 
 
 . 656. 
 
 . 7,246 . 
 
 . 867 . 
 
 .11 . 
 
 . Blakely 
 
 Macon 
 
 . 079. 
 
 . 7,052. 
 
 . 419. 
 
 . 0. 
 
 Kffingham 
 
 . 355 . 
 
 . 8,864 . 
 
 . 308. 
 
 . . 
 
 . Springfield 
 
 Madison.. 
 
 . 692 . 
 
 . 5,003. 
 
 . 404. 
 
 . 8. 
 
 Elbert . . . . 
 
 .1,177. 
 
 . 12,959 . 
 
 . 804. 
 
 .20. 
 
 . Elbertoa, 
 
 Marion . . . 
 
 . 1,101 . 
 
 . 10,280 . 
 
 . 563. 
 
 . 4. 
 
 Emanuel . 
 
 . 605 . 
 
 . 4,577 . 
 
 . 511 . 
 
 . . 
 
 . Swainsboro' 
 
 M'Intosh.. 
 
 . 283 . 
 
 . 6,028 . 
 
 . 117. 
 
 .10. 
 
 Fayette . . . 
 
 . 1,196 . 
 
 . 8,709 . 
 
 . 818. 
 
 . 6. 
 
 . Fayettevillo 
 
 Merri wether 1,428 . 
 
 . 16,476 . 
 
 . 824. 
 
 . 0. 
 
 Floyd .... 
 
 . 866 . 
 
 . 8,205 . 
 
 . 897 
 
 .15. 
 
 . Eomo 
 
 Monroe. . . 
 
 . 1,194 . 
 
 . 16,985 . 
 
 . 746. 
 
 . 2. 
 
 Forsyth .. . 
 52 
 
 . 1,384 . 
 
 . 6,850 . 
 
 . 765. 
 
 . S. 
 
 . Gumming 
 
 Montgomery 236 . 
 
 . 2,154 . 
 
 . 168. 
 
 . 0. 
 
1^ 
 
C. W. & J. T. MOOEE & CO. 
 
 IMPORTERS AND JOBBERS OF 
 
 i fkmi t mhfm 
 
 Nos. 26 & 28 PARK PLACE, and 
 21 & 23 BARCLAY STREET, 
 
 i&:[ ^ w A ^ ^0? M:3 o 
 
 CHAUNCEY W. INIOORE, 
 WAI. M. ROBBINS. 
 
 LEVERETT C. STOWELL, 
 
 JOHN T. MOORE, 
 EMMOR K. HAIGHT. 
 
 (Late TAGGART & GBAY.) 
 
 V Jl-'O DEALER IN 
 
 Nos. 15 PULTON & 202 FRONT STREETS, 
 NEW- YOKK. 
 
 "Where he has constantly on hand, and offers for Sale, 
 
 Painted Pails, Brooms, Brushes, Mats, Twines, Cordage, 
 
 CEDAR TUBS, PAILS, PIGGINS, COOLERS, CHURNS, 
 WUXOir CRADI.ES, TVAGOXS, CHAIRS & BASKETS. 
 
 McCREadYTmo^^ 
 
 151 JfTJlinEJV Ij^IJVE, 
 
 Corner of Fron^ Street, ^lW«l@El,a 
 
 DISTILLERS OF 
 
 80 & 95 per cent. ALCOHOL & N. E. RUM, 
 
 ALSO MANUFACTURERS AND DEALERS IN 
 The following articles of the best quality, and offered at the lowest market prices: 
 
 Spirits Turpentine, Tar, Pitch, Sosin, Soft and Hard Turpentine, Bright Varnish, Coal Tar, and 
 
 Naval Stores of every Description. 
 
 IHOMAS"BETTS ■ J»iSTiLLEa. S. JENNY, Jr. 
 
 m 
 
 PATENTED JANUARY 23d, 1855. 
 
 Wo. 211 Broadiray, Corner of Chambers St., IVevr-York. 
 
 T. G. STEARNS, General Agent. 
 
 An incorrodible and durable Ink Reservoir, made of Protean, tinder Goodyear's Patent, filled with 
 ease and rapidity, supplying the Pen from three to ten hours with constant writing, and saving about 
 one-third the time. Just the thing for Entry Clorks, Merchants, Travelers, Schools, Banks, Canvas- 
 sers, Ministers, and a most valuable aid to all writers: Prices $3.00, $4.00, and $5.00. Liberal terms 
 to the Trade. To persons wishing a single pen, will send by mail free of postage, with full directions, 
 on receipt of money. 
 
 N. B. — A valuable improvement has been made to this well conceived article. 
 
GRAY, COOK & MERRITT, 
 
 FOR 
 
 WINDSOR AND CLIFTON MILLS PAPEES, 
 
 18 MEEKJff^lJV STREET, 
 
 > NEAR NASSAU, 
 
 TV. C. GRAY, 
 B. F. COOK, 
 GEO. MERRITT. 
 
 ^^vv i;^ ^ 
 
 v^C^^ AND ^^ 
 
 (^ s^ 's;? *^?5? 'j^oa ^5^ ^1-. -.,, ., ^ ..^ 
 © & ^^ is^ &1 ^S w ^:^ ^^^ ^i^ 
 
 The subscriber, for eii»hteon years past in business in Wall Street, in selling all descriptions of Fine 
 Gold and Silver Watches, Diamonds, Jewelry and Silver Ware, at AVholesale and Retail, at much 
 less than usual prices. Goods sent by mail or express to all parts of the United States and Canada 
 free of charge. 
 
 Importer of WATCHES & JEWELRY, Wholesale and Retail, 
 Wo. 11 TVall Street, second floor, 
 
 (Near Broadway) NEW'YORK. 
 
 STA.TE]Sr ISLA-ISTD 
 OFFICE, No. 3 JOHN STREET, 
 
 [2 DOORS FROM BROADWAY] 
 
 The undersigned, proprietors of this Establishment, have for a long time (the senior partner of the firm, 
 Nathan Barrett, for 37 years,), been prosecuting their business at Staten Island. They nave spared no effort 
 or expense, especially in the last few years, to excel in all the branches of their art, and have been successful 
 in attaining a high degree of improvement, as well as in the machinery and apparatus for dressing different 
 styles of goods, as in practical artistic skill. In dyeing and finishing Ladies' .Silk, Satin and Merino Dresses, 
 great improvements have been made. In a large proportion of cases, these articles are made, in color and fin- 
 ish, very nearly equal in appearance to new goods. Crape Shawls, Cloaks, Mantillas, Velvet Garments, &c., 
 are also very successfully treated. Faded and stained goods restored or re-dyed. 
 
 Lace and Muslin Curtains, Carpets, Rugs and Table Covers Cleansed and Re-finished, Damask 
 and Moreen Curtains beautifully Dyed Also, Ribbons, Hosiery, Gloves, &c. 
 
 Orders Executed with Care and Despatch. 
 
 GOODS RECEIVED AND RETURNED BY EXPRESS. 
 
 This Ticket to be presented ■when the Goods are called for. Goods kept subject to the 
 claim of the owner, twelve months. 
 
 BARRETT, NEPHEWS & CO., 
 
 3 John-st., two doors from Broadway, N. Y. 
 
THE STATE OF GEORGIA. 
 
 Counties. 
 
 Dwell. 
 
 Pop. 
 
 Morgan .. 
 
 . 621 
 
 . 10,744 . 
 
 Murray .. . . 
 
 . 2,047 . 
 
 . 14,433 . 
 
 Muscogee . 
 
 . 1,884 . 
 
 . 18.578 . 
 
 Newton... 
 
 . 1,3T4 . 
 
 . 13,296 . 
 
 Oglethorpe 
 
 . 819. 
 
 . 12,259 . 
 
 Paulding . 
 
 . 1,059 . 
 
 . 7,039 . 
 
 Pike 
 
 1,4T4 . 
 
 . 14,305 . 
 
 Pulaslii... 
 
 701 . 
 
 . 6,627 . 
 
 Putnam . . 
 
 . 609 . 
 
 . 10,794 . 
 
 Eabun 
 
 3S5 . 
 
 . 2,448. 
 
 Randolph. 
 
 1,408 . 
 
 . 12,S68 . 
 
 Richmond. 
 
 .1,556. 
 
 . 16,246 . 
 
 Scriven . . . 
 
 567. 
 
 . 6,847 . 
 
 Stewart. . . 
 
 1,432. 
 
 . 16,027 . 
 
 Sumter . . . 
 
 1,109 . 
 
 . 10,322 . 
 
 Talbot .... 
 
 1,324 . 
 
 . 16,534 . 
 
 Farms 
 
 Mamif. 
 
 in cult. 
 
 Kstab. 
 
 336 
 
 .31 .. 
 
 1,034 
 
 .25.. 
 
 5S1 
 
 .30.. 
 
 812 
 
 . 23 . . 
 
 555 
 
 .13.. 
 
 422 
 
 .10.. 
 
 807 
 
 .21.. 
 
 371 
 
 . 2.. 
 
 Sol 
 
 .82.. 
 
 282 . 
 
 . .. 
 
 9.30 
 
 .38.. 
 
 272 
 
 .56.. 
 
 498. 
 
 . .. 
 
 990. 
 
 .36.. 
 
 768. 
 
 .34.. 
 
 928 
 
 .46.. 
 
 Capitals. 
 
 Madison 
 
 Spring Place 
 
 Columbus 
 
 Covington 
 
 Lexington 
 
 Van Wert 
 
 Zebulon 
 
 Hawkinsville 
 
 Eatonton 
 
 Clayton 
 
 Cuthbert 
 
 Augusta 
 
 Jacksonboro' 
 
 Lumpkin 
 
 Amerieus 
 
 Talbotton 
 
 Counties. Dwell. 
 
 Taliaferro.. 408 
 Tatnall .... 4-34 
 
 Telfair 340 
 
 Thomas.... S38 
 
 Troup 1,295 
 
 Twiggs .... 696 
 
 Union 1,141 
 
 Upson 795 
 
 "Walker.... 1,867 
 Walton.... 1,191 , 
 
 Ware 561 
 
 Warren .... 1,135 , 
 Washington 1,077 
 Wayne .... 1S2 
 Wilkes.... 709. 
 Wilkinson .. 9S3 
 
 Pop. 
 
 in cult. 
 
 Kstab 
 
 Capitals. 
 
 . 5,146 . 
 
 294 . 
 
 . 16 . 
 
 . Crawfordsville 
 
 . 3,227 . 
 
 327 . 
 
 . 10. 
 
 . Iteidsville 
 
 . 3,026. 
 
 2S0. 
 
 . 0. 
 
 . Jacksonville 
 
 . 10,103 . 
 
 5:34. 
 
 . 6. 
 
 . Thomasville 
 
 . 16,879 . 
 
 7S9. 
 
 . 8. 
 
 . Lagrange 
 
 . 8.179 . 
 
 367. 
 
 . 0. 
 
 . Marion 
 
 . 7,2-34. 
 
 911 . 
 
 . 3 . 
 
 . Blairsville 
 
 . 9,424. 
 
 436. 
 
 .19. 
 
 . Thorn aston 
 
 . 13,109 . 
 
 600 . 
 
 . 1 . 
 
 . Lafayette 
 
 . 10,821 . . 
 
 864. 
 
 .56. 
 
 . Monroe 
 
 . 3,8S8 . 
 
 3.39. 
 
 . 0. 
 
 . Waresboro' 
 
 . 12,425 . . 
 
 605 . 
 
 .42. 
 
 . Warren ton 
 
 . 11,766 . 
 
 632. 
 
 . 6. 
 
 . Sandersville 
 
 . 1,499.. 
 
 172. 
 
 . . 
 
 . Wav-nesviUe 
 
 . 12,107 . . 
 
 468 . 
 
 . 9. 
 
 Washington 
 
 . 8,212.. 
 
 645. 
 
 . 5. 
 
 . Irwinton 
 
 The whole number of dwellings in the State, at the above date, was 91.011, of families 91,471, and of inhabitants 
 905,999, viz., whites 521,438— males 266,096, and females 255,342 ; free colored 2,880— males 1,368, and females, 1,512 ; and 
 slaves 381,681. Of the whole population, there were: deaf and dumb — wh. 211, fr. col. 0, si. 41 ; h/ind—-wh. 224, fr. col. 
 5, si. 80 ; insane — wh. 281, fr. col. 2, si. 23; and idiotic — wh. 470, fr. col. 3, si. 9S. The number of free persons born in 
 the United States was 517,995 ; the number of foreign birth was 5.907, and of birth unknown, 597 ; the native population 
 originated as follows: Maine 178, New Hampshire 122, Vermont ISO, Massachusetts 594, Ehode Island 188, Connecticut 
 712, New York 1,20-8, New Jersey 3-31, Pennsylvania 642, Delaware 117, Maryland 703, District of Columbia 72, Virginia 
 7,331, North Carolina 37,522, South Carolina 52,154, Georgia 402,552, Florida 1,103, Alabama 31,154, Mississippi 184, Loui- 
 siana 42, Texas 28, Arkansas 25, Tennessee 8,211, Kentucky 458, Ohio 46, Michigan 3, Indiana 50, Illinois 41, Missouri 
 60, Iowa 1, Wisconsin 2, California 0, and the Territories ; and the foreign population was composed of persons from — 
 England 679, Ireland 3,202, Scotland 367, AValcs 13, Germany 947, France 177, Spain 13, Portugal 5, Belgium 41, Holland 
 11, Turkey 1, Italy 33, Austria 8, Switzerland 38, Russia 8, Denmark 24, Norway 6, Sweden 11, Prussia 25, Greece 1, A.sia 
 2, Africa 18, British America 108, Mexico 8, South America 8, West Indies 95, and other countries 58. 
 
 The following table wUl exhibit the decennial progress of the population since the first census of the State, taken by the 
 United States authorities : 
 
 Coloreil Persons. 
 Census. White , ' , Total 
 
 Year. Persons. Free. Slave. 
 
 1790 52,886 398 ... . 29,264 . . 
 
 1800 101,678 1,019 .... 59,404 . . 
 
 1810 145,414 1,801 .... 105,218 .. 
 
 1820 189,564 1,767 .... 149,656 . . 
 
 1830 296,806 2,486 .... 217,581 . . 
 
 1840 407,695 2,753 .... 280,944 . . 
 
 1850 521,488 2,880 .... 881,681 . . 
 
 Total. Population, 
 
 29,662 .... 82,548 , 
 60.423 .... 162,101 
 107,019 .... 252,4.33 
 151,423 .... 340,987 
 220,017 .... 516,823 
 288,697 .... 691,392 
 884,561 .... 905,999 
 
 Decennial I 
 
 ncrease. 
 
 Numerical. 
 
 I'er cent. 
 
 79.553 .... 
 
 . 96.4 
 
 90.332 .... 
 
 .. 5.5.7 
 
 88.554 .... 
 
 .. 85.1 
 
 175.8-36 .... 
 
 . . 51.6 
 
 174.569 .... 
 
 . . 33.8 
 
 214.607 .... 
 
 . 31.1 
 
 The statistics of the industry and wealth of Georgia, as furnished by the census of 1850, and other oflScial returns 
 referring to that year, are as follows : 
 
 Occupied Land», etc. — Improved lands, 6,378,479 acres, and unimproved lands, 16,442,900 acres — valued in cash at 
 $95,753,445. Number of farms under cultivation, 51,759. Value of farming implements and machinery, :f 5,894,150. 
 
 Live-Stack.— lloKes, 151,881; asses and mules, 57,389; milch cows, 384,223; working oxen, 73,286; other cattle, 
 690,016; sheep, 560,435; and swine, 2,168,617— valued in the aggregate at .1525,728,416. (In 1840 there were 157,540 
 horses, mules, etc. ; 884,414 neat cattle of all kinds ; 267,107 sheep, and 1,457,755 swine.) 
 
 Grain (7/-0/M.— Wheat, 1,088.5-34 bushels : rye, 53,750 bushels ; Indian corn, 30,080,090 bushels ; oats, 3,820,044 bushels ; 
 barley, 11.501 bushels; and buckwheat, 250 bushels. (The crops of 1839-40 were— wheat, 1,801,830 bushels; barley, 
 12,979 bushels ; oata, 1,610,030 bushels ; rye, 60,693 bushels ; buckwheat, 141 bushels ; and Indian corn, 20,905,122 bushels.) 
 
 Other Cropii.—?ace, 38,950,691 pounds; tobacco, 428.934 pounds ; ginned cotton, 300,901 bales of 400 pounds; peas and 
 beans, 1 ,142,011 bushels ; potatoes— Irish, 227,879, and sweet, 6,986,428 bushels ; hay, 23,449 tons ; clover-seed, 1.82, and 
 other grass-seed, 428 bushels ; hops, 261 pounds ; hemp— dew-rotted, 0, and water-rotted, tons ; flax, 5,387 pounds ; flax- 
 seed, 622 bushels; maple sugar, 50 pounds; cane sugar, 1,644 hogsheads of 1,000 pounds; molasses, 216,150 gallons; 
 wine, 796 gallons, etc. The value of orchard products was $92,776, and of market-garden products, $76,500. The 
 annexed table compares the crops of the great staples in 1840 and 1850: 
 
 Staples. 1840. ISno. 
 
 Cane Sugar 329,744 pounds 1,644,000 pounds 
 
 Ginned Cotton 163,892,396 " ....120,-360,400 " 
 
 Tobacco 162,894 " .... 423,934 " 
 
 Rice 12,384,732 " .... 38,950,691 " 
 
 Movement. 
 
 incr. 1,314,256 pounds, or 398.57 per cent 
 rfecr. 4.3,0-31,996 " or 26.34 « 
 , incr. 261,040 " or 160.25 " 
 iwcr. 26,565,959 " or 214.51 " 
 
 Products of Anitnals.—Vfool, 990,019 pounds (in 1840, 371,303); butter, 4,640,559 pounds, and cheese, 46,976 pounds ; 
 and the value of animals slaughtered in the year had been $6,339,762. Silk cocoons were produced to the amount of 813 
 pounds (in 1840, 2,992^) ; and beeswax and honey, to that of 732,514 pounds. 
 
 Home^nade manufactures for the year ending 30th June, 1850, were valued at $1,838,968 (in 1840, $1,467,680). 
 
 Manufactures. — Aggregate capital invested, $8,378,257; value of raw material, fuel, etc., consumed, $5,127,546; ave- 
 rage number of hands employed, — males, and females, average monthly cost of labor — male, $ 
 and female, $00,000; annual value of products, $6,704,138. The whole number of manufacturing establishments, pro- 
 ducing to the value of $500 and upward in 1850, was 1,407, and of these .35 were cotton factories, 8 woolen factories, 140 
 tanneries, and 10 iron establishments, of which 4 manufactured c.nsting, 3 pig-iron, and 3 wrought iron. 
 
THE STATE OF GEORGIA. 
 
 The cotton manufactures employ a capital of $1,736,156 ; the cotton consumed in the year ending 30th June, 1S50, was 
 20,230 bales, and the value of all raw material, fuel, etc., was .$900,419 ; average hands employed — males ST3, and females 
 1,399 ; monthly cost of labor — male, $12,725, antl female, $10,352 ; value of entire products, $2,135,044, the products of the 
 year having been 7,209,292 yards of sheeting, and 4,198,351 pounds of yarn. 
 
 The u-oolen manufactures have a capital invested amounting to $68,000, and consume annually 153,816 pounds 
 of wool ; value of all raw material, $30,392 ; hands employed— males 40, and females 3S ; monthly cost of labor— male 
 $1,099, and female, $536; cloth manufactured, 340,060 yards; value of the entire products, $88,750. 
 
 The tanneries employ a capital of $262,855, and use annually 81,484 hides, and 21,705 skins, valued at $185,604; hands 
 employed, 402 ; monthly wages, or cost of labor, $7,107 ; skins tanned, 21,705, and sides of leather tanned, 162,963— 
 valued together at $301,586. 
 
 The various iron manufactures are in accordance with the following statistics : 
 
 Hands. Montlily Wa^es. 
 
 Specified Capital Value of , ■- n / ^ . Tons Entire Value 
 
 Manufactures. InveBteil. Raw IMaterial. Male. Fem. Male. Female. Produced, of Products. 
 
 Pig Iron $26,000 $25,840 135 3 $17.44 $5.00 900 $57,300 
 
 Cast Iron'.!! 35,000 11,950 39 27.43 0.00 415 46,200 
 
 Wrought Iron 9,200 5,986 26 1 11.85 5.00 90 15,384 
 
 The total capital invested in the iron manufacture is thus $70,200: the value of raw material, fuel, etc., consumed, 
 $43,776 ; total cost of labor, $44 651 ; and the total value of products, $118,884. 
 
 The branches of industry, others than those above enumerated, and forming the bulk of the manufactures of the State, 
 consist chiefly of mills of various descriptions, as saw and flouring mills, paper mills, boot and shoe shops, wheelwright 
 shops, agricultural-implement manufactories, etc., etc., which, taken together, and in connection with the national 
 manufactures in which this State is engaged, constitute a very respectable manufacturing interest, and place Georgia iu 
 a proud position— first among its compeers of the Southern States. 
 
 Foreign Commerce. — Not more than a sixth of the commercial staples of Georgia are exjiorted directly, or in shipping 
 belonging to the State. The great bulk of its products are carried coastwise, and chiefly in northern vessels to northern 
 ports, and thence trans-shipped to the foreign port ; and even of the one-sixth, constituting the material of its direct 
 foreign commerce, more than Ihree-flfths is exported in vessels of foreign nations ; besides, a largi; moiety of the products 
 of "Western Georgia is shipped at Appalachieola, in Florida. The exports to foreign countries, in the year ending 30th 
 June 1850, were valued at $7,551,943, of wliich $4,929,791 represents the value of merchandise carried in foreign bottoms ; 
 and the direct imports were valued at $030,964, of which .$330,081 was the value of goods carried in foreign bottoms. The 
 whole of the exports were of domestic origin. The total entries were 118 (57,017 tons), of which 71 (45,134 tons) were 
 foreign; and the total clearances were 141 (72,563 tons), of which 83 (51,524 tons) were foreign. The whole of this com- 
 merce was done in the district of which Savannah is the port of entry. The amount of shipping owned in the State at 
 the above-named period was 21,090 tons, distributed among the several collection districts as follows: 
 
 Enrolled and Licensed. 
 
 Collection , 
 
 Districts. Perm't. 
 
 Savannah 4,159 
 
 Sunbury — 
 
 Brunswick — 
 
 Hardwick — 
 
 St. Mary's — 
 
 6,278 
 
 491 
 
 
 , 
 
 
 Total 
 
 
 Perm't. 
 
 Temp'ry. 
 
 (und« 
 
 r 20 tons.) 
 
 Tonnage. 
 
 hy Steam. 
 
 8,524 . . 
 
 665 . . 
 
 
 105 
 
 . . . 19,731 . . . . 
 
 .... 6,479 
 
 524 .. 
 
 ..'.'.. - . 
 
 
 10 
 
 ... 534 ... . 
 
 .... - 
 
 692 . . 
 
 242 
 
 
 
 
 . . . 1,425 . . . . 
 
 
 
 All the registered tonnage is employed in the foreign trade, and all the enrolled and licensed in the coasting trade : the 
 vessels navigated by steam are of the latter classes. The number of vessels built in the year was 5 — 2 schooners and 3 
 
 steamers with a total burden of 684 tons. The statistics of the foreign commerce of Georgia for a series of years exhibit 
 
 the following movements : 
 
 ifai 
 
 1792 . . . 
 
 . . 459,106 
 
 1793 . . . 
 
 . . 520,955 
 
 1794... 
 
 . . 263,832 
 
 1795... 
 
 . . 695,9S6 
 
 1796 . . . 
 
 .. 950,158 
 
 1797 . . . 
 
 . . 644,307 
 
 1798 . . . 
 
 .. 961.848 
 
 1799... 
 
 . . 1,396,759 
 
 ISOO... 
 
 .. 2,174,268 
 
 1801 . . . 
 
 .. 1,755,939 
 
 1802 . . . 
 
 . . 1,854,951 
 
 1803 . . . 
 
 .. 2,.370,S75 
 
 1804 . . . 
 
 . . 2,077,592 
 
 1805 . . . 
 
 .. 2,894,846 
 
 1806... 
 
 82,764 
 
 1807... 
 
 .. 3,744,845 
 
 1808 . . . 
 
 24,626 
 
 1809 . . . 
 
 .. 1,082,108 
 
 1810... 
 
 .. 2,238,686 
 
 Years. Exports. Imports. 
 
 1811 $2,668,866 $— 
 
 1812 1,066,703 — 
 
 1813 1,094,595 — 
 
 1814 2,183,121 — 
 
 1815 4,172,319 — 
 
 1816 7,511.929 — 
 
 1817 8,790,662 — 
 
 1818 11,1.32,096 — 
 
 1S19 6,310,434 — 
 
 1820 6,594,623 — 
 
 1821 6,014,310 1,002,684 
 
 1822 5,484,869 989,591 
 
 1823 4,293,666 670,705 
 
 1824 4,623,982 551.888 
 
 1825 4,222,833 343,356 
 
 ■1 826 4,368,504 880,993 
 
 1827 4,261,555 312,609 
 
 1828 8,104,425 808,669 
 
 1829 4,981 ,376 880,293 
 
 1830 5,836,626 282,436 
 
 Years. Exports. Imports. 
 
 1S31 $3,959,813 $399,940 
 
 1S.32 5,515,883 253,417 
 
 1833 6,270,040 318,990 
 
 1834 7,567,337 546,802 
 
 1S35 8,89l),674 393.049 
 
 1836 ...... 10,722,200 573,222 
 
 1837 8,935,041 774,349 
 
 1838 8.803,839 776.063 
 
 1839 5,970,441 418,9o7 
 
 1 840 6,862,959 491,423 
 
 1841 8,696 513 449,007 
 
 1842 4,300,257 841.764 
 
 1S43 4,522,401 207,482 
 
 1844 4,2S3,8f i5 305,6.34 
 
 1,815 4,557,435 206.301 
 
 1846 2,708,003 205,495 
 
 1847 5,712,149 207,180 
 
 1848 3,670,415 217,114 
 
 1849 6,857,806 871,024 
 
 1850 7,551,943 636,964 
 
 Interval Comninnication. — ^Tho rivers of Georgia furnish in the aggregate a long line of navigable channels, which 
 give the greater part of the interior a ready access by steamboat or battcaux to the Gulf and Atlantic seaboards. The 
 names, length, etc., of the principal of these are given elsewhere. Georgia has also furnished itself with extensive and 
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 1-. i:.,;.-_.. „:.._. .-.„.^.,.- . '-^^:^aB««aaBtkoprtKi^«r*»s&- 
 
 Nrcds. are payable in Londoa. Tk«v" :-£ S& A cnwaMM «f Ike 1^^^ 
 
 ip)xvjite<l to examme tke Stale m«o«ik5 '.bes iM ribe UiaiaHj ahnaM be ar 
 
 to the nedempiian of tke sterin^ lM«ds> 1' ^^^ radenfAiMefi 
 
 it bev-omes dae. "nte <kief twrn e a of ir. - 
 
 at expLiBiiij are Ike ptf of tte tefis 
 •Mnlj; ^boai >l5jM<; tte owtort o 
 aba«t 9Ci,MNk, and wi^t.tMiBi nil i expeB><^ i 
 
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 rQited States House of B^tKseiitttiTes. oecspies «^pU seals ia tkat bodT> 
 
 85 
 
 J 
 
THE STATE OF GEORGIA. 
 
 Religious Statistics. — The census of 1850 returns the several religious denominations, in reference to the churches, 
 
 church accommodation, and church property of each, as follows : 
 
 No. i.f ClmnU 
 
 tlons. CImrclie, 
 
 Baptist 821 . 
 
 Christian.. . . 5 . 
 Congregat'l . 1 . 
 Dutch lief... — . 
 Episcopal. .. lit . 
 
 Free 5 
 
 Friends 2 , 
 
 German lief — , 
 
 310,063 
 1,710 .. 
 250 . . 
 
 8,9T5 . . 
 
 . 1,5S0 .. 
 
 500 . . 
 
 $390,Sul 
 12,050 
 2,T00 
 
 109,910 
 
 2,650 
 
 400 
 
 De 
 
 No 
 
 Clii 
 
 Jewish — , 
 
 Lutheran. ... 8 
 Mennonite . . — 
 Methodist. ..735 
 Moravian. .. 1 , 
 rresl)yterian 92 
 K. Catholic. . 8 
 Swedenbo'n. — , 
 
 2,825 
 
 283,143 
 
 75 
 
 89,996 
 
 4,250 
 
 Property. 
 $- 
 
 34,550 
 
 893,743 
 
 25 
 
 218,805 
 
 79,500 
 
 Denomina- No. o 
 tiLMis. Cliurcl.i 
 
 Tunker .... — . 
 
 Union 16 . 
 
 Unitarian... — . 
 Universalist. 3 
 Minor Sects. 7 
 
 7,250 . 
 
 900 
 1,375 
 
 Value ol 
 
 Property 
 
 21,100 
 
 1,000 
 1,625 
 
 Total.... 1,723 .. 612,892.. $1,269,159 
 
 Georgia is a diocese of the Protestant Episcopal Church ; and with all Florida east of Appalachicola Bay, forms the 
 Koman Catholic diocese of Savannah. 
 
 JSducation.—The State of Georgia in 1S50 had 23 colleges or universities, 237 academies and high schools, and 822 
 common or primary schools. The chief collegiate institutions were, the University at Athens, founded in 1785, and in 
 1850 had 8 professors, C46 alumni, of which C5 were in the ministry, and 155 students, and a library of 13,600 volumes; 
 Oglethorpe College, founded 1836, and located at Medway, had 6 professors, 83 alumni (13 ministers), 85 students, and a 
 library of 4,500 volumes ; Emory College, founded 1837 at Oxford, and belonging to the Methodists, had 5 professors, 138 
 alumni (10 ministers), 115 students, and 1,700 volumes; Mercer University, founded 1S3S at Penfield, had 7 professors, 
 32 alumni (10 ministers), 71 students, and 3,400 volumes; and Wesleyan Female College at Macon, founded 1839, had 
 8 professors, 156 alumni, and 198 students. The academies had 400 teachers and 14,296 students, and the common or 
 primary schools 2,008 teachers and 24,000 schools. 
 
 Pauperism and Crime. — The whole number of persons who received support from the public funds within the year 
 ending 1st June, 1S50, was 1,030, of whom 978 were native born and 58 foreigners ; and the number of paupers at that 
 date was 854— S25 natives and 29 foreigners. Annual cost of support, $27,820. The whole number of persons convicted 
 of crime in the year ending as above was 31, of whom 28 were natives and 3 foreign born; and the whole number in 
 prison at that date was 92. The State Penitentiary is located at Milledgoville. 
 
 Historical Sketch.— Georgia, was the last settled of the old States ; the Charter under which the colony was founded 
 was granted in 1732 by George II. — in honor of whom it received its name — to the Trustees for the Establishing the 
 Colony of Georgia. The double purpose of making the settlement was to relieve the distresses of the poor at home, and to 
 secure the frontiers of the Carolinas from the Indians and Spaniards. In 1733 General Oglethorpe, one of tlie trustees, con- 
 dueied the first colonists to the Savannah, and several bodies of Germans and Highlanders were soon afler brought over. 
 The lands were held on a military tenure. The country was repeatedly traversed by the Spaniards from Florida, who 
 considered the occupation of the English as an encroachment upon their domain. In 1752 the proprietary government 
 was abolished, and Georgia became a royal colony. The original limits of the State included the territory now divided 
 iuto the two thriving States of Alabama and Mississippi. I 
 
 At the commencement of the Kevolutionary War, Georgia was only in the infancy of her strength, and had just begun 
 to enjoy peace and the advantages of a better system of government. The inhabitants knew the operation of the royal 
 government only by its favorable contrast with that of the Trustees. Notwithstanding, the people did not hesitate to take 
 part with their northern bretlireu. During the war that ensued, Georgia was overrun by the British troops, and tha 
 principal inhabitants were compelled to abandon their possessions and fly into the neighboring States. In proportion to 
 their numbers, the exertions and losses of her citizens were as great as in any of the States. ' 
 
 After the war Georgia suffered on her frontiers from the incursions of the Creek Indians, whose hostility had been too 
 often provoked by the whites. In 1790 a treaty w.as concluded with this nation, by which the boundaries of Georgia 
 were established. In 1802 the Creeks ceded to the United States a large tract of country, which has since been ceded by 
 the United States to Georgia, and forms the south-west comer of the State. Georgia possessed — as included within her 
 limits— a claim to an immense body of Western land, of which in 1795 the Legislature sold a large portion, said to have 
 contained 22,000,000 acres, to a company, by which il was again sold to individuals. In the succeeding year the Legisla- 
 ture declared the sale unconstitutional, and on the ground that it was obtained through bribery, they declared it to bo 
 void, and ordered all the records to be burned. In 1802 Georgia ceded to the United States all the lands west of tho 
 Chattahoochee Kiver, and of a certain line including the contested hands; and in 1814 Congress passed an act by which 
 a compromise was made with the purchasers, who received a certain amount of public stock. The history of Georgia 
 since this period records no territorial or government changes; but it is full of instruction, recording the gradual progress 
 of a people in the arts, agriculture, manufactures, and commerce, from a small beginning to an elevation attained by few 
 other members of the Confederation, in tho escutcheon of which this State is one of the brightest stars. 
 
 Succession of Governors. — 1. Undee tue Crown op Geeat Britain : James E. Oglethorpe, 1732 ; William Stephens 
 {acting), 1743 ; Henry Parker {acting), 1751 ; John Reynolds, 1754 ; Henry Ellis, 1757 ; James Wright, 1760, and James 
 Habersliam {acting), 1771 ; — 2. Duking the Kevoldtion : William Cawin, 1775: Archibald Bullock. 1776, and Button 
 Gwinnett, 1777 ; — 3. Under the Constitution : John A. Treuilen, 1777 ; John Houston, 1778 ; John Werriatt {acting), 
 1778 ; George Walton, 1779; Richard Howley, 1780; Stephen Heard, 1781 ; Nathan Brownson, 1781 ; John Martin, 1782; 
 Lyman Hall, 1783 ; John Houston, 1784 ; Samuel Elbert, 1785 ; Edward Telfair. 1786 ; George Mathews, 17S7 ; George 
 Ilandley, 1788 ; George Walton, 1789 ; Edward Telfair, 1790 ; George Mathews, 1793 ; Jared Irwin, 1796 ; James J.ickson, 
 1798; David Emanual {acting), 1801 ; Josiah Tatnall, 1801 ; John Milledge, 1802; Jared Irwin, 1806; David B. Mitchell, 
 1809; Peter Early, 1S13; David B. Mitchell, 1815; William Kabun, 1817 ; Mathew Talhol {acting), 1S\9 ; John Clarke, 
 1819 ; George M. Troup, 1823 ; John Forsyth, 1827 ; George K. Gilmer, 1829 ; Wil-son Lumpkin, 1831 ; WiUiam Schley, 
 1S35 ; George R. Gilmer, 1887 ; Charles J. M'Donald, 1839 ; George W. Crawford, 1843 ; George W. Towns, 1847 ; HoweU 
 Cobb, 1851. 
 Milleogbvillk is the political capital of the State. 
 8G 
 
-Time, 
 
 in?' Payments- i*^" Commencin.' . $50.00 
 
 ^Boar.hngaml Lo,\.lug, ^ ^^^ «.">.nO to $6.00 ™ 
 
 The ^S*''^''""""^''^^^^*'' Away. 
 
 hy fort.v nine gentlemen of .'h?:.*''*"^'' '^^^ si^e'I 
 'he important fact v"z. ^' "'^- ^^ establishes 
 
 » 'craS^Co'f,-eS:t'n'ci'„;Ttr'^A'h °^ ^-"««'« ^°m- 
 sti-uctor of comierc^a mof ' ^"'' "''^^ »" a'^'e in- 
 at that time, and thaTheTthT;-"' '""'^ expencnce 
 oal Education, as no in,, t.ff'^ °"^'''" "f Commer- 
 ever been organized before nT '"" ^'"'^ ^^''^ 
 one attempted to do anything of'^n'^T""'^'- =*"'' "» 
 years afterward. '*"J"^n'Dg of the kind for eight 
 
 The sutecribers. having atUnlldX"-- ^P"' '2- 18^«. 
 Jf . Bartlett in the art of fii^^i '■'"^ instructions of R 
 take great pleasure in giving their?.'"^^ '''' '^""^'^ '^'''■•'' 
 ficatiuas as a teacher. ^ ^ """"^ testimony to his quali: 
 
 rate^ pnrclic'^rk^nT^LJ,".,'-^,^'"!. "^^ ^-.-^-red aecu- 
 q'lalitie^ him for irapardL ;„« "•'■'■ '''^'''^ eminently 
 
 rroved the mode of Ronli- • ", ''"' cnnsideraWv im- 
 »«"■"■ invest him ,vith an ?d nHP'"? f">-merly in us* wh"h 
 age of the mercant^ile comm , ?tv WeT """V'^'' f'^^'™"- 
 he.uat.on m expressing m,r be ief fhlf i^l'- therefore, no 
 deportment and .accurate know eLe of ,/ ^'' Sent\emo.n\v 
 be able to render Siitisfaction to % "^ ""^ system, he wifl 
 
 J* ft r..,.V-.^.*^'-OR. LlXTOX RoGKRS. 
 J- T. MoRGAV 
 JOHV LlN-DSAr". 
 
 ' • D. Spiles. 
 
 •J M. GORMLT 
 
 COMMERCIAL EDUCATION. 
 
 ^- C. Rkynolds. 
 
 •lA^IKS .-^LEXAXDKR 
 
 f"^'^- BKRRYnir.1,, ■ 
 •'- C. Rkyn-oi.ds, 
 ■Robert VVhitside 
 
 James Irvix, 
 JoHM Little. 
 
 J- P. ESTEP, 
 A. CtlLLUH, 
 Jos. (JRANT, 
 •H. NORLE. 
 
 J. Cbozier. 
 
 "'^^"'^:^i:r(6S^^ ""■ ''■ «--"ett's Com. 
 ommend the Ins itut nn , ,1 '^ '""■''' cordially rec- 
 to our friends a '"speri:'i?"""='»"" ^^f«"^'-"^ 
 »ny similar school in the co" f;"'^;'"I^'''-'°'ent to 
 the only Institution of which i •''■,, In fact, this is 
 ert?e where a man can nroC.J '''''' '''"^ '^""o>vl. 
 e^igeof Commercial Calcuwf ^ complete knowl 
 man can be regarded as ^vo'h'v"'"'"'"' "'*"«'' "o 
 position as a Bookkeeper and / "' """ ••««Pectable 
 
 Phe Book presented l!^ a. ^'-"ountant. 
 to^'.ether with the Knovled.e'h ^^''^''' '° "'« P"P-"'^S 
 eation of all kinds of A. """"'^ of its appli- 
 Calculations, we "d asTo'n ''*' '''"^' Financial 
 ness m,an than the'cost nf fh .V"'"'''' '" ^^n^ '^"^i- 
 this Institution. °^ ^^^ thorough course in 
 
 Bookkeeper on\eame^r''B!«to„a. 
 
 Bookkceperat4n|l^;;^^,^'L,. 
 
 Bookkeeper Banki„g'H^.'';y^^;^V,,^^ 
 
 Bookkeeper Midd^^n I -Z-;;^-^^^; 
 
 BookkeeperforS.>l'^iralr»5l-rn'^I„; 
 Bookkeeper for Me.ine&J"^„i:^^;^,; 
 
 BookkeeperAaams^-Co..fEr.rSt^e°ind' 
 Bookkeeper for Watson & Cla^^k.^to^ui^vi^^e^Ky' 
 
 weeyt? VX ""■ "''"'t of rooi 
 
 ueeks~You can commence any daj;.^ 
 
-^ 
 
 @M 
 
 (J7r^ 
 
 CQQ) 
 
 ^€i 
 
 _^\ 
 
 CQQD 
 
 ^ 
 
 170 and 172 MAIN STREET, 
 
 Is the Largest in the West, and they pledge themselves to dupli- 
 cate invoices made with First Class Houses in the Atlantic Cities; 
 Cost of Transportation only added. 
 
 Visiting ST. LOUIS are invited to examine their 
 
THE STATE OF ILLIIOIS. 
 
 Illinois lies between latitudes 37° 00' and 42° 80' N., and between longitudes ST° 49' and 91° 2S' "W. from Greenwich, 
 or lOO 47' and 14° 26' W. from Washington. It is bounded N. by Wisconsin; N. E. by Lake Michigan; E. by Indiana— 
 the Wabasli Eiver forming the boundary in half its length ; S. by the Ohio River, which separates Illinois from Ken- 
 tucky, and W. by the Mississippi Eiver, which flows between this State and the states of Wisconsin and Iowa.* The 
 extreme length of Illinois, on the meridian of Cairo City, is 37S miles, and its greatest breadth, which occurs on the 
 parallel of Danville, is 212 miles ; but the average length and breadth are much less. The periphery of the State mejisures 
 1,160 miles, the whole of which, with the exception of 805 miles, is formed by navigable waters ; and its superficial land 
 area is estimated at 55,405 square miles. 
 
 As a physical section Illinois occupies the lower part of that inclined plane of which Lake Michigan and both its 
 shores are the higher sections, and which is extended into and embraces the much greater part of Indiana. Down this 
 plane, in a very nearly south-western direction, flow the Wabash and its confluents, the K;iskaskia, the Illinois and its 
 confluents, and the Kock and Wisconsin rivers. The lowest section of the plane is also the extreme southern angle of 
 Illinois, at the mouth of the Ohio River, about 340 feet above tide-water in the Gulf of Mexico. Though the State of 
 Illinois does contain some low hilly sections, as a whole, it may be regarded as a gently Inclining plane in the direction 
 of its rivers, as already indicated. Without including minute parts, the extreme arable elevation may be safely stated at 
 800 feet above tide-water, and the mean height at 550 feet. 
 
 In some former period, observes Mr. Schoolcraft, there has been an obstruction in the channel of the Mississippi, at or 
 near Grand Tower, producing a stagnation of the current at an elevation of about 130 feet above the present ordiuury 
 water-mark. This appears evident from the general elevation and direction of the hills, which for several hundred miles 
 above are separated by a valley from 20 to 25 miles wide, that deeply embosoms the current of the Mississippi. 
 
 Wherever these hills exhibit rocky and abrupt fronts, a series of water-lines are distinctly visible, and preserve a re- 
 markable parallelism, uniformly presenting their greatest depression toward the sources of the river; and, at Grand 
 Tower, these water-lines are elevated about one hundred feet above the summit of the stratum, in which petrifactions of 
 the madrepora and various fossil organic remains are deposited. Here the rocks of dark-colored limestone, which per- 
 vade the country to a great extent, by their projections toward each other, indicate that they have, at a remote period, 
 been disunited, if not by some convulsion of nature, by the incessant action of the water upon a secondary formation, and 
 that a passage has been effected through them, giving vent to the stagnant waters on the prairie lands above, and open- 
 ing for the Mississippi its present channel. 
 
 Next to Louisiana and Delaware, Dlinois is the most level State in the Union. A small tract in the southern part of the 
 State is hilly, and the northern portion is also somewhat broken. There are, likewise, considerable elevations along the 
 Illinois Eiver, and the bluffs of The Mississippi in some places might pass almost for mountains. But by far the greater 
 portion of the State is either distributed in vast plains, or in barrens, that are gently rolling like the waves of the sea after 
 a storm. 
 
 The largest prairie in Illinois is denominated the Grand Prairie. Under this general name is embraced the country 
 lying between the waters falling into the Mississippi, and those which enter the Wabash rivers. It does not consist of 
 one vast tract, but is made up of continuous tracts with points of timber projecting inward, and long arms of prairie ex- 
 tending between. The southern points of the Grand Prairie are formed in Jackson County, and extend in a north-eastern 
 course, varying in width from one to twelve miles through Perry, Washington, Jefferson, Marion, Fayette, Effingham, 
 Cf)le8, Champaign, and Iroquois counties, where it becomes connected with the prairies that project eastward from the 
 Illinois River. A large arm lies in Marion County, between the waters of Crooked Creek and the east fork of the Kas- 
 kaskia River, where the Vineennes road passes through. This part alone is frequently called the Grand Prairie. 
 
 Much the largest part of the Grand Prairie is gently undulating, rich, and fertile land ; but of the southern portion, con- 
 siderable tracts are flat, and of rather inferior soil. No insurmountable obstacle exists to its future population. No por- 
 tion of it is more than six or eight miles distant from timber ; and coal in abundance is found in most parts. Those who 
 have witnessed the changes produced upon a prairie surface within twenty or thirty years, consider these extensive 
 prairies as offering no serious impediment to the future growth of the State. 
 
 Dr. Beck, in his Gazetteer of Missouri, published in 1823, describes the uplands of St. Louis County as generally prairie ; 
 but almost all of that tract of country thus described is now covered with a young growth of fine thrifty timber, and it 
 would be difficult to find an acre of prairie in the county. This important change has been produced by keeping the 
 flres oat of the prairies. 
 
 The first improvements are usually made on that part of the prairie which adjoins the timber; and thus we may see, at 
 the commencement, a range of farms circumscribing the entire prairie. The burning of the prairies is then stopped 
 through the whole distance of the circuit in the neighborhood of these farms, to prevent injury to the fences and other 
 improvements. This is done by plowing two or three furrows all round the settlement. In a short time the timber 
 springs up spontaneously on all the parts not burned, and the groves and forests commence a gradual encroachment 
 
 * The Act of CniiRress admitting this State into the Union prescribes the boiindariea as follows : Beginning at the mouth of the Wabaah River, 
 tfaeuce up the middle of the main channel thereof to the point where a line drawn due north of Vincennea last crosses that stream, thence due 
 worth to the north-west corner of the State ot Indiana, thence east with the boundary line of the same State to the middle of Lake Michigan, 
 thence due north along the middle of said lake to north latitude 40" 30', thence west to the middle of the Mississippi River, thence down the middle 
 of the main channel thereof to the mouth of the Ohio River, thence up the latter streaai alon,; its northern or right shore to the place of beginning. 
 
 8T 
 
THE STATE OF ILLINOIS. 
 
 on the adjacent prairies; by-and-by you will see another tier of farms springing up on the outside of the first, and 
 farther out on the prairie; and thus farm succeeds farm, as the timber grows up, until the entire prairie is occupied. 
 
 Illinois possesses immense advantages for internal navigation. Its north-eastern corner for fitly miles is washed by 
 the waters of Lake Michigan, which open a communication with the whole lake-country of the North. The Mississippi 
 Kiver forms its western border, and the Ohio and Wabash rivers demark its southern and eastern limits, together forming 
 a natural water highway of unexampled extent. The rivers which have their courses within the limits of the State are 
 Kock, Illinois, Kaskaskia, and Big Mud<ly, allluents of the Mississippi ; the Kmbarras and Little Wabash, tributaries of 
 the Wabash, and the Saline and Cash rivers, which empty into the Ohio. The IllinoU is much the largest of these ; it U 
 formed by the union of the Kankakee and Des Plaines, and in its course of 500 miles toward the Mississippi receives Fox 
 and Spoon rivers, Crooked Creek, and several other streams from the north, and the Vermillion, Mackinaw, Sangamon, 
 and others from the south. The current of the Illinois is in general gentle, with a wide, deep bed — in some places opening 
 Into broad and lake-like expanses. Rock River rises in Wisconsin, and has a course of 300 miles ; it is navigable for 
 some distance, but in its upper course is impeded by several rapids. The Kankaiskia rises in the eastern part of the 
 State and pursues a direction nearly parallel to that of the Illinois and Eock rivers, and after a course of 300 miles 
 reaches the Mississij)pi in latitude 3S0 north. The Big Muddy is also a considerable stream. The rivers flowing to the 
 Ohio and Wabash are generally of less volume than the smaller class of rivers flowing toward the Mississippi, but several 
 are navigable, and all contribute much to the wealth of the country by the abundance of water-power they supply for 
 mechanical purposes. 
 
 The northern portion of Illinois is inexhaustibly rich in minerals, while coal, secondary limestone, and sandstone are 
 found in almost every part. Iron ore is also widely distributed. The minerals most common to the north-western 
 section are lead and copper. The lead diggings extend over a vast tract and into the adjoining States, and are, doubt- 
 less, the most productive of any hitherto known. Silver has also been found in this region intermixed with galena. The 
 coal of Illinois is bituminous, and is spread over a large extent of country ; it is found in the ravines and blufls of the 
 Mississippi, and large veins were struck in excavating the canal below Ottawa. The great coal region, however, extends 
 from central Iowa to northern Kentucky, across the State. Building stones of almost every description are quarried. 
 Sulphur and chalybeate springs exist in several parts of the State, and there are salt springs in Gallatin, Jackson, Ver- 
 million, and other counties. Immense boulders of granite are frequently seen upon the surface. 
 
 The soils of Illinois, though of such various character, are all highly fertile and productive. In the bottoms, or alluvial 
 borders of the rivers, the sf)il is chiefly formed from the deposits of the waters during flood. In some cases the mold so 
 formed is twenty-flve feet and upward in depth, and of inexhaustible fertility. One-sixth of the alluvial land, however, 
 is unfit for present cultivation, although it is productive in timber. A tract called the "American Bottom," extending 
 along the Mississippi for 90 miles and about 5 miles in average width, is of this formation. About the French towns it 
 has been cultivated, and produced Indian corn every year, without manuring, for a century and a half. The prairie 
 lands, although not so productive, are yet not inferior tor many agricultural purposes, and are preferred, where wood is 
 to be had, on account of their superior salubrity. The barrens, or oak openings, have frequently a thin soil. In the 
 north there are tracts somewhat stony, yet in every other part the plough may pass over millions of acres without meeting 
 so much as a pebble to impede; its course. 
 
 The cultivated products of the soil embrace all the grains, roots, and fruits of the temperate zone, and in Illinois these 
 attain a fine perfection ; garden vegetables of all kinds succeed well, and as a grain-growing country no portion of the Great 
 West is more noted for its admirable adaptation ; root crops are equally successful, and these, with Indian corn, are indis- 
 pensable to the farmer and to the live-stock, which in a great measure is the staple of export. Immense quantities of beef 
 are sent from Illinois both to the South and East. Of corn the product frequently nets scventy-flve bushels to the acre, and 
 in some instances has exceeded one hundred bushels. The sugar-beet, ruta baga, and cabbages are raised with great ease, 
 and attain a magnificent development, and in the southern parts of the State sweet potatoes are largely grown. There 
 is also considerable tobacco grown in Illinois, for which the climate and soil are eminently auspicious. Hemp and flax 
 are staple productions, and with regard to these, though less attention has of late been paid to them than formerly, it may 
 be said that they are perhaps as prorttable crops as any that the farmer can cultivate. The castor-oil bean is also exten- 
 sively produced, and promises to become a valuable staple. Of domestic fruits, the apple and peach are those chiefly 
 cultivated ; pears are plentiful in some settlements, and quinces are everywhere cultivated. Most of these fruits attain 
 large dimensions, and are of a fine flavor. In most parts of the State, grape-vines, indigenous to the country, are 
 abundant, yielding grapes that might be advantageously made into wine. Foreign vines are also extensively culti- 
 vated. The wild vine is found in every variety of soil, intcrwovpn in every thicket in the prairies and barrens, and 
 climbing to the tops of the very highest trees of the intervales. The French, in early times, made so much wine as to 
 allow of its exportation to France, and but for the protection against the introduction of Illinois wines in 17T4, the vine- 
 yards of the mother country would have been seriously aflected in their prosperity by the threatened competition. 
 
 In general Illinois is well supplied with timber, and were it equally distributed through the State, there would be no 
 part wanting. The kinds of timber most abumlant are oaks of various species, black and white walnut, ash of several 
 kinds, elm, sugar maple, honey locust, hackberry, linden, hickory, cotton wood, pecaun, mulberry, buckeye, sycamore, 
 wild cherry, box elder, sassafras, and persimmon. In the southern and eastern parts of the State, yellow poplar and 
 beech are the peculiar growths, and near the Ohio are clumps of yellow pine and cedar. The under growths are red- 
 bud, pawpaw, sumac, plum, crab-apple, grape-vines, dog-wood, spice-bush, green-brier, hazel, etc. The alluvial soil of 
 the rivers produces cotton-wood and sycamore timber of amazing size. Many valuable medicinal plants are found in 
 every part of the State. 
 
 The wild animals found in Illinois are similar to those existing in other parts of the Great West, but many species 
 have become extinct. Of wolves the species still found are the gray wolf {canis litpnx), the black wolf {canis li/caon), 
 and the common prairie wolf {cania Uitntnti). Tlie latter is most common, and is found in considerable numbers. 
 Panthers and wild cats are less frequently seen, but occasionally do mischief. The buffalo no longer roams on tho 
 prairies, and the deer and bear have retreated from the settlements. Foxes, raccoons, opossums, gophars, and squirrels, 
 however, are numerous, as are muskrats, otters, and occasonally beavers about the rivers and lakes; but all these are 
 being destroyed rapidly, and in a few years the trapper and hunter will have to move westward for sfiort and prey. 
 Ducks, geese, swans, and many other aquatic birds visit the waters in spring time, and the small lakes and sloughs are 
 often literally covered with the prairie fowl, and partridges are also abundant. The bee is found in the trees of every 
 forest, and few States can boast of such variety and abundance of fish as are here " in the rivers and lakes. 
 
The Great Medicine for Purifying the Blood! 
 
 MSAFMILM. 
 
 This preparation combines in a highly concentrated state the Iodine (or the Iodide 
 of Potassium,) the Fluid Extract of Sarsaparilla, (the Honduras Root,) the Yel- 
 low Dock, and Stillingia, together with other valuable extracts, which renders the 
 compound the most effectual curatia'e in the world, for all diseases arising from 
 an impure state of the Blood, or habit of the system, viz: 
 
 Scrofula, or King^s Evil, Cancers, Tumors, Eruptions of the Shin, Erysipelas, 
 C hronic Sore Eyes, Ring Worm on Tetter, Scald Head, Old Sores- and Ul- 
 cers, Fever Sores, Enlarged Glands, Leprosy, While Swellings. Scrof- 
 ulous or Tuberculous Consumption, Boils, Pimples on the Face, 
 
 And all diseases arising from the use of Mercury or Calomel. 
 
 Dr. Easterly's Iodine and Sarsaparilla searches out the very Roots of the Disease, destroys the germ 
 by purifying the Blood, changing morbid secretions, and driving out all the impure and diseased fluids 
 of the body, thus removing the cause and rendering the cure certain and permanent. 
 
 Dr. Easterly's Iodine and Sarsaparilla will cure Indigestion or Dyspepsia in its worst form. No 
 one has ever used it for such complaints without benefit. 
 
 The Iodine and Sarsaparilla will cure Chronic or Inflammatory Rheumatism, no matter how long 
 standing or how bad. It has cured cases of more than thirty years' standing, after every other means 
 had failed. All that is asked for it is a fair trial. 
 
 Dr. Easterly's Iodine and Sarsaparilla is the best remedy ever invented for the cure of Syphilitic or 
 Venereal Diseases. It has and will cure the worst cases, no matter how long it may have existed, it 
 will annihilate and expel the virus and restore the system to a perfect state of health and purity. For 
 Ulcers in the Mouth and Throat, Enlargement of the Glands, Goitre or Tumors in the Throat, Nodes, 
 Pain in the Bones and Joints, it is the only safe and sure remedy. 
 
 In all diseases of the Kidneys, Bladder or Urinary Organs, for Dropsy, Gravel and Liver Com- 
 plaint, Dr. Easterly's Iodine and Sarsaparilla stands pre eminent as the greatest and best remedy ever 
 invented. It has cured more cases ol such complaints than any other known remedy. 
 
 The Iodine and Sarsaparilla is the best remedy known for Nervous Diseases, such as Neuralgia, 
 Nervous Headache, Loss of Memory, General Prostration, Vertigo, Pain in the Nerves of the Face, and 
 the various trains of nervous affection to which Females are liable in alow or debilitated state of he .1th. 
 
 Dr. Easterly's Iodine and Sarsaparilla is a sovereign and speedy cure for Female Complaints, such 
 as Incipient Consumption, Barrenness, Leucorrhoea or Whites, Obstructed or Difiicult Menstruation, 
 Incontinence of Urine or involuntary discharge thereof, produced either by irregularity or accident. — 
 No Female should neglect to take it who is approaching that critical period of life — the Cessation of 
 the Menses. In such cases it cannot be too highly recommended. 
 
 Ladies who admire a clear, white skin, and a rosy cheek, should abandon the use of cosmetics, 
 paints, washes, and coloring materials of every kind, and use Dr. Easterly's Iodine and Sarsaparilla. 
 It is the best cosmetic known. It beautifies the skin by removing every particle of morbid and dis- 
 eased matter from the blood, and by changing the secretions of the body, and giving the yellow, dark 
 countenance the bloom and freshness of youth. 
 
 No medicine has ever met with so rapid a sale, and given such universal satisfaction to all, as Dr. 
 Easterly's Iodine and Sarsaparilla. Physicians both in the city and country, have become satisfied of 
 its superior merit, and are recommending it to their patients. Cures have been eff'ected beyond belief, 
 and Country Merchants and Druggists who formerly purchased by the dozen now buy by the gross. — 
 It is six time stronger, cheaper, and better than any other Sarsaparilla preparation in use. 
 
 Price $1 per bottle, or six bottles for $5. A liberal discount made to dealers who buy to sell again. 
 For sale at Dr. Easterly's Family Medicine Store, corner of Third and Chesnut streets, St. Louis. 
 
 Also' for sale by the principal Druggists and Dealers in Medicines throughout the Western and South- 
 ern States. 
 
 THE GREAT WESTERN REMEDY FOR AGUE AND FEVER,— Dr. Easterly's Fever and Ague 
 Killer, Is a speedy and thorough cure for Ague and Fever, Chills and Fever, Dumb Ague, Intermit- 
 tent and Remittent Fevers, and every form of Fever incident to the West. Among all the celebrated 
 Remedies for the cure of Ague and Fever first and foremost in rank stands Dr. Easterly's Fever and 
 Ac\ie Killer. This popular remedy has now been before the public four years, and during that time 
 nearly One Hundred Thousand Bottles have been sold, which has only served to establish its pre-emi- 
 nent merit in all parts of the West, as the greatestand best remedy everdi.^covered for this dread disease! 
 In no case has it failed to cure in a few hours after taken. No person was known to have the second 
 Chill or Fever after using it. This medicine has been thoroughly tested and found an infallible reme- 
 dy for Ague and Fever in all its forms. Dr. Easterly's Fever and Ague Killer is a Western Remedy, 
 and will cure the worst cases of Ague and Fever, no matter of how long standing or how bad. 
 
 Price $1 per Bottle, or 6 Bottles for $5. A liberal discount made to wholesale dealers. Prepared and sold by 
 Dr. Easterlv. corner of Third and Chestnut Streets, St. Louis. Mo. — Sole Proprietor. For sale by Druggists and 
 Dealers in Medicines generally throughout the Western States. 
 
 No 73 
 
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 GUNS, RIFLES, PISTOLS, &c., &c. 
 wVos. 139 ^' 141 Jflain St., cor, \l ashinston ^tvenue, 
 
 FIRST PREMIUM SAFES 
 
 /--V>0 WARRANTED O^nT"^ 
 MANUFACTURED BY 
 
 NATHANIEL CONSTABLE, 
 
 JVo. 91 Second Street, between T*ine and JLocust Streets, 
 
 FOR SALE BY 
 
 CHILD, PRATT & 00„ Ag'ts, 
 
 E. G. PRATT, 
 No. 61 
 
 O. W. CHILD, E. W. FOX, S. C. MANSUR, St. Louis. 
 
 ALONZO CHILD, New York. 
 
THE STATE Oh' ILLINOIS. 
 
 Illinois is divided into 99 counties, the general statistics of which and the capitals of each in 1S50 were as follows: 
 
 Counties. DwelL 
 
 Adams 4,459 ., 
 
 Alexander. .. 455 . 
 
 Bond 1,0T6 . . 
 
 Boone 1,352 .. 
 
 Brown 1,353 ., 
 
 Bureau 1,4(54 .. 
 
 Calhoun .... 600 . . 
 
 Carroll 814 . . 
 
 Cass 1,169 .. 
 
 Champaign . 4S0 . . 
 Christian . . . 555 . . 
 
 Clarke 1,621 .. 
 
 Clay 715.. 
 
 Clinton 94T .. 
 
 Coles 1,571 .. 
 
 Cook 7,674.. 
 
 Crawford ... 1,192 .. 
 Cumberland 634 . . 
 DeKalb.... 1,303.. 
 DeWitt SSI.. 
 
 Du Page . 
 
 . 1,56S . 
 
 Edgar .... 
 
 . 1,702 . 
 
 Edwards . 
 
 . 695. 
 
 Effingham 
 
 . 712 . 
 
 Fayette .. 
 
 . 1.4:31 . 
 
 Franklin . 
 
 . 971. 
 
 Fulton . . . . 
 
 . 8,811 . 
 
 Gallatin . . 
 
 . 1,000 . 
 
 Greene 
 
 . 2,024 . 
 
 Grundy . . . 
 
 . 54-3. 
 
 Hamilton.. 
 
 . 1,058 . 
 
 Hancock .. 
 
 . 2,5S5 . 
 
 Hardin .... 
 
 . 485. 
 
 Henderson 
 
 . 805. 
 
 Henry 
 
 . 772. 
 
 Iroquois . . . 
 
 . 718. 
 
 Jackson . . . 
 
 . 1,038 . 
 
 Jasper 
 
 . 588.. 
 
 Jefferson . . 
 
 . 1,363 . . 
 
 Jersey 
 
 . 1,222 . . 
 
 Jo Daviess. 
 
 . 3,431 . . 
 
 Johnson. .. 
 
 . 718.. 
 
 Kane 
 
 2,828.. 
 
 Kendall . . . 
 
 . 1,258 . . 
 
 Knox 
 
 .2.193 .. 
 
 Lake 
 
 2,455 . . 
 
 La Salle... 
 
 . 8,074 . . 
 
 Lawrence . 
 
 .1,057.. 
 
 Lee 
 
 . 905.. 
 
 Livingston. 
 
 . 261.. 
 
 Pop. 
 
 26,508 , 
 . 2,4S4 , 
 
 6.144. 
 
 7,6'^6 . 
 , 7,19S , 
 
 8,841 . 
 
 8.231 . 
 
 4,5S6 . 
 
 7,253 . 
 
 2,649 . 
 
 8,202 . 
 
 9,532 . 
 
 4.289 . 
 5,189 . 
 9,385 . 
 
 48.385 . 
 7,135 . 
 3,720 . 
 7,540 . 
 5,002 . 
 
 9.290 . , 
 
 inrult. 
 
 . 2,294 . 
 . 202 . 
 . 666. 
 . S97 . 
 . SIS . 
 . 741 . 
 , 205 . 
 . 482 . 
 , 606. 
 . 273. 
 . 434. 
 , 636. 
 
 287. 
 
 62S . 
 
 996., 
 1,857 . . 
 
 642 .. 
 
 826 . . 
 
 812 . . 
 
 482.. 
 
 960.. 
 
 10,692 . . 1,175 , 
 
 3,524 , 
 3,799 , 
 
 8,075 , 
 
 6,681 . 
 
 22,508 , 
 
 5,448, 
 
 329 . 
 391 . 
 826. 
 677. 
 1,942 . 
 , 670. 
 
 12,429 . . 1,155 , 
 
 3,023 . 
 
 6,362 . 
 , 14,652 . 
 , 2,887 . 
 . 4,612. 
 
 3,807 . 
 , 4,149. 
 , 5,862. 
 
 8,220 . 
 
 8,109 . , 
 
 7,354. 
 18,604 . , 
 
 4,113 . , 
 16,702 . , 
 
 7,730 . 
 18,279 . , 
 14,226 . . 
 17,815., 
 
 6,121 ., 
 
 5,292 . , 
 
 1,552 . . 
 
 . 327 . 
 
 417. 
 , 1,167 . 
 , 326. 
 . 420. 
 , 281 . 
 , 387. 
 , 604. 
 
 283. 
 
 470. 
 
 645. 
 1,370 . 
 
 301 . 
 1,015 . 
 
 659. 
 
 619. 
 1,595 . 
 1,336 . 
 
 656. 
 
 478 . 
 
 185. 
 
 E,t;,l.. Capitals. 
 
 . 118 .. Quincy 
 . 8 . . Thebes 
 . 17 . . Greenville 
 . 17 . . Bclvidere 
 73 .. M"t Sterling 
 20 . . Princeton 
 .. Hardin 
 
 Mount Carroll 
 . Beardstown 
 . Urbana 
 . Taylorville 
 . Marshall 
 . Louisville 
 . Carlyle 
 . Charleston 
 227 . . Chicago 
 . . Eobinson 
 Greenup 
 Sycamore 
 Clinton 
 Napcrville 
 Paris 
 Albion 
 . . Ewington 
 4 . . Vandalia 
 Benton 
 Lewiston 
 Sliawneetown 
 CarroUton 
 Morris 
 M'Leansboro' 
 
 43 . . Carthage 
 
 . . Elizabethtown 
 Oquawka 
 Cambridge 
 Middleport 
 Murphrysboro 
 Newton 
 Mount Vernon 
 
 44 . . JerseyvUIe 
 279 . . Galena 
 
 4 . . Vienna 
 49 . . Geneva 
 . . Oswego 
 100 . . Kno,\ville 
 48 . . Waukegan 
 Ottawa 
 Lawrenceville 
 Dixon 
 Pontiac 
 
 17.. 
 26.. 
 
 .. 
 12.. 
 14.. 
 
 6.. 
 
 8 .. 
 
 
 
 0. 
 
 4., 
 IS., 
 18.. 
 38.. 
 
 7.. 
 
 0., 
 
 104.. 
 
 17.. 
 
 27.. 
 
 7., 
 
 0.. 
 
 Counties. Dwell. 
 
 Logan 835 . . 
 
 M-Donough. 1,262 .. 
 
 M-IIenry 2,650 .. 
 
 M'Lcan 1,851 . . 
 
 Macon 693 . . 
 
 Macoupin .. 2,037 .. 
 Madison.... 8,490 .. 
 
 Marion 1,1.32 .. 
 
 Marshall.... 910.. 
 
 Massac 704 . . 
 
 Mason 1,041 . . 
 
 Menard l,ti35 . . 
 
 Mercer 892 . . 
 
 Monroe 1.421 .. 
 
 Montgomery 1,U51 . . 6,276 . . 
 Morgan .... 2,661 . . 16,064 . . 
 
 Moultrie 554 
 
 Ogle 1,678 
 
 Peoria 3,036 
 
 Perry 967 
 
 Pike 3,152 
 
 Pop. 
 
 5,123 , 
 
 7,616 
 14 979 , 
 I'M 63 
 
 3,9-:>8 , 
 12,355 . 
 20,.136 , 
 
 6,720 . . 
 
 5,180 . . 
 
 4,092 . . 
 
 5.921 . . 
 
 6,349 . . 
 
 5,246 . . 
 
 7,679 . . 
 
 in .-iilt 
 
 476. 
 
 843. 
 
 1,950 . 
 
 916. 
 
 487 . 
 
 1,183 . 
 
 1,867 . 
 
 827. 
 
 464. 
 
 885. 
 
 727. 
 
 706 . 
 
 517. 
 
 874. 
 
 811 ., 
 
 . 1,574 . , 
 
 3,234 . . 304 . 
 
 10,020 .. 1,05S ., 
 
 17,547 . . 1,191 . , 
 
 Manuf 
 
 . 14. 
 
 . 19. 
 
 . 17. 
 
 . 3 . 
 
 . 17. 
 
 . 24. 
 . 182 . 
 
 . 9. 
 
 . 11 . 
 
 . 11 . 
 
 157.. 
 747.. 
 418 .. 
 636.. 
 
 2,046 . 
 , 704, 
 
 46, 
 
 26. 
 
 12. 
 
 0. 
 
 Piatt 
 
 Pope 
 
 Pulaski . . 
 
 Putnam . , 
 
 Randolph, 
 
 Richland , 
 
 Rock Island 1,246 . 
 
 St. Clair.... 8,727 .. 
 
 Saline 961 .. 
 
 Sangamon . 8,173 . . 
 Schuyler . . . 1,783 . . 
 
 Scott 1,-300 .. 
 
 Shelby 1,411 .. 
 
 Stark 594 . . 
 
 Stephenson. 1,950 .. 
 TazeweU ... 1,991 .. 
 
 Union 1,289 .. 
 
 Vermillion.. 1,9S5 .. 
 Wabash .... 808 . . 
 Warren .... 1,401 .. 
 Washington. 1,288 . . 
 
 Wayne 1,209 . . 
 
 White 1,537.. 
 
 Whitesides.. 923.. 
 
 Will 2,796 .. 
 
 Williamson. 1,195 .. 
 Winnebago. 1,979 .. 
 Woodford . . 747 . . 
 
 6,278 . , 
 18,819 .. 
 
 1,606 . . 
 
 3,975 . . 
 
 2,265 . . 
 
 8,924 . . 
 11,079 . . 
 
 4,012 . . 
 
 6,937 . . 
 20,181 . . 
 
 5,588 . . 
 19,228 . . 
 10,573 . . 
 
 7,914.. 
 
 7,807 . . 
 
 3,710.. 
 
 63S .. 
 1,882 . . 
 
 163.. 
 
 504.. 
 
 266 .. 
 
 317.. 
 1,100 . . 
 
 204.. 
 
 585.. 
 1,961 . . 
 
 678.. 
 1,578 . . 
 
 624 . . 
 
 712 . . 
 
 884.. 
 
 343 .. 
 
 11,666 . . 1,179 
 
 12,052 . . 1,110 
 
 7,615 . 
 
 11,492 . 
 
 4,690 . 
 
 8,176 . 
 
 6.953 . 
 
 6,825 . 
 
 8,925 . 
 
 6,361 . , 
 16,703 .. 
 
 7,216.. 
 11,773.. 
 
 4,416.. 
 
 810.. 
 1,269 . , 
 
 533.. 
 
 956.. 
 
 829 .. 
 
 492.. 
 1,101 .. 
 
 404.. 
 1,200 . . 
 
 752 . . 
 
 919.. 
 
 506.. 
 
 Capitals. 
 
 Postville 
 Macomb 
 Dorr 
 
 Bloomington 
 Decatur 
 Carlinville 
 Edwardsville 
 Salem 
 Lacon 
 
 Metrop'lis City 
 3 . . Bath 
 
 88 . . Petersburgh 
 . . Millersburg 
 
 33 . . Harrisonville 
 17 . . Hillsboro' 
 
 89 . . Jacksonville 
 11 .. Sullivan 
 
 30 . . Oregon City 
 134 . . Peoria 
 
 Pinckneyvillo 
 . Piltsfield 
 . Monticello 
 . Goiconda 
 . N. Caledonia 
 . Hennepin 
 . Chester 
 3 . Olney 
 11 . . Rock Island 
 Belleville 
 Raleigh 
 Springfield 
 Rushville 
 Winchester 
 Shelbyville 
 Toulon 
 
 75 . . Freeport 
 
 76 . . Fremont 
 21 .. Jonesboro' 
 15 .. Danville 
 
 9 . . Mount Carmel 
 42 . . Monmouth 
 9 . . Nashville 
 
 Fairfield 
 
 Carmi 
 
 Sterling 
 
 Joliet 
 
 Marion 
 
 Rockford 
 
 Metamora 
 
 7.. 
 37.. 
 
 2 
 
 12.. 
 18, 
 26 
 86, 
 
 6.. 
 22.. 
 24.. 
 94.. 
 10.. 
 62.. 
 14.. 
 
 The whole number of dwellings in the State was, at the above date, 146,544 ; of families, 149,153 ; and of Inhabitants, 
 851,470, viz.: whites, 846,104— males 445,644, and females 400,460; free colored, 5,366— males 2,756, and females 2,610. 
 Of the whole population, there were, deaf and dmnb—-wh. 473, fr. col. 2— total 475; blind— y«h. 253, fr. col. 4— total 257; 
 i)uane—v/h. 246, fr. col. 8— total 249 ; and idiotic— \\h. 363, fr. col. 3— total 371. The number of free persons born in the 
 United States was 736,931; the number of foreign birth, 110,593, and of birth unknown, 3,947; the natim population 
 originated as follows: Maine 3.693, N. Hamp. 4,288, Verm. 1,3S1, Mass. 9,2.30, R. 1. 1,051, Conn. 6,899, N. York 67,180, N. 
 Jer. 6,848, Penn. 37,979, Del. 1,397. Md. 6,898, Dist. of Col. 226, Virg. 24,697, N. Car. 13,851, S. Car. 4,162, Ga. 1,341, Flor. 
 23, Ala. 1,335, Miss. 490, La. 4S0, Tex. 63, Ark. 727, Tenn. 32,303, Ky. 49,608, Ohio 64,219, Mich. 2,158, Ind. 30,953, lUinoia 
 843,618, Mo. 7,288, la. 1,511, Wise. 1,095, Calif. 3, Territories 10. And the Joreign population was composed of persons 
 from— England 18,628, Ireland 27,736, Scotland 4.661, Wales 572, Germany 38,160, France 3,396, Spain 70, Portugal 42, 
 Belgium 33, Holland 220, Italy 4;?, Austria 65, Switzerland 1,635, Russia 27, Denmark 9^3, Norway 2,415, Sweden 1,128, 
 Prussia 286, British America 10,699, Mexico 30, West Indies 75, Sandwich Islands 9, and other countries 525. 
 
 The following table will exhibit the decennial progress of the population since the first census of the State taken by the 
 United States authorities : 
 
 Colored Persons. 
 
 Census. Wliite , i , Total 
 
 Persons. Free. Slave. Total. Population. 
 
 11,501 613 168 781 . 12,282, 
 
 53,783 506 917 1,423 55,211 
 
 1810 
 1820 
 1830 
 1840 
 1850 
 
 155,061 1,637 747 2,384 157,445 . . . 
 
 472,254 8,589 331 3.929 476,183 . . . 
 
 846,104 5,366 — 6,366 851,470 . . . 
 
 Decennial Increase. 
 
 Numerical. 
 
 Per cent 
 
 42,929 .. 
 
 ... 849.5 
 
 102,234 .. 
 
 ... 135.2 
 
 318,738 . . 
 
 . . . 202.4 
 
 375,237 . . 
 
 ... 7a8 
 
 89 
 
THE STATE OF ILLINOIS. 
 
 The statistics of the wealth and industry of Illinois, as furnished by the general census of 1S50 and other official returns 
 referring to that year, are as folUiws: 
 
 Occupied LiuhIk, et<: — IiiiprDVcil lands, 5,fi:>9,545 acres, and unimproved lands, C,997,SG7 acres — together valued iu 
 cash at $90,133,290. Number of farms under cultivation, 76,2uS. Value of farming implements and machinery, 
 $6,405,561. 
 
 Live Stock. — Horses, 267,Gf)3; asses and mules, 10,573; milch cows, 294,671; working oxen, 76,156; other cattle, 
 541,209 ; sheep, 894,04:3 ; swine, 1,915,910— valued in the aggregate at .$24,209,253. In 1S40 there were in the State 199,235 
 horses, mules, etc. ; 626,274 neat cattle; 396,672 sheep, and 1,495,2.'>4 swine. 
 
 Grain, Crop*'.— 'Wheat, 9,414,575 bushels ; rye, 83,364 bushels ; Indian corn, 57,646,9S4 bushels ; oats, 10.087,241 bushels ; 
 barley, 110,795 bushels; and bucliwheat, 184,504 bushels. The crops of 1839-40 consisted of— wheat, 3,335,393 bushels; 
 barley, 82,251 bushels; oats, 4,98S,00S bushels; rye, 88,197 bushels ; buckwheat, 57,884 bushels ; and Indian corn, 22,634,211 
 bushels. 
 
 Ot/icr Cropa. — Rice, pounds ; tobacco, 841,394 pounds ; ginned cotton, 1 bale of 400 pounds ; peas and beans, 82,814 
 bushels; potatoes — Irish, 2,514,SG1, and sweet. 157.4;>3busliels; hay, 601,952 tons ; clover-seed, 3,427, and other grass-seeds, 
 14,380 bushels; hops, 3,551 jxanids; hemp — dow-rotted, 142, and water-rotted, 141 tons; flax, 160,003 pounds; flax-seed, 
 10,785 bushels ; sugar — maple, 24"^,904 pounds, and cane, hogsheads of 1,000 pounds; molasses, 8,354 gallons; wine, 
 2,997 gallons, etc. The value of orchard products was $446,089, and of market-garden products, $127,494. The following 
 table compares some of the principal staples at the two periods, 1840 and 1850 : 
 
 Staples. lS-10. isan. Movement 
 
 Tobacco 564,326 pounds 841 ,394 pounds incr. 277,063 pounds, or 4909 per cent. 
 
 Hemp 1 ( 283 tons i 
 
 Flax } ^•976i tons ] jgo,063 pounds } '^*«'-- 3.632,817 " or 82-06 « 
 
 Uay 164,933 " 601,952 tons iner. 437,020 tons or264-96 « 
 
 Products of Animals.— 'Wool, 2,150,118 (in 1839^0, 650,007) pounds ; butter, 12,526,543 pounds ; and cheese, 1,278,225 
 pounds. Value of animals slaughtered in the year 1849-50, $4,972,286. Silk cocoons were produced to the amount of 
 47 (in 1839-40, 1,150) pounds; and beeswax and honey, to that of 869,444 pounds. 
 
 I/or»e-inade Manufacturer for the year ending 80th June, 1S50, were valued at $1,155,902. In 1839-40, the value is set 
 down at $993,567. 
 
 Manufactures. — ^Aggregate capital invested, $6,128,282; value of raw materials, fuel, etc., consumed, $8,986,142; 
 average number of hands, — males, and females, average monthly cost of labor — male, and 
 
 female, $ annual value of products, $16,671,273. The whole number of m.inufacturing establishments producing 
 
 to the value of $500 and upward in 1850, was 3,099, and of these— were cotton factories, 16 woolen factories, 96 tanneries, 
 and 81 iron manufactories, of which 29 made castings, 2 pig iron, and wrought iron. 
 
 The woolen manufactures employ a capital of $154,500 ; and consume annually 396,964 pounds of wool ; value of all 
 raw material, fuel, etc., consumed, $115,367 ; hands employed — males 124, and females 54 ; monthly cost of labor — miile, 
 $2,728, and female, $076 ; cloth manufactured, 306,995 yards, and yarn, 137,000 poimds ; value of entire products, 
 $206,572. 
 
 The t-anneries have a capital of $188,373 ; value of hides and skins used, $129,907 ; male hands employed, 240 ; monthly 
 cost of labor, .$5,145 ; sides of leather tanned, 101,650, and of skins, 21,575 ; value of products, $244,028. 
 
 The iron manufactures, under the three separate heads as given in the census, are exhibited as follows — in the manu- 
 facture ot pig iron the capital invested amounts to $65,000; ore consumed, 5,500 tons, and coke and charcoal, 170,000 
 bushels; value of all raw material. $15,600; hands employed, 150; monthly cost of labor $;3,310; pig iron produced, 2,700 
 tons; value of entire products, $70,200 ; — and in the manufacture of cast iron, $260,400 is invested ; material consumed 
 — pig iron 4.818 tons, old metal 50 tons, mineral coal 1,412 tons, and coke and charcoal 12,500 bushels— valued in the ag- 
 gregate at $172,330 ; hands employed, 332, at average monthly wages $28 50 ; castings made, 4,160 tons ; and other pro- 
 ducts to the value of $89,250 ; total value of products, $441,185. According to the census no wrovg/it iron is manufac- 
 tured in the State. The total capital invested in the manufacture of iron is thus $325,400 ; the value of raw material, 
 fuel, etc., consumed, $187,880 ; the annual cost of labor, $153,264 ; and the value of products, $511,385. 
 
 The manufactures, otherwise than those enumerated, consist chiefly of the various trades and mechanic arts which 
 usually exist in agricultural States, as saw, grist, oil, flour, and other mills; wheelwright shops; agricultural implement 
 factories, etc., etc., which, taken together and in connection with the staple manufactures above detailed, exhibit a very 
 respectable condition of the country in relation to this branch of industry. 
 
 Foreign Commerce. — The direct foreign commerce of Illinois is chiefly with the British provinces. The exports, all of 
 domestic origin, for the year ending 30th June, 1850, were valued at $17,669 ; and the imports at $15,705. Of the exports 
 only $1,232, and of the imports $7,783, were the values of goo<ls carried in American bottoms. This represents the com- 
 merce of the collection district, of which Chicago is the port of entry, the ports on the Mississippi being in the district of 
 New Orleans. The total entries were 22 (7,838 tons), of which 4 (648 tons) were foreign ; and the total clearances were 9 
 (2,041 tons), of which 5 (998 tons) were foreign. The shipping owned in the district of Chicago on the 80th June, 1830, 
 amounted to 21,242 tons, all "permanent register," and engaged in the coasting trade, and of this 649 tons w.as navi- 
 gated by steam. The total number of vessels built in the district during the year as above was 13 (1,091 tons), of which 2 
 were brigs, 7 schooners, 3 sloops, and 1 steamer. The statistics of the foreign commerce for several years exhibit the fol- 
 lowing— «r/;f>rAv in 1847 $52,100, in 1848 $41,835, in 1849 $88,417, and in 1850 $17,669; and imports in 1847 $266, in 1848 
 $4,365, in 1849 $9,766, and in 1850 $15,705. 
 
 Internal and Coasting Trade.— The means of internal communication in Illinois, except in one or two favored local- 
 ities, are as yet very limited. Some of her interior rivers are navigable, and a cordon of navigable water almost insulates 
 the State ; but until access to these be facilitated by railroads, their use to commerce must be comparatively small. Never- 
 theless, there are few ports that equal Chicago in its commerce, and Alton on the Mississippi is fast rising into importance, 
 nor is Galena to be left unnamed in the list of commercial places. At these ports, as well as those on the Illinois River and 
 Canal, a vast amount of business is transacted— that of Chicago with the East, and that of Galena, Alton, etc., chiefly with 
 the South. The interests of the two sections are partially blended by the canal which opens the lakes to the South 
 and West, and will be completely united, when the vast system of railroads in course of construction is brought into 
 action. The length of railroad now in operation within the State is 1287 miles ; the length in progress is 822 miles ; and 
 90 
 
u 
 
 .\M.. 
 
G. KINGSLAND. 
 
 LE ROY KINGSLAND 
 
 D. K. FURGUSON. 
 
 KINGSLANDS & FURGUSON, 
 
 ST. LOUIS, mOu 
 
 Hlmuiktmrs of |!age's patent ^portable Sab Ulills, 
 
 CHILD'S PATENT DOUBLE SAW MILLS & HORSE POWERS; 
 COX & ROBERTS' PATENT THRESHER & CLEANER; 
 
 ENDLESS CHAIN OR RAIL ROAD HORSE POWERS; 
 
 CORN AND COB CRUSHERS; 
 Com Shellers, Plows, Bark •JfEills, Jflill •rfSachinery. 
 
 JS^^Castings of every description, made to order at short notice."^^ 
 
 R. C. MG CORD. C. W. MC CORD. N. BECK. 
 
 I^ ^ /iv Ml 11^ f] ii Ml ^ ih 111 PJ] i%\ f^ 
 
 ENGINE AND MACHINE SHOP, 
 
 CORNER OF MYRTLE STREET AND LEVEE, 
 
 Nos. 37 and 38 Levee, No. 2 Myrtle Street, and No. 6 Main Street, 
 
 Manufacturers of Steam Engines, Boilers, Saw and Grist Mill Machinery, Tobacco Screws, Presses, Lard 
 Screws and Cylinders, Hydraulic Presses, Brass Castings, Builders' Castings, Blacksmithing, and all kinds of 
 Waterwheels made to order. Particular attention paid to repairing all kinds of Itlachinery. 
 
 ST- ILiOTJIS, 3VEISSOXJ3FLI. 
 
 Manufacturers and Venders of all Varieties of 
 
 JOSIAH DEPfT, President. 
 
 JOSEPH H. SHIETS, Secretary. 
 
THE STATE OF ILLINOIS. 
 
 the length projected and surveyed about 600 miles. The principal points from and to which the several lines extend 
 are — Chicago, where at least eleven lines centre ; Alton, which is the terminus of three liues ; Galena, which is connected 
 with Chicago on the east, and Cairo on the south ; Cairo, where the great central railroad connects with the Mobile and 
 Ohio railr<)ad ; Eock Island, the west terminus of the Chicago and liock Island Kailroad ; and on the Indiana line, Vin- 
 cennes, Terre Haute, etc., from which latter places tlie principal east and west lines pass, uniting the system of Illinois 
 with those of Indiana, Ohio, etc. All the lines referred to will be completed within the next three years, and by that time 
 Illinois will have fairly entered upon that great commercial destiny that awaits her career. The proportion of completed 
 railroads to superficies in this Slate in January, 1854. was as 1 mile of road to every 43 square miles, and to the popula- 
 tion as 1 mile of road to every 6fi2 persons. 
 
 Banks, etc. — The condition of the Slate bank of Illinois on the 1st January, 1851, was as follows: assets — debts of all 
 kinds due, $706,S90 57 ; real estate at cost, $747,575 05 ; Illinois State bonds, .$17,501 54, and interest, $20,240 48 ; Illinois 
 State scrip, $14,555 20, and coupons, $4,750 36 ; sundry stocks, $9,674 99 ; due by other banks and bankers, $18,858 93 ; 
 broken bank notes, $12,801; specie, .$36,666 85; total, $1,675,554 94; and liahilities other than to stockholders — bonds 
 of the bank outstanding, $184,000; interest on same to date, $49,.560; due to other banks and individuals, $1,652 89; and 
 notes and certificates outstanding, $218,978 01; total, $445,190 90. All other banks in operation at the present time, 16 
 or 17 in number, are organized under the Free Banking Law of the State, and the notes are considered to be well 
 secured, having government bonds and stocks as their basis. 
 
 Go-vernment. — The first constitution of Illinois is dated 26th August, 1818. The constitution on which the government 
 is based at the present time was adopted in convention 81st August, 1847, and accepted by the people 7th March, 1848. It 
 provides that every white male citizen, 21 years old, resident in the State for one year, may vote for all elective offices. 
 
 The legislature is termed the General Assembly, and consists of a Senate and House of Representatives; the Senate 
 composed of 25 members, elected for four ye^rs, one-half every two years ; and the House of Kepresentatives composed 
 of 75 members, elected for two years. Menjbers of both houses must be citizens of the United States — senators must be 30 
 years old, and have been resident in the State for 5 years ; and representatives must be 25, and have resided in the State 3 
 years. These numbers may be increased wlien tlie population amounts to 1,000,000, but the number of representatives 
 must never exceed 100. Pay of members $2 a day for 42 days, and $1 a day afterward. In forming senatorial or repre- 
 sentative districts, the number of icldte inhabitants is only to be regarded. 
 
 The Governor is elected quadrennially by a plurality of votes. He must be 35 years old, a citizen of the United States 
 and a resident of the State for the 10 years next preceding. The Governor must reside at the seat of government, and is 
 not eligible for re-election at a consecutive term. A majority of the members elected to both houses may nullify the Gover- 
 nor's veto on any act of the legislature. The Lieutenant-Governor is rtxjuired to have the same quaUfications as the 
 Governor ; and in case of the death or disability of the chief executive, the Lieutenant-Governor acts in his stead, and he 
 is also ex-officio President of the Senate. 
 
 The judiciary consists of a Supreme Court, Circuit Courts, and County Courts. The State is divided into three grand 
 judicial divisions, each of which elects a judge for nine years, who must be 85 years of age, a citizen of the United 
 States, and resident in the State five years ; and the three judges compose the Supreme Court, the jurisdiction of which is 
 original in cases relating to the revenue, cases of mandamus and habeas corpus, and in some impeachments — in all other 
 cases appellate. One of the judges is elected every three years. This court holds one session in each division annually ; 
 the terms are : 1st division, at Mount Vernon, on the second Monday in November ; 2d division, at Springfield, on the third 
 Monday in December, and 3d division, at Ottawa, on the first Monday in February. There are fifteen judicial circuits, each 
 of which elects a judge for six years, who must be SO years of age, and otherwise qualified as are judges of the Supreme 
 Court. Judges are not eligible to any other office during their term, nor for one year after. Cook County has a District 
 Court of Common Pleas. Each county elects a judge for four years, who holds a county court for the transaction of 
 county and probate business, with limited civil and criminal jurisdiction. 
 
 Among the provisions of tlie Constitution are the following: no State bank can be created nor revived ; acts creating 
 banks must be submitted to the people and receive a majority of votes in their favor to become law; stockholders are 
 individually liable to the amount of their shares ; corporations not for banking purposes may be established under 
 general laws ; slavery and lotteries are prohibited ; duelling is a disqualification for office ; colored persons, free or slave, 
 are not permitted to come into the State. 
 
 To alter the Constitution, the amendments must be passed by a two-thirds vote of the whole number of members 
 elected to both houses, published and referred to the next legislature, and if passed again by a majority, then they must 
 be submitted to the people, whose approval by a majority vote makes them law. 
 
 The calling of a convention to amend the Constitution, if recommended by a two-thirds vote of the legislature, is 
 submitteil to the people, and if a majority of votes are in its favor, the convention shall bo called by the succeeding 
 legislature. Amendments can be proposed to but one article of the Constitution at one session. 
 
 The niiUtia of Illinois, according to the Army Kegister for 1851, consists of 170,359 men of all arms, of which 4,618 
 are commissioned officers, and 165,741 non-commissioned officers, musicians, and privates. Of the commissioned officers 
 30 are general officers, 99 general staff officers, 1,297 field officers, and 3,192 company officers. 
 
 The principal State benevolent institution is the Asylum for the Deaf and Dumb at Springfield. This institution 
 was opened in January, 1846. The number of pupils in January, 1849, was 60, of whom 26 were females; and 10 
 were from Missouri and 1 from Iowa — the remainder from Illinois. The annual session commences the first Thursday 
 in October. 
 
 Finances, Public Delit, etc. — ^The receipts into the treasury for the two years ending 30th November, 1850, were 
 $402,179 27, of which $394,103 53 was derived from taxes, and $8,075 74 from all other sources ; and the expenditures for 
 the same period amounted to $326,126 27, of which $137,196 16 was ordinary expenses of the government, $78,436 90 
 special appropriations and expenditures, $4,618 98 interest on funds due deaf and dumb asylum, $105,698 OS issued to 
 school commissioners, and $176 15 interest paid on old warrants. The receipts for the two years exceeded the disburse- 
 ments $76,053. The amount of interest fund tax received for the same period was $296,326 89, and the amount of 
 interest paid was $263,034 50. The whole amount of real and personal estate subject to taxation in 1849 was $105,432,752, 
 upon which the State tax was $612,428, but which netted only $578,763 31. In 1850 the value of taxable property amount- 
 ed to $n4,7S2,(>15 (true or estimated valuation according to the census $156,595,006). The aggregate of the public 
 debt on the 1st January, 1851, was $16,627,509 91; of this $8,784,481 48 was state debt proper, and $7,843,023 43 the 
 canal debt. These two debts are explained as follows : 
 
 91 
 
THE STATE OF ILLINOIS. 
 
 STATE DEBT. 
 
 Principal debt funded under act of 1847 $5,590,565 36 
 
 Interest on same to same date 1,020,278 IS 
 
 Arrears of interest funded 1,945,485 27 
 
 Unfunded internal improvement 
 
 bonds $180,000 00 
 
 Other kinds of indebtedness 144,080 00 
 
 Interest on last two amounts 173,261 40 
 
 Wiggins loan, princ'l and interest 142,000 00 
 Liquidation bonds 150,000 00 789,941 40 
 
 $9,340,270 21 
 From which deduct interest paid from mill 
 and a half tax, bonds surrendered, and sale 
 of lands, etc 561,788 73 
 
 $8,784,481 48 
 
 CANAL DEBT. 
 
 Principal debt, exclusive of $1,000,000 loan.. $7,079,117 03 
 Balance due on caual loan of $1,000,000 l,u33,U00 00 
 
 $8,112,117 08 
 From which deduct : 
 
 Interest paid from mill and a 
 
 half tax $255,818 51 
 
 Bonds and scrip redeemed and 
 interest 13,270 14 269,083 65 
 
 Total canal debt $7,843,028 43 
 
 AGGREGATE DEBT. 
 
 State debt proper $8,784,481 43 
 
 Canal debt 7,843,028 4B 
 
 Total debt $10,027,509 91 
 
 Federal Iieprese7itation.—llUno\s, in accordance with the law regulating the distribution of members to the United 
 States House of Pepresentatives, occupies tiiiis seats in that body. 
 
 Hducatimi. — Illinois has large funds devoted to school purposes. On the 29th December, 1S50, the permanent funds 
 applicable to the support of common schools amounted to $790,120 66 ; and the university fund amounted to $90,889 63, and 
 the seminary fund to $58,788 72 — together making a total of $989,798 90. The wliole of this sum has been borrowed by the 
 State, which pays six per cent, interest on the amount. The interest on the common school fund is $47,407 23, which is 
 divided among the several counties in proportion to the number of white children under 21 years of age. In 06 counties 
 that made returns for the year 1S.50, there were 2,041 organized districts and school-houses, of which 1,370 were log- 
 houses, 925 frame, 139 brick, and 37 stone, and of the whole number 100 contained more than one room. There were 
 school libraries in 108 districts. The total amount of public moneys paid out for teachers' wages during the year was 
 $14S,8T1 09; amount, other than public moneys, $81,841 20 — total cost of teaching, exclusive of buildings, repairs, etc., 
 $230,712 29. The principal colleges in the State are, Illinois College, at Jacksonville, founded in 1829, and in 1S50 it 
 had 7 professors, 93 alumni, 34 students, and a library of 3,000 volumes ; Shurtleff College, at Upper Alton (Baptist), 
 founded in 1835, and in 1S50 it had 6 professors, 8 alumni, and 13 students, with a library of 1,600 volumes; M'Kendreo 
 College, at Lebanon (Methodist), founded in 1835, and in 1850 it had 4 professors, 33 alumni, 57 students, and a library of 
 1,700 volumes ; Knox College, at Galesburg, founded in 1837, and in 1850 it had 5 professors, 10 alumni, 5S students, and 
 a library of 3,000 volumes. Shurtleff College has connected with it a theological seminary ; and at Chicago is located the 
 Push Medical School, founded 1842, and in 1850 it had 6 professors, 70 students, and 10 graduates. 
 
 Publio Libraries. — One State Library of 4,000 volumes, 2 social libraries of 2,821 volumes, 4 college libraries of 8,120 
 volumes, 2 student's libraries of 025 volumes, 2 academic libraries of 2,000 volumes, and 10 public school libraries of 2,350 
 volumes — total 27 libraries, and 19,916 volumes. 
 
 Periodical Press, etc. — The whole number of newspapers and Other periodicals published within the State Is 119, of 
 which 78 are political, viz. : 39 whig and 36 democratic, and 43 are devoted to literature, science, religion, etc. ; and 10 
 are published daily, 4 tri-weekly, 94 weekly, and 11 at other periods. The daily papers have an aggregate average 
 circulation of 3,580 copies, the tri-weekly of 1,650 copies, the weekly of 69,472 copies, and those published at other periods 
 of 14,625 copies. Of the eleven periodicals published at other periods, as above, 2 are semi-monthlies, 7 monthlies, 1 
 quarterly, and one is issued eight times a year. 
 
 Beligioics Denominations. — The statistics of the several religious denominations in 1850 are exhibited in the following 
 table : 
 
 Denomina- No. of 
 ticna. Clmrclies. 
 
 Baptist 265 .. 
 
 Christian 
 
 Congregat'l. . 
 Dutch Pef. . . 
 Episcopal . . . 
 
 Free 
 
 Friends 
 
 91,620 , 
 
 80,754 
 15,576 , 
 
 875 , 
 14,000 
 
 750 , 
 1,550 
 
 Value of 
 Property. 
 
 $204,095 
 
 42,950 
 
 89,250 
 
 2,700 
 
 78,350 
 
 6,400 
 
 2,340 
 
 Denomina- 
 tions. CI 
 
 German Pef, 
 
 Jewish 
 
 Lutheran 
 
 Mcnnonite.. . — 
 Methodist . . .889 
 
 Moravian 2 
 
 Presbyterian.198 
 
 Clmrcli 
 acconi. 
 
 ISO 
 
 Value of 
 Property. 
 
 40 
 
 16,440 . . 40,120 
 
 176,474 
 400 . 
 81,529 
 
 827,290 
 
 850 
 
 395,130 
 
 Denomina- No. of Clmrcli Value of 
 
 tions. Churches, aicom. Property. 
 
 P. Catholic. . 53 . . 29,000 . . $220,400 
 
 Swedenbor'n. 1 . . 140 . . 800 
 
 Tunker 4.. 1,225.. 2,250 
 
 Union 31.. 8,875.. 82,050 
 
 Unitarian ... 6 . . 1,500 . . 9,000 
 
 Universalist . 4.. 1,300.. 11,500 
 
 Minor Sects.. 17 .. 6,890.. 11,050 
 The State con- 
 
 Making a total of 1,167 churches, having accommodation for 636,478 persons, and valued at $1,476,835. 
 stitutes the Protestant Episcopal diocese of Illinois and the Poman Catholic diocese of Chicago. 
 
 Pauperism. — The whole number of paupers who received support within the year ending June 1st, 1850, was 797, of 
 which number 3S6 were native born and 411 foreign ; and at the date specified the number of paupers on the list was 
 434, of which 279 were native and 155 foreign born. The cost of supporting these had been during the year $45,213. 
 
 Historical Sketch. — The name which now pertains exclusively to this State was, during a great part of the last century, 
 bestowed upon all that vast country which lies north-west of the Ohio, and was derived from the Piver Illinois, which in 
 the indigenous language signifies the River of Men. The first settlements were made by the French, ami were the con- 
 sequence of the enterprise of La Salle in search of the Mississippi. This traveler set out from Canada in 1070, and passing 
 across the lakes to Michigan, descended the Illinois Piver. After examining the country, with which he was greatly 
 pleased, he returned to Canada, leaving Chev. de Tonte in command of a small fort he had built and named Crevccoeur. 
 While in Canada he procured a number of volunteers to unite in the scheme of forming a settlement on the Mississippi in 
 the Illinois country. They reached their destination in 1673, and founded the villages of Kaskaskia, Cahokia, and several 
 others of less note; here La Salle left his colony, while he descended the Mississippi to its mouth. Soon after this settle- 
 ment, many enterprising persons explored the country in search of mineral we.ilth, and after the establishment of a colony 
 at the mouth of the Mississippi, Iberville, the French governor, in company with others, undertook a similar expedition. 
 At the beginning of the eighteenth century the settlements in Illinote are represented to have been in a flourishing 
 condition. Kaskaskia had become a considerable town before any great progress had been made in the settlements on 
 92 
 
Cnnnnprrkl Cnllfp, 
 
 8. E. Cor. of Washington Avenue & Third Street, 
 
 Incorporated by the General Assembly, January 24, 1849, 
 
 With full authority "To grant Diplomas, aAvard Degrees, confer 
 Honors, and exercise all and singular the privileges common to 
 Commercial Colleges authorized bj law, in other States." — [Char- 
 ter, Section 2. 
 
 A full course of instruction in this Institution, embraces Double 
 Entry, Book-Keeping, Commercial Calculations, Commercial Law, 
 and Penmanship. 
 
 Gentlemen can enter for the course separately, and at any time, 
 as instruction is imparted individually, and not in classes, and each 
 department is independent, and under control of its respective Pro- 
 fessor, who alone is responsible for the progress ot his pupils. 
 
 ^|^g=^ Young Gentlemen wishing to prepare themselves for bus- 
 iness pursuits, are respectfully invited to call during business hours, 
 and examine the mode of imparting instruction, the progress of 
 the pupils, and the superior facilities extended to those desirous of 
 qualifying themselves for the practical duties of the counting-house. 
 Personal references given to above two hundred and fifty (250) 
 practical accountants, now in charge of books in this city, all of 
 whom have completed their business education in this Institu lion. 
 
 N. B. — For circulars, containing information in regard to terms, 
 the course of instruction, and all business connected with the above, 
 call at the South-East corner of Washington Avenue and Third-st., 
 or address, 
 
 JONATHAN JONES, 
 
 ST. LOUIS, MO. 
 
SHERMANS MANUFACTORY OF 
 
 Trusses and Bandages of Every Description, 
 
 87 Koiiith St.. St. Louis. 
 
 NEW YORK ANU GREAT WESTERN 
 TE-A. "W" -A. R E H O TJ S E , 
 
 No. 85 North Fourth St., St. Louis, East Side, be- 
 tween Olive and Locust. 
 
 a. K KVISOIV, Proprietor. 
 
 TO"WNSLEY'S HOTEL, 
 
 FourtU Street, between L.aeiist and Olive, 
 
 ST. LO XJ I S. 
 CALVIN TOWNSLEY, Proprietor. 
 108 
 
 c la: I nsr -A. ii .a. l l , 
 
 GAY & CO. 
 
 Plain and Decorated China, Gla-is and Qiieensw.ire. 
 Chandeliers, Lamps, CirajidohSjTahle Cutlery, &c. 
 
 Eemoved to 1C3 N. Fourth St., Lee Buildings, 
 
 ST. LOXJIS. 
 
 BART & HICKCOX, 
 
 Wholesale and Rdail Dealers in 
 COODYEAR'S INDIA RUBBER GOODS, 
 
 Ilose, Steam Packinc and Machine Heltinc, at Factory 
 Prices. Also, Rich Fancy Goods, Uinlirellas, 
 etc., in great variety. Order--- from Deal- 
 ers promptly attended to. 
 No. 83 Norlli Fourth Str«et, St. Lonig, 
 ^nd No. 20 East Fourth St., Cincinnati. 
 
THE STATE OF ILLINOIS, 
 
 the Lower Mississippi; and one who calculated the future by what the present exhibited would have seen little reason to 
 foretell tlie rapid growth of Louisiana and the decline of lUimiis, whieli afterward occurred. The descriptions given 
 of Ilhnois Ijy French writers were of the most captivating kind — ils beauliful scenery, its fertile prairies, its supix>sed (now 
 realized) mineral wealth, were painted in glowing colors, and a new paradise was opened to Frenchmen on the banks 
 of the Illinois; and to add to the attractions of the country, a monastery of Jesuits was established at Kaskaskia; the 
 settlers, however, soon degenerated, and assimilated by degrees their manners to ihose of the Indians among whom they 
 resided. Of these savages, their number and varieties, at the epoch of the first settlements, and soil, are not well ascer- 
 taineil. From the beginning to the middle of the ISth century, we hear little of ihe settlers ; as the colonies of France 
 and England extended, disputes arose respecting the boundaries, which had never been sufficiently define<l. The French, 
 anticipating a struggle for the preservation of their American possessions as early as 1749, strengthened themselves by 
 fortifications on the lakes, on the Ohio, the Wabash, and Illinois, and in other parts of the Valley of the Mississippi, to 
 which they laid claim. The British, on the other hand, claimed the country on the Ohio and the neighboring streams 
 by virtue of the charters they had granted. The Ohio Company, which was formed soon after, produced hostilities 
 between the two nations. At the close of the war, which gave to Britain the province of Canada, the whole of the French 
 claim to the Illinois country was also ceded to Great Britain. During its continuance as a British dependency, nothing 
 of importance seems to have occurred. Few or no additions were made to the settlements at Kaskaskia and the other 
 French ports, the inhabitants of which were but little removed in scale of civilization above the Indians. At the peace 
 of 17S3, the Illinois country fell to the United States, and the whole territory, north-west of the Ohio Eiver, was claimed 
 by Virginia and other States as included in their charters. At the instance of Congress, a lilwral cession of these claims 
 was made to the General Government, and by the ordinance of 17S1 a territorial government was established over the 
 whole region. Ohio was made a separate territory in 1799, and in 1S02 was admitted into the Union as a State, while the 
 remainder of the territory retained its territorial attributes under the name of Indiana. In 1S09 this territory was again 
 divided, the eastern portion retaining the name of Indiana, and the western taking that of Illinois. Indiana was admitted 
 as a State in 1S16, and Illinois, within its present limits, in ISIS, since which period the progress of the country in popu- 
 lation, general industry and wealth, has been still onward, anil at the present day it has grander works of internal 
 improvement than many of the States that at the era of the Revolution were flourishing and populous communities. 
 
 Succession c>f Governors. — Territorial: Ninian Edwards, 1809 ; and — Under the Constitution: Shadrach Bond, 
 1S18; Edward Coles, 1S22; Ninian Edwards, 1S2G ; John Reynolds, 1830; Joseph Duncan, 1S34; Thomas Carlin, 183S; 
 Thomas Ford, 1842; Augustus C. French, 1846; Joel A. Matteson. 
 
 Springfield is the political capital of the State, and has been such since 1840. Kaskaskia and Vandalia were suo- 
 ceseively the metropolitan cities. 
 
 93 
 
THE STATE OF INDIANA. 
 
 Indiana* lies in the form of a parallelogram between Ohio and Illinois, and extends from Michigan, on the north, to 
 the Ohio lliver, on tlie south. Geographically, it is situated between the latitudes 37° 51' and 41° 4(3' north, and betweea 
 tlu; longitudes S5° 49' 30" and 8S° 2' 30" west from Greenwich, or 8° 47' 30" and 11° 0' 30" from Washington. Its ex- 
 treme length from nortli to south is 276 miles, and its greatest widtli 176 miles ; but its average length is only about 
 242 miles, and iLs average breadth not more than 153 miles; and within these limits the are^ of its superficies is 33,809 
 square miles. 
 
 The o-eneral features of Indiana are those which pertain to all countries where mountain, in the strict sense of t.e 
 word, is wanting ; for if we except the river-hills and the accumulations of sand on the southern shore of Lake Miehigap 
 no portion of the country has any continuous or definite elevation which even a fiorid imagination could dignify by sufcb 
 a term, and all of mountain that really appears is a few isolated " linobs," which serve only to diversify the seene/y 
 Nearly two-thirds of the State is level, or at roost, undulating, and a most singular feature of the country is the abaTuco 
 of any watershed or dividing ridge, such as almost every geographical region presents, from which the watei's flow i' 
 different directions ; still, however, the country has continuous slopes of great extent, and the difference in elevation of the 
 highest land and the Oliio Kiver at the Falls is nearly 600 feet, and a considerable difference is observed (about 70 feet) 
 between the levels on tlie Ohio, at the Falls, and at the mouth of the Waliash, the latter being the lowest. 
 
 The river-hills, of which previous mention has been made, extend at various distances from, and parallel to, the courses 
 of the Ohio and other streams, and inclose what are termed the bottom-lands, which are chiefly covered with a rich 
 alluvial soil, and thiclcly set with forests. These hills, along the Ohio Kiver, are generally as high as the highest levels 
 of the interior, often of a rugged and broken aspect, and wliere torn through by the tributaries of the Ohio, present much 
 imposing scenery. Behind these a table-land spreads out and forms what with propriety may be termed the interior 
 of the country ; and now every thing is changed. Instead of tlie bottoms, with tlieir mighty forests, the most various 
 landscape appears ; here are extensive groves of oak, ash, and other trees — there vast prairies, sea-like in iheir dimen- 
 sions, and with untroubled surlaoe; here the land undulates or rolls, as if formed into billows, by the dalliance of soft 
 winds, and occasionally hills, rising from 100 to 300 feet high, remind us of a tempest-tossed sea, when the waves accu- 
 mulate in their might. There is such a marked difference between the several parts of the country, however, tliat no 
 general description could embrace its topography, and hence it is necessary to detail its principal characteristics and its 
 divisions as indicated by nature. 1. The Ohio Valley, including that of tlie White Water, contains some 5,000 square 
 miles. This is a limestone region ; it was originally clothed with heavy forests ; and the soil in the bottoms, hill-tops, and 
 sides is very rich. The hiUs are abrupt and broken, and the numerous tributaries of the Ohio lliver break through Ihem 
 in every direction. Many of these streams in dry weather show only the marks where the torrents have disappeared 
 almost as soon as the storms which occasioned them. Of this division of the State, about two-tliirds is good farming 
 land, and the residue either too hilly or the soil too poor for profitable culture. The poorest part is in the flats at the 
 heads of the streams. 2. The White River Valley extends from the Wabash centrally through the State to the Ohio line, 
 and covers about 9,000 square miles of surface. It is almost uniformly level and heavily timbered, except in the western 
 parts, where there are some prairies and barrens, and ranges of low rugged hills. The whole valley is destitute of rock, 
 and the soils are of the richest kind, with little that is unprofitable. Most of the streams are clear and never-failing, and 
 water-power is generally abundant. 3. The Wabash Valley is the largest division, and embraces an area of upward 
 of 12,000 square miles. It interlocks with the valley of the White River, and the eastern portion resembles it. It is equally 
 fertile, but more broken. The middle part of the valley has abundant water-power, but ifi the upper and lower parts it is 
 less plentiful. From the river-hills, on the Ohio, to the Wabash, the surface is an inclined plane, and it is not a little 
 curious to find streams, the head waters of which are near the borders of the Ohio Valley, traversing toward the Wabash, a 
 river so much fartlier distant from their sources. 4. The north part of the State, watered by the St. .Joseph's and the 
 Kankakee, is much similar in its general character to the Wabash country, but is, perhaps, more swampy, and near the 
 lake the country has extensive sand-hills, which are covered only with stunted and shriveled pines and burr-oaks. 
 
 Indiana has numerous fine rivers, but for navigable purposes few of them except the Ohio, Wabash, White, etc., are 
 at all eligible ; most of them, however, afford valuable water-power. The Ohio, tlie final reservoir of the principal water- 
 courses of the State, borders the whole country on the south, from the mouth of the Miami to tliat of the Wabash, a 
 distance, by the river's course, of 3S0 miles. Between these two points few streams of any volume empty into it, and none 
 cxeeed 30 or 40 yards in width at their mouths. Laughery, Indian Kentucky, Silver, Indian, Blue, Anderson, Big Pigeon, 
 Little Pigeon, etc., are the principal. The White Water joins the Miami six miles above its entrance into the Ohio. The 
 Wabash, which rises in Ohio, runs first north, then north-west, then west, then south-west, then south, and again south- 
 west, making the whole distance to its junction with the Ohio, upward of 600 miles, of which more than one half is 
 navigable. Its principal tributaries are : from the south and cast, the Salamonie, Mississinewa, Wild Cat, Sugar or 
 Rock, Raccoon, White, and Patoka rivers; and from the west and north. Little Wabash and Embarras rivers in Illinois, 
 Vermillion in both States, and in Indiana altogether, Tippecanoe, Eel, and Little rivers. Wliite River, the most importanl 
 of these, empties into the Wabash, 100 miles above its mouth ; the West Fork, its longest branch, rises in Randolph 
 County, near the Ohio line, and runs in a .south-west direction, receiving in its course Eel River, Fall Creek, etc. ; and the 
 East Fork, the principal tributaries of which are Salt Creek, the Muscatatuck, Sand Creek, Clifty, Flat Rock, and 
 
 • Tlie definite bdundariea of the State, according to tlie ordinance of Congress, dated 10th April, 1816, are as follows : " Bounded on the cast by 
 the meridian line wliich forms the western boundary of the State of Ohio, being a norlli line from tlie month of the Miami ; on the south by the 
 river Oiiio, from the mouth of the Great Miami to the mouth of the river Wabash ; on the west by a line drawn along the middle of the Wabash 
 from its mouth to a jioiiit where a due north line, drawn Irorn the town of Vinceunes, would last touch the northwestern shore of the said river, 
 and from theme by a due north line until the same shall intersect an east and west line drawn through a point ten miles north of the southern 
 extreme of Lake Michigan ; on the nurth by the said east and west line," etc., to beginning. 
 94 
 
!:3MV[5JJi^it!i 
 
 JMk 
 
 MILES GREENW^OOD, 
 
 North-East Corner of Canal and Walnut Streets, 
 
 CINCINNATI. 
 
 Manufiicturer of Steam Engines, Iron House Fronts and Gutters, Lard, Potash and Soap, 
 Kettles, Mill Irons, Butt^Hinges and Axle Pulley, Iron Bath Tubs and Waters Sinks, Screws 
 of all kinds, Hydraulic Presses, Lard and Tobacco do., Dog and Sad Irons. 
 
 J^^ Castings of every description to order. 
 
 MANUFACTURERS OF 
 
 ste:a.:im: ^ni3 g^s jpii^e. 
 
 Steam Valves, Steam and Gas Cocks, Steam and Gas Fittings, both malleable and brass. IMPROVED 
 TUBULAR HKATEKS, for Boiler Feed, Steam and Water Pipes, V\ rniisht and Car^t Iron; Oil I'lips hud. 
 Valves, lor Steam Engine C>lin<lHrs. Journals, &l'. Locoiiioiivt Brass Work, olall descriptions. Apparatus lor 
 warming Hotels, Factories, Du'ellinus, Pnlilic Bnlldiims, Work Shops, Sdiool Houses, Gr<en Houses, Sac , &c. 
 
 M. GREENWOOD. 
 
 CHAS. R. FOLGER. 
 
 N. GATES. 
 
 M. GREENWOOD & CO. 
 
 iiiiwyiii.,"ilLSmE ijiinj., m 
 
 396 "Walnut Street, Cincinnati. 
 
 -j-j^ 
 
 Kjifj^ 
 
 JAMES APPLEGATE. 
 
 SAMUEL FLICKINGER. 
 
 A. H. POUNSFORD. 
 
 JOHN B. RYAN. 
 
 APPLEGATE & CO 
 
 leti^ife^ii^?, e^mit^t^Bjii^^ ^ti^tceii^^ 
 
 AND 
 
 BLANK BOOK MANUFACTURERS, 
 
 No. 43 Main Street, Cincinnati. 
 
 We have a large and well assorted stock of Books in all departments of Literature, including all new books 
 published. Our stock of STATIOiVARY AND SCHOOL BOOKS embraces every variety used in the West. 
 Our terms will be found liberal. 
 
 E. J ACO BS & CO. 
 
 MANUFACTURERS OF ALL KINDS OF 
 
 GEO. D. FRY 
 
 Iron Railin?^ and JasI Work, Bank Locks and Vaults, Burglar- Proof Chests, etc. 
 
 NO. 131 WEST COLUMBIA STREET, BET. RACE AND ELM, CINCINNATI, O. I 
 
 JI^" A new atid improved article of Patent Wrought Iron Railing made to order. I 
 
 J2 
 
D. A. BMDLEY, 
 
 N. W. COR. FOURTH AND MAIN STREETS, 
 
 OI3Xrd3Kr3Nr-A.Tl, 
 
 .V 
 
 -^ 
 
 ^ 
 
 ^ 
 
 ^ 
 
 >^ 
 
 •^ 
 
 ^ 
 
 AND IMPOKTER OF FINE 
 
 ^^ ¥, 1^, 
 
 XV .A. 
 
 Watch Makers' Tools and Materials. 
 
 Gold and Silver Spectacles, Spectacle Glasses of every description, and all 
 goods appertaining to the trade. Watch Movements Cased in all styles. 
 Hair and all kinds of fine Jewelry made to order and at short notice. 
 ^^~- Clocks, "Watches and Jewelry, repaired by experienced workmen, and 
 
 warranted. 
 
THE STATE OF INDIANA. 
 
 Sugar creeks, rises in Itipley County, an<l nas a western course to its junction with tlie West Forlc — tlie two form- 
 ing White liiver proper — about fifty miles from its entrance into tlie Wabash. The St. Joseph's and St. Mary's form 
 the Mauraee, which passes to Ohio and Lake Erie. Another St. Joseph's and its tributaries, the Elkhart, etc., pass 
 thnnigh the northern tier of counties, and ultimately fall into Lake Michigan. The Kankakee, the principal branch of the 
 Illinois Uiver, rises near South Bend, and runs sluggishly through the north-western counties for 100 miles, and in its 
 course receives Yellow Kivcr, a str^-am about 50 miles long ; extensive marshes everywhere boimd its course. Deep and 
 Calumic rivers lie near and south of Lake Michigan, and in some places are only separated from it by banks of sand. 
 The Iroquois or Pickamink rises south of the Kankakee, and runs nearly parallel to it fc^r 50 miles, and joins it in Illinois. 
 
 Besides Lake Michigan, on the northern border, there are numerous other but small lakes in different parts of the 
 State, principally to the north of the Wabash River. Several of them have no outlets ; they are generally clear, however, 
 and have sandy shores and bottoms. They seldom exceed a few acres In extent, though some at the head of Tippecanoe 
 lUver and Turkey Creek, and near La Porte, cover several hundred acres. Mexancukkee Lake, a beautiful sheet of 
 water in Marshall County, is three miles long and half as broad; and Beaver Lake, six mUes long and three miles wide, 
 covers 10,000 acres. AU these lakes abound in fish, and form In the surrounding scene objects which attract the gaze 
 of the traveler. 
 
 The concluding chapter of the Report of D. X>. Owen on the Geology of Indiana, thus sums up the results of his recon- 
 noissance on that topic : " Three geological formations exist in Indiana. 1st, a bituminous coal formation, occupying that 
 portion of the State west of the second principal meridian ; 2il, a limestone formation (similar to the mountain limestone 
 of European geologists), prevailing in the counties east of that meridian ; 3d, a diluvium, consisting of deposits of clay, 
 sand, gravel, and boulders, overlj iug, and in many places covering up, the two other formations to a greater or less depth, 
 particularly in the northern part of the State. Now, as in this country no perfect seams of bituminous coal are found 
 associated with calcareous deposits, similar to those of ^liddle and Eastern Indiana, the geologist can confidently predict 
 that it is a waste of time and labor to search fur coal in any part of the State east of this second meridian — for instance, as 
 has been done in the neighborhood of the black bituminous aluminous slate, stretching north in a narrow banil, com- 
 mencing at New Albany, in Floyd County, and extending through part of Clarke, Scott, Jennings, Bartholomew, 
 Decatur, and probably beneath the diluvium in a northerly direction toward Elkhart. If we were to speculate, from 
 geological observations, on the future condition of Indiana, we should say that the western counties are destined to 
 become one day the chief manufacturing counties; since, with a few exceptions, all large manufacturing towns and 
 districts are situated on the coal formation. The freestones of this formation being soft and fissile, owing to the existence 
 of mica disseminated in layers through their substance, and to the ferruginous cement which unites their particles, being 
 liable to undergo alterations by the action of the atmosphere upon it, a careful selection by the builder is always neces- 
 sary. In several places, particularly toward the base of the formation, or near its eastern boundary, as at Attica, Williams- 
 port, on Pine Creek, and near the French Lick, with a little care, freestone, white and fine grained, and excellently suited 
 for architectural purposes, may be readily obtained. In character and geographical position it resembles the oelebiated 
 Scotch freestone, of which the new town of Edinburgh, and a portion of the town of Glasgow are built. At New Harmony 
 there is a quarry of freestone, yielding rock that has stood the test of twenty years, yet it is by no means equal to the strata 
 above alluded to in our eastern counties. A freestone of a very fine grain and white color is quarried at the French Lick, 
 west of Paoli; it is manufactured into whetstones, that answer admu-ably for putting a fine edge on tools, and for polish- 
 ing; they are exported to all parts of the United States. Good grindstones arc also manufactured from a similar stratum 
 of these freestones, of a coarser grain. The eastern boundary or base of the coal formation is the most likely place to 
 afford salt water; for we find the most productive salt wells throughout the Western country occupying in the inferior 
 members of the coal formation. Thus, should symptoms of salt water make their appearance in the counties of Perry, 
 Spencer, Dubois, Martin, Daviess, Greene, Owen, Clay, Putnam, Montgomery, or Tippecanoe, the encouragement to 
 make a search would bo greater than if found elsewhere in the State. Salt, however, is not, strictly speaking, 
 constant in its geological position. In Europe it usually occurs in the new red sandstone, a formation higher and of more 
 recent origin than the bituminous coal formation ; while on the llolston, a tributary of the Tennessee River, there is a fine 
 salt deposit, surrounded by gypsum or plaster of Paris, lying on the grauwacke formation. Two or three salt wells have 
 been sunk in the knobs east of Bloomington, through the silicious beds belonging to the sub-carboniferous group. The 
 salt is of excellent quality ; but the water has hitherto proved too weak to afford a fair profit. The boring after salt is, in 
 truth, at all times attended with considerable uncertainty. Quantities of argillaceous iron ore — from which in Great 
 Britain 600,000 tons of iron are annually obtained — occur in some of the clay slates of the bituminous coal formation 
 of Indiana. Some of the clay slates answer well for fire-brick ; that now excavated near Troy is to be manufactured into 
 fire-brick for sale — an important article of conmierce in a country where steam-engines are so extensively used, and 
 in<lispensable where furnace operations are carried on to any extent. Some of our clays in the coal formation answer 
 well for the manufacturing of stone-ware and gray pottery-ware : such wares are now manufactured from them at Troy. 
 Since I first called the attention of the proprietors to the deposit of the hydrated brown oxide of iron, near the Falls 
 of Eel River, examinations have been made by digging in four or five different places ; ore has been struck in all of them ; 
 many tons have been thrown up, and the prospects are so encouraging that the proprietors of the Falls are now 
 endeavoring to form a company, to erect a furnace, and commence, on an extensive scale, smelting the ore. Sandstone 
 being the predominating rock in the coal formation, and the greatest part of the soil of those western counties being 
 formed from its disintegration, we find it generally of a sandy character. The dip and position of the various beds 
 belonging to coal measures are generally constant, unless where, from the protrusions of basalt or greenstone, those 
 volcanic disturbances, called by the miners '/rtwiis,' ' troubles,'' or ' di/kes,' have disturbed the regularity of position. If, 
 then, the general dip and order of succession of the strata can be ascertained, and these should appear to be free from 
 faults or material undulation, a pretty correct estimate might be formed of the deptli of the various seams of coal and 
 other strata in difl'erent parts of the coal-fields of Indiana. Most of the limestones in the oolitic series— that is, those 
 oocurring in the counties of Crawford, Orange, Lawrence, Monroe, Owen, and Putnam— make good building materials. 
 The encrinital limestones in Harrison, Washington, Jackson, Bartholomew, and Morgan counties, are also very suitable 
 for that purpose; but the silicious strata, or sand rocks, in these counties, are generally soft and crumbling, and by no 
 means durable. The only use that the black bituminous aluminous slate, occurring in the sub-carboniferous group, can 
 be put to, is for the manufacture of alum. The sub-carboniferous group afl"ords a water-lime, which appears to be a 
 compound chiefly of limestone and clay, with some bituminous matter. It is associated with the black bituminous 
 aluminous slate above mentioned. Some of the limestone in its neighborhood— for instance, those rocks which are 
 
 95 
 
THE STATE OF INDIANA, 
 
 excavated at tho top of the hill behind Madison — (y>ntain green earlh, and some are impregnated with bitumen and 
 sulphuret of iron. In making a siMoction of building materials in such strata, care should be taken not to use any such 
 unless their durability has been well tested, for they are generally liable to decay. The fossiliferous limestones of East 
 Indiana, namely, those found in Jefferson, Switzerland, Dearborn, liipley, Franklin, Fayette, and Union counties, are 
 durable rocks, and some of them make beautiful marbles. The sulj-carbonifcrous formation of Indiana is identical 
 with the formation occurring in MidiUc Tennessee, in which the enormous deposits of tlie hydrated brown oxide of iron, 
 constituting so much of the mineral wealth of that State, arc found. The deposits of this kind of ore in Indiana, how- 
 ever, although found in the same formation, are not associated with exactly the same strata. In Tennessee they are in 
 the silicious strata, just above the encrinital limestone: those at present discovereti in Indiana are either resting on the 
 oolitic series of limestone, or near the bituminous aluminous slate. The soil in Crawford, Lawrence, Orange, Monroe, 
 Owen, and Putnam counties, being formed chiefly from the oolitic limestones, has a calcareous character, and is admira- 
 bly adapted for tlie growtli of grasses. Clay will be found to predominate in the soil of the counties of Floyd, Clark, 
 Scott, Jennings, and p.irts of Bartholomew, Decatur, Shelby, Johnson, Marion, and Hancock, because the soil of these 
 counties is underlayed by clay slates. Ilenee we find the beech-tree, which delights in a clayey soil, there growing 
 luxuriantly. The soil of Jefferson, Switzerland, Dearborn, Ilipley, Franklin, Fayette, Union, and parta of Decatur and 
 Rush, being formed upon alternating strata of clay and limestone, must partake chiefly of these two earths. This soil is 
 also well adapted to tlie growth of grasses. The soil of the north-western counties appears to be a siliceo-calcareous 
 sand, resting upon a clay bottom; tliis I conceive to be the reason wliy it is so much more productive than its external 
 appearance promises. These i>oints, however, I intend more fully to verify by analysis so soon as I can get samples 
 of all the various soils. As yet, my opinion has oeen formed chiefly from ocular observation, and reasoning from gen- 
 eral principles. The water in the north-western counties is strongly impregnated with carbonic acid ; this, acting as a 
 solvent upon limestone and the protoxide of iron, dissolves them whenever it meets them in its passage to the surface. 
 And thus we find these waters, often highly charged with these two ingredienti, forming calcareous and chalybeate 
 springs. As they lose very soon, by exposure to the air, the excess of carbonic acid, which acts as a solvent of these 
 ingre<lients — and as iron is brought also by the same exposure to air to a higher degree of oxidation, and therefore to a 
 more insoluble form— these two causes acting together, soon produce deposits of calcareous tufas and bog-iron ore, so 
 frequently found in that country. The quantity of bog-iron ore is therefore continually on tho increase. The greater part 
 of Indiana must have been, at some period of the earth's history, covered by an ocean, for most of the fossils in the 
 limestones are of a marine origin. None of the 7)rccious metals will ever be found in Indiana, unless in minute portions 
 in boulders, or in small quantities in combination with other metals, because the primitive and grauwacke formations, in 
 which alone productive mines of gold :^nd silver ore occur, do not exist in Indiana. It is true that, in some rare insUmces, 
 silver is found as a sulphuret and as red silver ore in such formations as exist in the Western country; but I have seen 
 no symptoms of any such in our State. The same may be said of bismuth, tin ore, and native arsenic. The only metals 
 which we need look for are iron, lead, antimony, manganese, zinc^, cobalt, and possibly some varieties of copper and 
 arsenic ores. It is not likely that anthracite coal will ever be found in Indiana, because that mineral is usually found 
 in the primitive and grauwacke formations. Several detached pieces of native copper have been found in the State, one 
 weighing five pounds ; but, from the nature of the ore, its occurring in washed gravels, and only in isolated pieces, I liave 
 reason to believe that they do not originate in the State. I may add, that the Kupferschiefer of the German miners 
 yields, at the mines of Mansfield, in Thuringia, an abundant supply of ofipper ore. This copper slate, as found at the 
 bottom of the new red sandstone formation, which overlies the bituminous coal formation, and copper ores, have been 
 found in the carboniferous and mountain limestone ; there is, therefore, a possibility of discovering workable copper ore 
 ill the formations of Indiana. The fertility of the soil of Indi.ana is universally admitted, yet few are aware that it arises 
 mainly from its geological position. It is well known to geologists that th.at soil is the most productive which has been 
 derived from the destruction of the greatest variety of diffen^nt rocks ; for thus only is produced the due mixture of gravel, 
 sand, clay, and limestone, necessary to form a good medium for the retention and transmission of nutritive fluids, be they 
 liquid or aeriform, to the roots of plants. Now, Indiana is situated near the middle of the Great Valley of north-western 
 America, and far distant from the primitive range of mountains; and her soil is accordingly formcvl from the destruction 
 of a vast variety of rocks, both crystalline and sedimentary, which have been minutely divided and intimately blended 
 together by th(! action of air and water. It has all the elements, therefore, of extraoriliiiary fertility." 
 
 The forests of Indiana contain all the trees natur.al to the soil and climate of the whole central region of the United 
 States; oaks and beech-trees, however, preponderate; they are found in almost every portion of the State, and probably 
 count two-thirds of the whole number of its fiSrest trees. Next in order are the sugar-tree, hickory, ash, walnut, poplar, 
 elm, sycamore, cherry, hackbcrry, linden, coffee-tree, honey locust, and white maple, which are as widely diffused as the 
 oak .and beech. The black locust is abundant near the Ohio River, but is not fc)und in the interior; the chestnut is 
 only found in the neighborhood of the upper course of the east fork of White lliver; the pine is only found on the 
 "knobs" near the Ohio, .and on the sand-hills ne.ar Lake Michigan, while the tamarack is found only in the swamps 
 of the Kankakee. The cypress, catalpa, and pecan, arc chiefly found in the counties on both sid^^8 of the White Hiver, 
 below the junction of the forks ; and CMDtton-wood is rare, except on the bottoms of the southern streams. Of the smaller 
 trees and undergrowtlis, the principal are the dogwood, pawpaw, spear, plum, and thorn, and (he persimmon and crab- 
 apple. Many of the forest trees attain magnificent dimensions, .ami in numerous instances Ihe oak, sycamore, walnut, and 
 poplar have been found, measuring from five to seven feet in diamet.r, and more than 120 and 13'i feet in height. The 
 indigenous fruit trees found in Indiana comi)rise the wild plum, hawthorn, i)ersimmon. pawpaw, wild cherry, mulberry, 
 crab-apple, etc. These are found intermingling with forest trees, or bordering the prairies and barrens. Cranberries arc 
 abundant in the north, and wild grapes of excellent flavor grow spontjmefuisly, giving assurance that the corresponding 
 domestic fruits can be cultivated with success. Walnuts, hickory nuts, an<l hazel nuts, are abundant, and generally oak 
 and l>eeeh mast is found in such quantities as to ccmtribute 1 irgely both to feeding and fattening Jiogs. 
 
 The native zoological distinctions of Indiana have, in a great measure, been effact<l by the jjrogress of settlement. 
 The buffalo and elk, once the monarchs of the plains, have entirely <Iisappearcd from the scene; and the bear, wild cat, 
 panther, etc., are now selflom encountered. Wolves, however, are still numerous; and still more numerous the deer, 
 oppossum, raccoon, and squirrel. Besides these, the fox, porcupine, pole-cat, ground-hog, rabbit, mink, musk-rat. wea- 
 sel, gopher, etc., are found in particular localities. But the wild animals of the forest and prairie are f;ist ilisappearing. 
 and in the older settlements theih former haunts are usurp™! by the more useful of their kind — the ox, the horse, the 
 sheep, and the hog, animals constituting the basis of the wealth of the inhabitants. 
 06 
 
J. EEYNOLDS. 
 
 THOS. KITE. 
 
 SAII. C. TATUM. 
 
 llillllllilll[llllll||lllll|II|l'i|IJI|lll|lll|lllltlllllll|l|imUI!lllllllllIi||li|IIM^^ 
 
 REYNOLDS, KITE & TATUM, 
 
 Corner of John and Water Streets, 
 
 CINCINNATI. 
 
 We are prepared to furnish Iron and Brass Castings, Flour and Saw Mills, Blast Furnaces 
 and Hot Blasts. WILSON'S PATENT STEAM TANK, for rending tallow, lard or greases 
 VON KAUM'S PERCUSSION AND REACTION WATER WHEEL, particularly adapted to 
 Western waters. 
 
 MANUFACTURERS OF ALL THE .MATERIALS FOR 
 
 GOLD'S PITEST AUTOMiTIC STEIM IPPIRITUS 
 
 FOR WARMING PUBLIC BUILDINGS AND PRIVATE HOUSES. 
 
 FACTORIES HEATED WITH THEIR ESCAPE STEAM. 
 
 THOS. B. WING & CO. 
 
 GENERAL AGENTS AND LESSEES OF 
 
 GOLD'S PATENT AUTOMATIC 
 
 FOR HEATING DWELLINGS, CHURCHES, STORES, &c. 
 
 Thos. B. Wing is the Proprietor of Carpenter's celebrated plan of 
 setting steam boilers for the Western and Southern States. 
 Office No. 101 Walnut Street, or care of 
 
 REYNOLDS, KITE & TATUM, 
 Cincinnati, Ohio. 
 
 103 
 
BIRD & BURROWS, 
 
 No. 20 East 3d Street, Cincinnati, Ohio, 
 
 SOLICIT ORDERS FOR 
 
 While we are prepared to sell at the lowest rates, we can refer to the principal dealers 
 • in the South and West, as to the quality and style of our work. 
 
 ^MM P10SS3 im EEIPPS3 ¥1: HOtJf EHM SHi^Sl, 
 
 No. 7 College Building, WALNUT STREET, 
 
 PROPRIETORS OF 
 
 Perry Davis' Vegetable Pain Killer, 
 
 FOR ALL THE WESTERN AND SOUTHERN STATES. ALSO AGENTS FOR 
 
 Dr. S. A. WEAVER'S Cdebrated Canker and Salt Rheum Syrup, Cerate, and Canker Cure, 
 
 Never failing remedies for Humors and all diseases arising from impure blood. 
 ALSO, AGENTS FOR 
 
 All Orders from the Trade, filled with Dispatch, at Proprietor's Prices. 
 
 EXECUTED IN AN ARTISTIC AND SUPERIOR STYLE, BY 
 
 WILLIAM W. WAGGONER, 
 
 No. 120 Main Street, Cincinnati, Ohio. 
 
 -FOR- 
 
 '9 
 
 B©©ks, 
 
 ly (Sards ©f Basladss, Proframmes, <^o. 
 
 BEAUTIFTLLT DESIGNED AND SmOOTIILY ENGRATED. 
 
 SCEISTES _^ISrD FiaXJUES 
 
 From a one-sheet to a mammoth size, with coler blocks ,for Minstrels, Circuses, 
 Menageries, &c., &c., freely drawn and effectively engraved, either on 
 Pine or Mahogany Wood, and upon short notice. 
 
 ©rbcrs from akonb SoliritA m\)i llromptln |pisptt^tir. 
 
 ADDRESS AS ABOVE. 
 
THE STATE OF INDIANA. 
 
 Indiana is divided into 91 counties, the general statistics of whicU and the capitals of each in 1S50 were as follows : 
 
 Counties. Dwell. 
 
 Adams 1,002. 
 
 Allen 3,C'J7. 
 
 Bartholomew .2,149. 
 
 Benton 180. 
 
 Blacldord 514. 
 
 Boone 1,914. 
 
 Brown 790. 
 
 Carroll 1,909. 
 
 Cass 1,863. 
 
 Clark 2,757. 
 
 Clay 1.326. 
 
 Clinton 2,001. 
 
 Crawford 1,027. 
 
 Daviess 1,803. 
 
 Dearborn 3,549. 
 
 Decatur 2,662. 
 
 DeKalb 1,421. 
 
 Delaware 1,874. 
 
 Dubois 1,146. 
 
 Elkhart 2,254. 
 
 Fayette 1,818. 
 
 Floyd 2,448. 
 
 Fountain 2,251. 
 
 Franklin 3,286. 
 
 Fulton 1,085. 
 
 Gibson 1,833. 
 
 Grant 1,884. 
 
 Greene 2,089. 
 
 Hamilton 2,159. 
 
 Hancock 1,685. 
 
 Harrison 2,645. 
 
 Hendricks 2,390. 
 
 Henry 3,064. 
 
 Howard 1,190. 
 
 Huntington . . .1,356. 
 
 Jackson 1,956. 
 
 Jasper .592. 
 
 Jay 1,179. 
 
 Jetl'erson 4,092. 
 
 Jennings 2,064. 
 
 Johnson 2,067. 
 
 Knox 1,969. 
 
 Kosciusko . . . .1,783. 
 La Grange.... 1,479. 
 
 Lake 715. 
 
 La Porte 2,124, 
 
 Pop. 
 
 . 5,797. 
 ,16.919. 
 .12,428. 
 
 1,144. 
 
 2 860. 
 .11,631. 
 . 4,846. 
 .11,015. 
 .11,021. 
 .15 828. 
 . 7,944. 
 .11,869. 
 . 6,524. 
 .10,352. 
 .20,166. 
 .15107. 
 . 8,2.51. 
 .10,843. 
 , 6,321. 
 .12,690. 
 .10,217. 
 .14,875. 
 .13,253. 
 .17,968. 
 . 5,982. 
 .10,771. 
 .11,092. 
 .12,313. 
 .12,684. 
 . 9,698. 
 .15,286. 
 .14,083. 
 .17,605. 
 . 6,657. 
 . 7,850. 
 .11,047. 
 . 3,.540. 
 . 7,047. 
 .23,916. 
 .12,096. 
 .12,101. 
 .11,084. 
 .10,243. 
 . 8,387. 
 . 3,991. 
 .12,145. 
 
 . 574. 
 .1,300. 
 .1,249. 
 . 149. 
 . 30G. 
 .1.393. 
 . 5.35. 
 .1,129. 
 .1,134. 
 .1,048. 
 . 829. 
 .1,411. 
 . 540. 
 .1221. 
 .1,520. 
 .1,377. 
 . 831. 
 .1,084. 
 . 794. 
 .1.226. 
 . 956. 
 . 428. 
 .1,357. 
 .1,739. 
 . 777. 
 .1,220. 
 . 900. 
 .1 227. 
 .1.261. 
 .1,176. 
 .1,650. 
 .1,444. 
 .1,666. 
 . 746. 
 . 782. 
 .1,173. 
 . 343. 
 . 876. 
 .1,396. 
 .1,208. 
 .1,153. 
 . 961. 
 .1,127. 
 .1.062. 
 . 423. 
 .1,116. 
 
 . 11.. Decatur 
 .127.. Fort Way no 
 . 49. .Columbus 
 . 0.. Oxford . 
 6.. Hartford 
 . 28.. Lebanon 
 . 5.. Nashville 
 , 79.. Delphi 
 .108. .Logansport 
 . 88..Charlestown 
 . 10.. Bowling Green 
 . 21.. Frankfort 
 . 33. .Leven worth 
 . 11.. Washington 
 . 72..Lavvrenccburg 
 . 39..Groonsbui'g 
 . 16.. Auburn 
 . 34. .Muncietown 
 . 9.. Jasper 
 . 70.. Goshen 
 .116..Connersvine 
 .106.. Now Albany 
 .103.. Covington 
 .121..Brookville 
 . 13..Uochester 
 . 23.. Princeton 
 . 52.. Marion 
 . 39..BloomHeld 
 . 16. .Noblesville 
 . 36.. Greenfield 
 . 19..Corydon 
 .110.. Danville 
 
 124.. Newcastle 
 . 26..Kokomo 
 . 32.. Huntington 
 . 18. .Brownstown 
 . 4. .Rensselaer 
 . 9.. Portland 
 .138.. Madison 
 . 78.. Vernon 
 . 25.. Franklin 
 . 37..Vincenne9 
 . 21.. Warsaw 
 . 64. .La Grange 
 . 5.. Crown Point 
 
 .122.. La Porte 
 
 Lawrence 
 Madison . 
 Marion . . 
 
 Dwell. Pop. 
 
 .2.012. .12,097. .1,031. . 19. .Bedford 
 
 . .2,159. .12,375. .1,494. . 67. .Anderson 
 ..3,984.. 24,013.. 1,581.. 179.. LndianapoliS 
 
 Marshall 928.. 5,348.. 570.. 10. .Plymouth 
 
 Martin 1,025.. .").941.. 633.. 18. .Dover Hill 
 
 Miami 1,944. .11.304. .1,184. . 48.. Peru 
 
 Monroe 1,892. .11,286. .1,2.30. . 46. .Bloomington 
 
 Montgi.'nery. .2,971. .18,084. .1,880. . 8-7. .Crawfordsvilla 
 
 Morgan 2,401. .14.570. .1,392. . 14. .Martinsville 
 
 NobFe 1,395.. 7,946.. 772.. 16.. Albion 
 
 Ohio 946.. 5,308.. 386.. 34. .Rising Sun 
 
 Orange 1,841 . . 10,809 .. 1,118 . . 8 . . Paoli 
 
 Owen 2,000.. 12,106.. 1,142.. 26.. Spencer 
 
 Parke 2,468.. 14,968. .1,390. . 63. .Rockville 
 
 Perry 1,231.. 7,268.. 540.. 14. .Rome 
 
 Pike 1,261.. 7,720.. 909.. 2. .Petersburg 
 
 Porter 885.. 5,2.34.. 467.. 13. .Valparaiso 
 
 I'osey 2,260. .12,549. .1,270. . 26. .Mount Veraon 
 
 Pulaski 454.. 2,595.. 286.. O..Winnamac 
 
 Putnam 3,088. .18,615. .1,696. . 42. .Green Castle 
 
 Randolph 2,513. .14,725. .1,477. . 12. .Winchester 
 
 Ripley 2,667 . . 14,820 . . 1,495 . . 49 . . Versailles 
 
 Rush 2,824. .16,445. .1,809. . 59. .Rushville 
 
 Scott 1,040.. 5,885.. 719.. 14. .Lexington 
 
 Shelby 2,721. .15,502. .1,620. . 59. .Shelbyvilla 
 
 Spencer 1,485. . 8,616. . 988. . 28. .Rockport 
 
 Stark 100.. 557.. 53.. O..Knox 
 
 Steuben 1,109.. 6,104.. 586.. 28.. Angola 
 
 St. Joseph ....1,885.. 10,954.. 847.. 45. .South Bend 
 
 Sullivan 1.675.. 10,141. .1,215. . 31. .Sullivan 
 
 Switzerland . .2,254. .12,932. .1,270. . 79. .Vevay 
 Tippecanoe .. .3,227. .19,377. .1,377. .204. .Lafayette 
 
 Tipton 627.. 3,532.. 339.. 1.. Tipton 
 
 Union 1,220 .. 6,944 . . 606 . . 35 . . Liberty 
 
 Vanderburgh .2,059. .11,414.. 743.. 76. .Evansville 
 Vermillion.... 1,509.. 8,661.. 733.. 46. .Newport 
 
 Vigo 2,645. .15,289. .1,113. .130. .Terre Haute 
 
 Wabash 2,079. .12,138. .1,068. . 57. . Wabash 
 
 Warren 1,273.. 7,387.. 782.. 18.. Williamsport 
 
 Warrick 1,513.. 8,811.. 994.. 22. .Booneville 
 
 Washington . .2,897. .17,040. .1,718.. 83. .Salem 
 
 Wayne 4,515. .25,320. .1,934. .213. .CentreviUe 
 
 Wells 1,02L. 6,152.. 640.. 14..Bluffton 
 
 White 821.. 4,761.. 458.. 10..Monticello 
 
 Whitley 913.. 5,190.. 522.. 8.. Columbia 
 
 The whole number of dwellings in the State was, at the above date, 170,173 ; of families 171,564, and of inhabitants 
 9SS,416, viz. : whites 977,60.5— males 506,400, and females 471.205 ; free col. 10,788— males 5,472, and females 5,316. Of the 
 whole population, there were deaf and dumb—wh. 514, fr. col. 4— total 518 ; hlhid—\vh. 340, fr. col. 9— total 849 ; insane— 
 wh. 509, fr. col. 10— total 579 ; and idiotic— ^y\\. 906, fr. col. IS— total 919. The number of free persons born in the United 
 States was 931,392, the number of foreign birth 54,426, and of birth unknown 2,593; the native population originated as 
 follows : Maine 976, N. Ilamp. SS6, Verra. 3,183, Mass. 2,678, R. L 438, Conn. 2,4S5, N. York 24,310, N. Jer. 7,837, Penn. 
 44,245, Del. 2,737, Md. 10,177, Dist. of Col. 227, Virg. 41,819, N. Car. .53,175, S. Car. 4,069, Ga. 761, Flor. 21, Ala. 395, Miss. 
 2S7, La. .3-21, Te.v. 44, Ark. 151, Tenn. 12,734, Ky. 68,651, Ohio 120,193, Mich. 1,817, Indiana 541,079, 111. 4,173, Mo. 1,006, 
 la. 407, Wise. 99, Calif. 0, Territories 11 ; and the, foreign population was composed of persons from— England 5,550, Ire- 
 land 12,787, Scotland 1.341, Wales 169, Germany 28,534, France 2,279, Spain 3, Portugal 0, Belgium SO, Holland 43, Italy 
 6, Austria 17, Switzerland 724, Russia 6, Denmark 10, Norway IS, Sweden 16, Prussia 740, Asia 4, Africa 4, Brit. America 
 1,878, Mexico 31, Cent. America 0, S. America 4, West Indies 12, and other countries 108. 
 
 The following table will show the decennial progress of the population since the first census of the State taken by the 
 United States authorities : 
 
 Colored Persons. Decenniiil Increase. 
 Census White , « — , Total , ■ , 
 
 Years. Per.sons. 
 
 1800 4.577... 
 
 ISIO 23,S90 . . . 
 
 1320 145,758 . . . 
 
 1830 339,899 . . . 
 
 1S40 673.698 . . . 
 
 Free. 
 163 . 
 893 
 
 1,2-30 
 8,029 
 7,165 . 
 
 1S50 
 
 977,605 10,311 
 
 Slave. Total. Populntion. 
 
 .185 298 4,875.. 
 
 . 237 630 24.520 .. 
 
 .190 1,420 147,173 . . 
 
 . 3 8,632 843,081 . . 
 
 . 3 7,163 085,866 . . 
 
 . — 10,811 9S3,416 . . 
 
 G 
 
 Numerical. Percent. 
 
 . . 19,645 402.9 
 
 . . 122,658 500.3 
 
 . . 195,353 183.1 
 
 . . 342,885 99.9 
 
 . . 802,550 44.1 
 
 97 
 
THE ttTATE OF INDIANA. 
 
 The statistical returns of the industry and wealth of lu'liaua, as furnished by the census of 1S50, and other official 
 documents referring to tliat period, are as follows: 
 
 Ownpieil L(ni(/.-i, etc. — Improved lands 5.040,543 acres, and unimproved lands 7,T-1G,S79 acres — valued in cash at 
 $]3D,:3Sr).lT3. Number of farms under cullivation 93,896. Value of farmini; implenienls and machinery :JG,704,444. 
 
 JjM-Stvci:-~lh>rst.-s, 314,'299 ; asses and mules, 0.5:^9 ; mili-h cows, 2^4,554 ; working oxen, 40.2'21 ; other calUe 3S9,S91 ; 
 .sheep, 1,122,493; swine, 2,263,T76— U)tal value of live-stock, !};22.47s,5o5. In 1S4IJ there were in the Slate 241,036 horses, 
 mules, etc., 619,930 neat cattle of all descriptions, G75,9S2 sheep, 1.625,6.16 swine, etc. 
 
 Grain Cfops.— Wheat, 6,214,40S bushels; rye, 78,792 bushels; Indian corn, 52,9u4,363 bu.shels ; oats, 5.6.^5.014 bushels; 
 barley, 45,483 bushels ; buckwheat, 149,740 bushels. The crops of 1839^0 were— wheat, 4,il49,375 bushels ; barley, 28,015 
 bushels; oats, 5,981,605 bushels; rye, 129,621 bushels; buckwheat, 49,019 bushels, and Indian corn, 2S,15o,SS7 bushels. 
 
 Other Crops. — Tobacco, 1,044,620 pounds; ginned cotton, 14 bales of 4^10 pounds each; peas and beans, 35,773 bushels; 
 potatoes— Irish, 2,083,337, and sweet, 201,711 bushels; hay, 403,230 tons; elover-seed, 18,329 bushels; other grass-seed, 
 11,951 bushels; hops, 92,796 pounds; hemp— dew-rotted, 341, and water-rotted, 1,071 tons; flax, 584,469 pounds ; flax- 
 seed, 36,888 bushels ; maple sugar, 2,921,642 pounds ; molasses, 180,325 gallons ; wine, 14,055 gallons, etc. The value of 
 orchard products was $324,940, and of market-garden products $72,864. In comparing the principal crops of 1S40 and 
 1850, the following results are sliown : 
 
 1 850. 
 
 1,044,628 pounds . 
 341 tons \ 
 1,071 tons |- . 
 584.469 pounds J 
 14,055 gallons 
 
 .Staples. 18«. 
 
 Tobacco 1,820,306 pounds . . 
 
 Hemp — dew-rotted j l .. 
 
 " —water-rotted V 8,605^^ tons ■< . . 
 
 Fla.\ ) I .. 
 
 Wine 10,265 gallons .. 
 
 deer. 
 
 Movement. 
 
 775,686 pounds, or 42.61 per cent. 
 
 deer. 15,528,971 pounds, or 80.56 
 
 3,790 gallons, or 36.92 
 
 Product's of An imal.9.— Woo], 2,610,287 (in 1840, 1,237,919) pounds; butter, 12,881.535 pounds, and cheese, 024,564 
 pounds; and the value of animals slaughtered in the year had been $6,567,935. Silk cocoons were produced to the 
 amount of 3S7 (in 1840, 379) pounds; and beeswax and honey to that of 935,329 pounds. 
 
 Iliimc-made Manufactures for the year ending 30th June, 1850, were produced to the value of $l,6-31,0-39. 
 
 Manufactures — Aggregate capital ijivested, $7,917,818 ; value of raw miiterial, fuel, etc., consumed, $9,347,920 ; average 
 number of hands employed, — males, and females, average monthly cost of labor, $ — male, 
 
 $ and female, $ — total value of products for the ye.ar, $18,747,068 The whole number of manufacturing 
 
 establishments in the State in 1850, producing to the value of $5no and upward, was 4,326, and of these 2 were cotton 
 feetories, 33 woolen factories, 358 tanneries, and 19 iron manufactories, viz. : 14 for castings, 2 for pig iron, and 3 for 
 wrought iron. 
 
 The cotton manufactures employ a capital of $43,000 ; the cotton consumed during the year ending 1st June, 1850, was 
 675 bales ; and the value of all raw material, fuel, etc., Mas $28,220 ; average hands— males, 38, and ti?males, 57 ; monthly 
 cost of labor — male. $495, and female, $386; entire value of products, among which were 300,000 pounds yarn, $44,200. 
 
 The woolen manufactures had a capital of $171,545, wool consumed, 413,-350 pounds, and value of all raw material, 
 fuel, etc., $120,486 : hands — males, 189, and females, 57 ; monthly cost of labor — male, $4,122, and female, $680; products 
 of the year, 235,500 yards of cloth and 104,000 pounds of yarn— valued at $205,802. 
 
 In titiineries the ctipital employed, $514,897 ; value of raw material, $405,838 ; Iiands — male, 836, and female, 2 ; 
 monthly cost of labor— male, $15,199, and female, $14; products— skins, 57,070, and sides of leather, 283,093 — valued at 
 $714,813. 
 
 The condition of the iron manufactures is exhibited in the annexed tabular form : 
 
 Capital invested dollars 
 
 Iron ore tons 
 
 Pig iron " 
 
 Old metal " 
 
 Coal, mineral " 
 
 Coke and charcoal bushels. . 
 
 Value of raw material, etc dollars . . . 
 
 Iiands — male number.. 
 
 " — female " 
 
 Monthly cost of labor — male dollars. .. 
 
 " " — female " 
 
 Iron made tons 
 
 Pis Iron. Ca.stingR. VVrouglit Iroik Total. 
 
 72,000 82,900 17,000 171.900 
 
 5,200 — 3,150 8,350 
 
 — 1,968 50 2,018 
 
 — 5 — 5 
 
 — 132 — 133 
 
 310,000 29,000 85,000 424,000 
 
 24,400 66,918 4,425 
 
 88 
 
 143 
 
 2,290 8,681 
 
 1.850 
 
 1,757 
 
 22 
 2 , 
 
 604 
 
 8 
 
 175 
 
 Value of entire products dollars. . . . 58,000 149,430 11,760 
 
 95,743 
 
 253 
 
 2 
 
 6,575 
 
 S 
 
 8.782 
 
 219,190 
 
 Indiana has also a large number of flour, gri.st, oil, saw, and other mills, ashcries, etc., and the numerous trades 
 an<l handicrafts, which constitute the aggregate of its manufacturing industry. Among its princip.nl manufacturing 
 places m.ty be named Madison, Indianapolis, New Albany, Cannelton, etc. — the last destined to become, at no distant 
 day, the seat of a vast industry. 
 
 Inland Comnmnication. — Indiana has no direct foreign commerce, but it has a vast domestic and inter-state tr.ide by 
 means of its navigable waters and magnificent systems of canals and railroads, and besides it is well supplied with pl.ink, 
 M'Adam, and other roads, which facilitate travel and transportation. The State has (January, 1S53), within its borders 
 454 miles of canal and 1420 miles of railroad completed. The canals are, the Wabash and Krie Canal, extending from 
 Evansville, on the Ohio, to Toledo, on Lake Erie, 467 miles, of which 379 miles are in Indiana ; and the White Water 
 Canal, extending from L.iwreneeburg, on the Ohio, r«a Cambridge, on the National Eoad, to Ilagerslown, 77 miles. 
 The principal railro.ads of the State centre at Indianapolis, radiating in all directions, and forming links in the great 
 national system which is rapidly springing into existence. There is also a large number of railroads in course of con- 
 struction, the mo.st important of which are, the Cincinnati and St. Louis Railroad, the Lawrenceburg .and Upper Missis- 
 sippi Eailroad, the ujiper jiortions of the New Albany and Salem Railroad, and the Fort AVayne and Southern Railroad. 
 These will be opened witliiji a year or two, and there are others already projected that mui^t bo built within a very short 
 space of time. 
 
 98 
 
R. COCHR 
 
 MANUFACTUEEES OF THE 
 
 ^ 
 
 sr 
 
 mill 
 
 Of suitable sizes for Merchant and Country Mills, as well as Plantation use. They are 
 also superbly adapted for attaching to Saw Mills. We also manufacture 
 
 iSlWiffi mWMM Hill ^W@IKiii 
 
 Of all sizes, both old and new quarry, warranted equal to any imported into, or manufactured 
 in the United Stales. We manufacture and have for sale 
 
 4Jm W «r^ 
 
 And other Smut Machines^ & dealers in Genuine old Dutch Anchor 
 
 MILL IRONS OF EVERY DESCRIPTION 
 
 AND Mllili GEARING IN GENERAIi. 
 
 I No. 44 West Front Street, Cincinnati, Ohio. 
 
 ? 1 
 
 18 
 
THE STEAM FIRE EITGmE 
 
 On the opposite pajre, is a view of A. B. Latta's patent, of Cincinnati, and is the only sue- j 
 cessful Engine tljat Las been made in tlie U. B. This machine is noAV in use in several cities. | 
 Cincinnati has seven, all of them built b}- A. B. Latta of Cincinnati. They have proved them- i 
 selves beyond all doubt the most reliable apparatus for extinrcuishing fires, besides being vastly j 
 cheaper than any other mode now known. Since the introduction of these machines (exclu- 
 sive of hand engines) the expenses of the fire department of Cincinnati have been reduced !f 50,- [ 
 000 jier annum; besides comparatively few men to govern, there will only be required about 
 100 men to protect the city from fires. 
 
 The machine in the plate is a second class Engine, drawn by two horses — four of these and 
 three of 1st class are the two sizes Cincinnati has in use. The first class machines are much 
 larger and are drawn by four horses ; they are capable of discharging 11000 barrels of water per 
 hour ; the second class have capacity for discharging 1200 bbls. These machines draw their 
 own water where circumstances will permit, rather than take it from hydrants or plugs. This 
 is considered best, as a better supply of water can be had in this way. The mode of operating 
 these machines is peculiar to themselves. They stand in the house built to suit them, with 
 the horses always harnessed, ready to be hitcheil in case of an alarm of fire. The fire is api)lied 
 to the kindling's already under the boiler and is burning while the horses are being attached, 
 which occupies from one lo two minutes. The fireman and engineer, mounted in their ])laces 
 on the machine, are hurried in full speed to the scene of the disaster. One end of the Suction 
 Hose is always attached to the pump, so that all that is required to be done is to take it off its 
 bearings, bend it round, dip it into the cistern or water, wherever it may be, and screw on 
 the leading hose, which is led off to the fire, and there discharges through pipes or nozzles 
 similar to other engines. These Hose are generally India Rubber, which proves to be the best: 
 they are made by the Boston Belting Co.. Mass. They are sometimes spread 1000 or 1500 feet 
 from the Engine to the fire, notwithstanding the excess of pressure necessary to force the wa- 
 ter so far on account of friction, and are strong enough to bear it. 
 
 It will be seen by this that it is not necessary to have so many places to get water as is now 
 common in cities where hydrants or plugs are used ; every other section is snflicient for Steam 
 Engines. These cisterns, "as they are called in Cincinnati, cost $120 each. The cost of opera- 
 ting one of these Engines is about the same as a hand company. One steam company is con- 
 sidered equal to five or six hand companies under the same circumstances. This steam machine 
 will Mork, whether placed in a level position or otherwise, it matters not. It will be seen 
 that it runs on three wheels, which renders it easy to pass over rough or uneven streets with- 
 out straining the machinery. It is composed of wrought iron nearl)' throughout, except 
 the cylinders and pumps — the former is cast iron and the latler is brass. Another feature in 
 these machines is, they are capable of being brought into requisition in so short a time; it 
 only requires five or six minutes fioni the time the fire is lighted under the boiler until the 
 Engines commence working. It seldom occurs that we have to wait on steam ; it is generally 
 ready before we are for it. The first class engines require ten men and six horses, foiir of 
 which are attached to the Engine and two to the Hose carriages. The second class machine 
 requires two stout horses to tlie Engine and one to the Hose carriage. It is sometimes neces- 
 sary, where the grades are heavy, to attach an extra horse to the second class — seven men is 
 the crew for them. 
 
 As regards the distance these machines will throw water — the first class Engine will throw 
 2(33 feet horizontally through a Ij inch nozzle; this I think is the furthest tlirow ever made 
 Avith one of this class ; tliey will throw two streams through ]] nozzles about 200 feet ; the}'' 
 have thrown four streams through J nozzles 120 feet higli ; the other distances are horizontal, 
 given above. The second class Engine will throw 1^- inch stream 200 feet horizontally ; two 
 streams, 1 incli nozzles, lOO feet ; the Hose used is 3 inches in diameter. 
 
 It is almost impossible to give a description of these machines that would enable one to have 
 a correct opinion of the advantage derived from the use of them. They are labor-saving ma- 
 chines, and work steadily without disorder. The^- can be relied on with certainty at all times. 
 There isiinother matter which must not be overlooked — the increase of protection. It is help- 
 ing the insurance companies, and the insurers also. If little losses occur, the company can 
 afford to reduce their prices, so that every man will insure. Here is an advantage to both 
 parties ; the more perfect the protection, the cheaper insurance can be afforded. There ne\er 
 will bean end of fires so long as we build of combustible materials, and this will always con- 
 tinue to some extent; so the only way is to make the protection as perfect as possible, and 
 certainly doing the work by steam is far preferable to hand labor, as much so as the locomo- 
 tive is to the wheelbarrow. We would call the attention of every city to the effect produced 
 by these machines in Cincinnati, and see if it would not be to their advantage to use steam. 
 It is admitted that Cincinnati is ahead of all other cities in her Fire Department. We state 
 it as a fiict, after three years' experience in building these machines, and we have built ten of 
 them, all of which have been successful, not a single failure has occurred in the ones built by 
 
 A. B. & E. LATTA, 
 
 .^S?~ Any orders will meet with prompt attention. 
 
 VZ7 
 
THE STATE OF INDIANA. 
 
 Baiilca, etc. — Tliero are in Indiana 1 banli and 13 branch banks, the same being the State Bank of Indiana, at 
 ndiunajjolis, and its several branches at Bedford, Evansville, Fort Wayne, Indianapolis, Lafayette, Lawrcnccburg, 
 Uadison, Michigan City, New Albany, Eichmond, South Bend, Terre Haute, and Vinccnnes. The aggregate condition 
 A the.se uistituli 3ns in November, 1S50, was as follows — Uahilities : capital, $2,062,958 ; circulation, $3,422,455 ; deposits, 
 ^630,335 ; due other banks, $112,175 ; and assets — loans and discounts, $4,395,099 ; real estate, $304,233 ; other investments, 
 ^0S,4S5 ; due by other banks, $S15,0G2 ; notes of other banks, $224,S42 ; specie, $1,197,8S0. The constitutional provisions 
 •expecting banking in this State are: tliat no banks shall be established except under a general law, and the stockholders 
 iliall be individually responsible for the debts of the corporation, in addition to their stock, to an amount equal thereto, 
 md every bank must close banking operations within twenty years from its organization and promptly close its business, 
 ['here are, besides the above-named banks, several others organized under the general banking law, but these have 
 )nly lately been established, and have not yet published any returns. Their circulating notes are secured by pledge 
 )f public stocks. 
 
 Government, etc. — The first constitution of Indiana is dated 29th June, 1S16; the constitution on which the present 
 state government is based was done in convention 10th Febniary, 1851 ; ratified by the people 4th August, and went 
 nto operation 1st November of the same year. It provides as follows: 
 
 Every white male citizen of the United States, 21 years oM, resident in the State six months next preceding an election, 
 ind every white male of foreign birth, 21 years old, resident in the United States one year, and in the State six months 
 lext preceding an election, who shall have duly declared his intention to become a citizen of the United States, may 
 ■ote. No negro or mulatto can vote. All elections by the people are by ballot, and all elections by the General Assembly 
 :iva voce. All general elections are held on the secon<l Tuesday in October. 
 
 The General Assemhly consists of a Senate and House of Representatives. The senate, not exceeding 50 members, 
 md representatives, 100 members, are chosen in their respective districts — the former fur four years (.half every two years), 
 ind the latter for two years. Thoy must be citizens of the United States, residents of the Stale for the two years next 
 )reeeding their election, and for one year of the district from which they are chosen. The sessions of the General 
 Usembly are biennial, commencing on the Thursday next after the first Monday of January ; and no session can be 
 yrolonged beyond sixty-OTie days, and no special session beyond forty days, liepresentation is apportioned according to 
 I census of all white males over 21 years of age, taken every six years. " In all cases where a general law is applicable, 
 ;eneral and not special laws shall be passed." 
 
 The Governor and Lieutenant-Governor are chosen for four years by a plurality of voles; they must be severally 30 
 ears of age, and residents of the United Stales and of the State for the five years next preceding their election. The 
 ;ubernatorial term commenec* on the second Monday of January. The Lieutenant-Governor is er-offieio President of 
 he Senate ; and in case of the removal or death of the Governor, he first, and after him such person as the General As- 
 embly may appoint, shall act as Governor. The Governor is not eligible more than four years in any period of eight 
 'ears. The Governor has power to grant pardons for all offenses, except in eases of treason and impeachment ; and he 
 nay veto a bill, but, if afterward passed by a majority of those elected to each house of the General Assembly, it becomes 
 I law nevertheless. 
 
 The administrative officers of the government are a Secretary of State, a State Auditor, and a State Treasurer, elected 
 liennially by the people, and no one is eligible to either of these offloes more than four out of any six years. 
 
 The officers elected by the people in each county are a Clerk of the Circuit Court, an Auditor, a Eeeorder, a Treasurer, 
 I Sheriff, a Coroner, and a Surveyor — the three first for four years and the others for two years, and none arc eligible for 
 riore than two out of any thre« consecutive terms. All county officers must be residents for one ye'ar of the placee from 
 vhich they are chosen ; and they and all town officers must reside in their precincts. 
 
 The Judiciary consists of a Supreme Court, Circuit Court, and Courts of Common Pleas, for the counties of Tippecanoe 
 nd Marion. These consist of not less than three nor more than five justices, "hosen from districts by the people at large, 
 or six years. At present it has three, of whom one is chief judge. A clerk of this court is chosen by the people for four 
 ears. The Supreme Court has appellate and such original jurisdiction as the General Assembly may confer. The State 
 5 divided into thirteen circuits, and each Circuit Court has a judge elected by the people of the circuit for six years, and 
 le must reside therein. A prosecuting attorney is also eleK^ted for each circuit for two years. The Courts of Common 
 'leas for Tippecanoe and Marion counties aro Special Courts, and have each one judge. Justices of peace are elected by 
 he people of each township for four years. The Constitution provides, in this connection, for the establishment of tri- 
 lunals of conciliation, the decisions of which are obligatory on those voluntarily submitting thereto; for commissioners to 
 evise and simplify practice, and to codify the laws; that any voter of good moral character may be admitted to practice 
 aw in all the o<iurts of the State ; that the Assembly may modify or abolish the Grand Jury system ; that no person shall 
 )e an incompetent witness inconsequence of his opinions on matters of religion ; that in all criminal cases the juries may 
 letermine the law and the facts; that no man's property shall be taken without just compensation is first awarded and 
 endered. 
 
 Kespecling colored people, it is provided that no negro or mulatto shall come into or settle in the State ; all contracts 
 nade with such shall be Void, and all persons employing them shall be punished by a fine of $10 to $500, and the proceeds 
 )f such fines shall be appropriated for the colonization of those negroes and mulattoes, and their desceudanis, in the State, 
 it the adoption of the Constitution, and who aro willing to emigrate. 
 
 Amendments to the Constitution are to be passed on by a m.njority of one Legislature, and referred to the next; and if 
 Jassed by a like majority, then the amendments proposed are submitted to the people for ratification or rejection. 
 
 The militia of Indiana has not been reported to the U. S. authorities since 1S32, since which period the population of 
 he State has nearly trebled. At that time it consisted of 53,913 men of all grades and arms, and at present probably 
 numbers 150,000 men. 
 
 Indiana has several benevolent institutions, among which the principal are the Asylum for the Deaf and Dumb, the 
 [nslitution for the Blind, and the Hospital for the Insane at Indianapolis. At the Asylum all the Deaf and Dumb of the 
 state, between the ages of 10 and 30, are entitled to education without charge for board or tuition ; and at the Institute 
 Ihe same privileges are granted, but except In extraordinary eases, applicants over 21 years of age are not admissable. 
 fhe Hospital for the Insane, in the year ending 30th October, 1S50, admitted 58 (31 males and 27 females); 54 were dis- 
 charged (26 males and 28 females) ; and at the end of the year SO (40 males and 40 females) were left under treatment. 
 Phis last institution was opened for the reception of patients (part of the buildings only being erected) in December, 
 1S4S. From that lime to 30th October, 1849, there were 104 admitted, of whom 20 recovered, 4 improved, and 4 died, 
 
 99 
 
THE STATE OF INDIANA 
 
 leaving 76 in the hospital, which, added to the 5S admitted in 1S49-50, makes a total of 162 since the opening of the 
 
 institution. 
 
 Fhmncfs, Dehtx, etc.— The balance in the Treasury on the 31st October amounted to $425,941 19, and the receipts for 
 the fiscal year 1S5:) were *1.4:3-2.44i 78— total revenue $1.S61.3>3 97 ; and the expenditures for the same period amounted t^ 
 $1,513,534 (14, leaving a l)al:tnce for future draft of $.347,849 93. The chief sources of income are— permanent revenue, 
 $■160,63!) ; state prison. .$11,145; common school fund, .$55,863 ; university fund, $9,479; bank Uix, $l,9s4; salme tax, 
 $4,999 ; Waljasli and Krie Canal (by irustees), $857,149, etc. And the principal erj)en<Utures were on account of— Legis- 
 lature, $31,(iin; Kxecutive, .$5,s78; Judiciary, $19,706; public i)rinling, $11,522 ; state prison, $3,606 ; treasury notes 
 cancelled, $144,575; interest on treasury notes, .$.")9,4-'8 ; interest on public debt, $1SS,095; Wabash and Erie Canal (by 
 trustee*), $824,988; deaf and dumb, $27,979; blind, $11,781; insane, $32,501; university funil, $14,332; saline fund, 
 $7,765; bank tax fund, $3,624, etc. 
 
 Trior to 1817 the State owed on her foreign debt— principal $11,048,000, and interest $3,326,640— total $14,374,040. In 
 accordance with the acts of the Legislature of 19th January, 1846, and 27tli January, 1817, proposals were made to the 
 bond holders that they should complete the Wabash and Erie Canal, and take tlie Slate's interest in it for one half this 
 debt, and the State would issue new certificates for the other half, upon which she would pay interest at the rate of 4 per 
 cent, per annum, until January, 1853, and after that time 5 per cent., and issue certificates for one half the arrears of interest, 
 upon whidi she would pay interest at the rate of 2} per cent, per annum after January, 185.3. In tliis 2J per cent, stock is 
 also included 1 per cent, per annum ujjon the principal, which gives the holder of the old bond, when surrendered, 5 per 
 cent, per annum upon the new 5 per cent, stock, from the dividend day next preceding his surrender of the old bon<ls. 
 On Uie 5lh Au"ust, 1S50, there had been surrendered of the old bonds, and new certificates taken of principal $9,503,000, 
 leaving' tlien outstanding of her old bonds of principal, $1,736,727 50. The liabilities of the State and Canal, at the date 
 last meiitioni'd, may be thus stated : 
 
 State Debt.—Sliilii'a half principal of lionds surrendered, $4,781,500 ; State's half interest on bonds with 1 per cent of 
 principal with half of coupons added, $1,736,727 50— total foreign debt, $6,518,227 50. To which add domestic debt, 
 $257,29.^. Aggregate debt, $0,775,522 50. 
 
 Stat^ and Canal Stock.— The amount of the several stocks issued under the act for liquidating the public debt, up to 
 5th August, 1850, is as follows : 5 per cent. State stock, $4,781,500 ; 2^ per cent. State stock, $1,736,727 50 ; 5 per cent, pre- 
 ferred Canal stock, $4,079,500 ; 5 per cent, deferred Canal s-tock, $702,000 ; 2i per cent, special preferred Canal stock, 
 $1,216,250; 2^ percent, special deferred Canal stock, $207,400— total stock issued to 5th August, 1850, $12,723,377 50, 
 of which amount deduct for 2^ per cent. State stock redeemed, $2o,000, and the total outstanding is reduced to 
 $12,703,377 50. The State is paying interest only on the 5 per cent. Stale stock, at the rate of 4 piT cent. ; after 1853 the 
 rate will be 5 per cent. ; and after 1853 also the 2i per cent. State stock will draw interest at that rate. The remaining 
 stocks are thrown upon the Canal, and their redemption, principal and interest, depends upon the receipts from the 
 Canal, in accordance with the provisions of the acts heretofore referred to. 
 
 In 1839-40 the State issued $1,5110,000 trea.sury notes to pay off her internal improvement liabilities, but these having 
 been made receivable for all State dues, have now been almost all returned to the treasury. The State also i.ssued bonds 
 for the State Bank capital, and treasury notes to pay the bank a debt which the State owed it. But these treasury notes 
 •were based upcm a sinking fund belonging to the State, and held by the bank, which institution attends to the bonds 
 issued for its capital, and also to the redemption of the notes based upon the sinking fund. The means held by the bank 
 are considered ample for these purposes. 
 
 Tin; assessed value of personal and real estate in Indiana in 1850 was $152,870,399, but the true or estimated value 
 amounted to no less a sum than $202,650,264. 
 
 Federal Jiepresentation.— Indiana, in accordance with the law apportioning federal representation, sends eleven 
 representatives to Congress. 
 
 Jieligiaus Denominations.— The statistics of the several religious denominations in 1850 were as follows : 
 
 Deiioinina. No. of 
 
 Clmroh 
 
 Value of 
 
 Oenoniina- No. of 
 
 Cluirch 
 
 VMliieof 
 
 tioiis. Cluirclies. 
 
 acccim. 
 
 Prn,,.-,t.v. 
 
 tiDiis. Cliurclies. 
 
 accom. 
 
 I'loperty. 
 
 Baptist 412 .. 
 
 136,333 . 
 
 . $211,585 
 
 Jewish — .. 
 
 — .. 
 
 $- 
 
 Christian.... 182 .. 
 
 64,266 . 
 
 . 68,640 
 
 Lutheran .... 60 . . 
 
 18,000 . 
 
 36,825 
 
 Congregat'l. . 2 . . 
 
 1,400 . 
 
 8,000 
 
 Mennonite . . — . 
 
 — . 
 
 — 
 
 Dutch Itef . . 4 . . 
 
 1.025 . 
 
 1,050 
 
 Methodist ...715 . 
 
 2.56,372 . 
 
 482,460 
 
 P^piscopal .. 2t .. 
 
 T,300 . 
 
 . 74,000 
 
 Moravian 53 . 
 
 17,400 . 
 
 20,800 
 
 Free 10 .. 
 
 2,750 . 
 
 5.700 
 
 Presbyterian 207 . 
 
 103.432 . 
 
 . 824,170 
 
 Friends 85 . 
 
 43,015 . 
 
 . 59,5.J5 
 
 R. Catholic . . 63 . 
 
 25,115 . 
 
 . 107,725 
 
 German lief. 2 . 
 
 450 . 
 
 3,500 
 
 Swedenbo'n . — . 
 
 — . 
 
 — 
 
 Den 
 
 No. 
 
 Chi 
 
 •Cliu 
 
 Tunker 5.. 
 
 Union 5 . . 
 
 Unitarian ... 1 . . 
 Universalist.. 15 . . 
 Minor Sects . 12 . . 
 
 3,000 . . 
 1,250 .. 
 2.50 .. 
 5,0.")0 .. 
 2,822 .. 
 
 Value n( 
 I'ropeily. 
 
 $3,100 
 
 2,350 
 
 600 
 
 17,800 
 4,025 
 
 Total.... 1,9 17 689,230 $1,512,485 
 
 Indl.ana eonstitutes a diocese of the Protestant Episcopal church, and also the Poman Catholic.diocese of Vincennes. 
 
 Education. — Indiana h.is endowed her common schools and colleges more liberally than any others of the New States. 
 The constitution provides that ■' the common school fund shall consist of the congrission.'d township fund, and the lands 
 belonging thereto, of the surplus revenue, saline, and bank tax funds, the fund to be derived from llie sale of county 
 seminaries, and money ami property heretofore held for such seminaries, all flues, forfeitures, and escheats, and lands not 
 otherwise specially granted, including the net proceeds of the sales of the swamp lands granted to the State by the Act 
 of Congress of September 28th, 18.50. The principal of the fund may be increased, but shall never be diminished, and 
 its income shall be dei oted solely to the su))port of common schools." The v.alue of these several fun<ls and incomes is 
 stated by Governor Wright in his Message of December 2, 1851, to be $4,604,279 ; and in addition to thi.s sum. the school 
 fund will be constantly augmented by the receipt of fines and forfeitures, and the profits of the sinking fund. The .schools 
 of the State are under the supervision of a Superintendent of Public Instruction, who is elected by the people, and holds 
 office for two years. From the ri'port of this officer, it appears that there were in 1«51 about 400,000 between the ages of 5 
 and 21 years. The number of common schools was 5,899, .and the number of children attending school was 22.5..31S. 
 
 Indiana has also a large number of high schools and academies; and among her oollegiate establishments the follow- 
 ing are the mo,st conspicuous: the Indiana State University, .at Bloomington, founded in 1816; Hanover College, founded 
 in 1829; W.abash College, founded in 1834, and Indi.ana Ashbury University, at Green Castle, founded in 1837. At Han- 
 over is also the Indiana Theological Seminary (Presbyterian), a department of Ilauover College. The Universities have 
 100 
 
^BMj^m^^^^ 
 
 N. W. Corner Fifth and Walnut Streets, Cincinnati 
 
THE STATE OF INDIANA. 
 
 each ii law department ; and there are medical schools at La Porte and Indianapolis — at the first place the Indiana 
 Medical Oollege, and at the latttr, the Indiana Central Medic^il College, both higlily-flourishing institutions. 
 
 Libraries. — One St:ite library (7,000 volumes); four social lilirarios (10,700); six college libraries (17,300); four 
 students' lil)raries (4,S90) ; one public school library (200) — total, sixteen libraries and 40,000 volumes. 
 
 Periodical Press. — The public press consists of 121 periodical publications, of wliich 79 are political — 43 whig, and 36 
 democratic — anil 42 are devoted to literature, science, religion, etc. Of the whole number, 9 are published daily, 2 tri- 
 weekly, 109 weekly, and 1 monthly. The average circulation of the dailies, at each issue, is 8,984 ; of the tri-weeklies, 
 1,500 ; of the weeklies, 49,734 ; and of the monthly, about 2,000 copies. 
 
 Pauperism and Crime. — The whole number of paupers who received support from the public funds within the year 
 ending June 1st, 1S50, was 1,1S2, of which 800 were natives, and 322 foreigners ; and the whole number of paupers at 
 the date referred to was 583, of whicli number 446 were natives, and V6~ foreigners— costs to the public for the year $57,560. 
 The whole number of convicts in the State Prison on the 30th November, 1850, was 142, and the number received during 
 the following official year was 103, and dnring the same period there were discharged — by expiration of sentence, 21 ; by 
 escape, 8 ; by pardon, 16 ; by order of court, 1 ; by death, 7 — total 53 ; and hence lliere were in prison on the 30th Kovem- 
 ber, 1n51, 192 convicts, of which 8 were committed for life, 1 for 36 years, and 96 for less than 2 years; and 151 are com- 
 mitted fur offenses against property, and 39 for offenses against the person. The State Prison is situate at Jeffersonville. 
 
 Historical Sketch. — Indiana originally constituted a part of" New France," and subsequently of the "Territory North- 
 West of the Ohio lliver." The exact period of its first settlement is not ascertained. It appears, however, that about 
 1690 the French Indians visited the site of Vincennes, at that time occupied by the Indian village of Appecaughko, and 
 in 1702 a party of the same nation descended the Wabash,* and established several posts on its banks, and among 
 others Vincennes. The tribes inhabiting the country at that time, either from intestine feuds, or inability, made little op- 
 position to the new-comers. The colonists at Vincennes, insulated, as it were, from the rest of mankind, and buried in the 
 midst of the wilderness, gradually approximated the manners and customs of the Indians by whom they were sur- 
 rounded, and formeii marriages with their women, joined in their hunting parties, and subsisted more by the chase tlian 
 by the proceeds of their agriculture. Of their simi)le annals they have left no records, for until 1763, when the country 
 was ceded to England, we hear nothing of them. By the treaty of cession, the settlers were confirmed in their posses- 
 sions; but immigration did not reaeli the country till some time afterward. During the Eevolutionary War they displayed 
 their hereditary animosity to the English, and seized the first opportunity to join with the people ; and in 1778 a Spanish 
 resident gave such information respecting the strength and position of the British forces stationed at Vincennes, that b7 
 his directions General Clarke easily obtained possession, which, however, he did not long retain. By the treaty of 1783, 
 the country was included in the United States, and again the settlers were confirmed in their possessions. In 17SS an 
 Indian war broke out, which caused great distress among them, but they did not suffer to the same extent as the Ameri- 
 cans, against whom vengeance was directetl without mercy; but by the attack of General Wilkinson in 1791 at the mouth 
 of the Tippecanoe, and by the subsequent victories of General Wayne, a dangerous confederacy was broken up, and the 
 tribes obliged to submit, when the district began to enjoy that repose of which it had for many years been deprived. By 
 the treaty of Greenville, in 1795, the United States obtained several eligible parcels of land, for which, as a compensation, 
 they paid the Indians sums of money and sundry goods. Other cessions were made at sul)soquent periods ; but notwith- 
 stiuiding these, a part of the Indians still remained hostile, and, excited and exasperated by the eloquence of Tecnmseb, 
 a leader of the Shawnees, and one of the most extraonlinary men that ever appeared among them, several of the tribes 
 united in resistance to the increasing power of the whites; and depredation had been committed to such an extent that 
 in 1811 the government determined to exert its power. A force of regulars and militia was concentrated at Vincennes, 
 and placed under the command of William Henry Harrison, then Governor. On the 6th November of the same year, 
 the Governor appeared before Prophctstown, or Tippecanoe, on the Wabash, and demanded restitution of the property 
 the Indians had carried off. After a conference, it was agreed that hostilities should not commence until next morning, 
 that an amicable arrangement might be made, but in violation of this armistice, the Americans were attacked before 
 daybreak by a large body of savages. Governor Harrison, however, knowing the character of the enemy, had so dis- 
 posed his troops as to be able immediately to arrange them in order of battle ; and therefore, though taken by surprise, 
 the Amerie-ans received their insidious enemy in a state of preparation. The combat, though short, was unusually 
 severe ; the Indians fought with desperate courage, but the precision of action on the part of the troops was such that 
 the fate of the battle was soon decided, and the Indians driven in all directions, leaving forty of their number on the 
 field, while their whole loss was not less than one hundred an<l fifty ; nor was the American loss less in proportion. After 
 the action, Governor Harrison having burned the town, and laid waste the surrounding settlements, returned to Vincen- 
 nes, and not long afterward the tribes sued for peace. The war with England in 1812 gave a fresh impetus to Indian 
 hostility. Seduced into the service of England, the Indians, after cammitting great cruelties and excesses, received full 
 retribution from the Americans; their villages were destroyed, and their whole country laid waste. During the latter 
 part of the war with England, Indiana enjoyed comparative repose, and after the conclusion of peace in 1815, the Indians 
 ceased to molest or trouble the settlers. They are now wholly removed from the State. Until 1801 the territory now 
 included in Indiana remained a portion of the Territory North- West of the Ohio ; in that year it was erected into a 
 separate territorial government, and at that time included all the territory West and Nortli of the Ohio boundary. In 
 December, 1815, the territorial legislature petitioned Congress for admission into the Union, and the privilege of forming 
 a State Constitution. A bill for these purposes passed Congress in April, 1816 ; a State Constitution (dated 29th June, 1816) 
 was framed by a convention of delegates called for that special purpose ; and the same having been acceptable to the 
 federal legislature, Indiana was, in accordance with the law before mentioned, admitted in the December following, and 
 became an independent member of that Union of which she is now so bright an ornament. The constitution formed at 
 this period has since been revised, and in 1851 it was set aside by the adoption of a new constitutiou more consonant with 
 the altered condition of the affairs and policy of the country. 
 
 Succession of Governors. — Undeu thk Terkitorial GovERNjrENT: William Henry Harrison; and — Under tdk 
 Constitution: Jonathan Jennings, 1816; William Hendricks, 1822; James B. Eay, 1825; Noah Noble, 1831; David 
 Wallace, 1S37; Samuel Bigger, 1840; James Whitoorab, 1843 ; Joseph A. Wright, 1849. 
 
 Indianapolis, near the centre of the State, is the political capital ; Corydon was capital until 10th January, 1825. 
 
 101 
 
THE INDIAN TERRITORY. 
 
 The iN-niAX Tehritort Is an extensive country bordering on Missouri, Arkansas, and Texas, and situate generally 
 between latitudes 3-)° 40' iind 393 30' north, and l)etween longitudes 94^ and 100° west from Greenwich, or 17° and 23^ 
 west frtim Washington. It is about 420 miles from norlh lo south, and about 350 miles from east to west; but within Ihis 
 compass is included ordy the Imlian Territory proper, or that extending from the Kansas to the Eed River, and from 
 the west lines of Missouri ami Arkansas to the old line of Texas. Beyond these limits the allotment of territory has been 
 gradually going on, and the Indian settlements now range as far norlh as the Missouri River, across the proposed limits 
 of Nebraska, and are stated in the census of ls.50 to contain in the aggregate an area of 187,171 square miles. 
 
 This Territory was set apart by Congress for the permanent residence of the Indian tribes trans|)orted from the settled 
 States, and here they are secured a residence from the encroachments of the white races. They live under governments 
 of their own, and many of the tribes have made great advances in civilization. The number of Indians resident in the 
 Territory is computed at about 120,000, four-filths of which number have been transported from the countries oast of the 
 Mississippi. The most numerous tribes are the Cherokees, the Creeks, the Pawnees, the Choctaws, the Osages, and the 
 Seminoles. The other tribes are numerically small. 
 
 Those tribes which have made most jirogress in civilization are the Choctau's, who have a written constitution and laws, 
 their legislative, executive, and judicial officers, their schools, churches, and all the ordinary appliances of civilized 
 societies; the Creeks, who, though not so far progressed in intelligence and industry, yet have made good advance, and 
 have also a written coustilution, recognizing a chief and council of the nation, and the Cherokee^, who are, perhaps, on 
 the whole, more civilized than either of the above. The other transported tribes are also improving under the efforts of 
 the missitmary and schoilmaster. They occupy various determined sections of the Territory, and are not allowed to 
 interfere with each other's governments. They have each their own laws, and are consiilered as so many distinct nations. 
 The indigenous tribes have not, as a general thing, advanced in the same degree as their brethren from the East. Some 
 tribes, however, are settling into habits of industry. The barbarism of the Indian, indeed, is passing away, and the 
 symbols of civilization are becoming every day more apparent. Of late years considerable quanlilies of cotton, peltry, 
 and other staples of the Territory have been brought down to New Orleans, and there is every prospect of this branch 
 of commerce becoTjing permanent and extensive. The Indians have also a competent knowledge of many useful 
 manufactures, tuch as the manufacture of domestic cloths, agricultural implements, wagons, etc., and as. builders are 
 equal to the most ingenious among their white brethren. In fact, they now manufacture almost every thing necessary 
 to their comfort. 
 
 A proposition is on foot, advocated by the Indians themselves, to petition Congress for the removal of all the Indian 
 tribes within the United States to the lands at the base of the Rocky Mountains, and there secure to them a permanent 
 residence; and also to constitute them a State of the Union, with Senators and Representatives in Congress This eleva- 
 tion will doubtless be effected at no distant period, but at present few persons acquainted with the Indian character 
 under its present circumstances, will be found to advocate such a proceeding. The next generation will be fitted 
 by education and civilized habits to take part in the affairs of a confederauon of which they may have become a 
 member. 
 
 102 
 
!MV-/jVCEK'.SO 
 HA-HA FALLS. 
 
 A drive of about 15 minutes beyond the grave-yard of the Fort Snelling, on the Western banlv of the 
 Mississippi, brings the visitor to a view that makes a life- time impression. A small rivulet, the outlet 
 of Lakes Harriet and Calhoun, here gently glides over the lofty bluff, into an amphitheatre, forming 
 one of the most graceful waterfalls in the country. Niagara symbolizes the sublime, Saint Anthony 
 the picturesque, but this is the embodiment of the beautiful. The fall is about sixty feet, presenting 
 a parabolic curve, which drops without the least deviation from the regular curve, and meets 
 with no interruption from the neighboring rocks, until it has reached its lower level, when the stream 
 goes curling along, in laughing childish glee at the graceful feat it has performed in leaping over 
 the precipice. "The spray which this cascade emits is very considerable, and when the rays of the sun 
 shine upon it produces a beautiful iris. Upon the surrounding vegetation the effect of the spray is 
 distinct ; it vivifies all the plants, imparts to them an intense green color, and gives rise to a stouter 
 growth. On the neighboring rock the effect is as characteristic, though of a distinctive nature. The 
 spray striking against the rock, which is of a loose structure, has undermined it in a curved manner, 
 so as to produce an excavation similar in form to a Saxon arch, between the surface of the rock and 
 the sheet of water, and under this one can pass with no inconvenience except from the spray. 
 
 "It is such a fall as the hand of opulence daily attempts to produce in the midst of those gardens 
 upon which treasures have been lavished for the purpose of imitating nature — with this difference, how- 
 ever, that these falls possess an easy grace, which generally distinguishes the works of man from those 
 of nature." 
 
 They are designated by the Dakota name Ha-ha. The "h" has a strong guttural sound, and the 
 word is applied to waterfalls, because of the curling of the waters. The Dakota verb Thaha primarily 
 means "to curl," but the secondary signification is "to laugh," because of the curling motion of the 
 muscles of the mouth in laughter. The noise of waterfalls is called by the Dakotas Ihaha, because of 
 its resemblance to laughter. 
 
 No 77 
 
 14 
 
FOUNDED IN 1829. 
 
 CHARTERED IN 1832. 
 
 This Institution is situated in a pleasant and airy part of the city of ST. LOUIS. It is the oldest estab- 
 lishment of the kind in the State, and has enjoyed uninterrupted prosperity from its beginning, receiving 
 an extensive patronage from the Western and Southern States, and from the \Vcst Indies and Mexico. Its 
 buildings have been enlarged, and its plan of studies extended, so as to adapt the course of study to all classes 
 of the community, and it now otters advantages not surpassed by any institution in the West. Its present 
 success is unprecedented. The Mississippi and its tributaries, and a system of railroads diverging from the 
 city in all directions, offer every facility of communication. 
 
 The Institution opens its annual session on the last Monday of August, and closes about the 5th of July. 
 
 TERMS, PER SESSION, OF TEN AND A HALF MONTHS : 
 
 Matriculation Fee, on entrance, $10 1 Bed and Bedding, . $8 
 
 Board and Tuition in all the branches taught,.. ISO Physician's Fee, 5 
 
 Washing and Mending of Articles washed, ao | Stationery, consisting of paper, ink, pens & pencils, 5 
 
 Music, Drawing, Fencing, Drawing and the use of the Philosophical Apparatus form extra charges. Stu- 
 dents spending the annual vacation at the University pay $20. 
 
 JOHN S. VERDIN", S. J. President, 
 
 SEWING MACHINES. 
 
 ■ H l» 
 
 ^ GROVER & BAKER, 
 
 Call and examine their Machines, especially designed for 
 as well as for all kinds of manufacturing. 
 
 405 Broadway, New York, 
 
 7 Camp Street, New Orleans, 
 Gloversville, New York, 
 Augusta, Georgia. 
 
 Columbus, Georgia, 
 
 OFFICES: 
 43 Fourth Street, St. Liouis, 
 
 18 Summer Street, Boston, 
 
 161 Chestnut Street, Philadelphia, 
 166 Baltimore Street, Baltimore, 
 Nashville, Tennessee, 
 
 462 Broadway, Albany. 
 
 Truth can harm nobody, and therefore it is no injustice to others to say that experience has decided that 
 these machines are superior to all others. 
 
 REASONS.— 1st. They are much more simple and durable, and less liable to get out of repair than any 
 other machines. 
 
 2nd. They can be used by any person of common capacity, in all kinds of work in cloth and leather, 
 with any kind of thread, and at much greater speed than other Sewing Machines. 
 
 3rd. 'I'he stitch is not only more beautiful but mucli stronger and less liable to rip than any other. 
 
 4th. The thread is taken directly from two stationary snools of any desired size, and thus the amount of 
 trouble and annoyance arising from the winding shuttle boobins is saved. 
 
 5th. The seam is as elastic as the most elastic fabric, and will not break under any strain. 
 
 PRICES. 
 
 Grover and Baker Premium Machines.. $75 to $105 | Latest Improved Shuttle Machines $75 to $85 
 
 THE GREAT NATIONAL 
 
 ffiiiSlFMS 
 
 Fronn all llie Eastern Cities to 
 
 ST. LOUIS, KANSAS, AND THE WEST, 
 
 VIA THE OHIO AND MISSISSIPPI RAILROAD; 
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 THE PACIFIC RAILROAD OR MISSOURI RIVER, 
 
 TO KANSAS AND THE WESTERN BORDERS. 
 ^^5©* The Cheapest, Quickest, Most Direct-and Comfortable Eoute now open.-^ 
 
Cirn Am BRIDGE WBBKS, 
 
 CHICA.aO, ILLINOIS. 
 
 ^ » <«^-> » ' 
 
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 1. B. BOOMER. 
 
 K, S. BOUTON, 
 
 STONE, BOOMER & BOUTON, 
 
 Cars, Jri^iS, liocfs anir Ciini Cablrs, 
 
 MANUFACTURERS OF 
 
 
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 Also prepared to fill all orders for 
 
 "5? ?§? i(cr^ ffii? 
 
 a 
 
 S? .^ SS? ^ip' s 
 
 ^ M e§ m ^ ^:t a 
 
 1^'^WF ^'^^¥¥^^^,¥ 
 
 WJAl 
 
 L^ 
 
 il^ 
 
 .A.my .a.XjIj xx:z3V33S os^ 
 
O O Xj E: IK/T Jh^ 1ST ' 
 PATENT UNDULATORY 
 
 Cant ani) if (our 
 
 AND EACH BURR IN ONE SOLID BLOOX. 
 
 City of Jefferson, Suburb of New Orleans, 
 
 WARE ROM AND D^POT, No. 38 NATCHEZ STREET, 
 
 3Sr E ^^7^7" O I^ Xj E .A. 1<T S. 
 
 These celebrated Mills have no rival for good and fast grinding in this or any 
 other country on the globe. 
 
 WILLIS P. COLEMAN, 
 
 Manufacturer and Proprietor. 
 
 The following table will show the prices of the various size Mills, and the ca- 
 pacity of each. 
 
 SIZE. PRICE. CAPACITY FOR GRINDING. 
 
 14 inch Burr $100 2^ to 6 Bushels to the hour. 
 
 16 inch Burr 115 3 to 7 Bushels to the hour. 
 
 18 inch Burr 125 7 to 10 Bushels to tiie hour. 
 
 24 inch Burr 200 12 to 16 Bushels to the hour. 
 
 28 inch Burr 250 20 to 30 Bushels to the hour. 
 
 30 inch Burr 300 30 to 40 Bushels to ihe hour. 
 
 39 inch Burr 500 50 to 75 Bushels to the hour. 
 
 The above Mills leave the manufactory complete in every particular, and ready 
 for grinding when attached to appropriate power and run according to instruc- 
 tions. All orders from any part of the United States accompanied by cash or 
 draft promptly attended to. 
 
 ^^^ Will have in the next Edition a superior view of this celebrated Mill with all the 
 modern improvements attached. 
 
THE STATE OF IO¥A. 
 
 Iowa, the fourth of those reagnifleent States carved out of that vast territory acquired of France inlSOS, is situate gener- 
 ally between the latitudes 40° 35' and 43° 30' north, and between longitudes 90° IS' and 96° 53' west of Greenwich, or 
 13° 16' and 19° 51' west of Washington; and is bounded north by Minnesota Territory, east by the Mississippi Eiver 
 which separates it from Wisconsin and Illinois, south by the Stale of Missouri, and west by Missouri Eiver and its tribu- 
 tary the Tchankasndata or Big Sioux Kiver, which divides it from the old North-West Territory.* Its width from north 
 to south is 19G miles, and its greatest length from east to west 307 miles; included within which limits is an area of 50,914 
 square miles. 
 
 Situate nearly midway between the two great oceans ; bounded on both sides by the great rivers of the continent, and 
 watered by innumerable smaller streams ; possessing a fertile soil, inexhaustible mineral resources, a healthful climate, a 
 free constitution, and a hardy and industrious population, the State of Iowa has commence<l its career with prospects of 
 far more than ordinary brilliancy. In extent of boundary, it is one of the largest in the Union, and it may safely bo 
 prophesied, that with these great advantages, it is destined at no distant day to rank among the first in point of wealth 
 and political importance, as it already exceeds its compeers in rapidity of growth. 
 
 The general face of the country is that of a high, rolling prairie watered by magnificent streams, and on the river 
 courses skirted with woodland. An idea prevails at the East that the prairies are uniformly level. This is by no means 
 the case. Sometimes, indeed, they spread out in boundless plains; but the high or upland prairies, which are much the 
 most beautiful, as well as the best adapted to cultivation, present a series of graceful undulations not unlike the swell of 
 the sea, from which they derive the appellation "roUing." — Sargent, 184S. 
 
 The chief rivers of the State are : the Mississippi, which winds along its eastern border for nearly 450 miles, and the 
 Missouri, which bounds it on the west from the mouth of Big Sioux Kiver to the parallel of 40° 35' N. lat., a distance of 
 more than 300 miles, both furnishing an almost unprecedented extent of external navigation, and their banks affording 
 many eligible sites for commercial cities. Besides these magnificent streams, Iowa has many large interior naVigablc 
 rivers, the most prominent of which are the Des Moines, extending through and dividing the State into two nearly equal 
 sections. Skunk Eiver, the Iowa, from which the State has its name, Wapsipinicon Elver, tlie Makoqueta, the Turkey 
 Eiver, the Upper Iowa Eiver, and others flowing into the Mississippi, and numerous fine streams affluents of the Mis- 
 souri. The Des Moines passes diagonally from north-west to south-east, and reaches the Mississippi at the foot of the 
 lower rapids in the south-east corner of the State— the whole distance from the point where it strikes the northern bound- 
 ary line of Iowa to its confluence ))eing over 4t)0 miles. It is this river— represented as being one of the most beautiful 
 of all the noble rivers of the groat West— that the State has undertaken, with the aid of a grant of lands made by Con- 
 gress, to render navigable for steamboats of a medium class up to Fort i)es Moines, a distance of over 200 miles from its 
 mouth. It passes through the great coal fields and through a country scarcely equaled for its agricultural capacities. The 
 stream is said to be peculiarly adapted to improvement in accordance with the plan proposed — a succession of substantial 
 locks and dams creating slack-water— from the fact of its having rock bottom and high banks, which are not subject to 
 overflow. The Iowa, Skunk, etc., are ri\ers secondary in magnitude to the Des Moines, but they are of inestimable local 
 value, being navigable into the interior for distances varying from 20 to 60 miles, and by their numerous aflBuenl streams, 
 furnishing to the settler hydraulic power sufficient for all the varied wants of a large manufacturing State. Most of these 
 rivers pass over lime or sand-rock beds, and are generally skirted with fine timber. Limestone, indeed, is distributed 
 abundantly over a great portion of the State. 
 
 lov/a is numbered as one of the great mineral producmg States of the Union. Its lead mines m the north-east, and 
 of which Dubuque is the centre, have been worked for a long period, and have been very pro<luctivo in proportion to the 
 number engaged in mining. The lead mines of Iowa are continuous of those of Illinois and Wisconsin. A review of the 
 resources and capabilities of this country, says Doctor Owen, induces me to say, with confidence, that 10,000 laborers and 
 miners could find profitable employment within its confines. The lead mines alone afford as much of that metal as the 
 whole of Europe, excepting Great Britain, and their capabilities are unbounded. Zinc occurs in fissures, along with the 
 lead ; it is chiefly in the form of electric calamine, and is found in cellular masses; in some ''diggings" this mineral is 
 found in a state of carbonate, and in others as a sulphuret. Iron ore is abundantly distributed, but as yet no large 
 amount has been converted into metal. In reference to the coal deposits, the geologist above quoted remarks, that 
 between Johnson and Iowa counties an uplift of carboniferous sandstone is encountered which is probably near the 
 eastern limits of the Des Moines coal-field. The Iowa Eiver meanders near the east margin of this deposit, but tho 
 seams presented on the river bluff are of inferior quality. Itisvpicard of two hundred miles in the directiMi of ths 
 valley of the Des 3/oinea across the great coal-jield ; westwardly it extends from the Des Moines Eiver, nearly 
 
 * The constitutional boundaries of Iowa are as follows : " Beginning in tlie middle of tlie main channel of the Mississippi River at a point due 
 east of the middle of the mouth of the main channel of the Pes Moines River; thence up the middle of the main channel of the said Des Moines 
 River to a point on said river where the northern boundary line of the State of Missouri, as established by the constitution ol that State, adopted 
 June 12th, 18-20, crosses the said middle of the mam channel of the said Des Moines River; thence westwardly along the said northern boundary 
 line of the Stiite of Missouri, as establislied at the time aforesaid, until an extension of said line intersects the middle of the main channel of 
 the Missouri River; thence up the middle of the main channel ol the said .Missouri River, to a point opposite the middle of the main channel of the 
 Big Sioux River, until it is intersected by the parallel of forty-three degrees and thirty minutes north latitude ; thence east, along said parallel of 
 forty three degrees and thirty minutes, until said parallel intersects the middle oi the maiu channel of the Mississippi River ; thence down the 
 middle of the maiu channel of said Mississippi River t- the place of beginning " 
 
 103 
 
THE tSTATE OF IOWA, 
 
 across the State. The entire area of tl)is field in Iowa alone can not be less than 20,000 square miles — in all, em- 
 bracing a country equal in extent to more than one lialf the State of Indiana, lie estimates the beds of coal at 100 
 feet in thickness ; and lying near the surface, they must be capable of being worked easily, and at small expense. Cop- 
 per is also found in this State. 
 
 But Iowa mainly owes its prosperity to its agricultural resources. Its fine prairies are easily converted to cultivation, 
 and its natural pastures afford peculiar facilities for the rearing of cattle ami sheei)-farming ; wool-growing, indeed, has 
 become one of the staple employments of the settlers, and the raising of hogs for market has become no less a i)rofitable 
 occupation. The sheep and hog are here fed with little or no trouble, the natural productions of the earth affording a 
 plentiful subsistence. For all agricultural purposes, indeed, Iowa is perhaps as tine a region as ever the sun cherished 
 by its beams. It is demonstrated by actual survey that no State in the Union has a less quantity of inferior land. The 
 timber lands are less extensive than the prairies, but tlie growths are so distributed as to negative any objection that 
 miuht be interposed on this account. Compared to the lifetime of labor it lakes to open a farm in the woods, the facility 
 w itli which one can be established on the prairie is most striking and gratifying to the settler; and as sutlicitnt timber 
 for all ordinary purposes is always within reasonable distance, the comparative absence of forests is not so important as 
 it otherwise would be, and artificial groves of that useful and ornamental tree, the locust, can be easily and quickly 
 raised. Nothing can exceed the beauty of a prairie cottage, surrounded by its grove of locust, and, wherever met with, 
 it marks the abode of taste and comfort. In riding over the State, however, the chief characteristic observed is its 
 evenness— the monotony of its very beauty and fertility becomes tiresome. 
 
 In point of salubrity, Iowa is not surpassed by any of the new States. It is not exempt from the diseases incidental to 
 rich and uncultivated regions, but from tlie openness of the country it is less liable to the scourge of malaria tlian ordina- 
 ry. Take it altogether, it is a most attractive country for the immigrant. The salubrity of the climate, however, depends 
 much on locality. The thermometer does not range so widely here as in similar latitudes cast of the AUeghanies ; it is 
 exemj)!, too, from those easterly winds so searching and baneful in their effects on the iiulinonic invalid. Along the 
 low bottom-lands of the rivers, which are occasionally subject to inundation, there will be liability and i)redisposition to 
 bilious affections, fevers, etc.; but upon the uplands and rolling prairies the air is buoyant and free from all banelid 
 influences. I'eriodio breezes blow over these elevated portions of the country as regularly and refreshing as from the 
 ocean between the tropics, tempering the extremes incidental to the latitude. 
 
 Iowa is divided into 49 counties, the general statistics of which and the capitals of each iu 1S50 were as follows: 
 
 Counties. Dwell. 
 
 Allamakee lji2... 
 
 Appanoose ... 5:21... 
 
 Benton 121 .. . 
 
 Black Hawk.. 2G... 
 
 Boone 119... 
 
 Buchanan 74... 
 
 Cedar 686... 
 
 Clark 14... 
 
 Clayton 728... 
 
 Clinton 499... 
 
 Dallas 156... 
 
 Davis 1,180... 
 
 Decatur 145... 
 
 Delaware .... 338... 
 Des Moines 
 Dubuque .. 
 
 Pop. 
 
 777. . 
 3,131.. 
 
 672.. 
 
 135.. 
 
 735.. 
 
 517.. 
 
 3,941.. 
 
 79.. 
 
 3,873.. 
 
 2 822., 
 
 854.. 
 7,264., 
 
 965., 
 
 1,759., 
 
 1,919... 12,987.. 
 
 1.952... 10,841., 
 
 F.it 
 
 Maimf. 
 
 Fayette 153.. 
 
 Fremont 222.. 
 
 Ilenry 1,.545.. 
 
 Iowa 143.. 
 
 Jackson 1,277. . 
 
 Jasper 214.. 
 
 Jetlersou 1,649.. 
 
 Johnson 799... 
 
 J ones 559 . . . 
 
 . 825.. 
 . 1,244., 
 . 8,707., 
 822., 
 . 7,210. 
 . 1,280. 
 . 9,904. 
 
 4,472. 
 
 3,007., 
 
 ,. .... Capitals, 
 cult. Lstab. ' 
 
 2,,. 0.. .Postville 
 2...Centreville 
 0... Vinton 
 1... — 
 0.. .Booneville 
 1. . .Indepcnd'nce 
 4.. .Tipton 
 0... 0... — 
 200...12.,.Garnavillo 
 306... 10... De Witt 
 
 0... O...Adell 
 613...11...Bloomfield 
 46... 0.. .Nine Eagles 
 ., 3... Delhi 
 ..23... Burlington 
 .46.. ^Dubuque 
 . 0...\Vest Union 
 . 0... Sidney 
 . 947... 26... Mt. Pleasant 
 
 70.. . i.. .Marengo 
 . 703... 10... Andrew 
 . 150... 0.. .Newton 
 .1,067... 54... Fairlield 
 . 377... 19... Iowa City 
 . 223... 3...Anamosa 
 
 153... 
 67... 
 9... 
 0... 
 45... 
 358,.. 
 
 141. 
 383. 
 755.. 
 8.. 
 105.. 
 
 Counties. Dwell. Pop. 
 
 Keokuk 820... 4,822., 
 
 Lee ..3,252... 18,860.. 
 
 Fan 
 
 •Maiiuf. 
 
 Linn 991... 5,444.. 
 
 Louisa 842... 4,9.39.. 
 
 Lucas 92 . . . 471 . . 
 
 Madison 180... 1,179.. 
 
 Mahaska 981... 5,989.. 
 
 Marion 930... 5,482.. 
 
 Marshall 62... 338.. 
 
 Monroe 515... 2,,"84.. 
 
 Muscatine 999... 5,731.. 
 
 Page 94,,, 551.. 
 
 Polk 7.56... 4,515.. 
 
 Potto wattomeel,475. . . 7,828. . 
 
 Poweshiek 102... 615.. 
 
 .^cott 991... 5,986.. 
 
 Tama 1... 8.. 
 
 I'aylor 38... 204.. 
 
 Van Buren.... 2,069... 12,270.. 
 
 Wapello 1,416... 8,471.. 
 
 Warren 152... 961.. 
 
 Washington.. 8.i6... 4,9.37.. 
 
 Wayne 57... 340.. 
 
 Winneshiek . . 100 .. . 546 . . 
 
 ._ _ult, Kstab. ^»Pi>'->l8. 
 
 . 326.. .12.. .Lancaster 
 .1,350. . .78. ,, Fort Madison 
 . 526... 23... Marion 
 . 388... 18... Wapello 
 . 32... 0... Chariton P't. 
 . 53... O...Winterset 
 . 480...18...Oskaloosa 
 . 342..,24,.,Knoxville 
 
 34., , 0... Marietta 
 3.37... O...A!bia 
 460. . .19. , .Muscatine 
 
 61... 0... Nodaway 
 321... 9... F. Des Moines 
 
 82... 5.. .Kanesville 
 
 71... 0. . .Montezuma 
 384., .19... Davenport 
 0... 0... — 
 
 27,,, 0.,.Taylor C. II, 
 998. . .23. . . Keosauqaa 
 828... 7.,,Ottumvva 
 
 47,, 
 
 428., 
 
 0,,, 
 
 0,, 
 
 0, , .liidianola 
 1, , , Washington 
 0.,, Cambria 
 0, , .Winneshiek 
 
 Since the census of 1850 was taken, Pottowattomeo county has been divided into the following named counties : Adair, 
 Adams, Audubon, Bancroft, Bremer, Bucna Vista, Buncombe, Butler, Carroll, Cass, Cerro Gordo, Cliernkee, Cliicka.saw, 
 Clay, Crawford, Dickinson, Emmett, Floyd, Fox, Frtinklin, Greene, Grundy, Guthrie, Hancock, Hardin, Harrison, How- 
 ard, Humboldt, Ida, Kossuth, Manona, Mills, Mitchell, Montgomery, O'Brien, Occola, I'alo Alto, riymoulh, Focalion- 
 tas, Risley, Sac, Shelby, Sioux, Union, Wahkou, Winnebago, Worth, Wright, and Tell. 
 
 The whole number of dwellings in the State was, at the above date, S'2.962, of families 33,51T, and of inhabitants 192.214, 
 viz.: whites 191,879— males 100,885, and females 90,994, free colored 335— males IGS, and females IG". Of the whole 
 population, there were deaf and diimb—v/h. 51, fr. col. 0— total 51 ; hliiid—wh. 4T, fr. col. 0— total 4T; ii)S(i>ie--v,h. 40, 
 fr. col. 0— total 40; and idiotic— yyh. 93, fr. col. 0— total 93. The number of free persons born in the United States was 
 1TO,6-.'0, the number of foreign birth 21,232, and of births unknown 362 ; the native population originated as follows : Me. 
 713, N. Hamp. 580, Verm. 1,645, Mass. 1,251, E. I. 256, Conn. 1,090, N. Y. 8,134, N. Jer. 1,199, Penn. 14,744, Del. 539, Md. 
 1,SSS, Dist. of Col. 70, Virg. T,SG1, N. Car. 2,5S9, S. Car. 6TC, G.a. 119, Flor. 51, AKi. 150, Misss. 188, La. 1.33, Tex. 10, Ark. 
 163, Tenn. 4,274, Ky. 8,994, Oh. 30,713, Mich. 521, Ind. 19,925, 111. T,24T, Mo. 3,S0T, Iowa 50,3S0, Wise. C92, Calif. 3, Terri- 
 tories 135 ; and the foreign population was composed of persons from — England 3,7S5, Ireland 4,SSS, Scotland 712, Wales 
 352, Germany 7,152, France 382, Spain 1, Portugal S, Belgium 4, Holland 1,108, Italy 1, Austria 13, Switzerland 175, Russia 
 41, Denmark 19, Norway 30, Sweden 331, Prussia 88, Greece 1, Asia 2, British America 1,756, Mexico 16, Cent. America 
 0, South America 1 West Indies 14, and other countries 124. 
 104 
 
LANDRETH'S 
 
 AND 
 
 JVo, 18 SOUTH Jfl^IJV STMJEJET, 
 
 Between Market and Walnut, 
 
 ST. H-OXJIS, ]VtISSOXJ3FLI. 
 
 CONSTANTLY ON HAND 
 
 AND OTHER 
 
 INCLUDING 
 
 Sl@?eF, Tm@t!ji|j ©j^oliaiFd irass, BIi@ if ass, leMp, 
 
 CANARY, OSAGE ORANGE, MILLETT, 
 RED TOP, HERD GRASS, APPLE, PEAR, &C. 
 
 Also, Farm and Garden Implements and Machinery in great variety. 
 
 Corn Shellers, Ploughs, Fan Mills, Root Cutters, Cultivators and 
 
 HORSE HOES; STRAW AND STALK CUTTERS; 
 Shovels, Spades, Forks, Horse and Hand Rakes, Grain Cradles, 
 
 SI?? ^11, mmm, mm, mm mm, 
 
 BOII.EKS, OIDER MILLS, CHUUDSTS, 
 
 And every implement usually required on the Farm or Garden. 
 
 The Garden Seeds sold by the Subscriber are, (with slight exception) the produce of 
 grounds cultivated under his strict personal inspection, and he is therefore enabled to war- 
 rant their proving precisely as represented. 
 
 Having established extensive Steam "Works at Bristol, Pa., for the manufacture of Im- 
 plements and Machinery, he is prepared to furnish every article of a superior quality, and 
 an ample warranty will accompany every Implement made at his works. 
 
 The Warehouse, NO. 18 SOUTH MAIN STREET, ST. LOUIS, is now fully stocked' 
 with all kinds of Seeds and Implements — and the attention of all interested is solicited. 
 
 Descriptive Catalogues furnished gratis. 
 
 DAVID LANDRETH. 
 
 GEORGE BURNET, JR., 
 
 Agent for St. Louis House. 
 
IMPKOVED 
 
 PATENTED, JANUARY 15, 1856. 
 
 T. W. BAXTER & CO. 
 
 PATENTEES & MANUFACTUHERS FOB 
 
 ILLINOIS, IOWA, 
 
 WISCONSIN, MINNESOTA, 
 
 NORTHERN MICHIGAN, KANSAS, &c. &c. 
 
 Corner of JVest *ldatns and Canal Streets^ 
 
 ALSO DEALERS IN 
 
 ntn^ ZU% Mitt STONHSt 
 
 GENUINE DUTCH ANKEE BOLTING CLOTHS, 
 
 CAST IRON PROOF STAFFS, 
 
 MILL SPINDLES, ELEVATING SCREWS, PICKS, 
 
 and Jflill Furnishings Generally, 
 
 For other Territories the following parties may be addressed: 
 
 J. F. MnuniAM &, Co., Sandusky, Ohio, for the States of Ohio, Indiana and Michigan. 
 
 Isaac G. Williams, Galveston, Texas — for Texas. 
 
 Charles W. Bkown, 67 Haverhill Street, Boston, Mass., tor any part not named above. 
 
 No 40 _ _ . .--_ — --- ,^ _ 
 
THE STATE OF IOWA. 
 
 The following table will show the decennial progress of the population since the first census taken by the United 
 States authorities : 
 
 Ci>I(>r*^.I :'.Tsons. Decennial Increase. 
 
 Census. White ,. ^ Tcital , • ^^__^ 
 
 Year. Persons. Free. Slavf. T.ital. Populalion. Numerical. Percent. 
 
 1840 42.924 172 16 ISS 43.112 — — 
 
 1S50 191,879 335 — 335 192,214 .... 149,102* 845.8 
 
 The statistics of the industry and wealth of Iowa, as ascertained by the census of 1850, and in accordance with other 
 public documents referring to the same period, were as follows : 
 
 Occtipied Lmids, etc. — Improved lands, 824,682 acres, and unimproved lands, 1,911,332 acres — valued in cash at 
 $16,657,567 ; number of farms under cultivation, 14,805 ; value of farming implements and machinery, $1,172,869. 
 
 Xii-e-iS'tof^.— Horses, 38,536 ; asses and mules, 754; milch cows, 45,704; working o.xen, 21,892 ; other cattle, 69,025; 
 sheep, 149,960 ; and swine, 323,247— valued in the aggregate at $3,689,275. In 1S40 there were — horses, mules, etc., 
 10,794 ; neat cattle, 38,549 ; sheep, 15,354 ; and swine, 104,899. 
 
 Grain Cwjos.— Wheat, l,.530,58l bushels ; rye, 19,916 bushels; Indian corn, 8,656,799 bushels; oats, 1,524,345 bushels; 
 barley, 25,093 bushels ; and buckwheat, 52,516 bushels. The crops of 1839-40 consisted of wheat, 154,693 bushels ; barley, 
 728 bushels; oats, 216,385 bushels; rye, 3,792 bushels; buckwheat, 6,212 bushels; and Indian corn, 1,406.241 bushels. 
 
 Other Crops. — Itice, 500 pounds ; tobacco, 6,041 pounds ; peas and beans, 4,775 bushels ; potatoes— Irish, 276,120, and 
 sweet, 6,243 bushels ; hay, 89,055 tons ; clover-seed, 342, and other grass seed, 2,096 bushels ; hops, 8,242 pounds ; hemp 
 — dew-rotted, 0, and water-rotted, tons ; fla.x, 62,553 ikhuuIs ; flax-seed, 1.959 bushels ; maple sugar, 78,407 pounds ; 
 molasses, 3,162 gallons; wine, 420 gallons, etc. The value of orchard products was $8,434, and of market-garden 
 products, $8,848. 
 
 Products of An'imals.— Woo], 373,893 (in 1340,23,0-39) pounds; butter, 2,171.188 pounds; and cheese, 209,840 pounds; 
 and the value of animals slaughtered during (he year hail been $821,164. Silk cocoons were produced to the amount 
 of 246 pounds; and beeswax and honey, to that of 321,711 i)oiiiids. 
 J/<jme-made munitfactun's f )r the year ending )st -lune, 1S50, were valued at $221,292 (in 1840, at $25,966). 
 Manufactures. — Aggregate capital invested, $6.''5a,410 ; value of raw material, fuel, etc., consumed, $2,093,844 ; average 
 hands employed, ^males , ami females ; averag? monthly cost of la'.wir — male $ , and female 
 
 $ ; annual value of produrts. $3,393,542. The whole number of maniinicturliiir establishments producing to the value 
 
 of $500 aiul upward, in 1850, was 482 ; and ofthe.se, 1 was a woolen factory, 14 were tanneries, and 3 were for the manu- 
 facture of cast iron. The balance of the manufactures and handicrafts, making up the sum of the establishments, consist 
 of such as minister to the immediate wants of agricultural communities. 
 
 The xvoolen manufacture employed a capital of $10,000; wool consumed, 14,500 pounds; value of all raw material, 
 $•3,500; hands employed, 7; monthly cost of labor, $73; entire annual value of products, $18,000; cloth produced, 
 14,000 yards. 
 
 The tanneries employed a capital of $20,350; value of raw material consumed, $10,745 ; average hands, 28; monthly 
 cost of labor, $543; number of skins tanned, 850, and of sides tanned, 10,680; value of products, $24,520. 
 
 In the manufacture of cast iron, $5,.500 is invested ; pig iron, 31 tons, and coke and charcoal, 200 bushels — valued at 
 $2,524 — consumed ; average hands, 17 ; monthly cost of labor, $550 ; castings made, Tl tons ; value of entire products, $8,500. 
 These summaries of the different national manufactures are relatively small ; but they are a germ which the immense 
 water-power of the country and the spirit of the people will soon foster into interests of magnitude and importance. 
 
 Commerce and Internal Communication. — Iowa has no direct trade with foreign countries, but its trade with the 
 Atlantic and Gulf ports is comparatively extensive, its exports consisting principally of the products of agriculture and 
 the mines, and its imports of the manufactures of Europe and the Eastern States, groceries, wine, etc. The shipping 
 ports are Keokuk, Fort Madison, Burlington, Muscatine City, Davenport, Lyons, BeUevue, Dubuque, etc., at all which 
 places a busy trade is carried on with the interior. The annual value of the commerce of Keokuk, at the mouth of Dea 
 Moines Elver, though a city numbering less than seven years' existence, amounts to between five and six million dollars, 
 and at the other ports the value of the import and export trade is little less in value. Keokuk is the entrep6t and dep6t of 
 the whole valley of the Des Moines — a region in which more than half the population and agricultural wealth of the State 
 is concentrated ; and when the contemplated improvements in the navigation of the river are completed, it must of neces- 
 sity become one of the most important of Western commercial cities. The exports from Dubuque consist chiefly of lead. 
 Keokuk, Davenport, Lyons, and Dubuque will shortly be connected with the interior by railroads, and hence their 
 commerce will be indefinitely enlarged, and the interests of the whole State be developed by the increased facilities these 
 highways will afford to transportation. Most of the railroads will centre at Iowa City, from which point a grand trunk 
 railroad will be carried westward to Council Bluffs, on the Missouri, and thence, in the progress of events, to the Pacific 
 Ocean. None of these roads are completed ; but, perhaps, as a means of developing the wealth of the interior, these lines 
 are of inferior importance to the grand project of opening the channel of the Des Moines to steam navigation, as before 
 alluded to: it will thus become the channel through which the greater part of the commerce of the country will pass, and 
 along its banks will rise up cities and towns, equal in magnitude and wealth, to those on the Illinois or the Hudson — in 
 fact, it will become as important to lovva as those rivers are to the States through which they have their courses. Through 
 Iowa will also pass a link of the great chain of North and South railroads, connecting St. Louis with the extreme settle- 
 ments of Minnesota, etc. That portion of this chain within Missouri is already provided for, and will have the aid of the 
 State to build it, and the same policy in relation to State aid will probably be pursued in Iowa. 
 
 Banking. — The constitution provides that "no corporation with banking privileges shall be created; and all persons 
 or associations shall be prohibited by law from banking or creating paper to circulate as money." There is, however, a 
 bank at Dubuque, called the Miners' Bank. 
 
 i of this State was taken in the latter part of the year 18.*j2 : the population of the counties was as follows: Allamalcee 2,000, Appanoose 
 4,2-13, Benton 1,237, Black Hawk 315, Boone l,0-2-l, Bremer .'J09, Buchanan l.OiZl, Butler 73, Cedar 4,971, Clark 549, Clayton 6,318, Clinton 3,822, 
 Dallas 1,216, Davis 7,5.i3, Decatur 1,184, Delaware 2,61S, Des Moines 12,S2.5, Dubuque 12,-500, Fayette 2,065, Fremont 2,044. Guthrie 300, Henry 
 9,6*), Iowa 1,323, Jackson 8,231, Jasper 1,974, Jeffersoi; 10,22.5, Johnson fi,7S8, Jones 4,201, Keokuk 5,306, Lee 20,360, Linn 6,S90, Louisa 6,470 
 Lucas 1,016, Madison 1,832, Mahaska 7,479. Marion 6,289, Marshall 710, Mills l,4b3, Monroe 3,431, Muscatine 6,812, Page 636, Polk 5,939, Pot 
 towattomee 5,0'i7, Poweshiek 915, Ringgold 250, Kisley 123, Scott 8,628, Story 214, Tama 262, Taylor 479, Union 79, Van Buren 13,763, Wapello 
 8,888, Warren 1,488, Washington 5,881, Wayne 79-1, Winneshiek l,523,Yell 260. 
 
 105 
 
THE STATE OF IOWA. 
 
 Government. — The constitution, the basis of tho present government of Iowa, was adopted 3d August, lSi6. Its prin- 
 cipal provisions are as follows : 
 
 Every white male citizen of the United States, twenty-one years of age, insane and infamous persons excepted, having 
 resided in the State six mouths and in the county in which he claims to vole thirty days, is allowed the right of suffrage. 
 The general election is held biennially on first Monday iu August 
 
 The Legislature is styled the G<-ncral Assembly, and consists of a Senate of 30 members, and a House of Eepresenta- 
 tives of 69 members. The number of representatives is not to exceed 72, and senators not less than a third, nor more 
 than a half of that number. Senators are chosen for lour years, one half every two years, and must be 25 years of age ; 
 and representatives are chosen for two years — both senators and representatives must have been resident in the State at 
 least one year next before the election. Tho governor's veto to any act of the Legislature is nullified by a subsequent 
 two-thirds vote of both houses in favor of the rejected law. No member of either house is eligible to any ofBce created or 
 the emoluments of which have been increased during his term of service. No person holding any lucrative office under 
 tho State or United States, is eligible to a seat in the House of Ilepresentatives. No law shall embrace more than one 
 object, and that shall be expressed in its title. No divorce shall be granted by the Legislature. A census of the State 
 is taken every two years, and after each enumeration members are apportioned among the several counties according to 
 the number of white inhabitants in each. The Legislature meets at Iowa City biennially on the first Monday of De- 
 cember. 
 
 The governor is chosen for four years by a plurality of votes ; he must be at least 30 years of age, and have resided in 
 the State two years next preceding. In case of disability of the governor, his place is occupied by the Secretary of State, 
 and after him by the President of the Senate and Speaker of the House of Kepresentatives. The chief administrative 
 officers arc a Secretary of State, a State Auditor, and a State Treasurer, chosen by the peojile each for two years. 
 
 The Judiciary Qow^Xsii of a Supreme Court, Circuit Courts, and courts of local jurisdiction. The Supreme Court con- 
 sists of a chief and two associate justices, elected by joint vote of the General Assembly for six years, and until their 
 successors are elected and qualified. Any two of the judges form a quorum. The court holds a session each year in each 
 of the five Supreme Court districts into which the State is divided. This court has appellate jurisdiction only in all 
 chancery cases, and corrects errors at law under restrictions provided by the Legislature. The Supreme Court has a re- 
 porter. For tlie purpose of holding District Court.s, the State is divided into six districts. The judges of this court arc 
 elected by the voters of their district for five years, and until their successors are elected and qualified ; a prosecuting 
 attorney and clerk of the District Court are elected each for two years by the voters of each county. Each county also 
 elects a judge of probate, etc. Justices of the peace have jurisdiction in civil cases where the amount in controversy docs 
 not exceed .$100, and by consent of parties when it is below $500. 
 
 Among the special provisions of the constitution are the following: No State debt shall be created exceeding $100,000 
 except in case of war or insurrection, unless authorized by a special law which shall provide for the payment of the in- 
 terest and of the principal within 20 years, which law shall be irrepealable, and before going into effect must be submit- 
 ted to the people at a general election, having been published in at least one newspaper in each judicial district for 
 three months preceding, and be approved by a majority of the voters. Corporations other than for banking purposes 
 may be organized under general laws with certain resolutions. The State shall never become a stockholder in any 
 corporation. 
 
 Finances, PuUio Debt, etc.— On the SOth November, 1S50, the funded debt of the State amounted to $79,442, on which 
 the annual interest was $5,304; to this should be added auditor's warrants unpaid, ,$10,771— total debt, $90,313. The 
 expenditures for the two years ending at the above period amounted to $7.5,410, namely — expenses of legislature, .$7,45S; 
 executive, $11,200; judiciary, $18,979; public buildings at Iowa Citj', $3,200; interest, $11,092; and public printing, 
 $8,02S. The revenue is derived from taxes upon real an<l personal projierty, which, according to the assessors' returns 
 for 1S50, was valued at $22,623,834, being $4,114,567 more than in 1849. The levy for State purposes was 2} mills on the 
 doll.ar — the tax for 1S49 was .$47,296, and for 1850 $56,558. The following are the various objects of taxation in 1S50 — 
 polls, 332,2>9 ; land, 3,752,168 acres— $13,277,483 ; town lots, etc., $3,040,546 ; capital employed in merchandise, $837,237 ; 
 mills, manufactories, distilleries, carding machines, and tan yards, with stock, etc., $432,238 ; liorses over two years old, 
 88,585— $1,400,475; mules and asses over a year old, 305— $15,591 ; neat cattle over two years old, 99,406— $1,106,055; 
 sheep over six months old, 140,599— $155,765 ; hogs six months old, 200,452— $202,897 ; pleasure carriages, 3,922^ 
 $151,904; watches, 3,577 — $4.3,702 ; piano fortes, 55 — $8,1.35; capital, stocks, and profits in any incorporated or unincor- 
 porated company, $13,107 ; boats and vessels, $15,089; all other personal property over $100 — $207,.554; gold and silver 
 coin and bank notes in actual possession, $238,371 ; claims for money or other consideration, $470,858 ; annuities, $981 ; 
 notes, mortgages, etc., $105,956 ; miscellaneous property, $90,^09- total, $22,623,.334. 
 
 Federal Iiepre.sentation. — Iowa, in conformity with the law regulating the apportionment of members to the United 
 States House of Representatives, occupies two seats in that body. 
 
 Jieligions Denominations. — The statistics of the several religious denominations in 1850 were as follows : 
 
 Denomina- No nf 
 
 Church 
 
 Vahie of 
 
 Denomina No o( 
 
 Cliurch 
 
 Vnlueof 
 
 Denomina- No. of 
 
 Cl 
 
 <irrh 
 
 Value of 
 
 tions Churclies, 
 
 accom. 
 
 Prciperty. 
 
 tions. Chon-hes 
 
 accorn. 
 
 Froperty. 
 
 tionB CImrclies 
 
 at 
 
 com. 
 
 I'roperty. 
 
 Baptist 16 .. 
 
 3,497 . 
 
 $19,550 
 
 Jewish — . 
 
 — . 
 
 $- 
 
 Tunker — . 
 
 
 — . 
 
 $- 
 
 Christian 8 . . 
 
 2,125 . 
 
 6,300 
 
 Lutheran 4 . 
 
 . 1,000 . 
 
 6,950 
 
 Union 2 . 
 
 
 450 . 
 
 7,100 
 
 Congregafl. . . 14 . . 
 
 4,725 . 
 
 21,550 
 
 Mennonite . ,. — • . 
 
 — . 
 
 — 
 
 Unitarian — . 
 
 
 — . 
 
 — 
 
 Dutch Kef ... — . . 
 
 — . 
 
 — 
 
 Methodist.... 50 . 
 
 . 12,197 . 
 
 43,450 
 
 Universalist.. 1 . 
 
 
 200 . 
 
 1,600 
 
 Episcopal 4 .. 
 
 670 . 
 
 5,000 
 
 Moravian 2 . 
 
 . 500 . 
 
 2,200 
 
 Minor Sects . . — . 
 
 
 — . 
 
 _ 
 
 Free 
 
 
 
 Presbyterian 24 . 
 K. Catholic... 17 , 
 
 . 6,055 . 
 . 3,990 . 
 
 2S,:350 
 2.S,250 
 
 
 
 
 
 Friends 5 .. 
 
 1,5.50 . 
 
 6,300 
 
 Total.... 148 
 
 3i 
 
 ,759 
 
 $177,400 
 
 German Eef.. 1 .. 
 
 200 . 
 
 SOO 
 
 Swedenbor'g — , 
 
 — . 
 
 — 
 
 
 
 
 
 The total number of churches in the State is 143, in which is provided accommodation for 37,759 persons, and the valoo 
 of church property is $177,400. Iowa constitutes a diocese of the Protestant Episcopal Churcfi, and is included in the 
 Eoman (Catholic diocese of Dubuque. 
 
 Education. — A superintendent of puhlio instruction is chosen by the people for three years. All lands grante<i by 
 Congress to this State, all escheated estates, and such per centagc as may be granted by Congress on the sale of the Pubi^ 
 lie Lands in Iowa, constitute a perpetual fund, the interest of which, and the rents of the unsold lands, are applicable to 
 106 
 
SOMETHING FOR THE MILLION!! 
 
 Eastern Depot, 
 BROADWAY. 
 
 -^ HAIR 
 
 AVestern Depot, 
 MARKET ST. 
 
 is the only Preparation which will in all cases 
 TO ITS 
 
 O DEL X G^ X IN- .ia. Xj OOXjOXt- 
 
 Prevent the Hair from falling off, — produce New Hair upon 
 Bald Heads, and Eradicate all Eruptions upon the Scalp — leaving 
 the Hair and Scalp in a healthy condition. Giving the Hair a 
 fresh and Glossy appearance. As a cleansing and dressing com- 
 pound, it stands unrivalled. 
 
 OPINIONS OF THE PRESS. 
 
 His medicines are imiversally admitted by the American press to be far superior to all others for 
 'causing the hair on the head of the aged, that has been silvered for many years, to grow forth with as 
 much vigor and luxuriance as when blessed with the advantages of youth. There can be no doubt 
 that it is one of the greatest discoveries in the medical world. It restores permanently gray hair to 
 its original color, and makes it assume a beautiful silky texture, which has been very desirable in all 
 ages of the world. — Cincinnati Daily Sun, April 27, 185'1. 
 
 What is it For — This Wood's Hair Restorative? — Is a question asked daily by hundreds. We 
 answer, without hesitation or fear of contradiction, that it is the only article known which will do all 
 it promises for the human hair. It will renew its growth — it will stop its falling — it will restore its 
 natural color ! It is not a Hair Dye, but a speedy and efficacious Restorative. — Baltimore Sun. 
 
 Those who have used Professor Wood's Hair Restorative are sufficiently cognizant of its excellent 
 qualities, but others may not be aware that it is no ordinary article. It was discovered by Professor | 
 Wood, an able chemist and Professor of that Science, while experimenting to find a remedy for the 
 falling out of his own hair. Its wonderful efFectsin his own case and that of some private friends, and 
 their urgent requests, induced him to ofieritto the public. — Baltimore Binpatch. 
 
 We have tried it ourself, and can testify to its utility as a preserver of that beautiful ornament, the 
 Hair. Of its modus operandi we know nothing, and doubt whether any one else does ; but of its effects 
 we do know. We believe it to be an important item to old bachelors and widowers, whose hairless 
 pates are in the way of wedlock. Try it, gentlemen. — Louisville Times. 
 
 We advise those of our friends, in a state of single blessedness, who would win the idol of their 
 hearts, and enjoy that domestic felicity known only to those in married life, to restore the hair on their 
 bald pates, change their gray locks to their original color, make them glossy as silk, by using Prof. 
 Wood's Hair Restorative. It is now the standard remedy for all diseases of the hair and skin. — 
 Louisville Journal. 
 
 It is not a "Hair Dye;" but upon its application, as directed, the effect is produced on the skin, 
 which brings out the original native colored hair, without stiffness, and gives it a glossy and natural 
 appearance. We have seen persons who have used it, and they are much pleased with it. Examine 
 the advertisement. — Missouri Mspuhlican. 
 
 While preparations of this nature were entrusted to quacks, and ignorant manufacturers of perfumes 
 and cosmetics, much and irreparable mischief was inflicted on many a credulous and deluded sufferer. 
 But when scientific men like Professor Wood, bring the lights of physiology and chemistry to bear 
 upon the treatment of such specialties, the result is the complete success which the certificates of 
 thousands of relieved sufferers bear testimony to. See his advertisement. — Detroit Oath, Vindicator. 
 
 ^ Can be had at all Popular Drug Stores throughout the World. 
 
 15 
 
AilEilOAl^ ilEilOAL @iLLEii 
 
 WALMT STREET, between Fourth and Fifth Streets, 
 
 CIJVCIJVJV^TT, OHIO. 
 
 Incorporated in 1854 — Whole Number of Matriculants, 275. 
 
 REV. BENJAMIN FRANKLIN, President. 
 
 CYRUS DAVENPORT, Vice President. 
 
 GEORGE D. FRY, Secretary. 
 
 This College holds two sessions annually. The Winter Session opens on the last Mon- 
 day of October, and continues sixteen weeks. It is preceded by a preliminary course of 
 two weeks. Tiie Spring Term opens on tlie Monday immedi.ately succeeding the close of 
 the Winter Term, and continues fourteen weeks. Ample opportunities for clinical instruc- 
 tion are afforded to the students of this institution at the Commercial Hospital. 
 
 All students are required to engage in dissections at least one session before graduation 
 and to present to the Dean a certificate of the length of time they have devoted to the study 
 of Medicine. The requisites for graduation are a good moral character, three years of 
 Medical study, and two full courses of Medical Lectures, one of which must be in this 
 Institution. 
 
 Graduates of all other respectable Medical Schools are admitted to the Lectures of this 
 upon payment of the Matriculation Fee. Much additional information may thus be ob- 
 tained by gentlemen who have graduated at other institutions. The members of tlie Fac- 
 ulty are liberal and progressive, and will cultivate a spirit of courtesy to those differing 
 from them in the details of medical pi-actice. 
 
 For further information address 
 
 T. J. WRIGHT, M. D., Dean, 
 
 No. 8 George Street, Cincinnati, Ohio. 
 
THE STATE OF IOWA. 
 
 the support of common schools. It is the duty of the Legislature to provide a school in each school district for at least 
 three months in each year ; and all moneys received from exemption from military duty and for fines imposed by the 
 courts, are appropriated to such schools, or for the establishment of school libraries. The moneys arising from the sale 
 or lease of public lands granted for the support of a University remain a perpetual fund to maintain such an institution. 
 The school fund amounts to about .$200,000. 
 
 libraries.— One State library, containing 2,500 volumes ; and 4 public school libraries, containing 160 volumes— total 5 
 libraries, and 2,660 volumes. 
 
 Public Press.— The public press of Iowa consists of 32 periodicals and newspapers, of which 24 are devoted to politics 
 (12 whig and 12 democratic), and S to literature, religion, science, etc. One of these is published tri-weekly, and circu- 
 lates 1,200 copies at each issue ; 28 are weekly issues, with an aggregate circulation of 18,390 copies, and there are issued 
 at other periods— 1 semi-monthly, and 2 monthly, circulating 4,050 copies. The tri-weekly and 3 weekly papers are pub- 
 lished at Burlington, 4 weeklies at Dubuque, 2 weeklies and 1 monthly at Mount Pleasant, 1 weekly at Andrew, 2 at 
 Fairfield, 2 at Iowa City, 2 at Fort Madison, 1 at Keokuk, 1 at Wapello, 1 at Oskaloosa, 2 at Muscatine, 2 at Fort Des 
 Moines, 2 at Davenport, 1 at Keosauqua, 2 at Ottumwa, 1 semi-monthly at Kancsville, and 1 monthly at Tipton. 
 
 Indian Cessiom.—XJnlU. as late as the year 1S32, the whole territory north of the Stat« of Missouri was in undisputed 
 possession of the Indians. By a treaty made in 1S30, the Sacs and Foxes, who were then the principal tribes, had ceded 
 to the United States the best of their lands east of the Mississippi River. Their unwillingness to leave the ceded terri- 
 tory, in compliance with the treaty, led to the " Black Hawk War," which resulted in the total defeat of the Indians at 
 the Battle of the Bad Axe, in Wisconsin, on the 2d of August, 1S32. In the September following, partly as an indemnity 
 for the expenses of the war, and partly to secure the future safety and tranquillity of the invaded frontier, a slip of country 
 on the west of the Mississippi, extending nearly 300 miles north of Missouri, and about 50 miles in width (now commonly 
 called the Mack Ilatck purchase), was ceded to the United States, and in June, 1S33, the settlement of Iowa by the 
 white man was commenced. 
 
 Further purchases were made successively in the years 1836 and 1837 ; and in 1842, by a treaty concluded by Governor 
 Chambers, an immense tract of land, containing some 15,000,000 acres, was purchased of the Sac« and Foxes for the 
 sum of $1,000,000. This tract, known as the " new purchase," now contains some of the finest counties in the State, 
 though a large part of it was occupied by the Indians until October in 1845. 
 
 The Pottowattomies, who inhabited the south-western comer of the State, and the Winnebagoes, who occupied the 
 " neutral ground," a strip of country on the northern borders, have been peaceal)Iy removed within the past few years, and 
 the Indian title thus became extinct in the whole country lying within the established limits of the State of Iowa. — Sargent, 
 
 Historical Sketch. — Iowa was originally a part of the French province of Louisiana, which was purchased by the 
 United States in 1803. The first white settlements were made in 1686, at Dubuque, by Frenchmen, who built a fort at 
 that point and commenced a trade with the Indians, which was the sole dependence of the place for more than a century 
 and a half. It is here that the great lead mines of the State were first discovered, but at a later period. The territory 
 now comprised within the State was a part of the Missouri Territory ft-om 1804 to 1821, but after that was placed suc- 
 cessively under the jurisdiction of Michigan and Wisconsin territories. In June, 1838, it was erected into the separate 
 Territorial Government of Iowa ; under which was also included all that portion of the present Territory of Minnesota 
 west of the Mississippi Eiver, and on the 3d December, 1846, it was admitted into the Union as an independent State. 
 
 Suceession of Governors.— T-ER^iTomAi. Governors: Robert Lucas, 1838; John Chambers, 1841; James Clarke, 
 1846 ; and— Governors under the Constitittion : Ansel Briggs, 1&46 ; Stephen Hempstead, 1850. 
 
 Iowa City, on the left bank of Iowa Eiver, is the political capital of the State ; previous to May, 1839, Burlington, on 
 the Mississippi, was the seat of government. 
 
 107 
 
THE STATE OF KEITTJCKY. 
 
 Kentucky ia separated ftom Ohio, Indiana, and Illinois by the Ohio River, which demarlvs its north boundary ; and 
 from Missouri by the Mississippi Kiver, its western boundary. The east boundary is formed chiefly by Big Sandy Kiver 
 and the Cumberland Mountains, which separate it from Virginia, and on the south the boundary is co-terminus with the 
 north boundary of Tennessee. The State lies generally between tlie latitudes 36° 30' and 39° 12' N., and between the 
 longitudes 82° 02' and 89° 40' W. from Greenwich, or 5° 00' and l'2'^3i' W, from Washington, lis greatest lengtli on the 
 parallel of Cairo, in Illinois, is 36S miles, and its greatest width on the meridian of North Bend, in Ohio, is 16S miles ; but 
 the Irregularity of its outline in some parts narrows its width to 40 miles, as on the east line of Graves County, and its 
 length varies as much as 100 miles from a maximum. The estimated land area of the State is 37,CS0 square miles. 
 
 The face of the country may be generally described as level or moderately uneven. The levels, however, are not lilce a 
 carpet, but are interspersed with small risings and declivities, which make a scene of varying interest. In the south-east 
 the Cumberland Mountains, which form tlie boundary toward Virginia, except fr^pi this character ; but even here no 
 great elevations are attained, yet they give to that portion of the country a rugged and mountainous aspect, and their 
 numerous spurs or otTshoots, projecting quite into the middle of the State, render the surface of tlie whole eastern division 
 somewhat broken and hilly. Farther westward the country becomes undulating, abounding in bold features, although 
 the hills are much less abrupt than in the east, and gradually sink down with more rounded forms an<l gentler acclivi- 
 ties, until merged into the almost level plains of the Cumberland, Tennessee, and Mississippi rivers. Along the Ohio, and 
 extending from 10 to 20 miles in different places from it, are the Ohio Hills, parallel with that beautiful stream. These 
 hills are often high, generally gracefully rounded and conical, with narrow vales and bottoms around their bases, anti give 
 to the country through which they extend a rough appearance ; they are covered with lofty forests, and have often a good 
 Boil on their sides and summits; and the alluvial bottoms between them and the Ohio, and along the streams which fall 
 into tliat river, are of the richest description. 
 
 In the geology of Kentucky the blue limestone occupies a conspicuous place ; it forms the surface rock in a large part 
 of the State, and is used for building purposes. Among the cliffs of the Kentucky Eiver is found an excellent marble, 
 capable of a fine polish. The cliff limestone is the base of the Ohio Falls at Louisville ; the slate or shale is very common, 
 bituminous, and supports combustion, and contains iron pyrites and ores, giving rise to mineral springs. The sand or 
 freestone extends from Danville to Louisville, etc., and is used in the arts, and even for grindstones. The cavernous 
 limestone, as its name imports, gives rise to many eaves, the most famous of which is the Mammoth Cave.* The 
 limestone region, indeed, abounds in caverns, sinks, and subterranean water-courses. Several of the caves are of ex- 
 traordinary dimensions, but tlie one above mentioned is the most spacious and best known. The sinks or sink-holes 
 are cavities or depressions on the surface of the ground, resembling those of Florida, already described, but of infe- 
 rior extent; they are commonly in the shape of inverted cones, 60 or 70 feet in depth, and from 60 to 300 feet in circum- 
 ference at the top. Their sides and bottoms are generally covered with willows and aquatic productions, and tlie ear can 
 often distinguish the sound of waters flowing under them. It is believed that these sinks arc perforations in the bed 
 of limestone below the soil, which have causeil the earth to sink. Sometimes the ground has been opened, and disclosed 
 a subterranean stream of water at the bottom of these cavities. The conglomerate or pudding-stone consists of quartz 
 pebbles, rounded and united with fine sand by a kind of natural cement : it underlies the coal formation. Tlie coal-beds 
 
 * It is situated midway between Louisville and Nashville, and is a fashionable place of resort The cave is approached through a romantic 
 shade. At the entrance is a rush of cold air; a descent of 30 feet, by stone steps, and an advance of IM teet inward, brings the visitor to flie door, 
 in a solid stone wall, wliicli blocks up the entrance of the cave. A narrow passage leads to the great vestibule, or antechamber, an oval hall, 200 
 by ISO feet, and 50 feet high. Two passages, of one hundred feet width, open into it, and the whole is supported without a single column. Tliis 
 chamber was used by the races of yore as a cemetery, judging from the bones of gigantic size which are discovered. A hundred feet above your 
 liead you catch a fitful glimpse of a dark gray ceiling, rolling dimly away like a cloud ; and heavy buttresses, apparently bending under the superin- 
 cumbent weight, project their enormous masses from the shadowy wall The scene is vast, solemn, and awful. In the silence that pervades, you 
 can distinctly hear the throbbings of your heart. In Audubon Avenue. leading from the hall, is a deep well of pure spring water, surnmnded by 
 Btalagmite columns from tl:e floor to the roof The Link But Room, contains a pit 280 feet deep, and is the resort of myriads of bats. The Grand 
 Gallety is a vast tunnel, many miles long a.id 69 feet high, and as wide. At the end of the first quarter of a mile are the Kentucky Cliffs, and the 
 Church, 100 feet in diamater and K! feet high. A natural pulpit and organ loft are not wanting. '• In this temple religious services have frequently 
 been performed " Tlie Gothic Avenue, reached by a flight of stairs, is 40 feet wide, 15 feet high, and 3 miles long. Mummies have been dacovered 
 here, which have been the subject of curious study to science; there are also stalagmites and stalactites, Louisa's Dower and Vulcan's Furnace. 
 On X\ieviMsi^(\.he Register Rooms are inscribed thousands of names. " The Gu(Aic C/mpt/, when illuminated with lamps, inspires the beholder 
 with feelings of solemnity and awe." At the foot of the DeviCs Arm chair is a small basin of sulphur water. Then there is the Breastwork, tl.o 
 Elephant's Head, Lover's Leap, Gatewood's Dining Table, and the Cooling Tub, a basin 6 feet wide and 3 feet deep, of the purest water, Napo. 
 Icon's J)ome, etc. The Ball Room contains an orchestra 15 feet high ; near by is a row of cabins for consumptive patients— the atmosphere being 
 always temperate and pure. The i'^ar CV.nmdtr presents an optical illusion. " In looking up the spectator seems to see the firmament itself, 
 studded with stars, and afar off a comet with a bright tail." The Temple is an immense vault, covering an area of two acres, ami covered by a 
 single dome of solid rock, 120 feet high. It rivals the celebrated vault in the Grotto of Antiparos, which is said to be the largest in the world. In 
 the middle of the dome there is a large mound of rocks rising on one side nearly to the top, very steep, and forming wh.at is called the Mountain. 
 The River Hall descends like the slope of a mountain; the ceiling stretches away before you, vast and grand as the firmament at midnight A 
 short distance on the left is a steep precipice, over which you can look down, by the aid of torches, upon a broad, black sheet of water, 80 feet 
 below, called the Dead Sea. This is an awfolly impressive pl.ace, the sights and sounds of which do not easily pass from memory. The Mammoth 
 Cave is said to be explored to Uie distance of ten miles without reaching its termination, while the aggregate width of all the branches is over 
 forty miles ! Next to Niagara, it is the wonder of nature in the Western World, or, perhaps, throughout all her domains. 
 
 108 ' 
 
OF 
 
 (Located in Cincinnati, Ohio.) 
 
 The regular course of Lectures commences in this Institution on the first Monday of 
 November and closes last of February. 
 
 F^CTJIL.TY: 
 
 JAMES TAYLOR, M. D., D. D. S., Professor of the Institutes of Dental Science. 
 C. B. CHAPMAN, M. D., Professor of Anatomy and Physiology. 
 J. B. SMITH, M. D., Professor of Pathology and Therapeutics. 
 JONATHAN TAFT, D. D. S., Professor of Operative Dentistry. 
 H. R. SMITH, M, D., D. D. S., Professor of Mechanical Dentistry. 
 GEORGE WATT, M. D., D. D. S., Professor of Chemistry and Metallurgy. 
 The Infirmary is kept open during the entire year. Candidates for graduation must have attended 
 two full courses of Lectures, the last in this School. Certificates of four years practice, or one full 
 course in any respectable Dental or Regular Medical College will be received as equivalent to the 
 first course. 
 
 TICKETS FOR THE ENTIRE COURSE, - - $100 00 
 
 MATRICULATION TICKET, 5 00 
 
 DIPLOMA FEE, 25 00 
 
 GEORGE WATT, Dean. 
 
wmmmw 
 
 m 
 
 ^'M 
 
 
 IN EVERY STYLE AND OF EVERY SIZE. 
 
 No. 479 MAIN STREET, Louisville, Kentucky. 
 
 CHARL.es ROOSE5 
 
 DEALER IN 
 
 STATE STREET, Obetween Main Street and the River,) 
 
 mmw ^m^mw^ wmmiAm&m 
 
 (Successor to Flumer & Buslmell,) 
 
 Jf0rkr!tyin0 ma €mmmm '^txc\mi, 
 
 AND DEALER IN 
 
 lEON, NAILS, SPIKES, COEDAGE, 
 
 PAINTS, OILS, «&C, 
 JV, If*. Corner of IV!^Z,Z, and n\lTJEK SITHXIETS, 
 
 JAMES H. SHIELDS. JOHN F. CASEY. 
 
 JAS. H. SHIELDS & CO., 
 
 k IS' 
 
 IBM 
 
 Sole Agents of the Kanawha Salt Company. 
 STATE STREET, (between Main Street and the River,) 
 „ 3 :n:es-%7S7' -A.Xj:Bua.Kr-y, xjstt^. 
 
THE STATE OF KENTUCKY 
 
 of Kentucky are continuous of those of the Illinois and Ohio ; they cover 10,000 or 12,000 square miles, and are very 
 accessible, but hitherto the quantity of coal mined has not been to any great amount— not more than five or six million 
 bushels a year. Iron is equally abundant in the State, and it, too, is comparatively neglected, but from its deposits being 
 mainly on or near navigable streams, it must inevitably become a source of future wealth to the country. An estimate 
 of the quantity embraced has been fixed at 33,000,000 tons. Small quantities of lead are also traced in Kentucky, and 
 silver ore has lately been discovered near the Cumberland Falls. Salt springs abound in the sandstone formation and 
 have become very productive. Saltpetre-earth, or nitrate of lime, gypsum, or plaster of Paris, are found in the eaves. 
 Mineral springs are numerous, embracing sulphur, saline, chalybeaie, etc. The salt springs received the name of " licks" 
 from the early settlers, on account of their being the favorite resorts of the wild animals, which were fond of licking tho 
 efflorescences so abundant around them. The name is also applied to the sulphureted fountains which occur in various 
 places. 
 
 The most productive soil of Kentucky is that of the blue limestone formation ; and in the neighborhood of Lexington 
 and toward the Ohio, the country based on that rock is said to be the garden of the State. The line demarking this 
 region passes from the Ohio round the heads of Licking and Kentucky rivers, Dick's Kiver, and down Great Green 
 Eiver to the Ohio ; and in this great compass of above 100 miles square is found one of the most fertile and extraordinary 
 countries on which the sun has ever shone. The soil is of a loose, deep, and black mold, without sand — on first-rato 
 lands, from two to three feet deep, and exceedingly luxuriant in all its productions. It is well watered by fine springs and 
 streams, and its beautiful climate and the salubrity of the country are unequaled, the winter, even, being seldom so inclement 
 as to render the housing of cattle necessary. In a state of nature, nearly the whole surface of this region was covered with 
 a dense forest of majestic trees, and a close undergrowth of gigantic reeds, forming what in the country are called cane- 
 brakes. In the southern part, however, on the head waters of Green Eiver and its tributaries, is an extensive tract, thinly 
 wooded, and covered in summer with high grass growing amid scattered and stunted oaks : struck with the contrast this re- 
 gion presented to the luxuriant forests of the neighboring districts, the first settlers gave the country the unpromising name 
 of " barrens." As a general thing, the terra is by no means appropriate. There are, indeed, portions of the barrens, 
 which are known as the knobs, that are too sterile and rugged to admit of cultivation ; but the soil is generally productive, 
 although not of the first quality, and is well suited for grazing. There are also tracts in the mountain regions and portions 
 of land on the Ohio Hills too much broken for general agriculture; but as a whole, Kentucky has as great a proportion 
 of the best soils as any other of her sister States, and from the splendor of its climate, has many advantages possessed by 
 few other regions. 
 
 The country in general may be considered as well timbered, producing large trees of many kinds, and to be exceeded 
 by no country in variety. Perhaps among its forest growths none is more valuable to the settler than the sugar-tree, 
 which grows in all parts, and furnishes every family with a plenty of excellent sugar ; and the honey-locust, so curiously 
 surrounded by large thorny spikes, bears long pods in the form of peas, having a sweet flavor, and from which domestic 
 beer is made. The coffee-tree, greatly resembling the black oak, grows large, and also bears a pod in which is inclosed 
 coffee. The pawpaw bears a fine fruit like a cucumber in shape and size, and of a sweet taste. The cane, on which 
 cattle feed and grow fat, in general grows from three to twelve feet high, is of a hard substance, with joints at eight or 
 ten inches distance along the stalk, from which proceed leaves resembling the willow. There are many cane-brakes, so 
 thick and tall that it is difficult to pass through them. Where no cane grows there is an abundance of wild rye, clover, 
 and buffalo-grass covering vast tracts, and affording excellent pasture for cattle ; and the fields are covered with wild 
 herbage not common to other countries. Here is seen the finest crown imperial in the world, the cardinal flower, so 
 much extolled for its scarlet color ; and all the year, except the short winter months, the plains and valleys are adorned 
 with a variety of flowers of the most admirable beauty. Here is also found the tulip-bearing laurel-tree, or magnolia, 
 which is very fragrant, and continues to blossom and seed for several months together. 
 
 Among the agricultural staples of Kentucky, hemp and flax are the most conspicuous. Tobacco is also extensively 
 grown; and the Indian com and wheat of this State are large crops and excellent in quality. The first-named — hemp, 
 flax, and tobacco — are, however, the great staples. The hemp crop of Kentucky is five-eighths of the whole yield of the 
 United States — that of dew-rotted hemp is two-thirds, and that of water-rotted hemp is seven-twelfths of the whole of tho 
 respective descriptions ; four-sevenths of the crop of flux is grown in Kentucky ; and the tobacco crop yields more than 
 a fourth of the aggregate of that production. Its wheat crop is surpassed in quantity by only ten States ; its Indian corn 
 crop is surpassed only by that of Ohio ; only two States ha«e larger crops of oats ; only six produce more wool ; only four a 
 larger abundance of market-garden products ; only seven more butter ; only two more beeswax and honey ; and only one 
 exceeds it in its home-made manufactures. The cash value of its farms makes it fourth in the list of States in point 
 of agricultural wealth, and only three other States possess a greater wealth in live-stock, and one other equals it in the 
 latter respect. And yet, with all this vast amount of wealth and production, not cme-half of its surface was under cultiva- 
 tion in 1S49-50, to which period the above returns refer. 
 
 Nature has been most bountiful to this State in its noble rivers and useful streams. Beside the great peripheral waters, 
 the Ohio, Mississippi, etc., several large and important water-courses traverse the interior, and, with the single exception 
 of the Upper Cumberland, these flow in a uniform direction from south-east to north-west; and while the Ohio is the 
 recipient of all the great rivers of the State, the Mississippi only receives a few inconsiderable streams of trifling use as 
 avenues of commerce. The Sandy, Licking, Kentucky, and Cumberland rise in the same region in the mountains of the 
 south-east The Kentucky is a rapid stream, running, like the other rivers of the State, in a deep channel with a rocky 
 bed and generally perpendicular banks ; it flows through a rich and highly cultivated country, and in high stages of tho 
 water is navigable for steamboats to Frankfort, 60 miles, and for flat boats about 100 miles further. The Licking, which 
 also flows through a rich region of country, enters the Ohio, opposite Cincinnati, and affords boat navigation for about SO 
 miles. Salt River rises in the centre of the State ; it has a great volume of water in proportion to the length ot its course, 
 and is navigable for boats for 100 miles. It receives from the south a large tributary, called the Boiling Fork. Green 
 River, likewise, rises in the centre of the State, and takes a westerly course, until having received the Big Barren Elver 
 from the south, it turns to the north-west ; it has a gentle current, with great depth of water. Steamboats go up to 
 Bowling Green, on the Big Barren, ISO miles, and flat boats ascend nearly to the heads of the river. The Cumberland 
 has its sources and its mouth in Kentucky, but the greater part of its course is in Tennessee. Eising on the western 
 decUvity of the Cumberland Mountains, it passes into the latter, and returning north, enters the Ohio in the former State. 
 Its course is about 600 miles long, and steamboats go up to Nashville, Tenn., 200 miles, and in high stages of water even 
 to Burkesville, in Kentucky. The Tennessee, being separated from the Cumberland by the mountains of that name, has 
 
 109 
 
THE STATE OF KENTUCKY. 
 
 no portion of its head waters in Kentucky, but it enters the- State about 70 miles above its mouth, and admits steamboats to 
 Florence, in Ala., a distance of about 300 miles. The navigation of several of these rivers has been improved by locks, 
 etc., and in some the obstructions are overcome by canals and railroads. 
 
 Kentucky is divided into 100 counties, the general statistics of which and the capitals of each, according to the ofiScial 
 returns referriag to the year 1S50, were as follows: 
 
 Counties. 
 
 Dwell. 
 
 Adair 1,513. 
 
 AUen 1,249. 
 
 Anderson 883. 
 
 Ballard 775. 
 
 Barren 2,667. 
 
 Bath 1,595. 
 
 Boone 1,615 
 
 Bourbon 1,S4S. 
 
 Boyle 927. 
 
 Bracken 1,4.37. 
 
 Breathitt 6'25. 
 
 Breckenridge ..1,452, 
 
 Bullitt 970 
 
 Butler 897. 
 
 CaldweU 1,746. 
 
 Callaway 1,191. 
 
 CampbeU 2,319, 
 
 Carroll 706 . 
 
 Carter 944. 
 
 Casey I,0ii5. 
 
 Christian 1,905. 
 
 Clark 1,364. 
 
 Clay 7s2. 
 
 Clinton 774. 
 
 Crittenden 97S. 
 
 Cumberland.. . . 942. 
 
 Daviess 1,631. 
 
 Edmonson 651 . 
 
 Estill 934. 
 
 Fayette 2,089. 
 
 Fleming 1,983. 
 
 Floyd 862. 
 
 Franklin 1,453. 
 
 Fulton 586. 
 
 Gallatin 747. 
 
 Garrard l,2!-5. 
 
 Grant 1,031. 
 
 Graves 1,694. 
 
 Grayson 1,065. 
 
 Green 1,105. 
 
 Greenup 1,529. 
 
 Hancock 551 . 
 
 Hardin 2,005. 
 
 Harlan 687. 
 
 Harrison 1,753. 
 
 Hart 1,212. 
 
 Henderson 1,337. 
 
 Henry 1,43S. 
 
 Hickman 656. 
 
 Hopkins 1,738. 
 
 Pop. 
 
 Farms 
 in cult. 
 
 . 9,898. 
 
 .1,010. 
 
 .. 8,742. 
 
 . 740. 
 
 . 6,260. 
 
 . 420. 
 
 . 5,496. 
 
 . 483. 
 
 ..20,240. 
 
 .1,813. 
 
 ..12,115. 
 
 .1,018. 
 
 ..11,185 
 
 . 982. 
 
 ..14,406. 
 
 . 734. 
 
 . 9,116. 
 
 . 443. 
 
 . 8,903. 
 
 . 728. 
 
 . 8,785. 
 
 . 433. 
 
 ..10,593. 
 
 . 8S9. 
 
 .. 6,774. 
 
 . 562. 
 
 .. 5,755. 
 
 . 629. 
 
 .13,048. 
 
 . 8S9. 
 
 . 8,096. 
 
 . 933. 
 
 ..13,127. 
 
 . 730. 
 
 . 5,526. 
 
 . 376. 
 
 . 6,241. 
 
 . 654. 
 
 . 6,556. 
 
 . 75S. 
 
 .19,580. 
 
 .1,190. 
 
 .12,683. 
 
 . 792. 
 
 . 5,421. 
 
 . 511. 
 
 . 4,889. 
 
 . 499. 
 
 . 6,351. 
 
 . 662. 
 
 . 7,005. 
 
 . 607. 
 
 .12,353. 
 
 .1,057. 
 
 . 4,088. 
 
 . 507. 
 
 . 5,9S5. 
 
 . 604. 
 
 .22,735. 
 
 . 799. 
 
 .13,914. 
 
 1,211. 
 
 . 5,714. 
 
 365. 
 
 .12,462. 
 
 850.. 
 
 . 4,44 G. 
 
 361.. 
 
 . 5,137. 
 
 414. 
 
 .10,237. 
 
 666. 
 
 . 6,531. 
 
 . 730. 
 
 .11,397. 
 
 1,279.. 
 
 . 6,837. 
 
 824.. 
 
 . 9.060. 
 
 . 791. 
 
 . 9,654. 
 
 453.. 
 
 . 3.853. 
 
 319. 
 
 .14,525. 
 
 1,406. 
 
 . 4,268. 
 
 535.. 
 
 .13,064. 
 
 1,130. 
 
 . 9,093. 
 
 829. 
 
 .12,171. 
 
 1,037.. 
 
 .11,442. 
 
 1,029. 
 
 . 4.791. 
 
 546.. 
 
 .12,441. 
 
 1,354.. 
 
 Kstab. CapiUlls. 
 
 . 19.. Columbia 
 . 7..Scottsville 
 . 37..Lawrenceburg 
 . 7. .Blandville 
 . 33.. Glasgow 
 . 23..0wingsville 
 . 16.. Burlington 
 . 34.. Paris 
 . 53.. Danville 
 . 21..Brookville 
 . 15.. Jackson 
 . 18. .Hardinsburg 
 . 14. .Shepherdsville 
 . 8 . . Morgantowu 
 . 85..Eddyville 
 . 7..Wadesboro' 
 . 12.. Newport 
 . 17..Carrollton 
 . 7.. Grayson 
 . 11 . . Liberty 
 . 77. .Hopkinsville 
 . 17.. Winchester 
 . 11.. Manchester 
 . 3.. Albany 
 . 13.. Marion 
 . IL.Burkesville. 
 . 18. .Owensboro' 
 . 4.. Brownsville 
 . 2.. Irvine 
 .150.. Lexington 
 . 96. .Flemingsburg 
 . 4..Prestonburgh 
 
 . 62..FKANKFOKT 
 
 . 9.. Hickman 
 
 11.. Warsaw 
 
 21 . . Lancaster 
 . 15. .Williamstown 
 . 35..Mayfleld 
 
 14. .Litchfield 
 
 20. .Greensburgh 
 . 20.. Greenup 
 
 15..Hawesville 
 . 50. . Elizabethtown 
 0.. Harlan 
 
 54. .Cynthiana 
 . 12. .Munfordsville 
 . 44.. Henderson 
 
 75. .New Castle 
 . 9 . . Columbus 
 
 10. .Madisonville 
 
 Counties. 
 
 Dwell. 
 
 Jefferson 7,690. 
 
 Jessamine 1,093 . 
 
 Johnson 608. 
 
 Kenton 2,854. 
 
 Knox 1,060. 
 
 Laurel 671 . 
 
 LaEue 845. 
 
 Lawrence 989 . 
 
 Letcher 416. 
 
 Lewis 1,223. 
 
 Lincoln 1,145. 
 
 Livingston 915. 
 
 Logan 1,917. 
 
 M'Cracken 835. 
 
 Madison 1,847. 
 
 Marion 1,428. 
 
 Marshall 865. 
 
 Mason 2,423. 
 
 Mead 947. 
 
 Mercer 1,762. 
 
 Monroe 1,190. 
 
 Montgomery. . .1,103. 
 
 Morgan 1,201. 
 
 Muhlenburgh.. 1,451. 
 
 Nelson 1,613. 
 
 Nicholas 1,497. 
 
 Ohio 1,425. 
 
 Oldham 856. 
 
 Owen 1,623. 
 
 Owsley 588 . 
 
 Pendleton 1,057. 
 
 Perry 471 . 
 
 Pike 905. 
 
 Pulaski 2,263. 
 
 Pvock Castle.... 746. 
 
 Kussell 840. 
 
 Scott 1,566. 
 
 Shelby 1,803. 
 
 Simpson 963. 
 
 Spencer 810. 
 
 Taylor 971. 
 
 Todd 1,316. 
 
 Tr^g 1,281. 
 
 Trimble 865. 
 
 Union 1,140. 
 
 Warren 1,798. 
 
 Washington.. . .1,517. 
 
 Wayne 1,359. 
 
 Whitley 1,214. 
 
 Woodford 1,053. 
 
 Pop. 
 
 .59,831. 
 .10,249. 
 . 3,873. 
 .17,038. 
 . 7,050. 
 . 4,145. 
 . 5,859. 
 . 6,231. 
 . 2,512. 
 . 7,202. 
 .10,093. 
 . 6,578. 
 .16,581. 
 . 6,067. 
 .15,727. 
 .11,765. 
 . 5,269. 
 .18,344. 
 . 7,393. 
 .14,067. 
 . 7,756. 
 . 9,903., 
 . 7,620. 
 . 9,809.. 
 .14,789. 
 .10,-361. 
 . 9,749., 
 . 7,629. 
 .10,444. 
 . 3.774. 
 . 6,774. 
 . 2,192., 
 . 5,365.. 
 .14,195.. 
 . 4,697., 
 . 5,349.. 
 .14.946.. 
 .17,095., 
 . 7,733.. 
 . 6,842.. 
 . 7,250. 
 .12,268. 
 .10,129. 
 . 5,963. 
 . 9,012., 
 .15,123., 
 .12,194., 
 . 8,692. 
 . 7,447.. 
 .12,423.. 
 
 Farms 
 
 inrult. 
 
 . 877. 
 
 . 651. 
 . 504. 
 . 656. 
 . 657. 
 . 284. 
 , 420. 
 . 655. 
 . 843. 
 , 651. 
 . 614. 
 , 485. 
 ,1,130., 
 
 348., 
 1,185.. 
 , 963., 
 
 415., 
 
 8S8., 
 , 489., 
 , 881., 
 
 746.. 
 
 856.. 
 
 615.. 
 
 921.. 
 
 844.. 
 
 711.. 
 1,122.. 
 
 414.. 
 
 917.. 
 
 481.. 
 
 606.. 
 
 396.. 
 
 448.. 
 1,628.. 
 
 441.. 
 
 665.. 
 
 758.. 
 1,202.. 
 
 6S6.. 
 
 578.. 
 
 648.. 
 
 930.. 
 
 843.. 
 
 469.. 
 
 681.. 
 1,145.. 
 
 867.. 
 
 929.. 
 
 930.. 
 
 580.. 
 
 .614.. Louisville 
 . 67. .Nicholasville 
 . 5..Paintsville 
 .109 . . Independence 
 . 6. .Barboursville 
 . 0.. London 
 . 12..LaEueC. H. 
 . 10.. Louisa 
 . . . Whitesburgh 
 . 21..Clarksburgh 
 
 67. .Stanford 
 . 13.. Salem 
 . 40 . . Russellville 
 . 37..Paducah 
 . 39.. Richmond 
 . 47 . . Lebanon 
 . 7.. Benton 
 .211. .Washington 
 . 7. .Brandenburg 
 . 87 . . Harrodsburg 
 . 9. .Tompkinsville 
 , 32 Mount Sterling 
 . 0.. West Liberty 
 . 16. .Greenville 
 . 52. .Bardstown 
 . 33.. Carlisle 
 . 24.. Hartford 
 . 8..Westport 
 . 16..0wenton 
 . 25.. Boone ville 
 . 7.. Falmouth 
 . 0.. Perry 
 
 5..Piketon 
 . 14.. Somerset 
 . 3 . . Mount Vernon 
 , 13.. Jamestown 
 , 59.. Georgetown 
 .1-32.. Shelby villo 
 . 37.. Franklin 
 . 18.. Taylors ville 
 . 22 . . Carapbellsville 
 . 28..EIkton 
 . 37.. Cadiz 
 . 19.. Bed ford 
 . 7..Morganfield 
 . 38.. Bowling Green 
 . 21.. Springfield 
 . 17. .Monticello 
 
 0.. Whitley 
 98.. Versailles. 
 
 The whole number of dwellings in the State was. at the above date, 1,30,709 ; of families, 132,920 ; and of inhabitants, 
 982,405; viz., whiles 701,6S8— males 392,840, and females 368,848; free colored 9.736— males 4,771, females 4.965, and 
 slaves 210,981. Of the whole population there were, deaf and dumb—vih. 485, fr. col. 4, si. 50— total 5-39; hlind—v/h. 
 421, fr. col. 19, si. 90— toUil 530; •ire.san,'- wh. 4SS, fr. col. 3, si. 16— total 507, and idiatic—vih. 749, fr. col. 20, si. SO— total 
 849. The number of free persons born in the United States was 740,881, the number of foreign birth 29,189, and of birth 
 unknown 1,354; the native population originated as follows: Maine, 227; New Hampshire, 225; Vermont, 277; 
 Massachusetts, 665 ; Phode Island, 226 ; Connecticut, 448 ; New York, 2,881 ; New Jersey, 1.249 ; Pennsylvania, 7,491 ; 
 Delaware, 507 ; Maryland, 6,470 ; District of Columbia, 176 ; Virginia, 54,694; North Carolina, 14,279; South Carolina, 
 3,164; Georgia, 892; Florida, 30; Alabama, 792; Mississippi, 657; Lonieiana, 671; Te.xas, 71; Arkansas, 271; Ten- 
 nessee, 23,623; Kentuckij, 601,764; Ohio, 9,9S5 ; Michigan, 59; Indiana, 5,S93; Illinois, 1.649; Missouri, 1,467; Iowa, 
 59; Wisconsin, 11; Territories 3; and i\\<i foreign population was composed of persons from— England, 2,805; Ire- 
 land, 9,466; Scotland, 6S3; Wales, 171; Germany, 13.607; Fr.anco, 1,116; Spain, 21; Portugal, 5; Belgium, 27; Hol- 
 land, 33; Italy, 143; Austria, 12; Switzerland, 279; Russia, 7(i ; Denmark, 7; Norway, 18; Sweden, 20; Prussi.i, 198 ; 
 Sardinia,!; Greece, 1 ; Asia, 3; Africa, 4; British America, 275; Mexico, 42; Central America, 1; South America, 2; 
 West Indies, 41 ; and other countries, 133. 
 110 
 
FAC SIMILE OF CASE EXHIBITED AT THE CRYSTAL PALACE. 
 
 EXHIBITION OP INDUSTEY OF ALL NATIONS, 
 
 CRYSTAI. PAI.ACE, NETV YORK. 
 
 < • « • > 
 
 AWARD OF PKEMIUMS, JAN. 3, 1854. 
 
 < » • » > 
 
 
 ^r-V f'[ l-(5-' 
 
 9 "^ 
 LOUISVILLE, KENTUCKY, 
 
 FOR THE BEST SPEICMENS OF 
 
 FINISHED AND XJNFINISHED, 
 
 SUPERIOR LUSTRE, 
 Fine Workmanship, and displaying great taste in Trimmings. Their 
 competitors, the most eminent Hatters of Paris, London, 
 New York and Philadelphia. 
 
 IQ 
 
ROBERT n. GRESHAM. CHARLES D. GRESHAM. 
 
 R. H. GEESHAM & BRO. 
 
 S. W. Cor. Spring & Chesnut Streets, 
 
 JEFFERSONVILLE, INDIANA. 
 
 WHOLESALE A^D RETAIL DEALERS 
 AND COMMISSION MERCHANTS IN 
 
 Hardware, Cutlery, Mechanics' Tools, 
 
 Nails, Iron, Steel, Guns and Pistols, Cooking Stoves, Parlor Stoves, 
 and Heating Stoves, every variety of pattern, shape and size, for 
 coal or wood. Grates, Castings, Tin Plate, and a general assort- 
 ment of Stock for Tin Plate Workers. 
 
 Jfianufacturcrs of 
 
 WMUn^ OIL STORES 
 
 of all kinds, Arkansas fine Oil Stones, (for Jewelers and other fine 
 work) Scythe Stones, Rubbers for Shoe Makers, Orange Oil Stones, 
 Grind Stones of all Grades and Sizes, from the fuiest for Razors to 
 the common coarse Grind Stones. 
 
 TIN, SHEET !BON ^ COPPER WARE, 
 
 Metal Roofs and other work made to order of the best materials, and at lowest prices. 
 To the above named Ware, Oil Stones, and Grind Stones, (of our own manufacture,) 
 we would invite the special attention of dealers throughout the nation. 
 
 Manny's Reaping Machines, Plows, Thrashing Machines, Horse Powers, Straw Cut- 
 ters, Cultivators, Corn Crushers, Fanning Mills, and a large assortment of Farming 
 Implements and other Goods at Manufacturers' Prices. 
 
 9 
 
 Fancy and Plain, for burning Fluid, Gas, Phosgene, Oil or Lard; also, Lard Oil, 
 Phosgene, Fluid, Gas and Ethereal Oil for burning in Lamps. 
 
 FORCE PUMPS. 
 
 Barker's Patent and other kinds, common iron Pumps, Garden Engines & Chain Pumps. 
 
 Window Glass, Fire Proof Safes, 
 
 Lanterns of all kinds, "Water Coolers, Japanned and Pressed Tin "Ware, Brittania 
 Ware, Plated Ware, and a large variety of other Goods, to which we would respect- 
 fully invite the attention of Merchants, Mechanics, Farmers and all others who want 
 goods in our line. 
 
 No charge for delivering our Goods at the Wharf or Railroad Depot. 
 
 R. H. GRESHAM & BRO 
 
THE STATE OF KENTUCKY. 
 
 The following table will show the decennial progress of the population since the first census of the State taken by the 
 United States authorities : 
 
 ^„„„.. vnite Colored Persons. Decennial Increase. 
 
 I I .... 40,9.36 tons | 
 
 >• 9,992i tons <.... 14,756 " L... «racr. 110,382,640 " "492-17 « 
 
 ) I .... T,T93,123 pounds ) 
 
 year. Persons. Free. Slave. Tolal. Populalion. Numerical. l-er cent 
 
 1790 61,183 114 11,830 11,944 T3,077 — _ 
 
 1800 179,871 741 40,343 41,084 220,955 147,878 ....'.'.' 202.3 
 
 1810 324,237 1,713 80,561 82,274 406,511 185,556 84.0 
 
 1S20 484,644 2,941 126,782 129,673 564,317 157,806 3S.S 
 
 1S80 517,867 4,917 165,213 170,130 687,917 123,600 21.9 
 
 1840 590,253 7,317 182,258 189,575 779,828 919,111 13.3 
 
 1S50 761,688 9,736 210,981 220,717 982,405 202,577 25.9 
 
 The statistics of the wealth, industry, productions, and institutions of the State, according to the census of 1850, and 
 other official returns referring to the same period of time, are as follows : 
 
 Occupied Lands, efc— Improved lands, 11,368,270 acres, and unimproved lands, 10,972,478 acres— valued in cash at 
 $154,330,262 ; whole number of farms under cultivation, 74,777 ; value of farming implements and machinery, .$5,169,037. 
 
 Live Stock.— Horses, 315,682 ; asses and mules, 05,609 ; milch cows, 247,475 ; working oxen, 62,074 ; other cattle 
 442,763 ; sheep, 1,102,121 ; and swine, 2,861,163— valued in the aggregate at .1129,591,887. In 1840 there were in the State 
 395,853 horses, mules, etc. ; 787,098 neat cattle of all kinds ; 1,008,240 sheep ; and 2,310,533 hogs. 
 
 &rain C>ops.— Wheat, 2,140,822 bushels ; rye, 415,073 bushels ; Indian corn, 58,675,591 bushels ; oats, 8,201,311 bushels ; 
 barley, 95,343 bushels; and buckwheat, 16,097 bushels. In 1840 the crops were as follows— wheat, 4,803,152 bushels; 
 barley, 17,491 bushels; oats, 7,155,974 bushels; rye, 1,321,373 bushels; buckwheat, 8,169 bushels; Indian corn, 39,847,120 
 bushels. 
 
 Other Crops.— Rice, 5,688 (in 1840, 16,376) pounds ; tobacco, 55,501,196 pounds ; ginned cotton, 758 bales of 400 pounds ; 
 peas and beans, 202,574 bushels ; potatoes— Irish, 1,492,487 bushels, and sweet, 998,184 bushels ; hay, 113,655 tons ; clover- 
 seed, 8,230, and other grass-seed, 21,451 bushels ; hops, 5,304 pounds ; hemp — dew-rotted, 40,936, and water-rotted, 14,756 
 ton«; flax, 7,793,123 pounds ; flax-seed, 75,579 bushels; maple sugar, 437,345 pounds ; cane-sugar, 234 hogsheads of 1,000 
 pounds ; molasses, 40,047 gallons ; wine, 8,093 gallons, etc. The value of orchard products was $106,160, and of market- 
 garden products, $293,120. The annexed form will exhibit the staple crops of 1840 and 1850 comparatively : 
 
 Staples. 1840. 1850. Movement, 
 
 Tobacco 53,486,909 pounds 55,501,196 pounds incr. 2,064,287 pounds, or 3-86 per cent 
 
 Hemp — dew-rotted ) ( 40,936 tons 
 
 " water-rotted 
 
 Flax 
 
 Eice 16,376 pounds 5,688 " deer. 10,688 " " 65-26 " 
 
 Ginned cotton 691,456 " .... 303,200 " ....deer. 388,256 " " 56-15 " 
 
 Products of Animals.— Woo\, 2,297,403 (in 1840, 1,786,847) pounds ; butter, 9,877,868 pounds ; cheese, 213,784 pounds ; 
 and the value of animals slaughtered during the year had been $6,459,818. Silk cocoons were produced to the amount 
 of 1,301 (in 1840, 737) pounds; and beeswax and honey to that of 1,166,939 pounds. 
 
 ITome-made Mamtfactures for the year ending 1st June, 1850, were produced to the value of $2,456,838. In 1840 the 
 same class of goods were valued at $2,622,462. 
 
 Manufactures.— Aggregaie capital invested, $14,236,964; value of raw material, fuel, etc., used and consumed, 
 $12,458,786 ; average number of hands employed, —males and females average monthly cost of labor 
 
 — male $ and female $ total value of products during the year, $23,278,801. The whole number of man- 
 
 ufacturing establishments producing to the annual value of $500 and upward was 3,471 ; and of these 8 were cotton 
 factories, 25 woolen factories, 275 tanneries, and 45 iron works — 20 for the manufacture of castings, 21 for pig iron, and 4 
 for wrought iron. 
 
 The cotton manufacture employs a capital amounting to $239,000 ; value of all raw material, fuel, etc., consumed, 
 $180,907; average hands employed — males 181, and females 221 ; entire wages per month to — males $2,707, and females 
 $2,070 ; value of entire products during the year, $273,439. The annual quantity of cotton consumed was 3,760 bales, 
 and the products consisted of 1,003,000 yards of sheeting, etc., and 725,000 pounds of yarn. Mineral coal used, 720 tons. 
 
 The icoole^i manufactures employ a capital of $249,820 ; value of raw material consumed, $205,287 ; average hands 
 employed — males 256, and females 62; monthly cost of labor — male $3,919, and female $689 ; value of annual products, 
 $318,819. The quantity of wool consumed was 673,900 pounds, and there were produced in the year 878,034 yards of cloth. 
 
 The capital invested in the tanneries amounts to $763,455 ; the value of raw material used was, in 1849-50, $537,147 ; the 
 average number of hands employed — males 877, and females 2 : at a monthly cost of labor — male $14,417, and female $9; 
 skins tanned, 69,380 ; and sides tanned, 392,400- together valued at $985,267. 
 
 The iron interest is in accordance with the following schedule referring to the year 1849-50 : 
 
 Specifications. Pig Iron. Cast Iron. Wrought Iron. 7'*^tal. 
 
 Capital invested dollars.... 924,700 502,200 176,000 ..,602,900 
 
 Ore used tons 7-2,010 — — 72,010 
 
 Pigironused " — 9,731 2,000..., 11,731 
 
 Bloomsused " — — 1,600 1,600 
 
 Mineral coal used " — 2,649 — 2,649 
 
 Coke and charcoal used bushels . . . 4,576,269 482,750 280,000 6,289,019 
 
 Value of aU raw material, fuel, etc. . dollars .... 260,152 295,533 180,800 736,485 
 
 Hands employed — males number.. 1,845 558 183 2,586 
 
 " " females " .. 10 20 — 30 
 
 Monthly cost of labor— male dollars.... 87,355 13,889 5,867 57,111 
 
 " " female " .... 47 S3 — 130 
 
 Iron produced tons 24,245 5,888 3,070 83,203 
 
 Value of other products dollars 10,000 — — 10,000 
 
 " entire products " .... 604,037 744,316 299,700 1,648,053 
 
 111 
 
THE STATE OF KENTUCKY. 
 
 The Industrial establishments of Kentucky, comprised in the aggregate numtter, as before given, and not specially re- 
 ferred to, consist of the handicrafts usually found in agricultural countries, and several which may be considered peculiar 
 to tliis State, as tobacco factories, rope-walks, bagging factories, etc., in which the great staples of the country are worked 
 up and made ready for the market. 
 
 Foreign Commence. — The internal position of Kentucky almost precludes it from a direct intercourse with foreign 
 countries — its natural port is Kew Orleans, in tlic direction of which all its great rivers point, and from tliat port chietly 
 are its products and staples shipped, although a considerable quantity finds its way to the Atlantic ports via the Illinois 
 Kiver and Canal to Chicago, and thence l)y the great lakes to Dunkirk and BuflTalo, and from those points to New York, 
 etc., by railroad, canal, and river. Its exports in some measure are also sent via the Ohio Kiver and Pittsburg. But if 
 Kentucky does not export its merchandise directly, the official returns for a number of years have noticed direct exports, 
 of which the following are the values— 1S37, $17,7^2 ; 1S3S, $8,932 ; 1S39, $0 ; 1S40, $2,241 ; 1S41, $0; 1842, $17,306; 1S4.3, 
 $8,145 ; 1844, $25,627 ; 1845, $17,469 ; 1846, $32,958 ; 1&47, $26,956 ; 1848, $25,971 ; 1849, $79,738 ; and 1850, $190,987. The 
 shipping owned in the collection district of Louisville in 1850 amounted to 14,820 tons — the whole navigated by steam 
 power, and employed in river navigation. Thirty-four steamboats were built in the State during the year ending 30th 
 June, 1850, and tliesc had an aggregate burden of 6,461 tons. 
 
 JnUrnul Communication. — Kentucky is bountifully supplied with navigable waters, and in all its great rivers import- 
 ant improvements have been made by locks, dams, and canals. The principal of these are the works on the Kentucky, 
 Green, Licking, and Big Sandy Kivers; and the Portland and Louisville Canal, overcoming the falls of the Ohio at 
 Louisville, properly belongs to this Slate. This work, although less than three miles in length, is one of the most important 
 improvements in the West; it is 50 feet wide at the top, and admits the passage of the largest river steamers. The fall 
 between the two points at which it joins the river is 22} feet, which is overcome by four locks. Almost the whole line is 
 excavated out of solid limestone, .<ind was completed in 1833 at a cost of about $1,200,000. The cost of the improvements 
 on the four interior rivers above mentioned amounted to $2,133,580. Kentucky has also an excellent .system of turn- 
 pikes, and recently has commenced to build plank-roads. With regard to railroads, as yet about 130 miles only have 
 been completed ; but there are several vitally important works of this description in a state of forwardness, and which 
 will be completed within the next two years. Of these tlie principal are the Kentucky portion of the Mobile and Ohio 
 E. E., the Nashville and Henderson li. K., the Louisville and Nashville R. II., the Covington and Lexington R. R., the 
 Maysville and Lexington K. li., and several others pointing to the south and south-east, to the Gulf of Mexico and the 
 ports of the Atlantic; and the Maysville and Big Sandy R. R., which will connect with the lines terminating at Rich- 
 mond, Petersburg, and Norfolk in Virginia. Upward of 600 miles of these projected lines are now (January, 1853) in 
 process of construction, and a considerable length of the whole contemplated has been surveyed and partially located. 
 The several railroads named (and others, no doubt, there are), when in full steam, will have a mighty effect on the inter- 
 ests of the State, even as local channels of trade; but when their importance to the North and South, being links in tlic 
 great chains in those directions, is considered, their very existence becomes the lever of all connection between the two 
 divisions of the Union. In this point of view, Kentucky to the West of the mountains, and New Jersey to the East, are 
 on a par, both essential to the building up of a national system of roads to connect the extremes of the country. The 
 influence of these roads, even in the prospective, is well illustrated in the rapid advance in the value of property. In 
 1845 the assessment roll amounted to $228,488,161 ; in 1S50 it amounted to $299,-331,465; and in 1851 it had increased to 
 $317,082,604 ; or in the latter year, whicli w as one of great projects in matters of internal improvement, the increase 
 amounted lo $17,751,139, or about 6 per cent. Such facts as these are lessons applicable to every State and to every indi- 
 vidual who has at heart the advancement of his country in wealth and prosperity. 
 
 Banks, etc. — In January, 1S51, Kentucky had 5 banks and 21 branch banks; the Bank of Kentucky (Louisville), has 
 branches at Bowling Green, Dansville, Frankfort, Greenburg, Ilopkinsville, Lexington, and Maysville; the Farmer^'' 
 Bank of Kentucky (Frankfort) has branches at Covington, Henderson, Maysville, Mount Sterling, Princeton, and Somer- 
 set ; the Northern Bank of Kentucky (Lexington), has branches at Covington, Louisville, Paris, and Richmond ; the South- 
 ern Blink of Kentucky (Russellville), has branches at Hickman, Owensboro, and Smithland ; and the Bank of Louis-ville 
 has branches at Paducah and Flemingsliurgh. There are also other banks at Paducah, Covington, and Newport. At the 
 date above referred to the aggregate statistics of all the banks and branches then existing, were as follows: Liabilities — 
 capital $7,536,927, circulation $7,613,075, deposits $2,32.3,607, and due other banks $1,256,589; and rt.wefc— loans and dis- 
 counts $12,506,305, stocks $694,962, real estate $419,070, other investments $440,127, due by other banks $2,451,155, notes 
 of other banks $550,879, and specie $2,791,351. 
 
 Government, etc. — The present constitution of Kentucky was adopted in convention on the 11th June, 1S50, and was 
 subsequently ratified by the people by a vote of 71,563 in favor to 20,302 against it. The first State constitution was framed 
 in 1790, and a second in 1799. 
 
 Every free white male citizen, 21 years of age, resident in tlie State two years, or in the county, town, or city one year 
 next preceding the election, has the right of suffrage, but he shall have been for 60 days a resident of the precinct in 
 which he offers his vote. The general election is held on the 1st Monday of August. All votes are given viva voc^e. 
 
 The Legislature consists of a Senate and House of Representatives. Senators, thirty-eight in number, are chosen iu 
 single districts, one-half the number biennially, and at the time of election must be citizens of the United States, thirty 
 years of age, and resident in the State six years, and in the district one year next preceding the election; .and representa- 
 tives, one hundred in number, are clioscn from single districts for two years, and must be twenty-four years of age, and 
 resident of the State for two years — the last year of the district. Representation depends on the number of qualified 
 voters. In 1857, and every eight years thereafter, a census is to be taken, and representation aitportioned accordingly. 
 The sessions of the Legislature are biennial, commencing 1st November (odd years). No session is to continue more than 
 sixty days, unless prolongation is agreed upon by two-thirds of all the members elected to both branches of the Legisla- 
 ture. Teachers of religion, and persons holding offices of profit under the State or the United States, are ineligible ; and 
 members during their term, and for a year thereafter, can not be appointed or elected, except by the people, to any civil 
 office of profit in the State created, or the pay attached to which is increased during such term ; nor are collectors of the 
 public moneys eligible, unless six months before the election their accounts are closed and settled. The Legislature can 
 not grant divorces, or change of names, or sales of estates of persons under legal disabilities, nor change the venue in any 
 criminal or penal prosecution by special legislation, but by general laws shall confer such powers upon the courts. 
 
 The governor and lieutenant-governor are chosen quadrennially by a plurality of votes; they must be thirty-five years 
 of age, citizens of the United States, and inhabitants of the State for the six years next preceding the election. The gov- 
 
 119 
 
BENJ. F. AVERY'S 
 
 CORNER OF MAIN AND FIFTEENTH STREETS, 
 
 LOUISVILLE, KENTUCKY. 
 
 < « « » > 
 
 ' I am prepared to make to order all descriptions of light Castings, neatly, and at satisfactory prices. 
 My Foundry is intended for doing light work. I will also make to order, Corn Shellers, Straw Cut- 
 ters, &c. 
 
 I am making, in my factory, the Cast Iron Plow, exclusively. My patterns now number over 
 thirty diflFerent sizes, embracing Right and Left hand and Sub Soil Plows. They have all been made 
 by Thos. Wiard, Esq.; the patentee of the Livingston County Plow, whose skill as a mechanic, and 
 especially as a plow pattern maker, cannot be surpassed. His first eflFort in this direction, caused the 
 wonderful improvement in plows that has been going on in the State of New York for the last fifteen 
 years. In my own plows, "Avery's Louisville," my great object has been, so to shape the mold-boards 
 that they will easily scour and keep bright in the very adhesive and light soils of the West and South. 
 This I have fully accomplished in all my Short Plows, which approach somewhat the forms of the 
 "Rounder" Steel mold plows. They have been widely tested for more than three years, and in all soils 
 have scoured well. This important truth, that the "shape" of the mold-board, "not the cast iron of 
 which it is made" prevents the plow from scouring, has been most triumphantly demonstrated by these 
 plows. I have a great variety of forms, presenting diS"erent angles to the furrow slice, both in eleva- 
 ting and inverting the soil. Many of my latest patterns have the front cutting angles small, which as 
 they extend back, gradually assume the broad, bold angles of my shorter patterns. The plows of 
 this series have thus far given universal satisfaction. They scour well, and perhaps will do so in all 
 soils; whilst they are better adapted to deep, thorough work, than the short plows. I have three 
 sizes of Sub-Soil plows. My largest size, No. 2, has been made with reference to doing deep work. — 
 It is probably higher in the standard or helve, than any Sub-soil from other manufactories. 
 
 As a most substantial evidence of the popularity of my plows', I refer to my regularly increasing 
 sales, especially in those localities where I have been soiling the longest. In Memphis and its vicin- 
 ity, last year, when business generally was paralyzed by greatscarcity of money, I sold about two thou- 
 sand plows. For the last three years my sales have increased annually over one thousand, and this 
 
 season I am prepared to turn out seven thousand. As my foundry is almost exclusively for making 
 plow eastings, I am using such metals as are best adapted to that work. Whilst the castings are very 
 tough and strong, they are yet suflSciently hard to form, on the Points and Edges, a strip as hard as 
 hardened steel, and susceptible of a polish as high. By referring to the subjoined list of retail cash 
 prices of some of my plows, their cost, as compared with the steel plows, may be nearly ascertained. 
 
 One cast iron mold-board plow will last as long as two steel ones ; whilst the yearly cost of running it, 
 will be found to be about one half that of the steel plow. The cast point or share can be put upon the 
 plow, by any plow boy, in ten minutes, which will renew all the cutting front, and give to the mold- 
 board and plow, its shape as at first made. This fact alone is of more value to the planter and farmer, 
 than the entire cost of the best steel plow they can buy. 
 
 I am making large quantities of large, solid bent handles, which I will sell at $10 per hundred. 
 These are madeupon a beautifully simple and eflFective machine, by which oneday laborercanbendattbe 
 rate of 50 per hour, using the escape steam of the engine for softening them. This machine I have 
 recently patented; which, with the right to use it, I will sell to all who may desire to bend plow handles 
 well and satisfactorily. An oak tree that will split into a thousand handles, can be bent by this 
 machine with the loss of scarcely a single handle. 
 
 I would aso state that I have recently obtained letters patent for valuable improvements on my Louis- 
 ville Plow. 
 
 Retail cash prices, at my factory, of some of my plows, including one extra point for each. 
 
 SHOUT PLOWS. 
 
 No. 13 $3 50— Points 15c. each, 
 
 " 8 3 75 " — " ' 
 
 " 7 4 00 
 
 1 15c. each, ) 
 20c. " } 
 25c. " ) 
 
 Single horse. 
 
 ^5 00— Points 30c. each, ) 
 
 5 OU " 30c. each, > Two horse. 
 
 6 00 " 35c. each, ) 
 
 No. 11 $4 OO- 
 
 " 14 4 00 
 
 " ]6 4 50 
 
 '• 18 5 50 
 
 No. 64 
 
 MEDIUM 
 
 -Points 25c. each, f 
 
 25c. 
 30c. 
 
 Single horse. 
 
 " Two horse. 
 
 No. 12... 
 • " 12 B. 
 t " 15... 
 
 ANGLES. 
 
 No. 19 i These three patterns are now bemg made — 
 " 20 >They correspond very nearly to Nos. 14, 16, 
 " 21 )and Id— having the lock or joint instead of 
 being cast solid. 
 
IMPORTERS AND WHOLESALE DEALERS IN 
 
 ^"^MMU^AM 
 
 ?^^^E#S 
 
 OF EVERY DESCRIPTION. 
 
 E¥ 
 
 Tiey have constantly on hand a large stock of nearly every variety of 
 
 ikfm MB fm^i mm 
 
 Required for the Trade of the South and West. 
 
 They Import direct irom the Manufacturers in Europe 
 
 ENGLISH AND SCOTCH GINGHAMS, 
 
 SWISS MUSLINS, 
 IRISH LINEN, TABLE DRAPERY & THREAD. 
 
 Also a Large Variety oi 
 
 m m 
 
 
 wmw 
 
 All of which they will sell as low as the same quality 
 
 of Goods can be procured for in any market in the United States 
 
 —for Cash or approved Notes. 
 
 No. 452 Main Street, 
 
 IjOTJIS"VIIjT.,.EI, 
 
THE STATE OF KENTUCKY. 
 
 ernor is not eligible for two consecutive terms: he enters upon office the fifth Tuesday after the general election, and 
 continues in office until his successor has taken the oath of office. He grants pardons, etc., and may veto a bill, but a 
 majority of all the members elect of both houses negatives his objections, and the bill becomes law. The lieutenant- 
 governor is eayofficio President of the Senate, with the right to debate ami note,, and when there is a tie to throw a 
 casting vote ; and if the office of governor become vacant he, and after him the Speaker of the Senate, shall act as gov- 
 ernor if the vacancy occur after the first two years of the gubernatorial term — if before, the people fill the vacancy. 
 
 The administrative officers of the government are — a Secretary of State, appointed by the governor ; and the people 
 elect a State Treasurer for two years, and an Auditor of Public Accounts, a Kegister of the Land Office, an Attorney- 
 general, and other inferior officers for four years. 
 
 The Jiodieiary consists of a Court of Appeals, Circuit Courts, and County Courts. At Louisville there is a separate 
 Chancery Court. The Court of Appeals has appellate jurisdiction only ; the judges are elected for eight years by the 
 people in districts, one every two years, and the judge having the shortest period to serve is chief justice. The judges 
 must have been eight years practicing lawyers, and must be resident citizens, etc. Any three of the judges may consti 
 tute a court for the transaction of business. Circuit courts are established in each county, and for the election of judges 
 of these courts the State is divided into twelve judicial circuits, each of which elects a judge to serve for six years. There 
 is also a County Court in each county, consisting of a presiding judge and two associates, elected for four years, any two 
 of whom may transact business. There are also in each county two justices of the peace, to hold office for four years. 
 Attorneys for the Commonwealth, clerks of courts, surveyors, coroners, jailers, and assessors are elected in their several 
 circuits, districts, or counties, and their terms of office are the same as that of the presiding judge of the circuits, districts, 
 etc. Each county elects a sheriff for two years, and each justice's district a constable. 
 
 " A commission to revise and arrange the statute law of the State, and another to prepare a code of practice, civil and 
 criminal, shall be appointed by the Assembly at its first session." 
 
 Regarding slavery, the constitution provides that no laws shall be passed for the emancipation of slaves without the 
 consent of their owners, or without paying the owners, prior to emancipation, a full equivalent, and providing for their 
 removal from the State. Owners of slaves may emancipate them, saving the rights of creditors. Immigrants to the State 
 may bring their slaves with them, but slaves are not allowed to be introduced as merchandise, nor under any circum- 
 stances slaves imported into the Union since Januarj' 1st, 17S9. Masters must treat their slaves humanely, or the slaves 
 shall be sold. Slaves shall not have the right of an inquest by the Grand Jury, but shall not be deprived of an impartial 
 trial by a petit jury. Free negroes or mulattoes coming into or refusing to leave the State, are deemed guilty of felony, and 
 may be sent to the Penitentiary. 
 
 To amend the constitution, a majority of the members elect of each house must, within the first twenty days of a 
 regular session, vote to lay the matter before the people, and at the next general election a majority of those entitled to 
 vote for representatives, must vote therefor ; the Assembly, at its next regular session, must pass a vote to lay the matter 
 again before the people, and the majority of all the votes, as before, must be given therefor, and then at its next session, 
 the Assembly shall appoint an election for members to compose the convention, which shall consist of as many members 
 as there may be in the House of Representatives, and no more — such convention to meet within three months after elec- 
 tion for the re-adopting, amending, or changing the constitution. 
 
 The Stat^ militia of Kentucky, according to a return of 1S51, consists of 81,340 men of all arms, of which 4,805 are 
 commissioned officers, and 77,035 non-commissioned officers, musicians, artificers, and privates. Of the commissioned 
 officers 43 are general officers, 145 general staff officers, 1,658 field officers, and 3,459 company officers. According to the 
 constitution, all free white, able-bodied male persons in the State, between 18 and 45 years of age, except such as are by 
 law exempt, compose the militia of the State, and elect their own officers. 
 
 The principal Shite in-ititutions are — the Lunatic Asylum, at Lexington, which, on the 1st January, 1S50, had 366 in- 
 mates ; the Deaf and Dumb Asylum, at Danville, which had at the same date 48 pupils ; and the Institution for the Blind, 
 at Louisville, which had 38 pupils. A second Lunatic Asylum, at Hopkinsville, is nearly completed. 
 
 Finances, Public Debt, etc. — The ordinary receipts nito the treasury for the year ending 10th October, 1851, amounted 
 to $738,245 52, and the ordinary expenditures for the same year to $733,653 40— excess of income (including balance 
 from 1850), $4,592 12. The value of taxable property in 1S51 was $317,082,604— increase since 1850, $17,751,139. The 
 rate of taxation is 17 cents on every $100 worth of property (10 cents for the ordinary expenses, 5 cents for the sinking 
 fund, and 2 cents for the school fund). The objects of taxation are — general : land, 19,845,672 acres, valued at 
 $146,477,116; town lots, 34,357— $35,742,374 ; slaves, 196,188— $68,656,217 ; horses, 332,998— $12,658,510 ; mules, 49,694— 
 $2,264,009 ; jennies, 2,476— $174,953 ; stores, 8,718— $9,362,457 ; surplus cash, bonds, etc., $39,092,992 ; and speeifc : car- 
 riages and barouches, 3,468 — tax $1 each ; buggies, 4,679 — tax 50 cents each ; pianos, 1,833 — tax $1 each ; gold spectacles, 
 1,422 — tax 50 cents each ; gold watches, 0,943 — tax $1 each ; silver lever watches, 3,058 — tax 50 cents each ; studs, jacks, 
 and bulls, 2,357 — taxed $5,636. Total white males over 21 years old who pay a poll tax for count!/ purposes, 157,410. 
 
 The public debt has been chiefly contracted for the purposes of internal improvement. In 1829 so economically had 
 the government been administered, that there was a surplus in the treasury of some $200,000. This was distributed 
 among the counties, and applied to internal improvements ; and stimulated by the resulting benefits and the " new impulse" 
 ■which had seized upon the adjoining states, Kentucky, in 1835, borrowed $1,000,000, to be expended also on turnpike 
 roads, of which the country was then woefully deficient ; other sums were subsequently boiTowed, to be applied in the 
 same way, for turnpikes, for railroads, and for locking, and damming, and creating slackwater navigation in the Kentucky, 
 Green, and Licking rivers. For these purposes, also, a large share of the school fund was appropriated, for which the 
 State now pays interest. The entire debt on the 1st January, 1852, was $5,726,307 80, composed as follows : debt to 
 individuals, $4,247,537 40; to Southern Bank of Kentucky for stock, $150,000; to what is known as the Craddock Fund. 
 $2,000 ; and to Board of Education, $1, 326,770 40. To pay the interest and principal of this debt, the State has a sinking 
 fund, the receipts into which, in 1851, were $531,044 54, and the expenditures were $506,445 06 — excess of receipts, 
 $24,589 48. The sources of income to this fund are— a tax from banks and dividends on stocks in the same, premiums 
 on State bonds, dividends on stocks in turnpike-roads, dividends for slackwater improvements, of 5 cents on $100 worth of 
 property listed for taxation, tax on brokers and insurance companies, excess of ordinary revenue at the end of each 
 fiscal year over $5,000. The interest on the State debt has been punctually paid and some portion of the principal- 
 Kentucky stocks are always held at a large premium in the markets. 
 
 Federal Bepresentatio7i.~Ke:nlncky, in accordance with the ratio of apportionment adopted by the act of 23d May, 
 1850. sends 10 representatives to the national legislature. 
 
 H 113 
 
THE STATE OF KENTUCKY. 
 
 Iklucation.—The school fund in December, 1851, amounted to $1,400,270, consisting of State and bank stock, and 
 besides tliis the 2 per cent, tax, before named, is devoted to school purpopcsi. The common schools are under a superin- 
 tendent of public instruction, elected by the people for four years. According to his exhibit at the above date 99 counties 
 and 5 cities and towns had made reports; the number of children reported as attending tlie district schools was 1S6,111, 
 and the average attendance was lifi-^i. Money distributed to the reporting counties, cities, and towns $111,666 60, the 
 same having been paid from the interest on the permanent fund and 2 per cent. tax. These statistics embrace only the 
 schools connected with the State system ; the number of children in the State between the ages of 5 and 16 years was 
 205,755, many of whom are doubtlessly attending the numerous private schools and academies which exist in every part 
 of the State. The principal collegiate institutions in the State are — Transylvania University, at Lexington, founded 179S 
 — in lS5l) it had 7 professors, 610 alumni, and 40 students, and its library contained 14,000 volumes; St. Joseph's College, 
 at Bardstown, founded 1S29 (Catholic)— in 1850 it had 15 professors, 196 alumni, 155 students, and a library of 5,000 vol- 
 umes; the Center College, at Danville, founded 1820— in 1850 it had T professors, 363 alumni, and 152 students, and 5,500 
 volumes in its library; Augusta College (Methodist), at Augusta, founded 1825— in 1850 it had 4 professors, 60 alumni, 
 51 students, and a library of 2,500 volumes ; Georgetown College (Baptist), at Georgetown, founded 1840 — in 1850 it had 
 
 7 professors, 80 alumni, and 66 students, and a library of 6,.500 volumes; Bacon College, at Harrodsburg, founded 1836 
 
 in 1850 it had 5 professors and 75 students, and its library contained 1,200 volumes ; Western Military Institute, at Dren- 
 non Springs, founded 1847— in 1850 it had 10 professors and 150 students, and a library of 1,000 volumes; and Shelby 
 College, at Shelbyville— in 1850 it had 4 professors and 93 students, and a library of 4,000 volumes ; the Western Baptist 
 Theological Institution, at Covington, was founded in 1840, and in 1S50 had 4 professors and 18 students, and a library 
 , of 2,000 volumes. There is a law school attached to the University at Lexington, and another to that of Louisville — both 
 have 3 professors, and the former had in 1860 75 students and the latter 52 students. Medical schools are also attached 
 to these universities— that attached to Transylvania University was founded 1818, and in 1850 had 7 professors, 214 
 students, and 1,-351 graduates, and that to Louisville University, founded 1837, 7 professors, 376 students, and 53 graduates. 
 The law and medical schools of the University of Louisville are its most flourishing and important dcp.irtments. 
 
 Puhlio Libranes. — One State library, 9,000 volumes ; one social library, 3,500 volumes ; ten college libraries, 37,150 
 volumes; ten students' libraries, 7,190 volumes; three academic and professional libraries, 4,000 volumes; one library of 
 scientific and historical society, 1,500 volumes ; one public school library, 1,100 volumes ; total, 27 libraries, 63,440 volumes 
 
 Penodical Prens. — The whole number of periodicals published in Kentucky in 1S50 was 64, of which 27 were news- 
 papers devoted to whig and 12 devoted to democratic principles, the remainder being devoted to neutral politics, 
 literature, religion, etc. Of the total number, 9 are published daily, and circulate at each issue an aggregate of 28,163 
 copies; 5 tri-weekly (1,3.56 copies); 4 semi-weeklies (4,000 copies): 41 weekly (21,412 copies); 1 semi-monthly (5,000 
 copies); and 7 monthly (5,150 copies). The monthly publications are— the "Methodist Monthly," at Frankfort; tlie 
 " Baptist Keview," the " Ciceronian Magazine," the " Examiner," and the " Medical JoTirnal," at Louisville ; the 
 " Gazette," at Covington, and the " Delphian Oracle," at Georgetown College. The principal daily newspapers are — 
 the "Democrat," " Journal," " Advertiser," " Courier," "Journal of Commerce," published at Louisville. Daily papers 
 also published at Covington, Lexington, and Frankfort. 
 
 Jleligious IJenominationn. — The statistics of the several religious denominations in 1850 were as follows : 
 
 Denoniina- No. ol Church 
 tiorie. Churches, accom. 
 
 Jewish 1 .. COO .. 
 
 Lutheran... 5 .. 2,850 .. 
 
 Methodist.. 522 .. 167,860 .. 
 
 Tresbyter'n. 222 . . ' 99,006 . . 
 
 K. Catholic. 48 .. 24,240 .. 
 
 Making a total of 1,818 churches, having accommodation for 672,033 persons, and church property valued in cash at 
 $2,259,998 ; or 1 church, accommodating 370 persons, to every 540 inhabitai;ts, and valued as property at $1,243. Ken- 
 tucky is a diocese of the Protestant Episcopal Church, and also constitutes the Roman Catholic diocese of Louisville. 
 
 Pauperism and Crime. — The whole number of paupers who received support within the year ending 1st June, 1S50, 
 ■was 1,126, of which number 971 were native born, and 155 foreigners ; and the whole number on the pauper list at that 
 date was 777, of which 690 were natives and 87 foreigners. Cost of support for the year, $57,543. The whole number 
 of convicts in the Penitentiary, on the 1st Dec, 1S50, was 159-16 more than at the same period of the year 1849. 
 
 Historical Sketch.— U was not until the middle of the eighteenth century that the white man's foot-print was traced 
 in Kentucky. The region was one great hunting-ground and battle-field for the savages of the North and South. Among 
 the earliest American explorers were Bobne and Knox, and these, after incredible perils, returned to Virginia and Caro- 
 lina, spreading everywhere the fame of the backwoods. Then came Bullitt, llarrod, and Henderson. The foundation 
 of Boonesboro' was laid by Daniel himself, who had brought to the banks of the Kentucky the first white women — his 
 wife and daughter. Kenton, Calloway, and Logan arrived next. Kentucky was now made a county of Virginia, and in 
 1777 the first court was held at Harrodsburg. 
 
 A review of the political history of Kentucky presents but few prominent landmarks. The war of the Revolution 
 closed, bnt left the Kentuckian in constant danger of Indian outrage. The citizens assembled at Danville, which became 
 afterward famous for conventions west of the mountains, and soon came to the conclusion that the government at Kich- 
 mond was too far distant to be relied upon for the means of defending the scanty settlements from the savage. Two 
 other conventions at Danville recommended a peaceable and con.stitutional separation from Virginia. The third con- 
 vention sent a petition to Richmond, and in 17SG an act was passed complying with the desires of Kentucky ; but from 
 several causes the separation was not completed, chiefly from a disinclination of the people to bind themselves to the old 
 confederation, and for some time after this period the Kentuckian sought to obtain an independent nationality. A fourth 
 convention at Danville only served to inflame more and more the minds of the people against the Central Government, 
 and a report having become current that Mr. Jay had ceded the navigation of the Mississippi River to Spain, the utmost 
 ill-feelmg was the consequence. A flfth convention met, and on petition, a delegate to Congress was allowed by Vir- 
 ginia ; but the Constitution having been adopted, Congress turned over to the new government all action upon the claims 
 of Kentucky. The whole State was again in ferment at this delay, and at this early period the refusal of Congress was 
 attributed by able minds to the jealousy of New England of any increase of Southern power, and this jealousy was 
 expected to continue under the new government. 
 
 Denomina- 
 
 No. of 
 
 Church 
 
 Value of 
 
 tions. C 
 
 lurches. 
 
 acconi. 
 
 Property. 
 
 Baptist 
 
 789 . 
 
 290,460 . 
 
 . $571,655 
 
 Christian.. 
 
 112 . 
 
 48,040 . 
 
 . 165,725 
 
 Congregal'l 
 
 — .. 
 
 — 
 
 — 
 
 Episcopal.. 
 
 17 .. 
 
 7,050 . 
 
 . 112,1.50 
 
 Free 
 
 32 .. 
 
 8,777 . 
 
 . 13,000 
 
 V«lue of 
 
 Denomina- No- of 
 
 Church 
 
 Value ot 
 
 Property. 
 
 tjons. Churches. 
 
 accom. 
 
 Property. 
 
 $13,000 
 
 Tunker .... 1 . . 
 
 200 . 
 
 $200 
 
 21,300 
 
 Union 81 . . 
 
 11,600 . . 
 
 18,000 
 
 462,955 
 
 Unitarian.. 1 . . 
 
 700 . 
 
 15,000 
 
 492,303 
 
 Universalist 6 . . 
 
 2,000 . 
 
 10,650 
 
 336,910 
 
 Minor Sects 31 . . 
 
 8,650 . 
 
 27,150 
 
Four Story JSt€ilding J\*o, 510, J\*orth Side JflaiH <St., 
 
 Between Third and Fourth Streets, 
 
 LOUISVILLE, KY. 
 
 WHOLESALE DEALERS IN 
 
 
 nm 
 
 
 Piiikiii @las5, irujgi^fe' §te2 Pan; 
 
 MANUFACTURED 
 
 SURGICAL INSTRUMENTS, FINE LIQUORS, TEAS, &G. &C. 
 
 Including all Articles 
 usually kept by "Wholesale Drug Houses in tlie "West and South. 
 
 We offer to the Trade a heavy stock of all Goods in our line, 
 purchased for Cash, from Importers and Manufacturers, on the 
 most favorable terms. "We solicit an examination oi our Stock 
 and prices, with the assurance, that we are determined to offer to 
 Cash dealers, or to prompt and responsible men on the usual cred- 
 it, such inducements, as will make it their interest to entrust us 
 with their orders. Orders by letter shall have the same attention 
 as if given in person. 
 
 HS^^All kinds ot Country Produce taken in Exchange for 
 Goods or in payment of debt. 
 
 17 
 
THE STATE OP KENTUCKY. 
 
 Taking advantage of this state of things in the West, Spain proposed clandestinely through her minister peculiar com- 
 mercial favors and facilities to Kentucky if she would erect herself into an independent government. These propositions 
 had the effect of disturbing the pul>lic mind, and the risk of a severance p-om the Union was imminent. But a sixth and 
 seventh convention were held at Danville ; and though party politics ran high in the debates, constitutional measures at 
 length prevailed, and an address to Congress was moved and voted. Two more conventions were subsequently held, and 
 the question was determined by Kentucky becoming a separate territory in 1790, and its admission into the Union on 
 the 1st June, 1T92. 
 
 Indian wars continued frequent on the frontiers, and complaints of the inefficiency of the federal powers were again 
 heard. The whisky tax also became oppressive, and the American policy toward the French Kepublic was denounced 
 in every cabin. Enthusiasm was at its height, and the agents of the mad minister Genet were received in triumph 
 throughout the West. It was even proposed to raise troops in Kentucky to make a descent on New Orleans. Democratic 
 clubs were extending everywhere, and even the governor did not scruple to write to the Secretary of State, " I shall feel 
 but little inclination in restraining or preventing my fellow-citizens, etc., to gratify or remove the fears of a minister of a 
 prince who openly withholds from us an invaluable right, and who secretly instigates against us a savage and cruel 
 enemy." The old idea of independence was again mooted, but the storm passed over. 
 
 In the ten or twelve years which succeeded, and which included tlie period of negotiation for the navigation of the 
 Mississippi, and then for the purchase of Louisiana, Kentucky was again destined to be agitated to her very centre. The 
 treaty of 1795 with Spain gave to the United States the right of deposit at New Orleans, and the freedom of the river. 
 Pending the negotiations, the Governor of Louisiana had approached some leading Kentuckians, with the view of a 
 different treaty, but action on these premises was stayed by federal interference, and the faithlessness of the Spaniard was 
 soon made evident. Seven years now passed in comparative quiet and prosperity, when the whole nation was excited by 
 the intelligence that the Spaniards had violated the treaty by a denial of the right secured by the treaty of 1795, and it 
 became known that even Louisiana itself had been retroceded to France. 
 
 The purchase of Louisiana by the United States would forever have composed the turbulent elements of the West but 
 for the appearance there, at that period, of a man whose genius was of the most profound character, whose popularity 
 had been wide, but whose career and ambition had been prematurely areested. Aaron Burr was prepared for any great 
 and desperate enterprise, and the West seemed to promise the widest field for his abilities. What the designs of Burr 
 really were, has never, perhaps, been fully divulged. The probability is, they have been exaggerated ; nor can any 
 faith be placed in Eaton's story about the assassination of the President, the corruption of the navy, and the violent over- 
 throw of Congress. Thirty years after this, when on his deathbed. Burr solemnly denied these treasonable designs. The 
 policy, if not the ambition or virtue, of Burr was opposed to such a course. The material that he could rely on was en- 
 tirely in the West ; and within the bounds of a not very clearly ascertained national policy or duty at that period, an army 
 of adventurers might be found to precipitate themselves upon the Spanish colonies of the South-west, and entirely revo- 
 lutionize them. The success of the citizen Genet, a few years before, evinced this, but now the times were even riper, as 
 the Spanish troops, in the first heart-burnings of Spain after the cession to Bonaparte, had been ordered to our frontier, 
 and an American army, under Gen. Wilkinson, was ready to check their advance. War with Spain was daily expected. 
 
 This Southern empire, or republic, which loomed up so magnificently in the mind of Burr, was not intended to dispossess 
 Spain only ; a part — it is diCBcult to say how much— of the territory lately purchased by our own government, was to be 
 included, certainly New Orleans. The result of these transactions, however, belong to general history, and hence, in this 
 connection, may be passed over in silence. Suffice it to say, that Burr was tried for treason, but though acquitted, 
 the stain of the imputation cast on his patriotism has never been effaced ; and to our own times, and in every school, his 
 treascm and its consequences are held before the youth of our land as a warning to their ambition. The lesson thus 
 taught, however, seems to have little effect, else the extension of the area of freedom would still be more limited than it 
 is found to be ; in fact, the dream of Burr has become a real existence ; and what he coveted — Louisiana, Texas, New 
 Mexico, and California — are parts and parcels of the Union. Burr's great fault, then, appears to be, that he was in ad- 
 vance of the times in which he lived. 
 
 Kentucky took an active part in the war of 1S12. When the United States proclaimed against Great Britain, the war 
 was hailed with acclamation, and supported with zeal by the inhabitants. When the news of the surrender of General 
 Hull reached the State, it excited no feelings but those of a warmer enthusiasm in the cause. The whole quota of the 
 State, consisting of upward of 5,000 men, was composed of volunteers, and was called into active service. In addition 
 to these a force of mounted volunteers was raised, and at one time upward of 7,000 Kentuckians are said to have been 
 in the field. So universal was the desire to share in the dangers and glories of the war, that the executive authority was 
 obliged to interpose, to limit the numbers. During this period the chair of the State government was filled by Isaac 
 Shelby, a hero of the Revolutionary War, who, at an advanced age, manifested the same enterprise and bravery that had 
 gained him an honorable distinction in the battle of King's Mountain. At the battle of Frenchtown, and the barbarous 
 massacre that followed it, many of the best citizens of Kentucky were destroyed ; and the impetuous, but ill-regulated, 
 courage of her militia at the unfortimate attempt to relieve Fort Meigs, proved fatal to a largo body of her troops. 
 
 Since the termination of this war by the treaty of 1815, the history of Kentucky is undisturbed by any stirring events. 
 Its progress has been rapid, and the development of the country in agriculture and other national industries has occupied 
 the minds of the people in preference to warfare and strife. True, the war with Mexico was engaged in by many of its 
 best citizens, but the scene of action was too far distant to affect the fortunes of the State. This happy termination of the 
 feuds and fights of the first periods of its history, has resulted in Kentucky becoming one of the wealthiest and most 
 prosperous States of the Union, and in many respects she stands conspicuous as an example of wisdom and patriotism 
 for the instruction of future political communities. 
 
 Succession of Governors.— l&aa.Q. Shelby, 1792 ; James Garrard, 1796 ; Christopher Greenup, 1804 ; Charles Scott, 1308 ; 
 Isaac Shelby, 1812 ; George Madison, 1816 ; Gabriel Seaughter (acting), 1816 ; John Adair, 1820 ; Joseph Desha, 1824 ; 
 Thomas Metcalfe, 1828 ; John Breathitt, 1832 ; James T. Morehead (acting), 18-34 ; James Clark, 1836 ; C. A. Wickliffe 
 (actmg), 1839; PvObert P. Letcher, 1840; William Owsley, 1844; John J. Crittenden, 1848; John L. Helm (acting), 1849; 
 Lazarus W. PoweU, 1851. 
 FjiANKFOET, on the Kentucky Eiver, is the political capital of the State, 
 
 115 
 
THE STATE OE L0UI8IAIA. 
 
 LoTTisiANA occupies all the territory of the purchase of 1803 below the 33d parallel, and that portion of Spanish Florida 
 west of Pearl Klver, and below the 81st parallel, Its front stretching along the Gulf of Mexico for nearly 300 miles. It lies 
 generally between the latitudes 29° and 33° N., and between longitudes 88° 40' and 94° 23' W. ; and is bounded north 
 by Arkansas and Mississippi ; east by Mississippi, from which it is divided by the river of the same name, and Pearl Eiver ; 
 south by the Gulf of Mexico; and west by Texas, the Sabine Eiver being its boundary in this direction more than two- 
 thirds the distance. The area of the land surface of the State is computed at 46,431 square miles. 
 
 The surface of Louisiana is low and generally level, with some hilly ranges of little elevation in the western part, and 
 uumerous basins or depressions of the soil. The great delta of the Mississippi, included within the Atchafalaya and the 
 Iberville, and amounting to one-fourth part the area of the State, is seldom elevated more than ten feet above the sea, and 
 is annually inundated by the spring floods. A great part of the delta is composed of sea marsh, which also forms the 
 whole southern coast to the Sabine, and which, through its whole extent, is subject to inundations by the high tides. To 
 the north of this marsh, spreads out the vast level of the prairies, which is but slightly elevated above the former district 
 The western margin of the Mississippi is also a low country, intersected by numerous small rivers, and liable to inunda- 
 tion. To the west and north of these is an extensive region comprising one-half of the State, considerably broken, but no- 
 where exceeding 200 feet in elevation. The section north of the Iberville and Lake Pontchartrain and east of the Missia- 
 sippi is of a similar description with the north-western region, and, like that, is principally covered with pine. 
 
 The State presents but a limited geological field. It is divided into the leading grades or divisions of tertiary, diluvial, 
 and alluvial. The tertiary, occupying about two-flfths of the State, lies north of a waving line, commencing on the Sabino 
 near the mouth of the Neches, crossing Ked Eiver 20 miles north of Alexandria, and the Washita 10 miles north of Harris- 
 burg. Its beds contain coal (aluminous brown coal), salt, iron, ochre, gypsum, and marls. The coal is inferior to that 
 of Pittsburg, and could not compete with it in the market, but is worth developing for use in those portions of the State 
 where the better coal would not bear the expense of transportation. It abounds in Sabine, Natchitoches, Caddo, and De 
 Soto, and all the parishes thence east to the Washita. Salt springs are common in Natchitoches and Eapides, and have 
 been wrought in earlier times. A saline bed, it is thought, underlies the tertiary series generally. Iron is found in great 
 quantities in all the tertiary parishes, and is well worth the attention of those who would develop the State's resources. 
 Ochre, gypsum, and marls, too, are found — the first in the native form, and the others co-extensive with the tertiary beds. 
 The gypsum is very fine, equal to any known to commerce, and the marls very rich in the regions where they will be most 
 needed. 
 
 About onc-flfth of the whole surface is periodically overflowed by the waters of the Mississippi, and a great portion of 
 these inundated lands is rendered unfit for cultivation in its present state. This immense alluvial tract embraces soil of 
 various descriptions, which may be arranged into four classes — the first, which is thought to be equal to two-thirds of the 
 whole, w covered with heavy timber, and an almost impenetrable undergrowth of cane and other shrubbery. This portion 
 is quickly drainctl as the river retires into its natural channels, and has a soil of the greatest fertility. The second class 
 coa^ists of cypress swamps : these are basins or depressions of the surface, from which there is no natural outlet, and 
 which, being flUed with water by the floods, remain covered with it until carried off by evaporation or absorption ; these, 
 by draining, might become excellent rice lands. The third class embraces the sea marsh, a belt of land partially covered 
 by common tides, and subject to inundation from the high waters of the Gulf during the equinoctial gales ; it is generally 
 without timber, and ita soil is partially clayey, and, in part, as black as ink, cracking by the heat of the sun into fissures 
 wide enough to admit a man's arm. And the fourth class consists of small bodies of prairie land dispersed in different 
 parts of the alluvial territory. These spots are elevated and without timber, but of great fertility. The pine lands have 
 usually a poor soil, but the interval lands on the rivers, or bottoms, as they are universally called in the West, are always 
 rich. On the Eed Eiver the soil contains a portion of salt, and is of a dark-red color, from its containing the oxide of iron. 
 A great portion of the prairies is second-rate land, and some of them are sterile. The richest tract in the State is a nar- 
 row belt, called the coast, lying along the Mississippi on both sides, and extending from 150 miles above to 140 miles below 
 New Orleans ; it is from 1 to 2 miles wide, and lies below the level of the water in the river in ordinary times of flood, and 
 is only defended from drowning by a dyke or lev6e 6 or 8 feet in height, and sutBciently broad for a highway. The whole 
 of this tract is under cultivation, and produces valuable crops of sugar. 
 
 The prairies, or unwooded plains, occupy the interior section between the Teche and Sabine ; the water-courses are here 
 lined with trees, and occasionally little groves or clumps, called, from their isolated appearance in these grassy expanses, 
 " islands," are met with. Northward of the prairies is an extensive tract, before alluded to as the tertiary region, reaching 
 to the northern boundary, and approaching the Washita on the east, the surface of which is much broken into hills, though 
 of moderate height. It consists mostly of pine barrens covered with a vast forest of pitch pine, interspersed with oaks, 
 elms, cypress, honey-locust, etc., in low spots and on the margins of the streams. The tract east of the Mississippi and 
 north of the Iberville and the connected lakes, closely resembles that last described in its surface and finest growths. It is, 
 in fact, a part of the same upland plain whoso margin on the western side is separated from the river-bed by the low, inun- 
 dated lands, but on the east comes up to the channel of the river, in many phices forming those prominent bluBs on which 
 stand Baton Eouge, St. Francisville, Fort Adams, Natchez, and Vicksburg. 
 
 The Mississippi, after having formed the boundary of the State for about 450 miles, enters its limits 350 miles from the 
 sea, by the course of the river channel. Throughout this distance of 800 milea, its western bank is low, and flooded in 
 116 
 
DAVID WEIGHT. 
 
 JAMES BRIDGEFORD. 
 
 WRIGHT & BEIDGEFORD, 
 
 (Successors to D. & J. "Wright & Co.) 
 
 OXJIS^rilL.IL.E! 
 
 'Ill 
 
 i^ 
 
 % 
 
 ft ifij }]i I 
 
 COPPER, ra AND SHEET IROI MANUFACTORY. 
 
 DEALERS IN" 
 
 Tin Plate, Block-Tin, Copper, Zinc, Wire, &c. 
 TINNERS' TOOLS AND MACHINES, 
 
 n^l^ST SMn£ SIXTH STREET, 
 
 Between Main and Water, 
 
 LOUISVILLE, KY. 
 
©. F« HALL, 
 
 m 
 
 mwz mmnn 
 
 No. 14 W. Front Street, 
 
 CIJVCIJ\V\\1TT, O. 
 
 MARK A. HUNT. 
 
 BEN. E. HOPKINS. 
 
 HUNT & HOPKINS, 
 
 MANUFACTURERS, 
 WHOLESALE & RETAIL DEALERS IN 
 
 lAUIES' CRESS rUttS. 
 
 139 Jflain Street^ W^est Side, below Foisrlli, 
 
 No.42 
 
 #^^S^ra^g|^ 
 
 CQ ii^gk-^lbci- q^a Sole ?)Tqr)i!fqcfnUl', (2) 
 
 187 WALNUT STEEET, CINCINNATI, OHIO. 
 ENGRAVERS AND AGENTS FURNISHED WHOLESALE AND RETAIL. 
 
THE STATE OF LOUISIANA. 
 
 high stages of the water. At the point where it enters the State, it throws off its first outlet, the Atchafalaya, and her' 
 may be said to commence the delta of the river. The Atchafalaya, here called the Chafalio, receives the waters of the 
 Mississippi only in flood, and the navigation is obstructed by collections of timber, often covered with mud and weeds 
 which choke up its channel. The Teche and Courtableau are its principal tributaries. The Bayou Plaquemine, the next 
 considerable outlet of the Mississippi, discharges the waters of ihat river into the Atchafalaya during the floods, and is the 
 channel of trade between the country on the Atchafalaya and New Orleans. Lower down is the La Fourche outlet, which 
 has high banks along its upper course, and admits vessels of 4 or 5 feet draft nearly to its head. On the left bank the 
 Bayou Manchac, a little below Baton Rouge, or the last highland passed in descending the Mississippi, is the first and princi- 
 pal outlet ; after receiving the Eiver Amite from Mississippi, it takes the name of Iberville Eiver. It may here be remarked 
 that the term '■ bayou," applied to arms of rivers in Louisiana, is generally confined to those that have no proper current, 
 but are sometimes stagnant, and flow sometimes in one direction, and sometimes in another, according to the high or low 
 stage of Ihe waters — it appears to be a corruption of boyau, used in the sense of the corresponding English sea-term " gut." 
 The Red River is the most important and, indeed, with the exception of two or three magnificent streams on the eastern 
 side above Baton Rouge, the only tributary of the Mississippi within this State ; for the surrounding country being lower 
 than the river banks, its waters can not gain access to the bed. The Red River rises in the Rocky Mountains, and flowing 
 eastwardly along the north border of Texas, and into Arkansas, turns to the south, and passes into Louisiana. Soon after 
 entering this State, its bed is choked up by an immense accumulation of fallen timber, called the " Raft," and the water 
 is dispersed into numerous channels, and spread over wide expanses. The Raft extended formerly over a distance of 100 
 miles, but its length has been materially diminished, and, in fact, its complete removal is considered certain. Below 
 Nachitoches the river divides into several arms, which again unite above Alexandria, and its waters reach the Mississippi 
 just above the first outlet, after a course of 2,000 miles, of which 1,500 miles is open to steam na\igation. The Black 
 River, its princi()al tributary, is formed by the junction of the Tensas, Washita, Catahoula or Little River, all considerable 
 streams, and navigable by steamboats; but most of the country along their courses is overflowed. The Bayou du Bon 
 Dieu is also a large ana navigable river, which enters it above the Black. There are numerous lakes in this section of 
 the State, formed chiefly by (he overflowings of the rivers, which fill the low basins back of their banks. In the south are 
 the Vermillion, Mermenteau, and Calcasieu, which, rising in a tract of pine hills to the south of the Red River, and flowing 
 through the great pastoral jihiins of the west, reach the low marshy strip to the Mexican Gulf, and spread into shallow 
 lagoons. The Sabine, which partakes of the character of the last described rivers, is, however, a considerable stream, 
 rising farther to the north in Texas, and is a navigable river beyond the Louisiana boundary, but its mouth is obstructed 
 by a bar. From the north-eastern pine region, the Pearl, Tangipaod, Chefuncta, and Iberville, large navigable rivers, flow 
 into the lakes and passes which separate that region from the fluviatile district. The Iberville, formed by the junction of 
 the Amite from the north, and the Manchac from the west, enters the head of Lake Maurepas, which is from 10 to 12 feet 
 deep, and connected with Lake Pontchartrain by the Pass Manchac. Lake Pontchartrain is about 40 miles long, and 24 
 miles wide, with an average depth of 10 fathoms, but is shallow near the shores. Vessels drawing S feet of water can, 
 liowever, go up to Madisonville and to the mouth of Bayou St. John, in the rear of New Orleans; and not more than that 
 draft can be carried through the passes or channels called the Eigolets and Chef Menteur, through which it communi- 
 cates with Lake Borgne. This last is, properly speaking, no lake, but the termination of Pascagoula Sound ; it approaches 
 to within 15 miles of New Orleans, and boats can go up the bayoux that empty into it to within a short distance of the city. 
 It is of about the same average depth with Lake Pontchartrain, but somewhat deeper along the shores. 
 
 Louisiana is remarkably destitute of good harbors. Vessels drawing 8 feet of water can go up to Madisonville on Lake 
 Pontchartrain, but the other inlets on the coast are shallow. There is, however, a good roadstead on the west side of 
 Chandeleur Islands, called the Road of Naso, in which the heavy vessels of the English fleet lay during the expedition 
 against New Orleans. Numerous sheets of water, improperly called lakes, lie along the coast. Of Lake Borgne mention 
 has already been made. Barataria, Vermillion, C6te Blanche, Atchafalaya, and Simballier Bays, are shallow tide basins. 
 In the interior, lakes L'Allemands and Chetimaehes are large bodies of waters. 
 
 The agricultural staples of Louisiana, in common with the whole zone bordering on the Gulf of Mexico, are cotton and 
 sugar; rice, maize, or Indian corn, and tobacco, are also cultivated, but have been neglected for the flrst named articles; 
 and indigo, which was formerly a staple, has been abandoned. The prairie lands of the west afford valuable pastures ; 
 and here are found large herds of cattle and horses. In the north-western part of the State, between the Mississippi and 
 Pearl Rivers, much lumber is cut for exportation, and much tar, pitch, and turpentine is prepared. The cotton plant is 
 cultivated chiefly on the Red River and in the north-eastern parts of the State ; but there is no parish iu which it is not 
 produced in a greater or less quantity. Sugar is planted as far north as the head of the delta, and it has been raised with 
 success in the parish of Rapides. It was formerly asserted that it would not thrive farther north than the 30th parallel. 
 Those interested in the productions of the south and south-west will find elaborate essays on each staple cultivated la 
 those regions in De Bow's work, " The Indristrial Resource% etc., of the Southern and Western States," published in 
 1852, in .3 volumes, a work which every statesman and commercial man ought to place within his immediate reach, and 
 frequently consult. It is a perfect encyclopedia of national economics. 
 
 Louisiana is divided into two Districts ; the Eastern District has 21 parishes, and the "Western District 26 parishes 
 the general statistics of which, and the capitals of each in 1850, were as follows : 
 
 EASTERN LOUISIANA. 
 
 Ma 
 
 Parishes. Dwell. Pop. ^''l"[l vgtl^k'' Capitals. 
 
 Ascension 755. 10,752.. 157.. 0.. Donaldson ville 
 
 Assumption 926.. 10,538.. 520.. 0.. Assumption 
 
 E.Baton Rouge. 1,044.. 11,977. .287. . 0.. Baton Rouge 
 East Feliciana.. 712.. 13,.59S. .361.. 49.. .Jackson 
 
 Iberville 6.3S.. 12,214.. 219.. 10.. Iberville 
 
 Jefferson 3,825.. 25,091.. SI.. 54.. La Fayette 
 
 La Fourche 938.. 9,533. 2-35.. 4. .Thibodeauville 
 
 Livingston 480.. 8.-3S5..219.. 36.. Springfield 
 
 Orleans 15,621 . .119,461. . 51 . .521. .New Orleans 
 
 Plaquemines 615.. 7,390.. 205.. .. Fort Jackson 
 
 Point Coupee... 760.. 11,.339..24S.. 0.. Point Coupee 
 
 cult. Estab. 
 
 St. Bernard 283 . . 3,802 . . 34 . . . . Terre Aux Boeufs 
 
 St. Charles 191.. 5,120.. 70.. 3.. St. Charles C. H. 
 
 St. Helena 390.. 4,561. .273.. 9 . . Greensburg 
 
 St. James .591 . .11,098. .145. . 6. .Bringiers 
 
 St. John Baptist . . 530 . . 7,317 . . 162 . . 14 . . Bonnet Carre 
 
 St Tammany.... 786.. 6,364.. 90.. 33. .Covington 
 
 Terre Bonne 550.. 7,724.. 224.. 4..Houma 
 
 Washington 406 . . 3,408 . . 260 . . . . Franklinton 
 
 W. Baton Rouge. 392.. 6.270. .138.. 10. .Baton Rouge CH. 
 
 W. Feliciana 599. .13,245. .234. .147. .St Francisville. 
 
 IIT 
 
THE STATE OF LOUISIANA. 
 
 Parishes. Dwell. 
 
 Avoyelles 792.. 
 
 Bienville 571.. 
 
 Bossier 478.. 
 
 Caddo 742.. 
 
 Calcasieu 648.. 
 
 CaldweU 300.. 
 
 CarroU 582.. 
 
 Catahoula .... 655 . . 
 
 Claiborne 842.. 
 
 Concordia ... 219.. 
 
 DeSoto 685.. 
 
 Franklin 346.. 
 
 Jackaon 622.. 
 
 Pop. 
 
 .9,826. 
 .5,539. 
 .6,962. 
 .8,884. 
 .3,914. 
 .2,815. 
 .8,789. 
 .6,982. 
 .7,471. 
 .7,758. 
 .8,019. 
 .3,251. 
 .5,566., 
 
 Farmn. 
 in iMilt. 
 
 ..893., 
 ..271., 
 ..833., 
 ..305. 
 ..239., 
 ..185., 
 ..238.. 
 ..358., 
 ..554.. 
 ..148.. 
 ..427.. 
 ..283.. 
 ..290.. 
 
 WESTEKN 
 
 Mnnuf. „ 
 Ksl.b. <^''P"=^'- 
 
 . 5 Marksville 
 
 . 2 Mount Lebanon 
 
 . Belleview 
 
 . O....Shrevcport 
 
 . Marion 
 
 . 1.... Columbia 
 
 .10 L. Providence 
 
 . 3 Harrisonburg 
 
 . 8 Homer 
 
 ..Vidalia 
 
 ..Mansfield 
 
 . . "Winnsborough 
 
 ..Vernon 
 
 0. 
 
 0. 
 
 Parishes. Dwells. 
 
 La Fayette. .. . 630.. 
 
 Madison 448.. 
 
 Morehause. . . . 872.. 
 Nachitoches . .1,4.32 . . 
 
 Eapides 1,032.. 
 
 Sabine 632.. 
 
 St Landry.... 2,421.. 
 St. Martin's... 940.. 
 
 St. Mary's 746.. 
 
 Tensas 244.. 
 
 Union 942.. 
 
 Vermillion.... 406.. 
 "Wachita 442., 
 
 Pop. 
 
 . 6,720. 
 . 8,773. 
 . 3,913. 
 .14,201. 
 .16,561. 
 . 4,515. 
 .22,253. 
 .11,107. 
 . 8,808. 
 . 9,040. 
 . 8,203. 
 . 8,409. 
 . 5,008. 
 
 Farms, 
 in rult. 
 
 ,..441.. 
 ,..218.. 
 ,..260.. 
 ...842.. 
 ...187.. 
 ...522.. 
 ...775.. 
 ...420.. 
 ...198.. 
 ...165.. 
 ...717.. 
 ...193.. 
 ...242.. 
 
 E«,lb. Capital.. 
 
 . . . . Vermillionvillo 
 .24.. .Richmond 
 . 4.. .Bastrop 
 . 9.. .Nachitoches 
 .11.. .Alexandria 
 . 5... Manny 
 .18.. .Opelousas 
 . 0. . .St. Martinsville 
 . 0... Franklin 
 . 6.. .St Joseph's 
 . 1.. . Farmers vQlo 
 . 0... La Fayette 
 . 4. . .Monroe 
 
 The whole number of dwellings in the State was, at the above date, 49,101 ; of families 54,112, and of inhabitants 
 511,974, viz. : whites 255,416— males 141,059, and females 114,357 ; free col. 17,537— males 7,598, and females 9,9.39, and 
 slaves 239,021 Of the whole population, there were deaf and dumb—yih. 89, fr. col. 5, si. 34— total 128 ; blind— ^\\. 67, fr. 
 col. 25, si. 126— total 218; i7M««e— wh. 150, fr. col. 15, si. 43— total 203; and idiotic— fih. 104, fr. col. 13, si. 86— toUl 173. 
 The number of free persons born in the United States was 205,921 ; the number of foreign birth 66,413, and of birth un- 
 known 620. The native population originated as follows : Maine 816, N. Ilamp. 247, Verm. 283, Mass. 1,620, R. L 239, 
 Conn. 469, N. York 5,510, N. Jer. 498, Penn. 2,493, Del. 117, Ind. 1,440, Dist of Col. 156, Virg. 3,216, N. Car. 2,923, 8. 
 Car. 45S3, Ga. 5,917, Flor. 372, Ala. 7,346, Miss. 10,913, Louisiajia 145,474, Tex. 864, Ark. 803, Tenn. 8,-352, Ky. 2,968, 
 Ohio, 1,473, Mich. 68, Ind. 414, 111. 401, Mo. 909, la. 28, Wise. 7, Calif. 1, Territories 1 ; and the foreign population was 
 composed of persons from— England 8,550, Ireland 24,266, Scotland 1,196, Wales 48, Germany 17,507, France 11,552, 
 Spain 1,417, Portugal 157, Belgium 115, Holland 112, Turkey 4S, Italy 915, Austria 156, Switzerland 723, Russia 65, 
 Denraar k288, Norway 64, Sweden 249, Prussia 380, Sardinia 9, Greece 23, China 33, Asia 17, Africa 90, Brit America 499, 
 Mexico 405, Cent. America 3, 8. America 15, West Indies 1,337, Sandwich Islands 1, and other countries 1,173. 
 
 The following table will show the decennial progress of the population since the first census of the State taken by the 
 United States authorities : 
 
 Colored Persons. Decennial Increase. 
 
 White , ' , Total , ' ^ 
 
 J'ersons. Free. Slave. Total. Population. Numerical. Per cent. 
 
 Census 
 
 Tears. 
 
 1810.. 
 
 1820.. 
 
 1830.. 
 
 1840.. 
 
 1850.. 
 
 . 84,311 7,585 84,660 42,245 76,556 — — 
 
 , 73,383 10,960 69,064 170,024 153,407 76,851 100.4 
 
 . 89,231 16,710 109,538 126,298 215,529 62,122 40.5 
 
 .153,457 25,502 168,452 193,954 852,411 186,882 63.5 
 
 .255,416 17,537 289,021 256,558 511,974 159,563 45.2 
 
 The statistical returns of the industry and wealth of Louisiana, as furnished by the seventh census of the United States, 
 taken in 1850, and other official documents refering to the same period, are as follows : 
 
 Occupied Laiuh, etc. — Improved lands, 1,590,025 acres, and unimproved lands, 3,939,018 acres — valued in cash at 
 $75,814,398 ; number of farms under cultivation, 13,422 — in western division, 9,209. and in eastern division, 4,213. Value 
 of farming implements and machinery, $11,570,938. 
 
 Livestock.— UoTscs, 89,514 ; asses and mules, 44,849 ; milch cows, 105,576 ; working oxen, 54,968 ; other cattle, 414.798 ; 
 sheep, 110,3.33 ; swine, 597,301. The returns under tiiis head in 1840 sum up thus — horses, mules, etc., 99,888 ; neat cattle 
 of all descriptions, 331,248; sheep, 98,072; and swine, 323,220. 
 
 Grain Crops. — Wheat, 417 bushels; rye, 475 bushels; Indian com, 10,220,373 bushels; oats, 89,637 bushels; barley, 
 bushels ; and buckwheat, 8 bushels. The crops of 1839-40 were— wheat, 60 bushels ; barley, bushels ; oats, 107,353 
 bushels ; rye, 1,812 bushels ; buckwheat, bushels ; Indian corn, 5,952,912 bushels. 
 
 OtJier Staple Crops.— Vdce, 4,425,349 (in 1340, 3,604,534) pounds; tobacco, 26,878 (in 1840,119,824) pounds; ginned 
 cotton, 178,787 bales of 400 pounds each, or 71,494,800 (in 1340, 152,555,308) pounds ; sugar — maple, 255 pounds, and caae, 
 226,001 (in 1840, 119,947}) hogsheads of 1,000 pounds; and molasses, 10,981,177 gallons. 
 
 Miscellaneoiis Crops. — Peas and beans, 161,732 bushels; potatoes — Irish, 95,632, and sweet, 1,428,453 bushels; hay, 
 25,752 tons ; clover-seed, 2 bushels, and other grass-seeds, 97 bushels ; hops, 125 pounds ; hemp — dew-rotted, tons, and 
 water-rotted, tons; flax, pounds; flax-seed, bushels; wine, 15 gallons, etc. The value of orchard products for 
 the year was, $22,859, and of market-garden products, $148,329. 
 
 Products of Animals.— yioo\, 109,897 (in 1840, 49,283) pounds; butter, 683,069 pounds; cheese, 1,957 pounds; and 
 value of animals slaughtered during the year had been $1,453,990. Silk cocoons were produced to the amount of 29 (in 
 1840, 317) pounds; and beeswax and honey, to that of 96,701 pounds. 
 
 ll(yme-mad« manufactures for the year ending 1st June, 1850, were produced to the value of $139,232. 
 
 The comparison of the principal crops in 1840 and 1350 results as follows: 
 
 Staples. 18-10. 
 
 Indian Com 5,952,912 bushels 
 
 Rice 8,604,534 pounds 
 
 Tobacco 119,824 " 
 
 Ginned Cotton 1!52,555,.368 " 
 
 Cane Sugar 11 9,947,720 " 
 
 Movement. 
 
 4,273,461 bushels, or 71-79 per cent.' 
 
 820,815 pounds, or 22-78 " 
 
 92,946 " or 77-57 " 
 
 81,060,568 " or 53 14 « 
 
 " or 88-42 « 
 
 10,226,873 bushels .... incr. 
 
 4,425,349 pounds incr. 
 
 26,873 " deer. 
 
 71,494,300 « .... deer. 
 226,001,000 " .... incr. 106,053,280 
 
 It is thus apparent that all the great crops, except that of cotton, have materially increased ; but the falling off iu the 
 cotton crop is mo.e apjiarent than real, the greater part of it having been destroyed by the extraordinary and destructive 
 floods, which swept o^er whole plantations in the fall of 1349, to which year the census returns of 1850 refer. It is a well- 
 known fact, however, that the culture of sugar in Louisiana is employing the labor formerly devoted to cotton, and this 
 change of crops is annually progressing. 
 118 
 
]e -(Sl o o D^ " s 
 
 trraittilt dalUgi^s, 
 
 "N. W. Corner Sixth and Walnut Streets, Cincinnati, Ohio. 
 
 Corner of Pinekney and Miilin Streets, Madison, Wisconsin. 
 
 The best Schools for obtaining a Practical Knowledge of BOOK KEEPING, &c., the Instructors being PRAC- 
 TICAL ACCOUNTANTS, 
 
 The Course of Instruction given in these Institutions is Thorough and Comprehensive, consisting of BOOK- 
 KEEPING BY DOUBLE ENTRY ; embracing every department of Trade and Mercantile Accounts, viz:— 
 Wholesale, Retail, Commission, Exchange, Banking, Railroad, Steamboat, Individual, Partnership, Joint 
 Stock, and <^ompound Companv Business. 
 
 COMMERCIAL CALCULATIONS, comprising calculations in Per Centage, Exchange, Arbitration of Ex- 
 change, Equation of Payments, Averaging, Custom House Transactions, &c., ^c, according to the most approved 
 methods. 
 
 PENMANSHIP. — A good business hand-writing is guaranteed to every one who completes a full course of 
 instruction. 
 
 COMM ERCI AL CORRESPONDENCE, embracing the general particulars of letter writing as connected with 
 the different branches of Trade, including the forms of Invoices, Account Currents, Orders, Drafts, Promissory 
 Notes, Bills of Exchange, &c. 
 
 LECTURES— On Commercial Law, Science of Accounts, Customs of Merchants, Laws of Trade, §-0., by emi- 
 nent Lecturers and Business Men. 
 
 Young men desiring to acquire a thorough Commercial Education, will find it greatly to their advantage to 
 attend one of these scliools. 
 
 TERMS — For a full course of instruction, $40. For further particulars please 
 call on or address the undersigned, 
 
 R. S. BACON, Principal. 
 
 18 
 
. The unvarying dryness of this.article -^\^^J^^ZV^llT^!fsl iVe"n\Tt1et;X'cTo's^7Th?s ^^ 
 iously suffere'd by the dampness mseparable^ ^^^.^^^^ ^^,,1^^, are matenaUy uijured 
 
 (TtreTea'wTs?en'el:-7in^Sa^^ ^^^- ^^^^ ^^^"^^"^ *° ^f!; ^ " 
 
 HALL, DODDS & CO., 
 
 Jflanufacmrers, 49 €olmnMa ,§t., mtrJ 27 Mm Street. 
 
 To Bankers and others wishing to obtain an article affording per- 
 fect security against the depredations of Burghars, &c. 
 
 combination of Iron and hardened ^ «« ' '^^ *; ^^^ f^^^^ifc Insuranco & Trust Co., ( il^oro & Broth- 
 skillful mechanics to open ^t- ^ « -"^'^ ^^ t'o ^ and several other Banking Houses in the City, who 
 erton, Commercial Bank, lugaisue <v vjj „ :,, ^ n r 
 
 have them in use. =, t^aNK LOCK Manufacturers in the United States. Counting 
 
 nZ::-:^ SrD.:r»a -c'rarscSuo" '"a.l wokk „.a. «t .h. .h.,i.s. ...0. „d ... 
 
 best possible style. „ „ 
 
 ^mt ^mm m mi m% mm to mm^i 
 
 Also, BaRk Vaalt Qoofs atti.Fromo^ 
 
THE STATE OF LOUISIANA. 
 
 MantifacUires.—Pi^gtegaiet capital invested, $5,304,924; value of raw material, fuel, etc., consumed $2,4S5 073- 
 
 average number of hands employed, — males, and females, average monthly cost of labor 
 
 male $ and female $ total value of products for the year ending 1st June, 1850, $7,043,814. The whole 
 
 number of manufacturing establishments in the State producing to the value of $500 and upward annually, at the above 
 date was 1,021 — in western district 121, and in eastern district 900 ; and of these, 8 were manufactiu-ing castings of iron 
 and there were 15 tanneries, the remainder consisting of mills, and other establishments usual in a Southern agricultural 
 State. 
 
 The iron manufacture employed a capital of $255,000 ; pig iron consumed, 1,660 tons ; mineral coal consumed, 8,205 
 toEs ; value of all raw material used, $75,300 ; hands employed, 347 ; average monthly wages, $85 60 ; castings made, 1,570 
 tons ; value of entire products, $312,500. 
 
 The tanneries employed a capital of $33,800 ; value of raw material used, $26,440 ; average number of hands employed, 
 54 — males 51, and females, 3 ; monthly cost of labor— male, $930, and female, $22 ; number of skins tanned, 2,850, and of 
 Bides, 21,000 ; value of skins and hides when tanned, $55,025. 
 
 The distribution of the manufactures is very unequal, and many of the parishes are entirely without them : of the 900 
 establishments in the eastern district, 521 are in Orleans parish, 147 in West Feliciana, 54 in Jefferson, 49 in East 
 reliciana, 36 in Livingston, 33 in St. Tammany, 14 in St. John Baptist, 10 each in West Baton Eouge and Iberville, 9 in 
 St. Helena, 6 in St. James, 4 each in La Fourche and Terre Bonne, and 3 in St. Charles— Ascension, Assumption, East 
 Baton Kouge, Plaquemines, Point Coupee, St. Bernard, and Washington, returning no manufactures ; and of the 121 in 
 the western district 24 are in Madison, 18 in St. Laundry, 11 in Rapides, 10 in Carroll, 9 each in De Soto and 
 N.ochitoches, 6 each in Tensas and Jackson, 5 each in Avoyelles and Sabine, 4 each in Morehause and Wachita, 3 each 
 in Catahoula and Claiborne, 2 in Bienville, and one each in Caldwell and Union — Bossier Caddo, Calcasieu, Concordia, 
 Franklin, Lafayette, St. Martin, St. Mary, and Vermillion returning none. 
 
 Comm«rc<?.— In the aggregate of exports and imports, Louisiana is second only to New York, but in the amount of its 
 imports both Massachusetts and Pennsylvania exceed it. The total value of its exports to foreign countries in the year 
 ending 30th Juno, 1850, was $38,105,350, of which $37,698,277 was the value of domestic produce exported, and $407,073 
 the value of re-exported foreign produce. The value of domestic produce carried in American bottoms was $20,927,751, 
 and in foreign bottoms $16,770,526 ; and the value of foreign re-exports carried in American bottoms, was $328,930, and 
 in foreign bottoms $78,143. The total value of imports was $10,760,499, of which the value brought iu American bottoms 
 was $8,107,929, and in foreign bottoms $2,652,570. The shipping employed in this trade was as follows : 
 
 BnrpprNG esteeed. 
 
 Nationality, Number. Tons. Men. 
 
 American 524 175,969 6,620 
 
 Foreign 874 174,884 6,442 
 
 Total. 
 
 .898. 
 
 .350,853 13,062 
 
 SmPPING CLEARED. 
 Nationality. Number. Toug. Meu. 
 
 American 493 211,800 7,575 
 
 Foreign 850 158,137 5,780 
 
 Total. 
 
 .843 869,937 ,13,355 
 
 The whole of this commerce and navigation belongs to the district of which New Orleans is the port of entry, except 
 two American ships of 904 tons and 14 men, which are entered in the district of Teche. 
 
 The aggregate of the shipping OTNTied in Louisiana amounted at the date specified to 250,090 tons, of which the whole, 
 except 1,381 tons enrolled and licensed shipping owned in the district of Teche, belonged to the district of New Orleans. 
 Of the aggregate, 83,068 tons were registered, 160,632 tons were enrolled and licensed, and 5,789 tons were licensed (under 
 20 tons.) Of the registered shipping, 6,889 tons, and of the two latter classes 144,724 tons were navigated by steam ; and 
 during the year 24 vessels, viz., 1 ship, 16 schooners, 3 sloops, and 4 steamers, of an aggregate burden of 1,592 tons, 
 were built in the State. 
 
 The statistics of the foreign trade of the Stato for a series of years, exhibit the following movement : 
 
 Tears. Exports. 
 
 1804 $1,600,362 
 
 1805 8,371,545 
 
 1806 8,887,323 
 
 1807 4,.320,555 
 
 1808 1,261,101 
 
 1809 541,924 
 
 1810 1,890,953 
 
 1811 2,650,050 
 
 1812 1,060,471 
 
 1813 1,045,158 
 
 1814 887,191 
 
 1815 5,102,610 
 
 1816 5,602,948 
 
 1817 9,024,812 
 
 1818 12,924,309 
 
 1819 9,768,753 
 
 Imports. 
 
 Years. Exports. 
 
 1820 $7,596,157 
 
 1821 7,272,172 
 
 1822 7,978,645 
 
 1823 7,779,072 
 
 1824 7,928,820 
 
 1825 12,582,924 
 
 1826 10,284,380 
 
 1827 11,723,997 
 
 1828 11,947,400 
 
 1829 12,386,060 
 
 1830 15,483,692 
 
 1831 16,761,989 
 
 1832 16,580,930 
 
 1833 18,941,373 
 
 1834 23,759,607 . 
 
 1835 36,270,823 , 
 
 Imports. 
 
 8,379,717 
 3,817,238 
 4,288,125 
 4,539,769 
 4,290,034 
 4,167,521 
 4,531,645 
 6,217,831 
 6,857,209 
 7,599,083 
 9,766,693 
 8,871,653 
 9,590,505 
 13,781,809 
 17,519,814 
 
 Years. Exports, 
 
 18-36 87,179,828 
 
 1837 35,838,697 
 
 1S38 81,502,248 
 
 1839 38,184,167 
 
 1840 84,236,936 
 
 1841 34,387,483 
 
 1842 28,404,149 
 
 1848 27,390,424 
 
 1844 30,498,807 
 
 1845 27,157,465 
 
 1846 81,275,704 
 
 1847 47,051,633 
 
 1848 40,971,361 
 
 1849 37,611,667 
 
 1S50 38,105,350 
 
 Imports. 
 ..$15,117,649 
 ... 14,020,012 
 , . . 9,496,808 
 .. 12,864,942 
 .. 10,673,190 
 .. 10,256,350 
 . . 8,083,590 
 . . 8,170,015 
 . . 7,826,789 
 . . 7,864,397 
 . 7,223,090 
 . . 9,222,969 
 . . 9,380,489 
 .. 10,050,697 
 .. 10,760,499 
 
 Coasting and River Trade.— The coasting trade of Louisiana is equally valuable with its foreign trade, and its trade 
 with the interior is perhaps fully equal to both the foreign and coastwise trade together. These, however, will be fully 
 examined under the head of " New Orleans," and hence, in this connection, the aggregates alone need be exhibited, Tho 
 arrivals and clearances in the coasting trade for the year ending 30th June, 1851, were as follows: 
 
 Movements. ,, '»* Quarter. 
 
 Vessels. Tons. 
 
 Entrances 205 98,608 
 
 Clearances 199 57,442 
 
 Value of exports coastwise. . . $2,859,567 
 
 2d Quarter. 
 Vessels, Tons. 
 
 803 124,585 
 
 275 76,789 
 
 $6,177,128 
 
 3cl Quarter. 
 Vessels. Tons. 
 
 865 125,032 
 
 424 131,362 
 
 $11,707,598 
 
 305 123,190 
 
 329 97,579 
 
 $6,484,634 
 
 Total. 
 Vessels, Tons, 
 
 1,178 466,415 
 
 1,227 358,173 
 
 $27,228,912 
 
THE STATE OF LOUISIANA. 
 
 Ports bbls. 
 
 New York .72,584.. 
 
 Boston 88,925.. 
 
 Philadelphia 413.. 
 Baltimore... — .. 
 Charleston.. 6,175.. 
 
 Backs, baleH, bhiis. 
 
 .160,728... 52,398.. 10,087.., 
 . 32,461... 82,510... 1,594.. 
 . 9,47T... 14,867... 1,118.. 
 . — ... 2,511... 745... 
 , 23,978... — ... — ... 
 
 hbd9. 
 13,595.. 
 733.. 
 10,264. . 
 
 8,670.. 
 
 8,517.. 
 
 bbls. 
 655.. 
 27., 
 867.. 
 237.. 
 660., 
 
 .509. 
 
 9.. 
 
 bbl9. 
 
 .22,646 
 . 2,172 
 . 7,735 
 . 2,862 
 . 7,031 
 
 .118... 24,578 
 
 The following will show the quantity and destination of some of the principal staples of export in the year above quoted • 
 
 Pork. n.iron. Lard. Beef. \Vlii?ky. 
 
 bbls. bhtls. kegs. bbls. bbls, 
 
 .55,849. . 9,856. . .209,825. . . .3,055. . .1,881. . 
 . 77,806 . . 6,530 . . . 224,333 . . . 13,435 ... 2,242 . . 
 . 5,538.. 2,763... 41,045.,. 421... 268.. 
 .13,421.. 1,84:3... 32,585... 955... 1,542.. 
 . 1,003.. 2,872... 2,769... 119. .11,514.. 
 Other ports 150,960... 22,890.. 19,972... 40,046... 3,785.. 30,383. ..150,125... 1... 291. ..12,363.. 6,198. 
 
 The total quantities of the above specified articles exported to foreign and domestic ports, were as follows: 
 
 583,418. .192,737. .46,241. . .738,956. . .42,415. .67,392. . .5:35,382. .997,453. .54,501. . .44,147. .8,644. . .6.36 . . 67,024 
 
 The receipts from the interior by the Mississippi Hiver in the same year (1850-51) were valued at $106,924,083, and 
 comprised sill the various staples for which the several regions of production are noted, alike mineral, vegetable, and ani- 
 mal ; and there is, besides the river trade, an immense traffic on the new canal. The total number of flatrboats arriving 
 at New Orleans during the year was 941, of which 218 were from Ohio, 53 from Kentucky, 298 from Indiana, 12 from Vir- 
 ginia, 222 from Pennsylvania, 19 from Illinois, 104 from Tennessee, and 10 from Mississippi; and the whole number ol 
 steamboat arrivals was 2,918. 
 
 Internal ImjjrovemenU. — Hitherto Louisiana has depended with confidence on the great natural facilities for inland 
 communication the State enjoys by means of the magnificent river and its dependencies which traverse its surface ; but 
 when it was discovered that the North had, by means of the Illinois Canal, constructed an artificial outlet for this great 
 river into the lakes, this dream of security vanished, and the people interested in the commerce of the Gulf ports at once 
 beset themselves to remedy the impending destruction of a commerce unequaled in extent by but one other section of the 
 Union. The magnificent lines of railroads from the "father of waters" to the Atlantic Ocean, were also diverting a vast 
 amount of the legitimate trade which naturally concentrated at New Orleans. And all these changes in the avenues of 
 trade had been allowed to proceed, and with the exception of a few local railroads, Louisiana had not even extended her 
 arms to arrest their influences. Awakened to a sense of duty, however, by the results of these now works — decreased 
 receipts of produce, and decreased returning merchandise — no time was lost in premises, but the whole south-west met in 
 convention at New Orleans, and unanimously resolved to cope with the leviathans which were sapping the foundations of 
 their commercial prosperity. The principal remedies proposed were the extension of the railroad from New Orleans and 
 the Gulf ports to the north and north-east, and seek a new market in the west by building lines into Texas, Arkansas, etc. 
 The first would countervail the northern improvements, which had superseded the old river-course of trade, and by offering 
 a more direct and rapid channel to the sea, recover the preference tlie deposit at New Orleans had formerly enjoyed. 
 The improvement of the channel of the Mississippi below New Orleans, was also recommended, and will doubtlessly be 
 undertaken by the general government at no distant period. The results of the convention have been an active enforce- 
 ment of its recommendations, and numerous lines of railroad are being laid out and constnicted in the directions indicated, 
 the most important of which are the New Orleans, Jackson, and Northern E. II., and the railroads from the Mississippi 
 toward Texas, from Lake Providence, via Shreveport, Marshall, etc., from Natchez, via Shreveport, etc., and from New 
 Orleans, via Opelousas, Iluntsville, etc. Kailroads are also being built in almost every direction, to connect with the lines 
 of other States, or afford facilities to the gulf ports generally ; and at no distant day, it may be foreseen, Louisiana will be 
 on a par with, or have outstripped many of her now successful competitors. 
 
 Bajika, etc. — In December, 1850, the bank returns of Louisiana showed that there were at that period 5 banks, and 20 
 branch banks in tlie State, the aggregate condition of which was as follows: Ziuhilities— capital $12,870,890, circulation 
 $5,059,229, deposits $8,464,389, and due other banks $1,334,232 ; and a,s««te— loans and discounts $19,309,108, real estate 
 $2,255,109, other Investments $2,042,149, due by other banks $2,225,890, specie funds $1,200,000, and specie $5,716,001. 
 The whole number of banks are located at New Orleans, the country banks being their branches. 
 
 Government. — The present constitution, which superseded the first constitution of the State, formed in 1812, was ratified 
 by the people on the 5th November, 1845. 
 
 Every free white male person 21 years of age, two years a citizen of the United States, or resident in the State for two 
 consecutive years next preceding the election, and the last thereof in the parish in which he proposes to vote, is allowed 
 the 7"ight of suffrage. Absence from the State for more than 90 consecutive days, unless his house or place of business be 
 occupied by his family or servants, interrupts the residence of the absentee. 
 
 he Legidature consists of a House of Representatives and a Senate ; representatives not less than 70, nor more than 
 100 in number (now 97), and 16 senators, being half the whole number of senators, are chosen every second year, on the 
 first Monday in November, and convene at the capital every second year, on the third Monday in January. Eepresentar 
 lives must be free white males, 21 years of age, citizens of the United States, and residents of the State for the three years 
 and residents of the parish for one year next preceding their election. A census will bo taken in 1855, and every ten 
 years thereafter, -which will form the basis of apportionment; but every parish is entitled to at least one representative. 
 Senators are chosen for four years. A senator must be 27 years of age, ten years a citizen of the United States, four years 
 a resident of the State, and one year of the district he represents. Deducting the population of New Orleans from that of 
 the State, the remainder, divided by 28, is the senatorial ratio for the districts. No session of the legislature shall last 
 more than GO days, and no act passed after being 60 days in session is valid. Members may address cither house in the 
 French or English languages, and the proceedings are published in both languages. Any one who fights a duel, acts as 
 second, or sends or accepts a challenge, shall neither hold an office, nor enjoy the right of suffrage in tlie State. 
 
 The Gmernor is chosen by a plurality of votes, and holds ofiBce for four years. He must be 35 years of age, and a citi- 
 zen of the United States, and resident in the State for 15 years next preceding his election. The Lieutenant-governor is 
 tlocted for the same term, in the same manner, and must be similarly qualified. The governor is ineligible for the four 
 years succeeding his term. He may veto a bill, but two-thirds of both houses may pass it again, and it thus becomes law. 
 The lieutenant-governor is ex-officio president of the Senate. 
 
 The principal administrative oflicers are the Secretary of State, State Treasurer, Surveyor-general, Adjutant and In- 
 Bpoctor-goneral, Auditor of Accounts, etc. The Treasurer is chosen biennially by joint ballot of the legislature. 
 
 The Judiciary consists of the Supreme Court and District Courts. The Supreme Court consists of a Chief Justice and 
 throe associate Justices, appointed by the Governor, with the advice and consent of the Senate, for the term of eight 
 years. The Court sits in New Orleans from the first Monday in November to the end of June inclusive. The Supreme 
 120 
 
AND 
 
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 Warranted the best that can be procured in the United States or Europe. 
 
 Also, Sole Agent in St. Louis for the sale ot 
 
 Patented November 20th, 1855. 
 
 Simple in construction and very light, only weighing five pounds, and suitable for 
 planting in any kind of soil. 
 
mt %&mw stwf 1 
 
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 Keach Boston 
 
 Passengers Dine and Sup at Springfield. 
 
 N. B. — These hours may be varied slightly for difierent seasons, 
 but substantially the same accommodations will be afforded through- 
 out the year. 
 
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 PHESIDENTS.' 
 THOMAS HOPKINSON, Boston. C. F. POND, Hartford.' 
 C. W. CHAPIN, Springfield. J. K. BUCKLEY, N. York. 
 
 SUPERINTENDENTS. 
 G. TWICHELL, Boston, Boston and Worcester Rail Road. 
 H. GRAY, Springfield, Western Rail Road. 
 E. M. REED, Hartford, New Hampshire & Springfield R. Road. 
 J. H. HOYT, New York, N. York and New Hampshire R. Road. 
 
THE STATE OF LOUISIANA. 
 
 Court has appellate jurisdiction only when more than $300 is iu dispute, when the legality of any tax is in question, on all 
 fines and penalties imposed by municipal corporations, and in criminal cases on points of law where death, hard labor, or 
 a fine of more than $300 is imposed. The Court may issue writs of habeas corpus in all eases where they have appellate 
 jurisdiction. If the Judges are equally divided, the judgment appealed from stands affirmed. The Court has a reporter 
 and clerks in New Orleans, Opelousas, Alexandria, and Monroe. The State is divided into seventeen districts. One 
 district judge is appointed for each district, except for the district of New Orleans and Lafayette, where as many are 
 appointed as are necessary. District judges must be citizens of the United States, above thirty years old, resident of the 
 State for five years, and have practiced law therein five years. District Courts have jurisdiction when more than $50 is at 
 stake, and in all criminal cases. 
 
 The State has an Attorney-general, and in each district there is a District Attorney, appointed for two years. All civil 
 cflScers, except the governor and the judges, are removable on an address of a majority of both houses of the legislature. 
 
 Amendments of the constitution must first be approved by three-fifths of both houses, then published in the news- 
 papers throughout the State three months before the next general election, then approved by a majority of both houses 
 in the next succeeding legislature, then published again as before, then submitted to the people, and if ratified by a 
 majority of voters, the amendments shall form a part of the constitution.* 
 
 The militia of Louisiana consists of 43,823 men of all arms, of which number 1,892 are commissioned officers, and 
 42,431 non-commissioned officers, musicians, artificers, and privates. Of the commissioned officers 10 are general officers, 
 55 general staff officers, 159 field officers, and 1,168 company officers. Every free white male person between the ages of 
 IS and 45 is liable to militia duty, unless exempt by law. 
 
 The most noted of the benevolent institutions of the State is the Charity Hospital at New Orleans, the benefits of which 
 have been experienced by thousands who have been taken sick in that malarious city, and as many thousands have 
 blessed the nursing hand of the kind sisters whose vocation it may have been to attend to their wants. In 1849 the 
 number of admissions to this famous hospital was 15,558, of which 1,782 were natives of the United States, and 13,634 
 were foreigners, and 71 were blacks and 12,216 white males, and 3,342 white females. The number of deaths was 2,745, 
 of which 2,369 were males and 876 females, and 1,122 died of Asiatic cholera, 515 of yellow fever, 224 of typhus fever 
 and 56 of other fevers. The number of patients remaining in the hospital on the 1st January, 1850, was 719. The in- 
 come of the hospital for the year was $89,951 30, and the expenditures $92,993 43, averaging $4 26 for each patient. 
 Such an institution as this is an oasis in the wilderness of humanity. 
 
 Finances, DeUs, «<p.— The financial statement is made up biennially. The total receipts into the treasury for the 
 year 1850 were $1,008,175 91, and for the year 1851 $836,247 44— total $1,844,428 35 ; and the expenditures for 1850 were 
 $951,545, and for 1851 $852,787 54— total $1,804,832 54, leaving a balance of $40,090 81 for future appropriation. 
 
 In 1845 the liabilities of the State on account of the property banks amounted to $14,321,596 ; this has since been 
 reduced $3,744,596, leaving the liabilities of the State in 1850 $10,577,000. The State debt proper amounted at the latter 
 period to $915,566. The State holds property not now productive valued at $2,416,938. 
 
 The constitutional provisions respecting legislative finance were made very stringent in the new fundamental law. 
 The constitution provides that the credit of the State shall not be lent to any person or corporation whatever but new 
 bonds may be issued to replace outstanding bonds. No State debt shall be contracted for more than $100,000, except in 
 case of war, invasion, or insurrection, unless authorized by law for some distinctly_specifled object or work, which law 
 shall impose taxes to pay the current interest during the whole term of the debt, and also to pay the debt itself at maturity, 
 and this law shall be irrepealable till the debt and interest are fully discharged, and shall not go into force till a^ain 
 enacted by the next legislature after its first passage. The State shall not subscribe to the stock of any company or cor- 
 poration. No corporate company shall be hereafter created, renewed, or extended with banking or discounting 
 privileges. After 1890 the charters of all corporations may be revoked, and no charter shall now be granted, except for 
 municipal or political purposes for more than 25 years. 
 
 The assessed value of all real and personal property in Louisiana, on the 1st June, 1850, was $220,165,172 ; but the truo 
 or estimate valuation of the same amounted, according to the returns of the federal census, to $233,998,764. 
 
 Federal Representation. — Louisiana, according to the law of 23d May, 1850, apportioning federal representation, is 
 entitled to send four representatives to Congress. 
 
 Religious Denominations. — The statistics of the several religious denominations in 1850, as ascertained by the census 
 of that year, were as follows : 
 
 Denomlna- No. of 
 
 ClnircU 
 
 Value of 
 
 Dennmina- No. of 
 
 Church 
 
 Value of 
 
 Denomina- No. of 
 
 
 Value ol 
 
 tions. Chu relies. 
 
 auciim. 
 
 Property. 
 
 turns. CUurches. 
 
 accom. 
 
 Property. 
 
 tions. Churches 
 
 accom. 
 
 Property. 
 
 Baptist 72 . 
 
 . 15,358 . 
 
 . $80,470 
 
 Germ'nEef. 1 .. 
 
 500 . 
 
 $4,000 
 
 R. Catholic . 55 . . 
 
 37,240 . 
 
 . $1,045,650 
 
 Christian .... 2 . 
 
 . 1,500 
 
 . 61,000 
 
 Jewish 1 .. 
 
 600 . 
 
 20,000 
 
 Swedenb'g . — . . 
 
 — . 
 
 — 
 
 Congregat'l . . — . 
 
 — . 
 
 — 
 
 Lutheran . . — . . 
 
 _ 
 
 _ 
 
 Tunker — .. 
 
 
 
 
 
 Dutch Kef. . . — . 
 
 — . 
 
 — 
 
 Mennonite . — . . 
 
 _ 
 
 
 
 Union 6 . . 
 
 1,350 . 
 
 8,220 
 
 Episcopal 12 . 
 
 . 4,410 
 
 . 57,900 
 
 Methodist.. 106 .. 
 
 30,260 . 
 
 236,500 
 
 Unitarian . . — . . 
 
 — . 
 
 — 
 
 Free 3 . 
 
 . 675 . 
 
 . 10,430 
 
 Moravian. . — . . 
 
 — . 
 
 
 
 Universalist 1 .. 
 
 1,000 . 
 
 100,000 
 
 Friends — . 
 
 — . 
 
 . — 
 
 Presbyter'n. 17 . . 
 
 9,510 . 
 
 149,300 
 
 Minor Sects 2 . . 
 
 1,650 . 
 
 59,000 
 
 Making the aggregate number of churches 26S, valued as property at $1,782,470, and capable of accommodating 104,053 
 persons. Louisiana forms a diocese of the Protestant Episcopal Church; and the arch-diocese, or province of New Or- 
 leans in the Roman Catholic Church, which has for its suffragan sees, Mobile, Natchez, Galveston, and Little Rock. 
 
 Education. — The constitulion provides that " there shall be a superintendent of education, to hold office for two years. 
 Free public schools shall be established throughout the State ; the proceeds of lands granted for the purpose, and of lands 
 escheated to the State, shall be held as a permanent fund, on which six per cent, interest shall be paid by the State for the 
 support of these schools." The school fund, 1st January, 1850, amounted to $40,272 63, on which $19,105 84 of interest 
 had accrued up to that date ; and besides the proceeds of the school fund, the yearly sum of $250,000 is appropriated for 
 
 * A convention was lield at Baton Rouge in July, iS53. to revise the constitution, and the revised constitution wotild be submitted to tlie people 
 for ratification on the 2d November of the same year. If ratified, the general elections were to take place on the fourth Monday of December, 
 and the first Legislature would meet on the third Monday of January, 18.^3. The revised constitution provides for annual sessions of the Legis- 
 lature, an elective judiciary, and removes some of the restrictions against the State's contracting debta, and permits the establishment o( 
 ccrpora tions. 
 
 121 
 
THE STATE OF LOUISIANA. 
 
 the snpport of the free schools of the State, .and is derived from a mill tax on property, and a poll tax of one dollar on each 
 white male inhabitant. The whole number of school districts in the State on the 30th September, 1S49, was 521 ; number 
 of sohouls in operation, 704 ; number of children between 6 and 16 years of age, 53,716 ; average attendance for the year, 
 22,927; and 20,262 children did not attend school. The average period of taition was G months and 13 days. Amount 
 expended for teachers' salaries, $195,3S9 ; expended for building, renting, and purchasing school-houses, $134,689. There 
 are also in almost every parish numerous private, classical, and other high 8chof)ls. The principal collegiate institutions 
 in the State are — the University of Louisiana at New Orleans, founded in 1S49, and established with 7 professors ; it has 
 also a medical department, which in 1850 liad 7 professors and 18S students ; the Centenary College (Methodist), at 
 Jackson, founded 1839 — in 1S50 it had 7 professors, 40 alumni, 94 students, and a library of 5,000 volumes ; the St. 
 Charles College (Roman Catholic), at Grand Cotcau, founded 1S3S — in 1850 it had 21 professors and 103 students, with a 
 valuable library of about 4,000 volumes ; Baton Eouge College, founded 1838 — in 1850 it had 4 professors and 45 students ; 
 Franklin College, at Opelousas, founded 1839 — in 1850 it had 4 professors and 70 students ; and several others, among 
 which are the Catholic Colleges at Baton Kouge and New Orleans, both of which are flourishing institutions. 
 
 Libraries.— One State library, 7,000 volumes ; 1 social library, 10,000 volumes ; 4 college libraries, 13,000 volumes — 
 being a total of 6 libraries and 30,000 volumes. The census makes no returns of students' libraries, the libraries of acade- 
 mies and professional schools, the libraries of scientific and historical societies, nor of school libraries, although there aro 
 numbers of each description in the State. 
 
 Periodical Press. — The whole number of periodicals and newspapers published in the State on the 1st June, 1S50, was 
 60, of which 17 were whig and 17 were democratic— the remaining 26 being neutral in polities or devoted to literature, 
 science, religion, etc. Of the whole number 11 were issued daily, circulating 31,780 copies; 2 trl-weekly, 1,900 copies; 6 
 semi-weekly, 3,300 copies ; 40 weekly, 32,017 copies ; and 1 monthly, 12,200. Among the publications in New Orleans are 
 many of the best conducted and most talented papers of the Union ; and no other city can boast of such a magazine 
 of statistical information as De Bow's Review. 
 
 I'aiiperi.'iin and Crime. — The whole number of paupers that received support within the year ending June 1st, 1850, 
 was 423, of which 133 were native born, and 290 foreign ; and the whole numl)cr of paupers at the above date was 106, of 
 which 76 native born, and .30 foreign ; annual cost of support, $39,806. The State I'enitentiary is at Baton Rouge. The 
 number of convicts remaining in confinement, 1st October, 1848, was 152, and the number received during the year fol- 
 lowing was 105 — male, 257 ; 52 discharged, 2 pardoned, 7 died, and 2 escaped — in all 63, leaving, 1st October, 1849, 194. 
 The receipts for the year were $49,283 74; and the expenditures, $42,628 69— making a net gain from convict labor 
 equal to $6,655 05 
 
 Historical Sketch.— The legends of De Soto, Marquette, and La Salle, shall not arrest our attention. These wild and 
 daring passages belong rather to the romancer than to the historian. Louis XIV. seized upon the proposal of Iberville, 
 and addressed himself in earnest to a new and vast country, which dazzled his ambition. Iberville, and Bienville, his 
 brother, founded a colony of Frenchmen on the shores of Louisiana in 1699. This is the earliest era la the history 
 of Louisiana. 
 
 In 1712 the King of France granted a charter to M. Crozat, which covered the whole province. The aims of both 
 parties were commercial, and included the whole of the Mississippi and its tributary bays, lakes, rivers, and bordering 
 territories. M. Crozat was endowed for twenty years with exclusive privileges of trade in these countries — to work 
 mines for gold and precious stones, with a large share of the results. The laws, edicts, and ordinances of the realm, and 
 the customs of Paris were extended over Louisiana. The privileges allowed to Crozat were ample; but so vain are the 
 eilculations of men when employed upon novel enterprises, they satisfied not one of his greedy desires after wealth in the 
 "WestcTn World. The grant was surrendered, after five years, into the hands of the king, with the bitter complaint that 
 from the imbecility of the colony, the strength of the Indians, the presence of the British, and the sterility of the soil, it had 
 proved of no kind of value whatever to him, but rather a ruinous expense. 
 
 There settled in Paris about this time a man from Scotland by the name of John Law ; he was a restless projector, a 
 daring financier, and full of enterprise. This extraordinary man soon succeeded in gaining an influence over the Duke of 
 Orleans, then regent, obtained a charter for a bank of $1,200,000, substituted paper for specie, and set the whole French 
 nation mad with magnificent schemes of creating wealth, as it were, by the wand of a magician. The Chancellor 
 D'Aguesseau opposed this daring scheme with infinite peril to himself. To the Royal Bank of Law was attached a great 
 commercial company, in which were to be concentred all the rights, privileges, and possessions of all the trading compa- 
 nies then chartered in France. To this company was granted the great territory of Louisiana as it was surrendered up 
 by Crozat. All France was in commotion — every man, woman, and child became a financier ; the boot-black and collier 
 of to-day were the grandees of to-morrow, and their splendid equipages dazzled the bewildered populace. The Royal 
 Bank stock went up to six hundred times its par value, and dividends were rendered at 200 per cent. The exhaustless 
 mines near the Mississippi would reimburse any investment, it was said ; but in three years John Law was a bankrupt, the 
 government Itself was prostrated, the deluded votaries of stock-jobbing were undone, the magnificent Western Company 
 — the Mississippi Scheme — became a by-word ; the banking bubble, when infiated to the skies, had burst ! The charter 
 of the company was granted for twenty-five years ; it was to have exclusive privileges of trade, and of the purchase 
 of beaver skins for export.ition. To it belonged by prescription the right to make all Indian wars and treaties, work 
 all mines, grant lands, construct fortifications, nominate governors, and appoint inferior judges. Its vessels and crews to 
 be of the French nation, and the descendants of the colonists to be counted natural born subjects of France, etc. There 
 are difierent accounts of the condition of Louisiana during the time it remained under the Western Company, who 
 enjoyed the privileges granted to Law. By some it is represented to have been in a deplorable condition ; while others 
 assert that these were the best years which Louisiana knew under the dominion of France, the white population having 
 increased from 700 to 5,000, and the black from 20 to 2,000 ; " a vast ntmnibcr of handsome cottages lined both sides of the 
 river .it the German co.ast; the culture of rice, indigo, and tobacco, and a regular administration of justice were provided 
 for." The Western Company, in despair of finding the gold they had anticipated in Louisiana, from mineral researches 
 turned their attention to agriculture. To promote their aims, large grants were made to powerfid and wealthy individu- 
 als: to Law they granted a plot of twelve miles square. These grantees were to introduce settlers, but they succeeded to 
 an extent far less than was anticipated, while sanguinary Indian wars desoIat<>d the colony. The company, in utter 
 hopelessness, threw up their charter in April, 1732, which the king accepted, and declared the commerce of Louisiana 
 thenceforward free. 
 The French colonial government was now initiated. The commissioner, Salmon, took possession for the king. Tlie 
 123 
 
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LAWSON & PEARCE, 
 
 MANUFACTURERS OP 
 
 e: ]Nr C3r 1 3xr Es !S 5, 
 
 3\/j: .A. o la: E 3?a" E3 II. "sr . 
 
 BOILER, SHEET IRON, BRASS, AND COPPER 
 
 BETWEEN ELEVENTH AND TWELFTH STREETS, 
 
 ^^■Machinists' Tools built to order. Engines from 5 to 20 horse power always 
 on hand. Orders with Cash or satisfactory reference promptly attended to. 
 
 We refer to the following parties of Louisville who have Engines and Machinery 
 in use, huilt at our Shop : 
 
 Bartley, Johnson & Co., Todd Mill 
 B-ope Factory. 
 
 W. A. BicHARDSON & Bro., Perry Mill 
 Rope Factory. 
 
 Hull, Hunt & Co., Pork House. 
 
 Atkinson, Thomas & Co., Pork House. 
 
 Watkins & Owsley, Pork House. 
 
 Mitchell & Pearce, Boiler Makers. 
 
 Miller, Wingate & Co., Manufactur- 
 ers of Agricultural Implements. 
 
 DuPont & Co., Louisville Paper Mill. 
 
 Thornton & Hawkins, Mustard Manu- 
 facturers. 
 
 Braverson & Co., Planing Mill. 
 
 GrAULT & HoLBRooK, Planing Mill. 
 Geo. Meadows, Hope Foundry. 
 CiiAS. S. Snead, Market St, Foundry. 
 B. F. Avery, Plow Factory. 
 Ben. F. Chwthon, Furniture Factory. 
 Geo. W. Dunlap, L. M. C. Bagging 
 
 Factory. 
 James C. Ford, Cotton Gin and Saw 
 
 Mill. 
 L. L. Shreve, Louisville Hotel. 
 Louisville Courier. 
 Louisville Gas Company. 
 United States Brewery. 
 
THE STATE OF LOUISIANA. 
 
 new government established consisted of a Superior Council, of the Governor-general of New Prance, the Governor and 
 Commissary of Louisiana, the King's Lieutenant, and the Town Mayor of New Orleans, six councilors, an attorney, and a 
 clerk. A war brolje out between Great Britain and France in 1760, the influence of which was felt throughout all America. 
 In this war our own TVashington began his career of glory. Canada fell into the hands of the English, and rather than 
 submit to the consequences, large numbers of its inhabitants sought a home in southern climes, fixing themselves on the 
 Acadian coast of Louisiana, or taking their course westward of the river, formed the settlements of Attakapas, Opelousas, 
 and Avoyelles. 
 
 France looked to Spain in her emergencies, and the Due de Choiseul, the minister, entered into a family compact with 
 the Spanish king on the loth August, 1760, and on the 3d Nov., 1762, a secret treaty between the two governments ceded 
 the territory of Louisiana west of the Mississippi, with New Orleans, to Spain. The bad system of government under 
 which Louisiana had long suffered, was attended with the consequences which were to be expected from it, and the 
 sovereignty of the finest country of the world, says Marbois, a country which might have become another France, was 
 of no use to the parent State, but was even a charge to her. After the experience of several years, the government, 
 wearied with a possession which its faults and ignorance had made burdensome, felt disposed to abandon ft. In 1763 
 Great Britain, France, and Spain entered upon the Treaty of Paris, and terminated their difficulties. France abandoned 
 to Great Britain all her northern possessions, the whole of Louisiana east of the Mississippi, except New Orleans, and 
 the navigation of that river was made free to the subjects of either nation. Thus did France, by her cessions to Britain 
 and Spain, divest herself of every foot of territory she held in North America. The private treaty of cession to Spain 
 was long held secret, and it was not till 1764 that D'Abadie was ordered by Louis XV. to announce the fact to the colony. 
 D'Abadie was broken-hearted at the intelligence, and died before he could communicate it. The duty devolved upon his 
 successor, Aubry. A day of lamentation and sorrow had dawned upon the Louisianians, and they heard their fate with settled 
 gloom. A general meeting of the leading inhabitants was hastily assembled in New Orleans, and entreaties werossent up 
 to the throne that this painful treaty might not be made to go into effect. The king declared the treaty to be irrevocable. 
 
 Don Ant. de UOoa arrived in Louisiana in 1766, appointed, as he professed, by Charles of Spaia to take possession of the 
 province. His powers being demanded by the colonists, were not shown, and hence he was notified to depart, which he 
 did in a few days, amid the universal rejoicing of the people. Scarcely, however, had the colony breathing time, before 
 it was announced that a Spanish frigate was upon the coast, and notwithstanding the threats of the populace, Don Alex. 
 O'lteiUy, commander of the Spanish forces, landed and sent up a message to Governor Aubry, informing him that he 
 was prepared to take possession of the country, and that any show of resistance would be signally punished. The in- 
 habitants returned a declaration to the Spaniard, declaring their intention to abandon the colony, and requested two years 
 delay to effect the arrangement. O'Eeilly consented with apparent cheerfulness and with the warmest professions of 
 regard. He soon after landed at the city and took formal possession in the name of the king. But this display of 
 clemency was but the precursor of the worst excesses of tyranny. Some of the first citizens were arrested and thrown 
 into prison, declared guilty of treason, and tried under the statute of Alphonzo, making it death to incite insurrection 
 against the king. Sentence and execution followed. " Posterity," says the historian Martin, " will doom this act to public 
 execration," and posterity, we may add, has already branded it as one of the blackest which it is the shame of history 
 to record. What was the precise character of the powers conferred upon O'Eeilly has never yet been satisfactorily de- 
 termined. The King of France, in writing to D'Abadie at the period of the cession, conceded that the laws, forms, and 
 usages of the colony would be preserved, but this does not appear to have been inserted in the treaty of cession. O'Eeilly, 
 as soon as he was at ease in his government, made a proclamation to the people, declaring himself empowered to 
 establish that form of government, dependence, and subordination which should accord with the good of his master's 
 service and the happiness of his subjects in the colony. The laws of Spain were now gradually extended over Louisiana, 
 and in the end but little trace of French legislation remained. The transition, however, was not sudden, and little 
 inconvenience resulted from it. When the American Eevolution had progressed, and Spain, in an endeavor to mediate 
 between the contestants had failed, the Catholic king prepared himself for war. Galvez, governor of Louisiana, threw 
 himself upon the British garrison at Baton Eougo, and captured it. An American minister was sent to Madrid to nego- 
 tiate a favorable treaty for his countrymen, and to obtain for them, if possible, the free navigation of the Mississippi to 
 the sea. The treaties between Great Britain, France, and Spain, and the Unite-d States concluded in 17S3, opened 
 the navigation of the river, ceded the Floridas to Spain, and bounded the possessions of the two countries by a line 
 eastward of the 31st parallel on the Mississippi to the Appalaohicola Eiver, througli the middle of that river to its junction 
 with the Flint, from the Flint to the head of St. Mary's River, and down the St. Mary's to the Atlantic. These treaties 
 were soon followed by embarrassing disputes, in which the Spaniards laid claim to a large tract of country and an exclu- 
 sive right to the navigation of that portion of the Mississippi which passed through their territories, against both which 
 claims the United States protested. 
 
 It may be remarked that very little, if any, intercourse was tolerated by the Spaniards through the Mississippi, with the 
 people of the United States. Any attempt to navigate the river, or to introduce merchandise into New Orleans by boats 
 was resisted and the property seized. About the year .1787, General Wilkinson, a revolutionary officer, conceived the 
 design of making a settlement of American families in Louisiana, for which he expected to receive some commercial 
 favors from the Spaniards. He descended the river to New Orleans with a small adventure of tobacco, flour, etc., and 
 by an artifice, so worked upon the fears of Miro, the governor, that he was disposed to listen to the proposals of opening 
 a traffic with the people of the W'estern States. Miro flattered himself that the result would be a division of the States of 
 the Union, and that those westward of the AUeghanies would attach themselves to the Interests of Spain. In 1788 the 
 navigation of the Mississippi was conceded to the young West, on condition of its forming an empire distinct from that 
 of the Atlantic States. That the people of the West entertained the project can not be denied, but on second thoughts 
 returned loyally to their country, and on the admission of Kentucky into the Union, the whole scheme of separation fell 
 through. 
 
 In 1790 it was again attempted to procure from Spain the navigation of the Mississippi for the United States, also the 
 island on which New Orleans is situate, and the Floridas. The propositions were not assented to, but five years after the 
 American plenipotentiaries signed, at San Lorenzo, a treaty stipulation for the freedom of the river to their countrymen, 
 and a freedom to use for ten years the City of New Orleans as a depQt for their merchandise. 
 
 Spain had no sooner signed the treaty than she began to regret her liberality. Her alliance with France and the 
 position of the United States, determined her by all means to hold on to the territory of Upper Louisiana, which she 
 had agreed to cede. In vain the United States sent its officers to take possession of the ports and settlements— in vain 
 
 123 
 
THE STATE OF LOUISIANA. 
 
 tlie settlers protested against the delay. A magnificent scheme had been planned and was in progress, the design of 
 which was to prevent Louisiana forever from falling into the hands of the American government. The Baron do 
 Carondolet endeavored to sound General Willdnson on the subject, and to bring him over to the plan by flatteries and 
 by the most liberal ofl"ers. "WilliiMSon, however, dismissed the messenger with an expression of views little favorable to 
 the project that had been opencil to him. The blame or innocence of the general on these premises is a canvassed subject, 
 and need not be further mentioned in this connection. Nor need we here mention his connection with Burr on a future 
 occasion, further than to state tliat whatever plans of aggrandizement either might have enterta'med were never brought 
 to fruition, and are subjects now only interesting to the historical antiquary. 
 
 The face of European afliiirs in May, 179S, influenced the American people to put on their armor. Washington was 
 again appointed to the head of the army, and difficulties with regard to Louisiana, and consequent losses to the govern- 
 ment, forced upon all minds the absolute necessity for the acquisition of New Orleans, whatever might be the hazard. 
 Louisiana, indeed, occupied an unenviable position at this time. She had been abandoned by France, and the French 
 people had regarded the cession with regret and indignation, so much so, indeed, that on the brealiing out of hostilities 
 with the Spaniards, Mons. Genet, the young and rash minister from France, employed himself, immediately after his 
 arrival, in devising and carrying out a comprehensive scheme for the invasion of Louisiana with troops and arras procured 
 
 in the United States. How his course was denounced at Washington — how he appealed from the President to the people 
 
 and though his conduct was disowned by his own government, how that same government demanded the restoration of 
 Louisiana to the French llepublic, are matters of general history. In other respects was the position of Louisiana remark- 
 able. The United States had long been regarding with jealousy the existence of a territory in the hands of a foreign 
 power, capable of influencing the destiny of the great central valley. A plot had been laid, too, by an American citizen, 
 Blount, then governor of Tennessee, the object of which was to throw down upon Louisiana, during the wars between 
 England and Spain, in 1797, through the medium of the western waters, large numbers of British troops from Canada. 
 The plot was discovered, Blount degraded by the Senate, and the English Government exonerated from the charge of any 
 knowledge of the proceedings. The eyes of Spain were not closed to the diflficulties of her position. Bonaparte had by 
 this time assumed the reins of government, and he cherished the idea of bringing back to the parent country a province 
 he conceived had been unnaturally severed from her. Ilis sophisms soon prevailed over Spain; he represented " that 
 Louisiana, restored to France, would be a bulwark for Mexico, and a security for the tranquillity of the Gulf" On the 1st 
 October, ISOO, was concluded the celebr.ited treaty of San Ildefonso, and Louisiana again became a French colony. 
 Bonaparte took immediate steps to enter upon his new possession. Gen. Victor was appointed Commissioner for accept- 
 ing the transfer, and proclamations announcing the changed circumstances of the colony were issued. The Louisiauians 
 prepared an address in reply, in which they declared that the proclamations had filled the people with joy, and that they 
 already felt the happiness of their reunion with their ancient nationality. Every thing, indeed, seemed favorable for the 
 re-establishment of the French goverimient in tlie province— and all was rojoicing and congratulation, when a vessel 
 arrived at the levee from Bordeaux, and the news soon spread that the Corsican had sold their country and themselves to 
 the neighboring republic. The treaty of Paris, signed 13th April, 1S03, had ceded Louisiana and all its appurtenances for- 
 ever to the United States ; and the United States had agreed to pay 60,000,000 francs to discharge certain claims of their 
 citizens on France. The difticulties which immediately followed the acquisition were perplexing; and even in the United 
 States many there were who viewed the treaty as unconstitutional ; bnt, like all diflTiculties, these came to an end, and the 
 American flag waved over the city of New Orleans on the 20th December — the same day having witnessed the descent 
 of the Spanish ensign and the elevation of the tri-color, the latter only having been raised to be re-placed by the stars and 
 stripes. 
 
 The first act of Governor Claiborne, on taking the chair of authority, was to organize a judiciary, which he did by es- 
 tablishing a Court of Pleas, consisting of seven justices. The Act of Congress, 20th March, 1S04, establislied a territorial 
 government, Louisiana was divided into two sections, of which that now constituting the State of the same name was to 
 be known as the Territory of Orleans. The Act provided for a governor, appointed for three years, a secretary for four 
 years, a legislative council of thirteen freeholders, a judiciary, according to the regulations of the l<-gislntive council, but to 
 be appointed by the President. The period that elapsed between the Act of 180-1 and the one of 2d March, 1S05, which 
 set up another territorial government, was one of dissatisfaction to the people. They complained that the governor was 
 unacquainted with the language, their laws, and their interests, and that he favored only his own countrymen, etc. On tliese 
 subjects the citizens memorialized Congress. The council as established in the meanwhile passed several .acts bearing 
 upon Uie proper organization ot the territory, dividing it into 12 parishes or counties, witli inferior courts in each, institute 
 ing modes of procedure, defining crimes, etc., chartering the city, and establishing (on paper) a university. The efi'ect 
 of the dissatisfaction before alluded to produced the territorial act of 1805, by which Congress set up a government iu 
 Louisiana similar to that of the Mississippi Territory, and provided for its admission into the Union when it. should have 
 60,000 inhabitants. This act gave to the people the election of a legislature, and to the legislature tlio election of a legis- 
 lative council or Upper House. The first acts of the new government were the adoption of the " code Noir," or black code, 
 for the government of the slaves, and the appointment of a commission to prepare a civil code based upon the former 
 laws of the country. The latter was completed in 1808, and embraced, besides the compilation of the old codes, many of 
 the provisions of the " code Napoleon." 
 
 Having settled these points, Louisiana was prepared to meet the position of things which was forced upon her in 
 relation to Spain, and in the anxieties which aro!¥i in relation to boundaries, and the opposing claims of the two nations, 
 it is likely that hostilities would have occurred, had not the intimation of a vast scheme on foot for the separation of the 
 western country from the Union, at the head of which was Aaron Burr, influenced Gen. Wilkinson and the Americans 
 to compromise matters with the Spaniards, and concentrate every thing to meet the threatened danger. The reports 
 which reached Louisiana each day in relation to this plot were alarming ; military preparations were being urged on all 
 Bides, and Burr himself, after a reward ofiered for his arrest, was taken at Fort Stodilard, and conveyed to Kichmond. 
 
 The conflicting claims of the United States and Spain, to the strip of territory east of the Mississippi Hi ver, and south of 
 the 31st parallel to the Perdido River, were brought to something like a crisis in ISIO, by the seizure of the Spanish 
 post at Baton Kouge, the holding a convention at St. Francisville, declaring their independence, and setting up a 
 constitution, and, by a proclamation of the President, taking possession of the territory. The event was peaceable, and 
 the parishes of Fi>liciana, East Baton Kouge, St. Helena, St. Tammany, Biloxi, and I'ascagoula were soon after established. 
 
 On the llth February, ISll, an act of Congress was passed to enable the inhabitants of Louisiana to form a constitution 
 and State government, if the same should be the desu-e of the people, signified by the calling of a convention. This body 
 124 
 
Tbeodore Harris. 
 
 Clement R. Edvrards. 
 
 477 Main St., 
 
 BETWEEN FOURTH AND FIFTH STREETS, 
 
 ^w W f? IF W W W W 
 
 KENTUCKY. 
 
 Persons at a distance having inferior daguerreotypes or other 
 Pictures they wish copied by the Photograph, can send them to 
 Harris & Co., Louisville, by Express or otherwise, and have both 
 the Original and the Copy returned to them in a week. A descrip- 
 tion of the Hair, (a lock of it if possible) and Eyes, should accom- 
 pany the order. A small daguerreotype can be enlarged to any 
 desired size, and the picture taken on Paper or Canvas, and color- 
 ed to nature in oil, water, or pastil colors. Pictures undertaken 
 by us are guaranteed to stand and warranted good likenesses, or 
 no charge made. 
 
 Persons wishing to send likenesses to their friends by mail will 
 find enclosed Photographs the very thing ; as they can be folded 
 inside of a letter or newspaper without extra charge for postage. 
 
 l^^=*For Prices, &c., see Mr. Harris' advertisement, page 209. 
 
 CLEMENT R. EDWARDS, 
 
 PHOTOeRAFHEH. 
 
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THE STATE OF LOUISIANA. 
 
 l>eiug called, assembled at New Orleans, and unanimously signed a constitution based upon that of Kentucky, on the 22d 
 January, 1S12. This constitution was superseded by that of ISiS, and another constitution, or a revision of the latter, is 
 now about to be voted on by the people. 
 
 The share that Louisiana took in the war of 1812, though signalized in history, is so familiar as to require only a short 
 notice. Wilkinson took possession of the country west of the Perdido, then in the occupation of Spain. The English 
 colonel, Nichols, arrived at Pensacola, and made proclamation to all Englishmen, Spaniards, and Frenchmen to join his 
 standard, and resist the encroachments of the United States. To the people of Kentucky this oDBcer proposed similar 
 terms ; and to the privateer La Fitte and his followers at Barrataria, he was most prodigal in his offers. The overtures, 
 says Marbois, were repelled with indignation, and the men who saw no degradation in enriching themselves by plunder, 
 had a horror of treason. The course of General Jackson, in relation to the Spaniards and English at Pensacola, is 
 familiar to all. 
 
 An attack on New Orleans being now inevitable, the most extraordinary preparations were made to raise forces, and 
 provide fortifications and armaments to meet the Impending danger. The city was all excitement. " The people were 
 preparing for battle, as if for a parly of pleasure," says a historian; "the streets resounded with martial airs, several corps 
 of militia were constantly exercising, every bosom glowed with the feelings of national honor." The west was pouring 
 down upon the city— martial law was proclaimed. The battle of New Orleans, of Sth January, 1S15, was fought and won 
 to the high honor of the American people ; and the lasting laurels of the great man who commanded, and who, whatever 
 his faults, is becoming every day more and more honored in the memory of his grateful and admiring countrymen. 
 
 The history of Louisiana, since she has become a State, has yet to be written. The uninterrupted prevalence of peace 
 in our country takes away from this chapter those lively features which characterize anterior periods. The records of 
 revolution, of changing dynxsties, of deeds of arms, and high renown, are not presented here, and perhaps to the general 
 reader the whole is a hopeless blank. But to those seeking higher views of individual good and national destiny, the 
 onward march of the arts of peace, the extraordinary development of industrial resources, the unmatched augmentation 
 of population and wealth, the erection of an opulent State, with laws, government, and order, la a former French and 
 Spanish province, are events worthy of the highest efforts of the historian, replete with interest, and deserving of careful 
 study. 
 
 Succ^swn of Governors. — ^Terkptoeiai, Goveknok : William C. C. Claiborne, 1804; and — CoNSTrnrrioNAL Goveekoks : 
 William C. C. Claiborne, 1812; James Villere, 1816; Thomas B. Eobertson, 1820; 11. S. Thibodeaux (acting); Henry 
 Johnson, 1824 ; Peter Derbigny, 1828 ; A. Bauvois (acting), 1829 ; Jaques Dupre (acting), 18-30 ; Andre B. Roman, 1S30 ; 
 Edward D. White, 18:34; Andre B. Eoman, 1S3S; Alexander Mouton, 1841 ; Isaac Johnson, 1845; Joseph Walker, 1850. 
 
 Baton Kouge, on the east bank of the Mississippi, has been the scat of government since the constitution of 1845 went 
 into effect, untU which time New Orleans was the State capital. 
 
 125 
 
THE STATE OF MAIIE. 
 
 Maine, occupying: a little less than one half the surface of New England, is of a long, irreg;ular shape, extending between 
 latitudes -tP and 47° SlK X., and between longitudes 66° 52', and 71° 06' W. from Greenwich, or 5° 56' and 10° 10* E. from 
 AVashington. The boundaries of Maine* as established by the treaty of Washington, 1842, are the result of a controversy 
 with Great Britain of a quarter of a century's standing, and one which came near involving the two countries in a war. 
 By the treaty, the St. Croix, and a line running due north from a monument at its source to St. John's Elver form the 
 boundary on the east On the north tlie line follows the SL John's and St. Francis rivers to Lake Pohenagamook. On 
 the north-west it follows the highlands from that lake in a south-west direction to the north-east corner of New Hampshire, 
 which State forms the greatest length of its west boundary. The Atlantic lies on the south. "Within these limits the esti- 
 mated area contains 30,000 square miles. 
 
 There are said to be as many islands on the coasts, and in the bays of Maine, as there are days in the year. Most of 
 these are small, but many are of considerable size, fertile, and inhabited. The bays and inlets are proportionally numer- 
 ous, and afford a series of excellent harbors. The length of the coast in a straight line from Kittery Point to Quoddy 
 Head is about 225 miles, but following its windings, nearly 1,000 miles. The Isles of Shoals are seven in number,t and 
 lie alx)ut eight miles south-easterly from the mouth of the Piscataqua Elver. Four of them belong to Maine, and the three 
 others to New Hampshire. These islands are little more than masses of rock, but at one time had 500 or 600 inhabitants, 
 attracted thilher by the superior advantages they afforded for the pursuit of the fisheries, and they became celebrated for 
 their dried fish, known by the name of Isles of Shoal dun-flsh, which were prepared by drying them slowly and carefully 
 on the rocks. Their population in 1S50 was 132. Casco Bay, a spacious basin between Cape Elizabeth and Cape Small 
 Point, contains a great number of fine islands, among which Great Gebrag and Sebaseodegan Islands are the largest. 
 The shores of the bay afford several excellent harbors. Seguin Island, further east, is a no^ied landmark at the mouth 
 of the river Kennebec. Parker's Island, on which is Georgetown, the island of Cape Kewagen, and Jeremisquam, are 
 large bodies of land bctweeen the Kennebec and Damariscotta rivers, south of which are the Damariscove islands, a 
 group of small but inhabited islets. Farther from the shore are Monhegan, St George's, Matinic, and Matinicus islands. 
 Monhegan was fjrmcrly famous for its fisheries. The Fox Island, Long Island, and Deer Island, are the principal islands 
 in Penobscot Bay, which extends from White Head, on the west, to He au Haul on the east, and runs up about 35 miles 
 inland. But the largest island on the coast is Mount Desert, containing about 60,000 acres. Several of its heights are 
 conspicuous objects far off at sea, and some of them attain an elevation of from 1,500 to 1,800 feet. Farther east is Petit 
 Menan, often corrupted to Titmenan, and at the entrance of Passamaquoddy Bay is Grand Menan, belonging to New 
 Bnmswick, to which province, also, Campobello and Deer Island, in that bay, are politically attached. Moose Islands 
 belong to Maine. 
 
 The surface of the interior country beyond the coast region, which is somewhat flat and sandy, is, in general, pleasantly 
 varied with hiUs and valleys. There is no connected ridge of mountains in the State, but the north-western part contains 
 numerous detached elevations, which may be considered as "outliers" of the White Mountains, and from this section all 
 the principal rivers descend in different directions. The Bald Mountain, to the west of Moosehead Lake, Katahdin 
 Mountain, between the east and west branches of Penobscot Eiver, Saddleback, Mt Abraham, and Mt Bigelow, be- 
 tween the Androscoggin and the Kennebec, and the Sugar Loaf Mountains at the head of the west branch of the 
 Walloostook are thought to be the loftiest points. The highest point of land in the State is Mt Katahdin, which rises 
 6,385 feet above the sea level. 
 
 It is estimated that one tenth part of the State is covered with water; and every portion is abundantly supplied with 
 streams and rivulets which, for the most part, flow from or through lakes, and are copiously supplied from those reser- 
 voirs throughout the year. The rivers of Maine are characterized by numerous falls, which, while they impede the 
 navigation of large craft, do not interrupt the descent of logs and rafts, and furnish excellent mill-seats. Along the coasts 
 the tide-waters often penetrate far inland, filling natural channels, which take the name of rivers, but which are, in 
 truth, arms of the sea. The whole of the northern part is drained by the constituents of St John Eiver — the St 
 Francis, and Madawaska from the north, and the Walloostook, Allagash, and Aroostook from the south. The great 
 river of the southern section is the Penobscot, which collects its tribute of waters from the whole breadth of the State. Its 
 western branch rises near the heads of the Chaudiere, and flows east, receiving in its course several streams from the 
 vicinity of the sources of the Allagash and Walloostook, and passing through Chesuncook and Pemadumcook lakes 
 
 ' The foHowing are the astronomical positions of several important points on the line of the new boundary survey, 
 
 T.at. N. 
 
 Fish River, moutli of. 47 15 13 
 
 Fort FairBeid, (upper blockhouse) 46 46 07 
 
 Fort Fairfield, (lower blockhouse) — 
 
 Fort Kent (bhickUouse) 4T 1ft 00 
 
 Hancock Barracks (flagstaff) 4t> 07 39 . 
 
 HeadofL. Black llapids (St. John River) 47 03 30 
 
 Head of Connecticut Uiver -...- 45 14 58 
 
 youlton (hotel) 46 07 i28 
 
 f The " Iftlcs of Shoals" are seven in number, viz., Hog, Sr 
 
 Long. W, 
 B. M. B. 
 
 . 68 35 26 
 
 ... 67 49 42 
 
 ... 6S 3.) 25 
 
 ... 67 49 00 
 
 ... 69 03 34 
 
 ... 71 12 67 
 
 ... 67 49 25 
 
 utty Nose, Star, Duck, White, Malaga, and LonHonner Islands. Tlie three 
 tute the town of Goasport, A'. Hamp., and the four latter the town of Isles of Shoals, Me. They were originally called Smith's Islands, 
 discovered by the celebrated John Smith in 1614. The present population is 132— in N. Hamp. 103, and in Maine 29. 
 126 
 
 Lat. N. Long. W. 
 
 Pinelslandof Seven Islands (St John River)... 46 46 63 , 
 
 Pohenagamook Liike (monument at outlet) 47 27 33 
 
 Pohenagamook Lake (head of ) 47 31 39 
 
 Saddleback Mountain 45 20 66 . 
 
 St. Croix River (monument nt source) 45 56 37 , 
 
 St. Francis R. (Hammond's Barn near m'th of) 47 10 57 
 Tascbereau's House 45 48 37 , 
 
 .. 69 35 65 
 .. 69 13 19 
 .. 69 17 31 
 .. Tl 01 13 
 .. 67 47 00 
 .. 63 53 69 
 .. 70 24 10 
 
 first consti- 
 having been 
 
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 The Pocket Syringe has been patented, and has been sold by thousands since its first introduction. 
 DR. MATTISON'S IMPROVED FAMILY SYRINGE. 
 
 This is a pint Syringe, possessing very great power, and on that account is a particular favorite with many 
 families. It may be used without an assistant. 
 
 DR. MATTISON'S PATENT ELASTIC INJECTING INSTRUMENT. 
 
 This Syringe is just entering the market, and is receiving the unqualified approbation of the public. It is in 
 the form of a pump, but is without a piston. It requires but one hand to work it ; may be used without an as- 
 sistant ; and is admirably adapted to all the purposes of a male and female Syringe. It is also extremely light 
 and portable, and may be easily carried in the pocket. 
 
 MANUAL OF DIRECTIONS.— This work is an illustrated volume of nearly 200 pages. It contains direc- 
 tions for the employment of Injections in varices diseases, with remarks upon the nature and treatment of Hab- 
 itualConstipation ; preceded by a treatise on the Intestinal Canal, its structure, functions, etc., with a descrip- 
 tion of the Digestive Process. A copy accompanies each instrument. 
 
 For Sale Wholesale and Retail by THEODORE METCALF & CO., 39 Tremont Street, Boston, and by all of 
 the principal Druggists in the country. 
 
 BURNETT'S PURE COD LIVER OIL. 
 
 Prepared by THEODORE METCALF & CO., 39 Tremont Street, Boston. Has for years been known as the 
 bestarticle in the market For sale 'VVJiolesale & Retail as above. 
 
 MANUFACTURERS OF 
 
 ^ 
 
 BOTH COMMON AND PATENT, 
 
 No. 14 
 
 OP ALL KINDS AND SIZES, 
 
 Cor, of Water Street & South Avenue, 
 
 (NEAR STANLEY HOUSE,) 
 
 20 
 
AMOSKEAG MFG. COMPANY. 
 
 lacMne Shop & Locomotive Department, 
 
 Manufacture annually GO Locomotives, and have the facilities 
 for producing during the same period, Machinery for a Mill of 
 20,000 Spindles, besides. Turbine Wheels ranging from 20 to 300 
 Horse-Power. 
 
 There is consumed at these Works every year 2,000 tons of 
 Pig Iron, 1,000 tons Bar Iron and Steel, 150 tons Copper, 75 tons 
 Brass and Malleable Castings, 300 tons Boiler Iron, 1,200 tons 
 Coal, 5,000 bushels Charcoal, 4,000 Gallons Oil, 1,200 cords Wood. 
 
 THE 
 
 # 
 
 , ^ANup^crt.^^^ 
 
 'O 
 
 MANCHESTER, N. H. 
 
 MANUFACTURE 
 
 Of every description, and of the most approved Patterns, at 
 short notice. Also, 
 
 Stationary Steam Engines, 
 
 Boilers, Cotton ami Woolen Macliinery, Tools, Turbine Wheels, 
 Mill Work and Castings of every Description. 
 
 C. W. BALDWIN, Agent, 
 WM. AMORY, Treasurer. [Manchester, N. H. 
 
 65 State Street, Boston, Mass. 
 
THE STATE OF MAINE. 
 
 aboutSOO still in the State ; they live principally on the islands of the Penobscot Eiver, which they own, and enjoy a consid- 
 erable annuity secured to them by the j»overnineiiL There is also an Indian seltlement on the western side of Passaraa- 
 quoddy Bay. The present inhabitants are chiefly of British descent, and the greater portion of them the imraediato 
 descendants of the original colonisla of New England. There are, however, large numbers of emigrants from other 
 European countries, but the proportion of those classes is by no means so great as in most of the other States. Tho 
 colored races form but a small moiety of the people. 
 Maine is divided into 13 counties, the gt^neral statistics of which and the capitals of each, in 1S50, were as follows : 
 
 Counties. Dwell. Pop. f^"Jll y.^"',l^; Capitali. 
 
 Pe nobscot 1 0,3T4 . . 63,089 .. 3,98.3 . . 40T . . Bangor 
 
 PiseaLaquis 2,5S9.. 14,735.. 1,7T9.. CI. .Dover 
 
 Somerset 5,91T. .35,581. .3,813. .155. .Norridgewoek 
 
 Waldo T,6.31. .47,230. .4,415. .34T.. Belfast 
 
 "Washington .... 5,835. .38,810. .1,875. .310. .Machias 
 York 10,564. .60,101. .5,004. .352. .Alfred 
 
 Counties. Dwell. Pop. f"'^'"' "'""'"• Capitals. 
 
 ^ in cult, tstab. * 
 
 Aroostook 2,088.. 12.535.. 1,223.. 59..IIouItoa 
 
 Cumberland 12,762 . . 79,549 . . 5,352 . . W4 . . Portland 
 
 Franklin 3,4>57. .20,027. .2,.521..l:J5. Farmington 
 
 Hancock 5,5.')0. 34,372. .2,271. .205. .Ellsworth 
 
 Kennebec 10,102. .62,521. .5,256. .3U1 ..Auguhtx 
 
 Lincoln 12,176. .74,875. .4,975. .526. .Wiscasset 
 
 Oxford 6,712. .39,663. .4,238. .150. .Paris 
 
 The whole number of dwellings in the State was, at the above date, 95,797; of families, 103,787; and of inhabitants, 
 583,088; viz., whites 581,703— males 296,6:35, .ind females 285,128; free colored 1,325— males 7(1.5, and females 620. Of 
 the wliole population there were, deaf and du7nh—\\h. 229, fr. col. 1— total 230; Uind—wh. 201, fr. col. 0— total 201; 
 inmne—v/h. 533, fr. col. 3— total 536, and idiotla—y/h. 555, fr. col. 3— total 558. The number of free jjersons born in tho 
 United States was r>o\,V>9, the number of foreign birth 31,456, and of birth unknown ^'ii; native population originated as 
 follows: Minne 517,117, N. Hamp. 13,509, Verm. 1,177, Mass. 16,535, li. I. 41(1, Conn. 460, N. Y. 973, N. J. 134, Penn. 201, 
 Del. 36, Md. 113, Dist. of Col. 2S, Virg. 94, N. Car. 27, S. Car. 31, Oa. 24, Flor. 24, Ala. 6, Miss. 16, La. 21, Tex. 9, Ark. 6, 
 Tenn. 6, Ky. 14, Oh. 68, Mich. 19, Ind. 5, 111. 38, Mo. 11, la. 1, Wise. 10, Cilif. 2, Territories 4. And the foreign 
 population was composed of persons, from— England 1,949, Ireland 13,871, Scotland 532, Wales 60, Germany 290, 
 France 143, Spain 18, Portugal 58, Belgium 2, Holland 12, Turkey 4, Italy 20, Austria 3, Switzcriand 11, Russia 2, Den- 
 mark 47, Norway 12, Sweden 55, Prussia 27, China .3, Asia 5, Africa 5, British America 14,181, Me.xico 2, Central 
 America 0, South America .31, West Indies 61, Sandwich Islands 1, and other countries, 51. 
 
 The following table will show the decennial progress of the population since the first census of the State taken by tho 
 United States authorities : 
 
 Colored Persons. Decennial Increase. 
 Census Wliita , ' , Total , « , 
 
 Year. Persons. Free. Slave. Total. Population. Numerical. Percent. 
 
 1790 96,002 533 — 533 90,540 — — 
 
 1800 1.50,901 81S — 813 151,719 55,179 57.1 
 
 1810.' 227,7-36 969 — 969 228,705 76,986 50.7 
 
 1820 297,340 996 — 995 298,335 69,630 30.4 
 
 1830 398,263 1,190 2 1,192 399,455 101,120 33.9 
 
 1840 500,438 1,355 — 1,355 501,793 102,-338 25.6 
 
 1850 681,763 1,325 — 1,-325 583,083 81,295 16.2 
 
 The statistical returns of the wealth and industry of Maine, as furnished by the census of 1st June, 1850, and other 
 official docunii>nLs referring to that period, are as follows : 
 
 Occupied Linids, etc. — Improved lands 2,039,596 acres, and unimproved lands 2,515,797 acres — valued in cash at 
 $54,861,748. Number of farms under cultivation, 46,760; value of farming iinplements and machinery, $2,284,554. 
 
 Live-stock. — Horses, 41,721 ; asses and mules, 55; milch cows, 133,550 ; working o.xen, 83,893; other cattle, 125,890; 
 sheep, 451,577 ; and swine, 54,598 — total value of live-stock, $9,705,726. In 1840, there were in the State — horses, mules, 
 etc., 59,208 ; neat ciittlc of all descriptions, 327,255 ; sheep, 649,264 ; swine, 117,386, etc. 
 
 tfmm C/-(;;;s.— Wheat, 296,259 bushels; rye, 102,916 bushels; Indian corn, 1,750,056 bushels ; oats, 2,191,037 bushels; 
 barley, 151,731 bushels ; and buckwheat, 104,523 bushels. The same crops in 1840 amounted to — wheat, 848,166 bushels; 
 rj'e, 137,941 bushels; Indian corn, 950,528 bushels; oats, 1,076,409 bushels; barley, 355,101 bushels; and buckwheat, 
 51,513 bushels. Thus, while the wheat and barley crops have diminished about flve-eighths, all the other crops have 
 increased, and most of them have doubled in quantity. 
 
 Other Food Crops. — Peas and beans, 205,541 bushels ; Irish potatoes, 8,436,040 bushels. In 1840, the production of the 
 potato crop amounted to 10,392,280 bushels, or nearly three times that of 1850. 
 
 Miscellanemis Crops. — Hay, 755,889 (in 1840, 691,-358) tons ; clover-seed, 9,097 bushels ; other grass-seed, 9,214 bushels ; 
 hops, 40,120 (in 1840, 30,940) pounds; fl.ax, 17,081 pounds; flax-seed, 580 bushels; maple sugar, 93,542 pounds; mola.sses, 
 3,167 gallons; beeswax and honey, 189,618 pounds; silk cocoons, 252 (in 1840, 211) pounds ; wine, 724 gallons. The 
 value of orchard products was $342,865, and of market-garden products, $122,387. 
 
 Products of Animals.— ^oo\, 1,364,0-34 (in 1840, 1,405,551) pounds ; butter, 9,243,811 pounds ; cheese, 2,4-34,454 pounds ; 
 and the value of animals slaughtered during the year was $1,646,773. 
 
 Home-made Manufactures for the year ending 1st June, 1850, were produced to the value of $513,599. 
 
 Manufactures. — Aggregate capital invested, $14,700,452; value of raw material, fuel, etc., consumed, $13,555,806; 
 average number of hands employed, — males, and females, monthly cost of labor, $ — males 
 
 $ and females $ ^tolal value of products for the year, $24,664,135. The whole number of manufiicturing estab- 
 
 lishments in the State, in 1850, producing to the value of $500 and upward, was 3,682 ; and of these, 12 were cotton factories 
 GO woolen factories, 213 tanneries, and 26 establishments for the manufacture of iron — 26 for castings, and 1 for pig iron. 
 
 Tho cotton manufactures employ a capital of .$3,329,700 ; value of all raw material consumed, $1,573,110; monthly 
 cost of labor — male $22,895, and female $35,973 ; value of entire products, $2,590,-356. In this department of n)anufacturps 
 81,531 bales of cotton were used, and 2,921 tons of coal consumed ; and tho niunber of hands employed — males 780, and 
 females 2,959. The products for the year were 32,852,.')56 yards of sheeting, etc. 
 
 The woolen manufaeiurcs employ a capital of $467,000; and use 1,438,434 i)ounds of wool, ^tilucd at $495,940; number 
 of hands— males 310, and females 314; monthly cost of labor— male $0,998, and female $3,697; value of entire products, 
 $753,300, and quantity of products, 1,023,020 yarda of cloth, and 1,200 pounds yarn. 
 S 128 
 
EDWARD B. HOWE. JASON GOODHUE. 
 
 HOWE & GOODHUE, 
 
 (Successors to White & Puffer,) 
 MANUFACTURERS OF 
 
 Set in India Rubber Fabric or Leather. Also, 
 
 STRIPPING- CARDS OF VARIOUS SIZES. 
 •IflarUet Street, Ijowell, tJfKass, 
 
 Refers to John Avery, Esq., Agent for Hamilton Co., Lowell ; Charles L. Tilden, Esq., Agent for Tremont Co., Lowell; Linus Child, Esq.. 
 Ageut for Boott Co., Lowell ; Joseph AVhite, Ksq.. Agent for Massachusetts Co., Lowell ; Hamuel Fay. Esq., Agent for Lowell Co., Lowell; 
 Messrs Knight & Maynard, Assabet. Moss.; Royal Southwiok, Esq., Agent for M'ilton Co., Muss.; Daniel Holden, Esq., Ageut for New Eng- 
 land Worsted Co., Saxouville, Mass.; Messrs. Park, Painter & Co., Pittsburgh, Penn. 
 
 DE3 I> "V^ .^a^ H. I> IE* .A. C3^ 3E3 , 
 
 MANUFACTURER OP STRETCHED, CEMENTED AND STITCHED 
 
 OAK; TANNED LEATHER BELTING, 
 
 BELT AND TOP-ROLLER CEMENT, 
 
 COTTON SPINNING BANDING, POWER LOOM HARNESSES, 
 
 AND COVERS COTTON & WORSTED TOP-ROLLERS & IRON PULLEYS; 
 DEALER IN BELT RIVETS AND BURRS, 
 
 BELT, PICKER, LACE & SOLE LEATHER, 
 
 ROLLER SKINS, ROLLER CLOTH, HARNESS, TWINE, PEGGS, &c. 
 J^Tcar the Rail-Road Station, Turnpike Street, JLawrence, 
 
 REFERENCES. 
 
 Gen. H. K. Oliver, Agent Atlantic Mills, Lawrence I Col. Gordon MoKiiy, Agent L. M. Shop, Lawrence, 
 
 C.S. Storrow. Treas, Essex Company. " I Hon. Emery Washburn, Worcester. 
 
 Wm. C. Chapin, Agent PaoiBc Mills, " | Isaac Hinckley, Esq., Agent Mcr. Man'g Co., Lowell. 
 
 mmw^m % mE®mEm^M@mm 
 
 i 
 
 MANUFACTURERS OF EVERY DESCRIPTION OF 
 
 COTTON AND WOOLEN MACHINE CARDS, 
 
 t.T.?,Tk?nson. ] Jfl^JVCHE STEK, JV, It, 
 
 •^g^Diamond Point Card for Leaders, Feed Rolls, &c., made to order. Also, extra quality of 
 Hand Strippers constantly on hand. 
 
 REFERENCES— David Gillis, Esq., Agent Amoskeag New Mills; Phinehas Adams, Esq., Agent Stark Mills; 
 Waterman Smith, Esq., Agent Manchester Mills ; O. W. Bayley, Esq., Agent Manchester Locomotive Works ; 
 E. A. Straw, Esq., Ag't Land and Water Power Company; C. W. Baldwin, Esq., Ag't Amoskeag Machine Shop. 
 
 Lake Village Car and Machine Shop. 
 
 Circular §0arir, Sljinglc, Clagkarir & r)t|jtr Slills, 
 
 ALSO ALL KINDS OF 
 
 SBiaftlug aad Mill W@Fk, 
 
 Lake Vill, N. H., 1856. B. J, COIjE, Proprietor. 
 
 No. 34 
 
THE 
 
 ROGERS BROTHERS 
 
 HARTFORD, CONN. 
 
 OFFICE FOR EXHIBITION OF SAMPLES AT 
 
 'No. 17 Maiden Lane, New-York. 
 
 ^3 
 
 Claim to be unequalled in Variety, Style and Quality of Plated 
 Goods of their Manufacture. In their assortment may be found 
 Tea, Coffee, Dessert, Table, Salt, Mustard, Egg and Bar Sj^oons — 
 Dessert, Medium, Table, Oyster, Pickle and Beef Forks — Sugar 
 Shovels, Tongs and Lifters — Butter, Fisli, Pie, Cake, Crumb and 
 Ice Cream Knives — Asparagus and Ice Tongs — Cream, Gravy, Oys- 
 ter and Soup Ladles, &c., &c. Plated on fine Albata which is hard- 
 er and nearly as white as Silver. 
 
 All the choice varieties of Tea Sets, Urns, Kettles, Pitchers, 
 Communion Ware, Cake Baskets, Card Baskets, Fruit Stands, Salt 
 Cellars, Sugar Baskets, Mustard Cups, Butter Coolers, Spoon Cups, 
 Children's Cups, Molasses Cups and Plates, Goblets, Decanter 
 Stands, Soup Tureens, Dish Covers, Waiters and Castors, plated 
 on fine white Metal. 
 
 Waiters from 6 to 3G inches finely engraved ; Cake Baskets plain 
 and chased ; Vegetable Dishes, Soup Tureens, &c., plated on fine 
 German Silver. 
 
 Our customers may feel confident that all our goods which have 
 our mark on, thus: "Rogers Bros., A 1," or "Rogers Bros. Manu- 
 facturing Co." are the best of their kinds which are manufactured 
 by any one. 
 
THE STATE OF MAINE. 
 
 In tanneries, the invested capital is $732,747; value of hides and skins, $S92,;343; hands employed— males, 787, and 
 females 3; monthly cost of labor— male $17,229, and female $2S; skins tanned 31,350, and sides of leather tanned 
 632,G6S; value of products, $1,62(),G36. 
 
 In the manufacture oi pig iron, Wie capital invested is $214,000; value of all raw material, fuel, etc., $14,939 ; hands 
 employed— males, 71 ; monthly cost of labor, $1,502 ; pig iron made, 1,4S4 tons ; value of products, $30,016. The material 
 consumed consisted of 2,907 tons ore, and 213,970 bushels coke and charcoal. 
 
 In the manufacture of iron, caatings, the invested capital is $150,100 ; value of raw material, fuel, etc., $112,570 ; 
 number of hands employed — males 243, and females 1 ; average wayi'S per month— to males $29, and to females $5 ; 
 entu-e value of products— 3,691 tons castings— $265,000. The material and fuel consumed consisted of pig iron, 3,591 tons ; 
 old metal, 245 tons; mineral coal, 1,319 tons; and ooke and charcoal, 14,000 bushels. 
 
 Besides the above, Maine has other considerable interests — numerous mills, and various mechanical establishments, 
 etc., -which, in the aggregate, make up a long list of industrial pursuits, for the profitable prosecution of which the fine 
 streams of the country afford special facilities. 
 
 Commerce, Navigation, etc. — The total value of merchandise exported to foreign countries, from Maine, during the 
 year ending 80th January, 1850, was $1,556,912, of which $1,536,818 was the value of domestic produce and manufac- 
 tures, and $20,094 that of foreign goods re-exported. The value of domestic merchandise, exported in American vessels, 
 was $1,135,998, and in foreign vessels $400,820 ; and the value of foreign merchandise, re-exported'in American vessels, 
 was $14,564, and in foreign vessels $5,530. The total value of imports for the same year was $856,411, of which $609,155 
 was the value of goods carried in American vessels, and $247,256 in foreign vessels. The following table exhibits the 
 statistics of shipping employed in the foreign trade : 
 
 SmPPINQ ENTEKED. 
 Nationality. Vessels. Tonnage. Crews. 
 
 American 253 53,309 2,084 
 
 Foreign 1,040 89,S7T 6,083 
 
 Total 1,293 
 
 143,186 
 
 T,167 
 
 SHIPPING CLEAEED. 
 Nationality. Vessels, Tonnage. Crews. 
 
 American 585 111,123 4,543 
 
 Foreign. 1,046 91,014 5,131 
 
 Total, 
 
 .1,631 
 
 202,137 
 
 9,674 
 
 The tonnage cleared from Passamaquoddy district was 63,367 tons ; from Machias, 5,145 tons ; from Penobscot, 8,441 
 tons; from Waldoboro', 2,546 tons; from "VViscasset, 4,509 tons; from Belfast, 11,950 tons ; from Bath, 19,382 tons ; from 
 Bangor, 12,810 tons ; from Portland, 77,645 tons ; from Kennebuck, 1,343 tons ; and from Saco, 496 tons ; and the tonnage 
 entered at Passamaquoddy was 53,453 tons ; at Machias, 389 tons ; at Penobscot, 4,140 tons ; at Waldoboro', 492 tons ; at 
 Wiscasset, 1,025 tons; at Belfast, 820 tons; at Bath, 10,094 tons; at Bangor, 3,365 tons; at Portland, 64,195 tons, and at 
 Saco, 213 tons. The shipping owned in the State, on the 30th of June, 1850, amounted to 501,421 tons ; registered- 
 permanent, 193,955 tons, and temporary, 41,524 tons; enrolled and licensed-permanent, 259,845 tons, and temporary 
 499 tons ; licensed (under 20 tons)— employed in coasting 904 tons, and in the cod fisheries 4,094 tons. Of the registered 
 shipping 321 tons, and of the enrolled and licensed shipping 5,259 tons, were navigated by steam. The proportion of the 
 enrolled and licensed shipping employed— in coasting was 209,079 tons, in the cod fisheries 37,218 tons, and in the mackerel 
 fisheries 12,046 tons. 
 
 The statistics of the commerce of Maine for a series of years exhibit the following movements : 
 
 Year. Exports. Imports. Year. Exports. Imports. Year. Exports. Imports. 
 
 1820 $1,108,031 .... $ — 1831 $805,573 .... $941,407 1842 $1,050,523 .... $606,864 
 
 1821 1,040,848 .... 930,294 1832 981,443 .... 1,12.3,326 1843 682,891 .... 250,260 
 
 1822 1.036,642 .... 94.3,775 1833 1,019,831 .... 1,380,308 1844 1,176,185 .... 570,824 
 
 1823 895,501 .... 891,644 1834. 815,277 .... 1,060,121 1845 1,255,105 .... 855,645 
 
 1824 900,195 .... 768,44:3 1835 1,059,367 .... 883,389 1846 1,328,368 .... 787,092 
 
 1S25 1,031,127 .... 1,169,940 1836 850,986 .... 930,086 1847 1,634.203 .... 574,056 
 
 1826 1,052,575 .... 1,245,235 1837 955,952 .... 801,404 1848 1,957,395 .... 795,565 
 
 1827 1,070,134 .... 1,.333,390 1S3S 935,632 .... 899,142 1S49 1,236,681 .... 721,409 
 
 1S2S 1,019,517 .... 1,246,809 1839 895,485 .... 982,724 i860 1,656,912 .... 856,411 
 
 1S29 737,882 .... 747,781 1S40 1,018,269 .... 628,762 1S51 1,551,438 .... 1,176,590 
 
 1830 670,522 .... 572,666 1841 1,091,565 .... 700,961 1852 — .... — 
 
 Internal Commtmication.—The bays and estuaries of Maine, many of which, however, penetrate to a considerable 
 distance inland, are the only natural ways for internal intercourse enjoyed by the State. The great interior back from the 
 sea-board district is beyond their reach, and the chief rivers, except as far as they can be made to float down the timber 
 and rafts of the vast forests which abound at their upper courses, are almost useless to navigation. The State, then, has 
 had to depend on artificial channels for travel and transportation ; and from necessity, these are extensive and systematic. 
 But the position of Maine to the British provinces has di;manded of it something more than roads to the interior, and 
 hence we find its system, completed and projected, extending into Canada on the one hand, and into New Brunswick 
 and Nova Scotia on the other ; while lines of railroad are in operation from the south-east part of the State to Boston, 
 connecting with the general system of the Union, and furnishing a link in the great chain extending from Halifax, the 
 northern terminus of European steam navigation, to the ports of the Gulf of Mexico. The Atlantic and St. Lawrence 
 Eailroad, one of the greatest enterprises of the age, gives to Montreal and Quebec an outlet on the Atlantic, and avoids 
 the tedious navigation do^vn the St. Lawrence Elver. The European and North American Railroad will greatly facilitate 
 and shorten the period of travel between Europe and the Union. The first of these is already complete, and the latter 
 has so far progressed as to insure its completion within the next four or five years. With the exception of one or two 
 short lines, the railroads as yet complete are found in the south-cast part of the State, between the Kennebec Eiver 
 and the line of New Hampshire. The total length of completed railroad in the State, on the 1st January, 1853, was 417 
 miles. The State has also constnicted the Cumberland and Oxford Canal, connecting Portland with Sebago Pond, twenty 
 and a half miles long. It has 25 locks, and by another lock, in Saco Eiver, it is extended through Brandy and Long Ponds, 
 making its whole length 50 miles. 
 
 £a7iks. — ^The bank returns for October, 1850, reported 32 banks. The following statement exhibits their condition at 
 that period: liabilities— caintal $8,248,000, circulation $2,051,208, deposits $1,22.5,671, due other banks $48,030, and oUier 
 
 I 129 
 
THE STATE OF MAINE. 
 
 liabiliiies .f3S,2S5 ; and asseUs— loans and discounts $5,830,380, real estate $111,805, due by other banks $778,955, notes 
 of other banks $187,4:35, and specie $i75,5S9. The banks are subject to tlie control of Bank Commissioners appointed 
 by the Governor. 
 
 Government, rfc— The constitution of Maine went into pperation in 1820, on the separation of the State from Massa- 
 chusetts. It confers tlie right of mtffrage on every wliitc male citizen (except paupers, persons under guardianship, and 
 Indians not taxed) 21 years of age, and for three months next preceding any election a resident, and such citizen may 
 vote iu the town where a residence is so established. The general election is held annually on the second Monday in Sep- 
 tember. 
 
 The LegiRlature is composed of a House of Representatives and a Senate ; representatives not less than 100, nor more 
 than 200 in number (now 151), and elected annually, must be 21 years of age, five years citizens of the United States, one 
 year residents of the State, and tliree montlis next preceding the election inhabitants of the town they may represent. A 
 town having 1,500 inhabitants, is entitled to one representative; having 3,750, tioo ; having 6,775, three; having 10,500, 
 four; having \bfiW,jive ; having 20,250, ^ix; and having 26,250, seven ; and no town can ever be entitled to more than 
 seven representatives. Senators not less than 20 nor more than 81 in number (now 81), must be 25 years of age, and 
 otherwise their term of office and qualifications same as for representatives. Vacancies in the Senate shall be filled by 
 joint vote of the senators and the representatives, from tliose wlio had the highest number of votes in eacli district at tlie 
 popular election. The Senate tries all impeachments, and a two-thirds vote is necessary to conviction ; but judgment in such 
 cases only extends to removal from and <lisqualificatioti for office, the party being still lialile to indictment No senator or 
 representative shall, during his term, be appointed to any civil office of profit that may have been created, or its emolu- 
 ments imriaseil during such term; and no member of Congress, or person holding office under the Uniteil States, post- 
 officers excepted, can hold a seat in either house. The legislature convenes on the second Wednesday in January 
 annually. 
 
 The Governor is chosen by a plurality of votes, and holds office for one year. He must be 30 years of age, a natural 
 bom citizen of the United States, and for live years, and at the time of his election, .and during his term, a resident of the 
 State. If no person has a majority of votes, the House of Kcpresentalivcs, from those having the four highest numbers, 
 if there be so many, shall elect two, and return their names U) the Senate, one of whom the Senate shall elect and declare 
 governor. No jierson holding office under the United States, this State, or any other power, shall be governor. If the 
 office become vacant, the president of the Senate, and after him the speaker of the Eepresentatives, shall act as governor, 
 A two-third vote of both houses in favor of a bill vetoed by the governor, nullifies his objection, and it becomes law never- 
 theless. The gubernatorial term commences on the second Wednesday of May. 
 
 The Executive Council, consisting of seven councilors, not more than one from any senatorial district, is chosen annually 
 by joint ballot of the senators and representatives. They must be citizens of the United States, and residents of the Slate ; 
 and their proper office is to advise tho governor in the executive part of the government. 
 
 The principal administrative officers are the Secretary of State and the State Treasurer. They are chosen annually in 
 the same manner as the executive councU. The Treasurer is not eligible more than five years successively. 
 
 The constitutional organization of the judiciary was essentially altered by an act of the Legislature of 1852. The dis- 
 trict courts, which took the place of the old courts of Common Pleas were, abolished, and all their jurisdiction transferred 
 to the supreme judicial court, to which three additional justices were authorized by the above act. The State is now 
 divided into three judicial districts— western, middle, and eastern, and for the purpose of hearing and determining ques- 
 tions of law and equity, instead of being as heretofore held in the several counties, the terms are annually held for these 
 districts; at Portland for the western district, at Augusta for the middle district, and at Bangor for the eastern district 
 The other classes of eases are fried as formerly in the several counties where they are commenced. There is a probate 
 court in each county, with a judge and register; and each county has a clerk of the judicial court Municipal and police 
 courts are esUiblished at Portland, Bath, Bangor, Augusta, Gardiner, Belfast, Calais, Uockland, and Brunswick. All Stat* 
 judges are appointed by the governor, with the advice and consent of the council, and hold office for seven years, unless 
 sooner removed for cause. 
 
 Among the general provisions of the constitution, are the following : Quakers, Shakers, justices of the Supreme Court 
 and ministers of the gospel, shall be exempt from military duty. Suitable provision shall be made by towns to support 
 and maintain public schools. No grant shall be made by the legislature to any literary institution, unless it has control 
 over its charter. No religious test shall be required as a qualification for any office or trust In all libel cases, the truth 
 may be given in evidence, and the jury shall determine both the law and the facts. 
 
 Amendments to the constitution must receive a two-thirds vote of both houses, and be submitted to the people at the 
 next general election ; and if a majority is in favor of the amendment, it shall become a part of the constitution. 
 
 The militia of Maine, according to the returns of 1S51, consists of 02,533 men of all arms and grades, of which 188 are 
 commissioned officers, and 62,350 non-commissioned officers, musicians, artificers, and privates. Of the commissioned 
 officers, 12 are general officers, IS general staff officers, 21 field oflicers, and 129 company officers. All persons between 13 
 and 45 years of age, not exempt by law, are liable to do military duty. 
 
 Maine has several hen-evolent institutions, among which the Insane Hospital at Augusta stands pre-eminent. On the 
 4th of December, 1850, the two wings and most of the main building were destroyed by fire ; tho books, librar and 
 papers of the institution were saved, but 27 of the inmates and one of tlie assistants perished in tho flames. The 
 nortli wing was made habitable by the 1st of January, 1851, and has since been occupied. The returns for the year 
 ending 31st March, 1850, exhibited the condition of the hospital at that time as f illows: number of patients iu hos -ital at 
 the commencement of the past year, 127 ; and received during the year, 126 — total 253, of which number 142 were males, 
 and 111 females. Discharged during the year: recovered — males 88, and females 28; improvol — males 10, and females 
 10 ; unimproved— males 8, and females 8 ; and died— males 8, and females 7 ; making a total of 117. Of the 126 admitted, 
 64 were married — males 35, and females 29; 50 were single — 28 males, and 22 females; and 12 were widows; and of 
 tho number, 97 had been diseased less than one year, and 29 more than a year. In ordinary eases, the expenses, in- 
 cluding board, washing, medical atten<iance, etc., do not exceed, for males, $250, and for females, $225 per week. In 1850 
 a commission was appointed to establish a Iteforra School, and construct apiiropriate buildings therefor. 
 
 Finaiuvs, I)eht, rfc— According to the annual report of the State Treasurer, the amount of receipts for the year ending 
 
 30th April, 1S50, was $525,683 20, which, with a balance remaining from the last past year of $79,033 26, made the total 
 
 resources of the Trea-sury $6(14,720 52. The expenditures for the same period amounted to $478,802 45, leaving a surplus 
 
 of $125,924 07 for future appropriation. The principal objects of expenditure were — pay of Legislature, $41,090 ; exccu- 
 
 130 
 
NEW ENGLAND BUTT COMPAN 
 No. 25 Pearl Street, Providence, R. I. 
 
 HENRY P. KNIGHT, Agent. 
 
 Branch Warehouse, No. 188 Pearl Street, N. Y. 
 
 CAST IRON BUTT HINGES 
 
 OF EVERY DESCRIPTION AND OF THE BEST QUALITY, ALSO, 
 
 Superior l,auMdry and Sad Irons, Planed and Polished Tailors' 
 
 Irons, Sell-Shutting Oate IIin;^es and Catcbes, ^Voolnian's 
 
 Patent Self-Closing Door and date Ilin;?es, 
 
 BARN DOOR ROLLS AND RAIL SLIDING DOORWAY, FOOT SCRAPERS, 
 ANVILS, TEA SCALES, BED KEYS, ^VEIGHTS, DUMB BELLS, WAG- 
 ON BOXES, SAD IRON STANDS, BRACKETS, CARD RECEIVERS, 
 MIRROR FRAMES, GRINDSTONE CRANKS & ROLLS, &c. &c. 
 
 Superior Castings made to Order. 
 
 PROVIDENCE FORGE & NUT COMPANY. 
 
 < ^ • » » — — 
 
 Manufacturers of 
 
 Nuts & Washers, Chain Links, Stirrnps, levers, Hoolis & Thim- 
 bles, Match or Sister Hooks, Clinch Rings, Marline Spikes, 
 Connecting Shackles & other articles of Ship Chandlery. 
 
 FLAT & LONa JOINT 
 
 BLIND & SHUTTER HINGES & BLIND FASTENINGS. 
 
 ORDERS FOR EVERY DESCRIPTION OP 
 
 Promptly Executed. 
 S. A. NIGNTINGALE, Agent, | S. A. WATESMAN, Treasurer. 
 
 PROVIDENCE, R. I. 
 
 i 
 
 
 ESTABLISHED 
 A. D. 1845. 
 
 PROVEDEI^CE, R. I. 
 
 J. B. ANTHONY, 
 Agent. 
 
 I Nuts, Washers, Chain Links, Chains, Stirrup^ and Levers, Plane 
 I Irons, Soft-Moulding, Rabbet, Cornice, Tooth, Howel and Pan- 
 j nel Irons — Match Irons and Bits, Plow Bits, &c. Hooks and 
 I Thimbles, Match or Sister Hooks, Clinch Rings, Connecting 
 I Shackles, Ship Scrapers and Marline Spikes, Plate Hinges, fast 
 
 and loose joint — Draught Plates and Bunter Heads, Tinned Can 
 
 Rings and Bridge Bolts. 
 
 THEY ARE PREPARED TO EXECUTE ORDERS FOR ALL DESCRIPTIONS OF 
 
 COLD PUi^CH!PiC AND JOB WORK. 
 
 New York Warehouse, No, 22 Cliif Street, D. H. WAY, Agent. 
 
 21 
 
WILLIAM B. RIDER, 
 
 CONTINUES TO CUT AND GRIND 
 
 ^T HIS ISTEAV MIILL. 
 
 No. 156 Eddy Street, 
 
 (OPPOSITE PHENIX IRON FOUNDRY,) 
 
 PROVIDENCE, R. I. 
 
 Cut and Ground Logwood, Fustic, Hypernic, Redwood and Sappan Woods 
 always for sale as above. 
 
 S^'^- B. Fresh Ground Land Plaster for sale.,^^y 
 
 Manufacturer of American Hardware. 
 
 ' COFFEE MILLS OF VARIOUS KINDS, 
 
 House Trimmings, Patent Blind Hinges with Fastenings, 
 
 Plated Forks and Spoons of all kinds. 
 
 ALSO, A GENERAL ASSORTMENT OF 
 
 PLATED TEA A^'D TABLE WARE^ 
 
 All kinds of BKITTAWIA and AL,B ATA SPOOIVS, 
 
 HAMMER'S BARN DOOR ROLLS & HANGERS, 
 
 PLATFORM Si COUNTER SCALES, 
 
 VICES, COPYING PRESSES, CANDLESTICKS, SAW RODS, 
 GATE HINGES, WROUGHTISON BASTING SPOONS, 
 
 Kettle Ears, Grindstone Fixtures, &c. &c. 
 
 i?^"Also Owner and Ma ufacturer of the best Pow- 
 er Loom ever invented for knitting all kinds of ribbed 
 work. 
 
 THE GREAT RUSSIAN REMEDY. 
 
 PRO BONO PUBLICO. 
 
 .^^" "Every mother should have a box in the 
 house handy in case of accidents to the children." 
 
 licddiiig's Kussla Salve. 
 
 It is a Boston remedy of thirty years' standing, and is 
 recommended by physicians. It is a sure and speedy euro 
 for Burns, Piles, Boils, Corns, Felons, Chilblains, and Old 
 Sores of every kind; for Fever Sores, Ulcers, Itch, Scald 
 Head, Nettle Rash, Bunions, Sore Nipples, (recommended by 
 nurses,) Whitlows, Sties, Festers, Flea Bites, Spider Stings, ! 
 Frozen Limbs, Salt Rheum, Scurvy, Soro and Cracked Lips, 
 
 Sore Nose, AVarts, and Flesh Wounds, it is a most valuable ! 
 
 remedy and cure, which can bo testified to by thousands who have used it in the city of Boston and vi- 
 cinity for the last thirty years. In no instance will this Salve do any injury, or interfere with a physic- 
 ian's proscriptions. It is made from the purest materials, froma recipe brought from Russia — of article? i 
 growing in that country — and the proprietors have letters from all classes, clergymen, ]ihysicians, sea \ 
 captains, nurses, and others who have use I it themselves, and recommended it to others. Redding's Rus- ■ 
 sia Salve is put in large tin boxes, stamped on the cover with a picture of a horse and a disabled soldier, ; 
 which picture is also engraved on the wrapper. Price 2j Cents a Box. Sold at all the stores in town or j 
 country, or may bo ordered of any wholesale Druggist. i 
 
 :E=t:E3X>X>I2>JC3r cfis CJO., Proprietors, ! 
 
 No. 10 8 STATK STREET. IJOSTO.V. | 
 
THE STATE OF MAINE. 
 
 live expenses, $5,00T 93 ; salaries, $25,163 02 ; clerks, $2,800 ; roll of accounts, $13,04i 20 ; printing, etc., $2,500 ; cost of 
 criminal prosecutions, $23,578 66; officers of the State prison, $4,756 25; Insane Hospital, $1,519 50; deaf, dumb, and 
 blind, $9,750 09; school fund. No. 16, $24,435 56; Teachers' Institute, $2,600 ; Board of Education, $785 ; Penobscot In- 
 dians' fund, $4,187 33; agricultural products of Indians, $219 SO; Indian annuities, $1,500; State roads and bridges, 
 $1,800; militia pensions, $2,123; Maine Eeports, $1,560; Eastman's Digest of the same, $1,875; agricul'ural societies, 
 $2,202 90; county taxes, $24,479 92; furniture and repairs, $1,100; contingent fund of Treasurer, $1,000 ; State prison, 
 $3,300 ; public debt paid, $124,250 ; interest on debt, $61,574 29 ; temporary loan, $82,350, etc. ; and the chief sources of 
 income were— direct taxes, $190,976 60; land office, $132,340 95; permanent school fund, $2,009 30; school fund, No. 
 IT, $27,230 21; county taxes, $14,508 14; interest on United States loan, $8,100; premium on United States stock sold, 
 $7,725 ; interest, $3,678 03 ; bank dividends, $700 ; duties on commissions, $2,170, etc. The resources of the State are esti- 
 mated at $819,267 39, among which are enumerated, besides cash on hand and the proceeds of the annual taxes, 100 
 shares in the Augusta Bank, $10,000, and United States six per cent, stock due 1856, $20,000. The whole amount of the 
 public debt at the date above referred to was $854,750, which pays an annual interest of about $55,000. 
 
 Federal Representation.— }i.a.me, according to the provisions of the Act of 23d May, 1850, apportioning representation, 
 is entitled to send 6 representatives to the United States Congress. 
 
 Jteligious Denominations. — According to the census returns of the United States, taken in 1850, the statistics of the 
 several religious denominations in this State were as follows : 
 
 Denomina- No. of 
 
 Church 
 
 Value of 
 
 Denomina- No. of 
 
 Church 
 
 Value of 
 
 Denomina- No. of 
 
 Church 
 
 Value of 
 
 lions. Churches. 
 
 ncconl. 
 
 Propertj'. 
 
 tions. Churches. 
 
 accom. 
 
 Properly. 
 
 tioiis. Churches, 
 
 accom. 
 
 Property. 
 
 Baptist 283 . . 
 
 93,079 . 
 
 . $426,787 
 
 German Ref. — . . 
 
 — . 
 
 . $ - 
 
 R. Catholic. 11 .. 
 
 6,650 . 
 
 $20,700 
 
 Christian ... 9 . . 
 
 8,580 . 
 
 . 13,800 
 
 Jewish — . . 
 
 — . 
 
 — 
 
 Swedenbo'n 2 .. 
 
 640 . 
 
 8,000 
 
 Congregafl.. 165 . . 
 
 67,153 . 
 
 . 526,270 
 
 Lutheran ... — . . 
 
 — . 
 
 — 
 
 Tunker — . . 
 
 — . 
 
 — 
 
 Dutch Kef. . - . . 
 
 — . 
 
 — 
 
 Mennonito. . — .. 
 
 — . 
 
 — 
 
 Union 83 . . 
 
 26,087 . 
 
 108,670 
 
 Episcopal . . 8 . . 
 
 3,937 . 
 
 . 52,600 
 
 Methodist .. 171 .. 
 
 65,111 . 
 
 . 259,695 
 
 Unitarian. . . 15 . . 
 
 10,144 . 
 
 103,000 
 
 Free 19 .. 
 
 6,742 . 
 
 . 25,700 
 
 Moravian ... — . . 
 
 — . 
 
 — 
 
 Universalist. 53 . . 
 
 19,893 . 
 
 120,150 
 
 Friends 24 . . 
 
 7,225 . 
 
 . 14,580 
 
 Presbyter'n.. 7 .. 
 
 4,034 . 
 
 . 32,000 
 
 Minor Sects .. 1 . . 
 
 150 . 
 
 200 
 
 — making a total of 851 churches, with accommodation for 304,475 persons, and valued as property at $1,712,152. Maine 
 constitutes a diocese of the Protestant Episcopal Church, and a part of the Roman Catholic diocese of Boston. 
 
 Education. — The Board of Education has been abolished, and an Act has been passed, authorizing, instead thereof, the 
 appointment by the governor of a school commissioner for each county, to hold office for one year from 1st May, and it is 
 made the duty of each commissioner to spend 50 days at least in his county during the winter term of the schools, in 
 visiting and examining the scholars, etc. 
 
 In 1828 twenty townships of public land were reserved as a basis for a school fund — the proceeds of the land already 
 sold are $104,363 63, which constitute the permanent school fund of the State ; and in 1850. twenty-four half townships 
 were added to this fund. The banks pay one-half of one per cent, of their capital stock semi-annually for school use. 
 This tax in 1850 amounted to $27,230 27. Of the school fund thus constituted, $33,492 10 was aijportioned among the 
 towns, and the towns receiving their share are obliged to raise an amount of school money equal to 40 cents for each in- 
 habitant In 3,948 districts and 279 part districts, which made returns for 1850, there were 2,706 male and 3,921 femalo 
 teachers; average monthly wages — male $16 66, and female $5 92; average length of schools in weeks, 18.8 ; schools sus- 
 pended by incompetency of teachers, 152 ; number of good school-houses, 1,596 ; number of poor school-houses, 2,012 ; 
 number of school-houses built the past year, 120 ; whole number of scholars, 230,274 ; whole attendance in winter, 151,360 ; 
 average attendance, 91,519. The whole amount of school money raised by tax was $264,351 17, which was $41,010 81 
 more than required by law. The sum of $29,921 46 was expended for private schools. There were school libraries in 9 
 towns. The whole number of chartered academies in the State in 1850 was 92, of which 64 sustain schools during a 
 greater or less part of the year. Teachers' institutes have been in successful operation for several years ; 1,732 teachers 
 attended them in 1850 — 801 males, and 931 females ; and tlie session of each institute lasted ten days. 
 
 The two great colleges of Maine are Bowdoin and "Waterville colleges. Bowdoin College, at Brunswick, was founded 
 in 1802, and in 1850 had 14 professors, 1,062 alumni, of whom 187 had entered the ministry, 129 students, and a library of 
 27,500 volumes ; and Waterville College, of Waterville, under Baptist jurisdiction, was founded in 1820, and in 1850 had 
 5 professors, 207 alumni, of whom 82 had entered the ministry, 88 students, and a library of 15,500 volumes. There is a 
 Theological Seminary at Bangor, under Congregational auspices. It was founded in 1816, and in 1850 had 3 professors, 
 37 students, 202 graduates, and 7,000 volumes in its library. The Maine Medical School, at Brunswick, was foundetl in 
 1820, and in 1850 had 5 professors, 51 students, and 0>4 graduates. These institutions are liberally endowed, and have 
 all the appliances, apparatus, etc., necessary to illustrate the various subjects taught. 
 
 Public Libraries. — One State library — 9,000 volumes ; two social libraries — 6,370 volumes ; two college hbraries — ^16,800 
 volumes ; six students' libraries — 13,134 volumes ; two academical and professional libraries — 10,800 volumes ; one scientifle 
 and historical library — 300 volumes ; seventeen public school libraries — 152 volumes — total 31 libraries and 56,856 volumes. 
 There is a great discrepancy between the account of the college libraries given by the census as above and that published 
 in the annual catalogues of the respective institutions. 
 
 Periodical Press. — The whole number of periodicals in Maine, according to the ascertainments of the census of 1850 
 was 55, of which 15 were whig in politics, 15 democratic, and 25 neutral or devoted to literature, science, religion, etc. ; 
 and of the whole number 4 were published daily, 3 tri-weekly, 4 semi-weekly, 43 weekly, and one semi-monthly. The 
 aggregate circulation of each issue of the dailies was 6,100; of the tri-weeklies, 370; of the semi-weeklies, l,-350; of the 
 weeklies, 53,567 ; and of the semi-monthly, 2,500. Of the dailies 2 were published in Portland, and 2 at Bangor ; of the 
 tri-weeklies, 2 at Portland, and 1 at Bath ; of the semi- weeklies, 1 at Gardiner, 1 at Bath, 1 at Thomaston, and 1 at 
 Biddeford ; of the weeklies, 9 at Portland, 1 at Farmington, 4 at Augusta, 1 at Ilallowell, 2 at Waterville, 4 at Bath, 1 at 
 Newcastle, 1 at Lewiston, 1 at Rockland, 2 at Paris, 2 at Norway, 1 at Dover, 4 at Bangor, 2 at Skowhegan, 3 at Calais, 2 at 
 Belfast, 2 at Saeo, and 1 at Limerick ; and the semi-monthly, the " Scholar's Leaf," at Portland. The " Maine Farmer," 
 an agricultural paper, published at Augusta, circulates 5,300 copies at each issue, and has the highest circulation of any 
 periodical in the State. The " Transcript," a literary issue, published at Portland, circulates 4,608 copies, and has the 
 second highest circulation. 
 
 Pauperism and Crime. — The whole number of paupers who received support within the year ending 1st June, 1850, 
 was 5,503, of which 4,553 were natives, and 950 foreign born ; and the whole number of paupers on the list at the above 
 
 131 
 
THE STATE OF MAINE. 
 
 date was 3,535, of which 3,209 were natives, and 32G foreign born ; annual cost of support, $151,GG4. The State prison l' 
 located at Thomaston. The wliole number of convicts in this institution 30th April, ls49, was 97, and the number received 
 in the year next following was 31— total 98. Discharged by expiration of sentence 17, by pardon 5, and by death 1 ; and 
 on the 30th April, 1850, 75 remained incarcerated. Of those convicted in lS-19-50, 4 were for arson, 5 for burglary, 2 for 
 forgery, 49 for larceny, 5 for murder, and 1 for pa.ssing counterfeit coin. The whole number of convicts received into the 
 prison since 2d July, 1824, up to the end of the official year 1S50, was 981. 
 
 Hifttorieal Sketch. — The first settlements of Maine were for a long period interrupted by savage incursion. Though 
 visited at an early period, no permanent colonies were established until the commencement of the seventeenth cenlury. 
 In 1G04 the French settled on the Kennebec, and in 1607 Sir John Gilbert arrived at tlio mouth of the s;ime river with 100 
 colonists, but having passed the winter in great suffering, the party returned to England, representing the country as a 
 " cold, barren, and mountainous desert." Tlie unfortunate result of this enterprise discouraged any furtlier attempts on 
 the jiart of the Englisii for some years. The French, however, had established themselves on different parts of the coast, 
 and the Dutch also had a settlement at a place called Newcastle. After the formation of the Plymouth Company a more 
 regular system of colonization was attempted, but no effectual settlement by the English was made before 1635. In that 
 year the country was parceled into shares, but none of the holders, except Sir Ferdinand Gorges, who received a grant of 
 the lands between the Piscataqua and Kennebec, obtained their patents. His charter, granted in 1639, gave him despotic 
 power over the district, and the laws he promulgated on talking possession were aristocratic and feudal in their character, 
 and little suited to the English emigrant of the time. The population of the province seems accordingly to have increased 
 but slowly. The first general council was held at Saco in 1040. The government was administered in the name of Gorges 
 until 1617, when, on his death being announced, the people took the administration of affairs into their own hands, and 
 elected a governor from among themselves until 1652, in which year the province was incorporated with Massachusetts, and 
 80 remained until Charles II. restored it to the heirs of Gorges. The government of Massachusetts, however, shortly after- 
 ward purdiased the whole country for £1,200 sterling, and thenceafter it was governed as part of her territory, and was 
 included in the new charter of Massachusetts in 1691. At that time the present State of Maine was divided into two 
 parts — the country between the Piscataqua and Kennebec, which contained the principal settlements, and was exclusively 
 called Maine, and that between tlie Kennebec and the St. Croix, which was known by the ancient French name of Aeadie. 
 The province was not supposed to extend back from the sea farther than 120 miles, and the territory beyond that distance 
 was considered as crown lands. The whole country, from the Piscataqua to the St. CroLx, was now granted to 
 Massachusetts. 
 
 From its first settlement to the middle of the eighteenth century the inhabitants suffered grievously from Indian warfare. 
 The savages opposed step by step the progress of the colony. In 1675 almost all the settlements were destroyed, and from 
 1692 to 1703 the province was a uniform scene of rapine. In 1720 the harassing conflict was renewed, and the settlers 
 suffered severely until 1726, when a treaty was concluded which secured peace for several years. So late as 1744 and 
 1748 many of the inhabitants were killed or carried off from the towns. Since 1749, however, when another treaty was 
 made, tranquillity has prevailed, and at the present time few Indians remain within the State. 
 
 From the period of the union with Massachusetts to the final separation in 1820, the history of Maine has been merged 
 in that of Massachusetts. We hear little of the former during the Itevolutionary War. In the war of 1S12-15 a portion of 
 the district was compelled to submit to the British arms, and remained under their control until the return of peace. 
 No attempt was made to dislodge the enemy. 
 
 The separation of the district from the jurisdiction of Massachusetts, and its erection into an independent State, were 
 frequently attempted, but without success. In October, 1785, a convention met at Portlaml for the purpose of considering 
 the subject. In the succeeding year the question was submitted to the people of Maine, to be decided in town meetings, 
 when it was found that a majority of the freemen were against the measure. The subject was renewed in 18U2, when 
 again a majority appeared adverse to a separation. In 1819, numerous petitions having been presented to the Legislature, 
 an act was passed for ascertaining the will of the people, in conformity to which a vote was taken in all the towns. A 
 large majority now voted in favor of the separation, and in consequence of the desires of the inhabitants thus expressed, a 
 convention was called under the authorization of the Legislature of Massachusetts. A constitution was adopted which 
 received the approbation of the people, and on the 15th March, 1820, the District of Maine became an independent State 
 and a member of the United Slates. 
 
 Succession of Gavernors.—^Viniam King, 1820; Albion K. Paris, 1821 ; E. Lincoln, 1S26 ; Jonathan G. Ilunton, 1830; 
 Bamuel E. SmithflS31; Robert P. Dunlap, 1834; Edward Kent, 1838; John Fairfield, 1S39; Edward Kent, 1841; John 
 Pairfield, 1842 ; Edward Kavanagh (acting), 184;3 ; Hugh J. Anderson, 1844 ; John W. Dana, 1847 ; John Uubbard, 1851. 
 
 Augusta, on the Kennebec Itiver, is the political capital and seat of the State Government. 
 132 
 
Peter Parley's Great Work! 
 
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 PUBLISH THE FOLLOWING 
 
 MAGNIFICENT WORK OF HISTORY! 
 
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 UNIVERSAL HISTORY, 
 
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 By S. G. GOODRICH, Author of Several Works of History, "Peter Parley's Tales," &c. &c. &c. 
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 1*0. 32 __^_ ^ 
 
THE STATE OF MARYLAID. 
 
 Maetla^nd, the most soiithcm part of that division of the United States of America usually called the "Middle 
 States," is situate between the latitudes 38° and 39° 43' north, and between the longitudes 75° 03' and 79° 32' west from 
 Greenwich, or 2° 31' and 1° 5S' east from Washington. Its outline is extremely irregular, except on the north and east, 
 where Mason and Dixon's line constitutes the frontier, and separates Marjland from the adjoining states of Pennsylvania 
 and Delaware. On the south the Potomac Eiver, with a winding channel and circuitous general course, is its limitary 
 stream, and divides it from Virginia. The main body of the eastern section is bounded by Delaware State line; but a 
 narrow strip, projecting eastward to the sea, intrudes itself between that State and the Virginia portion of Chesapeake 
 peninsula. The peripliery of the State is estimated to be about 766 miles, namely : from the mouth of Potomac Eiver to 
 the source of its north branch, 820 miles ; thence north to the Pennsylvania line, 85 miles; thence along that line east- 
 ward, 199 miles ; thence along the west and south line of Delaware, 122 miles ; thence along the Atlantic Ocean, 32 miles ; 
 thence across the peninsula to the mouth of Pocomoke Eiver, 20 miles; and directly west to the confluence of Potomac 
 Eiver with Chesapeake Bay, the place of beginning, about 33 miles. "Within this outline is contained a superficies of 
 18.959 square miles; but of this extent only 9,674 square miles are laud, the residue being covered by the waters of 
 Chesapeake Bay and its numerous inlets and bays. 
 
 Maryland is naturally divided into three distinct geographical sections. The Jirst section comprises that portion lying 
 to the east of Susquehanna Eiver and Cliosapeake Bay, known locally as the "Eastern Shore," and which contains the 
 counties of Worcester, Somerset, Dorchester, Talbot, Caroline, Queen Anne, Kent, and Cecil. It forms a part of that 
 long peninsula which, projecting southward toward and into the Atlantic Ocean, divides the waters of Chesapeake and 
 Delaware bays, and which, though of very limited extent, comprises the whole of one state, and portions of two others. 
 The surface of the whole tract is level, and but slightly elevated above the sea ; and in every part its soils are more or less 
 sandy, but, in their general character, may be considered as above the average in respect of their adaptation to the pur- 
 poses of agriculture. Few rocks are found in any part, and the mineral deposits are chiefly bog-iron ore, chromes, etc., with 
 aluminous and magnesia salts. Marl, shell-lime, marsh mud, peat or turf, and other agents used as fertilizers, abound. 
 In tlie northern districts of this region, however, the country is hilly, and in some parts has a rocky substratum — the 
 rocks chiefly sandstone and slate. The forest growths consist principally of oaks of various species, hickory, chestnut, 
 pine, locust, walnut, cedar, gum, beech, and a great variety of shrub and herbaceous annuals. Wheat, Indian corn, and 
 tobacco are the staple productions ; and in the more southern counties, the cotton plant is said to succeed well. The 
 climate is temperate, and highly favorable to the enjoyment and extended duration of life. The land area of this section 
 is computed at 3,3S6 sqare miles, or 2,107,040 acres. "The peninsula, of which this portion of Maryland forms a part, is 
 about ISO miles in length from the north line of the State to Cape Charles, and has an area of about 5,9S0 square miles ; 
 the neck between the inclosing bays is only about 17 miles wide ; but as it stretches southward, it expands gradually to the 
 ■width of 70 miles, and then as gradually contracts until it terminates in a long, narrow tongue, called Accomac Penin- 
 sula, about 50 miles in length and 10 miles wide. The coast on the Chesapeake is deeply indented by numerous spacious 
 gulfs and estuaries ; such as those at the confluence with the bay of the Pooomoke, Nanticoke, Choptank, Chester, and 
 Elk rivers, each receiving considerable streams from the interior and affording great facilities to navigation. The eastern 
 coast presents a striking contrast when compared with the western coast. " Between the ocean and the cultivated 
 portion of the country, there is a prolonged sandy beach, varying from a few hundred yards to a quarter of a mile or 
 upward in breadth, and extending the whole length of the coast, without a single outlet to the ocean, from Indian Eiver, 
 In Delaware, to the southern extremity of Chincoteague Island, in Virginia. Between this beach and tlie mainland lies 
 Sinepuxent Bay, from one to lour or five miles wide, and nearly 30 miles in length. It is a shallow sheet of water, 
 navigable only to a short distance above South Point, at the lower end of Sinepuxent Neck." Some inlets that formerly 
 existed in this beach, and admitted the sea, are now closed, and the waters of the bay have become comparatively fresh. 
 The second section, comprising what is usually called the Western Shore, consists of another peninsula lying inland 
 between the Potomac Eiver and Chesapeake Bay, and np to the line of the river falls, which extend from above Port 
 Deposit to above Georgetown. In its general features, soil, and productions, it closely resembles the section of country 
 already described. It is alluvial in its formation, and lying principally on the western shores of the bay, or upon the 
 eastern bank of the lower Potomac, has the same climate as the " Eastern Shore." The counties comprised in this section 
 are St. Mary's, Calvert, Charles, Prince George, Anne Arundel, Howard, parts of Montgomery, Baltimore, and Harford. 
 The territorial extent of these counties is about 3,G9S square miles, or 2,366,520 acres. The leading geographical feature 
 of the north-western part of this section, is the ledge of primitive rocks which runs from the left bank of the Potomac, in 
 Montgomery County, norlh-easfwanlly to the Susquehanna Eiver, where it crosses the north line of the State. The 
 primitive ledge forms a naturnl boundary between the alluvi.il region and the mountainous district of Maryland, which 
 latter constitutes the tluviJ, or western section, passing through which we meet with, in succession, South-East Mountain, 
 or Parr's Eidge, terminating with Sugar-Loaf Mountain, on the Potomac; Catoctin Alountain. reaching the same river at 
 the Point of Eocks ; South Moimlain, or Blue Eidge, crossing it at Harper's Ferry ; the Kittatinny, crossing it at Hancock ; 
 Eugged Mountain, Wills Mountain, and other detached ridges; and the great Alleghany ridge, traversing the far western 
 part of the State. Many fine vallcjs interlie the mountains, which in climate and soil are not surpassed by the most favored 
 
 133 
 
THE STATE OF MARYLAND. 
 
 regions of the tarth. Tliis section extends ulong tlio left bank of the Potomac to the western bounilary of the State, and 
 following the sinuosities of ttie river, is nearly 175 miles in length, but so irregular in shape, that though it is more than 100 
 miles wide at the eastern end, it is compressed in the middle by the near approach of the border liiic^ of Virginia and 
 Pennsylvania to a width of less than S miles. From the base of the primitive le<ige, which is, in fact, a lower branch of 
 the Appalachian chain, the surface gradually rises to the head waters of the Potomac River 2,000 or more feet. This 
 represents the rise from tide-water at Ualliniore to the dividing grounds in Alleghany County, between the waters of the 
 Potomac and those falling into Ohio Pviver. Embraced in this section are Carroll, Frederick, "Washington, and Alleghany 
 counties, which together cover an area of 2,590 square miles, or 1,657,600 acres. 
 
 Cliesapeake Bay, which divides the State into two unequal parts, in Ms greatest extent, lies within Maryland. It is a 
 noble sheet of water, equaled in its commercial capacities by few of the great estuaries that in various parts of the world 
 have attracted the notice and admiration of the mariner. Its entrance between Cape Charles and Cape Henry, in 
 Virginia, is about 15 miles in width, and opens from east to west; but on penetrating the land it suddenly changes its 
 direction, and stretches from south to north over a distance of ISO miles, with a width in the .southern part of 2U to 30 
 miles, and in the northern part of about 10 miles. It is, throughout, deep and navigable for large vessels, and it receives 
 a great many deep and navigal)le rivers, of which the largest and principal are from Virginia. Its area is about 3,500 
 square miles. The Susquehanna Itiver has its lower course in Maryland ; the tide reaches Port Deposit 5 miles from its 
 mouth, above wliich there are falls; the Patapsco River is a fine mill stream falling into the hay of the same name below 
 Baltimore ; the Patuxent, the principal river of the Western Shore, is a wide stream, flowing nearly parallel with the 
 Potomac, and navigable to Nottingham, abfjut 50 miles, f(jr large vessels; the Elk, Chester, Choptank, Kanticoke, and 
 Pocomoke, on the Eastern Shore, are navigable for 30 or 40 miles; and the Monoeacy River, Antietam and Coneco- 
 cheague creeks are the principal tributaries of the Potomac in !Marjland. All these contribute to the volume of the 
 waters of Cliesapeake Bay, and, in their several courses, furnish fine avenues of internal trade, or provide water-power 
 sufficient for all the purposes of extensive manufacturing operations. The Potomac, common to Virginia and Maryland, 
 forming the boundary between the two, is the most important of all the streams of the latter, and the largest of the 
 tributaries of the Chesapeake. It rises in the recesses of the Alleghany Mountains, and reaches the bay between Point 
 Lookout and Smith's Point. This river is 7i miles wide at its mouth, and navigable for ships of the greatest burden for 
 300 miles from the sea, 3 miles below the head of tide-water. Above this point, the navigation is obstructed by a succes- 
 sion of falls, around which, however, canals have been dug, and the navigable channel so far improved as to render 
 the river passable for boats to Cumberland, 191 miles above Washington. The descent of the Potomac, from the mouth 
 of Savage River to Cumberland, a distance of 31 miles, is 445 feet ; from Cumberland to the Shenandoah Falls, 130 miles, 
 it is 490 feet; hence to Great Falls, 40 miles, 39 feet; and between these and tide- water, 12 miles, 143 feet; making the 
 whole descent from the mouth of Savage River to tide-water, a distance of 213 miles, 1,117 feet, or on the average 5i feet 
 in each mile. Rising westward of the Alleghany Mountains is the Youghiogeny, the only river of Maryland that does 
 not empty its waters into Chesapeake Bay; it flows northward through Alleghany County, and passing into Pennsylvania, 
 falls into Monongahela River, IS miles south-east of Pittsburg; and thence its waters are carried through the Ohio and 
 Mississippi rivers to the Gulf of Mexico. 
 
 Conmiencing at the ocean and proceeding westward, we find a low and almost level region. This plain extends from 
 New Jersey through the Southern States. As the soil composing this plain consists of incoherent materials, which are 
 easily washed away, the tide flows across it and forms large estuaries, where it meets the rivers which flow from the 
 interior. This plain does not now present an unbroken surface, but is marked by minor irregularities and undulations, 
 which have been due to the action of brooks, creeks, and rain torrents ; still, the general character of a broad level is 
 preserved, as it is in the ocean, notwithstanding its surftice is broken by waves. The portion of the plain lying in Marj'- 
 land, which is sometimes called the tide-water district, embraces nearly one-half of the territory of the State. This great 
 region, which once formed the bed of an ancient ocean, and has risen by means of those elevatory forces which have 
 acted upon all the continents, contains beneath its surface unquestioned records of the epochs when its materials wero 
 deposited. In the strata which compose this plain toward the north, in New Jersey, fossils are found indicating that the 
 strata belong to the cretaceous or chalk formation, which occupies in the geological scale the upper part of the secondary 
 formation. The cretaceous strata, if tliey exist in Maryland, are concealed by the overlying deposits ; but they probably 
 form the floor of these deposits from New Jersey to North Carolina, where they again appear at the surface. The fossils 
 found in the clifls and banks of the Atlantic plain, prove that the strata which compose it belong principally to the ter- 
 tiary formation, which lies next the chalk. AH the tertiary deposits, with the exception of the pliocene, occur in the 
 State. The inclination of the tertiary beds in Maryland is very slight, and toward the south-east, so that the Potomac 
 below Washington presents sections of each of the divisions, the lower beds rising to the surface as we proceed west. 
 
 The later tertiary, or post pliocene, which represents the epochs next antecdent to the introduction of the human race, 
 occurs in Maryland only in limited patches. The principal one is in St. Mary's County. To this period are referred the 
 numerous beds of oysters which skirt the low margins of the islets and rivers of Maryland, and which are usually 
 attributed to the agency of the aborigines. The deposit in St. Mary's County is interesting, as containing several southern 
 species, and particidarly the gnathadmi caiKKitun, which is now found oidy in the warmer waters of the Gulf of Mexico ; 
 a fact indicating the prevalence in this region of a climate like that of Florida, at the period of the formation of this 
 deposit. The miocene formation, which underlies the last named deposits, is the most widely extended of the tertiary 
 beds. The principal marl beds are in this formation. It occurs near Chestertown, Wye Mills, on Choptank River, near 
 Fasten, and at other places near the Eastern Shore ; also through the counties of St. Mary's, C.ilvert, etc. Within the 
 miocene, at Piscataway, has been traced a remarkable bed of silicious clay, entirely composed of silicious cases (of infusoria) 
 80 minute as only to be detected by a powerful microscope, yet containing distinct specific characters, enabling us to refer 
 them to the miocene. Of the shells in the miocene deposits in this State, about seventeen per cent, have been identified 
 with living species. Thus, at this remote period, the peculiar distribution of living mollusca, which now exists, had 
 begun to prevail in the region of Maryland, while at this geological era the fauna were so distinct from tho present, that 
 four-fifths of the species now living had not come into existence. 
 
 An abrupt line of dcmarkation exists between the fossil groups of the miocene and eocene, which lies next below the 
 former. Before the deposition of the miocene beds, some event has occurred, like a sudden fall in the temperature of 
 the ocean, which has destroyed every kind of animal life; for in the miocene deposits not a single form of the lower 
 tertiary bed exists, even where the two beds are in juxtaposition. The eocene, which toward the oce.in has been 
 sunk beneath the miocene, rises shortly after passing a line from Fort Washington to Annapolis. Of two hundred 
 134 
 
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THE STATE OF MAEYLAND. 
 
 species of shells found in this formation, not one now exists on the coast, or is found in the more recent deposits of the 
 United States, although many are identical with the eocene fossils of the Paris hasiu. A circumstance of much econom- 
 ical interest in relation to this formation is the occurrence, in many localities of the eocene, of that most valuable fertilizer, 
 the green sand, which occurs in the secondary beds of New Jersey, and has added so much to the agricultural wealth of 
 that State. The decomposed shells, or marl, of the tertiary have contributed, in scarcely a less degree, to the fertility of 
 the lower counties of Maryland. 
 
 The head of tido-watcr forms the limit of the tertiary. On the western borders of this formation, aU along the Atlantic 
 coast, all the great rivers descend by falls and rapids. At these points the navigation is stopped, and large cities have 
 sprung up. Thus the western boundary of the tertiary is a lino of great geographical and political interest. Proceeding 
 westward from the limit of the tertiary, we And a belt of stratified nietamorphic, or hypogene rocks, which ranges nearly 
 parallel witli the Atlantic coast. These rocks include gneiss, micaceous, eliloritic, and talcosc slates, and beds of serpen- 
 tine, granite, and limestone. The width of this belt, in Maryland, from its eastern border to the points where its rocks 
 begin to be covered unconformably with new red sandstone, is from 20 to 30 miles. This region is characterized by hills 
 generally of moderate height, but sometimes rising as high as 900 feet above mid tide. Their summits are rounded, and 
 present a striking contrast to the long, steep, parallel ridges of the Alleghauics. The beds of tlxe rivers which pass 
 through this region are in deeply-cleft valleys, with rounded or abrupt sides, that afford small tracts of alluvial soil. The 
 general inclination of these hypogene rocks is to tlie south-east, at an angle of about 45°; the direction of the range is 
 north-cast and south-west. The principal minerals and rocks of economical value in this belt are the gneiss, which forms 
 an excellent and Indestructible material for ordinary building purposes ; primary limestone, or saecharoidal marble, 
 extensively used for building purposes in Baltimore and Washington; hydrosilicates of magnesia, which furnish a 
 material for the production of a large amount of magnesia. The serpentine of Harford County, and the northern border 
 of Cecil County, has yielded a large amount of ferroxide of chrome, for making pigments and dyes; titaniated iron, 
 which occurs in gneiss, has been worked with success in Harford County. Ores of brown hematite, extensively used ia 
 Maryland for the manufacture of iron of excellent quality, occur in beds of clay and loam, particiUarly on the borders of 
 the primary limestone within this belt. 
 
 Near Frederick, in passing westward, we perceive that the hypogene rocks begin to be covered with unconformable 
 beds of red sandstone. This group of rocks is one of the most remarkably uniform in the country, possessing the same 
 characteristics from the Hudson to North Carolina. It consists of darlj reddish brown argillaceous sandstones, of 
 crumbly-brown shales and coarse conglomerates. The strata dip gently toward the north-west, or toward the mountains. 
 The beds, which show themselves along the south-eastern edge of the tract, consist mostly of coarse sandstones, alternat- 
 ing with red shales. The central parts consist more exclusively of brown sliales and brown argillaceous sandstone. The 
 uppermost beds, or those occurring along the north-western margin of the formation, have frequently the cliaracter of 
 coarse conglomorates, made up of pebbles derived from a great variety of rooks, chiefly those which occur at the base or 
 on tlio side of the adjoining South Mountain. The beds of rock on the Potomac, which have furnished the material 
 from which the columns in tlie House of Representatives in the Capitol at Washington have been constructed, belong to 
 this formation, the pebbles and the cementing materials in these beds being of limestone. The few fossil fishes and shells 
 found in this formation establish its age to be that of the upper new red sandstones of Europe, or the period of the middlo 
 ages of geological history. To this formation belong the most important localities of copper ores in Maryland. Indeed, 
 this formation is the depository of the principal copper mines in the United States, the beds containing the copper of 
 Lake Superior being referred to this formation. 
 
 After passing the formation of new red sandstone, which occupies, as we have seen, a narrow trough in the hypogene 
 or metamorphic rocks, proceeding westwardly, we .npproach the first ridge of tlie Alleghanies, or the great Apalachian 
 chain. A rapid glance at the general features in the struclure of the whole chain wUl enable us to comprehend more 
 fully the portion of the chain which exists in this State. This chain, geologically considered, extends from Vermont to 
 Alabama, being more than l,Ot)0 miles long, from 50 to 100 miles broad, and varying in height from 800 to 4,000 feet. 
 Unlike the great chains of many countries which contain a principal central mountain, to which all the minor ranges 
 tend, this system consists of a liroad zone of almost innumerable parallel ridges of nearly equal parallel height The 
 characteristic features of the ridges are great length, narrowness, and steepness, the evenness of their summits, and their 
 remarkable parallelism ; many of them are almost straight for more than 50 mUes. This feature, combined with their 
 steep slopes and sharp and level summits, gives them the appearance, seen in perspective; of so many colossal intrench- 
 ments. The first belt of the chain, having in a less degree the characteristics above mentioned, is the narrow unduhating 
 mountain range, called in New York and New Jersey, the Highlands; in Pennsylvania, the South Mountain ; in Mary- 
 land, the South Mountain or Blue Ridge— the latter name being applied to the range in Virginia — the Catoctin Mountain, 
 which is the first chain of importance which presents itself in Maryland as we proceed west, being a spur of the Blue 
 Ridge. The roclcs of this belt are, for the most part, of the older metamorphic strata, including gneiss, micaceous, 
 chloritic, argillaceous, and talcose slates, and the Pottsdam sandstone. Such is the character of the rocks exposed by the 
 canal and railroad excavations at Harper's Ferry. Immediately north-west of this mountain range is the great Apala- 
 chian Valley, which ranges from Vermont to Alabama under various local names. The portion lying in Maryland is 
 called the Hagerstown Valley. The latter, like the continuation of the same valley north and south, is principally based 
 upon the Trenton limestone, remarkable as containing all the great caverns in the country. Beyond this valley to the 
 north-west is a wide belt of long, narrow, parallel ridges and Included valleys, spreading north-westward to the foot of 
 the great plateau of the Alleghany or Cumberland Mountain. This belt has a breadth varying from SO to 60 miles. These 
 narrow and parallel ridges consist of strata folded into a succession of convex and concave strata, which have been sub- 
 sequently laid open by denudation. They consist of silurian, devonian, and carboniferous formations, adopting the terms 
 applied to similar formations in England— the older groups, or Silurian, lying chiefly along the south-eastern flank of the 
 Apalachians, and the carboniferous making their appearances as we proceed west. It is evident that these beds, now so 
 much folded and fractured, were originally horizontal, and formed continuous deposits with the rocks .of the great western 
 coal field. It appears that the bending and fracture of the beds is greatest on the Atlantic side of the chain, and the 
 strata becomes less and less disturbed as we proceed toward the west. The most Important feature in the geology of the 
 Apalachian chain, as it exists in Maryland, is the occurrence among its strata of the carboniferous formation, and its 
 included beds of coal and ores of iron. There are three important coal areas within the State ; two north-west of the 
 80-called Backbone of the Alleghany Mountain; the north-west, or Yioughiogeny field, estimated to contain 250 square 
 miles; the middle area, between Negro and Meadow mountains, estimated to contain 120 square miles. These fields, 
 
 135 
 
THE STATE OF MARYLAND. 
 
 lying in the midst of a forest region, have not been thoroughly explored. The estimates of their value can not be much 
 relied on. This is of comparatively little importance, as from their location they must remain for a long time undisturbed. 
 The Frnstburg, or Cumberland coal basin, lies between Davis Mountain to the east, and Savage Mountain to the west, 
 extending within the State 20 miles in length, with an average breadth of 4} miles. The carboniferous strata, composing 
 the coal series, consisting, as elsewhere, of shale, grit, sandstone, limestone, argillaceous iron ore, and coal, dip on every 
 side toward the centre of the trough. The successive beds have been compared, in shape, to a great number of Indian 
 canoes, placed one within the other. The entire thickness of the coal measures about 1,500 feet The present surface 
 of the basin is irregular, as it has been intersected by numerous deep ravines, formed by streams and rivers. By these 
 means large portions of the beds have been swept away. Wherever the beds have been cut off by the intervention of a 
 valley, they are seen on the opposite sides at the same level, showing that the beds were once continuous. The whole 
 amount of denudation has been estimated at 26,250 acres, 86,S47 acres or 135 square miles, being the supposed present 
 area of the coaL This denudation has given great facility for exploration of the strata and working the coal, and saves 
 the large expenditures necessary in other regions for draining the mines. The whole quantity of coal may be extracted 
 without the use of a shaft. The principal seam has been 10 feet in thickness of workable coal, and there are several 
 other workable beds of less thickness; the whole thickness of available coal having been estimated at 45 feet. The data 
 above given, supposing the whole coal to be accessible, would make the gross amount in this basin 6,305,137,827 tons, and 
 the available quantity, making the ordinary deductions, over four thousand million tons. The analysis of the Cumberland 
 coal shows it to be of the kind denominated dry or close bumingj or intermediate between the fat coal of Pittsburg and 
 the anthracite of Pennsylvania. Experiments prove that this coal. In evaporative power, occupies the very highest place 
 among American coals. This is further demonstrated by its extensive use in the ocean steamers. 
 
 It will be seen from this rapid sketch, in which, from want of space, many interesting details are omitted, that the State 
 of Maryland, in the extended range of its geological formations, is favored with one of the most important physical 
 elements of prosperity. The same cause has been, in a high degree, conducive to the wealth of England. Tlie tertiary 
 of Maryland has contributed a soil of easy tillage and inexhaustible supplies of the best and cheapest material for enrich- 
 ing it. Its incoherent beds have suffered the tide to penetrate far inland, thus giving the advantages of the sea-board to 
 the inhabitant of the interior. The metMiiorpMc rocks furnish the best materials for construction near the points where 
 they are most needed, and producing waterfalls on the rivers at the borders of the Atlantic plain, have placed the sites 
 of manufactures near the great water highways. The shales and sandstones of the secondary have formed new varieties 
 of soil, and contributed new material for architecture and metallurgy. To the Silurian formation is due the broad and 
 fertile valley resting on the Trenton limestone, and to the peculiar structure of the Apalachian chain, the rich glades 
 of the upper mountain valleys. Finally, the carboniferous beds supply without limit the minerals most essential to 
 commerce and the arts— coal, the indispensable aliment of industry, and iron, the instrument with which all wealth is 
 created. 
 
 Maryland, in 1S50, was divided into twenty counties, the general statistics of which, and the capitals of each, was as 
 follows : 
 
 1 
 
 Counties. Dwell. 
 
 Alleghany 3,850. 
 
 Anne Arundel . 3,710. 
 
 Baltimore 80,065. 
 
 Calvert 1006. 
 
 Caroline 1,526. 
 
 Carroll 3,476. 
 
 Cecil 3,056. 
 
 Charles 1,335. 
 
 Dorchester 2,705 . 
 
 Frederick 6,897. 
 
 Pop. 
 
 22,769. 
 
 32,393. 
 210,640. 
 . 9,646. 
 9,692. 
 , 20,616. 
 . 18,9.39. 
 , 16,162. 
 . 18,ST7. 
 , 40,987. 
 
 Farms 
 inrult. 
 
 , 892. 
 ,1,295. 
 .1,055. 
 . 4;34. 
 . 780. 
 .1,387. 
 .1,208. 
 . 709. 
 .1,049. 
 .1,983. 
 
 Kstab! Capitals. 
 
 . 24.. Cumberland 
 . 159. .Annapolis 
 . 2,377.. Balt'e City 
 O..Pr. Fredto'n 
 0.. Denton 
 . 121.. Westminster 
 . 170..Elkton 
 
 O..Pt. Tobacco 
 12.. Cambridge 
 . 253.. Frederick 
 
 Harford 2,977. 
 
 Kent 1,584. 
 
 Montgomery . . .1,923. 
 Prince George's 1,875. 
 Queen Anne's . .1,864. 
 
 St. Mary's 1.512. 
 
 Somerset 3,158 . 
 
 Talbot 1,751. 
 
 Washington 5,0.'J2. 
 
 Worcester 2,884. 
 
 Pop. 
 
 f arms 
 
 .19,356. 
 
 .1,278. 
 
 .11,386. 
 
 . 667. 
 
 .15,860. 
 
 .1,051. 
 
 .21,549. 
 
 . 885. 
 
 .14,484. 
 
 . 986. 
 
 .13,698. 
 
 . 813. 
 
 .22,456. 
 
 .1,485. 
 
 .13.811. 
 
 . 793. 
 
 .30,848. 
 
 .1,292. 
 
 .18,859. 
 
 .1,318. 
 
 . 70.. Bel-Air 
 . 34. .Chestertown 
 . 80..Kockville 
 . 28.. Up'r Marlboro' 
 . 29..Centreville 
 . IL.LeonardstowQ 
 . 90... Princess Anne 
 . 36 . . Easton 
 .169. .Hagerstown 
 . 45..SnowIIUl 
 
 The whole number of dwellings in the State, at the period referred to, was 81,708, of families 87,384, and of inhabitants 
 683,034, viz. : whites 417,943— males 211,187, and females 206,756; free colored 74,723— males 85,192, and females 39,531 ; 
 and slaves 90,868 — males 45,944, and females 44,424. Of the whole population, there were deaf and dumb — wh. 195, fr. 
 col. 36, and si. 23— total 254 ; bli7id—-wh. 198, fr. col. 71, and si. 43— total 807 ; insane— vfh. 477, fr. col. 52, and si. 24— 
 total 553; and idiotic— wh. 268, fr. col. 53, and si. 72— total 893. The number of free persons bom in the United States 
 was 438,916; the number of foreign birth 58,288; and the number of birth unknown 462. The native population 
 originated as follows : Maine 456, N. llamp. 260, Verm. 262, Mass. 1,421, E. I. 209, Conn. 484, N. York 2,C46, N. Jer. 1,.321, 
 Penn. 16,076, Del. 4,373, Maryland 400,594, Dist. of Col. 1,940, Virg. 7,030, N. Car. 225, S. Car. 158, Ga. 74, Flor. 87, Ala. 
 51, Miss. 143, La. 181, Tex. 24, Ark. 14, Tenn. 89, Ky. 181, Ohio 585, Mich. 16, Ind. 65, III. 54, Mo. 86, la. 5, Wise. 4, Calif. 
 1, and territories 1 ; and Vaeforeign population was composed of persons from— Englanil 3,467, Ireland 19.557, Scotland 
 1,093, Wales 260, Germany 26,936, France 507, Spain 18, Portugal 29, Belgium 5, Holland 106, Turkey 11, Italy 82, Austria 
 16, Switzerland 68, Eussia 2-3, Denmark 85, Norway 10, Sweden 57, Prussia 188, Greece 0, China 1, Asia 2, Afi-ica 
 10, British America 216, Mexico 8, Central America 0, South America 62, West Indies 279, Sandwich Islands 2, and other 
 countries 251. 
 
 The following table will exhibit the decennial progress of the population since the first census of the State taken by the 
 United States authorities : 
 
 Colored Persons. Decennial Increase. 
 
 Census Wliite , ' , Total , « , 
 
 Years. Persons. Free. Slare. Total. Population. Numerical. Percent. 
 
 1790 208,649 8,043 103,0.36 111,075 819,728 — — 
 
 1800 216,326 19,587 105,635 125,222 841,543 21,820 6.82 
 
 1810 23,5,117 83,927 111,502 145,429 880,546 88,998 11.41 
 
 1820 260,222 89,730 107,893 147,123 407,350 26,804 7.04 
 
 1830 291,108 52,938 102,994 155,982 447,040 89,690 9.74 
 
 1840 818,204 62,078 89,787 151,815 470,019 22,979 6.14 
 
 I860 417,943 74,723 90,368 165,091 683,034 113,015 24.04 
 
 186 
 
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 BOSTON, MASS. 
 
THE STATE OF MARYLAND. 
 
 The statistics of the wealth and industry of the State, as ascertained by the census of 1S50, and in accordance with other 
 oflBcial documents referring to tlie same period, are as follows : 
 
 Occupied Xtnw/*.— Improved hinds 2,797,905 acres, and unimproved lands 1.836,445 acres— valued in cash at 
 $87,178,545. The whole number of farms under cultivation on the 1st June, 1850, 21,860. Value of farming imple- 
 ments and machinery, $2,46:3,44.3. 
 
 Livestock.— \\<xmi^ 75,684 ; asses and mules, 5,644 ; milch cows, 85,859 ; working oxen, 34,135 ; other cattle, 9S,.595 ; 
 sheep, 177,902; and swine, 352.911— the value of these in the aggresate, $7,997,634. In 1840 the number of horses, 
 mules, etc, was 92,220 ; of neat cattle, including milch cows, working (jven, and other cattle, 225,714 ; of sheep, 257,922 ; 
 and of swine, 416,943. These statistics exhibit in the decade intervening, a decrease of 10,892 horses, mules, etc., of 6,125 
 cattle, of 80,020 sheep, and 64,032 swine. 
 
 Crrain C/'ops.— Wheat, 4,494.080 bushels ; rye, 226,014 bushels ; Indian corn, 10,749,859 bushels ; oats, 2,242,151 bushels ; 
 barley, 745 bushels ; buckwheat, 103,671 bushels. The production of the same crops, according to the census of 1840, was : 
 wheat, 3,.34o,785 bushels; rye, 723,577 bushels; Indian corn, 8,233,086 bushels; oats, 3,534,211 bushels; barley, 3,591 
 bushels ; and buckwheat 73,606 bushels. 
 
 Other Food C^/-o;w.— Peas and beans, 12,816 bushels; and potatoes— Irish, 764,939 bushels, and sweet, 208,993 bushels. 
 The potato crops together in 1839-40, were 1,036,433 bushels. 
 
 Miscellaneous C'/«;a«.— Tobacco, 21,407,497 (in 1840, 24,816,012) pounds; hay, 157,956 (in 1840, 106,687) tons; clover- 
 seed, 15,217 bushels ; other grass-seed, 2,561 bushels ; hops, 1,870 pounds ; hemp — dew-rotted, 63 tons, and water-rotted, 
 tons ; flax, 35,686 pomids ; flax-seed, 2,446 bushels ; maple sugar, 47,740 pounds, and maple molasses, 1,430 gallons (all 
 from Allegliany County); wine, 1,4:31 gallons, etc. Value of orchard products, $164,051 ; and of market-garden products, 
 $200,869. 
 
 Products of Ariimnls.—Wno], 480.226 (in 1 840, 488,201) pounds; butter, 3,806,160 pounds; and cheese, 3,975 pounds. 
 Value of animals slaughtered during the year, $1,954,800. Silk cocoons were produced to the amount of 39 pounds ; and 
 beeswax and honey to Ihat of 74,8()'2 pounds. 
 
 Aggregate value of home-nuule maniifactiires for the year, $111,821. 
 
 Manu/iiotitrefi—Capilal invested. $18,108,798; value of raw material, fuel, etc., $17,326,734; average hands employed, 
 80,124— males 22.641, and feninUs 7,48:3 ; average monthly cost of labor $614,556— male $544,931, and female $69,625; 
 annual value of pr.iducts $29'5'.i2,019. The amount of capital invested in 1840 was $6,45U,2S4, and heuce the manufacturiug 
 interests of Maryland have duplicated in the decade. 
 
 The whole number of industrial establishments, manufacturing to the value of $500 and upward, on the 1st June, 1850, 
 was 3,708, comprising 148 several pursuits, and of these 76 were agricultural implement factories, 2:32 blacksmith shops, 464 
 boot and shoe shops, 61 brick fields, 141 cabinet-ware factories, 2:34 carpenters' and builders' shops, 125 cigar factories, 265 
 clothing shops, 52 coach, etc., factories, 9'J coopers' shops, 21 curriers' shops, 16 distilleries, 33 cotton factories, 43 woolen 
 factories, 5 forges, 10 brass foumleries, and 18 iron founderies, 19 furnaces, 15 machine shops, 245 flour-mills, 147 grist- 
 mills, 25 paper-mills, 118 saw-mills; mines — 3 coal, 3 copper, 1 gold, and 21 iron; 10 piano-forte factories, 12 plumbing 
 shops, 71 saddleries, 24 ship-building yards, 110 tanneries, 33 wheelwright shops, etc., the remaining handicrafts being 
 those common to every civilized country. The following table will show the details of some of the largest manufactures: 
 
 M r. . Capltiil In- Value nf Raw Average Hands Monthlv Cost Value of Annual 
 
 raanul.iciures. v^.^tcil. Material, etc. EmpliiyeJ. of Labor. Products* 
 
 Boot and Shoe $297,965 $504,210 2,750 $50,264 $1,372,858 
 
 Brick-kilns 2Sn..5;36 124,279 1,381 3.3,.334 471,460 
 
 Cabinet-ware 301,215 2(i8,895 903 2:3,ii.Sl 705,175 
 
 Clothing 628,940 1,327,481 5,293 70,616 2,662,127 
 
 Distilleries 184..300 457.6-38 52 1,435 566,064 
 
 Factories— Cotton . . 2,248.600 1,353,361 3,247 38,112 2,021,396 
 
 " Woolen. 25s,100 176,518 370 6,144 819,240 
 
 Forges- Iron 94.500 78.9-35 90 2,3.53 1:36,000 
 
 Foundries" 2.53,100 230.562 555 15,444 515,862 
 
 Furnaces " I,0:33,5o0 576.225 1,351 20,671 1,048,250 
 
 Machinery 257,.5O0 120,843 458 12.591 497,550 
 
 Mills— Flour 1,833,460 4,126,324 502 9,055 4,918,576 
 
 " Grist 264,150 432.583 185 2,806 539,689 
 
 " Taper 1:34.300 118,668 186 2,401 234,365 
 
 '• Boiling 196.000 210,564 175 5,015 282,531 
 
 " Saw 195,350 185,630 804 5,191 399,778 
 
 Mining— Coal 605,000 — 210 5,450 196,000 
 
 " Iron 34,750 — 274 5,.344 171,675 
 
 Ship-building 164,000 27.3,985 673 26,722 882,100 
 
 Tanneries 628,900 725,612 479 8,0:34 1,103,139 
 
 In the cotton manufacture there were consumed 23,325 bales of cotton; in the woolen manufacture, 430,800 pounds 
 of wool ; and in the tanneries, 169,585 hides and 68,810 skins. 
 
 Internal Communication. — Maryland has projected and completed a magnificent system of railroads and canals. At 
 an early period of its State history the necessity of opening communication with the west and the interior was agitated, 
 and in some measure the projecis of that day were matured by opening the navigation <if the Upper Potomac, and more 
 recently by building the great national road west from Cumberland. These works, however, have been superseded by 
 the Chesapeake and Ohio Canal, extending from Alexandria in Virginia to Cumberland, 191 miles, and the Baltimore 
 and Ohio Eailroad, from Baltimore to Wheeling, on the Ohio Itiver, 319 miles. These two great thoroughfares secure 
 to the principal sea-port of the Slate a vast amount of Western commerce, and open to ttie markets of the East the rich 
 mineral deposits of AUeshauy County, etc. The other great avenues within the State are the Philadelphia, Wilmington, 
 and Baltimore P.ailroad, the Baltiuinre and Susquehanna Railroad, and the Washington I'ranch Railroad, etc., which 
 with their external e(Mine<'tion3, communicate with every portion of the Union. Besides these there is a short canal and 
 raihroad across the neck of the Delaware Peninsula, the canal being navigable for sloops and barges, and also the Susque- 
 
 137 
 
THE STATE OF MARYLAND. 
 
 hann^ niul Tide-water Canal. Tlie total lonjrth of completed railroad within Maryland in January, 1S53, was &44 miles, or 
 in tlie proportion of 1 mile Ui every IS Mpiare miles of its territory, or to every 1,(J7'J inli.-ibitanls. 
 
 Foreign Commi'rce.—h\ regard of foreisrn commerce, Maryland ranks fifth or sixth among the United States. Accord- 
 ing to the report of the Ilegisler of the Treasury for the year emling 80th June, ISoO, the total exports were valued at 
 $0,9C7,.sr)3 ; the value of dumesiic produce was J6.5S0,4SI, of which the value of that portion carried in American ships 
 was $4,t)07,lS5, and of that curried in foreign, *1.9:3'2,2%; and the value of foreign produce was $37T.S7-2, of which tho 
 value exported in Anuricaii ships w:is $i','j(i,S61, and in foreign ships, $127,011. The value of im|)orls amounted to 
 $(J.124,201, t)f wliirh $5,ij29,(jS2 was the value of merchandise carried in American ships, and $594,515 of that carried iu 
 foreign ships. The character, tonnage, and crews of the shipping employed in the foreign trade were as follows— 
 Kiitruiu-e/i : Vessels 43>, burden 99,5SS tons, and crews 4,U1 men and boys, viz., American, '295 vessels, 70,427 tons, and 
 2.770 men and boys ; and foreign. 14.S vessels, 29,161 tons, ami 1,.S41 men and boys ; ami— Ciearaiwes ; Vessels 521, burden 
 126.S19, and crews 5.275 men ami boys, viz., American. 359 vessels, 89,296 tons, and 3,605 men and boys; and foreign, 162 
 vessels, 37,523 tons, and 1,670 men and boys. The shipping owned within the Slate, at the date above appearing, was 
 as follows : 
 
 Enrolled nnd I.irenseii. 
 
 nistricU. r^rT.i'u Temp ry. 
 Baltimore 67,061 23,609 57,612 
 
 TeinpVi'. 
 
 0.\ford 
 
 Vienna 
 
 Snow Hill 
 
 St. Mary's . . . . 
 Town Creek . . 
 Annapolis . . . . 
 
 Total 
 
 . . 67,061 23,609 
 
 12,066 . 
 . 14,941 . 
 . 9,226 . 
 . 2,143 . 
 . 2,227 . 
 . 2,'299 . 
 
 .100,514. 
 
 Licensed Aggregate NaTtgnted 
 
 (uniierSO tons.) Tonnage. by Steam. 
 
 ... 737 149,019 13,115 
 
 ... 277 12,343 — 
 
 ... 637 15,478 — 
 
 ... 285 9,511 — 
 
 ... 42 2,185 — 
 
 ... — 2,22T — 
 
 ... 25 2,324 SSd 
 
 .1,9 
 
 ,193,087 13,451 
 
 Years. Kjport.t. 
 
 1791 $2,'239,691 
 
 1792 2,623,S0S 
 
 1793 3,665,056 
 
 1794 5,6S6,191 
 
 1795 5,S11,SS0 
 
 179C 9,201,315 
 
 1797* 9,811,380 
 
 1798 12,746,190 
 
 1799 16,299,609 
 
 1800 12,264,331 
 
 nports. 
 
 ISOl . 
 
 1802 . 
 
 1803 . 
 
 1804 . 
 1S05 . 
 
 12.767,5:30 .. 
 
 7.914.2*25 .. 
 
 5,078,062 .. 
 
 9,151.939 .. 
 
 10,S.')9,480 .. 
 
 The total amount of shij^ping built in the State, in the year ending as above, was 15 vessels, of an nggrregate burden 
 of 15,965 tons, of which 16 were ships, 5 brigs, 1'25 schotmers, and 4 steamers; and of the whole amount, 66 vessels 
 (11,683 tons) were built in Baltimore district, 31 schooners (1,753 tons) in O.vford, 27 schooners (1,533 tons) in Vienna, and 
 26 schooners (990 tons) in Snow Hill. 
 
 The following table exhibits the movements in the values of imports and exports for a series of years embraced between 
 1791 and 1S50 inclusive : 
 
 Yenrd. Exports. 
 
 ISU $6,83:3,987 ... 
 
 1812 6,885,979 . . . 
 
 1813 8,787,865 . . . 
 
 1814 248,4*4 ... 
 
 1S15 5,036.601 . . . 
 
 1816 7,338,767 ... 
 
 1817 8,933,930 ... 
 
 1818 8,570,6*4 . . . 
 
 1819 5,926,216 ... 
 
 1820 6,609,364 . . . 
 
 1821 3,850,394 . . . 
 
 1822 4.536,796 ... 
 
 1823 5,030,228 . . . 
 
 1824 4,863.233 . . . 
 
 IS'25 4,501,304 . . . 
 
 1826 4,010,748 . . . 
 
 1827 4,516,406 ... 
 
 1828 4,3*4,422 . . . 
 
 18'>9 4,804,465 ... 
 
 1830 3,791,482 . . . 
 
 BcinXs.—Tho aggregate condition of 23 banks and 2 branch banks in Maryland, according to the returns of Jan., 1851, 
 were as follows: fi'(//'(7i7i>.v— capital $18,128,881, circulation $3,532,869, deposits $5.SB,706, duo other banks $1,923,206, 
 and other liabilities $9,805 ; and ((.wrf.s— loans and discounts $14,900,816, stocks $760,417, real estate $405,245, other invest- 
 ments $768, due by other banks $1,178,'200, notes of other banks $965,796, specie fund $78,552, and specie $2,709,t>55. 
 
 Govemmettt.—Tlw present constitution of Maryland was done in convention 13th May, 1851, ratified by the people 4th 
 June, 1861, and went into operation 4th July, 1851. It supplanted the old constitution of 1776, which had. however, been 
 amended more than twenty times. This constitution provides that every free white male citizen of the United States, 21 
 years of age, resident in the State one year, and in the county, town, or city where his vote is offered, for the six months 
 next pn>cetiing the election, may vote. Citizens removing from one part of the State to another do not lose one residence 
 before acquiring another. Persons convicted of giving or receiving bribes, and persons knowingly casting illegal votes, 
 are forever disqualifled to hold any office of trust or profit, or to vote at any election thereafter, and are in addition pun- 
 ishable by fine and imprisonmenU Ko citizen convicted of larceny or other infamous crime, unless pardoned, and no 
 lunatic or «07( c(nnpo.t can vote. Tlie general election is held on the first Wednesday in November. 
 
 The Legijstatiire is composed of a Senate of 22 members, one from each county and the city of Baltimore, and chosen 
 for four years, and a House of Delegates, composed of not less than 65 nor more than SO members (now 74) chosen for 
 two years from sinsrle districts. Members of both houses must have resided in the State for three years, and in the district 
 for which elected for tlie lust year thereof, and Senators must be at least 25, and delegates 21 years of age. After the 
 returns of each fed.ral census are put>lishe<l. commencing with that of 1850, the Assembly shall reapportion the delegates 
 according to population, but Baltimore eily shall always have four delegates more than the most populous county, and 
 DO county shall have less than two members. After 1854 the sessions will be biennial. No bill shall become a law unless 
 138 
 
 1806 14.580,905 .. 
 
 1807 14,298,984 . . 
 
 1808 2,721,106 .. 
 
 1809 6.627,326 . . 
 
 1810 6,489,018 . . 
 
 4,070,841 
 4,792.486 
 4,946,179 
 4,551,442 
 4,751.815 
 4,928,569 
 4,405,708 
 5,629,694 
 4,804,136 
 4,523,866 
 
 iV.Trs. Exports', 
 
 1831 $4,308,647 
 
 1882 4,499,918 , 
 
 1833 4,062,467 . 
 
 1834 4,168,245 
 
 1885 8,926,2.34 
 
 1836 8,675,475 
 
 1887 3,789,917 
 
 1838 4,524.575 
 
 18:39 4.576,561 
 
 1840 5,768,768 
 
 1841 4,947.166 
 
 1842 4,904,766 
 
 1843 5,016,656 
 
 1844 5,138,166 
 
 1845 6,869,053 
 
 1S46 6,869,055 
 
 1847 9,762,244 
 
 1848 7,129,782 
 
 1849 8,000,660 
 
 1S50 6,907,338 
 
 Imports. 
 
 . $4,826,577 
 
 . 4,629,303 
 
 . 5,437,057 
 
 . 4,647,483 
 
 . 6,647,163 
 
 . 7,131,867 
 
 . 7,867.083 
 
 . 5,701,869 
 
 . 6,995,285 
 
 . 4,910,746 
 
 . 6,101,818 
 
 . 4,417,078 
 
 . 2,479,132 
 
 . 8,917,760 
 
 . 4,042,915 
 
 . 4,042,915 
 
 . 4,482,814 
 
 . 5,813,643 
 
 . 4,976,731 
 
 . 6,1'24,201 
 
i 
 
33. X>- 'SPST'XlSr J^^ISTT, 
 
 (The Oldest and most Extensive Manufactory of the kind in America.) 
 
 ri GOIjn ISTREET, JVEl^'-^'OIlK, 
 
 BETWEEN BEEKMAN & SPRUCE. 
 
 Every thing in the line furnished at ten per cent, less than any other Establishment in the City. 
 Tables, Balls, Maces, Cues; Cloths, by the piece or yard ; Gibb's Adhesive Cue Wax, Silk and Worsted 
 Pockets, Fringes, French and American Patent Cue Points, Cord, Pool Boards, Rule Boards, Spanish Pins, &c. 
 In short, every thing in the Trade always to be had. Orders by letter, for new articles or for repairs, attend- 
 ed to as promptly as if given in person. 
 
 IMPORTANT TO BILLIARD PLAYERS. 
 
 BILLIARDS WITHOUT A MASTER. 
 
 Price $3.00— For Sale at the Office of Publication, 71 Gold St., N. Y. 
 
 W^iiLiii^l. 
 
 138 \l^ashington Street^ Boston^ 
 
 IMPORTER AND DEALER IN 
 
 Is aoid O&emleal 
 
 Having every facility for buying and importing the above articles, I am prepared to furnish the Trade with 
 the choicest GOODS, on the most favorable terms, and the PURITY of which may be relied upon. Sweedish 
 and German Leeches of recent importation always on hand. A large assortment of CIGARS, favorite brands. 
 
 PROPRIETOR OF THE 
 
 THE BEST HAIR PREPARATION KNOWN. 
 
 AND DEALERS IN 
 
 Of Every Grade and Quality, 
 
 A large assortment of which may always be found at this House. 
 
 H^lTJfrjlRKET SiqU^MRE, nOSTOJV, ,,., 
 
 23 
 
^^,1 
 
 NO. 7 MERCHANTS ROW, BOSTON' 
 
 WHOLESALE AND RETAIL DE AIDERS IN 
 
 Keep constantly for sale the largest and most extensive assortment of 
 
 Flower Seeds, Horticultural Tools, &c. 
 ALSO FROM THEIll NUKSEPJES AT CAMBRIDGE, 
 
 FRUIT AND ORNAMENTAL TREES, PLANTS, VINES, &G. 
 
 Of every description. Embracing ". great number of entirely new varieties of 
 
 Pears, Apples, Peaches, Strawberries and other Fruits. 
 
 100.000 Dwarf and Standard Pears always on hand. 
 Also, A Large Collection of the finest Evergreen Trees and Shrubs. 
 
 Cl^Nurserymen and the Trade generally supplied on liberal terms. HOVEY &, CO. publish the MagaziD«!0f 
 Horticulture, monthly, at $-2 a year. Catalogues gratis. 
 
 Original and Superior Family Syringes. 
 
 Physicians and Families frequently wish to know where they can procure a good, reliable Syringe, 
 and to such we would say that the following are justly regarded as the very best in the market, and 
 worthy in everyway the confidence and patronage of the public. 
 
 DR. MATTSON'S PATENT ELASTIC INJECTING INSTRUMENT. 
 
 This new Syringe, which is unrivalled in neatness, efficiency and portability, 
 is without a pistoii, as the figure indicates, and fills itself through atmospheric 
 pressure. It may be used without an assistant, and serves for injecting the bow- 
 els of an infant or adult, or for any of the purposes of a "Female Syringe."— 
 
 ihave seen nothirg _ . . 
 
 DR. MATTSON'S PATENT POCKET INJECTING INSTRUMENT is a ' 
 small sizeu metallic pump, upon a new and improved plan. It is less portable' 
 —> than the above, but is highly approved by the public. 
 
 " ^ DR. MATTSON'S IMPROVED FAMILY SYRINGE holds nearly a pint, and 
 S-possesses great power, which renders it a particular favorite with many families. 
 "^^Said by seme to be the best Syringe in the world. May be used as the two last 
 for all the purposes of a Family Syringe. 
 f(r?-Each Syringe is accompanied by an Illustrated Family Book opDirec- 
 '^WC£„Sf. TioNS containing nearly L!00 pages, by M. Mattson, AI. D., Fellow of the Massa- 
 chusetts Medical Society, Member of the Boston Medical Association, Member of 
 th-^ji^^urgicalCoUegeof P^ says o. this 
 
 ''°C^VorVa\:'b7DmggMs'gCer^^^^^ MATTSO-N & c6., 39 l^^emont street, Boston, being 
 the well known Store of T. METCALF & CO. 
 
 CUTTER, TO^VEH & CO 
 
 Formerly C. A. Haskiiis & Co.] 
 MANUFACTURERS AND DEALERS IN 
 
 SUPEUIOH GOLD AND STEEL PENS, 
 
 DRAWING & CARPENTERS' PENCILS, '^^ 
 
 m 
 
 '55, CQ 
 P4 
 
 J. M. CUTTER 
 L. S. TOWE 
 S. A. TOWEK, 
 
 Nos. 17 & 19 Cornliill, 
 
 ER, ) , . ^ =„ 
 
 General Agents for American Machine Stamp Company, 
 
 This Machine Stamp possess superior advantages over all otners now in use in the following particulars. 
 
 Ist. it is always ready for use, being compact ; the inking and stamping parts being combined. Jd. The imp) 
 
 '"Ran'roads^.^BLukinu Corporations, Brokers, Insurance Companies, Po8tmast_ers^inJact, all llercantile and Business men, w 
 Stamp invaluable for marking N otes, thecks. Cards^^etl " d^-— = 
 
 apping Papers. Tickets, &c. &c. 
 
 put on the 
 111 find this 
 
THE STATE OF MARYLAND. 
 
 passed by a majority of all the members elected, and on its final passage the ayes and noes shall be recorded ; and no law 
 shall take effect until the 1st June next after the session when it is passed. The Legislature meets at AnnapoUs on the 
 flrst Wednesday in January annually. 
 
 The Governor is chosen by a plurality of votes, and his term, commencing on the 2d "Wednesday of January, shall 
 continue four years. He must be 30 years of age, a citizen of the United States, and a resident of the Stale for five years 
 preceding his election, and three years a resident of the district from which he is elected. For the purpose of electing the 
 Governor the State is divided into three districts, and he is elected from each successively. The flrst district comprises 
 Bl Mary, Charles, Calvert, Prince George, Anne Arundel, Montgomery, and Howard counties, and Baltimore City ; the 
 second district, the eight counties of the Eastern shore, and the third district, Baltimore, Frederick, Washington, Alleghany, 
 and Carroll counties. He is obligated to reside at the seat of government during his official term. He may grant pardons, 
 but not until after a publication in the newspapers of the applications made therefor and the day when a hearing will be 
 had, and he shall report every case to the Legislature. In case of vacancy the President of the Senate, and after him the 
 Speaker of the House of Delegates shall act as Governor until an election by the people. 
 
 The administrative officers of the State are — a Secretary of State, appointed by the Governor to hold office during his 
 term ; a State Treasurer and Comptroller, whose accounts the Governor is bound to examine semi-annually, or oftener if 
 necessary ; Commissioners of the Land Office, of Stamps, and of Public Works, and an Adjutant-general, the latter of 
 which is appointed by the Governor, with the consent of the Senate, to hold office for six years. 
 
 The Jtidieiar;/ consists of a Court of Appeals, Circuit Court, Orphans' Court, etc. The Court of Appeals has appellate 
 jurisdiction only ; the judges, four in number, are elected from districts by the voters therein for 10 years, unless they 
 before reach the ago of 70 years. They must be above 30 years of age, citizens of the State at least Ave years, resident of 
 the judicial district from which elected, and have been admitted to practice in the State. The court appoints its own 
 clerk, to hold office six years, and he may be re-appointed at the end thereof. The Governor, with the consent of the 
 Senate, may designate any one of the four judges elected to be Chief Justice. The judicial districts are, 1st — Alleghany, 
 Washington, Frederick, Carroll, Baltimore, and Harford counties ; 2d — Montgomery, Howard, Anne Arundel, Calvert, St. 
 Mary, Charles, and Prince George's counties ; 3d — Baltimore City ; and 4th — the eight counties of the Eastern shore. 
 For the holding of circuit courts the State is divided into eight circuits, each of which elects a judge of the circuit court to 
 hold office for 10 years. The circuits are, 1st — St. Mary, Charles, and Prince George counties ; 2d — Anne Arundel, 
 Howard, Montgomery, and Calvert counties ; 8d — Frederick and Carroll counties ; 4th — Washington and Alleghany 
 counties; 5th— Baltimore city; 6th — Baltimore, Harford, and Cecil counties; 7th — Kent, Queen Anne, Talbot, and 
 Caroline counties ; and Sth — Dorchester, Somerset, and Worcester counties. The qualifications of judges of the circuit 
 courts are the same as those required for judges of appeals, except that they must be citizens of the United States, and 
 residents for two years in their judicial districts. There is in the 5th district a court of common ple:}s, with jurisdiction in 
 civil cases between $100 and $500, and exclusive jurisdiction in appeals from justices of the peace in the city of which it 
 is composed ; and a superior court, with jurisdiction in cases over $500. Each of these courts consist of one judge, elected 
 by the people for ten years. There is also a criminal court, consisting of one judge, elected for six years. Clerks of the 
 circuit courts in each county, and of the Baltimore courts, are chosen for six years, and are re-chgible. Each county, and 
 Baltimore city, elects three persons as judges of the orphans' court, to hold office for four years ; a register of wills for six 
 years; justices of the peace, two sheriffs, and constables for two years. Attorneys for the commonwealth are chosen in 
 each county by the people for four years. The office of Attorney-general was abolished by the new constitution. The 
 court of chancery will cease to exist on the 4th July, 1853, having been granted that time to finish up its business. 
 
 Among the provisions of the constitution are the following : " Teachers of religion, and those holding offices of profit 
 under the State or United States, except justices of peace, are ineligible to the House of Delegates ; two commissioners to 
 revise and codify the laws of the State, and one or more to revise and simplify the practice, form of pleading, and con- 
 veyancing, were to be appointed by the legislature at its flrst session ; persons any way engaged in any duel shall be for- 
 ever incapable of holding any office of honor or trust in the State, and holders of public money are ineligible until they 
 pay the same into the treasury; the Assembly shall pass laws to protect and secure the property of married women ; im- 
 prisonment for debt is abolished; a reasonable amount of debtor's property, not exceeding in amount $500, is exempt 
 from seizure ; the relation of master and slave, as now existing, shall not be altered by the legislature ; no bank shall be 
 established, except with the individual liability of the stockholders to the amount of their shares ; corporations shall not 
 be created by special laws, except for municipal and other specified purposes ; private property shall not be taken for 
 public use unless compensation be first paid or tendered ; the rate of interest shall not exceed six per cent. ; in all criminal 
 cases the jury shall be judges of the law as well as the facts ; all officers, except the Governor, whose pay exceeds $3,000 
 per annum, shall account for the excess under oath ; after 1st April, 1859, no lottery scheme shall be drawn nor ticket 
 sold, and until that time the system shall be under a commissioner of lotteries; no debt shall be contracted exceeding 
 $100,000, nor unless the act creating it shall provide for a tax sufficient to pay the interest as it falls due, and the principal 
 in 15 years, nor shall such taxes be repealed or applied to other purposes ; the credit of the State shall never be given nor 
 lent, nor shall the State be any way concerned in internal improvements ; the monies levied to pay the public debt shall 
 never be diverted until the debt is paid, or until the sinking fund equals the outstanding debt. 
 
 At its flrst session after every federal census, the legislature shall pass a law to ascertain the sense of the people in 
 regard to calling a convention to revise the constitution ; and if a majority vote therefor, a convention shall be called at 
 the earUest convenient day — the delegates to be elected by the several counties, and Baltimore city, in proportion to their 
 representatives at the time when the convention may be called. 
 
 The militia of Maryland, according to the Adjutant-general's return of 1850, consisted of 46,864 men of all arms, of 
 which 2,397 were commissioned officers, and 44,467 non-commissioned officers, musicians, privates, and artificers ; and of 
 the commissioned officers, 22 were general officers, 68 general staff officers, 544 field officers, etc., and 1,763 company offi- 
 cers. All free white male persons between 18 and 45 years of age, and not exempt by law, are liable to do military duty. 
 Mrumces, PiiUic Debt, «fc.— The nominal debt of the State on the 1st December, 1850, amounted to $15,424,381 46 ; 
 but, deducting Baltimore and Ohio Eailroad loan, $3,266,000, total county loan, $163,689 67, and Susquehanna and Tide- 
 water Canals loan, $1,000,000, otherwise provided for, the real debt amounted only to $10,960,691 79. The sinking fund at 
 the above date amounted to $2,000,726, and must be deducted from the debt to get the present liabilities of the State. To 
 meet these liabilities, in addition to the proceeds of a special annual tax, the State has $5,341,801 84 in productive prop- 
 erty, consisting of stocks, bonds, etc., and $15,910,013 17 in property not now productive. 
 The balance in the treasury 1st December, 1849, was $484,892 96, and the receipts during the year were $1,227,986 24, 
 
 189 
 
THE STATE OF MARYLAND. 
 
 being a total of resources for the year ending 1st December, 1850, amounting to $1,712,879 20 ; and the expenditures iD 
 the same year were $1,467,470 3G, leaving a balance of $245,405 84 for future appropriation. The principal objects of esc- 
 penditure were — for Annapolis and Elridgc Railroad $3,950 83, civil officers $14,014 97, colleges, academies, and schools 
 $21,899, indigent deaf and dumb $2,340 50, judiciary $38,81.3 50, legislature $5G,C:3G 01, militia .$1,100, penitentiary .$.30,000, 
 pensions $5,679 68, surplus revenue $34,069 36, State colonization $10,000, interest on public debt $690,846 36, redemption 
 of funded arrears of interest $500,509 09, State tobacco inspection and warehouses $21,961 77, contingent exjK'nses $9.3;J3 49, 
 and miscellaneous expenses $21,172 94; and the chief sources of i»coj>i« were — auction duties and licenses $2o,6;i5 44, 
 railroads $129,840 .30, bank dividends and bonus $37,.356 06, fines and forfeitures $5,032 36, licenses by county clerks 
 $127,835 02, road stock dividends $46,490, stamps $52,579 75, lotteries and stamps on lottery tickets $:i3,633 82, canal com- 
 panies $67,090, direct tax $43S,ii36 38, taxes on State and city of lialtimore slocks $46,386 24, on collateral Inheritances 
 $23,000 73, on commissions of executors .nnd administrators $29,160 26, on commissions of trustees $5,2>59 26, on foreign 
 assurances $7,484 87, on policies of insurance $6,056, on protests $4,923, on certain officers $10,551 56, on ci\il commis- 
 sions $7,221 SO, and on incorporated institutions $25,870 58, tax on colonization. $8,66S 04, and State tobacco inspection in 
 Baltimore $51,519 93. 
 
 The assessed value of all real and personal estate subject to taxation in 18.50, according to the returns of the census of 
 that year, was $196,603,625, but truly assessed, it would amount to $207,257,523. The aggregate of all taxes assessed 
 amounted to $1,. 3.34,429 ; of this amount $444,866 was for State purposes, $380,727 for county purjwses, $89,810 for school 
 purposes, $22,651 for support of paupers, $14,860 for road repairs, etc., and $381,509 for other purposes. 
 
 Federal I!epreHentation.—},[axy\im(\, in accordance with the provisions of the act of Congress, 23d May, 1850, sends 
 six representatives to the nation.al legislature. 
 
 EducaU(m. — The provisions for education in Maryland, though by no means sufficient for the amount of population in 
 the State, are still very respectable. The law with regard to schools has been recently amended, and in consonance with 
 its provisions, the counties have been divided into school districts, in which it is imperative on the inhabit.ints to establish 
 and maintain schools for a certain period in each year. Many of the counties, however, have not yet complied with the 
 law, but nevertheless there have been great improvements effected, and the prospect of future efficiency in all that per- 
 tains to public schools is very promising. The means of obtaining education in this State, as they existed 1st June, 1850, 
 are returned in the census as follows : 
 
 1. Primary schools— number 923, teachers 1,104, scholars 34,467, total annual income $225,260 — namely, income from 
 endowment $2,959, from taxation $75,296, from public funds $67,412, and from other sources $79,563. 
 
 2. Academies, etc. — number 174, teachers 427, scholars 7,759, total annual income $206,430 — namely, income from 
 endowments $12,365, from public fluids $15,227, and from otlier sources $178,808. 
 
 3. Colleges and universities — number 12, professors 95, students 1,112, total annual income $124,714 — ^namely, income 
 from public funds $3,200, and from other sources $121,514. The principal collegiate institutions of the State are — St. John's 
 College at Annapolis (formerly a branch of the University), founded in 1784; St. Mary's College (Catholic), at Baltimore, 
 founded 1805; St. James' College (Episcopal), in Washington County, founded 1842; Mount St, Mary's College (Catholic), 
 at Emraettsburg, founded 18.30; Washington College, at Chestertown, founded 1783; Medical School of the University, at 
 Baltimore, founded 1807 ; Wasliington Medical College, also at Baltimorts founded 1827, etc., etc. 
 
 The whole number of white children who attended school within or during any part of the year, was 60,417, of which 
 32,214 were males, and 28,233 females; and the tot.al number of free colored children was 1,016, of which 886 were males, 
 and 780 females. Of all classes, amoimting to 62,063 ; those of native birth numbered 60,386, and those of foreign birth 1,679. 
 Of those classed, "adults who can not read or write," the wliltes numbered 20,815 — 8,557 males, and 12.258 females; and 
 the free colored numbered 21,062—9,422 males, and 11 640 females ; and of the total number of white persons of this 
 cla«s, 17,364 were native bom, and 3,451 foreigners. 
 
 libra ries. — Public libraries 17, containing 54,750 volumes; private libraries 825 — 222,455 volumes ; school libraries S — 
 6,3.35 volumes ; Sunday-school libraries 84 — 28,315 volumes ; college libraries 10 — 33,792 volumes; and church libraries 5 — 
 1,850 volumes; total 449 libraries, and 347,497 volumes. 
 
 Periodical Prens. — The whole number of periodicals published in Maryland in 1850 was 68, circulating at each issue an 
 aggregate of 124,287 copies, and annually 19,612,724 copies. Of this number, 39 were political — 22 whig in principle, 
 circulating at each issue 19,172 copies ; and 17 democratic, circulating 12,465 copies ; 20 were miscellaneous — 71,000 copies ; 
 6 religious — 13,950 copies; 1 agricultural — 6,000 copies; 1 musical — 1,000; and 1 colonization — 700 copies; and of the whole 
 number 6 were published daily, and issued annually 15,806,500 copies; 4 tri-weekly— 499,700 copies; 54 weekly — 3,166,124 
 copies ; 1 semi-monthly — 48,000 copies ; and 3 monthly — 92,400 copies. The dailies are all pubUshed in Baltimore cit}' — the 
 " Sun," the " Clipper," the " American," the " Patriot," the " Kepublican and Argus," and the " German Correspondent ;" 
 the tri-tveekUe.s are also published solely in Baltimore, and, with the exception of the " B. Herald," are editions of the 
 dailies, viz. : the " American," the " Patriot," and the " Kepublican and Argus ;" the wee/dies arc published — 8 at Cumber- 
 land ; 2 at Annapolis ; 1 at Ellicott's Mills ; 10 at Baltimore, four of which are editions of dailies, namely, of the " Sun," 
 of the " Clipper," of the " Patriot," and of the " Republican and Argus ;" 2 at Washington ; 2 at Elkton ; 1 at Port To- 
 bacco; 1 at Denton ; 2 at Cambridge; 5 ai Frederick; 1 at Catoetin; 1 at Emmettsburg; 1 at Havre de Grace; 1 at 
 Bel-Air; 1 at Charlestown; 1 at llockville; 1 at Upper M.irlboro'; 2 at Centreville; 1 at Princess Anne; 1 at Leonards- 
 town ; 2 at Easton ; 1 at Boonsboro' ; 1 at Clear Spring ; 7 at Hagerstown ; and 1 at Snow Hill ; the semi-monthly — the 
 Lutheran Christian Messenger, was published at Baltimore; and the three monthlies also at Baltimore. 
 
 Religious DenominaUons. — The statistics of the several religious denominations in the State, in 1850, which are taken 
 from the census returns of that year, were as follows : 
 
 lions. Churches. 
 
 Baptist 48 .. 
 
 Christian .... — . , 
 
 Congregat'l. . — . , 
 
 Dutch Pvef... — ., 
 Episcopal.... 133 . 
 
 Free — . , 
 
 Friends 26 .. 
 
 Church 
 
 Value 
 
 16,800 . . $132,810 
 
 60,105 
 
 7,760 
 
 610,877 
 114,050 
 
 Den 
 
 No 
 
 tioni^. Chun;hes. 
 
 German Eef. 22 . . 
 
 Jewish 3 .. 
 
 Lutheran 42 . . 
 
 Mennonite. . . 4 . . 
 
 Methodist.... 479 .. 
 
 Moravian ... 12 . . 
 
 Presbyterian 57 . . 
 
 —making a total of 909 churches, having accommodation for 390,065 persons, and owning property to the aggregate value 
 140 
 
 Chur<-h 
 
 Value of 
 
 Denomina- 
 
 No. of 
 
 Chunh 
 
 Value of 
 
 
 Property. 
 
 tu.na. CI 
 
 u rchea 
 
 accoin. 
 
 Property. 
 
 14,800 . 
 
 . $197,800 
 
 K. Catholic. 
 
 65 .. 
 
 81,100 . 
 
 .$1,161,532 
 
 1,400 . 
 
 . 41,000 
 
 Swcfienbo'n. 
 
 — .. 
 
 — 
 
 — 
 
 26,800 . 
 
 . 287,950 
 
 Tunker 
 
 6 .. 
 
 14,100 . 
 
 8,400 
 
 850 . 
 
 2,000 
 
 Union 
 
 10 .. 
 
 4.250 . 
 
 13,000 
 
 81,715 . 
 
 . 837,665 
 
 Unitarian.... 
 
 1 .. 
 
 1,000 . 
 
 . 104,000 
 
 5,350 . 
 
 . .32,500 
 
 Universalist.. 
 
 1 .. 
 
 1,000 . 
 
 26,000 
 
 23,235 . 
 
 . 878,300 
 
 Minor Sects. 
 
 — ■• 
 
 — 
 
 — 
 
I! 
 
^-^=o AND c;=^ 
 
 OF EVERY DESCRIPTION, BY 
 
 L. H. BRADFORD & CO. 
 
 No. 221 Washington Street, 
 
 SAMUEL T. CROSBY 
 
 is constantly receiving from the most celebrated Manufac- 
 turers in England and Geneva 
 
 Has now on hand a full assortment of 
 
 Diamond, Pearl, Mosaic, Cameo and Gold 
 
 PITCHERS, WAITESS. TEA SETS. FORKS, SPOONS &c, 
 
 To which he invites the attention of purchasers. 
 
 [3 doors South of Court Street.] BOSTON. 
 
 HENSHAW & CLEMSON 
 
 MANUFACXUREKS OF WARRANTED 
 
 CAST STEEL SAWS 
 
 OF EVERY DESCRIPTION, 
 
 WHOLESALE AND RETAIL, 
 No. 31 EXCHANGE STREET, 
 
 (Room No. 2) BOSTON. 
 
 Tri-Squares, Curriers' Blades, Slickers, Scrapers & Springs. 
 
 TRUSSES, 
 
 SUPPORTERS AND 
 
 BRACES. 
 
 The great number of radical cures of Hernia within the last few years, by the use of Dr. 
 J. W. Phelps' Spiral Spring Trusses, has given them the preference over all others. His 1 
 apparatus for the correction and cure of all kinds of deformities are used at the Massachu- 
 setts General Hospital, and are recommended by the first Surgeons in Europe and America. I 
 
 68 Tremont Street, Boston. j 
 At the Sign of the Golden Eagle. 
 
CHARLES RAJVLET & CO. 
 
 MANUFACTURERS OF ALL KINDS OF 
 
 CAR WHEELS & AXLES fitted to Order. 
 
 Saw & Grist Mills, Gearing, Shafting, AVater AVlieels, & Castings 
 
 FOR ALL KINDS OF MACHINERY. 
 
 MEREDITH BRIDGE N. H. 
 
 I BOSTOX, CONCORD AND MOiVTREAIi RAIL-RQAD. 
 
 THE MOST DIRECT ROUTE TO THE WHITE MOUNTAINS. 
 
 Trains leave Boston for Wells River, at 7.30 am. Leave Boston for Plymouth, N. H. at 7.30 am and 12 m.— 
 Leave Wells River for Boston at 10 35 am. Leave Plymouth for Boston at 7.40 am. and 1.10 pm. 
 CONNECTING BOTH WAYS WITH LAKE WINNIPISSIOGEE. 
 
 During the season of pleasure travel, this Road is the Old, Direct and Favorite Route to the WHITE MOUN- 
 TAINS, by way of Lake Winnipissiogee. Twelve Hours from Boston to Crawford House; or Ten Hours to 
 Frauconia Notch or Conway. Fifty-nine Miles less distance and loss travelling hy Stages than upon any other 
 route. Cars make connections as follows:— Boston, from Boston & Maine or Boston & Lowell Depots, at I 
 7.30 AM and Vim. Salem, via Lawrence, at 7 and 11 am; via Lowell, 10.30 am. Wokcesteb, via Nashua at 
 6.30 and 11.15 am. Providence, via Worcester, at 7.30, or via Boston at 8 am. New Yokk, via Boston, or di- 
 rect by the Norwich Route, through Worcester and Nashua by the Evening Boats. By this Line there is a 
 choice of Three Routes to the Mountains. 
 
 1. Leaving ths Cars at the Weirs, and taking the steamboat to Centre Harbor, (dine) and by Stage arrive at CooTvay same evening, ten 
 hours from Boston, proceeding to the Mount.iins next day. 
 
 2, Leaving the Cars at Plymouth, (dinner) and proceeding to Franconia Notch by Stage, 21 miles, arriving same evening, ten hours from 
 Boston. 
 
 3. Leaving the Cars at Littleton, the head of the White Mountains Railroad, and frocteding by Stage to Crawford House, the point of de- 
 parture for ascending MT. WASHINGTON— arriving same eveniag, 10 hours from Boston. 
 
 ThisRouteaflbrdsthebest opportunity of visiting theromantic LAKE WINNIPISSIOGEE, on the waters of which the beautiful Steam- 
 boat Lady of the Lakk is constantly plying between Weirs, Centre Harbor and Wolfborough. Excellent Hotels, not surpassed in New 
 
 England, will be found at all points on this Route. Care has been taken to secure good Stage lines, with gcnilemaulv and obliging proprie- 
 tors and drivers. CC7"fasseugers entering the Mountains by one of the above Routes, can return bv elihtrof the others, as preferred. 
 
 JAMES H. WHItON, Sup't., Plymouth, N. H. 
 
 PATENT SAFETY LAMP 
 
 AND LAMP FEEDER. 
 
 NEWELL WILLARD & CO. 
 
 WUOLESALE AND RETAIL DEALERS IN 
 
 Newell's Patent Safety Lamps and Cans, 
 
 ALSO, 
 
 Burning Fluid, Camphene, &c., 
 
 of Superior Quality, at the Lowest Market Prices. 
 
 28 BROMPIELD STREET, 
 
 BOSTON. 
 
 B@"Newell's Patent Safety Lamp is warranted to prevent all ac- 
 cidents from the use of burning fluid and other explosive com- 
 pounds. We also invite the attention of the public to our New and 
 Improved Solar Fluid Lamp in the Argand form, which gives a 
 steady brilliant flame, the nearest to gas that has ever been pro- 
 duced, cost of burning being less than one cent an hour. This in- 
 vention is applied to Solars, Chandeliers, Side Lamps, &c., &c. 
 
 Circulars containing certificates from Prof. Silliman of Yale Col- 
 lege, Prof. J. Robb, Kings College, N. B., Dr. Jackson and Dr. 
 Hayes, Assayers to the State of Massachusetts, can be had on ap- 
 plication by letter or otherwise. 
 
THE STATE OF MARYLAND^ 
 
 of $3,947,884. Maryland forms a diocese of the Protestant Episcopal Cliurch ; and with the District of Columbia and the 
 county of Alexandria, in Virginia, the Eoman Catholic archdiocese of Baltimore, which has for its suffragan sees Phila- 
 delphia, Pittsbm-g, Charleston, Savannah, Kichmond, and Wheeling. 
 
 Pavipermn and Crime. — The whole number of paupers who received support within the year ending 1st June 1850 was 
 
 4,494—2,591 native-born, and 1,903 foreigners ; and the whole number of paupers in the State, at that period, was 2 001 
 
 1,681 native-bom, and 320 foreigners. Annual cost of support $71,668. The whole number of criminals convicted within 
 the same year was 207 — 183 native-born, and 24 foreigners; and the number in prison on the 1st June, 1S50, was 397— 
 825 native-bom, and 72 foreigners. 
 
 Historical Sketch. — Kent Island was the site of the first white settlements within the limits of Maryland. In 1631, 
 William Claiborne commenced a colony on this island. But the charter under which Maryland was permanently established 
 was granted to Cecilius, Lord Calvert, second Lord Baltimore, by Charles I., and bears date 20th June, 1632. The name 
 Terra Maria;, or Maryland, was given it in honor of Henrietta Maria, queen of the reigning monarch. The first settlers, 
 chiefly Koman Catholics, sailed from the Isle of Wight, 22d November, 1633, and landed on the island of St. Clement, 
 20th March, 1634, and immediately took possession of the country with religious ceremonies. On the 27th, they commenced 
 a settlement on the main land, at St. Mary's ; and this is counted the date of the foundation of the colony. These settlers 
 of Maryland were refugees from ecclesiastical tjTanny ; and have been denominated by historians the "Pilgrims of St. 
 Mary's." The first governor was Leonard Calvert. The first legislature convened in 1639, and adopted many wise and 
 useful laws. Tobacco had already become so important a staple, that it was deemed expedient to tax its exportation, as a 
 source of revenue. The great revolution in England now began; the proprietary was a Catholic and adherent of the 
 king, and a congregation of Puritans, from Virginia, who had been expelled as non-conformists, in 1642, having settled iu 
 Maryland, now attempted to gain ascendancy in the government, and to some extent succeeded ; but they were overthrown 
 again in 1646. In 1649, the Assembly passed that noble act of religious toleration, which threw the mantle of charity over 
 all, and in the benefits of which Catholic, Quaker, and Puritan, participated, for all had experienced the rigors of persecution. 
 Monarchy having been overthrown in England, the Puritan power rapidly increased, and again the proprietary was for a 
 time suspended. In 1654, Lord Baltimore made efforts to regain the colony, and succeeded ; but scarcely had ho resumed 
 the reins of government when the Puritans again deposed him, and for the space of three years thereafter the peace of 
 the colony was compromised by excesses on both sides. During this period the Puritans were concentrated at Providence, 
 now Annapolis, which they considered the actual seat of government, although St. Mary's continued to be the nominal 
 capital. The power of the proprietary was now restored, and Philip Calvert, his brother, was appointed governor. In 
 1660, twenty-six years from the foundaticm of the colony, the population of Maryland was about 12,000 ; in 1C65, it was 
 16,000; and in 1671, it had increased to 20,000. The extension of political organization had kept pace with population. 
 Up to this period, seven counties had been founded, but there were no considerable towns. Importations supplied the 
 place of domestic manufactures, except such as were made in the families of the settlers. Mention of negro slaves is first 
 made in the laws of Maryland in 1663, but it is probable that slavery existed in the colony anteriorly to that time. In 
 1671, an act was passed to encourage their importation. Philip Calvert was superseded in 1662, as governor, by Charles, 
 son of the Lord Proprietary, who acted in that capacity until 1675, when, on the death of his father, he succeeded to his 
 rights, and appointed Thomas Notcly as his representative. On the occurrence of the Revolution, in 16S8, the king assumed 
 the government, and in 1791, appointed Sir Lionel Copley governor. Among the first acts of the new government was 
 the removal of the capital from St. Mary's to Providence, thenceafter known as Annapolis. The government was again 
 restored to the family of the proprietary, in 1715. At this period, the population was estimated at 30,000, and the almost 
 exclusive staple of production was tobacco. Before 1697, the colonists had been without manufactures of their own ; but 
 in that year an effort had been initiated to make woolen and linen cloths. Every attempt of this kind, however, was 
 closely watched by the English government, and hence these efibrts to supply a domestic manufacture either failed at once, 
 or languished out a sickly existence. In 1714, Charles, Lord Baltimore, died, and his son, Benedict Leonard Calvert, 
 succeeded to the province, but lived only long enough to have his rights acknowledged. The principal obstacle to the 
 recognition of the claim of this family was now removed, for the young heir had been educated a Protestant In 1715, 
 therefore, the authority of the proprietary was restored, and a commission in his name was issued to Hart, the last of the 
 governors appointed by the king. From this period until the breaking out of the French war, in 1753, the history of 
 Maryland is not marked by any great event. Its local annals are filled with relations of contentions between the proprietary 
 and the people — the one struggling to maintain his hereditary privileges, and the other to establish their liberties. In all 
 these struggles are discernible the germs of the Revolution of 1776. In 1740, Maryl.and contributed 500 men and £7,500 
 to the disastrous expedition against the Spanish Main. A noble fleet of nearly 100 vessels, including 30 ships of the line, 
 commanded by Admiral Vernon, and an army of 12,000 men, under General Wentworth, assembled at Jamaica, in 1741. 
 With this imposing force, a descent was made on Cartagena, which was rendered abortive ratlier by the malignity of the 
 climate than the prowess of the enemy. It was calculated that nine out of ten of these levies perished in this most fatal 
 enterprise. The province, in 1748, contained about 130,000 inhabitants, of whom 94,000 were white, and 36,000 colored 
 persons. In 1745, the first, and for a long time the only newspaper in the colony, the " Maryland Gazette," was published 
 at Annapolis, but a printing press had been set up some forty years before this, for printing the laws and public documents. 
 In 1756, the number of inhabitants was computed at 154,188, exhibiting the very satisfactory increase of 24,188, or about 
 18.6 per centum in ■ ight years. 
 
 The development of the resources of the province had perhaps hardly kept pace with this advancement of population. 
 The policy of England continued to be rigorous in the discouragement of domestic manufactures, and its repressive meas- 
 ures were not without effect. Meanwhile the legislature of the province offered bounties in land for the erection of flour- 
 mills, iron furnaces, and forges, and other works of industry, and its efforts succeeded to a considerable extent. In 1749, 
 there were in the colony eight furnaces and nine forges. In 1742, copper works were in operation. The great staple 
 export, however, was tobacco — in 1747, 5,000 hogsheads were exported. For many purposes tobacco was the currency 
 of the province, and in certain years the great depression in the price of this article drew out the specie of the colony to 
 meet the balance accruing in its foreign trade. The government sought to remedy this evil by an issue of bills of credit, 
 which experiment, of course, proved unavailing. In 1732, tobacco was made a legal tender at one penny per pound, and 
 Indian corn at 20 pence a bushel ; but the issue of paper money continued, even after this expedient, to supply the place 
 of a safe and convenient currency. 
 
 The boundary disputes of Maryland with the adjoining provinces have become somewhat famous among controversies 
 of that kind ; the most celebrated was that which concerned her northern and part of her eastern frontier, and which 
 
 141 
 
THE STATE OF MARYLAND. 
 
 resulted in the establishment of -'Mason and Dixon's Line." This dispute had an even date almost with the original 
 gram to Lord IJaltimoro. His grant, it was contended, covered all the territory bordering the Atlantic and Delaware 
 Bay, between 35° and 40° X. hit., including the whole of the present Slate ol' Delaware and a considerable strip of Penn- 
 sylvania; but this portion of his grant was at tlie time occui)ied by settlements of the Swedes, who were subsequently 
 conquered by the Duteh. After the latter were dispossessed, the territory wrested from them was conferred by a special 
 grant from the Duke of York, in IG^U. upi>n "William Tenn. A decree was obtained in 16>5 by Penn. confirming to him 
 the boundaries named in his grant ; but the Proprietary of Maryland refused to submit, and from this time to 1732 the 
 dispute was the cause of almost ceaseless litigation between the Proprietaries of the two colonies, and of violence and 
 outrage on the border. At length, in consequence of a decree in chancery in favor of the heirs of William Penn, granted 
 in 175U, commissioners were ajipointed to determine and mark the line mentioned in the decree of 1G^5. The "scientific 
 gentlemen ' emjjloyed in this important service, probal)ly the chief surveyors, were Messrs. Mason and Dixon, from whom 
 this celebrated boundary received its name. They began at the angle formed by tlie intersection of the boundarj' line 
 between Delaware and Maryland with that between Pennsylvania and Maryland, and proceeded westward 130 miles, 
 when their oi)erations were suspended by fear of hostilities from the Indians. At the end of every mile Ihey set up a 
 stone, with the letler '• P" and Ihe arms of Ihe Penns engraved on the north side, and " M," with the escutchi'on of Lord 
 Baltimore, on the suulh. In 17S2-3 a continuation was made of " Mason and Dixon's line" to its western terminus ; this, 
 however, was looked upon as a mere temporary arrangement, and the controversies and recriminations eontinue<l ; and 
 complaints were made to Ihij Governor of Virginia, who appeair'd to the Supreme Executive Council of Pennsylvania to 
 come into some arrangement to efte'Ct a permanent and ackncvvledged boundary. "For this desirable purpose each 
 State selected ihe best and most suitable men within its reach, so that their work, when completed, would merit and 
 receive entire confidence in its accuracy." The commissioners on the part of Pennsylvania were David I'ittenhouse, John 
 Ewing, and Captain llutcliins; those on the part of Virginia were Andrew Kllieott, Kev. James Madison, Rev. Pobert 
 Audrews, and T. Page. They performed the duty assigned them in the fall of 1784. The line having been thus carried 
 to its western terraiims, it only remained to run a meridian line from that point to the Ohio Kiver to close this long-pro- 
 tracted controversy. This task was committed to Messrs. liittenhouse and Porter, on the part of Pennsylvania, and 
 Andrew EUicott and Joseph Neville on that of Virginia. They entered on their work in May, 17S5, and on the 23d August 
 they had made a final report, locating the western boundary of Pennsylvania, as now acknowledged, from the south-western 
 corner of the State to the Ohio Kiver ; for Virginia had no special interest in extending the line further north, having 
 finally relinquished in favor of the general government her claims to territory north and west of the Ohio the year 
 before. 
 
 In the contest which annihilated French dominion in America Maryland bore a gallant part. Braddock's unfortunate 
 expedition against Fort Duquesne was organized in this province, and marched from Frederick in the spring of 17o4. 
 After the defeat and death of this general a fearful panic pervaded the frontier region of all the Middle States, and ex- 
 tended in Maryland even to the Bay Shore. Numbers of the inhabitants fled to Baltimore, and even prepared to leave 
 the country altogether. From this time until the capture of Fort Duquesne in 175S, the western part of Maryland was 
 kept in constant terror, and of course the incidents of the war fully occupied the attention of the people and the public 
 authorities. The progress of population during these years of Indian warfare was necessarily slow. The inhabitants in 
 1761 numbered 1G4.007, of whom 114,332 were whites, and 49,675 slaves, showing an increase for five years following 1756 
 of somewhat less than 10,000. The relative increase was but little over half as great as that of the preceding five years. 
 The extension of settlements toward tlie west was also suspended during the war. 
 
 From the conclusion of the French war until the commencement of the Kevolution, the history of Maryland, like that 
 of most of the other colonies, is a narrative of usurpations upon public liberty attempted by the royal government and 
 resisted by the people. In 1765, the stamp act, and afterward tlie tea tax, excited general indignation and hostility. 
 The most violent opponents of these measures took the name of " Sons of Liberty." As the contest drew toward the 
 issue which had been inevitable from the beginning, the Proprietary government fell, as a matter of course, giving place 
 to local and general committees of safety, and to conventions assembled in the name of the people, to supply the want of 
 a more regular autliority. The war, which had long been expected, and for which great preparations were made, com- 
 menced with the desultory fight at Lexington, 19lh April, 1775. 
 
 The Kevolution having now fairly commenced, elections were held throughout the province in August, 1776, for dele- 
 gates to a convention to frame a Constitution and State Government. This body assembled August 14th, and by the 10th 
 September a bill of rights and a constitution were reported. On the 3d November the constitution was ailopted iu con- 
 vention, and elections ordered to carry it into efiecL The system of government established by this first constitution of 
 Maryland was republican, and as neariy democratic as the state of public opinion of that day, and the circumstances under 
 which it was adopteil, gave reason to expect 
 
 The elections took place in November, as provided for in the constitution, and the legislature convened at Annapolis on 
 the 5th February, 1777. On the 13th February Thomas .Johnson was chosen first constitutional governor ()f Maryland. 
 
 Throughout the Revolutionary War the services of the Maryland troops were marked by gallantry an<l eflilciency. In 
 the first considerable action after that of Bunker's Hill, the "Maryland line" signalized its valor an<l took a high position 
 among the several corps of the continental army. They were under the command of Col. Wm. Smallwood, who after- 
 ward became a major-general, and one of the most distinguished officers whose achievements in the struggle illustrat<^ the 
 bravery of his native state. In the battle of Long Island, and in those of Harlem Heights, White Plains, and Fort Wash- 
 ington, the Maryland regiments were conspicuous for their courage and discipline ; nor were they less so iu the memora- 
 ble actions at Trenton and Princeton. With the exception of actions in the campaign against Burgoyne, indeed, there 
 was no prominent battle of the war, from Brooklyn Heights to Yorktown, in which the Marylanders did not take an 
 active part; and under every commander— WaJdiington, La Fayette, De Kalb, and Greene— they earned special notice 
 and applause for gallantry and good conduct. The number of troops furnished by Marylan<I during the war was 15,229 
 regulars, and 5,407 militia ; and the expenditures of the State amounted to $7,568,145 in specie, a large portion of which 
 was raised by the sale of confiscated British property within the State. 
 
 On the 23d December. 17S3, the brilliant drama of the Revolution was closed by Washington's resignation of his com- 
 mission. This event took place at Annapolis, in the presence of Congress, the State legislature, many officers who had 
 served through the war, and a crowd of deeply interested spectators. The ceremony constitutes a scene in our history 
 eecond in solemnity and importiuice only lo the reading of the Declaration of Independence. 
 
 The Federal Constitution was readilv and heartily adopted by Maryland. The convention that accepted it on the part 
 142 
 
IN FRONT OF THE CAPITOL, WASHINGTON. 
 
 Near the western entrance to the Capitol stands the n.onunient erected by 
 the officers of the Navy to the memory of their brother officers who fell m the 
 war with Tripoli. It originally stood at the Navy Yard, but a few years since 
 was removed to the Capitol grounds. It is of marble, and about forty ieet higli. 
 As seen in the engraving, it has a large square base on which rest vanous 
 additions, and a column from which projects the beaks of ships, the wh(,le 
 crowned by an eagle. On one side of the base is a view ot Tnpoli and the 
 American fleet; on another, the words '' To the memory of Somers, Caldwell, 
 Decatur, AVadsworth, Dorsey, Israel;" and on another still, their ep.taph-a 
 brief, but comprehensive and eloquent history. At the base of the column are 
 four emblematic tigures. Mercury, Fame, History, and America. 'I he cohimn 
 also has appropriate embellishments. 
 
DOE, HAZELTON & CO. 
 
 IMPORTERS OF 
 
 
 
 MANUFACTURERS AND DEALERS IN 
 
 MATTRESSES, FEATHERS, LOOKING GLASSES, &c. 
 
 NOS. 42, 44, 46, & 48 COHNHILL, 
 
 B O 8 T O 
 
 JOSEPH M. DOE, 
 
 J. E. HAZELTON, 
 
 ANDRETT W. LATTRENCE. 
 
 MERIDEN MACHINE COMPANY. 
 
 Successors to Oliver Snow & Co., 
 
 Manufacturers of all kinds of Machinist's Tools, Mill Gearing, 
 
 STEAM ENGINES & SHAFTING, 
 Stamping Presses and Dies for TINNERS, 
 
 Also, Hand and Power PUlVCHIiVG PRESSES, 
 HYDRAULIC and MINING MACHINERY made to Order, 
 
 OJLIf^ER Sjroif, Secretary. 
 
 West Meriden, Conn. New York Office, No. U Gold Street. 
 
 24 
 
CEMENT MANUFACTURING COMPANY. 
 
 MaiiMfactiirers of 
 
 OF THE FIRST QUALITY. 
 
 Orders Solicited and promptly Shipped to any part of tlie United States. 
 
 This Company has been in successful operation ten years, and is 
 now prepared to manufacture 400 barrels per day. Builders, Arch- 
 itects and Engineers are not generally aware that nearly all of the 
 material for making Hydraulic Cement in the United States, is 
 found in a small portion of Ulster County, State of New York, and 
 therefore, whether made at Newark, N. J,, or elsewhere, the arti- 
 cle is the same in the main, as the crude stones are transported for 
 manufacture. Mines and Works near Rondout, Ulster Co., N. Y., 
 where orders may be sent and vessels loaded. 
 
 Address, "WM. T. SIIMFEl-WT, Secretary, 
 
 ]Vo. SO Nassau Street, IVew Yorlt City, or 
 
 AI.EX. ^W. SIIIVFEEDT, Superintendent, Rondout, Ulster Co., ]V. Y. 
 
 ATLANTIC IRON "WORKS, 
 
 , LATHES, 
 
 AND ALL KINDS OF 
 
 earner WVST^H ^TMEET and SOUTH ^tf^EJVUE, 
 
 (NEAR STANLEY HOUSE,) 
 ^^^Castings of every Description made to Order at Short Notice. 
 
 EHEJ^^EZER JriffEEEEn, ^gent. 
 
 MANUFACTURERS OF 
 
 WHOLESALE DEALER & MANUFACTURER OF 
 
 Trusses, Abdominal Supporters, Elastic Stockings, and Knee 
 Caps for Varicose Veins, &c., &c. 
 
 All kinds of Apparatus made to order for the correction of every variety of Distortion, Malformation or phys- 
 ical Deformity of the Human Frame. Patent issued, January 15, 1856. 
 
 DR. CHEEVER'S GALVANO ELECTRIC RECEIMERATOR 
 
 For the cure of Irapotency, Sterility, Prostatic Wealiness, and all affections of the Reproductive System, high- 
 ly recommended by the most scientific medical men. 
 
 A circular relating to the useofthe instrument, embracing a general treatise of atony of the spermatic organs, 
 the result of which tends to softening tlie memlary substance of wliicli the brain is composed, may be had, grat- 
 is, and will be sent to any address by mail, by their indicating a desire to receive it. Ail letters should be 
 diiected to 
 
 No. 1 TremontTemple, Boston, Mass. 
 
THE STATE OF MARYLAND 
 
 of the State met on the 21st April, 17S3, and adjourned on the 2Sth, having agreed to the instrument, without reservation 
 or amendment, by a vote of OS to 11. 
 
 From this period to the war of 1S13, the history of Maryland presents nothing calling for special notice. During that 
 war Admiral Cockbum, commanding the British naval forces, committed on the shores of Chesapeake Bay a series of 
 wanton outrages against the property and persons of the citizens. In the spring of 1S13 the villages of Frenchtown, Havre 
 de Grace, Fredericktown, and Georgetown, were plundered and burned by his orderj, and in August, 1814, occurred tho 
 expedition of General Eoss against the city of Washington. Cockburn, since the opening of the preceding year, had been 
 cruising about the bay and the mouth of the Potomac with four ships of the line aud six frigates; in the course of the 
 summer he was largely re-enforced, and in August a landing was effected at Benedict, on the Patuxent, some thirty-flvo 
 miles south-east of Washington. The land force was under tho command of General Ross, and was 5,000 strong. It 
 proceeded toward Washington ; the militia of Maryland and of the District assembled under General Winder to oppose 
 their march; but the Americans were in no condition to resist their numerous and well disciplined enemies. The army 
 retired to Bladensburg, and was re-enforced l)y General Stansbury with 2,100 Maryland troops, including the sailors and 
 marines of Commodore Barney. At this point it was resolved to risk an action in defense of the national capital. The 
 Fesult of the conflict that ensued was not fortunate to the American arms. 
 
 The British gained a complete victory, though at a cost of life much greater than the loss sustained by the Americans. Tho 
 victors marched on to Washington, occupied the city as long as they thought advisable, and then returned to their ship- 
 ping at Benedict. They, however, sullied the laurels which their daring and successful expedition might have gained for 
 them by an act of Vandalic barbarism to which the annals of modern warfare among civilized nations hardly furnishes a 
 parallel. While in secure possession of the seat of government, they burned and destroyed the Capitol, the president's 
 house, the offices of the treasury, war, and navy, all the national records accessible to them, the public library, and other 
 property belonging to the public and individuals. Their loss in this expedition is said to have been four hundred in killed 
 and wounded, and five hundred prisoners. At nearly the same time Alexandria was occupied and plundered, or laid 
 under tribute. The remaining principal incidents of the war particularly belonging to the history of Maryland, are the 
 battle of North Point and the defense of Baltimore. The British forces engaged at North Point numbered 5,000, and were 
 under General Eoss. He was killed in a skirmish between parties of the advance immediately before the battle. The 
 Americans were commanded by General Striker, who had under his command 3,200 men. The result of the engagement 
 was unfavorable to the invaders, though the American general judged it prudent to retire toward Baltimore. The British 
 lost about 400 men, and the Americans about half that number. The battle of North Point was fought 13th Sept., 1S14. On 
 the evening of next day the enemy commenced a bombardment of Fort M'Henry, the work chiefly relied upon for the de- 
 fense of the city. The attack was gallantly repelled, and the failure of the operations during the night, which were con- 
 ducted by land and water, was so complete that a day or two after the land forces were taken on board the shipping, aud 
 all attempts against Baltimore were abandoned. On the 16th of the month the hostile fleet was seen standing down tho bay. 
 From the earliest period the condition of the African race in Maryland had attracted much attention. By gradations, 
 which there are now no means of tracing, this class of the population had attained in 1790 the number of 111,079, of which 
 8,043 were free, and 103,036 were slaves. The tendency of public opinion in this State, for many years subsequent to tho 
 commencement of the Eevolution, seemed favorable to emancipation, and its effect was perceived in the gradual increase 
 of free blacks. It was shown by the census of ISOO that the free colored had gained 11,544 during the preceding ten 
 years, equal to 143 per centum, while the slaves had increased only 2,599, or about 2i per centum. The decennial census 
 from this period exhibited an equally remarkable increase of free negroes and decrease of slaves, so that from 1790 to 1850 
 the free negroes had increased 821 per centum, and the slaves had decreased more than 12 per centum. The decennial 
 movement is shown elsewhere. But during the first twenty years of this period there had been a small increase of slaves, 
 so that for the next thirty years to 1S40 the falling off had been 21J66, or about 19 per centum; which decrease, if sus- 
 tained, would have extirpated slavery in Maryland in a very short time ; but owing to various circumstances in the 
 history of the times, the policy of emancipation, without a provision for the removal of the persona whose condition was 
 affected by it, began to be looked upon with disfavor, and a provision was inserted in the constitution of 1836, declaring 
 "That the relation of master and slave in this State shall not he abolished, unless a bill for that purpose shall be passed 
 by a unanimous vote of both branches of the General Assembly, be published three months before a new election, and be 
 unanimously confirmed by a succeeding Legislature." Thus was checked effectually the disposition to public emancipa- 
 tion; but individuals continued to exercise it, and fhe prevalence of this desire to confer freedom upon slaves gave 
 occasion to tho institution of tho American Colonization Society about the year 1S19 ; a branch of the association was 
 established in Maryland, but in order to obviate certain features in the organization and proceedings cf the General 
 Society not acceptable to the friends of colonization in this State, it was determine 1 to estaljlish an independent colony in 
 Africa for the blacks of Maryland. The Legislature extended its fostering can to the entet prise, and an annual appro- 
 priation of $20,000 was allowed to the Society, which is yet continued. The Maryland colony has flourished, having now 
 a considerable trade, and being visited at stated periods by regular packets from Baltimore. 
 
 Succession of Governors. — Pkoprietaky and Eotal Goveenoes : Leonard Calvert, 1633 ; Thomas Greene, 1647 ; 
 William Stone, 1649; Parliamentary Co-mmissio7iers, tCioi to 16bS: Josiah Fendall, 1658 ; Philip Calvert, 1660 ; Charles 
 Calvert, 1662; Lord Baltimore, 1675; Thomas Notlcy, 1678; Lord Baltimore, 16S1 ; Lionel Copley, 1692; Francis 
 Nicholson, 1694; Croicn Commissioners, 1697 to 1699; Nathaniel Blackstone, 1699; Thomas Tench, 1703; John Sey- 
 mour, 1704; Edward Lloyd, 1704; John Hart, 1714; Charles Calvert, 1720; Benedict Calvert, 1727; Lord Baltimore, 
 1788 ; Samuel Ogle, 1737 ; Thomas Bladen, 1742 ; Samuel Ogle, 1747 ; Benjamin Tasker, 1751 ; Horatio Sharpe, 1753 ; 
 Eobert Eden, 1769 ; Eobert Eden, 1778 ; and — Constitutional Goveenoes : Thomas Johnson, 1777 ; Thomas Simm Lee, 
 1779 ; William Paca, 1782 ; William Smallwood, 1785 ; John Eager Howard, 178S ; George Plater, 1792 ; Thomas Simm 
 Lee, 1792; John Haskens Stone, 1794; John Henry, 1797 ; Benjamin Ogle, 1798; John Francis Mercer, 1801; Eobert 
 Bowie, 1803; Eobert Wright, 1805; Edward Lloyd, 1809; Eobert Bowie, 1811; Levin Winder, 1812; C. Eidgley, of 
 Hampton, 1815 ; C. W. Goldsborough, 1S18 ; Samuel Sprigg, 1819 ; Samuel Stevens, 1822 ; Joseph Kent, 1826 ; Daniel 
 Martin, 1829 ; T. K. Carroll, 1830 ; Daniel Martin, 1831 ; George Howard (acting), 1831 ; George Howard, 1882 ; James 
 Thomas, 1833 ; Thomas W. Veasey, 1S86 ; William Grason, 1838 ; Francis Thomas, 1841 ; Thomas G. Pratt, 1844; Philip 
 F. Thomas, 1848 ; Enoch Louis Lowe, 1851. 
 ■ Annapolis is the political capital of the State. 
 
TIE STATE OE MASSACHUSETTS.* 
 
 MASSACiniSETTS, llio purciit state of New F.ngland, and the chief manufacturing district of the United States, is bounded 
 north by New Ilamshire and Ycnuont, cast by the Atlantic Ocean, south by the Atlantic, Khodc Island, and Connecticut, 
 and west by New York. It is situated between 41° 15' and 420 52' latitudes north, and between CO^ 54' and Vi° 34' longi- 
 tudes west from Greenwich, or 3° 28' and 7° 03' east from Washington. This State has a general breadth of not more 
 than 50 miles, with a hiigtli of about IGO miles; but in the eastern part it extends abruptly to the breadth of 90 miles, 
 and shoots a long narrow tongue of sand into the ocean, which extends nearly 50 miles beyond the mainland. The area 
 of the State is estimated at 7,800 square miles. Although the surface is generally hilly, and in some places rugged, no part 
 of it rises to an elevation of 4,000 feet, the isolated peak called Saddle Mountain, in the north-western corner of the Slate, 
 the loftiest summit within its limits, being nut more than 3,600 feet above tlie level of the sea. The Green Mountains 
 enter the western part of Massachusetts from the north, forming the Iloosic and Taghkannuc or Tacouic ridges, which 
 run nearly parallel to each other southward into Connecticut. The Taghkannuc ridge is near the western boundary of 
 the Slate— its most elCTated peaks are Saddle Mountain, above referred to, on the north, and Taglikannuc Mountain, in 
 the south, the latter being 3,000 feet in height. The Hoosic ridge has no summits above half these elevations; it divides 
 the waters of the Connecticut from tliose of the llousatonic. The White Mountain range enters this State from New 
 Hampshire, a little to the east of the Connecticut, and running soulherly, divides below Northampton into the Mount Tom 
 and Lyme ranges. Mount Tom and Mount Ilolyoke arc piiaks in this range— the first 1,214 feet and the latter 830 feet 
 above the level of the Connecticut liiver, whicli liows between them ; Waithusett, a solitary mountain in the north-eastern 
 part of Worcester County, is 2,018 feet above the level of the sea. Eastward of these ranges, the surface is for the most 
 part broken by gentle swells, and in the south-east spreads out into a level sandy plain, which extends from the margins 
 of the ocean, and is continued in the peninsula of Cape Cod. 
 
 The county of Barnstable is a peninsula commonly called the Peninsula of Cape Cod. Its shape is Ih.at of a man's 
 arm bent inward both at the elbow and at the wrist. A great part of this peninsula is barren, and in many places wholly 
 destitute of vegetation. The inhabitants derive their support princip.ally from the ocean. Nantucket Island lies south 
 of Cape Cod. It is of a triangular form, 15 miles long, and in its widest part about 11 miles ; and is little more than a 
 heap of sand without a tree of native growth upon it— yet it maintains a numerous population distinguished for activity 
 and enterprise. The island affords some pasturage, and cattle and sheep in considerable numbers are raised on it. The 
 climate is much milder than that of the neighboring continent. South-east of this island, out of sight of land, lie the Nan- 
 tucket Shoals, a dangerous sand-reef about 50 miles long and about 45 miles broad, and which has been the scene of many 
 dreadful shipwrecks. Martha's Vineyard, to the west of Nantucket, is about 21 miles long, and tnmi 2 to 10 miles broad. 
 The soil is for the most part poor, but many sheep and cattle are raised, and the people are much employed as pilots or in 
 the fisheries. There is a spacious harl)or on the north side of the island called Holmes's Hole, and vessels bound to the 
 eastward arc frequently seen here in great numbers, waiting for a wind to enable them to double Cape Cod. It is calcu- 
 lated that more than 1,000 vessels anchor here in the course of a year. The Elizabeth Islands are sixteen in number, ex- 
 tending in a line from the elbow of Cape Cod Peninsula westward, and forming the south-eastern side of Buzzard's Bay. 
 No Man's Land is a small island south-west of Martha's Vineyard. Plum Island, off tlie east coast, extends from New- 
 buryport southward to Ipswich. It is 9 miles long and 1 broad, and is separated from the mainland by a narrow sound, 
 over which a bridge has been built. In the season when plums are ripe, this island is the resort of the neighboring in- 
 habitants, and a scene of lively amusement. 
 
 The valley of the Connecticut, which, varying in width, extends through the State in a direction north and south, con- 
 sists, for the most part, of a sandy .alluvion. The lower flats are fertile, and j)roduce rich crops of grain. In the vicinity 
 of lladley in this valley are extensive fields of broom-corn, and the manufacture of this article into brooms absorbs a con- 
 siderable portion of the labor of the towns in the neighborhood. A portion of this valley is occupied by sandy tracts, 
 which yield light crops of rye and maize. Some of these plains are covered with low pine forests. The valley of the 
 llousatonic extends nearly in the same direction with that of the Connecticut, and consists of alluvial tracts of the samo 
 description. The valley of the Iloosic in the north-west consists of an almost uninterrupted succession of intervale, about 
 a mile in width, extremely rich, and ornamented with the liveliest verdure. The waters of this stream are remarkably 
 limpid, and wind their way along this valley through luxuriant meadows and pastures, green to the water's edge, and 
 fringed with willows and other moisture-loving growths. 
 
 Every part of the State is well watered ; but in general the streams are more useful for agricultural and manufacturing 
 purposes than as channels of communication. The Connecticut crosses the western part of the State from north to south, 
 intersecting the counties of Franklin, Hampshire, and Hampden, and passes into Connecticut. By means of short canals 
 round several fidls of the river, it has been made navigable for small vessels through its whole course in this State. Its 
 principal tributaries are the Deerfleld and Westfield Elvers from the west, and Miller's and Chicopee Kivers from the 
 eastr— all of which afford the best of water-power, and at their several falls are scenes of busy industry. The upper waters 
 of the Housatonic lie on the west of the mountains, and flow southward into Connecticut. The Quinnebaug and Black- 
 stone Pavers have also their sources in this State. Charles' River, reaching the sea at Boston, and Taunton Paver, which 
 falls into Narragansctt Bay, are useful mill-streams. The Nashua and Concord Pivers are tributaries of the Merrimac, 
 which last finds the sea at Newbm-yport, near the northern boundary line. Tlic Merrim.-ic, after entering this State from 
 New Hampshire, has a course east and north-east, and is navigable for sloops to Haverhill, 20 miles from its mouth. 
 
 * Tlie nnme of this state probal)Iy arose from tlie name of a tribe of Indians formerly at Barnstable, or from two Indian words 
 the former signifying an Indian arrow-head, and the latter a hilt. It is stated tlmt the Sachem who governed in this region, on 
 pilgrims, lived on a hill in the form of an Indian arrow-head, a lew miles south of Boston, and was called by the natives MiswiTi 
 144 
 
 IS and wetuactf 
 landing of the 
 
WELCH & GRIFFITHS, 
 
 MANUFACTURERS OF 
 
 PATENT GROUND AND WARRANTED 
 
 5^ 
 
 ft) ^ ^,^p ^,^ 
 
 OF EVERY DESCRirTION, 
 
 B OSTON. 
 
 PiBi.1 
 
 m 
 
 fWln 
 
 A NEW METHOD OF TREATING 
 
 SPINAL DISEASES, CURVATURES OF THE SPINE, AND 
 
 SPINAL WEAKNESS, 
 
 Without Pain or Suffering to the patient, however young or feeble, is now successfully practiced by 
 
 DR. J. J^. WOOD, 
 
 Office--NO. 215 WASHINGTON STKEET Residence— MARLBORO' HOTEL. 
 
 OlT'Having examined the Serpentine Spring Apparatus used by Dr. J. A. Wood in the treatment of lateral 
 curvatures of the Spine, we recommend it as efficient and comfortable to the patient. 
 
 Henry J. Biglow, M. D., Prof. Surg. Harv. University; George Havward,M. D., Ex. Prof. Surg. Harv. Uni- 
 versity; WiNSLOw Lewis, M. D., J. V. C. Smith, Mayor of Boston; John W. Wakre.n, M. D.- Henry Clabk, 
 M. D., City Physician. 
 
 *s.~»c->att»'»M» 
 
 AMERICAN HOUSE, 
 
 Hanover Street, Boston. 
 
 With the addition, is the largest and best arranged Hotel in New England, and the subscriber begs leave to 
 call attention to its magnificent arrangements and superior accommodafions. The furniture is made to combine 
 utility and convenience, with luxurious ease and comfort. The drawing rooms are most elegantly appointed; 
 the suits of rooms well arranged for families and large travelling parties; the sleeping apartments commodious 
 and well ventilated, and. a large proportion of them supplied with Cochituate water and gas. Every elfort will 
 be made by the Proprietor to contribute to the comfort of his guests while sojourning athis house. 
 
 No. 13 LEWIS RICE, Proprietor. 
 
THOMPSON & BOOTH, 
 
 BRIDGEPORT, CONNECTICUT. 
 
 MANUFACTURERS OF 
 
 DOCTOR THOMPSON'S 
 
 a 
 
 MaEfuacturer of Stretched, Cemented and Stitclied 
 
 W WM 1f3 l^i 1^ 
 
 1 
 
 m. 
 
 
 LACINGS, AND 
 MANUFACTURERS' ARTICLES GENERALLY, 
 
 No. 6 Mecliaiiics' BuiUling, Button Street, Lowell, Mass., 
 
 (OPPOSITE BOSTON AND LOWELL DEPOT.) 
 REFERENOEb. 
 JOSEPH WHITE, Lowell, WM. A. BURKE, Lowell, 
 
 WM. SPENCER, " SAMUEL FAY, " 
 
 JOHN AVERY, Lowell, 
 CHAS. A. BABCOCK, Bos 
 
 233 LAKE STREET, 
 
 CHICAGO, IL.I.INOIS 
 
 MANUFACTURERS OF 
 BRASS VALVES, COCKS & GAUGES, 
 
 AND EVERY DESCRIPTION OF 
 
 STEA M AND GAS FITTI NGS. 
 
 Particular attention given to Warming Buildings by Hot Water and Steam. Gas Works constructed /or 
 
 single Buildings, Villages and Towns. 
 
 J. J. Walworth & Co. of Boston. W. C. Hubbard. J. P. Hates. 
 
 I il^^ll ^IBli^l itiliiia 
 
 liOCATED IIV BOSTON, MASS. 
 
 , Opened in IS-IS. Incorporated by the Massachusetts Legislature in 1850, and aided by a grant of $5,000 in 1854, 
 
 j and a grant of $10,000 in 1855. 
 
 ; The Annual Term commences on the first Wednesday in November, and continues four months. Tuition fees, 
 
 $5 to each of the seven Profes«:ors, or $35 in all. Graduation fee, §10. Requirement for graduation, three years 
 i study, including two terms of lectures, one of which must be in this College. Board in the City to be had a* 
 : abniit R3 per week. 
 
 ; Officers— John S.Tyler, President; John P. Jewett, Treasurer; Samuel Gregory, Secretary. Benj. C. Clark, 
 ! Samuel E. Sewall, A'dam W. Thaxter, Jr., Dexter S. King, with the first three officers. Directors. 
 Further information can be obtained by addressing 
 
 SAMTJEL GHEGORY, M. D., ' 
 
 No. 11 Secretary New Eng. Female Medical College, Boston, Mass. 
 
THE STATE OF MASSACHUSETTS. 
 
 The northern shore of Massachusetts is bold and rocky, and the coast everywhere is deeply indented, and presents 
 several far projecting peninsulas and headlands, forming bays of immense extent. Massaclmsetts Bay, which gives itg 
 name to the State, extends between Cape Ann, which projects sea-ward about ^S miles on the north, and Cape Cod on the 
 south. It is about TO miles in length, and comprises Boston Bay and Cape Cod Bay. On the southern coast is Buzzard's 
 Bay, about 30 miles in length, and comprising a large number of fine and secure harbors. Boston Harbor is one of the 
 finest in the world— capacious, safe, easy of access, and easily defended ; but in the winter sea.son it is often ice-bound. 
 New Bedford on Buzzard's Bay has a fine harbor, and is the greatest whale-ship depot of the Union. The Peninsula of 
 Nahant, a few miles north of Boston Harbor, is connected with the mainland by Lynn Beach, two miles in lenn-th and 
 from its fine open situation, has been a favorite place of resort during the hot season of summer. 
 
 Massachusetts is not, as far as yet ascertained, rich in minerals. Iron is found in various parts of the State, and is ex- 
 tensively worked. It appears chiefly in the form of bog ore. Sulphuret of iron, or pyrites, occurs in the central districts, 
 ■where it is used for the manufacture of copperas ; and the plumbago fouml at Worcester and Stockbridge is used in the 
 manufacture of lead pencils and crucibles. Lead mines exist in the Connecticut valley. The white clay of Martha's 
 Vineyard furni-shes alum ; and anthracite coal is now obtained in the graywacke district to the west of Taunton Iliver. 
 
 It is on its building material, however, that Massachusetts reJies for distinction. Granite of excellent quality abounds in 
 Quincy and vicinity, and is extensively quarried and shipped to nearly every Atlantic port, in greater or lesser degree. 
 The Astor House at New York, the front of tlie Tremont House at Boston, and the Bunker Hill Monument, are built 
 of this stone. Blocks and shafts of almost any dimensions may be obtained. Granite suitable for building is also found 
 at Gloucester, Fall Eiver, Fitchburg, and many other places. Gneiss, nearly answering the same purposes, is fcnmd in 
 many parts, and serpentine, suitable for ornamental architecture, exists in Middleficld, West Field, Newbury, etc. Lime- 
 stone is extensively distributed. Berkshire is renowned for the fine marble it produces, denominated primitive marble. 
 Its prevailing color is white, and some of the varieties admit of a fine polish ; more or less is quarried in almost every 
 town of Berkshire. Tlie City Hall in New York, and the Girard College in Philadelphia, are built of marble from 
 this district. Soap-stone, and argillaceous or roofing slate, are found in various parts, and potter's clay, used in the manu- 
 facture of common delft, and kaolin, or porcelain clay, are abundant. Peat is found and used as a common fuel in many 
 towns in the eastern part of the State ; and what adds to the importance of this article is, that it is frequently situated where 
 wood is scarce. 
 
 The climate of Massachusetts, though identical in many respects to that of the three States bing north of it, is not so 
 extreme as that of either. It is very favorable to health, and a large ratio of the inhabiUants attain to a good old age. The 
 extremes of temperature are from 20° below zero to 100° above, but such are rare and of short continuance. The season 
 of growth commences earlier than in the more northern States, and the summer is more prolonged. On the eastern and 
 southern shores the summer season is delightfully tempered by the breezes from the ocean. 
 
 The Indian population, a small remnant of the once powerful tribes that Inhabited Massachusotts prior to the arrival 
 of Europeans in the country, now numbers less than 1,000 souls. "With the exception of the Naticks, who are scattered 
 over the Commonwealth, they all live in separate communities ; but few of these are of pure blood, the majority coming 
 under those classes which in South America would be termed Mcztizos or Zambos, mixtures of white and Indian, aud 
 of black and Indian. The following tribes are enumerated in a report of a commission appointed in 1S4S to inquire into 
 the condition cif these people : 
 
 Names of Tribes. 
 
 Chappequiddic Tribe 
 
 Christiantown " 
 
 Gay Head " 
 
 Marshpee " 
 
 Herring-Pond " 
 
 Fall Elver " 
 
 Dudley " 
 
 Hassanamisco " 
 
 Punkapop " 
 
 Yarmouth " 
 
 Number. Residence. Oceupatiou, 
 
 85 Chappequiddic Island Agriculture. 
 
 40 N. "VV. sliore of Martha's Vineyard Agriculture and fishing. 
 
 174 Gay Ilead.W. part of " " Agriculture — also alum mamif. 
 
 805 S. W. shore of Cape Cod Agriculture and navigation. 
 
 55 Near PljTUouth and Sandwich Agriculture and fishing. 
 
 87 Fall Eiver Township Very improvident. 
 
 4S Town of Webster Men beg — Women do worse. 
 
 26 Grafton ). , ,. , .^ 
 
 10 Canton and Stoughton i In;l"« "''««■ I'"' ^ave no par- 
 
 5S Town of Yarmouth ) f^lar occupation. 
 
 Naticks Scattered over the State, and extinct as a tribe. 
 
 The more industrious of these tribes not only enjoy the necessaries of life, but also many of the comforts and even 
 luxuries of civilization. Nearly all live in good houses, most of them decently furnished ; and their schools and churches 
 are represented to be in a flourishing condition. Only two of the tribes are represented as degraded. The Indians are 
 not members of the body politic; they pay no taxes, nor do they have a voice in legislation. The State, indeed, allows 
 to each tribe a small annuity for the promotion of their civilization. 
 
 Massachusetts is divided into 14 counties, the general statistics of which, and the capitals of each in 1850, were as follows : 
 
 Farms. Maniif. 
 
 Counties. 
 
 Barnstable 
 Berkshire . 
 
 Bristol ... 
 
 Dukes .. .. 
 
 ■Dwell. 
 
 . 6,532.. 
 . 8,688.. 
 
 .12,134.. 
 
 . T71.. 
 
 Pop. 
 
 35,276.. 789 
 49,591.. 2,897 
 
 76,192.. 2,550.. 5G2 
 
 4,540.. 265.. IS 
 
 Eslab. 
 
 423. 
 
 3S7. 
 
 Essex 
 
 .18,878. .131.300. .2,816. .1,533. 
 
 Capitals. 
 
 , . . Barnstable 
 , . .Lenox 
 ) New Bedford 
 (Taunton 
 . . Edgartown 
 1 Ipswich 
 y Newburyport 
 J Salem 
 .Greenfield 
 
 Counties. Dwell. Pop. "p"]'' yli",,' Capitals. 
 
 Hampshire. 5,905.. 35,782.. 2,965. . 319. .. .Northamjlton 
 
 1 Concord 
 Middlesex . . 23,450 . .101,383 . . 4,-345 . . 1 ,089 . . l Cambridge 
 
 J Lowell 
 .Nantucket 
 .Dedham 
 .Plymouth 
 
 Nantucket 
 Norfolk . . 
 Plymouth . 
 Suff-olk... 
 Worcester 
 
 . 1,285.. 8,452.. 58 . 60. 
 
 .12.545.. 7S.S92.. 2,637.. 906. 
 
 . 9,5(»6.. 55,697.-2.447.. 511. 
 
 .16,567. .144,507. . 76. .1,989. . . .Boston 
 
 .21,709 . . 130,789 . . 7,239 .. 1,161 ... . Worcester 
 
 Franklin . . . 5.832. . 30.867. .2,.535. . 285. . , 
 Hampden... 9,083.. 51,281. .2,616. . 389. .. .Springfield 
 
 The whole number of dwellings in the State was, at the above date, 152,835; of families 192,679, and of inhabitants 
 994,499, viz. : whites 955,704— males 484,284, and females 501,420, free col. 8,795— males 4,314, and females 4,481. 
 
 Of the whole population, there were deaf and dtimh — wh. 360, fr. col. 4 — total 864 ; hli7>d — wh. 490, fr. col. 7 — 
 —total 497; insane— Y/h. 1,629, fr. eol. 18— total 1,647; and idiotic— wh. 785, fr. col. 6— total 791. The number of free 
 
 J 145 
 
THE STATE OF MASSACHUSETTS. 
 
 persons born in the Unitcil States -n-as S30,06(); the number of foreign birth 160,909, and of birth unknown 3,539. The 
 natire population orisinated as follows: Maine 20,.')i)7, X. Hainp. 39,r);i2, Verm. 17.646. MMsadiusett.f 095,236.12. I. 
 11,414, Conn. 15,002, N. York 14,48:5, X. Jer. 778, reiiii. 1,S31, IJul. 90, M.l. 744, L)ist. of Col. 196, Yirg. 796, N. Car. 196, 
 S. Car. 224, Ga. 23T, Flor. 32, Ala. 71, Miss. 34, ha. 179, Te.\. 10, Ark. 10, Tenn. 25, Ky. 75, Ohio 593, Mich. 122, Iu-1. 60. 
 111. ir.5, Mo. 5S, la. 12, Wise. 32, Calif. 7, Territories 9: anil ihc foreign population was composed of persons from — 
 England 16,0S5, Ireland 115,917, Scotland 4,409, Wales 214, Germany 4,319, Frauee So5, Spain 17s, Portugal 2911, Ilelginm 
 86, Holland 13S, Turkey 14, Italy 196, Austria 10, Switzerland 72, Russia 3S, Denmark ISl, Norway 09, Sweden 25:3, 
 Prussia 98, Sardinia 1, Greece 2:}, China 2, Asia 31, .Vfrica 27, British America 15,802, Mexico 32, Central America 7, South 
 America 84, West Indies 303, Sanilwich Islands SI, and other countries 406. 
 The following table will show the decennial jirogress of the population: 
 
 Ccloreii Persons. 
 
 Census 
 
 I'.T.s. 
 
 Tul;il. 
 
 1790 373.254 . 
 
 1800 416,793 . 
 
 1810 465,303 . 
 
 1820 516,419 . 
 
 1830 6('3,:»9 . 
 
 1840 729,030 . 
 
 5,463 
 
 6,452 
 
 6,737 
 
 0,S(i8 
 
 7,048 
 
 8.009 
 
 — 5.4i!3 
 
 — 0,452 
 
 — 0,737 
 
 — 6,S6S 523,2S7 
 
 1 7.049 010.408 
 
 Tntill 
 
 Popniatloi 
 
 . 37S.71T 
 
 . 423.245 
 
 . 47 
 
 eniii;tl Increase. 
 
 Nun 
 
 44,528 
 
 040 48,795 
 
 51,247 
 87,121 
 
 ll.T 
 . 11.5 
 . 10.8 
 , 16.6 
 
 — 8,609 7:37,699 127,291 20.3 
 
 1850 985,704 8,795 — 8,795 994,499 256,800 34.8 
 
 The statistical returns of the wealth, industry, products, and institutions of the State, according to the census of 1850 and 
 other official documents referring to the same period of time, are as follows: 
 
 Oi:inii>ied Ldiulfi, etc. — Improved farm lands, 2,1:33,430 acres, and unimproved lands, 1,222,576 acres — valued in cash 
 at .$109,070,347. Number of farms under cultivation, 34,2:35. Value of farming implements and machinery, .|3.209,5S4. 
 
 Live-Stodc.—lloK^i, 42,210; asses and mules, :34; milch cows. 130,099 ; working oxen. 46,011; other cattle, 83,284; 
 sheep. 188,051 ; and swine. 81,119 — valued in the aggregate at $9,047,710. The number of aiiimjils of tiiese descriptions 
 In 1840 was— horses, mules, etc.. 01.484 ; neat cattle o.f all kinds, 282,574; sheep, 378.220; and swine, 143,221. 
 
 Products o/^^Ift/miv/.s.— Wool, 5n5,130 (in 1<40, 941,900) pounds; butter, 8.071,370 pounds; cheese, 7.088,142 pounds; 
 and the value of animals slaughtcre<l during the year, .$2,.500,924. Silk cocoons were produced to tlie amount of 7 (in 
 1840, 1,741) pounds ; and beeswax and honey, to that of 59,508 pounds. 
 
 Grain C/'op.s.— Wheat, 31,211 bushels; rye, 481,021 bushels: Indian com, 2.34.5,490 bushels; o.its. 1,105,100 bushels; 
 barley, 112,385 bushels; and buckwheat, 100,095 bushels. In 1839-40 these crops yielded as follows: wheat, 157,923 
 bushels ; barley, 105,319 ; oats, 1.319,080 ; rye, .530,014 ; buckwheat, 87,000 : and Indian corn, 1,809,192 bushels. 
 
 Oth^r Food Cropn. — Peas and beans, 43,709 bushels; potatoes, Iri.sh, 3,585,384 bushel-s. In 1839-40 the potato crop 
 tmounted to 5,385,052 busheU. 
 
 jrisceUaneo^ix C/'ops.— Tobacco, 138,246 (in 1840, 64,955) pounds ; hay, 051,807 tons; clover-seed, 1,002 bushels; other 
 rrass-seed, 5,085 bushels ; hops, 121,595 pounds (in 1840, 254,795) pounds ; flax, 1,102 pounds : flax-seed, 72 bushels ; maple 
 ■■ugar, 795,525 pounds ; molasses, 4,093 gallons ; wine, 4,088 (in 1840, 193) gallons, etc. Value of orchard products, .$463,995, 
 tnd of market-garden products, $000,020. 
 
 Ifome-made mnnnfiictnrefi for the year ending 1st June, 1850, were produced to the value of $205,3.33. The same 
 ilass of productions, according to the census of 1840, were valued at $231,942. 
 
 Mami/actiu'fs.— Aggregate capital invested, $83,357,642; value of raw material, fuel, etc., $85,856.771 ; average number 
 of hands employed, — males and females average monthly cost of labor, $ — male $ 
 
 »nd female $ total v,alue ofproduots for the year ending 1st .Tune, ls50, $151,187,145, The whole number of indus- 
 
 trial establishments producing to the value of .$500 and upward, .annually, was, at the date referred to, 9,637; and of these 
 213 were cotton factories ; 119 woolen factories, 248 tanneries, and 80 iron manufactories — 08 for castings, for pig iron, 
 and 6 for wrought iron. 
 
 The cotton nuinnfactitres employ a capital of $28,455,0-30; value of raw material, fuel, etc., $11.2^9.;309; and value of 
 entire products $19,712,461; cotton consumed 223.607 bales; coal 40,545 tons; and products— sheeting, etc., 298,751 ,-392 
 yards, and yarn 3.53,000 pounds. The number of hands employed is — males 9,293, and females 19,4:37 ; and the monthly 
 cost ol labor — male $212,892, aiid female $204,514; average monthly w.ages — to males $23 01,. and to females $13 55. 
 
 The capital invested in the icoolfn manufactures was $9,089,342; value of all raw material, etc. $8,071,071, and value 
 of entire products for the year $12,770,505. Wool consumed 22,929,952 pounds ; coal 15,440 tons; and products 25,805,058 
 vards of doth, etc., and 749..555 pounds of yarn. Average hands employed — males 0,107, and females 4,963 ; monthly cost 
 of labor— male $141,533, and female $70,581 ; average wages — to males $22 95, and to fem.ales $14 22 per month. 
 
 The tanneriea employ a capital of $1 ,377,725 ; value of hides, skins, etc, .$2,311,178; value of products $3,.519.123: skins 
 tanned 293,000, and sides tanned 1,500,440; hands employed — males 1,510, and females 32; monthly cost of labor— male 
 $41,245, and female $300. 
 
 The iron manufactures, in extent and value, according to the returns of 1850, were as follows: 
 
 Sperifi.'ations. PI- Irr.u. C:ist Iron. Wnnisht In.u. Total. 
 
 Capital invested dollars. . . . 409,000 1,499,0.50 610,300 2.578,.'350 
 
 Oreused tons 27,900 — — 27,900 
 
 Pig iron used " — 31,134 7,030 38,104 
 
 bid metal used " — 3,.301 — 3,:301 
 
 Mineral coal consumed " — , 
 
 Coke and charcoal bushels. . . .1,855.000 
 
 Value of all raw material, fuel, etc dollars 185,741 
 
 Hands employed number. . . 203 
 
 31,134 7,030 
 
 3,.301 — 
 
 12,401 11,022 23,423 
 
 3,5f»0 78,.500 1,937,000 
 
 1,057,904 221.194 1,404,839 
 
 1,590 20(1 2,119 
 
 7,2:38 49,210 5,8,50 62,304 
 
 12,2S7 82,074 6,720 51,081 
 
 295,123 2,235,6:35 428.320 2,9.59,073 
 
 The above exhibited manufactures, comprising what may with propriety be termed national manufactures, compose but 
 a moiety of the aggregate industrial establishments within the State. Besides these there are in the Stat" immense hitor- 
 140 
 
 Monthly cost of labor dollars. . . 
 
 Iron produced tons 
 
 Value of entire products dollars. . . 
 
AMARIAH STORES, 
 
 DEALER IN" EVERY VARIETY OF 
 
 B BOAIB, 
 
 Milk n^i) rpi7cy Golo^eD 61qzet\ j)i)5 ^i()£ih)cieD ^qpei^g, ^fc. 
 
 54 & 56 CORNHILL, 
 
 A few doors from Court St. BOSTON. 
 
 J^"Paper of any Shade, Manufactured to order, and Cards or Tickets cut to 
 Pattern, at short notice. 
 
 WOODRUFF Sl BEACI 
 
 WORKS, 
 
 HARTFORD, CONN. 
 
 High and Low Presstire Steam Engines, Steam Boilers, 
 
 Powder and Paper Mill Mchinery, Stone Cutting 
 
 and Tunnelling Machines, Sugar Mills, 
 
 Lathes, Shafting, and 
 
 Every Description of Iron and Composition Castings. 
 
 With an assortment of Mill Gearing, Pulley, and other Patterns, a collection 
 of more than 30 years business, in the largest establishment in the State. 
 
 SAMUEL WOODRUFF. Pres. 
 
 T. S. ROOT, Sec'y. 
 
 B. B. BEACH. Treas. 
 
 W. & B. DOUGLAS, 
 
 MIDDLETOWN, CONN., 
 
 MANUFACTURERS OF THE CELEBRATED 
 
 PATENT REVOLVING STAND PREMIUM PUMP, 
 PATENT YARr> PUMPS, 
 
 PATENT DOUBLE & SINGLE ACTING 
 
 OF VARIOUS STYLES AND CAPACITY; 
 3F».A.T3E;3XrT SjTIS.A-IVE 3E=»XT3Vn»S , 
 
 PATENT PREMIUM HYDRAULIC RAMS. 
 
 aALVANIZF-D PUMP CHAIN; 
 Chain JfVieels and Fixtures^ 
 
 Patent Cast Iron Curbs, Cast Iron Spouts for Wooden Curbs, 
 
 IRON WELL WHEELS. 
 
 Improved Premium Garden or Fire Engines, 
 
 GRINDSTONE TRIMMINGS, FRICTION ROLLS & STANDS, 
 Patent Premium W. I. Butts & Hinges, Washers, &c., &c. 
 
 No. 8 
 
 25 
 
THE PIONEEU CLOTHING HOUSE, 
 
 ESTABLISHED IN BOSTOMT, MASS., IN 1841. 
 
 Gentlemen's, Youths', and Little Children's 
 CLOTHING, FURNISHING GOODS, 
 
 Hats, Caps, &c., &c., ©f every Tart^ty, 
 
 AT WHOLESALE AND BETAIL. 
 
 This House, which fully sustains its enviable position, is daily rcceivinsr large 
 supplies of recently manufactured seasonable Clothinsr. Dealers, Travel- 
 lers, and resident Citizens will find every thing to meet their demands, 
 
 AT PRICES DEFYING COMPETITION! 
 
 Parents are reminded that the spacious Rotunda is devoted to the sale of 
 
 BOYS' CLOTHHSTG OISTLYl 
 
 1^ Convenient Rooms and every facilitij maij here he found for fitting Garments to Children. 
 
 ]^os. S8, SO, 3S, 34, 3® & 38 WOISTM STISEET, 
 
 BOBT^M, MASS. 
 
 fTr3-«Thpre is that scattcreth and vet increaseth, and there is that witholdcth more than is mpet, hut it tendeth 
 
 to^-em "-There neve^w^^^ Kreater and simpler truths. They are illustrated constantly heforc us. 
 
 Mjsn RioNS the enterpHsing Proprietor of Oak Hall. Boston, is one of the men ^vho lor several years scat- 
 
 terml most li^erauran"s?m ha^s gathered immensely. His motto is: Advertising, large sales, small Proh^s^and 
 
 I quick returns. F.niTou. 
 
Ill 
 
THE STATE OF MASSACHUSETTS. 
 
 ests in the manulacturc of shoes ami boots, earpethig, sperm candles and oil, soap, carria.i;es and cars, cabinet-ware, cop- 
 per-ware, cordage, cutlery, engines and boilers, fire-arms, glass, glue, hats and caps, hollow-ware, etc., hosiery, lead 
 paints, linen thread, lumber and shingles, machinery, musical instruments, paper, powder, ploughs, etc., saddlery, etc.) 
 snutr, tobacco, etc., buildmg stone, straw hats, etc., sugar, tin-ware, tools, upholstery, wooden-ware, etc., and a large num- 
 ber of minor, but still profitable manufiictures. Massachusetts, indeed, is the great manufacturing State of the Union, and 
 in reference to its extent and population, has no superior. It manufactures at least one si.xth of the aggregate articles pro- 
 duced in the worksho])S of the United States. Tlie prnducls of its cotton-mills constitute one-third of the whole of that 
 staple, and its woolen manufactures are equally preponderant. 
 
 Commerce, Navigation, etc. — Massachusetts, in the year ending 30th June, 1S50, exported to foreign countries to the 
 value of $10,681,703, and imported to that of ^30,ST4,6S-1. Of the e,vpnrt-% $8,253,473 was the value of domestic produce— iu 
 American vessels $7,000,103, and in foreign vessels $1,2.'58,370, and $2,428,290 the value of foreign produce — in American 
 vessels $1,898,497, and in foreign vessels $529,793; and of the imports $22,100,011 in American vessels, and $8,268,673 in 
 foreign vessels. The entrances and clearances in the same year were as follows : 
 
 ESTKANCES. 
 Nationality. Vessels. Tonnage. Crews. 
 
 American 1,345 339,508 14,077 
 
 Foreign. 2,7-32. 271,941 15,933 
 
 Total 4,077 
 
 Newburyport 128 
 
 Gloucester 178 
 
 Salem and Beverley 386 
 
 Boston 2.872 
 
 .611,449. 
 
 . 8,605. 
 . 11,607. 
 . .36,796. 
 .478,859. 
 
 .30 
 
 Marljlohead 177 12,086 
 
 Plymouth 10 544 
 
 Barnstable 42 3,713 
 
 Fall Kivcr 78 12,739 
 
 New Bedford 1-34 33,154 2 
 
 Edgartown 72 13,280 
 
 Nantucket — — 
 
 CLEARANCES. 
 Nationality. Vessel. Tonnage. Crews. 
 
 American 1,149 272,278 12.533 
 
 Foreign 2,757 274,674 15,755 
 
 Total 3.906 546,952 28,283 
 
 Newburyport 140 9,703 683 
 
 Gloucester 177 11,138 766 
 
 Salem and Beverley . . 372 35,003 2,091 
 
 Boston 2,839 437,760 20,813 
 
 Marblehead 176 11,414 763 
 
 Plymouth 10 544 85 
 
 Barustalilc 31 2,810 149 
 
 Fall IMver 37 5,479 290 
 
 New Bedford 118 32,027 2,499 
 
 Edgartown 5 1.223 99 
 
 Nantucket 1 351 25 
 
 The total shipping owned in the State at the date referred to amounted to 684,443 tons ; registered — permanent 411,973 
 tons, and temporary 01,.350 tons; enrolled and licensed — permanent 208,767 tons; and licensed (under 20 tons) — in the 
 coasting trade 1,821 tons, and in the cod fisheries 1,74S tons. Of the registered shipping 122.676 tons were engaged in the 
 whale fishery, and the enrolled and licensed tonnage was employed — in the coasting trade 115,846 tons, in the cod fishery 
 40,003 tons, and the mackerel fishery 42,895 tons; and 7,903 tons were navigated by steam-power. The tonnage of the 
 several districts was— Newburyport 23,262 tons, Ipswich 578 tons, Gloucester 22,474 tons, Salem 28.916 tons, Beverley 
 3,173 tons, Marblehead 6,842 tons, Boston 320,687 tons, Plymouth 10,722 tons. Fall lUver 13,102 tons. New Bedford 127,900 
 tons, Barnstable 91,102 tons, Edgartown 7,009 tons, and Nantucket 29,013 tons. 
 
 The shipping built in the State during the year amounted to 121 vessels of all kinds — 51 ships, 19 brigs, 46 schooners, 
 3 sloops, and 2 steamers— of an aggregate burden of 35,836 tons; and of the whole number 1(1 (4,657 tons) were built at 
 Newburyport, 26 (1,996 tons) at Gloucester, 1 (293 tons) at Salem, 3 (817 tons) at Marblehead, 43 (23.430 tons) at Boston, 
 5 (579 tons) at Plymouth, 5 (1,254 tons) at Fall Kiver, 4 (7*1 tons) at New Bedford, 23 (1,804 tons) at Barnstable, and 1 
 (109 tons) at Edgartown. The statistics of the foreign commerce of the State for a series of years— 1791 to 1850 — exhibit 
 the following movements in the value of exports and imports : 
 
 Year. Exports. 
 
 1791 $-2,519,051 ... 
 
 1792 2,888,104 . . . 
 
 1793 3,755,347 . . . 
 
 1794 5.292,441 . . . 
 
 1795 7,117,0(17 ... 
 
 1796 9.949.345 . . . 
 
 1797 7,502,1)47 . . . 
 
 1798 S.639.252 . . . 
 
 1799 11.421 ..591 ... 
 
 1800 11, .320,870 ... 
 
 1801 14,870,.550 . . . 
 
 1802 13,402,032 . . . 
 
 1803 8.708,500 . . . 
 
 1804 10,894,378 . . . 
 
 1805 19,4.3.5,057 . . . 
 
 1806 21,199,243 . . . 
 
 180T 21,112,125... 
 
 1803 5,128,.322 . . . 
 
 1809 12,142,293 ... 
 
 1810 13,013,048 . . . 
 
 Imports 
 $ 
 
 nports 
 
 Year. 
 
 E.\ports. 
 
 1831 . . . 
 
 . . $7,733,703 . 
 
 1832 ... 
 
 .. 11,99.3,763. 
 
 1833 ... 
 
 . . 9.033,122 . 
 
 1834 ... 
 
 . . 4,672,746 . 
 
 1835 ... 
 
 . . 10,04.3,790 . 
 
 1836 . . . 
 
 . . 10.380,346 . 
 
 1837 . . . 
 
 . . 9,728,190 . 
 
 1S38 ... 
 
 .. 9,104,863. 
 
 Year. Exports, 
 
 1811 $11,2-3.5,405 ... 
 
 1812 6,.5'^3,.33S . . . 
 
 1813 1,807.923... 
 
 1814 1,1-83,799... 
 
 1815 .5.280,083 ... 
 
 1816 10,1-30,4.39 ... 
 
 1817 11,927,997 ... 
 
 1818 11,998,156 ... 
 
 1819 11,399,913 ... 
 
 1820 11.008,923 . . . 
 
 1821 12,484,691 . . . 
 
 1822 12,,593,525 . . . 
 
 1823 13.683,239 . . . 
 
 1324 10,434.-328 . . . 
 
 1325 11,432,987 . . . 
 
 1826 10,098,803 . . . 
 
 1327 10,424,-383 . . . 
 
 1828 9,025,785 ... 
 
 1829 8,254.987 . . . 
 
 18-30 7,213,194 . . . 
 
 Internal Improvements.— In proportion to surface no other State of the Union is so thoroughly supplied with railroads 
 and other means of communication as Massachusetts. It was the first State to adopt the railroad, and it has ever since 
 maintained a pre-eminence in respect of railroads, and at the present time the several lines extend in every direction, 
 forming a net-work of iron bands. The principal lines are those extending from Boston and Worcester toward Maine 
 and New Hampshire, passing through the great manufacturing towns of the norlli-east section, and those extending 
 southward from those centres to the Atlantic and Long Island Sound. Two great lines also extend through the length 
 of the State from Boston via "Worcester to Albanv, and from Boston via Greenfield to Troy on the Hudson Kiver, both 
 
 147 
 
 1839 9,276,085.. 
 
 1340 10,136,261 .. 
 
 1841 11,487,343 .. 
 
 1842 9,807,110 . . 
 
 1843 6,405,207 . . 
 
 1344 9,096,236 . . 
 
 1845 10,-351,030 . . - 
 
 1846 10,31-3,113 . . 
 
 1347 11.248,462 . . 
 
 1843 ...... 13,419,699 .. 
 
 1849 10,264,363 . . 
 
 1850 10,631,763.. 
 
 imports. 
 $14,209,056 
 18,118,900 
 19,940,911 
 17,672,129 
 19,800,-373 
 2.5,631,402 
 19,934,603 
 1.3,300,925 
 19,385,225 
 16,513,358 
 20,318,003 
 17,936,433 
 16,789,452 
 20,290,007 
 22,731.024 
 24,190,903 
 34,477,003 
 28,647,707 
 24,745,917 
 30,374,634 
 
THE STATE OF MASSACHUSETTS. 
 
 forming links in the chains toward the great lakes and the far "West The total length of railroad in the State in 1S53 was 
 1,261 miles, or about 1 mile of road to every 6} miles of surface. Massachusetts has also several canals, as the Blackstoae 
 Canal, from Worcester to Provi<lenee, 45 miles long; the Middlesex Canal, from Boston to the Merriniac Kiver, 27 miles 
 long; the Hampshire and Hampden Canal, 22 miles long, and several short canals and river improvements for the 
 purpose of overcoming falls and rapids in the rivers. The canals in this State, however, are at the present time little 
 used as means of commercial intercourse, but in some instances their waters are valuable for manufacturing purposes. 
 
 Banks and Savings Institutions.— In 1S51 there was a total of 130 banking institutions in Massachusetts, of which 30 
 •were in Boston and 100 in other parts of the State. The following exhibits their condition in the aggregate in that year : 
 
 Liabilities. Boston lUmks. Otiier Banks. Total. 
 
 Capital $21,760,000 $16,505,000 $.33,265,000 
 
 Circula.— $5 and upward 6,G7S,316 9,686,879 16,365,195 
 
 " —less than $5... 1,001,303 2,328,140 3,329,503 
 
 Net profits on hand 2,405,-373 1,359,2.35 8,824,608 
 
 Due other banks 6,TS7,148 214,773 7,001,921 
 
 Deposits witliout interest 8,796,575 4,173,200 12,969,775 
 
 « at interest. 601,317 208,811 870,128 
 
 Resources. Bo.ston Banki 
 
 Specie $1,817,388 
 
 Ecal estate 590,394 
 
 Bills of other banks in Stale 5,302,591 
 
 " " " elsewh'e 344,840 
 Due from other banks . . 3,223,354 
 Notes, bills of exchange, 
 
 and all other stock . . . 86,811,525 
 
 . oilier Hanks 
 
 . Total. 
 
 $661,471 
 
 $2,478,859 
 
 407,819 
 
 998,213 
 
 535,245 
 
 5,837,836 
 
 53,111 
 
 397,951 
 
 8,326,879 
 
 6,550.233 
 
 29,529,583 
 
 66,841,110 
 
 Total $48,090,092 $34,537,559 $82,627,651 Total $48,090,092 $.34,514,109 $82,604,202 
 
 Average dividends of 80 Boston banks in October, 1850, was a fraction over 3.4 per cent — in April, 1851, it was a fraction 
 over 3.9 per cent ; average dividends of 100 other banks in October, 18.50, a fraction over 3.39 per cent, and in April, 
 1851, a fraction over 3.7 per cent. In 45 savings institutions that made returns there were 86,537 depositors, and $15,554,088 
 deposits securely invested. The average dividends lor the year was 4.T8 per cent The whole expense of managing 
 these institutions has been $43,707 during the year. 
 
 Government. — The constitution of this State was framed in 1780, amended in 1S21, and since that period has undergone 
 several modifications. According to its provisions every male citizen, of the age and upward of 21 years, paupers and 
 persons under guardianship excepted, resident tlie last past year in the State, and the last past six mfinths at the place of 
 voting, and who, unless exempt from taxation, shall have paid any state or county tax within the last two years, enjoys 
 the right of voting at all popular elections. The general election is held on the second Monday in November annually. 
 
 The legislative authority is vested in a General Court, consisting of a Senate and House of Representatives. The 
 representatives, at present 299 in number, are chosen by towns in ratio of their population. "Every town containing 
 1,200 inhabitants may elect one, and an additional representative for every 2,400 above that number; and every town of 
 less than 1,200 inhabitants may elect a representative aa many times within 10 years as 160 is contained in 1,200; and 
 every two or more towns may unite and form a representative district; and all these numbers shall be raised one-tenth 
 when the population of the Slate shall be 770,000, and at the same rate for every increase of 70,000 thereafter." Eepre- 
 sentatives must be residents for the last past year of the towns which return them. The Senate consists of 40 members, 
 elected from districts of equal population, but no county is divided in the apportionment, and Nantucket and Duke's 
 counties have only one senator conjointly. The Legislature meets annually on the first Wednesday in .lanuary. For the 
 purpose of settling the ratio of representation and the senatorial districts a census is taken every ten years. 
 
 The chief executive jtower is vested in a Governor, and a Lieutenant-governor is elected with the same qualifications 
 and in the same manner as the governor, viz., annually by a majority of votes. He must have resided in the State for the 
 last past seven years, and be seized of a freehold of $1,000 value. If there be no choice by the people, the representatives 
 choose two of the four candidates, if so many there be, having the highest number of votes, and of which two the Senate 
 chooses one for governor. The gov(Tnor can A'eto any bill of the general court, but two-thirds of the members thereof 
 afterward voting in favor of such negatived bill it becomes law nevertheless. The governor is advised and assisted in his 
 duties by an Executive Council, of which the lieutenant-governor is ex-officio a member, and which is chosen annually 
 by joint ballot of the legislature. The lieutenant-governor, in case of a vacancy occurring in the office of governor, 
 exercises the chief executive powers, and both failing, the same is exercised by the council. 
 
 The Judiciary consists of a Supreme Court, Courts of Common Pleas, Probate Courts, etc. The supreme court has a 
 chief justice and four other justices, who are appointed by the governor and council, and hold office during good 
 behavior. It has exclusive cognizance of all capital crimes, and exclusive chancery jurisdiction, and concurrent original 
 jurisdiction in all civil cases where the amount in dispute exceeds $600 in Suffolk and $300 in the other counties. It 
 holds law terms in eight of the fourteen counties, and nisi pritts terms in all the counties. The court of common pleas is 
 held for the trial of civil cases above $20, and, except in Suffolk County, has criminal jurisdiction in all cases not capital. 
 There are six judges, one of whom is chief judge, and frequent terms arc held in each county. In Suffolk criminal juris- 
 diction is exercised by the municipal court Trial justices and justices of the peace exercise local civil and criminal juris- 
 diction in cases of minor importance. A court of insolvency is held in each county on the first Tuesday of each month 
 before special commissioners, and a probate court, consisting of a judge aud register, is established at each county seat 
 Permanent and honorable salaries are provided for all judicial officers. 
 
 The State militia of Massachusetts in 1S50, according to the returns of the Adjutant-general, consisted of 119,690 men 
 of all arms, of which number 549 were commissioned officers, and 119,141 non-commissioned officers, musicians, artificers, 
 and privates. Of the commissioned officers 10 are general officers, 35 general staff officers, 112 field officers, etc., and 392 
 company officers. The enrolled militia consists of all able-bodied white male citizens of the age of 18 years, and under 
 that of 45 years, and the active militia consists of volunteers who have a per diem allowance when on duty. The latter 
 are comprised in three divisions and six brigades, embracing two division corps of cadets, one troop of cavalry, four 
 regiments, one battalion, and one company "annexed" of artillery, and nine regiments of light infantry. 
 
 Among a large number of benevolent institutions for the relief of the imfortunate which exist in Massachusetts, the 
 following are conspicuous for their extent and efficiency: The State Lunatic Asylum at Worcester, founded in 18.33 ; the 
 Massachusetts General Hospital, at Boston, incorporated in 1811 ; Perkins Institution, or Massachusetts Asylum for the 
 Blind, at Boston, instituted in 1831 ; the Boston Lying-in Hospital, instituted in 1832 ; the U. S. Marine Hospital, at Chelsea ; 
 the Lowell Hospital ; and the M'Lean Asylum for the Insane, at Soraerville, a department of the General Hospital. The 
 Asylum at Worcester is one of the best institutions of the kind anywhere established. On the 1st December, 1849, the 
 number of inmates was 429 — 220 males and 209 females; admitted during the year 241 — 129 males and 112 females; 
 remaining in the Hospital, 30th November, 1850, 441 — 228 males and 213 females, and of this number 169 were foreigners. 
 148 
 
IMPORTERS OF AND WHOLESALE DEALERS IN 
 
 w^i^teii^^ mm m^M%i^ ^ % 
 
 TOOLS AND MATERIALS: 
 Regulators for Railway Stations. 
 
 ?) 
 
 .^^"Orders carefully and promptly attended to. 
 
 aejfeii^^ mQ)m t 
 
 'p^^ MANUFACTURERS OF 
 
 ^J) 
 
 Sfjctt §ntss, Copptr, itrnmii Silkr mib |pIatA Pttiil, 
 
 , DA-aTJERREOTYI^E P»L.A.TES, 
 No. 37 Maiden Lane, 
 
 Manufactory at ATaterbury, Conn. 1S[ISW«¥#M^9 
 
 Gold and Silver, and Gold and Silver Plated Metals Manufactured and Rolled to Order. 
 
 SCHIEFFELIN, BROTHERS & CO. 
 170 'William Street, 
 
 Q IMPORTERS AND JOBBERS OF (^ 
 
 if 
 
 limit 
 
 jgjik 
 
 AND FANCY ARTICLES. 
 
MANUFACTURERS OF 
 
 % 
 
 \V 
 
 354 WASHINGTON STREET, - - - - [B®31F©H^ 
 
 N. n.— Mr. Brou-nwas of the old firm of BROWN & HALLETT, (whose pianos have been many years in 
 the market, and admired for their durability and purity of tone,) subsequently, ten years foreman in the justly 
 celebrated manufactory of Jonas Chickering, F.sq., where he perfected and applied his Patent Grand Action. 
 
 1 lano-I- ortes of our manufacture arc distini,'uished for evenness, pure musical quality of tone, and superior 
 J'Jastic AcUon. AH Pianos sold by us are warranted to give entire satisfaction, and orders from all parts of the 
 country are solicited, and where the selection of a Piano is entrusted to us, purchasers may depend upon re- 
 ceiving a Superior Instrument. 
 
 9 
 
 JOHN H. PRAY, SONS & CO. 
 
 IMPORTERS, JOBBERS AND RETAILERS 
 
 283 and 285 WASHINGTON STREET, BOSTON, 
 
 Where they offer for Sale at their Spacious 'Wareliouso a Splendid Assortment of 
 V — <D COMPRISING O-^^ 
 
 THREE THREAD, FIVE & SIX FRAME BRUSSELS, &c. 
 
 Together with a Largo Variety of 
 
 Medium and Low Priced Carpets. Also, 
 
 In every variety of width, pattern and quality. 
 N. B.— We are constantly receiving additions to our Stock by Steamers and Packets from Europe. 
 
 IMPORTER, WHOLESALE & RETAIL DEALER IN" 
 
 ^iMiiar i 
 
 Hotels, Ships and Steamers furnished at the lowest market prices. 
 
i 
 
THE STATE OF MASSACHUSETTS. 
 
 Of those admitted during the year 194: were committed by the courts, 16 by the overseers, and 31 were private boarders • 
 and of the number discharged, 125 were recovered, 15 improved, 28 incurable and harmless, 4 incurable and dangerous, 
 and 57 died. Total means of the institution for the year, $62,470; expenditures, $46,776. The averasje animal expense 
 of each patient, fir the IS years the hospital has been in operation, is .$118 75. Besides the institutions above named, 
 there is a School for Idiots, at Newton, and an Eye and Ear Infirmary, at Boston. The deaf and dumb of the State are 
 provided for in the American Asylum, at Hartford. In 1S50, the sums appropriated by the legislature for the support of 
 unfortunates were as follows: Asylum for tlie Blind. $14,000; As\lam for the Deaf and Dumb, $S,206; Eye and Ear 
 Infirmary, $7,000 ; Slate Lunatic Asylum, $.3,200 ; School for Idiots, $2,500, etc. 
 
 Finance.^, Delt, <=?f.— The ordinary revenue received into the public treasury, during the year ending 1st January, 1851 
 amounted to $492,810 64, and all other receii)ts (including $495,600 temporary loans), to $983,950 38— total receipts, 
 $1,481,761 02 ; to which add cash on hand, 1st Janaury, 1850, $58,558 88, and the total means of the treasury is exhibited 
 at $1,540,319 40. Ordinary expenditure, $566,055 54 ; expenditure on other accounts (including $495,600 loans repaid), 
 $850,225 2.5 — total ea-penditiirefi, $1,416,280 79. Excess of expenditures on account of ordinary revenue, $73,244 90, 
 excess of receipts on other accounts, $188,725 13 ; and excess of aggregate receipts, $05,480 23, or, including the casli on 
 hand at the commencement of the year, $124,038 61, of which sum $5,809 22 is on account of ordinary revenue, and 
 $118,229 39 on all other interests. 
 
 The public debt of Massachusetts on its own account, on the 1st January, 1851, was $1,210,375 ; liability for scrip loaned 
 to the various railroads, $5,049,555 56 — total absolute and contingent debt, $6,259,930 56. The value of all property 
 belonging to the commonwealth, at that date, was $10,386,357 45. Excess of resources over liabilities, $4,126,426 89. The 
 total value of personal and real estate assessed for taxation, in 1850, was $546,003,057 ; but the estimate, or true valuation, 
 according to the census of that year, was $573,342,286. 
 
 Federal Representation. — Massachusetts, in pursuance of tlie provisions of the Act of Congress, 23d May, 1850, is 
 entitled to send eleven representatives to the National Legislature. 
 
 Education. — According to the school report of 1850, the towns raised by taxation for school purposes $864,667, and 
 besides this, $8,714, income of the "surplus revenue," was so appropriated — total, $873,382, to which must also be added 
 $34,704, contributed as board and fuel. Amount of school fund, 1st December, 1850, $958,921, of which only $740,301 was 
 productive, and yielded $10,000 lor distribution among the towns. The whole number of children in the State, from 5 to 
 15 years old, was 193,232 — the number under 5 years attending school was 17,782, and over 15 years, 18,208. Number of 
 public schools, 3,S7S, taught by S.427 teachers — males 2,442, and females 5,985. Average scholars in winter schools, 
 194,403; and in summer schools, 176,344. Average monthly wages, inclusive of board to males, $34 89, and to females $14 42. 
 There were, at the date above referred to, 67 incorporated academies in this State, with 3,717 pupils, and an aggregate 
 expenditure of $57,444 for tuition ; also, 845 unincorporated academies, private schools, etc., with 19,534 scholars, and an 
 aggregate income for teaching of $201,241. There are also local lunds (endowments) for the support of academies, etc., 
 to the amount of $354,620, yielding an income of $21,584. Value of school libraries $42,707, and of apparatus $23,826. 
 The value of public school-houses, in 1S4S, was $2,760,000, of which $2,200,000 had been expended since 1838 ; probably 
 in 1850 the value would not fall short of three millions. There are tln-ee normal schools supported by the State at an 
 annual cost of $6,500 — one at "VVestfleld, one at West Newton, and one at Bridgewater — averaging annually, in all, 225 pupils. 
 Massachusetts has four celebrated colleges : Harvard University, at Cambridge, founded 1688 ; William's College, at 
 Williamstown, founded 1793; Amherst College, founded 1821 ; and College of the Holy Cross (catholic), founded 1843. 
 There is also a Theological Seminary, at Andover, founded 1807, and the Newton Theological Institiition, at Newton, 
 founded 1825. Phillip "s Academy, incorporated 1780, and located at Andover, stands first among the academic institutions 
 of the State. Harvard University is generally considered as the best collegiate institution in the United States, and 
 certainly is the best endowed. It has Divinity, Law, and Medical departments, and the Lawrence Scientifle School, lately 
 endowed by Hon. Abbot Lawrence, is" also a department. Its libraries contain 84,200 volumes. In the college department 
 proper, in 1850, there were 20 professors, 293 students, and 6,342 alumni ; in the Law School, 3 professors and 93 students ; 
 in the Divinity School, 2 professors and 23 students ; and in the Medical School, 6 professors, 117 students, and 575 
 graduates. There is also the Berkshire Medical School, at Pittsfield, founded in 1823, which, in 1850, had 5 professors, 103 
 students, and 473 graduates. William's College had 8 professors, 1,317 alumni, 179 students, and a library of 13,751 volumes. 
 Amherst College had 12 professors, 963 alunmi, 132 students, and a library of 14,000 volumes ; and this college has recently 
 added a scientific department to its foundation. Holy Cross College had 14 professors, 120 students, and a library of 4,220 
 volumes — this last institution, however, has been destroyed by fire, and at present its collegiate exercises are suspended. 
 
 Religious Denominations. — In the table underneath will be found the statistics of the several religious denominations, 
 as returned in the census of 1850 : 
 
 Value of 
 
 Donomina- No. of 
 
 Church 
 
 Value of 
 
 Denomina- No. of 
 
 Church 
 
 Vahie of 
 
 Fropert)-. 
 
 tions. Churches. 
 
 accom. 
 
 Property. 
 
 tions. Churchea 
 
 accom. 
 
 Properly. 
 
 $1,460,350 
 
 Gcrm'n Eef. — . . 
 
 — . 
 
 $ - 
 
 E. Catholic . 36 . . 
 
 30,315 . . 
 
 $477,500 
 
 84,250 
 
 Jewish 1 . . 
 
 200 . 
 
 1,200 
 
 Swedenb'g . 3 . . 
 
 1,340 . 
 
 66,000 
 
 3,279,089 
 
 Lutheran . . 1 . . 
 
 450 . 
 
 11,193 
 
 Tunker — .. 
 
 — .. 
 
 — 
 
 — 
 
 Mennonite. — . . 
 
 _ 
 
 
 
 Union 6 . . 
 
 1,810 . . 
 
 9,550 
 
 697,2.50 
 
 Methodist.. 255 .. 
 
 94,011 . 
 
 934,330 
 
 Unitarian ..162 . 
 
 92,938 . 
 
 2,820,147 
 
 11,750 
 
 Moravian.. — .. 
 
 _ . 
 
 _ 
 
 UniversaUst.117 .. 
 
 49,864 . . 
 
 643,875 
 
 108,600 
 
 Presbyter'n. 15 .. 
 
 7,785 .. 
 
 82,500 
 
 Minor Sects 11 .. 
 
 3,380 .. 
 
 17,450 
 
 nenomina- No. of Church 
 tious. Cliurcljea. accom. 
 
 Baptist 262 ..114,140 .. 
 
 Christian... 29 .. 11,020 .. 
 Congregat'1.4.39 ..237,237 .. 
 Dutch Bef. — .. — .. 
 Episcopal.. 53 .. 23,595 .. 
 
 Free 8 . . 1,000 . . 
 
 Friends ... 37 . . 13,323 . . 
 
 —making a total of 1,430 churches, having accommodation for 632,908 persons, and valued as property at $10,205,284. 
 Massachusetts constitutes a diocese of the Episcopal Church, and is a portion of the Eoman Catholic diocese of Boston. 
 
 Puhlia Libraries.— One State, 7,400 volumes ; 23 social, 120,269 volumes ; 4 college, 71,698 volumes; 15 students', 28,7.35 
 volumes ; 9 academic and professional, 45,450 volumes ; 10 scientific and historical, 44,572 volumes ; 700 public school, 
 91,539 volumes— total, 762 libraries, and 415,058 volumes. 
 
 Periodical Press.— Thn whole number of periodicals and newspapers published in Massachusetts, in 1850, was 209, of 
 which 70 were devoted to politics — 16 whig, and 24 democratic in opinion ; and 139 were devoted to literature, religion, 
 science, etc., including all the character of which is not specially denoted in the returns ; and of the whole number, 23 
 were published daily, 4 tri-weekly, 11 semi-weekly, 125 weekly, 3 semi-monthly, 29 monthly, and 7 quarterly. The total 
 circulation of the dailies at each issue was 133,083 copies, of the tri-weeldies 3,000 copies, of the semi-weeklies 19,904 
 
 149 
 
THE STATE OF MASSACHUSETTS. 
 
 copies, of the weeklies 359,102 copies, of the semi-montlilies 2,570 copies, of the monthlies 113,100 copies, and of tho 
 quarterlies G,000 copies. Boston is one of the principal literary cities of tlie Union, and many of its publications are 
 favorably known throughout the world ; and in many other towns the periodical issues are conducted with great talent. 
 
 Pavperism and C/v'?He.— The number of persons relieved or supported as paupers, in 1850, was 25,981, of whom 7,900 
 were town paupers, and 1 6,05S Stjite i>aui>ers : and of these Slate paui)ers 12,:3;J4 were foreigners. There were in the State 
 204 alms-hoases, with 20,654 acres attached, the whole valued at $1,255,125. Number relieved in the alms-houses 12,547, 
 (the average being 4,825), of whom G,429 were unable to labor. Number relieved out of alms-house, 13,757. Average 
 weekly cost of each pauper— in the alms-house $1 08i, and out-doors $0 98. Net expenses of alms-houses, including 
 interest, $407,959. Kslimated value of pauper labor in alms-houses, $17,966. And the report shows that 1,S91 foreign 
 paupers had come into the State during the year; that 676 insane persons and 390 idiots had been supported, and that 9G9 
 arc paupers by reason of insanity or idiotcy, and that 14,674 were made paupers by intemperance in themselves or others. 
 
 There were in the State prison at Charlestown, on the 1st October, 1S49, 349 convicts, and 221 were received during the 
 year imtnediati-ly following, and 130 were discharged. The number in prison, on the 80th September, 1850, was 440, of 
 which 873 were committed for offenses against property, and 67 for offenses against the person. Sentences— for life 21, 
 for 85 vears 1, for 30 years 1, for 20 years 1, for IS years 3, for terms below 18 and above 2 years 270, and for two years or 
 less 143: and 161 were natives of Massachusetts, 143 of other States, and 136 foreigners. Average number of convicts for 
 the year, 411. The expenses of maintenance, etc., was $45,261, and the proceeds of convict labor $45,817. 
 
 At Westboro' there is a State reform school for juvenile delinquents. 
 
 Historical SkeMi.—The first accurate account of the country now called New England, was furnished by Bartholomew 
 Gosnold, who, sailing from England in 1602 in a course nearly west, discovered a promontory which he called Cape Cod. 
 Navigating the coast southwest, he touched at various points and examined the country. On his return, he gave so favor- 
 able an account of its climate and soil, as at once to revive the slumbering spirit of adventure and colonization. By the 
 exertions of IlacUluyt, a man of science and learning, two companies were formed in 1606— the first consisting of adven- 
 turers chiefly of London, and the other of merchants of Plymouth and Bristol. The former settled Virginia, and tho 
 latter the provinces of New Engl.ind. The Plymouth company was unfortunate in its first attempts. In 1607, a party of 
 about one hundred persons were landed, but these, discouraged, returned the ensuing year, and no further attempts were 
 made £br some time afterward. lieligious fervor, however, effected what commercial enterprises had failed to accomplish. 
 In 1620, a congregation of English puritans, whom oppression had driven to Holland, obtained from the London company 
 grants of land within their patent, and (in number 102) sailed from Plymouth for the river Hudson, on the banks of which 
 they had intended to have formed settlements. They were carried further north, however, and landed near Cape Cod. 
 Their first care was now to form a civil government. They chose a governor, and to aid him an assistant, but the 
 number of assistants was afterward increased to seven. The supreme power resided with the whole people, and it was 
 not until 1639 that they established a representative body. In imitation of the primitive Christians they threw all 
 their property into common stock, but experience soon taught them theimpracticability of such a system. In 1630, they ob- 
 tained from the Plymouth company a grant of the land on which they had settled. These original colonists are now known 
 by the title of the " Pilgrim Fathers," and the anniversary of their arrival is still religiously observed by their descendants. 
 
 Although many detached parties were constantly arriving, the settlement progressed slowly. The first permanent town 
 erected was Salem, and afterward Charlestown was built. A fresh spring, however, was given to the exertions of tho 
 Plymouth company in 1628, in which year it received a new patent, and its powers, which had previously been exercised 
 in England, were now removed to America. Emigration hence became considerable; in July, 1630, seventeen ships 
 arrived at Salem with 1.500 persons, by some of whom Boston was founded. The early years of the colonies were passed 
 under a complication of troubles— the French and Indians hovered around them, and the policy of the people was dis- 
 tasteful to the Stuart dj-nasty. In 1635 Charles I. appointed commissioners, with ^absolute powers "to m.ake laws and 
 constitutions concerning either the State, public, or the utility of individuals." Two years afterward he forbade the 
 emigration of all non-conformists, and in 16.38 a quo warranto was issued, upon which judgment was given against the 
 colonists without affording them a hearing. The state of affairs at home, however, prevented any farther prosecution of 
 these designs on the part of the king. 
 
 The political axiom of the times was, that the peace of the State depended upon the unity of religious opinion, and it 
 was mainly the enforcement of this axiom that led to the persecution of dissenting sects by the established government. 
 The experience of their own sufferings in England, from religious persecution, unfortunately taught the colonists no 
 lesson of toleration. Scarcely had they organized themselves, than they began to put in practice a similar mode of com- 
 pelling uniformity to that pursued by their own persecutors, and all not professing the peculiar views of the puritan 
 government, then in vogue, were excluded from its protection. In 1635 the famous dispute arose respecting the covenant 
 of grace and the covenant of works, and those who espoused the side of the latter being the most numerous, resorted to 
 the accepted and ancient mode of glorifying God by persecuting their opponents. The leaders of the Antinomian party 
 •were banished, and thus contributed to the settlement of Rhode Island, which had been begun the year previous by 
 Roger Williams and a party exiled for a simihar cause. 
 
 The downfall of monarchy in England checked the progress of emigration, by securing protection to the puritans at 
 home, but was, in many other respects, advantageous to the colonies. Their civil liberties were safer, and some extraor- 
 dinary privileges were granted to their commerce. The prospects of hostilities with the Indians, however, compelled 
 JIassachusetts, Plymouth, Connecticut, atid New Haven to form a defensive confederation. On the Restoration Massa- 
 chusetts was fi)und to have increased in importance to such a degree, that the anxiety of the king was naturally awakened, 
 lest an impre.<sion should be made in favor of the superior advantages of democratic institutions, and accordingly coercive 
 measures were adopted by the crown, and commissioners were appointed to superintend affairs. The navigation laws 
 •were enforced, and the destruction of the colonial charters resolved upon, but death marred the execution of the project 
 by Charles II. His successor James was equally hostile to freedom. He determined to unite all the provinces of New 
 England into one government under a president and council, and found a fit agent for his purpose in Sir Edmond 
 Andross. After dissolving the charter governments of Connecticut and Rhode Island, the president proceeded to Massa- 
 chusetts, where he compelled a temporary submission. Remonstrances were in vain. The infatu.ated monarch was 
 determined to crush the spirit of freedom in both hemispheres, and in furtherance of his designs, annexed New York 
 and New Jersey to the Union already formed. Tho government of Andross expired with that of his royal master, and 
 the former order of things v.'as immediately restored. 
 
 The people of Massachusetts, however, derived no great advantages from the Revolution. They petitioned for the legal 
 150 
 
i^iisr:Esi=^ €&3 s"r3E3"^aE3r^s, 
 
 No. 368 BROADWAY, NEW YORK. 
 
 Our Carriages are made on the premises from the best material and workmanship, and under 
 
 our immediate supervision. 
 
 ^r. 3m:- ies- es fl s 
 
 -A. ■'^T^, 
 
 SI OHESTISrTJT STItEET, ST. LOTJIS. 
 
 i. wdKl«^ 
 
 ALSO, 
 
 COPPER AND STEEL PLATE PRINTER, 
 
 Manufacturer of every description of Seals and Seal Presses, which will be furnished as low as 
 can be obtained at any house in the West. 
 
 NEW YORK TYPE FOUKDEY, 
 
 AND 
 
 ESTABLISHED IN 1810. 
 
 TYPE. PRESSES, 
 
 AND 
 
 PmNTING MATEftlALS 
 
 Manufactured and for sale by 
 
 CHAS. T. WHITE & CO. 
 
 Nos. 63 & 65 BEEKMAN STREET, 
 
 CORNER OF GOLD. 
 
 26 
 
CORNELIUS LOCKWOOD, 
 
 WHOLESALE DEALER IN 
 
 m 
 
 mliW\ rHiii il iO 
 
 (r:) 
 
 M''' 
 
 mp 
 
 WOOD AND WILLOW WARE, 
 
 BraslieSj Baskets, Twiaes, ^ordag©, Wieks, 4Ce 
 
 25 FUIjTOJV ^* 205 If^^MTJER ST., wVjEIf^ \*ORK. 
 
 3 
 
 HENRY WALDRON, 
 
 IMPORTER AND MANUFACTURER OF 
 
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 MANUFACTORY, WATER STREET, NEAR BRIDGE, 
 
 With Hall's Patent Powder-Proof Locks, the 
 same that were awarded separate Medals at the 
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 AMERICAN SAFES 
 
 and Powder-Proof Locks 
 
 that were awarded Medals at the London World's 
 Fair, although others were on exhibition, and 
 are now advertised as World's Fair Safes and 
 
 XjOCKS 
 
 THE PATENTEE PLACED $1,000 IN 
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 keys, and take the money as a, reward for their ingenuity. Although operated upon 
 by several skilled in the art, no one could pick the Lock or open the Safe. 
 
 The subscribers and their agents are the only persons authorized to make and sell 
 Herring's Patent Champion Safe, with Hall's Patent Powder-Proof Locks. 
 
 S. C. HERRING & CO., Green Block, 
 
 Nos. 133, 137 & 139 Water St., New York. 
 
THE STATE OF MASSACHUSETTS. 
 
 restoration of their charter, which the judges of Charles II. had declared to be forfeited, but they found to their dissatisfac- 
 tion that they were not to expect the same liberal provisions as before. The king was to appoint (he governor and by 
 him the assembly was to be called, prorogued, and dissolved, etc. By the new charter, Plymouth was now finally united t( 
 Massachusetts. Notv/ithstanding its objectionable provisions, the new government went into operation without any inter 
 ference on the part of the people, and this may not seem extraordinary when it is considered that the right of voting, 
 which hitherto had been confined to church members, was now extended to all freeholders. 
 
 Almost the first act of the governor was the institution of a court to try the unfortunate victims of popular delusion ac- 
 cused of witchcraft at Salem. This delusion. took possession of the minds of all, and so firmly convinced were the magia- 
 trates that the Prince of Darkness was in their midst, using human instruments to accomplish his purposes, that the 
 slightest testimony was deemed sufficient to justify a committal for trial. Many were tried, and received sentence of death. 
 The jails were full of the accused, and, alas! before the spell of infatuation was broken, which was not before the rich 
 and influential became involved by accusations, no less than twenty unfortunates had undergone the penalty of the law ! 
 
 The war with the French and Indians, which began in 1690, was not yet terminated. Tor seven years the frontiers 
 were ravaged. Peace between England and France, which was concluded in 1097, was soon followed by peace with the 
 savages. "When war again broke out in Europe, in 1707, Massachusetts again joined in arms with the mother country, and 
 contributed largely in money and men. While thus supporting the wars undertaken by England, however, the assembly 
 did not forget its owti rights, and was warmly engaged in contests with the royal governor. Every session presented a 
 scene of altercation, and public business was with difficulty transacted, through the determination of the representatives 
 not to give a fixed salary to their governor, which tlie latter was resolved to obtain. 
 
 "War again brok(3 out between France and England in 1745, and an expedition against Louisburg was projected in 
 Massachusetts. A powerful armament was prepared principally by this province, and the command given to Colonel 
 Pepperell, a rich merchant of Boston. The fort was taken, hut at the subsequent peace Louisburg was restored to the 
 French, a proceeding which caused great discontent in Massachusetts. In the war which ended in the subjugation of 
 Canada, Massachusetts surpassed her former exertions in supporting the arms of England. In the year 1757 she had 
 9,000 men in the field, and maintained this number until the return of peace in 1763. 
 
 The extraordinary expenses of this war led to the imposition of internal taxes on the very colonies which had expended 
 so much blood and treasure in their support. Massachusetts was the first to remonstrate against, and the most strenuous 
 to oppose, this injustice. At the recommendation of her court it was that the first continental congress was convened. 
 "When, afler the' repeal of the stamp act, the duty on tea was attempted to be Imposed, the earliest popular movements 
 appeared at Boston. The attempts of the British ministry to enforce obedience only strengthened the cause of the 
 colonists, and the flame of war which broke out in Massachusetts gradually extended itself over the whole Anglo-American 
 possessions. Massachusetts was, in the early part of the contest, the theatre of hostilities, by which she suffered much, 
 while she contributed greatly by her exertions to the successful issue of the conflict. 
 
 The extreme pressure of the taxes consequent on these exertions led to serious discontent among the people after the 
 peace of 178S. The government was feebly administered, and at length, in 17S6. an open insurrection took place in the 
 western counties. The insurgents, under a popular leader, named Shays, committed great excesses, and all order for a 
 time was suspended. They were at length overcome by General Sheppard, and their leaders driven out of the State. 
 
 Massachusetts ratified the federal constitution on the 6th February, 1788. 
 
 The policy of the State, during the war of 1812, was in opposition to that of the general government. Her political 
 weight had always been cast in the scale of the federal party. The whole people were vehemently opposed to the war, 
 and her governors refused to place the State militia under the control of their political opponents. From this period to 
 Ilie Convention at Hartford, in which Massachusetts took an active part, the acts of her party leaders uniformly tended to 
 embarrass the government Massachusetts sufifcred somewhat in her commerce during the latter part of the war, but 
 except in the occupation of a part of the then district of Maine by British forces, experienced little injury from the contest. 
 It was during the wars which succeeded the French Eevolution, and this war, that the manufacturing interests of Massa- 
 chusetts took root, and obtained a permanent stability. 
 
 Maine hitherto had been attached to Massachusetts, but in 1820 this connection was dissolved by mutual consent, and 
 the former was admitted as an independent State of the United States. 
 
 Succession of Governors. — Colonial Govern oks, elected annually by the people — "Plymouth Colony:" John Carver, 
 1620; William Bradford, 1621 ; Edward Winslow, 1633 ; Thomas Prince, IlGU; William Bradford, 1635 ; Edward Wins- 
 low, 1636; William Bradford, 1637; Thomas Prince, 1638; WiUiam Bradford, 1639; Edward Winslow, 1644; William 
 Bradford, 1645; Thomas Prince, 1657; Josiah Winslow, 1673; Thomas Hinckley, and— "Colony of Massachusetts Bay." 
 John Winthrop, 1030; Thomas Dudley, 1634; John Haynes, 1635; Henry Vane, 1636; John Winthrop, 1637; Thomas 
 Dudley, 1640; Richard Bellingham, 1641 ; John Winthrop, 1642; John Endicott, 1644; Thomas Dudley, 1645; John 
 Winthrop, 1646; John Endicott, 1649; Eichard Bellingham, 1654; John Endicott, 1655; Richard Bellingham, 1665; 
 John Levcrett, 1 673 ; Simon Bradstreet, 1679. Presidents of New England : Joseph Dudley, appointed 8th October, 
 1685; Sir Edmond Andros assumes the government 20th December, 16S6, and is deposed by the people April ISth, 1689, 
 when the last governors of the separate colonies are re-elected, viz., Thomas Hinckley for Plymouth, and Simon Brad- 
 Btreet for Massachusetts. Royal Governors under the Second Charter : Sir William Phipps, 1692 ; William Stoughton 
 (Lieut.-Gov.), 1694; Earl of Bellamont, 1699; William Stoughton (Lieut.-6ov.), 1700; Joseph Dudley, 1702; William 
 Taylor (Lieut.-Gov.), 1715 ; Samuel Shute, 1716; William Dummer (Lieut.-Gov.), 1723; William Burnett, 1728 ; William 
 Duromer (Lieut.-Gov.), 1729 ; William Taylor (Lieut.-Gov.), 1780 ; Jonathan Belcher, 1730 ; William Shirley, 1741 ; Speneer 
 Phips (Lleut-Gov.), 1749; Thomas Pownall, 1757; Thomas Hutchinson (Lieut-Gov.), 1760; Francis Bernard, 1760; 
 Thomas Hutchinson (Lieut.-Gov.), 1770; Thomas Hutchinson, 1770; Thomas Gage, 1774, Provincial Congress from 
 1774 to 1780. Constitutional Governors: John Hancock, 1780 ; James Bowdoin, 1785 ; John Hancock, 1787; Samuel 
 Adams, 1794; Increase Sumner, 1797; Caleb Strong, 1800; James Sullivan, 1807; Christopher Gore, 1809; Eldridge 
 Gerry, 1810 ; Caleb Strong, 1812 ; John Brooks, 1816 ; William Eustis, 1823 ; Levi Lincoln, 1825 ; John Davis, 1834 ; S. T. 
 Armstrong (Lieut-Gov.), 1835 ; Edward Everett, 1836 ; Marcus Morton, 1840 ; John Davis, 1841 : Marcus Morton, 1848 ; 
 George N. Briggs, 1844 ; George S. Boutwell, 1851. 
 
 Boston, on Massachusetts Bay, is the political capital of the State. 
 
 151 
 
THE STATE OE MICHIGAN. 
 
 Michigan, consisting of two peninsulas, lies between latitudes 41'^ 45' and 48° N., and between lon;riludes 82° 25' and 
 90° 34' W. from Greenwicli, or 5° 23' and 13° 32' from Washington. It is bounded* north, north-east, and east by 
 Canada, from which it is separated by Lake Superior, the Sault St. Marie, Lake Huron, the Strait and Lake St. Clair, De- 
 troit Strait, and Lake Erie; on the south by the States of Ohio and Indiana; and on the west by Lake Michigan, which 
 divides it from Illinois and "Wisconsin, and the Monomonie and Montreal rivers, scp;iratiiig it fmrn the latter Slate. 
 The total land surface comprises an area of 56,243 square miles, and the area of the waters within the constitutional 
 limits of the State is computed at 36,824 square miles. The lake coast of Michigan is more than l,4(i0 miles lonir. 
 
 The location of the separate peninsulas determines their nomenclature. The Sout/wrii, or Michigan Pro])er, is bounded 
 on the south by Indiana and Ohio ; on the east by Lake Erie, Detroit Strait, the Lake and Strait St. ("lair, and Lake 
 Huron ; on the north by the Strait of Michilimackinac, and on the west by Lake Michigan. In these limits are com])nsed 
 nearly two-thirds the land surface of the State. The Northern Peninsula extends from the Montreal and Monomonie 
 rivers to the St. Marie Eiver, and has Lake Superior on the north and Lake Huron on the soulli of it. 
 
 The surface of the Northern Peninsula is much diversified by mountains, hills, valleys, and ])lains. The eastern 
 portion, from the head of the peninsula to the " Pictured Ilocks," is represented as undulating, rising gradually from lakes 
 Michigan and Superior to the interior, where it terminates in a more elevated table-land, with a shore on the north sandy, 
 and on the south calcareous rock. "Westward the country becomes broken into hills, with intervening plains, until it is 
 interrupted by the Porcupine Mountains, which form the dividing ridge separating the waters of Lake Superior from those 
 of Lake Michigan. The highest peaks toward the western boundary have been estimated at from 1,800 to 2.0(i0 feet high. 
 The ridge is often broken through by the larger streams, bordered by extensive valleys. The spurs of these mountains 
 project in different directions, often exhibiting their denuded cliffs upon the northern shores. This ridge has a greater 
 proximity to tlie northern coast, which it lines with rock, from the Pictured Kocks to the western extremity of this penin- 
 sula, except where interrupted by occasional plains of sand. The structure of a part of the northern and eastern portion 
 is of the primitive, and the southern of the secondary formation. Many parts exhibit little else than '' developments of 
 sublime scenery, and some portions appear like a dreary, deserted solitude, surrounded by all the frightful terrors incident 
 to such northern latitudes. The greater portion of the peninsula, the sand plains excepted, is covered with immense 
 forests, principally of white and yellow pine, a portion of spruce, hemlock, birch, oak, and aspen, with a mixture of maple, 
 ash, and elm, especially upon the rivers. Of the pine lands, there are millions of acres stretching between tlie Sault St 
 Marie, the Ontonagon, and Montreal rivers. To convert this material into lumber, there are discharging into the lakes 
 forty large and sixty smaller streams, which will furnish a hydraulic power sufficient for all purposes. These streams, the 
 largest of which does not exceed 15U miles, irrigate the country abundantly, and by their facilities for navigation, furnish 
 easy access to the interior. The head branches of the opposite lake-streams often interlock, and when they do not com- 
 municate, furnish an easy portage from one to the other, by which navigation between the lakes is easily effected 
 ■with the lighter craft. The lake coast of this section of the State has been estimated at between seven hundred and 
 eight hundred miles in length, and that five-sevenths of the entire peninsula may be reached by the common lake vessels. 
 This peninsula (the northern part of which has sometimes been called the Siberia of Michigan), it is probable will never 
 be noted for its agricultural productions, or immediately for the density of its population. "With the exception of the 
 fertile intervals on the rivers, the soil of the northern portion has all the evidences of sterility, as is exhibited in its 
 mountains and barren sand plains. The southern part is more congenial in climate and soil. This is the limestone 
 region, which extends to an undetermined line, separating the primary and secondary formations. Throughout this 
 region the sugar maple tree is abundant, interspersed with the white and red oak, the beech, and occasionally tracts of 
 spruce and other forest trees. It is here that the more even and fertile tracts of land are found, and where, at some future 
 day, will cluster the agricultural population of the peninsula. The soil is admirably fitted for grasses and all esculent 
 roots ; the potato also finds here a cimgenial locality, and the ordinary garden vegetables grow luxuriantly. "Wheat and 
 other small grains may be cultivated, but for corn the country and climate appears to be uncongenial. The lake fisheries, 
 on both sides of the peninsula, are destined to be of no mean importance to the welfare of the settlers. In variety numer- 
 ous, and in the greatest abundance, the fisheries in these waters have long attracted the attention of those counting the 
 resources of the section. The Indians formerly derived a considerable portion of their subsistence from thus source, and 
 from the first settlements of the French to the present day their value has always been asserted. But this peninsula is 
 also the great mineral region — not only of the State, but of the Union, and on that interest will its future prosperity 
 
 * Tlie boundaries of Mirliii^an, as defined by an Act of Congress, passed \^\.h June, 1836, are as follows : *' Keginning at the point where a line 
 drawn dirert from the southern extremity of Lake Michigan tb the most northerly cape (called North Cape) of Maumee (Miami) Ray. intersects 
 the eastern boundary Imeof the State of Indiana, and running thence with the said line to the said most northerly cape of the Maumee B.ay, — and tlience 
 from the said north cape of the said B.iy, northeast to the boundary line between the United States and the province of Upper Canada in Lake 
 Erie, — thence, with the said boundary line between the United States and Canada, through the Detroit River, Lake Huron, and Lake Superior, to a 
 point where the said line last touches Lake Superior" (being the mouth of Pigeon River),—" thence, in a direct line through Lake Superior, to the 
 rnouth of the Montreal River,— thence, through the middle of the main channel of the said River Montreal, to the middle of the Lake of the Desert,— 
 thence, in a direct line to the nearest liead water of the Monomonie River, — thence, through the middle of that fork of the sa-id river first touched 
 by tlie said line, to the main channel of the said Monomonie River, — thence, down the centre of the main channel of the same, to the centre of the 
 most usual ship channel of the Green Bay of Lake Michigan, — thence, through the centre of the most usual ship channel of the said bay, to the 
 middle of Lake Michigan,— thence, through the middle of Lake Michigan, to the northern boundary of the State of Indiana, as that line was 
 established by the Act of Congress of the nineteenth of April, eighteen hundred and sixteen,— thence, due east, with tlie north boundary line of the 
 taid State of Indiana, to the northeast corner thereof, — and thence eouth, with the east boundary line of Indiana, to the place ofbeginning." 
 152 
 
OF ALL SIZES. 
 
 DUTCH ANKER BOLTING CLOTHS, CAST IRON PROOF STAFFS 
 
 MILL SPINDLES, ELEVATING SCREWS, PICKS 
 
 AIVD 3III.I. FFRIVISIIIIVG GE I¥ ER AI. I. Y. 
 
 CONSTANTLY ON HAND, AND FOR SALE BY 
 CHARLES W. BROWN, 67 Haverhill St., Boston, Mass, 
 
 O. H. CUSHING. 
 
 H. MARSH. 
 
 C. B. BUKTT, 
 
 CUSHING, MARSH & BURTT, 
 
 MAJS'UI'ACTURERS OF 
 
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 BANK VAULTS, STEEL CHESTS, 
 
 AND DEALERS IN 
 ^^r-NO ALSO O^S"^ 
 
 wnotJCHT ANO CAST tnoN nm% 
 
 Made and put up to Order, at short notice. 
 
 PROJrinEJVCE, RHODE ISXj^JVn, 
 
 j^-Si-^v 
 
THE AMERICAN STEREOTYPE COMPANY, 
 
 28 PHffiNlX BUILDING, 
 EXCHANGE PLACE, BOSTON. 
 
 Every description of STEREOTYPING is done at this establishment, by new and improved processes and 
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 singular beauty and facility ; as no Sizing or Varnish is used in preparing them for moulding ; the duplicate 
 shows all the sharpness of the original. The material of which the plates are made, has been proved by actual 
 experiment, to be at least many times more durable than type-metal. Low Spaces Leads and Quadrats may be 
 used in setting up the Type, and are even preferred; so that matter can as well be stereotyped after having been 
 printed from as before. Tliusthe columns of a Newspaper may be made up into pages, and stereotyped. In 
 this manner, the Congressional Globe, the official record of the proceedings of Congress, has since the com- 
 mencement of the 2d session of the Thirty-third Congress, been stereotyped from matter previously used in the 
 Daily Globe. The Plates can be easily and accurately bent around a cylinder. 
 
 The American Stereotype Company is prepared to sell Rights under Letters Patent, granted for the above 
 named improvements in Stereoptyping, and to furnish Foundries, in this Country and in England, on the most 
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 OAK TANNED STRETCHED 
 
 MANUFACTURED BY 
 
 COLCORD & FOSTER, 
 
 (Successors to Eaton & Colcord.) 
 
 At Essex Company's Work, Near North Depot, 
 
 REFERENCES. 
 
 C. a. STORROW, Treas. Essex Co. Lawrence, I S. E. JEWF.TT, Steam Mills. Haverhill, | H. RICHARDSON, OMTown, Me. 
 
 "" " " CUKRIKR&TOWNSEND, S.Mills, Newb'yp't M. SCHW.VRTZ, Bangor. Me. 
 
 G. S. GRIGGS, Sup't Mack Shop, B'n & P rr | Wm. Bucke.ky, Tr's C. Mills, Harrisb'gPa 
 
 \V. C. CHAPI.V, Ag't Pacific Mills, 
 
 JOHN DAVIS, Ag't Methuen Co. Methuen, 
 
 in 1849. 
 
 GAGE, PORTER & CO. 
 
 FISIIEMlf^ILI.E, jr. JET. 
 
 Where thev keep a large assortment, and manufacture to order, all the various kinds of CIRCULAR and 
 her SAWS that are used in the United States and Canadas. Those in want of them are respectfully invited 
 
 other 
 
 to call. All orders promptly e.xecuted. 
 
 i C. GAGE, I. C. GAGE, 
 
 INo. 21 
 
 I. K. GAGE, 
 
 G. PORTER, 
 
 H. M. ROLFE. 
 
THE STATE OF MICHIGAN. 
 
 mainly depend. Iron and copper are found in all the western and northern parts, from tlie Pictured Eocks and 
 tlie Kewenaw Point to the Montreal liiver, tlie iron being cliielly a magnetic ore, equal in purity and quality to that 
 of Missouri, and the copper, often in native boulders, more plentiful than elsewhere occurring. The production of 
 these minerals, however, lias hitherto been small, on account of the distance and inaccessible nature of the country ; but 
 the time has now arrived for the mines to be opened on an extensive scale, and such, indeed, has in a partial degree been 
 accomplished ; yet, until the difficulties opposing navigation to Lake Superior be overcome, the expense of transportation 
 will be too great to admit of a full development of the wealth of this region. It has been proposed to form this peninsula 
 into the State of Korth Michigan, and thus separate it from Michigan Proper politically, as it now is physicaUy separate. 
 There are many reasons that would indicate the necessity of such a cliange. 
 
 The Soutli£)~n Peninsula has generally a level or rolling surface, and in some parts is broken and hilly. The eastern 
 portion, for a distance varying from 5 to 25 miles from the shore, is almost a dead level ; but westward the land rises into 
 an irregular ridge, in some parts of which it attains a height of from 600 to TOO feet above the sea level. This ridge has a 
 much greater proximity to the eastern than to the western margin, and serves to separate the tributaries discharging into 
 Lake Michigan from those flowing into Huron, the Strait, and Erie. The portion of the southern part of the State denom- 
 inated hilly, branches off from tlie principal ridge in different directions through the adjoining counties. The hills con- 
 sist of an irregular asst-mblage of somewhat conical elevations, occasionally attaining a height of from 150 to 200 feet, but 
 ordinarily of not more than from 30 to 40 feet. From the main portion of the table land passing westward to Lake 
 Michigan, the country, with the exceptions noted, assumes a very gradual descent, exhibiting a gently undulating but very 
 rarely broken surface. The ridge of land before spoken of, again takes its rise near the mouth of Au Sable river, and is 
 seen from the lake to stretch on for many miles along and beyond the coast. This constitutes the Highlands of Au Sable. 
 Its height has not been ascertained, but it has hitherto been estimated to be much the highest part of the peninsula. A 
 consideral)le portion of it has generally been unfavorably represented, as being interspersed with sand ridges and marshes, 
 having an abrupt descent from the highlands eastward, and a gradual slope toward the west. Taking the great extent 
 of the lower jjeninsula into consideration, it may, in a comparative point of view, be said to possess a great evenness of 
 surface, with a sufficient declivity, however, to allow its waters to drain off in lively and healthy streams. Such are the 
 general features of the interior. The coasts form an exception. The coast of both Michigan and Huron is sometimes 
 exhibited in high, steep banks. The coast of the former is frequently seen in bluffs and banks of sand, varying in height from 
 100 to 300 feet. To the traveler, the country presents an appearance eminently picturesque and delightful. Through a 
 considerable portion the surface is so even and free from brush, as to admit of carriages being driven through it, with the 
 same facility as over the prairie or common road. The lowering forest and grove, the luxuriant prairie, the crystal lake 
 and limpid rivulet, are so frequently and happily blended together, especially in the southern section of the peninsula, as 
 to confer additional charms to the high finishing of a landscape, the beauty of which is probably second to that of no 
 other part of the Union. 
 
 The geological structure of Michigan is extremely various. The Southern Peninsula is exclusively secondary in its 
 Ibrmation. The Northern Peninsula, bordering on Lake Superior, is primitive, but the portions bordering on Lako 
 Michigan and Green Cay si-condary. Primitive boulders, or "lost rocks," are discoverable in every part of the State, 
 especially upon the coasts, and upon the margin or in the beds of the rivers. These are found of enormous dimensions 
 on the coast of Huron, especially north of Saginaw Bay. Here granite masses exist, weighing from 1 to 100 tons, or even 
 more. Michigan bears evident marks of once having been partially or entirely inundated. It is skirted by a belt of 
 heavily timbered land, about 25 miles deep, surrounding the entire lake coast, which lies several feet below the adjoining 
 plains and openings, and seems to have been the bed of the lakes long after the waters receded from the plains and 
 burst their barriers through the G ulf of St. Lawrence. The Southern Peninsula is of the same geological formation as 
 "Western New York, its rocks consisting of mostly horizontal strata of limestones, sandstones, and shales ; the limestones 
 being generally found in the beds of the rivers, near the lakes, and the sandstones in the interior. The soil covering these 
 shales is either alluvial or diluvial, and has a depth varying from 1 to 150 feet. The upper sandstone occupies the central 
 and more elevated portions of the peninsula, and discovers itself often immediately under the surface of the soil. Its 
 thickness and general inclination are uncertain. Quarries of this stone have been opened in numerous localities on and 
 south of Grand Itiver. It generally admits of being easily quarried, furnishing a good building material, and is frequently 
 used for grindstones. The stratum underlying the sandstone is a gray-colored limestone. It has been traced from the 
 rapids of the Maumee, in Ohio, to Charity Islands of Saginaw Bay, and has been noticed at the river Eaisin, the bed of 
 which it forms at several places, at Stony Point, and other points along the coast of Lake Erie, and in numerous other 
 places. Associated with this rock is .bund calcareous spar, strontian, barytes, gypsum, etc., varying with locality. The 
 limestone of Michigan is for the most part of a subgranolar structure, quite compact, and well adapted to agricultural pur- 
 poses, and though at m.any points it is capable of producing a valuable lime upon burning, it is not unfrequently too 
 siiicious to answer that purpose. Below liie gray limestone formation the graywacke, or lower sandstone, stratum is sup- 
 posed to exist. This is noticed on the Lake Huron shore, on the St. Mary's Strail| at the Pictured Kocks, and at various 
 other points in the upper peninsula. Gypsum is found in several places ; and in all those localities where the superior 
 stratum, or carboniferous limestone formation exists, there are indications of tlie existence of bituminous coal. Marl is 
 abundant; it is composed of deposits of recent shells, and when submitted to the process of calcination, it has been found 
 to produce hme of a superior quality. It is likewise an excellent manure for lands when judiciously applied. Deposits 
 of marly clay are quite common. A fine bed occurs in the county of Macomb, near the middle branch of Clinton Eiver, 
 and it exists also near Ann Arbor, where pottery is manufiictured from it with success. The sand comprising the downs 
 that border Lake Michigan shore is said to be of a quality in gome instances fitted for the manufacture of glass. The best 
 bed of sand for this purpose, however, occurs near Monroe ; it is composed of small, snowy white, angular grains of pure 
 quartz, which has proceeded from the disintegration of a siiicious lime rock. 
 
 In the upper peninsula the great mineral region lies in the primitive formation; here are the most stupendous copper 
 and iron deposits in the world, containing a sufficiency of mineral to supply the markets for many centuries. Of the iron 
 mention has been made heretofore. The great copper region is principally confined to the Kewenaw peninsula. 
 The extreme length of the deposit is about 135 miles, and it has a width varying from 1 to 6 miles. The mineral, how- 
 ever, does not exist in every portion of this region, for miles may intervene and no trace be ascertained. In some of the 
 river beds immense l)oulders of native copper are met with. These mines are now being actively wrought, and are in 
 general proving remunerating to the companies working them, but until the navigation of Lake Superior is opened to 
 shipping, the expenses of transportation to market will prove a formidable obstacle to the full development of the capaci- 
 
 153 
 
THE STATE OF MICHIGAN. 
 
 lies of the mines. Salt springs are also known to exist in different parts of the State. The saline district lies mostly 
 north of a line drawn from Monroe to Orandville. Medicinal waters, mostly chalybeute, and sulphur springs, also occur in 
 numerous localilies, and are useful in cutaneous and ihronie disorders generally. One near Havre is 35 foot deep and 150 
 feet ia eireiinifereiiee, and produces a volume of water sufficient to propel a run of stones. 
 
 The rivers of Michigan arc in general comparatively smaller but more numerous, having in the lower peninsula a 
 greater length from tlieir mouths to where they head, than is commonly observed in most other sections of the Union. 
 This laller einumstance may, pirliaps, be attributed not oidy to the uniformity of descent, but to the more favorable struc- 
 ture of the interior to liiriiish iIk in conslaiit supplies. The Detroit. St. Clair, and St. Mary's are more properly called 
 straits and not rivers. They are tranquil, deep, cojtious, and expansive streams, uniting the great lakes, the waters of 
 which they coiuluct toward the ocean. The largest rivers of the lower peninsula arc the Grand, Maskegon, St. Joseph, 
 and Kalamazoo, which flow into Lake Michigan ; the Cheboygan and Thunder Bay rivers, that discharge into Lake 
 Huron, and the Saginaw into Saginaw Bay. The streams flowing eastward are small, owing to the position of the dividing 
 ridge, which is considerably east of the middle of the peninsula; the largest are tlio Kaisin, Huron, Clinton, and Rouge. 
 The largest rivers ot the upper peninsula are the Montreal, the Great Iron, the Ontonagon, the Huron, the St. John's, and 
 the Chocolate, which put into Lake Superior; and the Menomonie and Manistee, which flow, the former into Green Bay, 
 and the latter into Lake Michigan. There are several other considerable streams, though of a smaller grade, and these 
 with few excejitions, are lively, pure, and healthy, supplying mill-power, and draining the flue agricultural lands through 
 which they course. 
 
 Michigan is I'ncomiiasscd by five lakes, four of which are the largest collections of fresh water on the globe. These are 
 Lake Superior. Lake .Michigan, Lake Huron, Lake St. Clair, and Lake Erie, which are connected by the Straits of Detroit, 
 St. Clair, Michilimai'kiuac, and St. Mary. Of these immense Mediterranean waters^ /.(/^"^ Superior is by far the largest. 
 It lies directly north of the upper peninsula, and the greater part of its southern coast is bordered by it jMk^ Michigan 
 is the second in size. It is a long narrow lake, stretching a little north-eastwardly between the lower peninsula and the 
 Slatis of Wisconsin and Illinois, 'i'he northern part, together with the straits, separate the two peninsulas from each 
 other. /,«/'v ///a-OTi is next in dimension.s, and is situate on the north-eastern border of Lower Michigan, separating it 
 from Canada West, The shape of this lake is extremely irregular; its i)rincipal indentations are Saginaw Bay, which 
 extends down into the interior, and two others, one immediately north of Manito islands, and the other south-east of them. 
 The latter, sometimes <'alled the Manito Bay or Georgian Lake, is very large, estimated at qne-fourth of Lake Huron. It 
 empties through the Strait St. Clair, into St. Clair Lake, the smallest of the five bordering on Michigan, and this again 
 discharges itself through Detroit Strait into Lake Erie. More than .30 miles of this latter borders Michigan, and opens 
 to the State a free navigation to the principal ports along its coasts, Buffalo, Dunkirk, Erie, Sandusky, etc. Nor Is this 
 State merely surrounded by lakes, but the interior is interspersed with them from one border to the other. The country 
 indeed is literally maculated with small lakes of every form and size, from an area of 1 to 1,00(1 acres, though, as a 
 general rule, they do not perhaps average 500 acres in extent. They are sometimes so frequent that several of them may 
 be seen from the same position. They are usually very deep, with gravelly bottoms, waters transp.arent, and of a cool 
 temperature at all seasons. This latter fact is supposed to be in consequence of springs which furnish them constant 
 supplies. Water fowl of various sorts inhabit their shores, and their depths are the domain of abundance of fish, trout, 
 bass, pike, pickerel, dace, perch, cat-flsh, sucker, bull-head, etc., which often grow to an extraordinary size. It is usual to 
 find some creek or rivulet originating in these, but what is a singular fact, and not easily accounted for, many of these 
 bodies of living water have no perceptible outlet, and yet are stored with fish. A lake of this description, with its rich 
 stores of fish and game, forms no unenviable appendage to a farm, and is properly appreciated. But with all its length of 
 lake coast. Michigan can boast of but few good harbors, yet there are several that afford excellent shelter from the storms 
 that frequently sweep over these great inland seas, and lash them into turmoil. 
 
 Michigan is divided into 43 counties, the general statistics of which an<l the capitals of each, in 1S30, were as follows 
 
 Fan 
 
 Mil 
 
 p"i'- i^i:^.^::^:^: Capital.. 
 
 Allegan 997.. 5,123.. 2T0.. 86. .Alleg.an 
 
 Barry 1,0:^7. . 5,072.. 733.. 26.. Hastings 
 
 Berrien 2,126. .11,417. . 690.. 64. .Berrien Spring 
 
 Branch 2,300. .12,472. .1,442. . 53. .Cold Water 
 
 Calhoun 3,433. .19,162. .1,724. . 61. .Marshall 
 
 Cass 1.914.. 10,907.. 950.. 21. .Cassopolis 
 
 Chippewa 187.. 898.. 17.. 10. .Sle. Marie 
 
 Clinton 946.. 5,102.. 614. . 13. .De Witt 
 
 Eaton 1,328.. 7,058.. 746.. 43. .Charlotte 
 
 Genesee 2,257. .12,031. .1,255.*! 83.. Flint 
 
 Hillsdale 2,965. .16,159. .1,411. . 45. .Hillsdale 
 
 Houghton 116.. 708.. 18.. 5. .Eagle Eiver 
 
 Huron 52.. 210.. 18.. 0.. — 
 
 Ingham 1,583.. 8,631.. 991.. 32. .Mason 
 
 Ionia 1,367.. 7,597.. 601.. 17.. Ionia 
 
 Jackson .3.540. .19,431. .2,250.. 95.. Jackson 
 
 Kalamazoo 2,.3S7. .13,179. .1,098. . 51. .Kalamazoo 
 
 Kent 2.251.. 12,016.. 819.. 67.. Grand Rapids 
 
 Lapeer 1,286.. 7,029.. 628.. 45. .Lapeer 
 
 Lenawee 4,892. .26,372. .2,470. .1.56. .Adrian 
 
 Livingston 2,363. .13,455. .1,014.. 40. .Howell 
 
 Macomb 2,666. .15,530. .1,277. . 65. .Mount Clemens 
 
 The whole number of dwellings in the State was. at the above date, 71,616; of families, 72,611 ; and of inhabitants, 
 897,0.54; viz., whites 895,097— males 208,471, and fenudes 186,626; free colored, 2,557— males 1,412, and females 1,145. Of 
 the whole populati(m there were, deaf and dumb — wh. 121, fr. col. 1 — total 122; blind — wh. 122, fr. col. — total 122; 
 insane— yi\^. 135, fr. col. 1— total 130, and idiatic—wh.. 187, fr. col. 8 — total 190. The number of free persons born in the 
 United States was 341,591, the miinber of foreign birth 54,852, and of birth unknown 1,211 ; natioe population originated 
 15i 
 
 Dwell. 
 
 ■584. 
 
 Pop. 
 
 in cult. 
 
 K»tab. Cap.talB. 
 
 136.. 
 
 0. 
 
 0.. Marquette 
 
 3,598.. 
 
 13. 
 
 . 89.. Mackinac 
 
 93.. 
 
 0. 
 
 5.. — 
 
 65.. 
 
 4. 
 
 0.. — 
 
 891.. 
 
 26. 
 
 6.. Greenville 
 
 Counties. 
 
 Marquette 18. 
 
 Michilimaekinac <& 
 21 other counties 
 
 Mason 12 . . 
 
 Midland 10.. 
 
 Montcalm 164.. 
 
 Monroe 2,544. .14,098. .1,277. 
 
 New.igo 92.. 510.. 0. 
 
 Oakland 5,699. .31,270. .3,446. .146. .Pontiac 
 
 Oceana 58.. 300.. 0.. 2.. — 
 
 Ontonagon 46.. 389.. 0. 
 
 Ottawa 1,129.. 5,587.. 278. 
 
 Saginaw 473.. 2,609.. 72. 
 
 Sanilac 872.. 2,112.. 61. 
 
 St. Clair 1,816.. 10,420.. 492. 
 
 St. Joseph's 2,301. .12,725. .1,379.. 82..Centreville 
 
 Schoolcraft 5.. 16.. 0.. 0.. — 
 
 Shiawassee 972.. 5,230.. 640.. 48..Corunna 
 
 Tuscola 65.. 291.. 18.. 0.. — 
 
 Van Buren 1,053. . 5,800. . 459. . IS. .Paw Paw 
 
 Washtenaw 5,1 42.. 28,567. .2,.543. .154. . Ann Arbor 
 
 Wayne 7,063. .42,756. .1,685. .244. .Detroit 
 
 45. .Monroe 
 12.. — 
 
 0.. Ontonagon 
 36. .Grand Haven 
 14. .Saginaw City 
 27.. Lexington 
 68.. St. Clair 
 
J. H. l^iOLEY, 
 
 MUSIC PUBLISHER & DEALER IN 
 
 Melodeons, Sheet Music, Music Books, Musical Instru- 
 ments & Musical Mercliandise of every description, 
 WHOLESALE & RETAIL. 
 
 Sole Agent for Prince & Co.'s and Mason & Hamlin's 
 
 Improved Melodeons and Harmoniums and 
 
 C. F. Martin's Guitars. 
 
 JOHN PUNSHON. C. TREMPER. 
 
 NOS. 16 AND 17 QUAY STREET, 
 
 ALBANY, WEW-YORK. 
 
 I Manufacture High and Low Pressure Engines, Boilers, Tanks, and Machinery in General, 
 Casting, Blacksmithing, and Pattern Making. 
 
 Steam Engines and Boilers repaired with dispatch. 
 
 T. 
 
 OUTMIE 
 
 AND 
 Xj-A-O^SLSlVCXTiaiXlKJrCSt- "''K7VOX1.25L®, 
 
 HERKIMER STREET, near Quay, ALBANY. 
 
 Boilers of every style, Gasometers, Tanks, and Sheet Iron Work of every description, built 
 
 and repaired reasonably and with dispatch. ORDERS thankfully received 
 
 and promptly executed. 
 
 B®»SEVERAI. BOILERS FOR SAI.E CHEAP.^^g 
 
 PRUYU & LANSING, 
 
 MANUFACTURERS OF 
 
 MILL, CROSS CUT, CIRCULAR SAWS, TUTTLE'S PATENT 
 SAWS, &c., Saws of every description made & repaired. 
 
 Also, Manufacturers of Steam Boilers, Iron Bridges, Railings, 
 Balconies, Verandahs, Bank Vaults, Bridge and Roof 
 Bolts, Tobacco Machines, Doors and Shutters, Bed- 
 steads, and Iron Work of all kinds. 
 
 nSTos. 50, 52, 54 and 56 LIBERTY, and 
 Nos. 4, 6 and 8 PRUYN STREET. 
 
 EGBERT H. PEUYN. 
 
 CHAS. B. LANSING. 
 
 27 
 
STEAM ENGINE 
 
 o 
 
 xn 
 ■ 
 
 xn 
 U 
 o 
 
 iH 
 00 
 CO 
 
 STARBUCK BROTHERS, 
 
 steam Engines, Boilers, Mill Gearing, Store Columns, &c ., 
 3Va:-A.33E3 "TO 03E2.X>JbJJbi. 
 BARK MIIiLSj PLOWS, «fcc., «fcc., on hand at all times. 
 
 T^. p. STARBUCK. G. H. STARBUCK. 
 
 W. & J. TREADWELL, PERRY 
 
 MANUFACTURERS 
 
 AND WHOLESALE DEALERS IN" 
 
 EAGLE FOUNDRY, 
 
 J\^0. 110 JS^^J^JER STUEET, 
 
 ALBANY, NEW-YORK. 
 
 IFTJJ-m. 
 
 Henderson, Kennedy & fineeland, 
 
 MANUFACTURERS & WHOLESALE DEALERS IN 
 
 PARLOR GRATES, HOT AIR FURNAOES, 
 
 REGISTERS, VENTILATORS, RANGES, 
 
 STOVES OP ALL KINDS, 
 
 Tinmen's Tools, Brass Kettles, Iron Fokling Bedsteads ; Silver 
 
 Plated, Brittania, Planished, Jaiianned and SUiinpe 1 
 
 AVare; together with a general assortment of 
 
 JVos, 313 and 314 Uroadivay^ 
 
THE STATE OF MICHIGAN. 
 
 as foUows: Me. 1,117, N. Hamp. 2,T44, Verm. 11,113, Mass. S,16T, E. 1. 1,031, Conn. 6,751, N. Y. 1.33,756, N. J. 5,572, Penn. 
 9.451, Del. 868, Md. 537, Dist of Col. 45, Virg. 1,504, N. Car. 312, S. Car. 81, Ga. 68, Flor. 12, Ala. 19, Miss. 34, La. 80, 
 Tex. 4, Ark. 25, Tenn. 101, Ky. 402, Oh. 14,677, Michigan 140,648, Ind. 2,003, 111. 496, Mo. 92, la. 59, Wise. 832, Calif. 3, 
 Territories 36; and l\ie foreign population was composed of persons, from — England 10,620, Ireland 13,480, Scotland 
 2,361, Wale.s 127, Germany 10,070, France 945, Spain 10, Portugal 2, Belgium 112, Holland 2,542, Turkey 2, Italy 12, 
 Austria 21, Switzerland 118, Kussia 75, Denmark 13, Norway 110, Sweden 16, Prussia 190, Sardinia 2, Greece 1, China 1, 
 Asia 0, Africa 3, British America 14,008, Mexico 4, Central America 0, South America 5, "West Indies 34, Sandwich 
 Islands 2, and other countries 66. 
 
 The following table will show the decennial progress of the population since the first census of the State taken by the 
 United States authorities : 
 
 Colored Persons. Decennial Increase. 
 Census "White ^ * Total , '• a ^ 
 
 Years. Persons. Free. Slave. Total. Population. Numerical. Percent. 
 
 ISIO 4,618 120 24 144 4,762 — — 
 
 1820 8,591 305 — 805 8,896 4,184 86.8 
 
 1830 31,346 261 32 293 31,639 22,743 255.6 
 
 1840 211,560 r07 — 707 212,267 180,628 570.9 
 
 1850 895,097 2,557 — 2,557 897,654 185,387 S7.3 
 
 The ,«tatistics of the wealth, production, manufactures, and institutions of Michigan, as exhibited by the census of 1850, 
 and other official returns referring to the same period, are as follows : 
 
 Occupied Lands, etc. — Improved lands 1,929,110 acres, and unimproved lands 2,454,780 acres — valued in cash at 
 $51,872,446. The whole number of farms 34,089. Value of farming implements and machinery, $2,890,371. 
 
 Live-Stock. — Horses, 58,506 ; asses and mules, 70 ; milch cows, 99,676 ; working oxen, 55,350 ; other cattle, 119,471 ; 
 sheep, 746,435; and swine, 205,847 — valued in the aggregate at $8,00S,7;54. The returns of 1840 exhibited the live-stock 
 in the State as follows : horses, mules, etc., 80,144 ; neat cattle of all descriptions, 185,190 ; sheep, 99,618 ; and swine, 
 295,890. 
 
 Products of Animals.— 'Sff oo\, 2,048.283 (in 1840, 153,875) pounds ; butter, 7,065,878 pounds ; cheese, 1,011,492 pounds ; 
 and value of animals slaughtered during the year, $1,.528,327. Silk cocoons were produced to the amount of 8 (iu 
 1840, 266) pounds ; and beeswax and honey to that of 359,232 pounds. 
 
 Grain Crops.— Wheat, 4,925,889 bushels ; rye, 105,871 bushels; Indian com, 5,641,420 bushels ; oafs, 2,866,056 bushels ; 
 barley, 75,249 bushels; and buckwheat, 472,917 bushels. The crops of the same cereals, in 1S40, were: wheat, 2,157,103 
 bushels; Indian corn, 2,277,039 bushels; oats, 2,114,051 bushels; rye, 84,236 bushels; barley, 127,802 bushels; and 
 buckwheat 113.592 bushels. 
 
 Other Food Crops. — Peas and beans, 74,254 bushels; and potatoes — Irish, 2,.359,897 bushels, and sweet, 1,177 bushels. 
 The potato crop of 1840 amounted to 2,109,205 bushels. 
 
 Miscellaneous Crops. — Tobacco, 1.245 pounds; hay, 404,984 tons; clover-seed, 16,989 bushels; other grass-seed, 9,785 
 bushels ; hops, 10,663 (in 1S40, 11,381) pounds ; hemp — dew-rotted 166 tons, and water-rotted 37 tons ; flax, 6,994 pounds 
 (crop of hemp and flax in 1840, 755} tons); flax-seed, 1,421 bushels; maple sugar, 3,433.987 pounds ; molasses, 19.823 gal» 
 Ions; wine, 1.654 gallons, etc. The value of orchard products was $132,650, and of market-garden products .$14,7.38. 
 
 Home-made manufactures f<ir the year 1849-50 were produced to the value of $1,823,827. In 1839-40 the same de- 
 scription of products were valued at $113,955. 
 
 ira72,tt/«c<twes.— Aggregate capital invested, $6,443,816; value of raw material, fuel, etc., consumed, $6,221,348; aver- 
 age number of hands employed — males , and females ; average monthly cost of labor $ — male 
 $ , and female $ ; total value of products for the year ending 1st June, 1850, $10,729,892. The whole number 
 of manufacturing establishments in the State producing to the value of $500 and upward annually, at the above date, was 
 1,979, distributed among the several counties, as shown in the general table, and of these 15 were woolen factories, 64 iron 
 factories — 63 for castings, and 1 for pig iron, and 60 tanneries. 
 
 The icoolen manufactures employed a capital of $94,000, consumed annually 162,250 pounds of wool, valued at $43,402, 
 employed 78 males and 51 females, at a monthly cost^for male labor, $1,689, and for female labor, $585, and produced 
 141,570 yards of cloth, valued at $90,242. 
 
 The foundries manufacturing eastings employed a capital of $195,450 ; used 2,494 tons pig metal, 901 tons mineral coal, 
 and 16,200 bushels coke and charcoal, valued at $91,865 ; employed 837 hands, at average wages amounting to $28 68 to 
 each hand, and produced 2,070 tons of castings and other products, valued in the aggregate at $279,697. The capital em- 
 ployed in making pig iron was $15,000, and the quantity manufactured was 660 tons, valued at $21,000. 
 
 In the tanneries, the invested capital amounted to $236,000 ; value of raw material used, $203,450 ; hands employed, 
 265; monthly cost of labor, $6,782; skins 23,600, and sides 144,730 tanned; value of both, $863,980. 
 
 The manufactures of Michigan, other than those enumerated, are various and large, consisting of flour-mills, saw-mills, 
 aeheries, potteries, machine-shops, axe and edge-tool factories, distilleries, paper-mills, etc., etc. There are about 260 
 flour-mills in the State, chiefly driven by water-power, and capable of making between 700,000 and 800,000 barrels of 
 flour annually ; and the number of saw-mills is not far short of 650, of which 79 are driven by steam. 
 
 Foreign Commerce. — The total value of the exports from Michigan to foreign countries during the year ending 30th 
 June, 1850, was $132,045, of which $57,232 was the value of products carried in American bottoms, and $74,813 in foreign 
 bottoms ; and the total value of imports was $144,102, all of which were brought in American bottoms. 
 
 The shipping employed in the carrying trade was 56,963 tons inward, and 54,701 tons outward — in detail as follows : 
 
 INWAKD. 
 Nationality. Sliips. Tonnage. Crews. 
 
 American 97 7,254 699 
 
 Foreign 394 49,709 3,944 
 
 Total 491 56,963 4,643 
 
 OUTWAKD. 
 
 Nationality. Ships. Tonnage. Crews. 
 
 American 112 7,982 720 
 
 Foreign 890 46,719 8,908 
 
 Total 5021 54,701 4,623 
 
 Of the aggregate shipping inward, 54.180 tons entered in Detroit district, and 2,833 tons in that of Michilimackinac; and 
 of the aggregate outward, 52,554 tons cleared from Detroit, and 2,147 from Michilimackinac districts. Tlie shipping owned 
 in the two districts amounts to 88,144 tons, all of the class enroUed and licensed, and of which 18,015 tons are navigated 
 
 155 
 
THE STATE OF MICHIGAN. 
 
 by steam-power. In the Detroit district 14 vessels— 5 schooners, 6 sloops, and 3 steamers— of an aggregate burden of 2,062 
 tons, were built during the year above referred to. The greater portion of the external commerce of Michigan is with 
 the adjoining British provinces. The following table exhibits the movements of the foreign commerce of the State for a 
 series of years : 
 
 Year. Exportn. 
 
 1S36 $01,231 
 
 1S3T 69,790 
 
 1S3S 125,600 
 
 1S39 — 
 
 1840 162,229 
 
 1841 88,529 
 
 1842 202,229 
 
 1843 262,994 
 
 Yi"ar. 
 1S23. 
 3829. 
 1830. 
 1831. 
 1832, 
 1833 
 1834 
 
 Exports. 
 
 1,588 
 
 9,234 
 
 9,054 
 
 86,021 
 
 $3,440 
 2,957 
 21,315 
 
 1835 64,830 
 
 22,648 
 63,876 
 
 106,202 
 130,629 
 
 Imports. 
 $502,289 
 
 256,662 
 
 138,610 
 
 137,800 
 80,734 
 76,370 
 
 Year. * Exports 
 
 1844 $ — 
 
 1S45 251,220 
 
 1846 251,890 
 
 1847 93,795 
 
 1848 111,635 
 
 1S49 132,851 
 
 1850 132,045 
 
 Ini]>iirt», 
 $19,379 
 
 41.952 
 154,923 
 
 37,603 
 115,760 
 
 98,141 
 144,102 
 
 Lake Commerce.— fMsi department of commerce in Michigan is large, and yearly increasing. Twenty years ago it 
 had no existence, and even ten years ago it was of very trifling importance compared with its present extent. Of the 
 commercial movements on Lalie Superior, no statistics have been published, but it is well understood that all the pro- 
 ducts of the country bordering on it, from their very nature being mineral, must seek a distant market, and that the great 
 bulk of necessaries of life must be carried to the miners— thus creating a large commerce, and that an incri'asing one. A 
 navigable canal, 5,207 feet long, around the Sault Ste. Marie, is about to be constructed, and hence the commerce on Lake 
 Superior will be at once established on a sure and lasting basis. On Lake Huron the exports from the two districts of 
 Sault Ste. Marie and Michilimackinac in 1850-51 amounted to $553,618, and the imports to $294.534 ; on the lake and river 
 St. Clair, from the districts of Algonac, St. Clair, Trenton, and Mount Clemens, the exports in the same year amounted to 
 $483,660, and the imports to $155,803 ; and on Lake Michigan, from district of St. Joseph's, the exports were valued at 
 $543,894, and the imports at $672,892— making a total of exports by lake valued at $1,581,172, and of imports \ alued at 
 $1,323,289. The above figures embrace the total imports and exports on Lake Huron, and also on the river and Lake SL 
 Clair, so far as domestic commerce is concerned ; the total commerce on Lake Michigan, inclusive of that of St. Joseph's 
 above, was in the same year— exports $8,830,108, and imports $15,4^4,728, or a total value of exports and imports amount- 
 ing to $24,320,836, of which $898,083 belonged to Indiana, $11,903,777 to Illinois, and the remainder to 'Wisconsin. 
 
 Intei-nal Coinnitmication.— Michigan has two transverse railroads— one extending from Detroit, via New Buffalo, to 
 Chicago, and the other from Toledo and Monroe, via White Pigeon and the Indiana Nortliern Ilailroad, to the same 
 destination. These two roads form links in the great chains running east and west connecting the northern Atlantic States 
 and sea-board with the Mississippi, and ultimatelj' with the shores of the Pacific Ocean. On these lines the transit of goods 
 and passengers is immense, being the shortest routes hitherto constructed on the longitudinal extent of the country. Their 
 connections with tlie railroads and steam navigation lines of other States and of Canada give to Michigan access by 
 railroad and water to vast regions hitherto accessible only by ordinary roads, and tend to swell tlie already large com- 
 mercial connection of the State. There are also several short railroads in the Stale, as the one from Detroit to Pontiac, and 
 from White Pigeon to Constantino ; and others are projected, as the line from Toledo to Detroit, and from Detroit to the 
 mineral regions in the upper peninsula. A line is also projected from Jackson, on the Central Koad, to Lansing, the 
 capital. The total length of completed railroad in the State, on the 1st of January, 1S53, was 481 miles, which had cost 
 about $12,000,000, or about one mile of railroad to every 117 square miles of territory. A canal is also about being 
 constructed around Sault Ste. JIarie, which will connect the waters of Lake Superior and the lower lakes, and thus open 
 up the commerce of the richest mineral region of the world to the markets of the east. 
 
 Bunks.— On the 1st January, 1851, there were in the State five banks and one branch bank, the financial condition of 
 which, at the date affixed, was as fohows: ZiabUities—capila.1 $764,022, circulation $897,364, deposits $410,147. due 
 other banks $42,559, and other liabilities $342,816 ; and assets— loans and discounts $1,319,303, stocks $420,521, real estate 
 $221,020, other investments $05,033, due by other banks $404,091, notes of other banks $109,080, specie fund $195, and 
 specie $125,722. 
 
 Gcyvernmenf.—The government is based on the constitution approved by the people, in November, 1850. It provides 
 that the riijM ofsvjfnige l)e enjoyed by every white male citizen ; every white male inh.-ibitant who, six months previously, 
 has declared his intention to become a citizen of the United States, or who has resided in the State two and a half j-ears, 
 and declared his intention as aforesaid, and every civilized male Indian, not a member of any tribe. Every elector shall be 
 above 21 years of age, and have resided in the State three months, and in the township or ward in which he offers his 
 vote ten days preceding an election. Duelists are disqualified from voting, or being elected to any office. The general 
 elections are held on Tuesday succeeding the first Monday in November, biennially (even years). 
 
 Legislative pmoer is vested in a Senate and House of Eepresentatives. Senators, 32 in number, are elected from 
 single districts for two years, and Eepresentatives, not less than 64 nor more than 100 in number (now 66), from 
 districts, and for the same term. When any town or district is entitled to more than one representative, the number to 
 which it is entitled is elected by general ticket, but counties entitled to more than one are divided into districts. Senators 
 and representatives shall be citizens of the United States and qualified electors, and shall hold no other office under the 
 State. A subsequent vote of two-thirds of all the members elected abnegates the governor's veto to any bill, and it becomes 
 law. The legislature meets biennially (odd years), on the first Wednesday in February. 
 
 Executive pmccr is vested in the Governor. The Governor and Lieutenant-governor are elected biennially by a 
 plurality of votes. Each must have attained the age of 30 years, have been a citizen of the United States for five years, 
 and of the State two years next preceding. The powers of the governor are tliose usually enjoyed by that officer. No 
 person holding any other office under the authority of the United States or of Michigan shall execute the office of 
 governor, nor shall the governor or lieutenant-governor be eligible for any other office during the time for which they 
 may have been chosen. 
 
 The administrative officers are, a Secretary of State, State Treasurer, a Commissioner of the State Land Office, Super- 
 intendent of Public Instruction, an Auditor-general, and an Attorney-general, elected at the biennial election, their terms 
 to commence on the 1st January, 1853, and of every second year thereafter. The three first-named constitute a Board 
 of State Auditors, to examine and adjust all claims against the State not otherwise provided for by general law, and also 
 a Board of State Canvassers, to determine the results of all elections for State officers. 
 156 
 
EATON, GILBERT & CO. 
 
 TROY, NEW-YORK. 
 
 ORASMUS EATON. 
 
 URI GILBERT. 
 
 EDWARD 0. EATON. 
 
 WEED & CONVERSE, 
 
 (Successors to Stow, Weed & Converse.) 
 MANUFACTURERS AND WHOLESALE DEALERS IN 
 
 © f! 1 P © © © P 
 
 
 'i 
 
 JYos, 367 A' 309 HIW'JEIg. STREET, 
 
 TROY, NEW-YORK, 
 
 HENRY E. WEED. 
 
 FRANKLIN CONVERSE. 
 
 TROY IRON AND NAIL FACTORY, 
 
 Wm. F. BURDEN, Agent, Troy, N. Y. 
 
 MANUFACTURERS OF 
 
 Por T Plat Bar and Ground Rail; also, 
 
 HOESE SHOES, SHIP & BOAT SPIKES. 
 
 NAILS AND MERCHANT IRON. 
 
 I'm'M 
 
 i&iiFMTiffii OF »ms Is mm 
 
 Hand Screws, Chisel and File Handles, Saw Sets, Scratch Awles and Gnages, 
 Wood Mouldings, Machine Stretched Leather Belting. 
 
 IMPORTER AND DEALER IN MECHANICS' TOOLS AND GENERAL HARDWARE, 
 
 Q55 RIVER STREET, TROY, N. Y. 
 
LEAVITT, DELISSER & CO. 
 
 M. S?S? j^ f2T^ "i? /r^ ^yg? 'vS> ^53 t;© @ 
 
 ^^j tyr •(La & & ^ ^s'a ^sa £m M © 
 
 TRADE SALE ROOMS 377 & 379 BROADWAY, Cor. "WHITE St., N. Y. 
 
 REFERENCES: 
 
 David Hoadley, Pres't Panama R. R. Co. 
 A. P. Halsey, ( ashler Bank of New York. 
 Messrs. D. Appleton & Co., 346 and 348 Broad'y. 
 Sliepard Knapp, President Meclianics' Bank. 
 \Vm. A. Bootli, Pres't Am. Exchange Bank. 
 
 REFERENCES: 
 
 Messrs. Phelps, Dodge & Co., No. 19 Cliff St. 
 James Van Nostrand, Pres't Merchants' Ex. Bk. 
 Lucius Hopkins, Pres't Importers' & Traders' Bk. 
 Messrs. Campbell, Hall & Co., No. 110 Nassau St. 
 Daniel Embury, Pres't Atlantic Bank, Brooklyn. 
 
 ^^" Careful attention given to the disposal of Books, Paper, Stationery, Paint- 
 ings, Boots, Shoes, ttc., ko. 
 
 GEORGE GAGE, 
 
 MANUFACTURER OF 
 
 PLANERS, UPRIGHT DRILLS, 
 Jiick Screws, Press and Cider Mill Screws, 
 
 OF e\t<:ry description. 
 Shafting and all kinds of Machinery made to 
 order. Sole manuflicturer of Oilman's Patent 
 Card Press. 
 
 Address, GEOKGE GAGE, 
 
 JVatcrford, Stirato^a Co.. JV. IT, 
 
THE STATE OF MICHIGAN. 
 
 The judiciary is vested in one Superior Court, ia Circuit Courts, in Probate Courts, and in justices of the peace. 
 There are also municipal courts of civil and criminal jurisdiction. All judges and justices are elected by the people. The 
 Supreme Court has general superintending control over all inferior courts, and holds four terras animally. It has power 
 by general rules to modify, amend, and simplify the practice of the courts, and the K;gislature is enjoined to abolish, as far 
 as practical, tlie distinctions between law and equity proceedings. The Circuit Court consists of eight judges, one for 
 each judicial circuit, who hold office for si.\ years. These courts have original jurisdiction in all nuUters not excepted in 
 the constitution or prohibited by law, and appellate jurisdiction from all inferior courts. Judges are ineligible for an^ 
 Other office during their respective terms, and for one year therearter. A circuit court is held twice a year in every 
 county organized for judicial purposes, and four times in each year in counties of more than 10,000 inhabitants. The 
 probate courte of the several counties have juris<liction as provided by special law — the judges hold office for four years. 
 The whole of tlie above are courts of record, and have a common seal. Justices of the peace are chosen for four years, 
 and each town may have four— cities nuiy have more than that number. In civil cases, justices of the peace have 
 exclusive jurisdiction to the amount of $100, and concurrent to $300, which may be increased by law to $500. They have 
 also criminal jurisdiction in minor offenses. Courts of conciliation may be established. Any suitor in any court of 
 Michigan has the right to prosecute and defend his suit either in his own person or by an attorney or agent of his own 
 choice. In all prosecutions for libel, the truth maybe given in evidence. Treason against the State shall consist only 
 in levying war against it or adhering to its enemies, giving them aid and comfort, etc. 
 
 Any amendments to the constitution may be proposed in either house, and if agreed to by two-thirds of each house, 
 such shall be submitted to the electors at the next general election, and if a majority of the electors voting thereon ratify 
 and approve them, the same shall become a part of the constitution. All amendments to take effect at the commencement 
 of the political year after their adoption. In 1806, and every sixteenth year thereafter, the question of a general revision 
 of the constitution shall be submitted to the electors, and in case a majority shall decide in favor of a convention, the 
 legislature, at its next session, shall jirovidc by law lor the election of delegates to such convention. 
 
 The militia of the State of Michigan in 1S.50, according to the report of the adjutant-general for 1S5I, consisted of 
 64,178 men of all arms, of which number 2,793 were commissioned oflBcers, and 61,145 non-commissioned officers, 
 musicians, artificers, and privates. Of the commissioned officers 30 were general officers, 154 general staff officers, 401 
 field officers, etc., and 2,208 company officers. 
 
 The principal benevolent institutions of the State are, the Asylum for the Insane at Flint, and the Asylum for the Deaf 
 and Dumb and the Blind at Kalamazoo. These iustitutious are endowed with lands, and are under the control of a board 
 of five trustees elected by the legislature. 
 
 Finance, Debts, etc.— The total available means in the treasury for the year ending 80th November, 1S50, was 
 $484,715 67, of which sum $55,447 89 was a balance from the fiscal year 1849, and $429,208 28 receipts during the yeai 
 ending as above. The total expenditures amounted to $449,355 40, leaving a balance of $;35,360 27 for future appropri- 
 ation. The chief sources of income were— general taxes and sales of land about $300,000, and specific State taxes 
 $24,404; and the principal objects of expenditure were— legislation $54,607 58, constitutional convention .$31,463 05, 
 executive $11,953 16, judiciary $9,154 83, state prison $6,000, counties for taxes $6,637 27, expenses of sales of tax lands 
 $14,045 37, State library $142 86, school moneys apportioned $42,794 44, university $9,044 70, etc. The aggregate debt 
 of Michigan as stated by the auditor-general in his report of 1st December, 1850, was $2,809,905 S3, bearing interest 
 mostly at six per cent. The resources and property of the State, other than State buildings and furniture, are stated 
 at $628,224 35, leaving the actual State debt, over and above the resources of the Slate, $2,1S1,0S1 48. The total value 
 of real anfi personal estate assessed for taxes in 1850, was $30,877,223 ; but the true or estimated value of the same was 
 $59,787,255. 
 
 Federal Tiepresentation.— Michigan, in accordance with the provisions of the act of 23d May, 1850, apportioning the 
 federal representation, is entitled to four representatives in Congress. 
 
 JSducation.— Michigan, in 18.50, contained 3,097 schools, of which 2,525 only made returns in that year. According to 
 the report of the Superintendent of Public Education, 132,234 children, between the ages of 4 and IS, attended school 
 during the year ; the number drawing public money, 125,866. Number of scholars under 4 years of age, 2,056, and over 
 18 years of age, 8,346. Amount of si'hool money appropriated, $42,794 44, an<l raised by tax, $Sl,-392 44 for support of 
 teachers. Eaiscd for purchasing, building, etc., school-houses, $46,797 01. Iteceived from local funds, $5,389 59. Vol- 
 umes in township libraries, S4,S23. Mill tax for township libraries and support of schools, $7,957 30. Total amount 
 expended for school purposes, $194,330 78. The number of scholars attending unincorjwrated, select, or private schools, 
 was 4,065. A State normal school has been established at Ypsilanti, with an endowment of school lands, and is under 
 the control of the Board of Education. The principal collegiate institution of Michigan is the University at Ann Arbor. 
 It is under a Board of Pegents, who have control of the University fund. In 1S50 it had 7 professors, 91 alumni, 64 stu- 
 dents, and a library of 6,000 volumes. The medical department of the University in the same year had 5 professors and 
 95 students. An agricultural department is provided for by the new constitution. St. Philip's College, near Detroit, is a 
 Koman Catholic institution, founded in 1839, and in 1850 had 4 professors, 30 students, and a library of 8.000 volumes. 
 There are numerous academies and other literary institutions in the State, the former connected with the University, and 
 receiving an apportionment of the University Fund. 
 
 Libraries.— One State library, 4,400 volumes; 2 social libraries, 3,315 volumes; 4 college libraries, 10,300 volumes; 874 
 school libraries, 47.220 volumes— total 3S1 libraries, and 65,235 volumes. The number of volumes in the school libraries, 
 as given in the report of the Superintendent of Public Instruction, differs essentially from the above census account, being 
 stated at S4,S23 volumes. 
 
 Periodical Press.— The whole number of periodicals published in the State in 1850 was 67, of which 87 were devoted 
 to politics— 16 whig and 21 democratic— and 80 were devoted to literature, science, religion, etc. Of the whole number 3 
 were issued daily and semi-weekly, 53 weekly, 2 semi-monlhly, and 4 monthly; and tiie circulation of the dailies at each 
 issue was 5,000, of the semi-weekly, 200, of the weeklies, 31,508, of the semi-monthlies, 2,600, and of the monthlies, 13,.B00. 
 The dailies are published at Detroit; of the tceekhj issues, 1 is published at Allegan, 3 at Niles, 1 at Coldwater, 2 at Mar- 
 shall, 1 at Sault Ste. Marie, 1 at Cassopolis, 1 at Do Witt, 1 at Eaton Pvapids, 2 at Flint, 2 at Hillsdale, 1 at Jimesville, 1 at 
 Lansing, 1 at Ionia, 2 at Jackson, 2 at Kalamazoo, 2 at Griind Papids, 1 at Lapeer, 1 at Adrian, t at Howell, 1 at Pomeo, 
 2 at Mount Clemens, 2 at Monroe, 2 at Ponliac, 1 at Holland, 1 at Saginaw, 1 at Corunna, 1 at St. Clair, 1 at Port Huron, 
 2 at Centreville, 1 at Paw Paw, 2 at Ann Arbor, 2 at Ypsilanti, and at Detroit; the seini-nwntldief! are published at 
 Lansing and Jonesville, and the monthlies at Adrian, Monroe, and Detroit. 
 
 i5lr 
 
THE STATE OF MICHIGAN. 
 
 Baiitist 
 
 Cliristiuii . . . 
 ''Congregat'l.. 
 Dutch Kef.. 
 Episcopal . . 
 Fre« 
 
 5S .. 
 
 1 .. 
 29 .. 
 
 6 .. 
 25 .. 
 
 1 .. 
 
 17,C15 ., 
 
 350 . 
 
 10,500 ., 
 
 1,575 . 
 
 8,425 . 
 
 700 . 
 
 1,400 . 
 
 Church 
 accuni. 
 
 Value (.f 
 Property. 
 
 . $ - 
 
 Penomina- No. of 
 tioriB. Churches. 
 
 n. Catliolic. 42 .. 
 
 Church 
 act'iitn. 
 
 15,972 . 
 
 Value of 
 I'n.perty. 
 
 . $159,775 
 
 _ 
 
 
 Swedenbo'n — .. 
 
 — .. 
 
 — 
 
 .3,205 . 
 
 . 12,025 
 
 Tunkcr — . . 
 
 Union 3 . . 
 
 800 . 
 
 1,400 
 
 33,610 . 
 
 200 . 
 
 22,530 . 
 
 . 142,050 
 
 500 
 
 . 142,650 
 
 Unitarian. . . — . . 
 Univcrsalist, G .. 
 Minor Sects .. 1 . . 
 
 1,210 . 
 800 . 
 
 . 7,100 
 . 15,U00 
 
 lieiigioii^ De?iomrnaUnns.—'Tbe statistics of the several religious denominalions in tliis Slate were, in accordance with 
 the census of 1850, as follows: 
 
 Denomiiia No. of Church Value of Denomina- No. of 
 
 tiuns. Churches, aicum. I'roperty. tinns. Churches. 
 
 $84,050 German lief. — . . 
 
 1,000 Jewisli — .. 
 
 59,550 Lutheran ... 12 . . 
 6,250 Mennonite . . — . . 
 82,800 Methodist .. 103 .. 
 8,000 Moravian... 1 .. 
 
 Friends 7.. 1,400.. 4,850 Presbyter'n.. 67.. 
 
 —making a total of 3G2 churches, with aoeoinmodation for 118,892 persons, and valued as property at $423,200. Michigan 
 constilutes a diocese of the I'rotestant Episcopal Church; and also the Roman Catholic diocese of Detroit. 
 
 Paunensm and (?/■»■""'.— Whole number of paupers who were relieved or received support within the year ending 1st 
 June 1850, 1,190—049 native-born, and 541 foreigners; whole number of paupers receiving support at the date specified, 
 429— ''248 native-born, and 1^1 foreigners ; total annual cost of support $27,5.'5G. The State prison is located at Jackson. 
 The number of convicts on the 30th November, 1849, was 109 ; received during the year 50, and discharged during the 
 year 2S, leaving in prison Suth November, 1850, 131, of whom 115 were white, and 16 colored. Of the 50 received, 25 
 were committed for larceny, 3 for burglary, and 5 for burglary and larceny ; and of the 2S discharged, 21 by expiration of 
 sentence, 2 by pardon, 2 by deatli, 2 by escape, and 1 by order of Supreme Court. The income of the prison was .$10,700 53, 
 and the expendilures'.$16,73G 14, the deficiency being.supplied by the State. Of the 131 prisoners remaining under sen- 
 tence 5 were educated at college, 1 at a medical school, 8 in academies, and 91 in common schools ; 94 can read and write, 
 34 can read only, and 3 can ntTt read ; 19 learned to read in prison; 86 were native-born, and 45 foreign-born. 
 
 nUiorical Sketch.— The discovery and early settlement of Michigan is <lue to the French, wliose motives seem to have 
 been the prosecution of the fur trade, and incidentally the conversion of the Indians. In prosecution of the latter object, 
 Father Sasard reached Lake Huron in 1632, seven years subsequent to the founding of Quebec, but the present site of 
 the city ot^Detroit had been visited as early as IGIO. Soon after the middle of the 17lh century, trading-posts were estab- 
 Ushed at Sault Ste. Marie, Miehilimackinac, and Green Bay— the two first, in a military point of view, important positions, 
 and the latter post is noted as the starting-point of the expedition of Joliet and Marquette in search of the Mississippi, in 
 1G73. In 1702, an expedition sent out by the Governor of New France laid the foundation of Detroit. From this period 
 until the erection of the country into a territory of the United States, the history of Michigan is simply a history of that 
 post, anil though full of romantic interest, and perhaps of useful information relating to tlie progress of setUement, is not 
 of sufficient iniportance to require notice in this place. The Indian wars may also be passed over in silence. The defini- 
 tive treaty of peace which acknowledged the independence of the United States, gave to the young republic a va.st west- 
 ern domain, of which Michigan formed a part. It had been ceded to the English in 1763, when France renounced her 
 vast American possessions. The di-sturbed state of affairs at the period referred to, however, delayed the United States 
 in takin"' possession of the territory ; nor was it until 1796 that the Americans entered Detroit. Michigan from this time 
 was included under the government of the territory north-west of the Ohio, and hence has ever been amenable to the 
 ordinance of 1787. In 1S05, the territory of Michig.in was constituted, and on the 1st July of that year the government 
 was organized at Detroit by Gon. William Hull, its first governor. In 1S12, war against Great Britain was declared by 
 Congress, and the first shock fell upon Michigan. Detroit was given up to the British, and the country became the scene 
 of rapine and bloodshed. The history of this war is one of the most disgusting episodes of which cruelty and treachery 
 can boast, and in which the Briton and the Indian were competitors for distinction. On the re-occupation of the territory 
 the governorship was vested in Gen. Lewis Cass. In 1835, it having been found that Michigan had a population greater 
 than required by law to enable her to become a State, a convention was ordered, and having convened at Detroit, a con- 
 stitution was framed; and by an act of Congress, approved 26th January, 1837, Michigan was declared " to bo one of the 
 United States, and admitted into the Union on an equal footing with the original States in all respects whatever." 
 
 ^!tceeS6w?i'o/6-'»w«™0''«-— TekR'toriai. GovERNOKs: "WiUiam Hull, 1805; Lewis Cass, 1814; George B. Porter, 1831 ; 
 8. T. Mason (acting), 1834; and John S. Homer, 1835; and— Constitutional Governors: S. T. Mason, January, 1830; 
 ■William Woodbridge. 1840 ; James W. Gordon (acting), 1841 ; John S. Barry, 1842; Alpheus Felch, 1846; William L. 
 Greenley (acting), 1847; Epaphroditus Hansom, 1843; John S. Barry, 1850; and liobert McClelland, 1852. 
 
 Lansing is tlie political capital of the State; until December, 1S47, Detroit was the seat of government, and is still the 
 largest and most important place. 
 158 
 
CINCINNATI COLLEGE 
 
 OF 
 
 Bfiirinp anil Inrgprtj, 
 
 ;S'. IF*. Cor, of Western Row Ji* Ltongworth Sis, 
 
 FA.CXJI.TY: 
 A. H. BAKER, M. D., President of the Faculty, 
 
 Professor of Principles and Practice of Surgery. 
 
 R- S. LAWSON, M. D., Treasurer, 
 
 Professor of Principles and Practice of Medicine. 
 
 WM. M. DAWSON, M. D., 
 
 Professor of Anatomy and Physiology. 
 
 PLINY M. GRUME, M. D., 
 
 Professor of Obstetrics and Diseases of Women and Children. 
 
 JAMES S. HARRISON, M. D., Registrar, 
 
 Professor of Chemistry and Pharmacy. 
 
 EDWARD H. JOHNSON, M. D., 
 
 Demonstrator of Anatomy. 
 
 FEES. 
 
 Professors' Tickets, $90 00 Matriculation Ticket, $5 00 
 
 Dissecting Ticket, ^ 8 00 
 
 Graduation Fee, 
 
 Hospital Ticket, 5 00 
 
 $25 
 
 LECTURE TERM. 
 
 The regular course of Lectures will commence on the first Monday of November, and continue six- 
 teen weeks. 
 
 A Preliminary Course will be giTen during the month of October, /ree of charge. 
 
 By an arrangement with the Directors of the City Infirmary, the Students of this College are admit- 
 ted to Clinical instructi'^n in the Commercial Hospital, and by the addition, to the College, of the 
 "Eye anp Ear Infirmary," ''Invalids' Retreat," and "Cincinnati Dispensary" very superior ad- 
 vantages are given, and Clinical Medicine and Surgery will be specially attended to throughout the 
 session, and every possible facility afl'orded the Student for personal observation and improvement. 
 
 Persons visiting the City for the purpose of receiving Medical and Surgical advice, will find that 
 the Invalid's Retreat possesses superior advantages, both in reference t« comfort and economy. The 
 accommodations are admirably adapted to the wants of the sick — the house is well ventilated, and lo- 
 cated in the most elevated and healthy part of the city. The best qualified nurses, only, are employ- 
 ed, who attend day and night upon the sick. The charges are such as to lessen the expenses incurred 
 under other circumstances, and a studied attention paid by all interested, for the comfort and benefit 
 of those who place themselves in the Institution for treatment. 
 
 Cincinnati affords facilities for teaching, and advantages for the prosecution of the study of Medi- 
 cine and Surgery, unrivalled in any Western or Southern city. 
 
 Boarding can be obtained at from two and a half to three and a half dollars per week. 
 For further information, address the President or Registrar. 
 
 A. H. BAKER, M. D. President, 
 JAS. S. HARRIS OTT, M. D., Registrar, Residence, 310 West Sixth St. 
 
 No. 209 Western Row, 
 
 28 
 
BOARDMAN, GRAY & CO. 
 
 DOLCE CAMPANA ATTACHMENT 
 
 .aLXiio.A.Kr'X', 3sr. rz". 
 
 J> 
 
 We continue the manufacture of our celebrated Piano-Fortes, constantly adding 
 new improvements. Our new patent 
 
 is acknowledged to be the greatest modern improvement to the Piano Forte. 
 
 ill Will? ' iilll> Pli^iP^l 
 
 have been awarded our Piano Fortes at the various State and Institute Fairs of our 
 country. 
 
 We furnish Pianos with or without our celehrated 
 
 Price Circulars, with descriptions, furnished on application to 
 Wm. g ■BoAT.mii^, ) BOARDMAN, GRAY & CO. 
 
 James A. Gray, > 
 
 Siberia Ott. 
 
 •llhauy, J\*€iv York. 
 
SOUTHERN AND WESTERN 
 
 ^(DIMAIL mi WW 
 
 EDITED BY 
 
 HON. J. C. G. KENNEDY, 
 
 LATE SUPERINTENDENT OF THE UNITED STATES CENSUS, ASSISTED BY 
 
 RICHARD EDWARDS. 
 
 EDITOR OF THE MARYLAND GAZETTEER, &C., &C. 
 A MAGAZINE FOR THE DESK OF 
 
 MERCHANTS, PLANTERS, AND THE HOMES OF BUSINESS MEN. 
 
 — * 9 9 • ¥ 
 
 Devoted to Trade, Commerce, Navigation, Banking, Mining, Manufacturing, Internal 
 Improvements, Canals, Railroads, Agriculture, Education, Events of the Day, Home and 
 Foreign; the Proceedings of Congress. Acts of Government, and the development of the 
 Internal Resources of the Country. It will be the constant aims and untiring efforts of the 
 EditoreV.o make the Journal of Progress a Repository of the latest Information INDISPEN- 
 SABLE to the Statesman, Political Economist, Jurist, Financier. Banker, Broker, ME- 
 CHANIC, Inventor, MANUFACTURER and PARMER. It will be found peculiarly 
 suited to the wants of the MERCHANT and BUSINESS Man; it contains a department 
 upon the value of Bank Notes and their genuineness, corrected monthly; state of the Mar- 
 kets in the several Large Cities, the progress and prospects of Crops, supply, demand ; 
 PRICES CURRENT ; A RAILROAD REPORTER, giving a comprehensive view of those 
 great highways of Commerce and Travel, with the distances and fare, arranged as diverg- 
 ing from the Principal Cities. Political only to the extent of maintaining the Union, de- 
 veloping the resources and defending the sovereignty of the States. Soon to commence a 
 series of Historical Sketches of the Commercial CITIES and Large Towns of the South- 
 ern and Western States, embracing a review of their History, progress, population, exhibit- 
 ing their ADVANTAGES, &c. On this point we shall be happy to receive communica- 
 tions from our Friends throughout the country, believing that the constant publication 
 ^f such facts will be of immense benefit to the places thus described. The first City in 
 these Series will be New Orleans, with a large and beautiful view, superbly engraved, at 
 very heavy expense, expressly for the Journal, St. Louis, Richmond, Mobile, Charleston, 
 
 i Savannah, Nashville, Louisville, and others will follow. Will also be commenced as soon 
 as possible, The Union Gallery of Portraits and Biographies of individuals who have by 
 industry, energy, integrity and business tact, achieved the position at the head of their re- 
 spective classes. Many have fought the great battle of life without aid or even sympathy, 
 and their History will enforce the great lesson to new beginners, that few things are im- 
 possible to the resolute will, under guidance of a direct and straight-forward principle ; 
 thus we hope to collect such information as may effect the interests of the Business com- 
 munity, and to present in a form available for reference, and convenient for preservation. 
 Subscription only $2 per annum if paid in advance. 
 
 j8@!*Agent8 wanted in every County of every State for this Journal, on which a liberal 
 commission is allowed, being the largest paid by any valuable Publication in the World. — 
 Thi>se applying for agencies must forward a recommendation from one or more Merchants 
 and the Post Master of the Town. No other application noticed. Specimen numbers sent 
 to any part of the country on application. Proprietors of Newspapers publishing this 
 Prospectus, and calling attention to it in their editorial columns will receive the Journal in 
 exchange. All communications to be forwarded to Journal of Progress, Richmond, Va. 
 ^Jamoa S. Nason, General Agent for Maryland, Delaware, and Pennsylvania, 73 Balti- 
 
 ll more Street, Baltimore. For sale by all Booksellers. O 
 
 \[ko^** . . 
 
T. WRIGHTSON & CO. 
 
 Book and Job Printers, 
 
 No. 167 Walnut Street, next to Melodeon, 
 
 We are prepared to execute all kinds of Printing, having every facility which the present advanced state 
 of the art affords, and we are determined to keep up with the times. We have 
 
 IDTIiN" 
 
 nr JE3 .A. i^ 
 
 .^tL 1t*i S( 29 -ftl^ &( « 
 
 Of the latest and best manufacture, with all the modern improvements, from the factories of Hoe and Adams, 
 and our selections of type are sufficient to suit every taste. 
 
 SOMS STEREOTYPED, PRINTED AND PUBLISHED 
 
 On as short notice, and as favorable terms, as by any other house in the West. 
 
 CARHART'S PATENT MEL0DE3NS, 
 DOUBLE BANK ORGAN MELODEONS, 
 
 WITH CHILD & BISHOP'S LATE VALUABLE IMPROVEMENTS. 
 
 5 and 6 Octave, Piano Style. 
 
 CHILD & BISHOP, MANUFACTURERS, 
 
 CLEVELAND, OHIO. 
 
 Office and Furnishing Booms on the second and third floors of HUBLBUT'S BBICK 
 BLOCK, Nos. 64, 66, and 68 Ontario Street. 
 
 Child ^ Bishop are sole proprietors of the above named patent for the State of 
 
 Having been four and a half years in perfecting these instruments, introducing various improvements, and 
 securing an ample stock of the choicest materials and thoroughly seasoned lumber, all requiring time and 
 experience as well as capital, we are now, better than ever before, prepared to offer to the trade and public 
 generally, (and fully warrant the same,) better MELODEONS, than ever before made, either by ourselves 
 or any other house. 
 
THE TERRITORY OF MIINESOTA. 
 
 MrN>-ESOTA occupies " all that part of the territory of the United States which lies within the following limits, to wit : 
 beginning in the Mississippi lliver, at the point where the line of 43° 30' of north latitude crosses the same ; thenco 
 running due west on said line, whicli is the northern boundary of the State of Iowa, to tlie north-west corner of the said 
 State of Iowa ; thence southerly along the western l)oundary of the said Slate to the point where the said boundary strikes 
 tlie Missouri Eiver; thence up the middle of the main channel of the Missouri River to tlie mouth of the White-earth 
 Eiver; thence up the middle of the main channel of the White-earth Tdver to the boundary line between the possessions 
 of the United States and Great Britain ; thence east and south of east along the boundary line between tlie possessions of 
 the United States and Great Britain to Lake Superior; thence in a straight line to the northernmost point of the State of 
 Wisconsin in Lake Superior ; thence along the western boundary line of said State of Wisconsin to the Mississippi Eiver ; 
 thence down the main channel of said river to the plac^e of beginning." — Act of Congress, Sd March, 1S49. Within this 
 territory the area may be computed at l-iO,000 or 150,000 square miles ; according to the census report it is only 83,000 
 square miles, which is evidently an error. 
 
 This immense region is bountifully watered by the Mississippi, of which it contains the true sources, the Minnesota, the 
 Missouri Eiver, and the Eed Eiver of the north, and their numerous tributary streams, which traverse it in every part. 
 There are also innumerable bodies of fresh water, which abound in fish of various kinds, the white fish especially being 
 found in great numbers in the more northern or large lakes. The general character of Minnesota is that of a high rolling 
 prau-ie, but the streams and lakes are bordered with heavy bodies of timber, which contain every species of wood known 
 along the Mississippi below, except beech and sycamore. At a point about S miles above the Falls of St. Anthony, west 
 of the Mississippi, commences a large and remarkable forest, which extends to the south nearly at a right angle across the 
 Minnesota, or St. Peter's Eiver, to the branches of the Makato, or Blue-earth Eiver. This vast body of woodland is more 
 than 120 miles in length and from 15 to 40 in breadth. Many beautiful lakes of limpid water are found within its limits. 
 In this fine country are to be found all the requisites to sustain a dense population. The soil is of great fertility and un- 
 usual depth, covered as it is with the mold of a thousand years. The soil of Minnesota, indeed, ia admirably adapted to 
 the cultivation of all the cereal grains. Wheat, oats, and barley are safo crops, even as far north as the Eed Eiver settle- 
 ment on the British line. The country is destined to become a great agricultural region, and its prairies are well calcu- 
 lated for the raising of stock. There is also such an extent of water-power throughout its broad surface that no reason 
 can be perceived why manufactures would not flourish also. The reports of those scientific men who have explored the 
 country justify the belief that the territory is rich in copper ores, and also in galena or lead ores. Whether coal e.xists is a 
 problem yet to be solved. If it should be found in any considerable quantities, the discovery will be of more real ad- 
 vantage than the richest mines of silver and gold. 
 
 On the upper portion of the Mississippi and St. Croix valleys lies the great region of pine which has been and will con- 
 tinue to be a great source of wealth to the Territory and State for centuries to come. The manufacture of pine lumber 
 already occupies a large part of the industrial labor of the people. Much of this is needed for home consumption, caused 
 by the rapid increase of population, but the larger portion is sent to St. Louis, where it meets with a ready sale. The 
 climate of Minnesota is not subject to sudden variations, especially in winter. Although in some years the snow faUs to a 
 great depth, yet, as a general rule, it is for less than is experienced in New England or the northern part of the State of 
 New York. The comparative absence of moisture in the country is attributable, dv)ubtless, to the fact that no very large 
 bodies of water are to be found, although, as before stated, small lakes abound. During the coldest weather in winter the 
 air is perfectly still ; consequently the weather is much more tolerable, and even pleasant, than could be supposed by those 
 who reside in the same latitude on the Atlantic coast. The navigation of the Mississippi, however, is not to be, relied on 
 after the first week in December, and steamboats arrive in the spring about the middle of April, so that the river may be 
 considered as closed about five months in the year. 
 
 Minnesota, in 1850, according to the census of that year, was divided into nine counties, the general statistics of which 
 and the capitals of each were as follows : 
 
 Dwell. 
 
 Counties. 
 
 Benton 71 
 
 Dakotah 78 
 
 Itasca 23 
 
 Mankatah 16 
 
 Pembina 188 
 
 Pop. 
 
 418 , 
 
 . 584 
 
 97 , 
 
 , 158 
 
 1,134 , 
 
 , 20 
 
 36 , 
 , 4 
 17 . 
 
 Capitals. 
 
 Sauk Eapids 
 . Fort SneUing 
 
 Pembina 
 
 Counties. Dwell. 
 
 Eamsey 384 . 
 
 Wabashaw 55 . 
 
 Wahnahta 26 . 
 
 Washington 161 . 
 
 Pop. 
 
 2,227 
 
 243 
 
 , 160 
 
 1,056 
 
 Farms Manuf. 
 in cult. Estab. 
 
 .. 19 ... - .. 
 ... 8 ...... 
 
 , . 5 ...... 
 
 ..4S ...4 .. 
 
 Capitals. 
 
 St. Pattl 
 
 Stillwater 
 
 The whole number of dwellings in the Terrritory was, at the above date, 1,002, of families 1,016, and of inhabitants 
 6,077, viz. : whites 6,038— males 3,695, and females 2,343 ; and of free colored persons 39— males 21, and females 18. Of the 
 whole population, there were deaf and dumb — wh. 0, fr. col. 0— total ; Mind — wh. 0, fr. col. — total ; insane — wh. 0, 
 fr. col. — total 0; and idiotic — wh. 1, fr. col. — total 1. The number of free persons born in the United States was 
 4,007 ; the number of foreign birth, 2,043 ; and the number of birth unknown, 22. The native population originated as 
 follows : Maine 365, N. Hamp. 47, Verm. 100, Mass. 92, E. I. 3, Conn. 48, N. York 4S8, N. Jer. 115, Penn. 227, Del. 8, Md. 
 81, Dist. of Col. 3, Virg. 59, N. Car. 6, S. Car. 4, Ga. 4, Flor. 0, Ala. 6, Miss. 0, La. 4, Tex. 0, Ark. 11, Tenn. 21, Ky. 71, 
 Ohio 291, Mich. 41, Ind. 35, 111. 163, Mo. 90, la. 81, Wise. 301, Calif. 1, and territories 7 ; and the foreign population was 
 composed of persons from— England 84, Ireland 271, Scotland 39, Wales 2, Germany 141, France 29, Holland 16, Spain 
 
 159 
 
THE TERRITORY OF MINNESOTA. 
 
 1, Portugal 0, Belgium 1, Turkey 0, Italy 1, Austria 1, Switzerland 32, Bassia 2, Norway 7, Denmark 1, Sweden 4, Prussia 
 5, Sardinia 0, Greece 0, China 0, Asia 0, Africa 0, British America 1,417, Mexico 0, South America 0, Central America 0, 
 West Indies 0, Sandwich Islands 0, other countries 4. 
 
 The statistics of the wealth, industry, institutions, etc., of the Territory, according to the seventh census of the United 
 States taken in 1S50, and other oflScial returns referring to the same period of time, are as follows : 
 
 Occupied Lands, etc. — Improved farm lands 5,035 acres, and unimproved lands 2.3,846 acres, valued in cash at $161,948 ; 
 number of farms under cultivation, 157 ; value of farming implements and machinery, $15,9S1. 
 
 Livestock. — Horses S60, asses and mules 14, milch cows 607, working oxen 655 ; other cattle 740, sheep SO, and swino 
 7»4— valued in the aggregate at $92,859. 
 
 Animal Products. — Wool 85 pounds, butter 1,100 pounds, cheese pounds ; and the value of animals slaughtered 
 during the year had been $2,840. 
 
 Grain and Food Crops. — Wheat 1,401 bushels, rye 125 bushels, Indian corn 16,725 bushels, oats 38,582 bushels, barley 
 1,216 bushels, and buckwheat 515 bushels. Peas and beans were produced to the amount of 10,002 bushels, and potatoes 
 — Irish 21,145 bushels, and sweet 200 bushels. 
 
 Jfiscella-neous Crops.— Uny 2,019 tons, maple sugar 2,950 pounds ; value of the produce of market gardens $150. 
 
 3fanv/actures, of course, can not be looked for in so young a community as that of Minnesota. According to tlie census 
 there were in the Territory only ^ve industrial establishments producing to the value of $500 and upward annually. 
 The commerce of the country is wholly carried on by means of steamboats navigating its rivers, and there is some over- 
 land intercourse maintained between the Pembina settlement on the Eed Kiver and the south-eastern towns, but to no 
 great amount Regular steamers ply between St. Louis and St Paul via Fevre Kiver, etc. 
 
 Oovermn^nt. — The government is based on the act of Congress constituting the Territory, passed 30th March, 1849. 
 This act gives the right of suffrage to every free white male iifliabitant 21 years old, and who has taken an oath to 
 support the Constitution of the United States and the act forming the Constitution of the Territory. AU electors are 
 eligible to be elected. 
 
 The Legislature consists of a Council and ITouse of Eepresentatives. The Council has 9 members elected in districts 
 by a plurality of votes, for two years, and the House 18 members elected for one year. The legislature may increase the 
 number of councilors to 15, and the number of representatives to 39. Members of either body must reside in their district, 
 and every district shall be represented according to its population after deducting Indians. No session of the Legislative 
 Assembly shaU exceed sixty days. No law shall be passed interfering with the primary disposal of the soil ; no tax shall 
 be imposed on the property of the United States ; nor shall the property of non-residents be taxed higher than that of 
 residents. All laws shall be submitted to Congress, and if disapproved shall be null. 
 
 The Gov6)-nor is appointed by the President and Senate for four years, and until his successor be appointed and 
 qualified, unless sooner removed by the President. He is ex-officio superintendent of Indian affairs, and commander-in- 
 chief of the militia. He may grant pardons for offenses against territorial laws, and reprieve, until the decision of the 
 President be known, for offenses against the laws of the United States. His veto may be defeated by a subsequent two- 
 third vote of the Legislative Assembly. The Secretary of the Territory, whose mode of appointment and tenure of 
 office, is the same as the Governor's, would assume his functions in case of his absence, or the vacation of his office. 
 
 The judiciary consists of a Supreme Court, District Courts, etc. The Supreme Court consists of a Chief Justice and 
 two associates, appointed by the President and the Senate for four years, any two of whom constitute a quorum, and hold 
 an annual term at the seat of government. The Territory is divided into three districts, in each of which one of the three 
 justices reside, and hold a District Court, having the jurisdiction of the United States District and Circuit Courts in all 
 cases arising under the laws or constitution of the United States, for jury trials, subject to appeal to the Supreme Court, in 
 •which issues at law only are heard. From the Supreme Court writs of error and appeals lie to the Supreme Court of the 
 United States (as from a Circuit Court), where the matter in dispute exceeds in value $1,000. Both the District and 
 Supreme Courts possess chancery powers. Justices of the peace have no jurisdiction where the title or boundaries of 
 land arc in dispute, or where the sum claimed exceeds $100. An attorney and marshal of the Territory are appointed by 
 the President and Senate for four years. Inhabitants of the Territory are secured all the rights heretofore granted to tho 
 inhabitants of Wisconsin, and the laws of Wisconsin, at the date of its admission as a State, so far as compatible with the 
 present organization, until repealed or modified. A delegate to the House of Eepresentatives in Congress is chosen by a 
 plurality of votes for two years. 
 
 The financial condition of the Territory is exhibited in the official reports to the 1st January, 1852 : Territorial taxes 
 for 1850, collected $561 41, and delinquent $271 08, or a total of $832 49 ; territorial taxes for 1851, due, etc., $1,282 Si- 
 making a total revenue for 1850 and '51 amounting to $2,114 80. Warrants drawn on the Treasury, in 1850, $1,181 50, 
 and in 1851 $350— total for the two years $2,031 50. Excess of revenue, including unpaid tax, $83 30. 
 
 The militia force of Minnesota, in 1850, consisted of 2,003 men of all arms, of which 7 were commissioned officers, and 
 1,996 non-commissioned officers, musicians, artificers, and privates. Of the commissioned officers 2 were general officers, 
 and 5 general staff officers. 
 
 Education. — Schools are established in the more thickly populated sections, and are supported chiefly by local tax. 
 The United States Government appropriates also $12,000 to the purposes of education. Two sections of the land from 
 every township are reserved for the support of schools — in the older settled States only one section in each town was thus 
 set apart Congress also appropriated $20,000 for a public library. 
 
 Meligious Denominations. — The census of 1850 does not record any thing respecting the denominations in this 
 Territory. The following are from the annual reports of the several churches: The Eoman Catholics, in 1853, had 7 
 churches, and 10 clergymen, chiefly employed on missions. The Territory was erected into the Koman Catholic diocese 
 of St Paul, on the 28th June, 1850. The Episcopalians have a church at St Paul, and several others in different parts, 
 and are under a missionary bishop. The Methodists and Baptists have also congregations, and perhaps number larger 
 than any of the other sects, but it seems that the newness of the settlements, or distance from the central establishments, 
 has prevented the usual reports being sent in. So little, indeed, is known of the religious condition of the people of 
 Minnesota, that it were perhaps better to advance no opinion on the subject until reliable information can be obtained. 
 
 Nor is there any definite information respecting the public press. The census is silent on this point, but there are at St 
 Paul at least two newspapers, and others may or may not be published elsewhere. Nor have any records of crime and 
 pauperism as yet been published. 
 Historical SlcetcJi. — Previous to Minnesota being erected into a Territory by the Act of Congress of 3d March, 1849, that 
 160 
 
CYRUS EDSON & CO. 
 
 AND MANUFACTURERS OP 
 
 ALCOHOL AND BURNING FLUID, 
 
 DISTILLEEY, > 
 South Broadway, > 
 
 !) 
 
 5 STORE, 
 ( 11 Hudson St. 
 
 ARCHIBALD McCLUEE. 
 
 WILLIAM A. EICE. 
 
 A. McCLUHE & CO. 
 
 WHOLESALE DEUmSTS 
 
 74 and 76 State Street, and 15 and 17 Norton Street, 
 
 Also, dealers in Paints, Oils, Varnishes, French and American 
 Window Glass, Dye Stuffs, Camphene, Burning Fluid, &c. 
 
 W. BROWN. 
 
 P. STREETER. 
 7 
 
 WILLIAM BROWN 
 
 No. 13 Church Street, Albany, New York, 
 
 iimifiE Am ummmm, 
 
 AND MANUFACTURERS OF 
 
 ^ Letters, Figures, Crests, Ornaments, &c.; also, Fine Plated and Galvanized Car- 
 riage and Harness Trimmings, Electrotype Plates for carriages, safes, pianos, cars, &c. 
 
 Schnectady Locomotive Works, 
 
 SOE[ISrECTA.i:)Y, ]sr. Y. 
 
 These Works having been enlarged and im- 
 proved, and having received extensive addi- 
 tions to their Tools and Machinery, are pre- 
 pared to receive and execute orders for 
 
 And Railroad Machinery 
 
 generally, with the utmost promptness and 
 despatch, and in the best style. 
 
 The above Works being located on the New 
 York Central Railroad, near the centre o( the 
 State, possess superior facilities for forwarding their work to any part of the countrj without delay. 
 
 JOHN ELLIS, Agent. 
 WALTER McQueen, Superintendent. 
 
 No. 87 
 
'F^.^'FLIS^ cfc 
 
 
 
 JVo. 378 River, corner of Federal Street, 
 
 TROY, NEW-YORK. 
 
 Inventors and Proprietors of the best 
 
 @¥LI]^iEi ill ICI^ITTEi 
 
 In the World. Adapted to 1-1 or 2-1 ribs. Oan be safely run at a higher rate of speed than any oth- 
 er HID KNITTING JIACIIINE ever invented. Models for the Patent Office or Exhibition, and Ex- 
 perimental and Delicate Machinery, &c., made to order. 
 
 mS^A good assortment of the best Drawing Instruments always on hand. 
 
 PJ 
 
 c::? 
 
 o 
 
 
 o 
 
 •M 
 
 u 
 
 o 
 
 o 
 
 
 
 fl 
 
 
 P3 
 
 o 
 
 P^ 
 
 EH 
 
 rd 
 
 ^ 
 
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 I— 1 
 
 ^ 
 
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 p; 
 
 
 
 ^3 
 
 S 
 
 The subscriber builds Steam Engines and Boilers of various patterns and sizes, from Three Horse Power up- 
 
 chinery made to order at short notice. 
 
 N. WRIGHT, 
 
 J. WOODWARD, JR., 
 
 W. W. niLL. 
 
 1 WRIGHT & CO, 
 
 IMPOETERS, MANUFACTURERS, 
 AND DEALERS IN 
 
 mhm 
 
 324 Broiidivay, cor. of Hamilton St., 
 ALBANY, N- Y. 
 
THE TERRITORY OF MINNESOTA. 
 
 portion of it east ol" the Mississippi Eiver formed a part of Wisconsin Territory, and that west of that river a part of Iowa 
 Territory. Tlie Territory derives its name from minni-iotuh, the Indian name for St. Peter's Eiver Jiiinni in their lan- 
 guage meaning "water," and sotah "muddy or slightly turbid." The country originally belonged to the French by 
 priority of discovery. At an early period their traders, missionaries, and soldiers had penetrated into the western wilder- 
 ness. The United States had little authority in this region until ISI'2. In 1S16 a law of Congress excluded foreigners 
 from the Indian trade, and for the encouragement of our own citizens the military post at Fort Snelling was established in 
 1S19. Among the explorers of this country the names of Carver, Pike, Cass, Long, Beltrami, Schoolcraft, Nicollet, Owen 
 etc., will ever be intimately connected with its history. The honor of verifying the sources of the Mississippi belono's to 
 Schoolcraft. The Territorial Government was organized by Governor Ilamsey. The first legislature, which adjourned 
 after a session of 00 days on the 1st November, 1S49, was chiefly employed in consolidating the government and dividing 
 the Territory into suitable civil districts, and appointing civil officers to inforco the laws. Among its most important acta 
 were tliose establishing the judiciary, a school system, and relative to the improvements of the roads. All these will have 
 a paramount influence over the future destiny of the country. Perhaps one of the most humane and politic acts of the 
 legislature was the admission to citizenship of " all persons of a mixture of white and Indian blood who shall have 
 adopted the habits and customs of civilized men;" and not less politic is that law which requires the establishment of 
 scliools throughout the Territory. The act of the General Government, erecting the Territory, appropriates two sections 
 in every township for the support of common schools. No other State had previously received more than one section in 
 each township for such purpose. In June, 1S49, the citizen population numbered 4,7S0 ; in June, 1850, it had increased 
 to 6,077 — a fact which speaks well for the future progress of this rising Territory. 
 
 " Congress may liereafler divide said Territory, or annex any portiou of it to another State or Territory." — Act of 
 Congress, Zd March, 1S49. 
 
 St. Paul, on the left bank of the Mississippi Eiver, is the political capital of the Territory. 
 
 K 161 
 
THE STATE OE MISSISSIPPI. 
 
 Mississippi is bounded on the north by Tennessee, on the east by Alabama, on the south by the Gulf of Mexico and 
 Louisiana, and on the west by Pearl and Mississippi rivers, which separate it from Louisiana and Arkansas. Like 
 Alabama, it h:is a narrow strip of Kind about 90 miles long and 50 miles wide, south of the main body of the State to the 
 Gulf of Mexica Independently of this tract, it lies between 31° and 35° latitudes north, and extends from 88° 12' to 
 91° 36' longitudes west from Greenwich, or 11° 10' and 14° 34' from Washington. In the north, the width is about 116 
 miles, but it ex])ands pretty regularly to 1&9 miles in the south, and its length, exclusive of the strip above mentioned, ia 
 about 276 miles, comprising an area of 47,156 square miles. 
 
 The surface of Mississippi has a general slope to the south-west and to the south, as appears from the course of the 
 rivers ; but a small section sends off its waters to the south-east. There are no mountains within the limits of the State, 
 yet numerous ranges of hills of moderate elevation give to the greater part of the surface an undulating and diversified 
 character; some of these eminences terminate abruptly upon a level plain, or upon the banks of a river, and bear the 
 names of bluffs or river hills. The western border on the Mississippi is an extensive region of swamps ; and between the 
 Mississippi and Yazoo there is a tract of 170 miles in length by 50 in width, with an area of nearly 7,000 square miles 
 annually overflowed. " The broad and extensive low grounds or flats, between Memphis and Vioksburg, are subject to 
 frequent inundations to the depth of many feet, and a width of from 10 to 20, and even occasionally 30 miles. Much of 
 the surface is occupied by swamps, morasses, lagoons, slashes, etc., through which the Yazoo Kiver has its course; tho 
 whole of which, from the junction of the Cold Water and Tallahatchee rivers, lies between this valley region. From the 
 circumstances already detailed, this extensive tract has been denominated by some the Mississippi, and by others tho 
 Yazoo Swamp. During the prevalence of high floods, it assumes the character of a marine forest rather than that of a 
 woodland bottom." The south-eastern counties are generally low, but have an undulating surface ; and the southern part 
 of the State, generally for about 100 miles from the Gulf of Mexico, is mostly a sandy level country, covered with a pine 
 forest, interspersed with cypress swamps, prairies, water-marshes, and a few hills of slight elevation. 
 
 Every portion of the State is well watered ; clear and running streams penetrate it in every direction, and its rivers are 
 numerous and wide-spreading. The Tennessee River laves the north-eastern corner, and the Tombigbee, which rises in this 
 section, has been navigated by steamboats to Aberdeen, in Monroe County. The Mississippi washes the whole western border 
 for a distance, by the circuitous course of its channel, of 530 miles, but in a straight line of not half that distance. From 
 Memphis, just above the northern frontier of Mississippi, to Vicksburg, a distanceof 450 miles, the uplands or river hills are 
 separated from the river by immdated bottoms of greater or less width, and afford no site suitable for a port; below 
 Vicksburg, the only eligible port is Natchez, 100 miles south, and below this point there is no bank of much magnitude 
 above the reach of high water till we come to Baton Rouge, in Louisiana. The Mississippi, however, receives several 
 considerable streams from the most valuable part of the State. The Yazoo is formed by the junction of the Yallabusha 
 and Tallahatchee, which rise in the northern part of the State, near the head waters of the Tombigbee, and flows into 
 the Mississippi 12 miles above Vicksburg, after a course of 200 miles, 50 miles of which are navigable for large boats. 
 Big Black liiver is next in point of size, and enters the Mississippi immediately above Grand Gulf by a mouth 40 yards 
 wide. Its length is 200 miles, and it is navigated by steamboats for 50 miles. The Bayou Pierre and the llomochitto are 
 tho other principal tributaries of the Mississippi from this State ; the latter enters the Mississippi 43 miles below Natchez. 
 The other rivers have a southerly course to the Gulf of Mexico and the lagoons connected with it. The Amitife has but 
 a small part of its course in Mississippi. The Pearl River rises near the centre of the State, and flows through a fertile 
 and populous region into the Rigolets, or outlet of Lake Pontchartrain. Below 31° north latitude it divides the State from 
 Louisiana, and has been navigated by steamboats to .Jackson. The Pascagoula waters the south-eastern section. It is 
 formed by the confluence of the Chickasawha and Leaf rivers, and empties into the sound of the s.ame name. It is 
 navigable for 50 miles for vessels of C feet draft of water, and for boats 100 miles farther, but the bay at its mouth has only 
 4 feet of water. 
 
 The coast, which extends along the Gulf of Mexico for about 60 miles, has no harbors except those of Mississippi City 
 and Shieldsboro', which, however, do not admit large vessels. A chain of low sand islands, six or seven miles from the 
 shore, inclose several bays or sounds, the largest of which are Pascagoula Sound and Lake Borgne. Ship and Cat islands 
 are eligible stations for ocean steamers. The ports on the Mississippi are Vicksburg, Grand Gulf, and Natchez. 
 
 The upper portion of the State is generally known as North Mississippi, though the region thus designated includes a 
 portion oidy of the north. This section of the State (the Chickasaw cession) came into market and cultivation some 
 fifteen years ago. The surface of the ground is rather rolling, but generally is very clean ; has an open champaign 
 appearance, and is beautifully wooded with oak, hickory, etc., devoid of undergrowth. The uplands produce very 
 abundantly, but the substratum of the country being sandy, they are soon ruined by the heavy rains. The valley lands, 
 as they are termed, are much more durable, the soil being heavier and darker, and are highly productive; but they are 
 liable to be and frequently are submerged, acres at a time, under billows of sand washed from the uplands during heavy 
 fVeshets. Cotton has hitherto been the staple product. The chief outlet of this region is by wagons to Memphis. Another 
 section of North Mississippi is called the " Prairie," or " Tombigbee" country, covering the north-east part of the State, 
 and sweeping far down on the Alabama line. This country is uniformly level, with scarcely a trfee, covered by rank 
 grass, dotted sometimes with pools and marshes, and intersected by dull, sluggish branches. The soil is a dark, heavy 
 loam, coal-black, and of surprising strength and fertility. The mold is different from that of Lower Louisiana in this, 
 that it is more of an original and less of a depository character; and also in being thick and highly adhesive, instead of 
 162 
 
«l 
 
D. P. HOUSTON. 
 
 JAS. FERRIER. 
 
 D. P. HOUSTON & 00. 
 
 WHOLESALE AND RETAIL DEALERS IN 
 
 AND 
 
 GOLD PEN 
 
 Srarinj nf all IPsrriptinDs, 
 
 AND 
 
 OF THE FINEST FINISH, 
 
 In order to enable us to keep the Latest Styles of Jewelry 
 constantly before our customers, we have decided on selling at 
 small profits, for Cash. 
 
 29 
 
9 
 
 a 
 
 WANTED 5,000 AGENTS. 
 
 Great Inducements to Local or Traveling Agents in every State 
 or County in the Inion. 
 
 JUST ISSUED FKOM THE PRESS, 
 
 FAMILY PilCTliE iF m 
 
 illSf IE FHISEIIE 
 
 Containing 824 pages; giving the description, causes, symptoms 
 and treatment of 177 diseases, with a phiin description of the prop- 
 erties and use of 400 Medicinal trees, slirubs, plants and vines, 
 with 102 engravings. 
 
 The book will be sold to agents in every county in the United States. Good business men will 
 make from $5 to $10 per day. The terms, when delivered by mail, postage pre-paid to any part of 
 the United States, $5 per copy. 
 
 Postmasters or any other persons acting as local agents, sending money at different times, will re- 
 ceive for each third five dollars, a copy gratis; or if $11 is sent to one address, they will reciove three 
 copies as above b y return mail. Send $5 for a copy as a sample to receive subscribers by, and then 
 order the number wanted by express at wholesale prices for cash, $30 a dozen, in dozen boxes for 
 shipment. A reduction on the above price to agents will be made according to number of copies 
 bought at one time. Books will only be sent to cash orders. 
 
 Daily's Family Practice. — We have examined Dr. Daily's Work, and can recommend it as a most 
 valuable Family Physician. It has no theoretical or speculative notions, but is eminently a practical 
 work. It is written in a familiar and pleasing style, better suited for family use than any Botanic 
 work we have seen. — [Jour of Medical Reform, N. Y. 
 
 Daily's Family Practice. — Wo have spent some time in carefully gleaning through its pages, and 
 are very happy to be able to say that the volume is better adapted for the object contemplated than 
 any work with which wo are acquainted written expressly for domestic use. The author has adopted 
 a style which is plain and within the comprehension of all classes, avoiding theory and speculation, 
 which, to the non-professional, are without interest or profit. lie has endeavored to make everything 
 in relation to disease, medicines and treatment, familiar — simple — practical. — [From the Medical Re- 
 former, Millville, Pa., and Milford, Del. 
 
 One of the great secrets of the success of this publication is, that the author has simplified rather 
 than mystified. His style is plain and concise, yet familiar and pleasing ; not theoretical and specu- 
 lative, but practical and easily comprehended by all classes. Every family should have a copy of 
 Dr. Daily's Family Practice. — [White's Louisville Reporter. 
 
 Daily's Family Practice. — I have taken some pains in the examination of this book. Its author 
 devoted some time to the study of the medicinal virtues of vegetable medicines amongst the Indians 
 in the far-off West, where he had .an opportunity of witnessing the superior efiicacy of vegetable over 
 mineral medicines. It is a valuable family book, containing quite a number of fine engravings found 
 in no other book. 
 
 The author has avoided the use, in his description of plants, diseases, &c., of all Latin and Greek 
 terms ; and, in the simple, but comprehensive English Language, makes everything plain to the un- 
 derstanding of every man. 
 
 To families in the country, where it is difiicult to obtain a physician, this book would be a valuable 
 guide. To physicians, in the treatment of diseases with nature's simplest remedies, wo would recom- 
 mend this book as the latest and best edition now out. — [Louisville Journal. 
 
 Centreville, Ind., November 6th, 1855. 
 
 Dr. Wm. Daily, — Dear Sir: — I obtained a copy of Daily's Family Physician, 224 pages, written in 
 1848, which induced mo to send $5 for your large work, for which I expect to receive subscriptions, 
 for the people here think the book a high price. I tell them that medical works with such a largo 
 number of engravings are costly. For my part, I would not take one hundred dollars for the copy I 
 have, provided I could not get another copy. My friend, Dr. Mitchel, likes your book charmingly. 
 RespectfuUy Yours, DR. G. II. DAWSON. 
 
THE STATU OF MISSISSIPPI. 
 
 light and ashy, as the former. It is also corrosive and deeply impregnated with lime— strong and apparently inex- 
 haustible. The crop is and ever will be cotton, of which the yield is abundant. Corn also yields profusely. This region 
 though lying by the Chickasaw counties, finds its market at Mobile by means of the Tombigbee Biver principally. The 
 border counties, down the Alabama line, change from the prairie and partake more of the character of the Chickasaw 
 lands. It is a beautiful and healthy range of counties, finely watered, and produces cotton and the lighter grains. A 
 large portion of the State is known as East Mississippi, which really includes the south-east and part of the southern 
 sections. Though one of the oldest, it is one of the thinnest settled parts of the State. The character of the land is mixed 
 — some poor and some very rich ; broken hills and fertile valleys. Colton is produced, but to no great extent ; corn and 
 small grain abundantly, and sometimes rice ; it is also famous for its cattle. Indeed, the region possesses many of tha 
 pleasant characteristics of a pastoral country. The natural market of this section is Mobile, although a small portion of 
 its trade is done at Jackson, and some of it seeks New Orleans by way of Pearl Kiver. The portion of the State border- 
 ing on the sea-shore, with its bathing, fish, oysters, and pleasant summer retreats, is well known to the dust-covered 
 denizens of New Orleans, and is becoming to the South what Newport and Cape May are to the North. Back from the 
 sea-coast is generally a sandy, broken tract, covered by quantities of fine pine, which is now being worked off the land 
 for timber and naval stores. The south-west and country above it is the oldest settled portion of the Slate ; the soil is 
 rich, and the population wealthy. Commencing some 50 miles below the mouth of the Yazoo Elver, inclining t« the 
 interior for about 100 miles in a line gently circling northward up through the centre, then diverging to the north-west to 
 a point below Memphis, is to be found as noble a sweep of country as any in the world. It is washed by the Mississippi 
 from Memphis to Vicksburg, and is intersected by the Yazoo, its head waters and tributaries, throughout its greatest 
 extent. The facilities for market are unequaled. The Yazoo Kiver running through nearly its whole extent, is an 
 excellent stream, affording steam navigation as high as the south-west corner of Marshall County. The soil is of a most 
 productive character, being, as it is called, sicctmp land. It possesses all the strength of the prairie lands without their 
 adhesive and corrosive nature. This region has but recently come into cullivation, it having hitherto been considered 
 damp and unhealthy; but this idea experience has much modified. One drawback on these lands, however, is their 
 liability to overflow from freshets in the Mississippi Kiver. The section last spoken of embraces the counties of Yazoo, 
 Sunflower, 'Washington, Bolivar, Coahoma, Tunica, Tallahatchie, and a portion of De Soto, Panola, Yallabusha, Carroll, 
 and Holmes, and is generally known as the region of the " Kiver Counties." [Several valuable articles on the topography 
 etc, of Mississippi will be found in " De Bow's Industrial Resources," etc., volume II.] 
 Mississippi is divided into 59 counties, the general statistics of which in 1S50 were as follows : 
 
 NOKTHEKN MISSISSIPPI — 23 countlcs. 
 
 Counties. 
 
 Dwell. 
 
 Pop. 
 
 Farms 
 in cult. 
 
 Manuf. 
 Estab. 
 
 Capitals, 
 
 Counties. 
 
 Dwell. 
 
 Pop. 
 
 Farina 
 in cult. 
 
 S? Capitals. 
 
 Attala 
 
 ..1,431. 
 
 .10,999. 
 
 .1,3-36. 
 
 .44.. 
 
 .Kosciusko 
 
 Noxubee .. . . 
 
 .. 957. 
 
 ..16,299. 
 
 .. 676. 
 
 ...31. 
 
 . . . Macon 
 
 
 .. 95. 
 
 . 2,577. 
 .18,491. 
 
 . 57. 
 . 986. 
 
 . 0.. 
 .45... 
 
 .Bolivar 
 . Carrollton 
 
 Oktibbeha. . 
 Panola 
 
 .. 744. 
 .. 891. 
 
 .. 9,171. 
 ..11,444. 
 
 .. 560. 
 . 618. 
 
 ...13. 
 ... 0. 
 
 ...Starkville 
 
 Carroll 
 
 ..1,441. 
 
 . . Panola 
 
 Chickasaw. 
 
 ..1,64T. 
 
 .16,868. 
 
 .1,167. 
 
 .29... 
 
 . Houston 
 
 Pontotoc — 
 
 .2,001. 
 
 ..17,112. 
 
 .1,248. 
 
 ...32. 
 
 ..Pontotoc 
 
 Choctaw . . . 
 
 ..1,405. 
 
 .19,042. 
 
 .1,132. 
 
 .17... 
 
 . Greensboro' 
 
 Sunflower . . 
 
 . T5. 
 
 . 1,102. 
 
 . 43. 
 
 ... 0. 
 
 ..M'Nutt 
 
 Coahoma . . 
 
 .. 260.. 
 
 . 2,780. 
 
 . 161. 
 
 . 0... 
 
 .Delta 
 
 Tallahatchie 
 
 . 868. 
 
 .. 4643. 
 
 . 282. 
 
 ... 0. 
 
 . . Charleston 
 
 DeSoto.... 
 
 .1,644.. 
 
 .19,042.. 
 
 .1,257. . 
 
 .38... 
 
 .Hernando 
 
 Tippah 
 
 .2,655. 
 
 .20,741. 
 
 .1,890. 
 
 ..26. 
 
 . . Kipley 
 
 Itawamba. . 
 
 .1,855.. 
 
 .13,528.. 
 
 .1,499. 
 
 .16... 
 
 .Fulton 
 
 Tishemingo 
 
 .2,201. 
 
 .15,490. 
 
 .1,247. 
 
 ...16. 
 
 ..Jacinto 
 
 Lafayette . . 
 
 .1.3S2.. 
 
 .14,069. 
 
 .1,044. 
 
 .49... 
 
 .Oxford 
 
 Tunica 
 
 . 73. 
 
 . 1.314. 
 
 . 41. 
 
 .. 0. 
 
 ..Austin 
 
 Lowndes. . . 
 
 .1,168.. 
 
 .19,544.. 
 
 . 725. 
 
 .63... 
 
 .Columbus 
 
 Winston 
 
 . 806. 
 
 . 7,956. 
 
 . 551. 
 
 ..13.. 
 
 ..Louisville 
 
 Marshall . . . 
 
 ..2,306.. 
 
 .29,659.. 
 
 .1,611. 
 
 .54... 
 
 .Holly Springs 
 
 Yallabusha. 
 
 .1,491. 
 
 .17,258. 
 
 . 872. 
 
 ..32. 
 
 ..Coffeeville 
 
 Monroe .... 
 
 .1,576.. 
 
 .21,172.. 
 
 . 848.. 
 
 .13... 
 
 .Athens 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 BoiTTnEBN mssiss 
 
 ippi— 36 counties. 
 
 
 
 
 
 Counties. 
 
 Dwell 
 
 Pop, 
 
 Farms 
 in cult 
 
 Manuf. 
 Estab. 
 
 Capitals. 
 
 Counties. 
 
 Dwell. 
 
 Pop. 
 
 Farms 
 in cult. 
 
 Mannf. 
 Estab, 
 
 Capitals,^ 
 
 Adams 
 
 .. 900. 
 
 ..18,622. 
 
 ...136. 
 
 ..15.. 
 
 ..Natchez 
 
 Lauderdale. . 
 
 .1,008. 
 
 . 8,717.. 
 
 ..922.. 
 
 ..31.. 
 
 .Marion 
 
 Amit6 
 
 .. 660. 
 
 .. 9,694. 
 
 ...510. 
 
 .. 1. 
 
 . .Liberty 
 
 Lawrence . . . 
 
 . 613.. 
 
 . 6,478.. 
 
 ..458.. 
 
 .12.. 
 
 .Monticello 
 
 Claiborne . . 
 
 .. 659. 
 
 ..14,941. 
 
 ...310. 
 
 ..19. 
 
 ..Port Gibson 
 
 Leake 
 
 . 635. 
 
 . 5,5.33.. 
 
 ..437.. 
 
 ..4.. 
 
 .Carthage 
 
 Clark 
 
 .. 631. 
 
 .. 5,477. 
 
 ...500. 
 
 .. 7.. 
 
 . .Quitman 
 
 Madison 
 
 . 767. 
 
 .18,173.. 
 
 ..552.. 
 
 ..10.. 
 
 .Canton 
 
 Copiah 
 
 ..1,148. 
 
 ..11,794. 
 
 ...951. 
 
 ..21.. 
 
 ..Gallatin 
 
 Marion 
 
 . 377.. 
 
 . 4,410.. 
 
 ..322.. 
 
 . 7.. 
 
 .Columbia 
 
 Covington . . 
 
 .. 848. 
 
 .. 3,338. 
 
 ...272. 
 
 .. 5. 
 
 ..Williamsbg. 
 
 Neshoba.. . . 
 
 . 545. 
 
 . 4,728.. 
 
 ..426.. 
 
 .. 0.. 
 
 .Philadelphia 
 
 Franklin . . 
 
 .. 44T. 
 
 .. 5,904. 
 
 ...330. 
 
 .. 5. 
 
 ..Meadville 
 
 Newton 
 
 . 5S6.. 
 
 . 4,465.. 
 
 ..850.. 
 
 . 0.. 
 
 .Decatur 
 
 Greene 
 
 .. 217. 
 
 .. 2,018. 
 
 ... 93. 
 
 .. 0.. 
 
 ..Leakville 
 
 Perry 
 
 . 265.. 
 
 . 2,438.. 
 
 ..131.. 
 
 . 0... 
 
 .Augusta 
 
 Hancock . . 
 
 .. 492. 
 
 .. 3,672. 
 
 ... 77. 
 
 ..11.. 
 
 ..Shieldsboro' 
 
 Pike 
 
 . 698.. 
 
 . 7,860.. 
 
 ...558.. 
 
 .19... 
 
 . Holmes ville 
 
 Harrison .. . . 
 
 .. 727. 
 
 .. 4,875. 
 
 ... 84. 
 
 ..19.. 
 
 ..Mississip. C. 
 
 Eankin 
 
 . 698.. 
 
 . 7,227.. 
 
 ..420.. 
 
 . 5... 
 
 .Brandon 
 
 Hinds 
 
 ..1,656. 
 
 ..25.340. 
 
 ...852. 
 
 .. 3.. 
 
 ..Jackson 
 
 Scott 
 
 . 422.. 
 
 . 3,961.. 
 
 ..257.. 
 
 .14... 
 
 .Hillsboro' 
 
 Holmes 
 
 .. 995. 
 
 .13,928. 
 
 ..640.. 
 
 ..21.. 
 
 ..Lexington 
 
 Simpson 
 
 . 526.. 
 
 . 4,734.. 
 
 ..451.. 
 
 . 8... 
 
 . Westville 
 
 Issaquena.. 
 
 .. 110. 
 
 . 4,478. 
 
 .. 76.. 
 
 .. 0.. 
 
 ..TjiUulah 
 
 Smith 
 
 . 515.. 
 
 . 4,071.. 
 
 ..425.. 
 
 . 8... 
 
 .Kaleigh 
 
 Jackson . . . 
 
 . 440. 
 
 . 3,196. 
 
 ..212.. 
 
 .. S.. 
 
 . .Jackson C.H. 
 
 "Warren 
 
 1,230.. 
 
 .18,121.. 
 
 ..435.. 
 
 .25... 
 
 .Vicksburg 
 
 Jasper 
 
 .. 674. 
 
 . 6,1S4. 
 
 ..540.. 
 
 .. 9.. 
 
 ..Paulding 
 
 Washington 
 
 . 126.. 
 
 . 8,389.. 
 
 ..109.. 
 
 . 0... 
 
 .Greenville 
 
 Jefferson... 
 
 .. 514.. 
 
 .13,193.. 
 
 ..239.. 
 
 .. 7.. 
 
 . Fayette 
 
 Wayne 
 
 281.. 
 
 . 2,892.. 
 
 .162.. 
 
 . 0... 
 
 .Winchester 
 
 Jones 
 
 .. 319.. 
 
 . 2,164. 
 
 ..274.. 
 
 .. 0.. 
 
 .Ellisville 
 
 Wilkinson . . 
 
 . 786.. 
 
 .16,914.. 
 
 ..404.. 
 
 .18... 
 
 .Wood ville 
 
 Kemper 
 
 ..1,249.. 
 
 .12,517.. 
 
 ..730.. 
 
 .. ].. 
 
 ..DeKalb 
 
 Yazoo 
 
 . 935.. 
 
 .14,418.. 
 
 ..464.. 
 
 .17... 
 
 .Bentou 
 
 The whole number of dwellings in the State was, at the above date, 51,681, of families 52,107, and of inhabitants 606,565, 
 viz. : whites 295,758— males 158^260, and females 139,498, free colored 889— males 473, and females 426 ; slaves 309,898. 
 Of the whole population, there were deaf and dumb—wh. 81, fr. col. 1, si. 26— total 108 ; blind— wh. 130, fr. col. 1, si. 86— 
 total 217 ; imane—wh. 127, fr. col. 0, si, 22— total 149 ; and idiotic— \vh. 141, fr, col. 5, si. 64— total 210. The number of 
 free persons born in the United States was 291,114 ; the number of foreign birth 4,958, and of birth unknown 576 ; the 
 nattue population originated a.«i follows: Maine 139, N. Hamp. 100, Verm. 141, Mass. 339, K, I. 62, Conn. 242, N. York 
 952, N. Jer. 221, Penn, 981, Del, 67, Md. 791, Dist of Col. 93, Virg, 40,777, N. Car. 17,009, S. Car. 2,919, Ga, 1,254, Flor. 
 
 163 
 
THE STATE OF MISSISSIPPI. 
 
 67, Ala. 2,067, MmviSippi 140,885, La. 2,557, Tex. 139, Ark. 456, Tenn. 27,4.39, Ky. 3,948, Ohio 564, Mich. 101, Ind. 413, 
 111. 311, Mo. 30.3, la. 7, Wise. 4, Calif. 1, Territories 5; and ihe , foreign population was composed of persons from — 
 England 593, Ireland 1,928, Scotland 317, Wales 10, Germany 1,064, Franco 440, Spain 40, Portugal 2, Belgium 3, Holland 
 8, Italy 121, Austria 16, Switzerland 41, Russia 9, Denmark 24, Norway 8, Sweden 14, Prussia 71, Asia 2, Africa 6, 
 British America 79, Mexico 13, Central America 1, South America 4, West Indies 25, and other countries 110. 
 
 The following table will show the decennial progress of the population since the first census of the State, taken by the 
 United States authorities in ISOO : 
 
 Colored Persons. Decennial Increa-ie. 
 
 Census White , ^ , Total , < , 
 
 Year. Persons. Free. Slave. Total. Population. NumericaL Percent. 
 
 1800 5,179 182 3,489 5 3,671 8,850 — — 
 
 1810 2.3,024 240 17,083 17,328 40,352 81,502 855.9 
 
 1S20 42,176 453 82,814 83,272 75,443 35,096 86.9 
 
 1S30 70,443 519 1 65,659 66,173 136,621 61,173 81.0 
 
 1S40 179,074 1,366 195,211 196,577 875,651 239,030 175.1 
 
 1850 295,758 899 309,893 810,797 606,555 280,904 61.4 
 
 The statistics of the wealth, industry, and institutions of the Slate, as exhibited by the seyenth census of the United 
 States, taken in 1S50, are as follows: 
 
 Occupied Lands, ete.— Improved farm lands, 3,444,359 acres, and unimprored lands, 7,046,061 acres— valued together 
 at $54,73S,6;54. Total number of farms under cultivation 1st June, 1850, 33,960 ; in the Northern District, 19,851 ; and in 
 the Southern District, 14,109. Value of farming implements and machinery, $5,702,927. 
 
 XM!6-*Stoc*.— Horses, 115,460; asses and mules, 54,547; milch cows, 214,231; working oxen, 83,485; other cattle, 
 436,254 ; sheep, 304,929 ; and swine, 1,582,734— valued in the aggregate at $19,403,662. According to the census of 1840, 
 there were in the State at that date, 109,227 horses, mules, etc. ; 623,197 neat cattle of all kinds ; 128,367 sheep ; and 
 1,001,209 sheep. 
 
 P/-orfi(cteo/^7MOTafe.— Wool, 559,61 9 (in 1840,175,196) pounds; butter, 4,-346,234 pounds ; cheese, 21,191 pounds; and 
 the value of animals slaughtered in the year was $3,636,532. The quantity of beeswax and honey produced was 397,460 
 pounds. 
 
 Grain Cwps.— Wheat, 137,990 bushels; rye, 9,606 bushels; Indian com, 22,446,552 bushels; oats, 1,503,233 bushels; 
 barley, 229 bushels, and buckwheat, 1,121 bushels. The crops of the several grains, according to the census of 1340, were 
 —wheat, 196,626 bushels ; rye, 11,444 bushels; Indian com, 18,161,237 bushels; oats, 668,624 bushels ; barley, 1,654 bushels; 
 and buckwheat, 61 bushels. 
 
 Other Food Crops.— Vmc, 2,719,856 bushels ; peas and beans, 1,072,757 ; potatoes— Irish, 261,482, and sweet, 4,741,795 
 bushels. The rice crop, according to the returns of 1840, amounted to 777,195 pounds ; and the crop of potatoes to 
 1,630,100 bushels. 
 
 Jliscellaneous Crop*.— Tobacco, 49,960 (in 1840, 83,470) pounds; ginned cotton, 484,293 bales of 400 pounds (in 1840, 
 193,401,577 pounds); hay, 12,505 (in 1840, 171) tons; clover-seed, 84 bushels; other grass-seed, 533 bushels; hops, 473 
 pounds; hemp — dew-rotted, 7 tons, and water-rotted, tons; flax, 665 tons ; flax-seed, 26 bushels; silk cocoons, 2 pounds; 
 sugar— maple, pounds, and cane, 8SS hogsheads of 1,000 pounds ; molasses, 18,318 gallons ; wine, 407 gallons, etc. ; value 
 of orchard products, $50,405, and of market-garden products, $46,250. 
 
 The table annexed exhibits the absolute and relative difference in the chief crops, as ascertained under the censuses 
 of 1340 and 1850 : 
 
 Staples. 1840. 1S50. Movement. 
 
 Wool 175,196 pounds 559,619 pounds incr. 384,423 pounds, or 219.4 per cent. 
 
 Indian Cora 13,1 61 ,237 bushels 22.446,552 bushels incr. 9,285,315 bushels, or 70.5 " 
 
 Bice 777,195 pounds 2,719,856 pounds incr. 1,942,661 pounds, or 249.9 " 
 
 Tobacco 83,471 " 49,960 " deer. 88,511 " or 40.1 " 
 
 CotU^rn 193,401,577 " 193,717,200 " incr. 815,623 " or 0.16 " 
 
 .incr. 837,923 " or 503.796.1 
 
 Sugar 77 " 338,000 " 
 
 Thus it would appear that of all the staples, except tobacco and cotton, the ratio of increase has been immeasurably ahead 
 of the ratio of the increase of the population. Cotton has almost exactly kept its absolute sUitus. which, in fact, is a relative 
 decline in the production of the staple ; and if it had increased in like proportion with the population, the crop should have 
 been about 322,350,000 pounds. This result in the crop of 1850 is accounted for by the terrible inundations of the Missis- 
 sippi in 1349, and may in part be set down to drafting of labor to other fields ; the decline, however, is not permanent. 
 
 IFome-made Manufactures for the year ending 1st June, 1850, were valued at $1,164,020. The same denomination of 
 manufactures in 1339-40, according to the census ol the latter year, were valued at $032,945. 
 
 Manufactures.— ToiaX capital invested $ ; value of all raw material, fuel, etc., consumed, $ ; average 
 
 number of hands employed, —males , and females ; average monlhly cost of labor, $ —male 
 
 $ , and female $ ; value of manufactures produced in the official year $2,749,838. Amount of cjipitalinvested 
 
 in manufactures in 1840, $1,797,722. The whole number of industrial est.-iblishments in the State, producing to the value 
 of $500 and upward on the 1st June, 1350, was 866— in the northem district 536, and in the southern district 3-30, and dis- 
 tributed to the counties, as shown in the general table. Of the whole number, 2 were cotton factories, 92 tanneries, and 8 
 forges, besides which there are several machine-shops, carriage factories, etc. ; but the greater part of the capital Invested 
 is in grist and saw mills, and other establishments usual in an agricultural country. 
 
 Capital employed in the coUon ma7uifacttire,^^S,000; annual consumption of cotton, 430 bales, valued at $21,500; 
 nands employed, 36 ; monthly cost of labor, $371 ; annual products, 171,000 pounds yarn ; value ol entire products, $-30,500. 
 
 Capital invested in the iron manufacture, $100,000; material consumed in the year— pig iron 1.197 tons, mineral coal 
 248 tons, and coke and charcoal 92,000 bushels— valued together at $50,370 ; hands employed, 112 ; average wages per 
 month, $37 91 ; castings made, 924 tons; total value of products, $117,400. 
 
 Capital invested in ta7ineries, $145,615; value of all raw materi.il, $111,474; hands employed, 269 ; monthly cost of 
 labor, $4,949 ; skins tanned 9,730, and sides tanned 104,630 ; value of products, $229,407. 
 
 Internal Communication.— Tsi\»siss;\\)\<\. has hitherto been most miserably provided with the means of intercommimica 
 tion; and had it not been that nature had given it highways in the form of navigable rivers, its great and fertile interior 
 164 
 
lEBiCAL C®Li 
 
 The Regular Lectures of this College commence on the 1st of November, and 
 
 continue four months. 
 
 F A.OTJL T Y. 
 
 AYRES P. MERRILL, M. D. 
 
 Professor of the Principles and Practice of Medicine. 
 
 JOHN MILLINOTON, M. D. 
 
 Professor of Chemistry and Toxicology. 
 
 DANIEL F. WRIGHT, M. D. 
 
 Professor of Physiology and Pathology. 
 
 HOWELL R. ROBARDS, M. D. 
 
 Professor of Surgery. 
 
 ARTHUR K. TAYLOR, M. D. 
 
 Professor of Anatomy. 
 
 C. B. GUTHRIE, M. D. 
 
 Professor of Materia Medica and Pharmacy. 
 
 JOHN MILLINGTON, M, D. 
 
 Professor of Natural History and Geology. 
 
 LEWIS SHANKS, M. D. 
 
 Professor of Obstetrics and Diseases of Women and Children. 
 
 E. WOODWARD, M. D. 
 
 Demonstrator of Anatomy. 
 
 The fee for the entire course is ^105, payable in advance. Matriculation Fee, 
 $5 ; Graduating Fee, $25 ; Anatomy and Dissection, $10, to be taken once be- 
 fore graduating. Rooms open from the 1st of October. 
 
 A Preliminary Course of Lectures, free to all students, and the public, by each 
 Professor, on subjects connected with his department, which cannot be fully taught 
 in the regular course, will be delivered during the month of October. 
 
 Clinical Instruction. — The Memphis Charity Hospital is open to the members 
 of the class at all times, and special clinical instruction will be given in the wards 
 of the institution on two days — Wednesday and Saturday — of every week. The 
 Dispensary, in one of the rooms of the College, receives a large number of patients 
 every morning. Surgical operations are performed in presence of the class, and 
 patients sufiPering from a great variety of diseases are prescribed for, and medicines 
 compounded and dispensed, with such instruction as may be illustrated by partic- 
 ular cases. The number of patients prescribed for in the Dispensary, in the year 
 1854, was 1,347 ; and in the first half of the year 1855, was 929. On account 
 of the foreign immigration, and the occupation afforded to a large number of work- 
 men, by the railroads and other internal improvements in the city and neighbor- 
 hood, this important charity administers to a greater number of patients than are 
 met with in other cities of the size of Memphis. 
 
 Students desiring further information will address Professor L. Shanks, M. D., 
 or, on arriving in the city, call on him at his office on Main street. 
 
 L. SHANKS, M.D., Dean. 
 
<3. lET i^l. 3S jA. 3E«" ^ 
 
 MANUFACTURER OF 
 
 Jfire aittr §iirgkr Iroof 
 
 POWDER AND BURGLAR-PROOF LOCKS, 
 South-'West Corner of Vine and Columbia Streets, 
 
 CINCINNATI. 
 
 THESE SAFES AKE WARRANTED DRY AS WELL AS FIRE-PROOF. 
 
 C. Urban, Esq. Cincinnati, January 14, 1856. 
 
 Dear Sir : — It affords us pleasure to inform you that the Safe of your manufacture 
 proved FIRE FliOOF, preserving our books and papers from destruction during tlie con- 
 flagration of our store, on Saturday evening, tlie 12tli instant, and tlierefore commend 
 your Safes as worthy the confidence of the public. Yours truly. 
 
 No. 32 Columbia Street. W. B. Spahks & Co, 
 
 I would call the attention of my friends, and the public in general, 
 to the above letter, handed to ine by W. B. Sparks & Co., extensive 
 Liquor Merchants. It is well known to the Cincinnati public, that 
 several of my Safes of different sizes have stood, of late, very severe 
 tests. Among others, I Avould refer to the fire at Mr.. Scovill's, Drug- 
 gist ; that of Messrs. Davis & Co., Iron merchants and Founders ; that 
 of Mr. Shillito, Soap and Candle Factor ; that of Messrs. Gireaud & 
 Sarran, Liquor and Wine Merchants ; and that of Messrs. Wilshire, 
 Bristol & Co. The Safes all came out victorious, although surrounded 
 by the most combustible material. Having acquired all the late im- 
 provements, I dare say that my Safes are inferior to none made in the 
 United States, As to the other appearance, I combine neatness with 
 durability. Thankful for past favors, a continuance of your patronage 
 is kindly solicited. C. URBAN. 
 
 107 
 
THE STATE OF MISSISSIPPI. 
 
 must have rpmaincfl a wilderness in (he midst of thrivinp: popiilatinns. lis present condition, even, is little removed from 
 such ahnormal iiselessness. Kxceplinj? its ordinary Mads, ivhicli, liowc\er, are nune of the best, the genius of modern 
 times had done little or nothing to facilitate its access to the marliets. True, it lias not been backward in projects, yet 
 none but in the single instance of the Vicksburg, Brandon, and Jackson Uailroad has been brought to fruition, llere 
 then, is the present condition of the commercial avenues of the State. ILs prospects lor the future are more encouraging! 
 There arc now in progress the Mobile and Ohio Kailroad, and the New Orleans, Jackson, and Northern Kailroad 
 traversing the State north and south, and forming in Mississippi links in the great chain that is to unite the Upi>er Mis- 
 sissippi and the great lakes with two of the great ports of the Gulf of Mexico ; and traversing the State east and west aro 
 the Memphis and Charleston Kaih-oad on the north line ; a line of railroad from Selma, A/a., westward to Brandon therj 
 uniting with the already complete railroad to Vicksburg, and a line from Mudisonvilh!, on Lake Pontchartrain, eastward 
 to a junction with the Mobile and Ohio Kailroad near Mobile. These are the trunk lines now in progress, from which it 
 is projjosed to build lateral lines to the principal centres of production, and so build up a system convenient both for 
 through travel and transportation and for local communication. The exterior connections of these lines will connect the 
 State with every part of the Union ; with the Atlantic through the East Tennessee, Alabama, and Georgia lines and tlu^ir 
 continuations ; with the north-eastern portion of the central valley through the lines going to and diverging from Nash- 
 ville, and with the upper country through the lines terminating at and diverging from the mouth of the Ohio Kiver 
 Westward it will connect with Texas through the lines from New Orleans and Vicksburg in that direction. The bene- 
 ficial effect of these great lines on the development of the resources of the State, its commerce and general welfare, can not 
 be doubted. Its rich agricultural regions will be rajjidly settled, and the lands which are now lying waste wdl become 
 the scenes of a busy industry in the culti\-ation of the great sta|)les for which the State is famous, while its consumptiou 
 of manufactures to be exchanged for its productions, will create a commerce as extensive as it will be profitable to all 
 sections of the Union concerned in the interchange. 
 
 Commerce.— Tho commercial material of Mississippi is carried to New Orleans and Mobile by river for exportation to 
 foreign countries and the home ports, and its imports are received through the same channels. The direct commerce 
 of the State is therefore inconsiderable, and in fact it is very seldom that an arrival or departure in the foreign trade is 
 recorded ; years may pass by and the Treasury reports make no mention of either. In 1849-50 no direct foreign com- 
 merce or navigatiim is noted. Itg navigation is consequently almost entirely confined to its rivers and the Gulf. The 
 shipping employed in the coasting and river trade is chiefly owned in the adjoining States of Louisiana and Alabama. 
 The tonnage owned in this State amounts only to 1,82T tons, of which 07.5 tons is navigated by steam ; and of the whole, 
 1,867 tons is owned in the district of Pearl Kiver, anil 400 in that of Vicksburg. Of all the States having a front on the 
 sea, Mississippi is most destitute of harbors, and has the least direct seaward navigation ; but its access to its natural porta 
 by river ftdly compensates for the specified disability. 
 
 B(ink-iny.—'So returns of the banks of this State are made public, and as a general thing their issues are of a doubtful 
 character. The Northern Bank of Mississippi, at Holly Springs (capital $100,000), U said to be the only sound banking 
 institution in the St.ate. 
 
 Om-ernmeiit.—'The government is based on the constitution that went into effect in 1817. The right ofanffrags is 
 granted to every adult free white male person, a citizen of the United States, resident in the State one year and in the 
 town or county four months next before the election. The general elections are held on the first Monday and Tuesday 
 in November. 
 
 The Legixlature is composed of a House of Representatives and a Senate. Representatives, not fewer than thirty-six, 
 nor more than one hundred in number (and not loss than one to each county), are chosen every second year for two 
 years ; they must be qualified voters, and have resided two years in the State, and one year in the place they represent. 
 A census is taken at intervals of not more than eight nor less than six years, and the appointment of members made 
 accf>rdingly. Senators, in number not less than one-fourth nor more than one-third the number of representatives, must 
 be thirty years of age, for four years citizens of the United States, and for one year residents of their district, and be 
 chosen for four years, one half biennially. The legislature meets at Jackson on the first Monday in January bieimially. 
 
 The Governor must have attained the age of ."0 years, have been a citizen of the United States for 20 years, and for five 
 years a resident of the State. He is chosen by a plurality of votes for two years, and can not hold the office for more than 
 four out of any six years. He may veto a bill, but it may be passed and become law, notwithstanding his veto, by a subse- 
 quent vote of both houses of the legislature. 
 
 All officers are elected either in districts or counties, or by the people at large. No person denying the being of God or 
 a future state of rewards and punishments, can hold office. No money can be expended for internal improvements, ex- 
 cept by a vote of two-thirds of both houses ; and no State loan can be raised unless the bill be passed by a majority of each 
 house, be published three months before the next election, and be confirmed by a majority of each house, at the next 
 legislature. The Iegislat\ire can not emancipate slaves without the owner's consent, except on account of great public 
 services, and then must pay for them ; nor can it prevent immigrants from importing slaves of the same description 
 with those in the State, if they be bond fide property, and not criminals. It may pass laws enabling owners to emanci- 
 pate slaves, saving the rights of creditors and the public from being at their charge; and laws directing a sale, on the 
 owner's account, if he treat his slaves cruelly. The introduction of slaves as mirrchandise after 1st May, 1833, is pro- 
 hibited, but settlers may import them for their own use until 1845. (These two periods being passed, it is probable that the 
 importiiticm of slaves is now prohibited). No grand jury is necessary in the prosecution of slaves for crimes not ca])ital. 
 
 The Judiciary consists of a High Court of Krrors and Appeals, a Superior Court of Chancery, District Chancery Courts, 
 and District or Circuit Courts. The jurisdiction of the " High Court" is exclusively appellate. There are two terms each 
 year at Jackson, commencing on the first Monday of January and November. The court may continue in session as long 
 as business requires, and may order a special term, or adjourn to meet at any time. The judges are also authorized to 
 meet annually on the third Monday in Jtmo, in the town of Oxford, to receive the written, and hear the oral, arguments 
 of causes from the third district, provided the State is not a party. The Legislature appoints the reporter, and has 
 abolished the common law form of pleading, and adopted a system somewhat similar to that of chancery or civil law 
 The " Superior C^ourt of Chancery," held by the chancellor at the capital, is in law considered always open. The chan- 
 cellor is authorized to hold the same at such times and for such periods as business may require, upon giving three weeks' 
 notice in the public newspapers. There are in the Stale three chancery districts; the "District Chancery Courts," each 
 with a vice-chancellor, have concurrent power and jurisdiction with the Superior Court within their respective districts 
 where the amount in controversy does not exceed $500,000. Special terms of these courts may be held by giving thirty 
 
 165 
 
THE STATE OF MISSISSIPPI. 
 
 days' public notice. For llie purpose of holiliiip: district or circuit courts, the Slate is divided ic.to nevea districts. The 
 "Circuit Court" has original jurisilictiou in civil cases in which the sum in controversy exr^eds $50, and it has also 
 exclusive criminal jurisdiction. For each of the districts a judge and attorney arc elected every four years. 
 
 Amendment to the constitution, if lliey bo passed by two-thirds of cacli house, shall be submitted to the people six 
 months before the next general elegtion, and if approved by them shall be adopted. 
 
 The Militia force of Mississippi consists of 8G,(iSi men of all arras, of which Sib are commissioned officers, and 35,259 
 uon-commissioned ofBcers, musicians, and privates. Of the commissioned officers 15 are general officers, 70 general staff 
 oQlcers, 392 Held officers, etc., and 348 company officers. 
 
 The heiu<volent inntiUitimvt of the Stale are the Institution for the Blind, and the Mississippi Lunatic Asylum at Jackson. 
 
 Financf^, «to.— The receipts into the treasury for the year ending 30lh April, 1850, amounted to $397,402 6:3, and the 
 cxpeiidituros by warrant during the same year to $284,999 53. Excess of means, $94,403 05. The chief sources of income 
 and the amounts collected from each, were— Slate tax $334,689, internal improvement fond $13,196, the sinking fund 
 $19,857, penitentiary $3,189, the seminary fund $1,251, redemption of lands $4,001, land sales $2,720, etc. ; and the princi- 
 pal objects and .amounU of expenditure, were— Legislature $48,731, judiciary $82,307, executive $8,869, contingent fund 
 (executive) $4,195, appropriations $26,179, penitentiary $25,266, printing $5,323, executed slaves $3,762, University 
 $10 9.'J7, Conmiou Schools $17, Lunatic Asylum .$5,000, Institution for the 151in<l $2,455, seminary fund $3,920, commissions 
 for assessino' $9,540, elections $2,024, ten per cent, fund $38,312, etc. The State tax is based oi» personal and real estate, 
 and tlie objects of taxation are occupied lands and town lots, money at interest, merchandise sold, bank stock, auction 
 sales, pleasure carriages, watches, clocks, ten-pin alleys, race-tracks, bowie-knives, pistols, cattle over 20 head, horses, 
 stallions jacks, pianos, male free negroes, slaves under 60 years old, free white polls, etc. The absolute debt of the State 
 amounts $2,271,707, and the contingent debt to .$5,000,000 — total, $7,271,707. The annual interest on the absolute debt is 
 about $136,000. The Slate has property to llie value of $2,000,000, but this is at present unproductive. The total assessed 
 value of taxable properly in the State in 1850 was $208,422,167; the true value of properly, as ascertained by the census 
 of 1S50, amounts to $228,304,332. 
 
 Federal J?<7;/-ftsc?i.<(/</w!.— Mississippi, in accordance with the act of 23d May, 1850, apportioning representation, sends 
 five representatives to the Congress of the United Slates. 
 
 ,Ey«crtiiWi.— Mississippi has never had an efficient common school system, the sparseness of the population having 
 proved a formidable obstacle to the success of any general system. A law was passed in 1846 giving the appointment of 
 school commissioners to the Board of Policy in each county, with power to levy taxes, etc. All the large towns organized 
 schools under this system ; but by a later act essential alterations have been made in the law, and special laws for partic- 
 ular counties now govern these institutions. The means of the State for school purposes are ample, consisting of funds 
 arising from leases of the sixteenth sections of land, from fines and forfeitures, and from licenses of hawkers and pedlars, 
 keepers of billiard-tables, retailers of liquors, and brokers. Besides the common schools, there are in the State numerous 
 seminaries, to the support of which the Stale contributes annually. The collegiate institutions of Mississippi are— the 
 University at Oxford, founded 1844; Oakland College, founded 1830, and Mississippi College at Clinton. The University 
 is partly supported by the State, and in 1850 had 6 professors and 134 students. 
 
 Public Lihraries. — One St^ite library, 5,000 volumes; 3 college libraries, 5,189 volumes; 2 students' libraries, 2,411 
 volumes ; 102 public school libraries, 3,050 volumes— total libraries, 108, and 15,650 volumes. 
 
 Periodical Prens. — Whole number of periodicals and newsp.apers, 56—16 whig, 21 democratic, and 19 neutral In poli- 
 tics, the latter number, including also those devoted to literature, science, religion, and all the character of which is not 
 ascertained. Of the whole number, 2 are issued tri-weekly, and circulate 3,500 copies at each issue, or 546,000 copies 
 annually ; 2 semi-weekly, 888 copies, or aimually 92,352 copies ; and 52 weekly, 26,482 copies, or annually 1,377,064 copies. 
 The tt-i-ioeeklies are the " Vicksburg Sentinel" and the " Vicksburg Whig ;" the semi-iceeklie^ are the " Natchez Courier" 
 and the " Natchez Free-Trader ;" and the weeklieJi are published — 2 at Vicksburg, editions of the tri-weeklies ; 2 at 
 Natchez, editions of the semi-weeklies; 3 at Kosciusko, 1 at Liberty, 2 at CarroUton, 1 at Port Gibson, 3 at Houston, 1 
 at Gallatin, 1 at Hernando, 1 at Gainesville, 1 at Biloxi, 4 at Jackson, 2 at Lexington, 1 at Paulding, 2 at Fayette, 1 at 
 Monticello, 1 at Marion, 2 at Oxford, 1 at (Columbus, 2 at Canton, 2 at Holly Springs. 2 at Aberdeen, 1 at Macon, 1 at 
 Holmesville, 1 at Panola, 2 at Pontotoc, 1 at Brandon, 1 at Jacinto, 1 at Kipley, 2 at WoodviUe, 1 at Louisville, 1 at Grenada, 
 and 1 at Coffeeville. 
 
 Religious Deiumiinntiojht.— The statistics of the several religious denominations in the State, according to the censui 
 of 1850, were for that year as follows : 
 
 
 Church 
 
 Value of 
 
 Denomina- Nd. of 
 
 Church 
 
 Value of 
 
 Denomina- No. of 
 
 Church 
 
 Vahie of 
 
 tiona. Chunhes 
 
 . acciim. 
 
 Pro|ifrty. 
 
 tions. Churclies 
 
 accom. 
 
 Pniperty. 
 
 tions. Churches. 
 
 acconi. 
 
 Pn.perty. 
 
 Baptist 330 . 
 
 105,050 . 
 
 . $186,192 
 
 German Ref. — . . 
 
 — . 
 
 $- 
 
 R. Catholic. 8 .. 
 
 3,000 . . 
 
 $66,000 
 
 Christian 8 . 
 
 . 2,350 . 
 
 . 9,950 
 
 Jewish — . . 
 
 — 
 
 — 
 
 Swedenbo'n . — . . 
 
 — . 
 
 — 
 
 Congregat'I. . — . 
 
 _ . 
 
 — 
 
 Lutheran ... — . . 
 
 — 
 
 — 
 
 Tunker — . . 
 
 — . 
 
 — 
 
 Dutch Kef. . . — . 
 
 _ . 
 
 — 
 
 Mennonite . . — . . 
 
 — 
 
 — 
 
 Union 5 . . 
 
 ISO . 
 
 400 
 
 Episcopal ... 13 . 
 
 4,550 . 
 
 . 66,800 
 
 Methodist... 400 .. 
 
 112,983 . 
 
 . 240,265 
 
 Unitarian.... — .. 
 
 — .. 
 
 — 
 
 Free 3 . 
 
 700 . 
 
 1,850 
 
 Moravian ... — . . 
 
 — 
 
 — 
 
 Universalist.. — .. 
 
 — .. 
 
 — 
 
 Friends — . 
 
 . — . 
 
 — 
 
 Presbyterian 135 . . 
 
 47,166 . 
 
 . 183,085 
 
 Minor Sects. — .. 
 
 — •• 
 
 — 
 
 making a total of 914 churches, with accommodation for 275,979 persons, and valued as property at $754,542. Mississippi 
 
 constitutes a diocese of the same name of the Protestant Episcopal Church, and also the Roman Catholic diocese of Natchez, 
 a suffragan of the ecclesiastical province of New Orleans. 
 
 Pauperism and Crime.— The whole number of paupers relieved or supported in the year ending 1st June, 1850, was 
 260, of which 248 were native-born and 12 foreigners; and the whole number of paupers at the date specified, 257, of 
 which 245 were native-born, and 12 foreigners ; annual cost of support, $18,132. The Stale prison is located at Jackson. 
 The whole number of convicts on the 80th November, 1848, was 88, and the whole number received sinoe the establish- 
 ment of the prison in 1840 was 247, averaging 31 per annum. Of the number in prison in 184S, 7 were foreigners, and 8l 
 natives, and 5 were conflne<l for attempts to kill, 13 for manslaughter, 14 for negro stealing, 5 for forgery, 29 for petty lar- 
 ceny, and 11 for graml Larceny. The discharges for the year ending as above were— by expiration of sentence 10, by 
 pardcm of governor 1.3, and by writ of error 1. 
 
 Historical /SI/fcs^cA.— Mississippi was discovered by De Soto in 1542, but no permanent settlement was attempted by 
 166 
 
THE LIVERPOOL AND LONDON 
 
 Fi 
 
 37 CASTLE STREET, 
 
 INSTITUTED 183G. 
 
 'iJ^S'ii. I Office, 56 Wall St., N. Y. I 
 
 laiL 11 POULTRY, i 
 
 LONDON. 
 
 AUTHORIZED CAPITAL, £2,000,000, OR $10,000,000. 
 
 PAID UP CAPITAL, AND SURPLUS AND RESERVED FUNDS, 
 
 THUEE nvnLLioisrs of idoii.i.a.iis. 
 
 @fer Ijialf u Stitli0iT |nksttb in tijts Coiinirg. 
 
 DIRECTORS IN NEW YORK: 
 
 JAMES BROWTV, Esq., Chairman, FRANCIS COTTENET, Esq., Jtep^y Ch^n. 
 
 GEORGE BARCLAY, Esq. I ALEXANDER HAMILTON, Jr., Esq. I JOSEPH FOWLER, Esq. 
 
 JOSEPH GALLIARD, Jr., Esq. ED. F. SANDERSON, Esq. JOHN H. HICKS, Esq. 
 
 MORTIMER LIVINGSTON, Esq. | WILLIAM S. AVETMORE, Esq. | 
 
 ALFRED PELL, Esq., Resident Secretary. ALEX. HAMILTON, Jr., Esq., Counsel of the Board. 
 
 Bankers— MERCHANTS' BANK— Camman & Co. 
 
 DIRECTORS IN NEW ORLEANS: 
 
 AMBROSE liANFEAR, Ei«q., Chairman, 
 
 FREDERICK RODEWALD, Esq. | JOHN C. B. YUILLE, Esq. | THOMAS BYRNE, Esq. 
 HENRY V. OGDEN, Esq., Resident Secretary. 
 
 DIRECTORS IN LIVERPOOL: 
 
 THOMAS BROCKLEBANK, Esq., Chairman J. C. EWART & F. HAYWOOD, Esqs., Dcpnty Chairmen. 
 
 Thomas Booth, Esq. 
 Francis C. Braun, Esq. 
 William Earle, Esq. 
 George Grant, Esq. 
 Thomas Haigh, Esq. 
 Francis A. Hamilton, Esq. 
 
 Robert Higgin, Esq. 
 George Holt, Esq. 
 Hugh Hornby, Esq. 
 George H. Lawrence, Esq. 
 Harold Littledale, Esq. 
 William Lowe, Esq. 
 BWINTON BOULT, Esq., Secretary. 
 
 Alexander McGreggor, Esq. 
 John Marriott, Esq. 
 Thomas Sellar, Esq. 
 Charles Saunders, Esq. 
 John Swainson, Esq. 
 James Aspinall Tobin, Esq., 
 
 DIRECTORS IN LONDON: 
 
 MATTHEW FORSTER, Esq., Chairman. GEO. FRED. YOUNG, Deputy Chairman. 
 
 Edward Barnard, Esq. I William Ewart, Esq., M. P. I Ross D. Mangles, Esq., M. P. 
 
 William Brown, Esq., M. P. Frederick Harrison, Esq. Hon. Frederick Ponsonby, 
 
 Sir William P. De Bathe, Bart. | Donald Larnach, Esq. | John Ranking, Esq. 
 
 Edward Thompson, Esq. 
 
 SWINTON BOULT, Esq., Secretary to the Company. BENJ. HENDERSON, Esq., Resident Secretary. 
 
 mmwM mmm'B m i,®wis^ ^Tie, 
 
 FIRE DEPARTMENT: 
 
 In addition to the ordinary modes of insurance, this Company issues Permanent Policies. A party, 
 by paying Ten Annual Premiums, is thenceforth insured without further payment ; by this plan a saving of 
 nearly forty per cent, is effected. This ditference of expense will, in fifteen years, amount to the whole sum 
 deposited, and the risk and inconvenience of renewals entirely avoided. The policy can be cancelled at the 
 wish of the holdei, and the premiums returned. Floa.ting' Policies to insure merchandise when in one 
 or any number of stores, or on the wharves and on board ships, in port, granted. 
 
 30 
 
ATLMTIC iOTDAL INSURiCE COiPANI 
 
 Authorized Capital $500,000 ! 
 
 OFFICE OF THE COMPANY, 
 At East Front of Farmers' and Mechanics* Bank, 
 
 CHESTNUT STREET, ABOVE FOURTH. 
 
 JOHN L. LINTON, President 
 WM. B. PARKES, Secretary. 
 
 Nos. 67 AND 69 SOUTH FOURTH STREET, 
 
 IS) 
 
 S 
 
 sia 
 
 STOCKS, FURKITURE, PAINTINGS, 
 
 FANCY GOODS, BOOKS, &c. 
 
 L^i 
 
 
 3 
 
 M 
 
 Appointed by the Committee of the Book Trade. Book Trade sales seiai-annu- 
 
 ally, Spring and Fall. 
 
 1034 
 
THE STATE OF MISSISSIPPI. 
 
 him. The Indians inhabiting the country were the Choctaws, Chickasaws, Natchez, etc., with which, from the time of 
 the first white trespasser on their lands to the cession of 1763, there was a constant warring. La Salle, descending the 
 rivers from the Illinois country, visited the section bordering on the Mississippi in 16S1 ; and in 169S the first attempts to 
 found permanent settlements were made by Iberville, the Governor of Louisiana. His colony arrived at Ship Island in 
 1700, and after exploring the country along and beyond the Mississippi, the parties returned and built a fort at Biloxi, at 
 the mouth of the river of the same name, about 20 miles north of the island. Other settlements were made on the 
 Mississippi Eiver, as New Orleans, Natchez, etc. Fort Rosalie, on the present site of Natchez, was surprised and cap- 
 tured by the Natchez Indians in 1729, and great distress was also, at this time and for many years after, caused by the 
 hostility of this tribe and the Chickasaws. The Choctaws were generally allies of the white settlers, and fought bravely 
 on their side. These hostile tribes were subsequently brought to sue for peace under Bienville, and are now only known 
 by the history their warlike opposition has made for them — not one remains to tell the story of their wrongs. The war 
 between England and France, which forms so conspicuous a page in the history of the middle of the 18th century, ended in 
 1763, France relinquishing to Britain all her possessions east of the Mississippi, and to Spain all west of that river. Spain 
 at the same time gave up Florida to the British. In 1783 the country north of the parallel of 31° north was included in the 
 limits of the United States by the treaty acknowledging the independence of the Union ; and the Floridas reverted to the 
 Spanish crown. By its charter granted in 1732, Georgia extended westward to the Mississippi, and hence, though at that 
 period Mississippi was d^ facto a French colony, yet, on its coming into the possession of the English, it of course fell 
 into the limits of the Georgia charter. These extensive territories were subsequently ceded to the United States, both in 
 sovereignty and ownership. In 1798, they were formed into a Territorial Government, which included also the present 
 State of Alabama. In 1811, that portion of the country south of 31° was attached to the territory, having been wrested 
 from Spain — because that nation could not take care of it. In 1817, the territory was divided, the eastern portion forming 
 a territory under the name of Alabama, and the western portion was erected into the State of Mississippi. The date of 
 its admission into the Union as a State was the 1st March, 1817. 
 
 Succession of Governors. — Territorial Governors: Winthrop Sargent, 1798; "W. C. C. Claiborne, 1802; Robert 
 Williams, 1805; David Holmes, 1809; and— Constitctional Governors: David Holmes, 1817; George Poindexter, 
 1819; Walter Leake, 1821 ; David Holmes, 1825 ; Gerard C. Brandon, 1827 ; Abraham M. Scott, 1831; Hiram G. Run- 
 nels, 1833 ; Charles Lynch, 1835 ; Alexander G. M'Nutt, 1837 ; Tilghman M. Tucker, 1841 ; Albert G. Brown, 1843 ; Joseph 
 W. Matthews, 1848 ; John A. Quitman, 1850 ; John J. Guion (acting), from 8d February to 3d November, 1851 ; inter- 
 regnrnn from 3d to 25th November, 1851 ; James Whitfield (acting), elected by Senate, and served from 26lh Novemberj 
 1851, to 9th January, 1852; Henry S. Foote, 1852. 
 
 Jaokson, on the west bank of Pearl Eiver, is the political capital of the State. 
 
 m 
 
THE STATE OF MISSOURI. 
 
 MissOTTKi is situated generally between the latitudes of "6^ 30' and 40° 30' north, and the longitudes of 88° 55' and 95° 33' 
 west (rom Greenwich, or 11° 53' and 18° 36' from Washington. It is bounded on the north by Iowa, on the east by 
 Illinois and Kentucky, on the south by Arkansas, and on the west by the Indian and Nebraska territories. More speci- 
 flcally its eastern boundary is the Mississippi Kiver, beginning at latitude 30° and running north to the mouth of the Des 
 Moines Eiver, whence the line follows the latter up to its rapids (40° 30'); thence along that line westward to where it 
 cuts the Missouri River ; thence down that river to the mouth of the Kansas, whence it ruas due south to 36° 30', and 
 along that line eastward to the St. Francis; thence follows that river to 36°, and traverses that line to the place of begin- 
 ning. Its general e.xtent from north to south is 278 miles, but including the narrow strip between the St, Francis and 
 Mississippi rivers 312 miles; and greatest extent from east to west is 318 miles, and its least extent less than 200 miles; 
 and the area of its superficies is estimated at 67,380 square miles. 
 
 The river Missouri separates this State into two parts, distinguished from each other by dissimilar geographical and 
 geological features. South of that river, as far west as the Osage, the surface of the country is rolling, and gradually rises 
 into a hilly and mountainous district, forming the outskirts of the Ozark Mountains. Beyond the Osage, at some distance, 
 commences a vast expanse of prairie land, whicli stretches away to the Rocky Mountains. The chief geological deposits 
 of the region are solid strata of carboniferous and silurtan limestone and sandstone, reposing on or around the unstratifled 
 primary rocks. In the hilly and broken mineral region, which includes the greater part of the State south of the Missouri, 
 the soil is formed of decomposed sandstone, sienite and magnesian limestone. Soils constituted of the two last elements 
 are fertile, but in many of the districts of the mineral region their productiveness is impaired by the admixture of oxyde 
 of iron. Other districts, as the Bellevue Valley, and the valleys of the Maramec, Gasconade, and Osage are well fitted 
 for cultivation or for pasture. Around the head waters of the White, F^leven Points, Current, and Big Black, where the 
 land is most mountainous, the soil is formed of decomposed semivitrcous sandstone, and is in general unproductive, 
 though it supports a magnificent growth of yellow pine, valuable for its lumber. The intervening valleys, however, are 
 decidedly fertile, but of small extent. The lands situated more immediately south of the Missouri are partly sandy and 
 partly calcareous, and in general where alumina or clay sufficiently abounds the soil is excellent and well adapted to the 
 production of the staples of the State. 
 
 That part of the Slate lying north of the Missouri Elver is in no place mountainous, but either rolling or quite flat It 
 contains a much richer soil than the southern division, and is in a more advanced state of cultivation. Its geological 
 substratum is chiefly carboniferous limestone. The coal measure of Illinois axtends west of the Mississippi at St. Louis, 
 and is prob.ably commensurate with the northern division of the State, being limited on the south by the narrow strip of 
 lan<l above spoken of, lying south of the Missouri. The soils of this region are chiefly calcareous and arenaceous, the 
 aluminous being limited in extent. The calcareous, or those abounding in lime, which are predominant, .are fertile, 
 particularly near the margins of rivers. Of this character are the lands in the western parts along the Missouri. The 
 counties of Clay, Platte, and Buchanan can not readily be surpassed in productiveness, and the other western and interior 
 counties are nearly equal in fertility. In the eastern part of this region arenaceous or sandy soil predominates. These 
 lands, which are comparatively barren, are found on the southern flank of the prairies which have their origin in nortli 
 Missouri, and extend to the head waters of the Mississippi River. 
 
 The south-eastern part of the State, the surface of which w.is once capable of cultivation, became after the earthquakes 
 of 1811-12 marshy. This district contains on estimate 1,517,287 acres, and extends south from the neighborhood of Cape 
 Girardeau into the northern part of Arkansas, a distance, in Missouri alone, of 108 miles, and westwardly as far as tho 
 river St. Francis. The land is well located, as regards facilities of transport, and is said to be as fertile as any in the 
 valley ; and as the greater portion can be reclaimed, it may be brought under cultivation at some future time. This 
 inundated tract is for the most part heavily timbered. 
 
 Missouri is bountifully supplied with navigable water courses, afibrding an easy access to every portion of the State. 
 Omitting the Mississippi, which washes the eastern boundary for 470 miles, the great river, and the one from which it 
 derives its name, is the Missouri. This river rises in the Rocky Mountains, not far from the head waters of the Columbia, 
 3,095 miles from its mouth. The last 400 or 500 miles of its course above lie within the limits of this State. The trough 
 through which the river flows is from 4 to 5 miles wide, and is bounded by rocky limestone hills, which rise to the height 
 of from 100 to 300 feet. Nearly all the bottoms of the Missouri are on its north side, and ordinarily they are not subject to 
 inund.ition. In this respect they differ widely from those of tho Mississippi, which latter are of gre.iter wi<Uh and 
 formed of a less sandy soil, and arc less easily percolated by water. The Missouri flows down an inclined plane, the upper 
 strata of which are easily disintegrated, and the particles mingling with tho rapid current, give a turbid appearance to its 
 waters. The alluvial lands lying along its course are subject to be covered during inundations, with drifting sand ; they 
 are, however, occupied by a luxuriant vegetation both of trees and herbs. These bottoms are favorites with settlers, and 
 are capable of s\ipporting a dense population. The river is navigable to its falls, 2,000 miles, but is rapid and can only bo 
 readily ascended by steam-power. Of the tributaries of the Missouri, the largest is the Osage River, which disembogues 
 120 miles from its mouth. At this point it is 400 yards wide, and is navigable for boats of light draft for about 200 miles 
 at high water. About the head waters of this stream are found the best cotton lands in the State. The gasconade comes 
 into the Missouri east of the Osage, near the village of Hermann, and is important for the supplies of fine plank and 
 timber it furnishes to the country below. The Maramec, a beautiful river, runs through the mineral region, and flows 
 into the Mississippi IS miles below St. Louis. Further south are the rivers St. Francis and White, which pass into 
 163 
 
J. B. SMITH, 
 
 %m\n MmiUxhm, 
 
 Corner of Ninth and Water Streets, 
 LOUISVILLE. 
 
 Reference. — Hewitt & Symes, of Washington Foundry. 
 
 DAY & MATLACK, 
 
 WHOLESALE DEALERS IN 
 
 No. 89 Pearl Street, Cincinnati. 
 
 AMBROSE W. NEFF & CO. 
 
 WHOLESALE DEALERS IN 
 
 S(D(DSg as® SS(D@§p 
 
 No. 99 Pearl St., Cincinnati. 
 
 A. S. SULLIVAN, 
 
 Office removed to No. 6 West Fourth street, 
 overBeggs and Smith's, near Main Street. 
 
 FRENCH, WYNNE & CO. 
 
 IMPORTERS AND WHOLESALE DEALERS IN 
 
 No. 91 Pearl Street, Cincinnati. 
 
 W„ [Ml^iELTDl 
 
 ^ ©O. 
 
 MANUFACTDRERS AND IMPORTERS Or 
 
 BONNETS, RIBBONS, DRESS SILKS, 
 
 ESmbrolderies, Trimmings, &c. 
 
 95 and 97 Pearl Street, Cincinnati. 
 
 PETER NEFF 80 SONS, 
 
 WHO LESALE 
 
 No. 93 Pearl St., bet. Vine & Race, 
 
 CINCISiNATI. 
 
 JOHN W. CLARK, 
 
 « 
 
 No. 4 West Third Street, Bank Buildings, 
 
 OPPOSITE THE TRUST COMPANY, 
 
 c I nsr c I :isr itT-A. T I . 
 
 Deals in Coin, Bank Notes, Land Warrants, Stocks, Bonds and Business Paper. 
 
 UNITED STATES BAM MIRROH. 
 
 PUBLISHED SEMI-MONTHLY BY 
 
 PADDOCK & CO., EXCHANGE BROKERS, 
 
 Corner Third and Walnut Streets, (New Building,) Cincinnati. 
 
 Terms of the Detector, (invariably in advance,') $2.00 semi-monthly ; $1.50 
 monthly ; including glass, coin book, and book of plates. 
 
 We buy all money as quoted in the Mirror. The highest prices paid for broken 
 and uncurrent money. 
 
 Country subscribers wUl save money by remitting to us. 
 
 103 
 
T E 
 
 CHARLES RULE, 
 
 SUCCESSOR TO LOWRY & RULE. 
 
 iPorner Broadway & Fifth Streets, 
 
 
 MAEBLE MANTELS AND STATUAM, 
 
 Constantly on hand and furnished to order. 
 
 Supplied with M A R B L E ' in Block and Slab, 
 OR SAWED TO ORDER. 
 
THE STATE OF MISSOURI. 
 
 Arkansas after spreading numerous branches over the southern part of this State. Several tributaries of the Arkansas 
 water the soulh-west section, but are not navigable. 
 
 North of the Missouri are Salt and Copper rivers, which empty into the Mississippi; and the northern tributaries of 
 the Missouri are the Grand and Chariton rivers, both navigable, and composed of numerous branches, which drain a 
 large country. Further west, and falling also into the Missouri, are the Platte and Nodaway. Many of the rivers of 
 Missouri are obstructed by rafts and fallen trees, and more especially is tliis the case with the Grand, Osage, Salt, Maramec, 
 and St. Francis; the navigation of these, however, will be improved at no distant period, or as soon as the wants and 
 interests of the people demand such improvements. Other rivers thiiii those mentioned are of minor importance. 
 
 The mineral region of Missouri occupies an area of about 18,000.ii00 acres. As early as 1718 it was described in a 
 French chart as "au pays plein de mines." It extends from the head waters of the St. Francis to the Maramec River, a 
 distance of about TH miles in length, and from the Mississippi in a south-westerly direction, about 60 miles. The elevation 
 of the district above the sea level varies from GOO to 1,200 feet. The climate is equable and salubrious, and the superin- 
 cumbent soil moderately fertile. No one of the mining districts of Europe enjoys such facilities of supporting a large 
 population ; and yet the Harz Mountains, with an area of 300,000 acres, sustains 60,000 inhabitants ; the Erzgebirge, 
 of Saxony, with about 1,500,000 acres, sustains 500,000 inhabitants; and Cornwall, with 760,000 acres, 300,000 inhabitants. 
 Populated as the Erzgebirge, in the ratio of one inhabitant to every three acres, the mineral region of Missouri would 
 sustain 6,000,000 of souls, and probably the working members of such a population might find here employment for ages. 
 Excepting gold and platina, most of the important and useful metals and ores are known to exist in Missouri. The 
 following minerals, metallic and non-metallic, arranged hero according to their intrinsic value, Imve been found within its 
 limits— lead, iron, copper, coljalt, silver, nickel, zinc and calamine, manganese and wadd, coal, rock salt, barytes, sand 
 and quartz, carbonate and sulphate of lime, alnmine and potter's clay, fuller's earth, variegated marble and oolite, salt- 
 petre, antimony, tin, tungstate of iron and lead, diamonds, chalcedony and feldspar, and some others of perhaps a 
 minor importance. 
 
 The lead mines have been wrought since the first settlement of the country. The ore is in the form of sulphuret and 
 carbonate, and in the upper mines at Potosi it is found mixed with calamine and blende. The lead region extends over 
 the counties of Madison, St. Francois, St. Louis, Washington, etc. Formerly the carbonate was considered as worthless, 
 but it is now reduced in blast furnaces, and yields 72 per cent. The sulphuret yields from 66 to SO per cent., and contains 
 about 6 per cent, of silver. Iron in the form of hematite, and the ochrey, the micaceous and red oxydes, are found in 
 the greatest abundance. The ores exist throughout the mineral region, and extend even into the coal formation, which 
 occupies so large a surface. Abundant, easily manufactured, and the transportation easy, this is essentially the staple of 
 Missouri. Her celebrated mountains of micaceous oxydes— the Iron Mountain and Pilot Knob— are almost inexhaustible. 
 They form the eastern extreme of the Ozarks, and are situated in St Francois County, a few miles east of Potosi, and only 
 40 miles from St. Genevieve, on the Mississippi. The two peaks are about 6 miles apart, the more northerly of the 
 elevations, the Iron Moimtain, is IJ miles long and 444 feet high. Its whole top is a solid mass of iron, and one sees 
 Tiothing but iron lumps as far as the eye can reach. The ore yields 60 per cent, of pig, and is deemed a most superior 
 metal. Pilot Knob is 1,500 feet high. Dr. Feuchtwanger estimates the quantity of pig iron embedded in these mountains 
 alone at 600,000,000 of tons, enough to supply the world for more than a century. The mines of Elba, of Sweden, or of 
 Norway, together, do not contain an amount equal to this. The mines of copper are chiefly found in the sfiuth and west 
 portions of the mineral region, but exist in other parts. The ore is of every variety and usually very rich. It is found 
 in combination with lead and iron, frequently with manganese, cobalt, and nickel, and occasionally with silver. It is 
 generally pyritous, but oxydes and carbonates are frequently found. The ores appear as a cement uniting angular frag- 
 ments of lime rock forming a breccia, and much of it is easily removed by a pickaxe alone. As a general thing the 
 yield is about 34 per cent, of metal. Hitherto mining for copper has been little attended to, but it is now probable that 
 operations will be commenced on a large scale, and as the indications of extensive lodes have been traced for miles, this 
 product is destined to be one of the most valuable of the State ; indeed, the copper mines of Missouri are said to be more 
 valuable than even those of Lake Superior. The several metals found in combination with the above, namely, silver, 
 zinc, manganese, cobalt, nickel, etc., give an additional value to the mines, and as tin has been found near Caledonia, it 
 may be sai<l of Missouri, that no other State or country is richer in metallic wealth, or has better prospects of future pros- 
 perity. The substantial wealth of England and Belgium is drawn from their mines, but neither of these countries can 
 compare in any one respect with this State. 
 
 Minerals of the non-metallic kinds are everywhere as abundant as could be desired. The carboniferous limestone 
 formation, on which St. Louis is built, and which extends throughout the northern division of the State, forms a beautiful 
 and compact building material. Sandstones are abundant, but coarse and loose in texture. The white sandstone of St, 
 Genevieve makes superior glass. Porphyries, susceptible of a high polish, are numerous in Southern Missouri, and are 
 well fitted for architectural and ornamental uses. Sienite is also found, and marbles of various textures exist in several 
 counties. Gypsum has been discovered in Jackson County ; and in caverns near the Maramec, Current, and Gasconade, 
 saltpetre exists in vast quantities. Sulphate of baryta, or heavy spar, is found in the lead diggings. 
 
 The northern coal measures of Missouri are continuous with those of Illinois ; it is in general called bituminous coal. 
 At Cote sans Dessein, however, it assumes the form of cannel. It has been discovered at several distinct points in Colo 
 and Callaway counties, and as high as forty miles upon the Osage. Some of its layers are of great thickness, and on dis- 
 tillation it yields excellent coke and a gas that burns with a bright and copious flame; and being destitute of sulphur,it is 
 well adapted to furnaces and manufacturing purposes. 
 
 A great variety of clays, useful for economical purposes, are found in dilTerent parts. The subsoil of the region around 
 St. Louis, abounding as it does inoxyde of iron and alumina, makes brick of a handsome red tint and smooth texture; it 
 is fitted, too, for the manufacture of pottery. Variegated clays are found in the same vicinity. Kaolin, or porcelain clay, 
 and pipe clays have been discovered near Caledonia and Cape Girardeau, and delft-ware is manufactured in St. Louis 
 from clays obtained near Commerce, in Scott County. 
 
 Except on the prairies. Missouri is well timbered. The river bottoms, in particular, are covered with a luxuriant 
 growth of oalc, elm, ash, hickory, cotton-wood, and black and white walnut. In the more barren districts are found 
 white and pin oak, and sometimes forests of yellow pine. Many of the trees and shrubs met with differ from those found 
 in the same latitude in Ohio. The crab-apple, pawpaw, and persimmon are abundant, as also the hazel and pecan. 
 Three wild species of grape-vine are common throughout the country. The prairies are clothed in the proper season with 
 numerous varieties of flowers, and with a coarse, tall grass, which, either green or cured, is excellent fodder for cattle. 
 
 169 
 
THE STATE OF MISSOURI. 
 
 The general ciipaoity of the country for agriculture is unsurpassed, and every kind of grain and esculent vegetable, with 
 flax and hemp, find In one part or another a consronial soil and climate. Tobacco is also a staple production; and table 
 fruits, as the appli', pear, peiich, nectarine, eti-.,ero\v in profusion. As a frrazing country, Missouri is one of the best ; the 
 prairies are excellent natural pastures, and the business of rearing cattle is almost reduced to the simple operation of turn- 
 ing them upon these prairies and lettinsr them I'atlen until the owner thinks proper to claim the tribute of their hides and 
 other products. Hogs are also raised witli great ease in the forests. 
 Missouri is divided into 100 counties, the general statistics of which and the capitals of each, in 1S50, were as follows 
 
 CuuntJes. Dwell. 
 
 Adair 383. 
 
 Andrew 1,377. 
 
 Atchison 291 . 
 
 Aiidrian 4i)S. 
 
 Barry 544. 
 
 Bales 020. 
 
 Benton 789. 
 
 Boone l,9-.'4. 
 
 Buchanan 2,030. 
 
 Butler 26D. 
 
 Caldwell 8o8. 
 
 Calloway 1,012. 
 
 Camden StiO. 
 
 Cape Girardeau 2,108. 
 
 Carroll 770. 
 
 Cass 933. 
 
 Cedar 501. 
 
 Chariton 1,090. 
 
 Clarke 805. 
 
 Clay 1,352. 
 
 Clinlon 560. 
 
 Cole 9^14. 
 
 Cooper 1,717. 
 
 Crawford 994. 
 
 Dade 659. 
 
 Dallas 597. 
 
 Daviess 784. 
 
 DeKalb 338. 
 
 Dodge 57. 
 
 Dunklin 215. 
 
 Franklin 1,925. 
 
 Gasconade 950. 
 
 Gentry 708. 
 
 Greene 2,040. 
 
 Grundy 477. 
 
 Harrison 387 . 
 
 Henry 501. 
 
 Hickory 364. 
 
 Holt 614. 
 
 Howard 1,6.35. 
 
 Jackson 1,719. 
 
 Jasper. 604 . 
 
 Jefferson 1,119. 
 
 Johnson 1,030. 
 
 Knox 427. 
 
 LaClede 885. 
 
 Lafayette 1,459. 
 
 Lawrence 743. 
 
 Lewis 905. 
 
 Lincoln 1,239. 
 
 Pop. 
 
 . 2.342 
 . 9,433 
 . 1,648. 
 . 3,5ii6. 
 . 3,407. 
 . 3,009, 
 . 5,015. 
 .14,979. 
 .12,975. 
 . 1,016. 
 . 2,310. 
 .1.3,s27. 
 . 2,338. 
 .13,912. 
 . 5,441. 
 . 0,1190. 
 . 3,301. 
 . 7,514. 
 . 5,527. 
 .10,332. 
 . 3,7S6. 
 . 6,096. 
 .12,950. 
 . 6,397. 
 . 4,240. 
 . 3,648. 
 . 5,298. 
 . 2,075. 
 . 353. 
 . 1,229. 
 .11,021. 
 . 4,990. 
 . 4,248. 
 .12,785. 
 . 3,006. 
 . 2,447. 
 . 4,052. 
 . 2,329. 
 . 3,957. 
 .13.969. 
 ,14,000. 
 . 4.223. 
 . 0,928. 
 . 7,464. 
 . 2,894. 
 . 2,498. 
 .13,690. 
 . 4,859. 
 . 6,578. 
 . 9,421. 
 
 Farina JLiriiif. 
 in.-ult. 
 
 ,. 320. 
 .. 873. 
 . 188.. 
 . 417.. 
 . 3S9.. 
 . 472.. 
 . 510., 
 .l,.37e. 
 .1,253.. 
 . 143.. 
 . 232,. 
 .1,169.. 
 . 214.. 
 .1,019.. 
 . 3S3.. 
 . 729.. 
 . 347.. 
 . 659.. 
 . 425.. 
 . 944.. 
 . 334.. 
 . 638.. 
 .1,064.. 
 . 715.. 
 . 567.. 
 . 361.. 
 . 342.. 
 . 229.. 
 . 49.. 
 . 76.. 
 .1,096.. 
 . 533.. 
 . 444., 
 .1,283,, 
 . 255.. 
 . 141., 
 . 385.. 
 . 190.. 
 . 305.. 
 .1,105.. 
 . 986.. 
 . 408.. 
 . 704.. 
 . 750.. 
 . 303,. 
 . 233.. 
 . 895.. 
 . 410.. 
 . 448.. 
 
 5..Kirksville 
 83.. Savannah 
 
 5 . . Linden 
 10.. Mexico 
 
 2..Cassville 
 
 CBatesvillo 
 10.. Warsaw 
 21. .Columbia 
 89 . . Sparta 
 
 . . Cane Creek 
 
 7. .Kingston 
 33.. Fulton 
 
 C.Erie 
 31.. Jackson 
 
 15. .CarroUton 
 19. .Harrisonville 
 
 7. .Fremont 
 24. .Keytesville 
 12.. Waterloo 
 42.. Liberty 
 
 0..1'lattsburg 
 28. .JeftersonCity 
 79..Booneville 
 
 9..Steel8ville 
 13. .Greenfield 
 
 3.. Buffalo 
 
 3.. Gallatin 
 
 1. .Mays villa 
 0.. Butler 
 
 2. .Chillilecaux 
 32.. Union 
 
 16. .Hermann 
 0.. Athens 
 
 50. .Springfield 
 
 5. .Trenton 
 
 0.. Bethany 
 11.. Clinton 
 
 6.. Hermitage 
 
 5.. Oregon 
 35.. Fayette 
 78. .Independence 
 
 8. .Carthage 
 12..Hillsboro' 
 28. .Warrensburg 
 
 7, .Kdina 
 
 2..Wiota 
 67.. Lexington 
 
 5. .Mount Vernon 
 15. .Montieello 
 10.. Troy 
 
 Cnunties. Dwell. 
 
 Linn 625. 
 
 Livingston 65S . 
 
 Macon 1,079. 
 
 M'Donald 371. 
 
 Madison 878. 
 
 Marion 1,595. 
 
 Mercer 412. 
 
 Miller 592. 
 
 Mississippi 443 . 
 
 Moniteau 901. 
 
 Monroe 1,296. 
 
 Montgomery 754 . 
 
 Morgan 754. 
 
 New Madrid 752 . 
 
 Newton 653. 
 
 Nodaway 325. 
 
 Oregon 252 . 
 
 0.sage 1,082. 
 
 Ozark 361. 
 
 Perry 1,111. 
 
 Pettis 714. 
 
 Pike 1,671. 
 
 Platte 2,490. 
 
 Polk 907. 
 
 Pulaski 630. 
 
 Putnam 205. 
 
 Kails 777. 
 
 Randolph 1,157. 
 
 Kay 1,457. 
 
 RcjTioIds 293. 
 
 Ripley 445. 
 
 St, Charles 1,633. 
 
 St. Clair 531, 
 
 St. Francois 704. 
 
 St. Genevieve .. 814. 
 St. Louis County 13,4.30 
 
 Sahne 950. 
 
 Schuyler 539. 
 
 Scotland 588. 
 
 Scott 500. 
 
 Shannon 204. 
 
 Shelby 632. 
 
 Stoddard 719. 
 
 Sullivan 457. 
 
 Taney 680. 
 
 Texas 394. 
 
 Warren 899. 
 
 Washington ....1,291. 
 
 Wayne 099. 
 
 Wright 541. 
 
 Pop, 
 
 . 4,053. 
 . 4,247. 
 . 6,505. 
 . 2,236. 
 . 6,003. 
 .12,230. 
 . 2,691. 
 . 3,834. 
 . 3,123. 
 . 6,004. 
 .10,541. 
 . 5,489. 
 . 4,050. 
 . 5,541. 
 . 4,208. 
 . 2,118. 
 . 1,4.32. 
 . 6,704. 
 . 2,294. 
 . 7,215. 
 . 5,150. 
 .13,009. 
 .10,845. 
 . 6,186. 
 . 3,998. 
 . 1,057. 
 . 6.151. 
 . 9,4-39. 
 .10,.373. 
 . 1,849. 
 . 2,830. 
 .11,454. 
 ,. 3,556. 
 . 4,904. 
 . 5,313. 
 104,978. 
 . 8,843. 
 . 3,287. 
 . 3,782. 
 . 3,182. 
 . 1,199. 
 . 4,253. 
 . 4,277. 
 . 2,983. 
 . 4,373. 
 . 2,312. 
 . 5,800. 
 . 8,811. 
 . 4.518. 
 . 3,387. 
 
 , 429. 
 . 457. 
 . 711. 
 . 326. 
 . 515. 
 . 810. 
 . 272. 
 . 809. 
 . 271. 
 . 761. 
 . 926. 
 . 607. 
 . 455. 
 
 407. 
 , 293. 
 . 241. 
 
 130. 
 
 711. 
 , 253. 
 . 74:3. 
 . 500. 
 
 989. 
 1,651. 
 , 543. 
 . 471. 
 . 202. 
 
 541. 
 . 993. 
 , 8.33, 
 
 145. 
 . 258. 
 .1,035. 
 . 327. 
 . 437. 
 , 425. 
 1,294. 
 , 587. 
 . 446. 
 
 884. 
 . 203. 
 
 153. 
 , 897. 
 , 418. 
 
 .317. 
 
 509. 
 , 232. 
 
 744. 
 
 713. 
 
 478. 
 
 371. 
 
 E»tab. Cap.Ub. 
 
 . O..Linneus 
 . 2..Chillicothe 
 . 8..Bloomington 
 . 42..Rutledge 
 . 19..Fredericktowu 
 . 76.. Palmyra 
 . 3.. Princeton 
 . O..Tuscumbia 
 . 0., Ohio City 
 . 15. .California 
 . 21.. Paris 
 . ie..Danvillo 
 . 12.. "Versailles 
 . 30.. New Madrid 
 . 11.. Neosho 
 . 8.. Nodaway 
 . 3..Thomasvillo 
 . 9.. Linn 
 . 5.. Rockbridge 
 . 35.. Perry ville 
 . 10. .Georgetown 
 . 47. .Bowling Green 
 . 64.. Platte City 
 . 6.. Bolivar 
 . 3..Wayne,sville 
 . 0.. Putnam ville 
 . 13. .New Londou 
 . 47..Huntsville 
 . 80.. Richmond 
 . C.Van Buren 
 . 7.. Doniphan 
 . 33. .St. Charles 
 . 5 . . Oseola 
 . 11. .Farmington 
 . 10. .St. Genevieve 
 1,409.. St. Louis City 
 8.. Marshall 
 5. .Lancaster 
 6.. Memphis 
 9.. Ben ton 
 0.. Eminence 
 14..Shelbyvillo 
 . 2..Bloomfleld 
 . 5.. Milan 
 , 0.. Forsyth 
 . 15.. Ellsworth 
 . 11 . . Warreaton 
 . 41..Potosi 
 . 2.. Greenville 
 . Cllartsville 
 
 The whole number of dwellings in the State was, at the above date, 96,849; of families, 100,890; and of inhabitanl3, 
 682,043*; viz., whites 592.077— males 312,980, and fcm.ales 279,091 ; fr. col. 2,544— males 1, -338, and females 1,200, and si. 87,422. 
 Of the whole population there were, deaf and dumb — wh. 244, fr. col. 0, si. 15 — total 259; blind — wh. 180, fr. col. 3, sL 
 28— total 211 ; insane— v/h. 271, fr. col. 2, si. 9— total 282; and idiotic— v/h. 304, fr. col. 0, si. 29— tot.il 333. The number 
 of free persons born in the United States was 520,820, the number of foreign birth 72,474, and of birth unknown 1,.322. 
 The ?iaUv4 population originated as follows: Me. 311, N. Hauip. 304., Verm. 630, Mass. 1,10.3, It. I. 124, Conn. 742, N. Y. 
 5,010, N.J. 8,85, Penn. 8,291, Del. 518, Md. 4,25:?, Dist. of Col. 2-38, Virg. 8,357, N. Car. 21,487, S. Car. 27,908, Ga. 17,506, 
 Flor. 629, Ala. 84,047, Mi.ss. 6;>3, La. 746, Tex. 248, Ark. 2,120, Tenn. 44,970, Ky. 09,094, Oh. 12,737, Mich. 295, Ind. 12,752, 
 111 10,917, J/i.««oiiri 277,604, la. 1,306, Wise. 123, Territories SO; and the foreign population was composed of persons 
 from— Kngl.and 5,379, Ireland 14,734, Scotland 1,049, Wales 176, Germany 44.352, Franco 2,133, Spain 46, Portugal 11, 
 Belgium 58, HoVand 189, Turkey 7, Italy 124, Austria 71, Switzerland 984, Russia 29, Denmark 55, Norway 155, Sweden 
 
 ' A census of IVIisHouri, take 
 
 170 
 
 • State autliority, for 1852, gave tlie population at 724,667—634,934 whites, 2,528 fr. col., and 87,207 slaves. 
 
^!^^<R>^5- 
 
 '^^^^ 
 
 ■^^^g>^s^ 
 
50 WALNUT ST., OPPOSITE THE EXCHANGE. 
 
 FIRE, INLAND TRANSPORTATION AND MARINE 
 
 i3xrsTjrt.A.KroE: 
 
 Directors. — Edward Harris Miles, Samuel J. Sbarpless, John M. Odenheimer, Malilon Wil- 
 liamson, A. J. Antelo, Henry Grarabo, Isaac Jeaues, Samuel L. Creutzborg, Heury Preaut, 
 Edward G. James, William L. Springs, Franklin C. Jones, Daniel Haddock, Jr., William 
 i Taylor, James Murphj', Wm. J. Caner, Thos. T. Butcher, Algernon E. Ashburner, Alfred Fas- 
 1 P'tt, Thos. S. Foster, Gustavus English, James U. Stroup, Alfred Slade, John H. Brown, 
 I Charles S. Carstairs, E. C Knight, John C. Keffer, John P. Steiner, Wm. E. Smith, John R. 
 i Baker. 
 
 I John C. Keffer, Kdiv^ard Harris Allies, Alfred Fassitt, 
 
 I Secretary. President. Vice President. 
 
 Manufacturers^ Insurance Company. 
 
 Charter Perpetual. Granted by the State of Pennsylvania. 
 
 CAPITAL, $500,000. 
 
 FIRE, MARIl Al INLAND TRANSPORTATION. 
 
 Aaron S> lilpplncott. President, 
 
 Orriu Rogers, Secretary, 
 
 Alfred Weeks, Vice President, 
 George Young, Treasurer. 
 
 Directors.— Aaron S. Lippincott, Malilon Gillingliani, Wm. B. Thomas, William Neal, Chas. J. Field, 
 Nicholas G. Taylor, Alfred Weeks, Orrin Rogers, John P. Simons, .lames P. Smylh. 
 
 Henry T> Bolles, Snrveyor. 
 
 This Company has been organized with a cash capital, and the Directors have determined 
 to adapt the business to its available resources ; to observe prudence in conducting its 
 afifairs, with a prompt adjustment of losses. 
 
 Office, No. 10 Merchants' Exchange, Philadelphia. 
 
 JOHN A. GENDELL, Proprietor. 
 
 IRON STORE FRONTS, 
 Patent Rolling Iron Shutters, Columns, Girders, &c. 
 
 OFFICE. No. 7 SOUTH FIFTH STREET, 
 PHILADELPHIA. 
 
 1035 
 
 31 
 
O ^S Z JL» 33 S5 " 
 
 .u (Eugramiig (Dffirp, 
 
 ESTABLISHED IN CHICAGO IN 1837. 
 
 Wood and Copper Engraving, 
 
 IN ALL ITS BKANCHES. 
 
 ZUi CUTTmO, STEEt DIE0 KUt STAMPSt 
 
 STENCIL CUTTING, &c. 
 
 §61(1 ^i-esses of b^fmis pi{ik'ti}§. Jilbo^ljgi oi) i)^j)9, 
 Copper-Plate Friiitins in every variety of style, 
 
 BIAWSISS iF HAeilHSaY, BBILQJHSS. &e. 
 
 Diflferenl Artists employed in each Brancli, to insure the best of 
 workmanship. 
 
 Having the most extensive Engraving establishment in the 
 Western States, we are prepared to do any amount of Avork with 
 despatch. OFFICE, No. 9 S. Clark St. 
 
 CMcago, Illinois » 
 
THE STATE OF MISSOURI. 
 
 37, Prussia 697, Sardinia 1, Asia 3, Africa 7, British America 1,053, Mexico 94, Central America South America 20 
 West Indies 50, Sandwich Islands 1, and other countries 954. 
 
 The following table will show the decennial progress of the population since the first census of the State taken by the 
 United States authorities : 
 
 Colored Persons. Decennial Increase^ 
 Census Wliita , • Total . 
 
 Years. Persons. Free. Slave. Total. Population. Numerical. Percent 
 
 ISIO 17,227 607 3,011 8,918 20,845 — — 
 
 1820 56,081 283 10,222 10,505 66,586 45,741 219.6 
 
 1830 114,803 661 25,091 25,652 140,455 73,869 110.9 
 
 1840 323,838 1,574 58,240 59,814 383,703 24-3,247 173.2 
 
 1850 592,078 2,544 87,422 89,966 682,044 298,342 77.8 
 
 The statistics of the wealth, industry, and institutions of the State, as exhibited by the census of 1850, and other oflBcial 
 documents referring to the same period of time, are as follows : 
 
 Occupied Lands, efc.— Improved farm lands, 2,924,991 acres, and attached lands unimproved, 6,767,937 acres— valued 
 together in cash at .$03,057,482. Whole number of farms under cultivation, 54,458. Value of farming implements and 
 machinery, $3,965,945. 
 
 Zwe-Stock.—lloTses, 223,593 ; asses and mules, 41,508 ; milch cows, 228,553 ; working oxen, 111,268 ; other cattle, 445,615 ; 
 sheep, 756,309 ; and swine, 1,692,043— valued in the aggregate at $19,766,851. In 1840, according to the census of that year, 
 there were in the Slate : 196,032 horses, mules, etc. ; 4;33,ST5 neat cattle of all kinds ; 348,018 sheep ; and 1,271,161 swine. 
 
 Products of Animals.— Vfoo\, 1,615,860 pounds; butter, 7,792,499 pounds; cheese, 202,122 pounds; and the cash 
 value of animals slaughtered during the year amounted to $3,349,517. The production of silk cocoons was 186 poimds ; 
 and the quantity of beeswax and honey obtained was 1,327,812 pounds. 
 
 Grain Crops.— Wheat, 2,966,928 bushels ; rye, 44,112 bushels ; Indian corn, 36,069,543 bushels; oats, 5,248,476 bushels ; 
 barley, 9,631 bushels; and buckwheat, 23,590 bushels. The crops of these cereals, according to the census of 1340, were : 
 wheat, 1,037,386 bushels; rje, 68,068 bushels; Indian corn, 17,332,524 bushels; oats, 2,234,947 bushels; barley, 9,801 
 bushels ; and buckwheat, 15,318 bushels. 
 
 Other Food Crops. — Eice, 700 pounds; peas and beans, 45,974 bushels; and potatoes — Irish, 934,627 bushels, and 
 sweet, 332,120 bushels. The potato crop reported in the census of 1840 was 783,768 bushels. 
 
 Miscellatieous Crops.— Tobacco, 17,100,884 pounds; hay, 110,743 tons; clover-seed, 615 bushels; other grass-seed, 4,887 
 bushels; hops, 3,130 pounds; hemp— dew-rotled 17,207 tons, and water-rotted 5.351 tons; flax, 520,008 pounds; flax-seed, 
 13,641 bushels ; maple sugar, 178,750 pounds ; molasses, 5,636 gallons ; wine, 10,563 gallons, etc. The value of orchard 
 products was $512,527, and of market-garden products $99,454. In the census of 1840 the production of cotton is noted 
 at 121,122 pounds— this crop is not noticed in the census of 1S50. 
 
 The following table will exhibit the increase of live-stock, and of the principal crops in the decade ending 1st June, 1850 : 
 
 Staples. 1840. 1850. Increase. 
 
 Wheat 1,087,886 bushels .... 2,966,928 bushels .... 1,929,542 bushels, or 186.0 per cent. 
 
 Indian corn 17,332,524 " .... 36,069,54;3 " .... 18,737,019 " or 108.1 " 
 
 Oats 2,234,947 " .... 5,243,476 " .... 3,008,529 " or 134.6 " 
 
 Tobacco 9,067,913 pounds 17,100,884 pounds 8,032,971 pounds, or 88.6 " 
 
 Hemp, dew-rotled "] ( 17,207 tons "l 
 
 " water-rotted S- 18,010i tons -j 5,851 " I 10,705,743 " or 26.5 » 
 
 Flax J I 520,008 pounds J 
 
 Neat Cattle 483,875 heads .... 785,436 heads .... 351,561 heads, or 81.0 " 
 
 Swine 1,271,161 " .... 1,692,043 " .... 420,882 " or 83.1 " 
 
 Sheep 848,018 " .... 756,309 " .... 408,291 " or 117.3 " 
 
 Wool 562,265 pounds .... 1,615,860 pounds .... 1,053,595 pounds, or 187.4 " 
 
 — furnishing results indicative of the more rapid development of the agricultural interests of the State, than the ratio of 
 increase in the population would warrant; and these results are the more astonishing, when the increase of mining and 
 manufacturing interests, which have been relatively extensive, are taken into consideration. 
 
 ffonie-made manvfactures for the year ending 1st June, 1850 were valued at $1,663,016. The same class of goods 
 made in 1839-40, were valued at $1,149,544. 
 
 Manufactures. — Aggregate capital invested, $9,194,999; value of raw material, fuel, etc., consumed in the year, 
 $12,408,457; average number of hands employed — males and females ; average monthly cost of labor 
 
 $ -male $ and female $ ; total value of products for the year ending Ist June, 1850, $24,250,578. The 
 
 whole number of manufacturing establishments in the State producing to the value of $500 and upward annually, at the 
 above date, was 8,030, and of these two were cotton factories, one a woolen factory, 13 iron manufactories — 6 of castings, 
 5 of pig iron, and 1 of wrought iron, and 148 were tanneries. Nearly one-half the total number of establishments are in 
 and about St. Louis, where almost every trade and handicraft has gained a footing, while in the interior counties the 
 manufactories consist of the kinds usually found in agricultural and mining countries. The total capital invested in manu- 
 factories in 1840 was $2,704,405. 
 
 The cotton manufactures employ a capital of $102,000, and consume annually 2,160 bales of cotton, and 1,658 ions of 
 coal, valued at $86,446 ; employ 155 hands— males 75, and females 80 ; monthly cost of labor, $1,620 ; products, 13,260 bales 
 of batting, and value of entire products, $142,900. 
 
 In the tcooUn manufacture $20,000 are invested ; 80,000 pounds of wool is used annually ; total value of raw material, 
 fuel, etc., $16,000 ; hands employed 25—15 males and 10 females, at a monthly cost amounting to $545 ; products of tho 
 year, 12,000 yards of cloth, and 6,000 pairs of blankets, valued in the whole at $56,000. 
 
 The iron manufactures are stated, in the census of 1850, as follows : 
 
 „,„„r,„,„„ CapitaHn- Value of Raw Average Hands Moutlily Cost Product. Value of Annual 
 
 Manufactures. ^l^^^^^_ iMateri.l, etc Employed. ofl-al.or. Tons. ] roducts. 
 
 Pig iron $619,000 $97,367 834 $8,112 19,250 $314,600 
 
 Cast iron 187,000 133,114 297 5,830 5,200 336,495 
 
 Wroughtiron 42,100 24,509 101 3,030 963 68,700 
 
 171 
 
THE STATE OF MISSOURI. 
 
 In 1840 there were 80 men employed in the manufacture of iron, and the capital invested in all iron manufuctories 
 amounted only to $79,000, and hence the increase has been nearly 1,000 per cent, in the 10 subsequent years. 
 
 The lead mines have been comparatively deserted for the past few years, on account of the miners having gone to Cali- 
 fornia, and other circumstances. The receipts of lead at St. Louis alone, in 1850, was 56S,3li0 pigs of 70 pounds, being a 
 decrease of 210,169 pigs from the receipts of 1347. Of the receipts at other ports on the Missouri there are no accessible 
 reports. 
 
 In tanneries the capital invested amounts to $225,095; value of hides and skins used, $247,956; hands employed, 417; 
 monthly cost of labor, $S,317; sides of leather produced, 241,334, and skins tunned, 44,403; value of products, $46C>,214. 
 
 Foreign Coynmerce. — Missouri, from its inland position, can never enjoy any large share of direct commerce with foreign 
 nations. The U. S. Treasury reports, except for the year 1844, have not mentioned exports being made directly, and for 
 that year they were valued at $293;901 ; but for many years iniporLs, increasing in value year by year, are entered at the 
 ports. In 1S50 the imports were valued at .$359,643. The value of imports in a series of years, commencing with 18=53, 
 were as follows : in 1833, $5,881 ; in 1836, $3,227 ; in 1833, $15.921 ; in 1840, $10,600 ; in 1841, $33,875 ; in 1342, $31,137 ; 
 in 1844, $120,673; in 1845, $544,291; in 1S46, $73,569; in 1847, $167,195; in 1818, $148,560; in 1849, $1.30,382; in 1850, 
 $359,04.3. The shipping owned in the district, of which St. Louis is the port of entry, amounted in 1850 to 23,907 tons, all 
 employed in the river trade, and of which 24,955 tons were navigated by steam. During the year ending 30lh June, 1350, 
 five steamers, with an aggregate tonnage of 1,353 tons, were built in the district 
 
 River and Internal Trade. — Missouri, if shut out from foreign commerce, has a river and internal trade, which 
 fully compensates its disadvantages. The Mississippi Kiver forms its great external highway, and the Missouri Uiver, 
 with its wide-spreading affluents, gives it access to the interior. On these rivers an immense trade is constantly being 
 earricd on, St. Louis being the great receiving and distributing dep6t of the State. It would be almost impossilde 
 to estimate the extent or value of this commerce. In 1861 of steamboats alone 2,041 arrived at St. Louis, and of these 300 
 were from New Orleans, 401 from ports on the Ohio Eiver, 634 from the Illinois liiver, 639 from the Upper Mississippi, 
 801 from llie Missouri liiver, 43 from the Cumberland River, 119 from Cairo, and 175 from other ports. These bring and 
 take away the material of a vast trade, and give to St. Louis all the advantages that port could have if near the sea- board. 
 But beside these, barges and keel boats navigate all the waters, and perhaps transport an equal amount of merchandise 
 with the steamboats. The whole tonnage entered in the year above tiameil was 68:3,140 tons. 
 
 Internal Inipravements.— Common roads and bridges excepted, Missouri is almost blameless of works of internal im- 
 provement. Every other interest of the State is far ahead of this, the most needful to its permanent prosperity. At the 
 commencement of 1850 there were only five macadamized roads in the whole country, and these, all centering at St. 
 Louis, only passed a few miles into the interior. The spirit of modern improvement, however, has not slept, nor have 
 the people been unmindful of the benefit that the railroad will realize to the country. A splendid system of railroads has 
 been provided for, which will carry two lines directly across the State — one from Hannibal, on the Mississippi, to St. Jo- 
 sephs, on the Missouri, and the other from St. Louis to the mouth of Kansas liiver — both intended to be carried ultimately 
 to the Pacific Ocean, and from the latter a south-western branch will be built to the borders of Arkansas. From St. Louis 
 will also be built a railroad northward and through Iowa to the settlements of Minnesota. Besides these a railroad will 
 be built from St. Louis to the Iron Mountain ; and other roads contemplated are the Platte County Railroad, the Lexing- 
 ton and Daviess County Railroad, and the Canton and Bloomfield Railroad. The whole length of these railroads pro- 
 jected is about 1,200 miles, but less than 40 miles was in use on the 1st JanuarN%1853. The following sums have been 
 appropriated by the General Assembly to aid in their construction : for the IlannlEul and St. Josephs Railroad, $1,500,000 ; 
 the Pacific Railroad and its south-western branch, $4,000,000 ; the North Missouri Railroad, $2,0(10,000 ; the Iron Mountain 
 Railroad, $750,000; the Platte County Railroad, $500,000 ; the Lexington and Daviess County Railroad, $300,000, and the 
 Canton and Bloomfield Railroad, $300,000. The right of way through the public lands is also granted by the General 
 Government. With these means and facilities the works ought to progress rapidly to completion. 
 
 jianKs. — The Bank of the State of Missouri, at St. Louis, and its branches at Lafayette, Jackson, Lexington, Palmyra, 
 and Springfield, were the only banking institutions in operation on the 1st January, 1851, and their aggregate condition 
 at that date was as follows: Liabilities— c!i\t\U.i\, $1,209,181 (of which $954,205 were owned by the State, and $254,9-'6 by 
 individuals) ; circulation, $2,522,500 ; deposits, $1,098,981, and due other banks, $76,280 ; awA— assets : loans and discounts, 
 $3,533,403 ; real estate, $123,928 ; other investments, $273,317 ; due by other banks, $08,028 ; notes of other banks, $37,518 ; 
 and specie, $1,198,203. There is a constitutional prohibition against establishing more than one bank, with not more than 
 five branches, and the capital is limited to $5,000,000, of which at least one half.jnust be held by the State. 
 
 Government. — The government is based on the constitution " done in convention" on the 12th June, 1820. The right 
 of suffrage is enjoyed by every free white male citizen of the United States, twenty-one years old, resident in the State 
 one year before the election, and three months in the place where he offers his vote. The general election is held on the 
 first Monday in August biennially. 
 
 Legislative poacer is vested in a General Assembly, composed of a House of Representatives and a Senate. Represent, 
 atives, in number not above 100, and chosen in counties every second year, shall be free white male citizens of the United 
 States, 24 years of age, inhabitants of the State for two years, and of the county for one year next before the election, and 
 shall have paid a tax. Senators, in number not more than 33, nor less than 14, shall have attained the age of 30, and bo 
 citizens of the United States, residents of the State four years, and shall be chosen for four years, one half of the senators 
 retiring every second year. The General Assembly convenes at JefiTerson City on the last Monday in December, biennially. 
 No laws shall be passed to emancipate slaves without the consent and payment of their owners, or to prevent immigrants 
 7rom bringing with them slaves of the same description with those in the State ; but laws may be passed prohibiting the 
 Importation of the .slaves who have committed a high crime, or as merchandise, slaves, or the oflspring of slaves, im- 
 ported into the United States, and permitting emancipation, saving the rights of creditors. Owners are obliged to treat 
 iheir slaves with humanity, and slaves, in criminal cases, shall have a trial by jury, and have the same protection in their 
 lives and persons as white persons. Free negroes and mulattoes are prohibited from coming into the State. The laws 
 of the General Assembly shall be revised and digested every ten years. 
 
 The Governor must be 35 years of age, a native citizen of the United States, or a citizen thereof at the .idoption of the 
 constitution, or an inhabitant of the territory now called Missouri at the lime of its cession, must have resided in the State 
 four years next before election, and is chosen for a term of four years, but can not serve two successive terms. The lieu- 
 tenant-governor, who is ex-officto president of the Senate, must ha\ e the same qualifications, etc., as the governor, and is 
 elected at the same time and for the same term. The governor may veto a bill of the General Assembly, but a subsequent 
 112 
 
J. F. BROWNE, 
 
 iy ^1^ ^M^^ ^^^ <^^^fe J^Sj ^ii»iy 
 
Has a large circulation throughout West Tennessee, North Mississippi, Arkansas, 
 Texas and other Southern States. Address, 
 
 PRYOR & GRAY, Proprietors, 
 
 Philadelphia Surgeons' Bandage Institute, 
 
 PATRONIZED BY THE MEDICAL FACULTY. 
 
 No. 4 North Ninth Street, West side, the sixth Stoie above Market Street 
 B. C. EVERETT, Principal, 
 
 Establislied in 1841, for the sale of every variety of Pur^ical Appliances 
 
 niiuiu Patent 
 
 , including B. C. EVERETT'S Pre- 
 
 G-I^-A.nDTJ.A.TIlNrG- I^RESSTJIiE TI?,TJSS, 
 
 An uneqiialed instrument for the Permanent Cure of Hernia, or Rupture. The unparalleled success of this 
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 comfort, used for enlarged or varicose veins of the leg, &,c. Elastic KheeCap, Ankle Bandages and abdominal 
 Belts, Crutches, Premium Shoulder Braces, Belts, Lace Stockin|is, Artificial Limlis, Suspensory and Hemor- 
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 knees. All of which are warranted to ht, and are made in Uie most superior manner. Apartments for ladies, 
 under the superintendence of IVlrs. Everett. 
 
 JONES, WHITE & McCURDY'S 
 
 116 ARCH STREET, PHILADELPHIA, 
 
 263 BROADWAY, NEW YORK, 
 
 3 1-2 TREMONT ROW, BOSTON. 
 
 r?i^n • Kb wlan d X. 
 
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 DESIGNS OF ALL KINDS 
 
 E3SrC3-I?,.A.-V33ID IKT TUB BEST ST'STXiE. 
 
 Without Danger or Stench,— the only Effectual Exterminator of Rats, Cock- 
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 Also, Costar's 
 
 Bedbug Exterminator, 
 
 137 
 
 And Costar's V^^^^SaSiffiSS^^I^^P Fly Paper. 
 
 Wholesale and Retail Depot, 388 Broadway, New York. 
 
THE STATE OF MISSOURI. 
 
 majority of both houses makes it law notwithstanding. A vacancy occurring in the office of governor, is filled first by 
 the lieutenant-governor, and after him l)y the president of the Senate ^ro tempore, and he failing, by the Speaker of the 
 House ; but a new election shall be had after three months' notice, unless the vacancy occur within IS months of the end 
 of the term. 
 
 The principal administrative officers of the State are the Secretary of State, who is also Superintendent of Public Schools 
 the Auditor of Accounts, the State Treasurer, the Attorney-general, the Register of Lands, the Adjutant-general Quarter- 
 master-general, and Surveyor-general, and the President and Cashier of the Bank of the State. 
 
 1h& judiciary consists of a Supreme Court and Circuit Courts, C.uinty Courts, Justices' Courts, etc. The mipreme 
 court has appellate jurisdiction only. Tlie three judges of this court are elected for six years by the qaalified voters of 
 the State, and are re-eligible at the expiration of the term. Two sessions are held annually, one at Jefferson City, and one 
 at St. Louis. The attorney-general is ex-officio reporter of the decisions of the court. A circuit court is held twice a 
 year in each county ; its jurisdiction extends to all matters of cost and contract over $90, where the demand is liquidated, 
 and over $50, where the agreement is parole ; and it has exclusive criminal jurisdiction, and a supervision over the county 
 courts and justices of the peace, subject to the correction of the supreme court. Tlie judges of the circuit court are 
 elected by the qualified voters of their respective circuits, and for the term of six years. The jurisdiction of the county 
 courts is limited to matters of probate and local county affairs, as roads, etc. A county court sits in each county, and is 
 composed of three justices, who are elected by the people, and hold their offices for four years. Appeal lies to the circuit 
 court. The county court of St. Louis County is composed of seven justices. In addition to the circuit and county courts, 
 St. Louis has a Court of Common Pleas, with jurisdiction very similar to the circuit court ; a Criminal Court; a distinct 
 Courtof Probate, which relieves the county court from probate duties ; and a Recorder's Court. The judges of the circuit 
 and criminal court are elected in the same manner and for the same term as the circuit judges. There is also a distinct 
 Court of Common Pleas for the city of Hannibal. These are local tribunals, exercising jurisdiction only in their counties, 
 except the Recorder's Court of St. Louis, the jurisdiction of which is confined to small offenses, and within the city limits. 
 From the Court of Common Pleas and the Criminal Court appeal lies to the Supreme Court, and Ihe judges of the Com- 
 mon Pleas are appointed like the circuit judges, with like tenures. The probate judge is elected by the people of the 
 county for four years, and the recorder by the people of the city of St Louis for two years. 
 
 Amendments to the constitution may be proposed by a vote of two-thirds of the members of the General Assembly, 
 and shall be published twelve months before the general election ; and if at the first session thereafter they are confirmed 
 by a vote of two-thirds of the members, they become a part of the constitution. 
 
 The militia force of the State, according to the Army Register for 1S50, consists of 61,000 men of all arms, of which 
 3,919 are commissioned officers, and 5T,0S1 non-commissioned officers, musicians, artificers, and privates. Of the com- 
 missioned officers 45 are general officers, 94 general staff officers, 790 field officers, etc., and 2,990 company officers. 
 
 The State institutions for the relief of the unfortunate, are the Lunatic Asylum at Fulton, completed in 1852, and which 
 in that year received twenty-three patients ; and the Deaf and Dumb Asylum at the same place, and yet completed but 
 partially, which had seventeen inmates. At St. Louis there are several benevolent institutions, hospitals, etc., which in 
 part are supported by the State. 
 
 State Finances, Debt, eta. — The receipts into the Treasury for the two years ending 30th September, 1S50, amounted 
 to $757,088 71, to which must be added balance from the biennial period 1847-48 of $405,404 90 — making a total means 
 of $1,192,493 61. Expenditures in 1849-50, $532,585 82, leaving a balance of $659,907 79, of which sum $569,036 19 be- 
 longs tn the revenue fund. The State debt, exclusive of the surplus revenue deposited with the State, was $922,261, which 
 was the exact amount of State bonds sold and outstanding. Of these bonds, $34,000 have been redeemed and cancelled 
 during the year. The sinking fund, at the date of report, amounted to $9,394 7S, and had claims to $3,497 54, dividends 
 not re-invested ; and the State owns bank stock in the Bank of Missouri, amounting to $954,205 22, as follows : Of the 
 seminary fund, $100,000; of the State school fund, $575,667 96; of the sinking fund, $6,273 66; and in its own right, 
 $272,263 60 ; but the bank claims a due from the State for money advanced and interest, $124,026 47. The value of all 
 property, real and personal, assessed for taxation in 1850, amounted, according to the State reports, to $98,595,463 — but as 
 truly estimated by the census of the same year, to $137,247,707. 
 
 Federal Representation. — In accordance with the act apportioning representation, passed on the 23d May, 1850, Mis- 
 souri sends seven representatives to the Congress of the United States. 
 
 Education. — The public education is under the charge of the Secretary of State, who is ea-ojjlcio superintendent 
 of common schools. The principal of the common school fund amounts to $575,667 96, and has been loaned on bond to 
 the State Bank, which pays interest on the amount semi-annually. The proceeds of this are distributed among the 
 counties according to the number of children reported, and this proportion is distributed among teachers therein. There 
 IS also a seminary fund, amounting to $100,000. Private schools and academies are established throughout the State ; and 
 besides these there are six collegiate establishments: the Missouri University, the University of St Louis, St Vincent's 
 College, tlie Masonic College, St Charles College, and Fayette College. The statistics of these several establishments in 
 1850, were as follows 
 
 N.anies. Location. Fomided. ' Professors. Students. Alumni, Libraries . 
 
 University Of Missouri Columbia 1840 12 52 26 1,300 
 
 University of St Louis (R.Cath.) .... St Louis 1832 17 160 25 12,000 
 
 St. Vincent's College (R. Cath.) Cape Girardeau 1843 10 — 85 5,500 
 
 Masonic College New Palmyra 1S31 5 45 13 2,350 
 
 St Charles College (Meth.) St Charles 1837 4 20 IT 900 
 
 Fayette College Fayette — 2 75 — — 
 
 There are medical departments attached to both universities ; and besides the above, there are several theological sem- 
 inaries in the State. 
 
 libraries.— One State library, 4,637 volumes ; two social, 5,799 volumes; five college, 18,465 volumes; five students', 
 1,R05 volumes ; one academic or professional, 500 volumes ; one scientific and historical, 300 volumes ; four public school, 
 6,200 volumes— total, 19 libraries, 37,506 volumes. 
 
 Periodical Press. — The whole number of periodicals published in Missouri in 1850 was 74, circulating at each issue 
 80,000 copies, or annually 4,075,680 copies. Of this number 16 were whig in politics, 17 democratic, and 41 neutral, or 
 papers devoted to religious, literary, scientific subjects, etc., including all the character of which is not named in the 
 
 173 
 
THE STATE OF MISSOURI. 
 
 returns; and of the whole niiml)er 7 were published daily, issuins; 10,800 copies, or 1,220,400 annually ; 3 tri-weekly, 1,200 
 copies, or annually 157,200 copies; 3 semi-wc-eliiy, 2,200 copiL's, or annually 22S.300 copies; 51 weekly, 50,140 copies, or 
 annually 2,919,2&0 copies; and 7 monthly, 10,000 copies, or annually 120,000 copies. The (iaiUe.<i are all publi^hed at SU 
 Loui.s— th(^ " Times," the '• Intelligencer," the " Organ and licveillc," the " Itepubliean," the " Union," and two German 
 papers; the tri-weekUes at St. Louis, and are editions of the dailies, the "Times," the "Kepublican," and the " Union" ; 
 the semi^weeklisf ut St Louis, Independence, and Boonville; the KeeklUs — 12 at St. Louis, 5 of which are editions of the 
 dailies, 1 at Warsaw, 1 at Columbia, 2 at Sparta, 1 at Fulton, 1 at Jackson, 2 at Cape Girardeau, 1 at Brunswick, 1 at 
 Liberty, 2 at Jefferson City, 2 at Boonville, 1 at Union, 1 at Hermann, 2 at Springfield, 2 at Fayette, 2 at Glasgow, 1 at 
 Independence, 2 at Lexington, 1 at Bloomington, 1 at I'almyra, 2 at Hannibal, 1 at New Madrid, 2 at Louisiana, 2 at 
 Weston, 2 at St. Genevieve, 1 at St. Charles, 1 at Oseola, 1 at Paris, 1 at Monticello, and 1 at Chillicothe ; and the monthlies, 
 1 at Hermann, the " Licht Freund," a German rationalist advocate, and G at St. Louis, the " Valley Farmer," the " St. 
 Loula Probe," the " Insurance Itcporter," the " Western Journal," the " Bank Note Detector," and the "Signet." 
 
 IteUgiom Deiiomincitioiis.—'Thii statistics of the several religious denominations in the State for the year 1850, according 
 to the census, were as follows : 
 
 Dennminii- No. of 
 
 Cliurch 
 
 Valne of 
 
 Denomina- No. of 
 
 Clmrcli 
 
 Value of 
 
 Deniimina- 
 
 fo. of 
 
 Church 
 
 Value of 
 
 tions. Churclias. 
 
 aiiiim. 
 
 Pniperty. 
 
 tKiTif.. Cliurches 
 
 aciioio. 
 
 Troiierty. 
 
 tiun.i. CI 
 
 urcliua. 
 
 accom. 
 
 Property. 
 
 Baptist 273 . 
 
 71,857 . 
 
 $154.4S0 
 
 Germ'nKef. — . 
 
 — . 
 
 . $ - 
 
 E. Catholic 
 
 64 .. 
 
 26,102 .. 
 
 $494,515 
 
 Christian... 51 . 
 
 19,370 . 
 
 4:3,210 
 
 Jewish .... 1 . 
 
 400 . 
 
 7,000 
 
 Swedenb'g . 
 
 — .. 
 
 — .. 
 
 — 
 
 Congregat'I. — . 
 
 — . 
 
 — 
 
 Lutheran . . 21 . 
 
 . 7,260 . 
 
 34,560 
 
 Tunker 
 
 — .. 
 
 — .. 
 
 — 
 
 Dutch Kel.. — . 
 
 — . 
 
 — 
 
 Mennonite. 1 . 
 
 200 . 
 
 420 
 
 Union 
 
 11 .. 
 
 2,350 .. 
 
 6,200 
 
 Episcopal.. 10 .. 
 
 4,200 .. 
 
 135,600 
 
 Methodist.. 200 . 
 
 . 57,350 . 
 
 280,245 
 
 Unitarian . . 
 
 2 
 
 2,100 .. 
 
 70,000 
 
 Free 13 . . 
 
 2,350 .. 
 
 4,400 
 
 Moravian.. — . 
 
 — . 
 
 — 
 
 Universalist 
 
 1 .. 
 
 250 .. 
 
 500 
 
 Friends — .. 
 
 — . 
 
 — 
 
 Presbyter"n. loS . 
 
 . 41,750 . 
 
 285,970 
 
 Minor Sects. 
 
 17 .. 
 
 5,600 .. 
 
 41,430 
 
 —making a total of 773 churches, having accommodation for 241,139 persons, and valued at $1,558,590. Missouri consti- 
 tutes a diocese of the Protestant Episcopal Church; and also the Eoman Catholic diocese of St. Louis, in the ecclesiastical 
 province of the same name. 
 
 Iluitork'ul Sketch.— lli^manAo de Soto may be said to have been the first European that beheld the river Mississippi, 
 called by him (April, 1541) cm its discovery the Eio Grande. Crossing this stream, probably some 30 miles below Helena, 
 in the Slate of Arkansas, he traversed at the head of his adventurous band a goodly portion of the territory beyond. He 
 is thought by some, but without sufHcient reason, to have come during his march into the present limits of Missouri. The 
 Mississippi was first e.\i)Iored in 1673 by Joliet and Marquette, and more fully in 16S2 by La Salle, and by the latter all the 
 region between the so-called Illinois country and the Gulf of Mexico was called Louisiana, and declared to be an appen- 
 dage of France. From this time settlements began to be made in the valley, advancing from its northern and southern 
 extremities into the interior. Canada h.id long (from 1608) been inhabited by colonists from France; but not till the begin- 
 ning of the eighteenth century was the region bordering on the Gulf alike distinguished. Natchez was settled in 1700, 
 New Orleans in 171S, and within a lew years the whole territory was protected from Spanish invasion by a chain of forts 
 extending from the lakes to tlie Gulf. Among these was built in 1719 Fort Orleans, near the mouth of the Osage, not far 
 from the present capital of the State. In legal proceedings the region, now known as Missouri, was included by the 
 French and Spanish in the Illinois country, but popularly and historically it was denominated Upper Louisiana. The 
 State of Arkansas was included in the same division. Situated in the central part of the valley, the progress of Missouri 
 ■was not r.apid. Its lead mines were worked as early as 1720. In 1755 its oldest town, St. Genevieve, was founded ; St. 
 Louis in 1764; and afterward a number of towns in quick succession. Meanwhile (1763) the jurisdiction of the valley 
 passed from France to Spain and England, the Mississippi being the dividing line between their respective apportion- 
 ments ; and by the same treaty Canada also reverted to England. France, after a violent contest, had been despoiled of 
 all her territorial possessions in North America. During the contest, numbers of Canadian French emigrated by way of 
 the lakes, and going southward located in bothUpper and Lower Louisiana. Hence the first important impulse to the colon- 
 ization of Missouri. The population of Spanish Louisiana, at the time of the public transfer (1769), was estimated at 
 13,340 persons, of whom 5,556 were whites, and the remainder negroes. New Orleans alone contained 3,190 souls domi- 
 ciliated in 468 dwellings. A river trade had sprung up between the northern and southern portions of the province, and 
 the exports at this period amounted to $250,000 annually. 
 
 The character of the new government was conciliating. The laws of Spain were promulgated as the law of the land. 
 The highest tribunal in Louisiana was that of the governor, and in Upper Louisiana that of the Lieutenant-governor. 
 The commandants of the various posts in the provinces were the inferior tribunals. Lands were granted liberally to 
 colonists, and every facility was given to settlers. Numerous emigrants from Spain flocked into the country. In 1775, 
 St. Louis, originally a dep6t for the fur-trade, had increased in population to 800, and St. Genevieve contained 460 inhab- 
 itants. At this time the American Eevolution was commencing, and Spain, siding with the English colonists, entered 
 into hostilities against England. In Lower Louisiana and Florida the arms of Spain were successful. Meanwhile, St. 
 Louis was attacked (1780) by a body of English and Indians, 1,540 strong, from Michilimackinao and the southern extremity 
 of Lake Michigan. During the siege, which lasted a week, about 60 persons were killed in the town and vicinity, and it 
 is impossible to tell to what extent the enemy might have gone, had not the timely arrival of General Clarke from Kas- 
 kaskia turned the tide of fortune in favor of the settlers. The general peace of 1783 put an end to hostilities. Spain re- 
 tained her previous possessions, and received, in addition, the whole of Florida, of which she had been deprived 20 years 
 before. Great Britain resigned East Louisiana, called also the Illinois country, to the United States, retaining only her 
 northern possessions. 
 
 Emigration into Spanish Louisiana began once more on the restoration of peace, and trade and agriculture to flourish. 
 The hardy settlers of the western part of the United States now built their cabins in numerous places on the west side of the 
 Mississippi. As might have been expected, difBculties soon arose between Spain and the Union. The foreign power be- 
 came jealous of the increasing greatness of the latter. A dispute relative to the navigation of the Mississippi was settled by 
 treaty (20th Oct., 1795), by which Spain granted to the United States free navigation of that river. But Spain never acted 
 faithfully in this matter, and threw obstacles in the way of Americans navigating that stream. War, indeed, seemed inevit- 
 able, and was only prevented by the cession of Louisiana to France, on the 21st March, 1801, aud its disposal by that 
 power to the Uniu«l States on the SOth April, 1S03. At the time of this last cession, the province contained 49,500 iuhab- 
 174 
 
J. U. DUNHAM. 
 
 J. K. PHILLIPS. 
 
 A. MISSELL. 
 
 H. S. MEEKS. 
 
 JOHH B. DUNHAM & CO. 
 
 ]^ ^P %n$ 
 
 MANUFACTORT AND WAREROOMS, 
 75, 77, 79, 81, 83, 85 East Thirteenth St., near Broadway, 
 
 T. G. & A. L. E WE, 
 
 Manufacturers and Importers of 
 
 ^ & m ^ ih £m M ^ &}< 
 
 I^E W^ YORK. 
 
 For the sale of Manufactured and Leaf Tobacco, Flour, Grain, Cotton and other Produce 
 JMic*. 03 ■\7C"«.ter Street, 3>TeT7v "X'orJjt.. 
 
 LIBERAL ADVANCES ON CONSIGNMENTS. 
 
 JOS. BRUMMEL, ALEX. L. ROYSTER, JAS. B. ROYSTER. 
 
 or Stearns & Brummel, Itichinond. New York. Eiohmond. 
 
 1045 
 
 32 
 
Mm 
 
 
 ^'^|> > i^ -^i 
 
 TREATS DISEASES OP THE EYE AND EAR 
 
 SStiflcut Cupping, Icccl/mg, 'glisttriitg, or llic itst of Calomel, 
 
 Office, 419 Broadway, corner Canal Street, N. Y. 
 
 OFFICE HOURS, from 9 A. M. to 5 P. M. 
 
 ^ All letters enclosing three postage stamps will receive prompt 
 attention. 
 
 Among tlie diseases successfully treated by my new system I enumerate the fol- 
 
 lowing : ^, • -t a t- 
 
 Pirtial Amaurosis, Cataract, Weakness of Sight, Acute or Chronic Inflammation, 
 Far lal Amaur ' Thickening of the Cornea, Elindness from bcums or 
 
 FZr^trofult;, ^Cng or Watery E^yes, Falling of the Eyelids, and Inflamma- 
 
 %Z^''S!^:^^ts'^X^^e and successful none will deny, and the testimo- 
 ny oove^ 2"0 some of^them of the worst description of cases from «- /."bhc In- 
 "iations! within the past two years, who have been restored to health and sight after 
 jrivincr un all hope of either, speaks loudly in its tavor. , ^ . p ,, ^ 
 
 ^ The Mlowin. testimonial is from the New York Cour er and Enquirer one of the 
 oldest and most-reliable journals of this city, and is specially quoted for rs brevity 
 
 Disease of the ^ye^i;^ll:^^^^-^:ZllJlZ^l^'^:^^^^^^^^ 
 
 d llicult for pliysiciau:. to treat «uh su':cejs- " » , treatment of cupping, leeching, blistering, &c., failed to afford reiitr, wniu i. ic 
 timesince, and two eminent physicians, after tUeiusual trentmcnio ^Pb ^5^ Broadway, and procured his services. l>r. H. 
 patfent hckrd of several re.narkable oures made ^f ^j^ «'^^..ki«on (KuliM, ^ o _^ ^^^ ^^.^ ^^^^ ^^^ ^^^.^^^ was enabled o resu.iie 
 with a safe treatment entire y his °«°; "f "'■'J "^^^^es wberVor H. has restored eyes. «hich had noth.en operaled upo"" th success 
 bis duties. This, however, is but one case ""' "^ i'^"^^'' !;""uit3 „earlv a hundred patients from the Public Institutions, during the last 
 aocordin, ,<|;.">» "'^ita^esorUng't'o c^^s tccho's'brsle'rs! s'caryyiig, calomel, o'r any of the harsh means so o^en in use. 
 
 eases 01 lud i.jt. v,.»,-o,. •?■¥;.«.- r^>s Rroadwav. Albany, 
 
 Wm. J. Kreyer, 306 & 3J8 Broadway, Albany, do. 
 
 Alfred Soutliwick, do. 
 
 James VV. Barnett, Chester, Oranje co., do. 
 
 Jei-ome Goodspeed, Glenn's Falls, Warren co., do. 
 
 B. F. Johnson, Morrisiana, do. 
 
 James Shannon, La Salle, 111. 
 
 Kdward G. Folger, Bristol, Conn. 
 
 Azariah Woolworth, do. 
 
 John Riggs, Belliot, Wis. ^ „ „ , 
 
 Mrs. M. French, Woonsockett Falls, K. 1. 
 
 Bernard Gallagher, '25 Main St., Brooklyn, L. 1. 
 
 Maria Cavanah, do. 
 
 Mary Thomas, -29 Cranberry .st., do. 
 
 Thomas Bannon, Savannah, Geo. ^ 
 
 Catherine Shannon, Richmond, \ a. 
 
 Thomas O'Conner, do. 
 
 Miss Mary E. Donworth, Machias, Bie. 
 
 sight by mv treatment. . ^, ,1 .UoKW aiK^pessfiil restoring the patieut to 
 
 »rnil?:E"S~'arS1cAL BATHS f«,o..r„,g...^^^^^^^^ 
 
 No. 92. — ■ — 
 
 James W. Hill, Cleveland, O. 
 
 Wm. W. Smith. Detroit, Mich. 
 
 Mrs. L. B. Willard, do. 
 
 R(,bt. Wilson, N. Y. City. 
 
 Mrs. A. M. L. Willson, do. 
 
 R M. Ferriss, Organist, Houston St., do. 
 
 W F. B. Giles, office Conr. & Enq., do. 
 
 H.S. Schell Moffat's Building. 
 
 A. R. Reeves, Tel. Oi>erator, St. Nich. Hotel, do. 
 
 Mar-ar- 1 Handsell, Home of the I nendless, do., 
 
 together with 30 children of that IiisUtute. 
 John Hessian, 189 -JSth st., do. 
 James H. Bunting, Bloomingdale. 
 B B. Doolittle, M. D., Hudson, N. Y. 
 ( harles Bell, 158 Allen St., N. Y. City. 
 John W. Hackett, Binghampton, N. Y. 
 Marv Bellows, N. E. Station, Duchess co., N, Y. 
 
THE STATE OF MISSOURI. 
 
 ilants, of whom C,0'2S were living in Upper Louisiana. The products of its agriculture in 1802 had been chiefly cotton 
 and sugar — of tlie former 20,000 bales, and of the latter 5,000 hogsheads. The commerce of New Orleans had become 
 e.xtensive ; its exporls coming from the province and the western States and territory, and consisting chiefly of flour, pork, 
 salt beef, tobacco, cotton, sugar, molasses, peltries, naval stores, etc., amounted to 40,000 tons. The commerce of Upper 
 Louisiana was flourishing, and a prosperous trade was already carried on between St. Louis and New Orleans, and with 
 the settlements on the Ohio, Cumberland, and Tennessee rivers. The annual crop was about 88,000 minots (264,000 bushels) 
 of wheat, 84,000 minots of Indian corn, and 28,627 pounds of tobacco. The mines produced 1,700 quintals of lead, and 
 the salines about 1,000 barrels of salt. The fur trade brought in about $70,000. Louisiana henceforth formed part of the 
 United States, itself" an empire," bought, to use the words of Napoleon, " for a mere trifle." 
 
 The new purchase was immediately divided into the " Territory of Orleans" (since 1812, the State of Louisiana) and the 
 " District of Louisiana," erected in 13ii5 into a territorial government, administered by a governor and judges, under the 
 title of "Territciry of Louisiana." Tlie seat of the government was St. Louis; its districts, St. Charles, St. Louis, Cape 
 Girardeau, New Madrid, and .Arkansas. In 1S12, on the admission of the present State of Louisiana into the Union, the 
 name of this territory was changed to "Missouri Territory." The territory extended from latitude 33° to 41° north, and 
 the government became representative. The first governor under the new government was William Clarke. The legis- 
 lature consisted of a council of 9 members appointed by the President, and a House of Kepresentatives, one member for 
 every 500 free white males, elected by the people. The limits of the Territory on the west were gradually extended by 
 treaties with the Indians. People from the western States began to move in from the time of the purchase, so that in 1810 
 the population numbered 20,845, of whom all but about 1,500 belonging to Arkansas were settled within the present limit* 
 of the State of Missouri. The French settlements were now overrun by Americans from Kentucky, Tennessee, Ohio 
 etc., and American habits, usages, laws, and institutions soon became prevalent. The original settlers were quickl) 
 merged and almost lost among the later and more active population, until at length the whole became a homogeneous 
 people. Immigration was so rapid, that in 1817 the territory cimtained 60,000 souls. St, Louis counted at this time 5,000 
 inhabitants against 1,000 in 1S04, It had already become the emporium of the Upper Mississippi, In 1S17, application 
 was made by the Assembly to Congress for authority to frame a State constitution preliminary to admission into the 
 Union. A fierce and stormy debate arose at once on the subject in Congress. A powerful party demanded that the new 
 States should exclude slavery by their constitutions. The discussion raged for two years, threatening to tear the Union 
 asunder ; at length, however, the debate was stopped by the passage of the compromise resolutions of Mr, Clay, by which 
 it was agreed that the institution of slavery should be recognized in Missouri, but in no other new State north of latitude 
 36° 30', The State constitution, somewhat modified since its adoption, was framed by a convention of forty delegates, 
 which met at St. Louis on the 12th June, 1820, and adopted on the 19th July following The new State was found, by a 
 census taken the same year, to contain a population of 66,586, of whom 10,222 were slaves. From this time until the 
 present there has flowed a constant tide of immigration Irom the southern, western, and northern States, and fVom Kurope ; 
 agriculture and commerce have more than kept pace with the increase, and mining and manufactures, though not made 
 pronjinent industrial pursuits, have been gradually developed. Few other States, indeed, can boast of so rapid a devel- 
 opment of the material resources it may possess, which, though in a gre:it measure due to the facilities afforded by the 
 country itself, yet much must be accorded to the enterprise of its hardy, intelligent, and industrious inhabitant*. 
 
 Succession of Governors. — Territoriai, Governors: Amos Stoddart, 1S04; James Wilkinson, 1805; Meriwether 
 Lewis, 1807; William Clark, 1813; and — Constitutional Governors: Alexatider MNair, 1820; Frederick Bates, 1S24 
 John Miller, 1S28 ; Daniel Dunklin, 1882; Lilburn W. Boggs, 1836; Thomas Keynolds, 1S40; John C, Edwards, 1S44 
 Austin A. King, 1S48; Sterling Price, 1852. 
 
 Jefferson Citt, on the south bank of the Missouri Kiver, 143 miles Drom its nrouth, is the political capital of the State. 
 
 175 
 
THE TERRITORY OE NEBRASKA. 
 
 Nebraska is an nnorganized Territory of tlie United States, occupying aU the country below the parallel of 42° north 
 latitude to the north boundaries of tlie Indian Territory, the State of Texas, and the Territory of New Mexico, and extend- 
 in" east and west between the Ilocky Mountains, bordering Oregon and Utah Territories, and the western Ime of the 
 States of Iowa and Missouri. The ana of this immense region is estimated at 136,700 square miles. 
 
 Across this Territory flow several of the great rivers of the Continent— the Nebraska, or Platte, from which the Territory 
 takes its name, tlie Kansas and ils wide-spreading tributaries, the Arkansas, etc. The Missouri River forms a great part 
 of its eastern boundary, and is tlie common recipient of the rivers above named, except the Arkansas. The Nebraska 
 rises by two forks in the Kocky Mountains, and these uniting in latitude 41° 05' li5" N., and longitude 101° 21' 24" W., flow 
 in a united stream to a confluence with the Missouri, in latitude 41° 03' 13" N., or about 620 miles above the entrance 
 of the latter into the Mississippi, and 52 miles below Council Bluffs. It has few tributaries, and none of any great size; 
 the principal are Elkhorn Kiver, Loup Fork, and Wood Eiver on the north, and Saline Eiver on the south. It is from 
 one to three miles broad, and so shallow, that, excepting in high flood, it is fordable in almost any parL It is fidl ol 
 islands covered with cotton wood, willows, and shrubs, and the shifting sands in its bed, together with the rapidity of its 
 current, effectually iirevent navigation. Colonel Long estimates that only 40 miles of its lower course are open to steam- 
 boat navigation. The nortli fork of the river rises in the same region as the Co^jrado of the West, about 40° 30' N., and 
 having received Sweet-water Kiver and other afliluents in its course northward, breaks through the main range of the 
 Eoeky Mountains, and flows thence in a direction E. S. E., and the South Fork ristrs near the sources of the Arkansas, 
 and flows E. N. E. to the junction. The great emigrant* route to Oregon, Utah, and California, follows this river and its 
 North Fork— the Fremont route of 1S43 takes the South Fork. The Kansas Paver meets the Missouri in 390 06' 03" north 
 latitude, and 94° 32' 54" west longitude, nearly equidistant between Fort Leavenworth and Independence. It is naviga- 
 ble for steamboats for 150 miles from its mouth, and its width at its entrance into the Missouri is 340 yards. The sources 
 of this river are near the eastern base of the Kocky Mountains, between the Nebraska and Arkansas, and the distance 
 between its two forks— the Kepublican and Smoky Hill forks— is at least 120 miles through the greater part of their 
 course. Kepublican Fork rises in a considerable lake in latitude 39° 52', and longitude 103° SO', and Smoky Hill Fork 
 rises in the mountain region eastward of the South Park ; the junction is made near the meridian of 90° 30'. These, as well 
 as the main stream, receive numerous large tributaries, which drain at least one h.alf the Territory. The Arkansas rises to 
 the south of South Park and Pike's Peak, near the sources of the Kio Grande del Norte, and has a general east course, 
 forming in part the nortli boundary of the Indian Territory, and tlien taking a course to the south-east, it parses through 
 that country to the Mississippi, which it strikes on the parallel of 33° 40', and is navigable for steamboats 603 miles from 
 its confluence. This river was formerly the boundary between the Mexican Republic and the United States, westward 
 of the luOth meridian ; but by the recent changes in the political divisions of the countrj-, the whole length from that point 
 has been tlirown into the present Territory of Nebraska. 
 
 The whole of this country is yet in its primitive wilderness state. Little or nothing is known of its topography, and the 
 delineations on maps are but the isolated reminiscences of travelers and traders. The red man still roams over its prairies 
 and mountains in quest of game and plunder; and as the ocean to the sea-farer, so its wilderness to the emigrant, it is 
 only traversed as the highway to countries beyond its limits. The great features of the Territory, however, are known ; 
 in the east it is chiefly prairie, and in the west are the outliers of the Rocky Mountains, which rise up in grandeur and 
 majesty, forming the water-shed between the mighty rivers that drain the western portion of the Central Valley and the 
 Pacific slope of the Continent The central portions are unprofitable, irreclaimable wilderness, with scarcely an oasis to 
 relieve the monotony of its dreariness; it is the great American Desert, in crossing which the way-farcr has more to dread 
 than the mariner that dares the deep, not only on account of the inhospitable ch.-iractcr of the country, but also from the 
 hostilities of the native savages besetting his path and seeking his destniction. Thousands have perished under the rifle 
 and tomahawk, and at every step the grave of some unfortunate gives warning of dangers to be avoided, or tells of the 
 suffi-rincs endured by the hardy men whose tracks are the tide-marks of empire flowing to its western destination. 
 
 Nebraska, with the exception of a small strip on its southern border, south of the Arkansas, was a portion of the 
 Louisiana purchase, and came into the possession of the United States in 1803. It has never reeeiveil as yi-t any white 
 settlers, except those engaged in the service of the United States as Indian agents and military occuiiants, or missionaries 
 of the several Christian denominations. Fort Leavenworth and Council Blufls are within this Territory— the first a 
 military station, established for the surveillance of the Indians, and the latter an Indian agency. But ifts now proposed 
 to organize the Territory, and prepare it for the emigrant. For this purpose, a bill was introduced into Congress as early 
 as 1S45, but was not acted upon ; and another bill was brought forward in 1S.')3, with the like resulL The day, however 
 is not far distant when the white settlements will break through their present limits, the In<lian be driven back, and the 
 portions of the countrv in the immediate Valley of the Missouri be opened to the enterprising pioneer. Whither will 
 the Indian retreat, and what his destiny before the tide of civUization ? The past and present wiU answer for the future. 
 
 • Fora minute descriptinn of Ihis route, tlie reailer is referred to " Horn's OTcrland Guide to California," publialieJ by J. H. Colti.n, No. 85 
 Cedar street, New York, 1852. Eefer, also, to Fremont's Reports. 
 
 176 
 
NEW COURT HOUSE, ST. LOUIS. 
 
 The mag-nificent structure which is now nearly completed, was commenced some ten or twelve 
 years ago, and is destined to be one of the most imposing edifices of the kind in the United 
 States. Its cost, when it is finished, will not have been less than half a million of dollars. Its 
 general order is Doric; its material is pressed brick, faced with a species of blue stone dressed, 
 and its site is the centre of the old Court House square. The whole area which pertains tn it 
 is, or is to be, enclosed by iron palisades. The space occupied liy the plan of the building- itself, 
 embraces some fifteen thousand square feet; and the dime.isionsof the main structure are about 
 one hundred and fifty by seventy feet. The form of the building is a Greek cross, presenting a 
 colonade front, when completed, to each cardinal point of the compass, each front being exactly 
 like the others. The form of the cross is created by a projection of the northern and southern 
 fronts of the edifice, about thirty feet from the main body, while the porticoes of these fronts pro- 
 ject about a dozen feet farther. The eastern and western porticoes have the same projection, 
 and extend across the entire width of what may be called the nave, and each portico is ap- 
 proached by massive flights of steps. 
 
 The view unfolded to the eye from the dome of the St. Louis Court House has no equal in the 
 Valley of the Mississippi. Before you roll the turbid floods of the Father of Waters, as they 
 come sweeping on from the North and go winding away on their far pilgritinage to the sum- 
 mer climes of the Mexican sea. Beyond the stream is spread the vast plain oTf the American 
 Bottom, with flashing laguncs, and smiling farms, and ancient mounds, and island-groves, the 
 whole bounded by the blue line of the distant bluff's; while along the middle of the river stretch 
 the ill-omened sands of the Island of Blood, with their revctrmeiits and embankments; and yet 
 more near, the eye is arrested by the city Landing, fringed with its dark forest of Steamboat 
 flues. On the North and West extends an undulating plain, sprinkled with farms and country- 
 seats as far as the eye can reach, even until arrested in its sweep by the forests that look away 
 to the setting sun and down on the rolling Missouri, and by the hills and dales of Bellefontaine, 
 the City of the Dead. Southwardly, in dim distance, we view the white cliffs which bound the 
 mighty river; and amidst the dense bou.hs of heavy forests, catch glimpses of old French ham- 
 lets, or of the bright folds of the stripes and stars which float over Jefferson Barracks, or the 
 nearer Arsenal. And there we behold many a stately structure on its bold bluff, overlooking 
 the gliding waters ; while away on our right sparkles the surface of the lake ; and the shriek of 
 the iron horse tells us that he has already taken up his far journey for the Pacific. And when 
 the eye shall have gazed until it dims with weariness on all this magnificent and boundless 
 landscape— this varied scene of hill and dale, of forest and field, cf villa, and cottage and mea- 
 dow,— of mound, hamlet, river and lake, it falls upon the babel below, on the roofs which shel- 
 ter one hundred and twenty thousand souls ; the broad streets, the bustling marts, the splendid 
 mansions, the stately temples, ttie smoking manufactories; and it seems but a tale that is told, 
 that the man has but just died who beheld on the site of ail this opulence, and power, and pop- 
 ulation, only a wild and howling waste ! 
 
'"^SrSS^ 
 
 wMiLisai. 
 
 BARNES & RHOAD, 
 
 ^9 
 
 No. 75 JOHN STREET, NEW YORK. 
 
 A., H., B, & R. have such arrangements in Paris and London that they can offer 
 a very complete and well selected assortment of goods in their line. Every article is 
 neatly put up in packages and labelled, for convenience of wholesale dealers. 
 
 Their Stock embraces Fancy and Staple Stationery from England, France, and 
 Germany. Also, Domestic Articles, of the best make. 
 
 They are, also, Agents for the celebrated Cap, Letter, Note and Bath Papers, 
 known as the "Kent Mills." 
 
 ,5^" Dealers will be served on the most liberal terms. 
 
 MAKGHHSTHn tOCOMOTIVE WOnKS> 
 
 5c^^ 4A. ^ir^r^r^^Tm^^.'^r^Tm'. 
 
 MANUFACTURERS OF 
 
 WOOD AND COAL BURNING LOCOMOTIVES, Bayley's Patent. 
 
 8 1-2 TREMONT ROW, BOSTON, MASS. 
 
 J. A. r.T-nXKAM, President, 
 W.M. G. iMKAXS, TvL-a-iurer, 
 O. W. IIAVLEY, Agent. 
 
 mancliester, N- II« 
 
THE STATE OF NEW HAMPSHIRE. 
 
 New IlAMrsmuE is situated between 42° 41' and 45° 11' latitudes north, and between 70° 40' and T2° 28' longitudes, 
 west from Greenwich, or between 4° 34' and 6° 22' east from ^\'ashin£tton. It is bounded on the north by Lower Canada, 
 on tlie east by the State of Maine and the Atlantic Ocean, on the south by tlie State of Massachusetts, and on the east by 
 that of Vermont, from which it is separated by the Connecticut Eiver. From north to south its lengtli is lOS miles, and 
 its width, li-om east to west, from 90 to 20 miles, its form lapering toward the north. It contains an area of 9,2S0 square 
 miles. 
 
 New Hampshire has a sea-coast of but 18 miles in length. The shore is little otherwise than a sandy beach, bordered in 
 front by salt marshes, and indented by creeks and coves, which f.)rm, however, eligible harbors for small craft. Behind 
 there is a narrow, level, or gently undulating tract of 25 or 30 miles in width, and beyond this zone the general surface 
 becomes mountainous, principally in ihe north, the hills increasing in height as tliey recede from the sea, untd tliey swell 
 to the lofty gr.-mdeur of the White Mountains. This range, which may be considered as a continuation of the Alleghanies, 
 enters New Hampshire l)etween the Connecticut and Merrimac rivers, and of which the Grand Mcmailnoel<, 3.254 feet in 
 height, Sunapee,4,Go6 feet, and Moosheloc, 4,C80 feet, appear to be links, reaches its greatest elevation in Mount Washing- 
 ton, the summit of which is 6,42S feet above the level of the sea, and the highest culmination east of the Rocky Mountains. 
 The other principal peaks in this range, for as such it may be described, although it is not always continuous, are : Mount 
 Adams, 5,960 feet; Mount Jefferson, 5,S60 feet ; Mount Madison, 5,620 feet. Mount Monroe, 5,510 feet ; Mount FrankUn, 
 C,050 feet, and others little inferior in elevation, and the Kearsarge Mountains rise to the height of 2,4S0 feet. These 
 mountains are composed of huge rocks of granite and gneiss, and round their bases are forests of heavy timber, which is 
 succeeded by a belt of stunted fir trees, from 10 to 15 feet higli, above this a growth of thick bushes, and farther up the 
 surface is covered with a dark pall of mosses and lichens. The snow lies on their summits for nine or ten months of the 
 year, giving them the appearance from which they take their name. The " Notch" is a remarkable chasm two miles in 
 length, and where narrowest it is only 22 feet wide. It is the only pass through the great mountain barrier. Through 
 the high, steep precipices,which form its walls, flows one of the head branches of the Saco River, and in its course receiving 
 the waters of several cascades which leap down the declivities. This stream, after a heavy fall of rain, becomes fearfully 
 swollen, and frequently at such times sweeps away all opposing obstacles, and fills the valley with ruin. In 1836, a 
 violent rain storm caused a slide of earth, rocks, and trees, which choked up the streams, and flooding the country, 
 spread desolation far and wide, and in the general confusion a family of eleven persons, residing at the Notch tlouse, were 
 overwhelmed. 
 
 The general slope of the State is from north to south, and in that direction the principal rivers flow, following the courses 
 of the local valleys. The slope toward the Coimecticut valley is short and precipitous, and in this direction the only 
 streams of consequence are the Ammonoosuc and Ashuelot. The Androscoggin passes through the north-eastern part of 
 the State, but this is properly a river of Maine. The Piscataqua, the only considerable river that has its whole course 
 within the Slate, is formed by the junction of Salmon Falls and Cocheco rivers from the north, and several smaller streams 
 from the west, and it is only from this junction to the sea, a distance of ten miles, that it bears the name of Piscataqua. 
 At its mouth is the harbor of Portsmouth, one of the finest in the United States. The Merrimac rises in the White 
 Mountains, not far distant from the sources of the Saco, and running south through the centre of the State, passes into 
 Massachusetts, where it turns and runs in a north-easterly direction, and falls into the Atlantic. The principal tributaries 
 of the Merrimac are from the west, the Nashua, which, after bending beyond the State line, again enters New Hampshire, 
 and empties itself in the town of Nashua ; the Contoocook, which empties itself at Concord, and Baker's River, which 
 rises in Moosheloc Mountain, and empties itself at Plymouth : and from the cast the principal tributaries are Winnipiseogee 
 River, Ihe outlet of the lake of the same name, and Squam River, which is the outlet of Squam Lake. None of the 
 rivers of New Hampshire, however, are much used for navigation, but afford the best of mill-sites. 
 
 It is estimated that 110,000 acres of the surface of this State are covered with water. Lake Winnipiseogee (Win-ne-pe- 
 sok-ee, Inclhin) is the most extensive sheet of water within its limits. It is 23 miles in length, and from 2 to 10 in breadth. 
 Upward of .360 islands are sprinkled over its bosom, and its shores are indented by numerous bays formed by gentle 
 swells of land projecting into the lake and rising gracefully from its waters. It aliounds in fish, and its waters are remark- 
 ably pure. Being on the route to the White Mountains, it is much visited by travelers, and a steamboat is employed on the 
 lake during the summer season. Lake Umbagog, (m the eastern State line, and others in the south and west, are smaller 
 but all have attractive scenery, and are the recipients and outlets of several streams. 
 
 Off the coast are the Isles of Shoals, seven in number, which belong partly to Maine and partly to New Hampshire (.se« 
 Maink). They lie about eight miles out to sea, between Portsmouth and Newbnryport, and are hardly more th.an a 
 cluster of rocks rising .above the water. For mfire than a century before the Revolution they were quite populous, con- 
 taining at one time 600 inhabitants, who found there .an advantageous situ.ation for carrying on the fisheries. To this day 
 the best cod are those known under the name of Isles of Shoals sun-fish. From 3,000 to 4,000 quintals were once annually 
 taken and cured here, but the business has of late years declined. 
 New Hampshire has been called the " Switzerland of America." Its scenery is full of grandeur and wild magnificence. 
 
 L 177 
 
THE STATE OF NEW HAMPSHIRE. 
 
 From the lofty suraniits of its rugged mountains the eye surveys one of tlie wililest, and at the same time onchanling, 
 countries of ilie world, and is never ilrowsed by monotony. Itocks piled on roeks. clothed in piirantic forest growths and 
 shrubs, placid lakes embosoming counlk^s verdant islets ; pleasant valleys and farm lands in the highest stale of cultiva- 
 tion, sueeessively greet tlie eye, while the foaming cataract and leaping cascade, now rushing down the slopes and dashing 
 to the vales, and now reposing into the gently gliding streams, and anon swelling into rivers, coursing like molten silver 
 through the plains, and winding their way to the sea, enchant the senses and cheat the tniiul of its cares. From Mount 
 Washington the prospect is noble and extensive, only bounded on the one hand by the dim distance of the ocean, and on 
 the oilu-r by the blue horiz(m resling on the green base of the land. From Monadnock and Moosheloc, and many of the 
 other higher elevations, the scenery is not less alluring. Nor is that of the lakes Inferior. Surrounded by forest-clad hills, 
 these beautiful basins interspersed with isleLs, and reflecting from their glassy bosoms the bright blue sky, and the neigh- 
 boring slopes, ure truly a feature of loveliness, and well might the Inilian, charmed by the beauties of the scenery around 
 Winnipiseogee, call it "The smile of the Oreat Spirit." Unibagog, Sunapeo, and others, bavo their charms; they are 
 smaller, indeed, bnt all are highly picturesque, and abound with the most lovely scenery. 
 
 The mineral resources of New Hampshire are by no means insignit5cant. The recent geological survey by Dr. Charles 
 F. Jackson, one of the most scientific geologists of New England, has resulted in many highly valuable discoveries, llis 
 examinations have brought to light the existence of several l)eds of iron, and a valuable one of limestone, not hitherto 
 known, which will prove sources of great wealth to the State. Iron exisis in almost every county. The ore beils that 
 have been chiefly worked are at Franconia and Lisbon, in the northerly part of the State, and these are considered as 
 among the richest in the United Slates, the ores yielding from GO to 70 per cent, of metjil. Ores of copper are found also 
 at Franconia, Warren, Eaton, and other pKaces, which want only a judicious investment of capital and labor to develop 
 their treasures. The zinc ore mines of Warren are described as abounding and rich, and a very rich mine of tin ore has 
 been discovered in the town of .lackson, near the foot of the White Mountains, -which promises to yield from 40 to CO per 
 cent, in pure worked metal. This is the first valuable tin mine that has been discovered in the United Stales. In the 
 town of Eaton there are also extensive deixisiLs of ores of zinc an<l lead, mixed in some of the shale with veins of silver, 
 the amount of which is sufRcienlly great to allow of its being profit;ibly se])arated. 
 
 There is no State which possesses greater quantities of granite, suited to the purposes of architecture, than New Hamp- 
 shire. At various points on the very margins, or near the banks of the Merriniac and Connecticut, are found immense 
 and apparently exhaustless ranges of this sl<)ne. It is of the best texlure and color, and capable of yielding blocks of any 
 required size. Marble is also abundant, as also most of the rocks attributed to the primary era. 
 
 The soils of New Hampshire are generally of a stubborn nature, and not of the mo.st fertile description. They require 
 considerable labor to make them moderately productive; those of the intervids are the most profitable, and are moder- 
 ately rich. All, however, yield well to the industry applied to them, and under proper management, the natural ruggedncss 
 of the country has been converted into a garden-like scene. The climate is somewhat colder than that of Maine, and 
 more steady; the difference of elevation, however, decides the prevailing temperature, and in some cases the difference 
 between that of the base and summit of the mountains is from 1S° to 25°. The temperature of the summer is great, and 
 sometimes rises to 10u° I'^ahr. In the winter season it has been known to sink so low as to freeze the mercury in the 
 t\ibe. These extremes, however, seldom occur, and are of short duration. In the neighborhood of the White Mountains 
 the peaks of which are almost always capped in snow, the winters are excessively cold. No part of the State, however, is 
 unhealthy, but on the contrary, many instances of longevity are recorded, and it is no unusual thing to find persons enjoying 
 good health at the patriarchal age of 100 years and upward. William Perkins, of New Market, died in 1732, at IIG ; William 
 Scory, of Londonderry, in 1754, at 110; llobert Metliii, in 17S5, at 115; Samuel Welch, of Bow, in 1S23, at 113; iind more 
 recent instances are not wanting. In 1S40 there were living in the Stale 10 persons of 100 years of age and upward, and 
 hi 1S50, 13 persons. The cold weather sels in about the mid<lle of September, and continues till May ; the sevirity of win- 
 ter, however, does not commence before November, from which time to the opening of the spring season, the country is 
 clothed in a Ihick mantle of snow, and the rivers are frozen to their sources. 
 
 The iKitural growths of the country are various kinds of useful timber, as oak, pine, hemlock, ash, beech, and birch ; 
 and these in former times conslituted the chief merchantable products of the region, and when formed into masts, staves, 
 planks, boards, etc., were largely exporle<l. The sugar-mai>le is also abundant, and the pitch-yielding pine. Wolves, 
 bears, and olhcr fur-bearing animals are still found in the Slate, and although a bounty has long been paid by the govern- 
 ment for their destruction, the farmers continue to complain of their visits. The rivers and lakes are well stored with flsh, 
 and wild fowl and game are plentiful in all parts. 
 
 New Hampshire is divided into 10 counties and 248 townships, the general statistics of the counties and the capitals 
 of each, in 1S50, were as follows : 
 
 Ctiunties. 
 
 Dwell. 
 
 Fa 
 
 Ma 
 
 Capitals, 
 
 .Gilford 
 .Ossipeo 
 
 Pop. 
 
 Belknap S,4.36. . .17,721 . . .2,438. . .163. . . 
 
 Carroll 8,724. . .20,156. . .2,?ifl5. . .1!?5. . , 
 
 Cheshire. . . .5,302. ..80,144. ..2.805. . .377. ., 
 
 Coos 2.114. . .11,853. . .1,439. . . 69. . . .Lancaster 
 
 Haverhill 
 I'lymoulh 
 
 . Keene 
 
 Grafton 7,898. . .42,843. . .5,063. . .421 . . ■ 
 
 Cnuiilii-s. Dwell. P.ip. 
 
 Ilillsboro' 9.939. . .57,477. , 
 
 Farms Manuf. 
 
 .3,675. 
 .8,220. 
 
 Mcrrimae 7,400. . .88,445 
 
 Kockingham. .9,113. . .50,986. . .8,811. . .984 
 
 Strafford 4.764. . .29,364. 
 
 Sullivan 3,649. . .19,375. 
 
 Capital,. 
 
 .899 Amherst 
 
 .215 CoNOOtiD 
 
 j Kxeter 
 
 ( ForLsmouth 
 1,844... 89t.... Dover 
 2,129... 141.... Newport 
 
 The whole number of dwellings in the State was, at the abovedate, 57,339, of families 62,287, and of inhabitants 817,864, 
 viz., whites 317,3S'J— males )5.%9 )2, and females 161,487; free colored 475— males 1*3, and females 232. Of the whole 
 population, there were deaf anO dumh—\\\\. 16;3, fr. col. 0— total 163; Uind—\i\\. 134, fr. col. 2— total 136; i»«(«<=— wh. 
 3s5, fr. col. 0— total 3S5; and idiotU—wh. 34S, fr. col. 4 — total 3.')2. The number of free persons liorn in the Unilc<l Slates, 
 was 304.227; the number of foreign birth, 12,571; and of birth unknown, 178. The natire population originated as 
 follows: Maine 9,635, New I/ainpshire 261,591, Verm. 11.256, Mass. 18,495, U. I. 864, Conn. 1,105, N. York 1,171, N. .Ter. 
 49, I'eim. 14s, Dt.l. lo, Md. 34, Dist. of Col. 14, Virg. 4s, N. Car. Id, S. Car. 21, Ga. 16, Flor. 1. Al.t. 13, Miss. 9, La. 9. Te.x. 
 2. Ark. s, Tcnn. 3, Ky. 11, Ohio 66. Mich. 48, Ind. 20, III. •"!, Mo. 12, lii. 4, Wis. Ill, Calif 1, Territories 2 ; and thi-fofeirjn 
 populalinu was composed of jjcrsons from — England 1,469, Ireland 8,811, Scotland 467. Wales 11, Germany 147, France 
 69, Spiiin 8, Belgium 0, Holland 1, Italy 0, Austria 1, Switzerland 9, Dennuirk 3, Norway 2, Sweden 12, Fru-ssia 2, Asia 4, 
 Africa 3, British America 2,501, Mexico 5, Central America 0, South America 31, West Indies 17, Sandwich Islands 8, and 
 otlier countries 7. 
 
 178 
 
Nos. 84 and 86 Fulton Street. N. Y. 
 
 FASHIONABLE CLOTHIER k MERCHANT TAILORS. 
 
 11^=^ Cheapest Clothing Store in New York, for fine and well- 
 made Garments. 
 
 LYON'S 
 
 MAGNETIC 
 
 res iTia^ © 
 
 W[l[a!lSl[]EI< 
 
 Quick, Pleasant and Effectual Remedies that never fail in Instantly Stopping the most Torturing Pains — 
 Quickly During the most obstinate Chronic, Acute and Inflammatory Diseases. 
 
 RADWAY'S READY RELIEF FOR PAINS, &c. 
 
 No person has eyer yet used Radway's Ready Relief, who has been tornientod with Piun, whether caused by aeeideiit or external inju- 
 ries, or from disease aud bad treatment, without deriving aspeoial and lasting twnelit i"- tcs.i Ikan, fl/tnen minutes after its application. 
 Onu application externally, or a few drops taken internally, will instantly free the suflVrer Irom the most violent and terrible pains, aud 
 restore the weak, feeble aud prostrated frame to health and vigor. 
 
 BOWEL C O M PL A r N T S. 
 
 Looaeness, Diarrhoea, Cholera Morbus, or Painful Discharges from the Bowels, are stopped In fifteen or twenty minutes by taking 
 Radway's Ready Relief. No congestion or inflammation, no weakness or lassitude, will follow the use of the R. R. Relief. 
 
 ACHES AND PAINS. 
 
 For Headaches, whether sick or nervous, Rheumatism, Lumbago. Pains and Weakness in the Back, Spina or Kidneys; Pains around 
 the Liver, Pleurisy, Swelling of the Joints. Pains in the Bowels. Heartburn and pains of all kinds, Radway's Ready Relief will, lu a few 
 minutes, chauge the miseries you suffer to the jovs of pleasure, and give you good sigus of returning health. It will enable you to shufBe 
 off the infirmities of sickness, feebleness and decrepitude, aud give to the aged the vigor aud elasticity of ripo and vigorous health. 
 K. K. Relief is sold by druggists everywhere, at 25 cents, 50 oents, and $1 per bottle. 
 
 No. 2. RADWAY'S RENOVATING RESOLVENT— A CURE FOR SORES. 
 
 This famous remedy cures every kiud of Sore, from the louthaome aud putrid Ulcer. Fevor, Sore, Cauctr, Syphilis, Scrofulous Leprosy, 
 down to the Pimple, Blotch and tetter. It quickly heals the most obbtluate aud nr.cry Sores, aud will leave the tikia without a acur. 
 painful symptoms, are quickly removed by the Kenovating Uesoivent. 
 
 It cleanses ihe system from all corrupt humor— i>?(ri^e^ and enriches the hlooJ, 
 
 RADWAY'S RENOVATING RESOLVENT IS A GREAT LUNG AND STOMACH REMEDY. 
 
 It is a quick and radical cure for all diseases of the Throat and Lung'. Bad cough, hacking, dry cough, stlching or wrenching pains 
 in the side, sudden pain around the heart, shortness of breath, hard breathing, siiarp pains uhon taltiug a loug breath, and all other 
 painful symptoms are (Quickly removed by the Renovating Resolvent. 
 
 BRONCHITIS---SPITTIIVG OF BLOOD. 
 
 In all cases of Bronchitis that we have known the Resolvent to be used for. it has quickly cured the patieoh; it never fails. Likewise 
 in Hemorrhage from the Lungs or Throat, K. R. Resolvent is the most safe and prompt styptic in use. Those afflicted with Dyspepsia 
 of long staudiDg are especially recommended to it as a never falling remedy. Prloc of R. R. Keaolvent is $1 per bottle. Sold by 
 druggists aud dealers everywhere. 
 
 THE 
 
 R. R 
 
 MOST 
 
 REGULATORS No. 3. 
 
 PERFECT PILLS IN 
 
 USE, 
 
 And the only Pills that possess auy new medical properties, or regulating powers, \h:it have been discovered during the present century. 
 The weak grow strong. The first dose of Radway's Regulator sows the seeds t.f health in the sick and diseased sy.stem ; every day the 
 paticut will gain strength, the sick become healthy, auiT the feeble strong; every organ in the diseased body is resuscitated with new 
 life and vigor, and health and regularity will reign throughout the whole system. The liver will be regular in secreting bile, the skin 
 regular in its functions and the heart regular in its beatings, the pulse regular in its motions, and the bowels regular at a regular hour 
 in discharging their conteuts. Let all who have occasion -m take physio take a dose of Radway's Regulator. If your system is out of 
 order, two or three of Radway's Regulators will establish regularity. The following ailments Radway's Regulator will quickly cure, 
 and free the system from all irritating humors, and leave every organ in the body in a natural and healthy conditiou :— Constipation of 
 the Bowels, Inflammatiou of the Bowels, Intlammation of the Kidneys, Nervous Headache, Sick Headache, Measles, Small Pox, 
 Oostiveness. Biliousness, Dyspepsia, Irregularity. Hvsteria, Whites, Influenza, Kiduey Complaints, Bladder Complaints. Indigestion, 
 Scarlet Fever, Typhus Fever, Pleurisy, Bilious Fever, Unhealthy Draius, Loss of Appetite, Loss of Memory, Loss of Energy, aud Loss 
 of Strength. Each of the above diaiculties Radway's Regulator will quickly cure. Price of R. R Regulator, 23 cents per box. Sold by 
 druggists everywhere, . _ 
 
 RADWAY & Co., 162 Fulton St„ Nevsr York, 
 
 Ko. 91. 
 
 Lyon's Magnetic Powder differs from all other insect banes in two essential particulars : it contains nothing 
 poisonous to human beings or domestic animals, and is the only article known, which immediately aud inva- 
 riably destroys Bed-Bugs, Roaches, Fleas, Ants, Moths, Plant Insects, Mosquitoes, Flies, and all other insects. 
 It is endorsed by the tirst chemists abroad, and in this country has been awarded lour national medals, is used 
 in the government offices at Washington, and has received the sanction of the highest names in Europe. Be- 
 v-are ol counterfeits. Engravings of four national medals appear, together with E. Lyon's autograph signa- 
 ture on the wrapper and label of every flask. Lyon's Magnetic Pills for Rats and Mice, are equally efficacious in 
 the extermination of those vermin. Sold at the Central Depot and by all respectable druggists. 
 
 E. LYON, 424 Broadway, N. Y. 
 
 33 
 
JOHN H. PEARSON & CO. 
 
 AND WHOLESALE DEALERS IN 
 
 Flonr, Corn, Pork, lard, Fish, Salt, Lime, Plaster, Cement, Molasses, Teas, Oils, Nails, Spikes, 
 
 — AND — 
 
 ALL KINDS OF WESTERN PRODUCE. 
 
 Also M;\nufacturers of FLOUR, from the choiscst selections of Canadian, Western, and Southern 
 Wheat) which they guarantee not to be excelled by any other brands of flour sold. 
 
 « »» » » ■ 
 
 REFERENCES: 
 
 Josiah Sticknev.Esq., Pres't Market Bank, Boston. 
 Fred'k Gould, Esq., Pres't Blackstone Bank, ' 
 Messrs. Levi Bartlett& Co., Merchants, " 
 
 Messsrs. Howes & Co. Merchants, Mew York, 
 Messrs. Wright, Gillett & Rawson, Merch'ta, N. Y. 
 Jared Parkhurst, Jr., Esq., Baltimore. 
 Jonathan Gillett, Esq., Cleveland, O. , , „ 
 
 T. P. Handy, Esq., Cash. Com. Bank, Cleveland, O. 
 John P. Chapin, Esq., Chicago, HI. 
 Hon. Salmon P. Chase, Cincinnati, O. 
 
 Hon. N. B. Baker, Concord, N. H. 
 
 Hon. N. G. Upham, Sup't Concord R. R., Concord. 
 
 Jos. A. Gilmore, Esq., Sup't M. & L. R. R., Concord. 
 
 Onslow Stearns, Esq., Pres't North'n K. R., Concord. 
 
 George Minot, Esq., Cash'r Meclianics' B'k, Conc'd, 
 
 Edson Hill, Esq., Cash. State Capital B'k, Conoord. 
 
 George Parker, Esq., Ogdensburgh, N. Y. 
 
 J. S. Bean, Esq., Ogdensburgh, N. Y. 
 
 Messrs. Grant, Armstrong & Co., Albany, N. Y. 
 
 Messrs. Gooking& Chase, Portsmouth, N. H. 
 
 Will be paid to 50 men of good address and business habits, who can furnish satisfactory references for 
 Industry Perseverauce, and Honesty, to sell by subscription the great American Work, the PROGRESS OF 
 THE REPUBLIC. A PermaiientSalary, or a Liberal Commissioti will be paid. Someol the Agents now em- 
 ployed averatre from $100 to $300 per mnnth. None need apply, without the best ol reference, as above. For 
 further information apply to Wm. M. Morrison & Co., 440 Pennsylvania Avenue, Washington, D. C. ; or to J. 
 S. Nason, Baltimore; Richa.rd Edward^ Richmond, Va. ; Geo. S. Baker, Boston ; L. S. Beers, New \ ork ; 
 John Dickens, Louisville, Ky. ; C. Kneftin, St. Lou'S, Mo^ 
 
 PROPRIETORS OF THE 
 
 ^ 'UJ iiAj \£) w) x^ iyj lyj iLijjj ^ 'ii^ hj* '•j^ o i^^sj o i2J y © 
 
 Manufacturers and Wholesale and detail Dealers in 
 
 p@i^s miM^mQ)mm wwrnmrnw wm§^.wmm^^ 
 
 [Formerly made by ALFRED DOF,.] 
 
 Cook, Parlor and Box Stoves; Oven, Ash-Pit and Boiler Mouths; Fire Frames, 
 Caldron Kettles, &c., &c., and all kinds of Machinery Castings promptly done to 
 order. 
 
 N B —We have lately purchased the patterns and right to manufacture the various Kizes of the improved 
 EMPIRE STATE COOK STOVE. Address, ^^ ^ ^ ^ ^ ^^^^^ ^^^^^^^ ^^ ^ 
 
 MANUFACTURERS OF 
 
 SUPERIOR OAK TANNED AND STRETCHED 
 LEATHER BELTING AND 
 
 ENGINE HOSE, 
 
 3^ :e3 o h -A. ns" I o s' 
 
 
THE STATE OF NEW HAMPSHIRE. 
 
 The following table will show the decennial progress of the population since the first census of the Slate, taken by the 
 United States authorities : 
 
 Coloreil Persons. Decpniiial Incri-ase. 
 Csnsus White , ._» , , Tcital _. __. ,^_ 
 
 Years, Persons. Free. Slave. Total. Populalion. Numerical. Percent. 
 
 1T90 141,111 630 158 7SS 141,899 — _ 
 
 1800 182,878 856 8 861 1S3,TG2 41.86.3 29.5 
 
 1810 213..3S0 970 — 970 214,360 30,593 16.6 
 
 1821) 243,236 925 — 9-'5 244,161 29,801 13.9 
 
 1830 26s,721 . . 604 3 607 269,328 25,167 10.3 
 
 1810 284.036 537 1 538 284,574 15.246 5.6 
 
 1850 317,389 475 — 475 317,864 33,290 11.16 
 
 The stiitistics of the wealth, productions, manufactures, and institutions of New Hampshire, as asoertained by the 
 census of the State, taki-n in 1850, and other official ri'ports referring to the same year, are as follows: 
 
 OcfiipUd L<in//s, etc. — Improved lands, 2.251,488 acres; and unimproved lands, 1,140,926 acros — valued in cash at 
 $55,245 997. Whole numbtr of farms under cultivation, 29 229. Value of farming implements and mai;hinery, |2,314,125. 
 
 Live-Stnck. — Horses, 34,233; asses and mules, 19; milch cows, 94,277; working oxen, 59,027; other cattle, 114,606; 
 sheep. 384,756 ; swine, 63,487 — valued in the aggregate at $8,871,901. The returns of 1840 exhibited the live-stock as 
 follows : Horses, mules, etc., 4;3.S92 ; neat cattle of all descriptions, 275,562 ; sheep, 617,.590 ; and swine, 121.671. 
 
 ProdiicU ofAnim(ih.—\\o«\, 1,364.034 (in 1840, l,26ii,5l7) pounds ; butter. 6,977.050 pounds ; cheese, 3,196,563 pounds ; 
 and the value of animals slaughtered in the year, $1,522,873. Silk cocoons were produced to the amount of 4.191 (in 
 1840, 419|) pounds, being two-sevenths the whole product of the United States ; and beeswax and honey to the amount 
 of 117,140 pounds. 
 
 Orain Cropn.—Whe&t, 185,658 bushels; rye, 18.3,117 bttshels; Indian corn, 1,573,670 bushels ; oats, 973,381 bushels; 
 barley, 70,2.56 bushels; and buckwheat, 65,205 bushels. The crops of If 39, according to the census of 184(i, were as 
 follows: Wheat, 422,124 bushels; rye, 30S,14S bushels; Indian corn, 1,162,572 bushels; oats, 1,296,114 bushels ; barley, 
 121,899 bushels ; and buckwheat, 10.5,103 bushels. 
 
 Other Food Crojw.—Peas and beans, 70,856 bushels ; and potatoes, Irish, 4,304,919' bushels. The potato crop of 1889-40 
 amounted to 6,206.606 bushels. 
 
 MUcellaneoiis Oivp^. — Tobacco, 50 pounds; hay, 593,854 (in 1S40, 496,107) tons; clover-see<l, 829 bushels; other 
 gr.ass-seed, 8,071 bushels; hops, 257,174 (in 1840, 24:3,425) pounds; flax, 7,052 pounds; flax-seed, 189 bushels; maple 
 sugar, 1.294,863 pounds; molasses, 9,811 gallons; wine, 344 gallons, etc. Value of orchard products, $248,563; and of 
 market-garden products, .$56,810. 
 
 Home-made Manufactures were produced in the year ending 1st June, 1850, to the value of $893.45.5. 
 Manufactures. — Aggregate capital Invested, $18,242,114; value of all raw material, fuel, etc., 12.745,466; hands 
 mployed — males, and females ; monthly cost of labor, $ ; entire valuf of products. $23,164,503. The 
 
 capital employed in manufactures in 1840, was $9,252,448. The whole number of manufacturing establishments pro- 
 ducing to the value of .$5(!0 and upward annually, on the 1st June, 1850, was 3,301 ; and of this number 44 were cotton 
 factories, 61 woolen factories, 163 tanneries, and 29 iron manufactories — 26 making castings, 1 pig iron, and 2 wrought 
 iron. The following are the general statistics of these several manufactures : 
 
 In the cotton manufacture a capital of $10,950,500 is invested, and hence in this interest New Hampshire is second 
 only to Massachusetts, and equal to one-seventh the aggregate of the United States. II consumes annually 83,026 bales 
 of cotton, and 7,079 tons coal, valued together at $-1,839,429, and employs 12,122 hands— 2,911 males and 9,211 females, at 
 a monthly cost of $199,844— to males $75,713, and to females $124,131. The annual products are 113,106,247 yards of 
 sheeting, etc. and 149,700 pounds of yarn— valued at $8,830,619. In 1S40 — capital invested, $5,523,200; hands, 6,991 ; 
 value of products, $4.142,.304. 
 
 The wookn manufacture employs a capital of $2,4-37,700; wool consumed, 3,604,103 pounds; and coal, 3,600 tons — 
 valued at $1,267,329 ; hands, 2,127— males 926, and females 1,201 ; monthly cost of labor, $.38,628- male $21,177, and 
 female $17,451; aimual products, 9,712,840 yards of cloth, and 165,200 pounds yarn— together valued at $2,127,745. In 
 1840— capital, $740,-345 ; hands, 893; value of products, $795,784. 
 
 Tanneries use a capital of $441,976 ; value of all raw material, $543,779 ; hands, 502 ; monthly cost of labor, $11,737 ; skins 
 tanned, 109,595, and sides of leather tanned, 333,158 ; value of products, $900,421. In 1840, capital $386,402 ; bands, 776. 
 
 The statistics of the iron manufacture are as follows : H 
 
 Sperifieations. Pig Iron. Cast Iron. Wrought Iroa Total. 
 
 Capital invested , .dollars... 2,000 232,700 4,000 236,700 
 
 Iron ore used tons/ 500.... — — 500 
 
 Other iron used " — 6,673 145 6,318 
 
 Mineral coal consumed " — 1,680 — 168 
 
 Coke, charcoal, etc " 50,000 20,500 50,000 120,500 
 
 Value of all raw material dollars. . . 4,900 177,000 5,600 187,560 
 
 Hands employed number.. 10 374 6 390 
 
 Monthly cost of labor dollars... ISO 12,361 192 12,733 
 
 Iron annually made tons 200 5.764 110 6.074 
 
 Value of all products dollars... 6,000 371,710 10,400 388,110 
 
 Besides the above principal manufactures, there are in New Hampshire a gi-eat variety of others, less conspicuous, 
 indeed, but which in the aggregate are little less valuable. Among these may be mentioned her numerous grist and saw 
 mills, her carriage factories, paper-mills, powder-mills, machine-shops, hardware, cutlery, etc., factories, etc. 
 
 Commerce, Kavigation, et.c. — New Hampshire, in the year ending SOlh June, 1850, exported to foreign countries, pro- 
 duce and merchandise to the value of $8,927, and imported to that of -$49,079. Of the exports, $8,722 was the value of 
 domestic produce — in American vessels $2,8-35, and in foreign vessels $.5,887, and $205 was the value of foreign produce 
 re-exported ; and of the imports, $19,963 was the value of goods carried in .Vmerican vessels, and $29,117 that of goods 
 carried in foreign vessels. Tlie entrances and clearances for the same year were as follows : 
 
 179 
 
THE STATE OE NEW HAMPSHIRE. 
 
 ENTRANCES. 
 Nationality, Vessela. 
 
 American 9 
 
 Foreign 101 . . . . 
 
 Total. 
 
 110 
 
 3,572 
 7,472 
 
 11,0-M 
 
 Crews. 
 
 . 131 
 . 512 
 
 643 
 
 CLEARANCES. 
 Nationality. Veasels. 
 
 American 5 .... 
 
 Foreign 102 
 
 Total, 
 
 lOT 
 
 Tonnafcc, 
 
 . 6S2 . 
 . 7,531 . 
 
 8,213 
 
 Crews. 
 34 
 
 . 51T 
 
 551 
 
 This commerce belongs to the port of Portsmouth, the only port of entry in the State. The great bullv of the commercial 
 material of New Hampshire is carried to Boston for exportation, and its foreign supplies are cliierty brought through the 
 same channel. The following table will exhibit the variations of the imports and exports for a series of years : 
 
 Year. Exports. 
 
 1791 $142,859 . . 
 
 1792 1S1,413 .. 
 
 1793 199,'204 . . 
 
 1794 1.53,800.. 
 
 1795 229,427 .. 
 
 1796 378,161.. 
 
 1797 275,840 . . 
 
 1798 861,4.53.. 
 
 1799 361,789.. 
 
 ISOO 431,836.. 
 
 1801 555,055 . . 
 
 1802 565,394 . . 
 
 1803 494,620 . . 
 
 1804 716,091 .. 
 
 1805 608,408 . . 
 
 1806 795,263 . . 
 
 1807 680,022.. 
 
 ISOS 125,059 . . 
 
 1S09 286,505.. 
 
 1810 234,650.. 
 
 Imports. 
 
 $■ 
 
 Year. Kjtports. Imports. 
 
 1811 $368,863 $ 
 
 1S12 20.3,401 — 
 
 1813 29,996 
 
 1814 37,387 
 
 1815 109,782 
 
 1816 140,293 
 
 1817 197,424 
 
 1818 130,648 
 
 1819 157,919 
 
 1820 240,800 
 
 1821 260,765 350,021 
 
 1822 199.699 330,052 
 
 1823 237,705 571.770 
 
 1824 185.383 245.513 
 
 1825 198.680 831,244 
 
 1826 167,075 348,609 
 
 1827 177,.39S 302,211 
 
 1 828 124,433 299,849 
 
 1829 105,740 179,889 
 
 1830 96,184 130,828 
 
 Exports. Imports, 
 
 .. $111,222 $146,205 
 
 .. 115,582 115.171 
 
 . . 155,258 167,754 
 
 79,656 118,695 
 
 1835 81,681 71.514 
 
 Year. 
 1881 
 18.32 
 1833 
 1834 
 
 1836 
 1837 
 1838 
 1839 
 1840 
 1841 
 1842 
 1843 
 1844 
 1845 
 1846 
 1847 
 1848 
 1S49 
 1850, 
 
 15,520 64,354 
 
 34,641 81,4.34 
 
 74,670 169,985 
 
 81,944 51,407 
 
 20,979 114,647 
 
 10,348 73,701 
 
 23.547 60,481 
 
 44,774 8,2.S9 
 
 6,684 31,420 
 
 2,384 22,6S9 
 
 5,072 15,485 
 
 1,690 16,935 
 
 8,243 61,303 
 
 5,878 64,351 
 
 8,927 49,079 
 
 The total shipping owned in the State at the date referred to amounted to 23,096 : registered shipping, 14,979 tons ; 
 enrolled and licensed, 7,S93 tons ; and licensed (under 20 ton boats), 224 tons. The proportion of the enrolled and licensed 
 tonnage employed in the coasting trade was 4,025 tons, in the cod fishery 2,664 tons, and in the mackerel fishery l,2ri4 
 tons. The shipping built in the State during the year consisted of 8 ships and 2 schooners, with an aggregate burden of 
 6,914 tons. 
 
 Internal Improvement. — New Hampshire has completed a fine system of railroads, the principal lines being in a 
 N. "W. and a S. E. direction, or between the Atlantic sea-board at Boston and Portsmouth, and the Connecticut River, 
 where connection is made with the Vermont lines to Lake Champlain and Canada. The great Atlantic and St, Lawrence 
 Railroad also traverses the State in the North section. Most of the lines in the southern p.art of the State centre at 
 Concord, the capital, and thence diverge in every direction. The total length of completed railroad in the State, on the 
 1st of January, 18.53, was 480 miles, or 1 mile to every 17 square miles of territory, or to every 662 inhabitants. 
 
 Bank.% etc. — There were 22 banks in the State, in December, 1850, the condition of which was as follows: IJahUitie^<i — 
 capital, $2,375,900 ; circulation, $1,897,111 ; and deposits, $566,634 ; and (t*?«<«— loans and discounts, $3,821,120 ; real estate, 
 $43,670 ; due by other banks. $477,453 ; notes of other banks, $91,444 ; and specie, $129,399. Thirteen savings' institutions 
 at the above date had deposits to the amount of $1,641,612. 
 
 Government. — The constitution of 1784, as amended in 1792, is the fundamental law of the State. A new constitution 
 was framed by a convention in 1850, but was subsequently rejected by the people. 
 
 The right of suffrage is secured to every male inhabitant 21 years old, excepting paupers and persons excused from 
 paying taxes at their own request. The general election is held on the 2d Tuesday in March annually. 
 
 The General Court consists of a House of Representatives and a Senate. Representatives shall have resided for the 
 last two years in the State, shall have an estate valued at $100 (at the rate of six shillings and eight pence the ounce of 
 silver), one-half thereof to be freehold within their district, and shall be inhabitants of their district. Every town of 150 
 rateable polls, 21 years old, may choose 1 representative, and every .300 such polls additional shall entitle the town to an- 
 other representative. There are also classed towns, and towns allowed by special act to send representatives. The Senate 
 consists of 12 members, who mii.st be 30 years old, inhabitants of the State for seven years, and seized of a freehold of 
 $200 value within the State. Senatorial districts, 12 in number, shall be set off " .according to the proportion of public 
 taxes pai<l by the said districts." In case of a vacancy in a senatorial district, one of the two candidates having most 
 votes in the district sh.all be chosen by the legislature on joint ballot The legislature thus constituted meets on the 1st 
 Monday of June annually. 
 
 The Executwe Co^mcil consists of 5 councilors, and is elected annually by the people. Councilors must be 80 years of 
 age, 7 years resident in the St.ate, and possi>ssed of an estate of $500, of which $300 shall be freehold. Vacancies are filled 
 as in the Senate. The governor convenes the council, and their resolutions and advice are recorded in a public record, 
 and signed by those agreeing thereto. 
 
 The Governor shall hare the qualifications of a councilor, except as to his estate, which shall be $300, one-half freehold. 
 If there be no choice of governor by the people, one of the two highest candidates shall be chosen by the General Court 
 on joint ballot. The governor may veto a bill, but two-thirds of both houses voting subsequently in favor of its passage, 
 it becomes law nevertheless. With the assistance of the council he shall nominate and appoint all judicial oflflcers, the 
 Attorney-general, solicitors, sheriffs, and registers of probate. The governor and council shall have a negative on each 
 other, both in nominations and appointments. 
 
 The Jtuliciary consists of the Superior Court, Courts of Common Pleas, Courts of Probate, etc. The superior court 
 consists of a chief-justice and four associate justices. At the session of the legislature in June, 1851, provision was made 
 180 
 
■\7VI 
 
 The best Fire Proof Safe in the world, and the 
 only Salamander Safe made. Secured with Wil- 
 der's Patent Powder and Burglar Proof Locks. 
 
 PRINCIPAL WAREHOUSES. 
 
 122 "Water Street near Wall, New York, 
 
 22 Walnut Street and 9 Granite Street, Philadelpliia, 
 
 12 Wells Street, Chicago, 111. 
 
 B. G. WILDER & CO., 
 Patentees and Jflanufacturers. 
 
 ±SlS.'S lii/LGtSL±l±G 
 
 ©^ 
 
 5? ^ %? 4f3 
 
 This article, now so gener- 
 ally known and approved of, 
 is manufactured by the sub- 
 scribers, who are Sole Lessees 
 of the Patent for the Southern and Atlantic States. The recent- 
 ly introduced Octagon Pattern, Rose- ^_ 
 wood finish, meets with universal fa-^ 
 vor. The proprietors will furnish 
 Circulars to applicants, by letter or personally, and are prepared 
 to supply orders for Cases of either the Bronze or Rosewood finish 
 to any extent. RAYMOND & CO., 
 
 536 Broadway, New York. 
 
 m 
 
 SPERM, 
 
 EtEPHANTt 
 
 WHALE, 
 
 ,^^ 
 
 ^nd Tanners. 
 
 Oils prepared with spe- 
 cial care, for Railroad & 
 Machinery purposes. 
 
 No. 101. 
 
 ^^mo * ^^ 
 
 154 FRONT St., N. Y. 
 
 PlTIITll. 
 
 ADAMANTINE, ! 
 
 THAnmBt 
 
 mto mmWo 
 
 ^^^Orders respectful- 
 ly solicited and prompt- 
 ly filled. 
 
JAS. A. PATTESON. WM. H. PRICE. 
 
 PATTESON & PRICE, 
 
 No. 104 FRONT STREET, NEW YORK, 
 
 AND DEALERS IN 
 AND 
 
 MASON BROTHERS, 
 
 fmimii OF sciiii Misic & iiscellimois sooii;, 
 
 Nos. 108 and 110 DUANE STREET, NEW YORK. 
 
 Amongst our School Books will be found Webster's Academic, Counting House, Familj, School and 
 Pocket Dictionaries; varying in price from $1.75 to 37i cents. 
 
 Spiers' Abridged and Unabridged French and English Dictionaries ; acknowledged to be the best 
 French Dictionaries for sale. 
 
 Lossing's Pictorial United States, for Schools; very fully and superbly illustrated, and containing 
 many new and approved features. 
 
 Burritt's & Maltison's Series of Astronomies, including a new and very elegant edition of Burritt's 
 Popular Geography and Atlas of the Heavens; Pirney's and Badoi's French Series; Mrs. Lincoln's 
 Botanies, etc., etc. 
 
 Our Music Books include the works of the most popular authors in America, amongst which are : — 
 "The Hallelujah," "Now Carmina Sacra," "Psaltery," " Cantica Laudis," etc., by Dr. Lowell Ma- 
 son; "The Shawm," by Wm. B. Bradbury and (ico. F. Root; "The Sabbath Bell," anew collection 
 by Geo. F. Root. Also, a large variety of Glee Books, Collections for Schools, Academies, etc., by 
 different popular authors. 
 
 Amongst our Miscellaneous Books are, Fanny Fern's Popular Tales, Porter's Life of Horace Gree- 
 ley, and a variety of other interesting books, catalogues of which will be furnished on application. 
 Address MASON BROTHERS, 
 
 108 an d 110 Duane St., N. Y. 
 
 Nos. 51 and 53 JOHN STREET, N. Y. 
 
 ^uWtsljcrs of tj)e |lational §>txm of Stanbarb Stljool ^oclis. 
 
 Among which are the following: 
 Parker's "Word Builder, 25c.; Northend's Dictation Exercises, 25c.; 
 Wright's Analytical Orthography, 25c.; Clark's English New Grammar, 
 60c.; Welch's English Sentence, 75c.; Day's Art of Khetoric, *75c.; 
 Northend's and Zachos' Speakers, 75c.; Willard's School Histories, 75c.; 
 Porter's School Chemistry, $1 ; Parker's Nat. Philosophy, $1 ; Brook- 
 field's Composition, 40c.; Monteith's First Lessons in Geography, 25c.; 
 McNally's School Geography, ,$1; Fulton's and Eastman's Book- 
 keeping, 75 cents ; Davies' Dictionary of Mathematics, $2.50 ; the 
 School Teachers' Library, 5 volumes ; the Home Cyclopedias, 7 volumes ; 
 Boyd's English Poets, 5 vols.; Boyd's System of Logic, $1 ; Boyd's Ele- i 
 ments of Criticism, $1.25 ; Mahan's Intellectual Philosophy, $1 ; Davies' ! 
 Primary Arithmetic, 15c,; Davies' Intellectual Arithmetic, 25c.; Davies' 
 New School Arithmetic, 45c.; Davies' University Arithmetic, 75c.; Da- 
 vies' Higher Mathematics, IG vols.; Bartlett's College Nat, Phil., 3 vols,; , 
 Monteith's Manual of Geography, 50c.; etc., etc. \ 
 
THE STATE OF NEAV HAMPSHIRE. 
 
 for appointing four circuit jnstices of common pleas: two only are now appointed. If a vacancy other than in the office 
 of the chief-justice occurs in the superior court, it is not to be filled, but an additional circuit justice of the common pleas 
 is to be appointed until the whole number of four is filled up, and after that the superior court will consist of the chief- 
 justice and two associate justices, any two of whom will be a quorum. Two terms of the superior court are held annually 
 at Concord, on the 2d Tuesdays of July and December, for the hearing and determining of questions of law and petitions 
 for divorce from all the counties in the State. This court is also vested with chancery powers. At the trial of capital eases 
 two justices of the superior court, or one justice of the superior court and one circuit judge are required to be present. 
 The judges of the superior court of judicature are eQe-nffi.cio judges of the court of common pleas. This court, before which 
 all actions for recovery of debts, enforcement of contracts, etc., and all jury trials are brought, consists of one of the justices 
 of the superior court, or one of the circuit judges of the court of common pleas, and of any two county justices, who are 
 generally appointed from among the yeomanry, whose principal duty it is to attend to the ordinary business of the county, 
 its roads, expenses, etc. Terms of the common pleas are held semi-aimually in each county. Grafton County is divided 
 into two judicial districts, and terms are held semi-annually in each district. County treasurers and registers shall be 
 elected by the counties. Justices of the peace are appointed for five years, with jurisdiction in cases below £4. Clerks 
 of courts shall be appointed by the courts. All judicial officers shall hold office during good behavior, or until 70 years of 
 age, but are removable on address of both houses of the legislature. 
 Jfo person, can hold any office of profit or Jionor under this goi^ernm^nt unless lie he of the Protestant religion. 
 Every seven years the people shall vote for or against amending the constitution, and if a majority of the votes be in 
 favor thereof, the general court shall call a convention ; and if their amendments be approved by two-thirds of the votes 
 when submitted to the people, they shall be adopted. 
 
 The militia force of New Hampshire comprises .32,151 men of all arms, of which 1,343 are commissioned officers, and 
 30,803 non-commissioned officers, musicians, privates, etc. Of the commissioned officers 12 are general officers, 51 
 general statT-officers, 33G field officers, etc., and 949 company officers. There is a school of instructicin lor officers. Every 
 white male between 18 ami 45 years of age, except such as the law excepts, is enrolled anmially. Parades were abolished 
 by the legislature in 1850 ; Imt volunteer companies may remain organized, and new companies be formed, and each 
 volunteer who has performed his duty acceptably shall receive $3 annually from the select-men of the town to which be 
 belongs. The militia is organized in 4 divisions, 8 brigades, and 42 regiments. The governor is commander-in-chief. 
 
 The New Hampshire Asylum for the Insane, located at Concord, is a State institution. It is one of the most efficient 
 establishments of the kind in the Union. Adjoining the asylum are more than 120 acres of valuable lands, well adapted 
 to the wants of the institution, which is cultivated by the labor of the patients. The immber of patients in the asylum 
 31st May, 1S49, was 144; admitted during the year following, 103; discharged during the year, 90; recovered, 45; par- 
 tially recovered, 18 ; not relieved, 20, and died, 7. Remaining under treatment 1st January, 1850, 127, of which .58 were 
 females. The sum of $1,600 was granted by the legislature June, 1850, for the relief of the indigent insane. The price 
 of board, etc., for patients from this State is %'i 25 for the first 13 weeks, and $2 for all subsequent time. The blind are 
 provided for in the Perkins Institution of Massachusetts, and the deaf and dumb in the American Asylum of Connecticut. 
 Finances, Debts, etc. — The total receipts into the State treasury for the year ending 5th June, 1850, was $172,056 55, 
 and the expenditm-es for the same period, .$167,011 63— excess of receipts, $5,044 92. The chief sources of income were: 
 balance in treasury Cth June, 1849, $G,126 80; railroad tax, $49,414 29; money borrowed, $51,400; civil commissions 
 (fees), $175; State tax for 1S49 and previous years, .$59,547 21; allowance by United States of Indian Stream claim, 
 $5,.362 56: and the principal objects of expenditure were: sahiries, executive and judicial, $19,018 35; pay of council, 
 $885 40; pay of senate, $1,078 50; pay of representatives, $20,127 40; money borrowed and repaid, $58,145 83; State 
 printing, $2,951 50; publishing laws, $.380 50; New Hampshire Asylum for Insane (new building), $15,000; Perkins 
 Institution, education of the blind, $750; American Asylum, education of deaf and dumb, $2,075; officers' school of 
 instruction, $7,731 20. The state of the treasury on the 5th June, 1850, was : total amount of avaiUible funds, $5,603 84; 
 and total amount of indebtedness, $26,601 C7 ; balance against the treasury. $2,997 81. The assessed value of real and 
 personal property in the State in 1850, was $92,177,95-3, and the true or estimated value was $103,682,835. 
 
 Federal Representation. — New Hampshire, in accordance with the federal act of 23d May, 1850, sends three repre- 
 sentatives to the Congress of the United States. 
 
 Education. — The common schools of the State are under county commissioners, who form a board of education, and 
 meet .-xt Concord on the third Wednesday in August annually. Their duty is to recommend such books as may appear 
 to them most suitable to be used in the schools, and such methods of instruction, modes of government and discipline, as 
 may best promote the advancement of the schools. In each town is a superintending committee, which reports to the 
 Secretary of the State by the first day of April, the condition and progress of each school, and the secretary is requested 
 to hand over the several returns so received to the Secretary of the Board of Education. Each county commissioner 
 spends at least one day in each town of his county to promote the cause of education by addresses, etc., and he has also 
 charge of any teachers' mstitute that may be held in his county. The office of State School Commissioner was abolished 
 by the general court of 1850. The whole number of school districts reported June, 1850, was 2.167; average attendance 
 in the wint r schools, 60,271, and in the summer schools, 46,225 ; average length of winter schools. 9 4-5 weeks, and of 
 summer schools, 9 2-5 weeks. Average m^inthly wsges of male teachers, $14 73, and of female teachers, $6 21 ; number 
 of male teachers in winter schools, 1.246, and of female teachers, 961; money raised by taxes for schools. $145,892; 
 amount contributed in board and fu(^l, $9,738; income of local funds, $8,097; interest of literary fund, $10,790; amount 
 for teachers and institutes, $l,i 20, being an aggregate of $174,517 rai.sed for the district schools. The number of incor- 
 porated academies in the State at the date referred to was 38, and the whole number of pupils attending them, 2.261. 
 Number of unincorporated academics, private schools, and schools kept to prolong common schools, 74, attended by an 
 average of 3,698 scholars. 
 
 Dartmouth College is the only collegiate institution of the State ; it was founded in 1769, and is located at Hanover. 
 The academical faculty consists of a president and 10 professors, and in 1850 it had 3.710 alumni, of which about 800 were 
 in the ministry, and 2-37 studenLs. Its library contained nearly 25.000 volumes. The New Hampshire Medical College at 
 the same place, founded 1798. is a department of Dartmouth. It has a president, six professors, and a demonstrator of 
 anatomy, and in 1850 had 45 students. Its graduates of that date numbered S50. The Chandler School of Science and 
 the Arts opened xVugust, lS52, and, founded on a donation of $50,000, bequeathed by the will of the late Mr. Chandler, of 
 Boston, is attached to the Dartmouth College. There are in the State four theological schools: the New Hampton Acad- 
 emical and Theological Institution, founded 1825; the Methodist General Biblical Institute founded 1847, and located at 
 
 181 
 
THE STATE OF NEW HAMPSHIIIE. 
 
 Concord; the New Hampshire Conference Seminary at NorthfielU, and the Gilmanton Theological Seminary, founded 
 in 1835. 
 
 Public Libra nes.— One State library— 4,700 volumes ; 9 social— 13,ST8 volumes ; 1 College— 6,400 volumes ; 5 students'— 
 16,200 volumes; 7 professional and academic— 10,700 volumes; 2 scientific and historical— 2,800 volumes; 25 public 
 school— 2,500 volumes; total, ."io libraries, and 57,17S volumes. 
 
 Periodical /'/•?*.«. — The whole number of periodicals and newsp.apers published in New Hampshire in ISW), was 41 
 
 of which 10 were whig, and 10 democratic in politics, and 21 neutral, or devoted to relii;i<m, science, literature etc. in- 
 cluding all the character of which had not been ascerlaiiied ; and of the whole number 2 were published daily, 36 weekly 
 1 semi-monthly, and 2 monthly. The total circulation of the dailies was about 1,500 copies at each issue; of the weeklies, 
 58,426; of the semi-monthly, 6iiO ; and of the monthly, 1,150 copies. The riailici were published at ManchesU-r and 
 Portsmouth ; the wee/Hie.t, 1 each at Winchc.-iter. Lancaster. Manchester (Coos CO.), Lebanon, Haverhill. Peterboro', Nashua 
 Village, Andierst, Exeter, Claremont, and Newport ; 2 each at Meredith Bridge, Nashua, and Great Falls ; 3 each at Keene 
 and Portsmouth ; 4 each at Manchester and Concord, and 5 at Dover ; the semi-inonthly at Concord ; and the monthlies at 
 Hanover and Dover. 
 
 Peligiom UfnonUiMtiuns.—The general statistics of the several religious denominations in the State, for the year 1850 
 were as follows : 
 
 Dennmina- Nn. of 
 
 Churrh 
 
 Vi.luenf 
 
 Dennmina- Nn. of 
 
 Church 
 
 Value nf 
 
 tiiiiis. Cliiir.lies. 
 
 seem. 
 
 Pinperl.v. 
 
 tions. Cliiirclie.s. 
 
 illTOUI. 
 
 Prnperty. 
 
 Baptist ISO .. 
 
 62.021 . 
 
 . $31ti,7r.6 
 
 German Ref. — . , 
 
 — 
 
 $- 
 
 Chrisli.in.... 23 .. 
 
 7.260 . 
 
 . 30,350 
 
 Jewi.sh — . . 
 
 
 
 
 Congregafl..l72 .. 
 
 79,656 . 
 
 . 527,340 
 
 Lutheran ... — . . 
 
 — 
 
 — 
 
 Dutch Kef... — .. 
 
 — . 
 
 — 
 
 Mennonite . . — . . 
 
 — 
 
 _ 
 
 Episcopal ... 11 .. 
 
 4,425 . 
 
 . 41,400 
 
 Methodist... 99 .. 
 
 32,-340 . 
 
 175,290 
 
 Free 2.. 
 
 750 . 
 
 4,000 
 
 Moravian ... — . . 
 
 — 
 
 — 
 
 Friends 15 . . 
 
 4,700 . 
 
 . 15,200 
 
 Presbyterian 13 . . 
 
 6,500 . 
 
 71,000 
 
 Dennmina- No. of 
 
 tin. IS. Churi-hei 
 
 R. Catholic. 2.. 
 
 Swedenbo'n . — . . 
 
 Tunker — .. 
 
 Union 32 .. 
 
 Unitarian 13 .. 
 
 Universidist.. 36 .. 
 
 Minor Sects. 4 .. 
 
 1,450 
 
 10,450 
 S,3S0 
 
 14,280 
 1,100 
 
 Value o( 
 Prnperty. 
 
 $20,000 
 
 39,350 
 72,800 
 83,100 
 8,000 
 
 —making a total of 602 churches, having accommodations for 2-33,892 persons, and valued as property at .$1,401,586. New 
 Hampshire constitutes a diocese of the Protestant Episcopal Church, and a portion of the Koman Catholic diocese of 
 Boston. 
 
 PauperiKm anri Crimp. — The whole number of paupers who were relieved or supported in the State during the >ear 
 ending 1st .Tune, 18.50, was 3.600, of whom 2,853 were native-born, and 747 foreign-born ; and the whole number of pau- 
 pers on the list at the date specified, was 2,183, of whom 1,998 were native-born, and 186 foreigners. Annual cost of sup- 
 port, $157,351. The State Prison is located at Concord, and was first opened for the reception of convicts in 1812, from 
 ■which period to June, 1850, there had been 796 commitments. Whole number of inmates on 31st May, 1849, eiyhty-tivo ; 
 received in 1849-50, thirtij-nio? ; and discharged, 27; leaving in prison 91-88 males, and 3 females; and of these 72 were 
 committed for offenses against property, 1 for arson, 8 for rape, 2 for manslaughter, and 4 for murder. Expenditure for 
 the year, $7,509. 
 
 The first settlements in New Hampshire were ra.ide by Gorges and Mason, two of the ino.st active members of the 
 Plymouth Company. In 1621, Mason obtained a grant of all the lan<ls between the Naumkeag and Mcrrimac, and in the 
 n*:t year another grant was made to Mason and Gorges of the country between the Merrimac and Sagadahock rivers. 
 The first tract w.as named Mariana, and the latter Laconia. Designing to establish fisheries, they sent over in 1623 a 
 colony — one division of which lauded at Little Harbor, on the soulliern shore of the Pisc.ataqua, and the other settled at 
 Dover. Other settlements were effected on the coast both by the granters under Mason, and by emigrants from Plymouth 
 and Massachusetts. Fishing and trading being the sole objects of these parties, the settlements were slow in their progress 
 for many years. 
 
 In 1629, Mason procured a further grant of the land between the Piscataqua and Merrimac, and extending 60 miles into 
 the country, and this he called New Hampshire. In 1631, a house, called the Great House, was built at Strawberry Hill, 
 now PorLsmouth. In 163S, John Wheelwright, the brother of the celebrated Mrs. Hutchinson, banished from Massachu- 
 setts for his Antinomian principles, came with a number of his adherents to Squamscot Falls, where they founded 
 Exeter. Here they combined, as a body politic, chose rulers and swore to obey them. Similar goverunienis were 
 established by the colonists at Dover and Strawberry Hill. All these petty establishmenls, however, placed themselves 
 under the protection of Massachusetts in 1041, and were governed a-s a part of that colony until 16S0, the year previous to 
 which a decree w.is passed constituting New Hampshire a separate province. A president and council were now 
 appointed by the crown, and a house of representatives elected by the people. The first a.ssembly, consisting of eleven 
 persons, met at Portsmouth the same year. At this session a code of laws were enacteii, of which the first declared, " That 
 no act. imposition, law, or f>rdnance should be imposed upon the inhabitants of the ])rovince, but such as should be made 
 by the assembly, and approve<l by the president and council." From 167.5, to the accession of James II.. the colony w.ia 
 much disturbed by contentions between the heirs of Mason and the holders of land ; nor was it, indeed, until 1747, that 
 peace was secured— in that year all claims having been purchased by the government. These contentions retarded 
 greatly the progress of the colony, and were a main source of the grievances which alienated the public affections ft-om 
 tlie mother country. 
 
 On the accession of James to the English throne, new schemes of oppression were meditated for the colonics, and every 
 vestige of liberty was to be erased. In 1086, Sir Eilmond Andros arrived at Boston, commissioned as Governor in Chief 
 over all New England, and authorized with his council to m.ake such laws and impose such taxes as ho thought proper. 
 New Hampshire had already declared her will, which was offensive to the governing powers, and, like her sister colonies, 
 became a prey to his tyranny — the press was shackled, liberty of con.science invaded, and oppressive taxes imposed, and, 
 to prevent complaints being heard, no person was allowed to leave the country without express license. This state of 
 things continued until the Revolution in ICnglaml, when Andros was seized by the people and sent home a pri.soner. 
 
 New Hampshire being now without a government, the people determined to return to their ancient connection with 
 Massachusetts. This union only lasted three years, a separation having been determined on and effected by the English 
 autiiorities. 
 
 New Hampshire was, perhaps, of all the colonies, the one that suffered most from Indian hostilities. From her earliest 
 gettlement her progress was retarded by savage inroad, nor did the Indian cease from his Ibrays until the reduction of 
 182 
 
ALLAN HA? & CO. 
 
 SOAP AND CANDLE WORKS, 
 
 35, 37, 39, 41 and 43 First Avenue, 
 
 ARE CONSTANTLY MANUFACTURING AND HAVE FOR SALE, 
 
 Of superior quality and uniform finish, unsurpassed by any in the trade, and 
 warranted free from Fish oil, or any other deleterious ingredients. 
 
 FANCY SOAPS, STARCH, &c. 
 
 Put up in various merchantable styles, suitable for the New York City and coun- 
 try trade, Southern and Western Markets ; also, for the West India, Spanish 
 Main and California Markets. 
 
 Sold either by COUNT or by WEIGHT, as ordered, of superior quality, which give 
 such universal satisfaction to all parties, manufactured from tallow rendered by our- 
 selves, on improved and scientific principles. They burn longer, and give a brill- 
 iancy which cannot be obtained from tallow rendered in the usual method. Our 
 
 FOK SHIPPING, 
 
 Are warranted to stand any climate ; put up in neat packages, French style, sli- 
 ding covers, varying from 12 to 50 p^'nmds each, all sizes, viz: 4s, 5s, 6s, 7s, 8s, 
 9s, 10s, 12s, 14s and 16s to the pound. 
 
 M^" No connection with any other establishment in or out of the City 
 
 Jl^' All orders executed with punctuality and dispatch. 
 
 Goods shipped and sent to all parts of the City free of e?:pense, 
 
 34 
 
PIANOS, MELODEONS, 
 
 XKE -CT ^ X O . 
 
 THE CASH SYSTEM ADOPTED. PBICES GREATLY EEDUCED. 
 
 HORACE W^ATERS, 
 
 figent foi- the Se.si So^ioi) ^0^ lleto Jjolrli 1o3iirqh)eols. 
 
 The largest assortment of Pianos, Melodeons, Musical Instruments and Musical Merchandise 
 of all kinds in the United States. Pianos from ten different manufactories, comprising those 
 of every variety of style, from the plain, neat and substantial Gi octaves, in Walnut or Rose- 
 wood Cases, from $150 to $200, to those of the most elegant fiuish up to One Thousand Dol- 
 lars. No house in the Union can compete with the above in the number, variety and celebrity 
 of its instruments, nor in the Extremely low Prices at which they are sold. 
 
 §oxm Datera' JHokrn Jmprauelr fmos^ 
 
 With or without Iron Frames, possessing in their improvements of over-strings and action, a 
 length of scale, power, and compass of tone equal to the Grand Piano, united with the beauty 
 and durability of structure of the Square Piano. They are justly pronounced by the Press and 
 by the first Musical Masters to be equal to those of any other manufacturer. They are built 
 of the best and most thoroughly seasoned material, and guaranteed to stand the action of every 
 climate. 
 
 Each Instrument guaranteed to give satisfaction, or purchase money refunded. SECOND- 
 HAND PIANOS AT GREAT BARGAINS, constantly in store. Price from $30 to $140. 
 
 HORACE WATERS' MELODEONS, 
 
 Superior Instruments in tone, touchanddurability of make. (Tuned the equal temperament.) 
 Melodeons of all other styles and makes. Price $45, $60, $75, $100, $125, $140; double 
 Reeds, $150; double Reeds and two banks of Keys, $200. Less a liberal discount. Clergy- 
 men and Churches, an extra discount. 
 
 BROWN'S HARPS, FLUTES, FLUTINAS, ACCORDIONS, VIOLINS and MUSICAL IN- 
 STRUMENTS of all kinds, at lower prices than ever before offered to the public. A large dis- 
 count to Teachers and Schools. The trade supplied on the most liberal terms. 
 
 M XJ S I <D, 
 
 One of the largest and best selected Catalogues of Music now published, comprising many of 
 the choice and most popular airs of the day, and will be sold at one-third off from the regular 
 prices, 
 
 Jlusic sent by Mail to all parts of the country, post paid. Particular and personal attention 
 paid to all orders received by mail. Satisfaction guaranteed in every instance. Pianos and 
 Melodeons for Rent, and Rent allowed on purchase. Pianos and Melodeons for sale on monthly 
 payments. Second-hand Pianos taken in exchange for new. General and select Catalogues 
 and Schedule of prices forwarded to all parts of the country by mail. 
 
 .^£f GREAT INDUCEMENTS OFFERED TO AGENTS in all parts of the country, to 
 sell the Horace Waters' Pianos, Melodeons and Catalogue of Music. 
 
 Pianos and Mitsio. — We learn that Horace "Waters, of 333 Broadway, N. T., acrent for (he sale of many of 
 the q:jost celebrated makers of I'ianos and Mc^lodeon-, is ofTering tliom at prices which we advise all who desire 
 to pun hase to avail themselves of. He is also selling his large and well known Catalojrue of Music at cne-lliird 
 off from the jreguiar prices, mid will forward the same free of postage. His offers to the trade, teachers and 
 svhoiils are of the most favorable character— all of which lie will be able to fill to the letter, lor having wisely 
 adopted the Casif system. The Horace Waters' Pianos are known as among the very best. VVe are enabled 
 to speak of those instruments with some degree of confidence, from personal knowledge of their excellent tones 
 and durable quality. — J^- Y Evangelist. 
 
 10,14 
 
THE STATE OF NEW HAMPSHIRE. 
 
 Quebec. In the twelve years of peace that followed. New Hampshire increased wonderfully in population and wealth. 
 Her settlements extended farther west than the oripnal limits prescribed by the patents, and until 1761 it was supposed 
 that the territory which now forms the State of Vermont was part of the province, and grants were accordingly made by 
 the authorities in that direction. The district, however, was allotted to New York, and a vexatious controversy ensued, 
 which continued until the independence of Vermont was acknowledged in 1790. During the contest many towns lying 
 near the Connecticut attached themselves to the Vermontese, but in the end returned to their former allegiance. 
 
 The State bore an active and honorable part in the war of the Revolution. On the arrival of news of the battle of 
 Lexington, 1,200 men marched to the assistance of their brethren at Boston. The royal governors were obliged to seek 
 safety in flight, and a temporary government was established. In 1792, a permanent constitution was formed. 
 
 The present prosperous condition of the State may be attributed to the unswerving patriotism and virtues which have 
 ever distinguished its people. Still there are many points in the institutions of New Hampshire which savor of intoler- 
 ance and bigotry, and of these none stand so prominently pre-eminent as the Protestant clauses of the Constitution, and 
 the virtual exclusion of the moneyless man from the higher ofiSces of State. A closer contact with the neighboring States, 
 which the railroad system of the country will now insure, must, however, at no distant day, liberalize the views of the 
 people, and effect all desirable reforms. The provisions of the rejected constitution of 1850 would have done much toward 
 this end had it been approved, and all cause of reproach would have hence been removed. The document referred to, 
 indeed, is a sufficient indication that no little progress has been effected, and that New Hampshire has sons who know 
 how and are willing to redeem her from the antiquated errors that envelop her government policy. 
 
 Succession of Governors. — Rota l GovEitNOKS : John Cutt, 16S0 ; Richard Waldron, 16S1 ; Edward Cranfield (Lt.-Gov.), 
 1682; Walter Barefoot (Dep.-Gov.), 16S5; Joseph Dudley, 1686. {Under t/ie government of Sir Edmund Andros, 1686- 
 89.) {With J/irssac/MWfiftA', 1689-92.) John Usher (Lt.-Gov.), 1692; William Partridge (Lt.-Gov.), 1697; Samuel Allen, 
 1698. {With ifassac/iiisetts andN'ew For*, 1699-1702.) {With 3Iassac7iusetts alone, 1702-il.) Benniug Wentworth, 1741 ; 
 John Wentworth, 1767. {The Engliih government terminated in 1775, and in 1776 a temporary government was 
 formed, which cmitinned during the war, Meshech Weare being annually elected President.) Presidents trNDEB thb 
 CoNSTrruTioN of 17S4: Meshech Weare, 1784; John Langdon, 1785; John Sullivan, 1786; John Langdon, 1788; John 
 Sullivan, 1789 ; Josiah Bartlett, 1790. Governors und^r the Constitution op 1792 : Josiah Bartlett, 1792 ; John Taylor 
 Gilman,1794; John Langdon, 1805; Jeremiah Smith, 1809; John Langdon, 1810; William Plumer, 1812; John Taylor 
 Gilman, 1813 ; WiUiam PJumer, 1816 ; Samuel Bell, 1819 ; Levi Woodbury, 1823 ; David L. Morril, 1S24; Benjamin Pierce, 
 1827 ; John Bell, 1828 ; Benjamin Pierce, 1829 ; Matthew Harvey, 1830 ; S. Dinsmoor, June, 1831 ; William Badger, 1834; 
 Isaac Hill, June, 1836 ; John Page, 1839; Henry Hubbard, 1842; John H. Steele, 1844; Anthony Colby, 1846; Jared W. 
 Williams, 1847 ; Samuel Dinsmoor, 1849 ; Noah Martin, 1852. 
 
 Concord, on the Morrimac river, is the political capital of the State. 
 
THE STATE OF NE¥ JERSEY. 
 
 New JraisET lies between 3S° 58' and 41° 21' latitudes north, and between 73° 5S' and 75° 29' longitudes west from 
 Greenwich, or 1° 33' and 3° 04' east from Wasliington. It is bounded on the north and cast by New Yorlv ; on the south 
 by the Atlantic Ocean and Delaware Bay, the latter dividing it from the State of Delaware, and on the west by the 
 Delaware IJivcr, which separates it from Pennsylvania. The State is almost encircled by water, the lludson Itiver, the 
 Atlantic Ocean, and Delaware Bay and llivcr, surrounding it, except on the north, where its boundary is a conventional 
 line running north-west from a point on the Hudson Kiver, in lat. 41° N. to the Delaware Uiver, which it strikes in lat. 
 41° 21'. It greatest length from Cape May to Carpenter's Point is 167 miles, and its breadth varies from 40 to 96 miles, 
 being narrowest in the centre. The superficies of llie State is 8,320 square miles. 
 
 The norlh-western part of the State is hilly, rather than mountainous, being traversed by the prolongation of several 
 mountain ridges from Pennsylvania. These hills nowhere rise to a great height, but they abound in bold and varied 
 scenery, and are interspersed with fertile and pleasant valleys, comprising some of the finest lam's in the Union. Schooley's 
 MounUiin, the most prominent of these elevations, is much resorted to in summer, on account of the salubrious effect of 
 its atmosphere, and for the purpose of using its mineral waters, which possess medicinal properties. The eastern line is 
 formed by a bold ridge of trap rock, called the Palisades, or Cloister Hill, which, presenting a precipitous wall to the river 
 at several places, as at Weehawken, 200 feet in height, gives an air of picturesque wildncss to the scenery. This wall of 
 rock extends about 20 miles along the shore, and forms one of the principal objects which distinguish the noble pano- 
 rama of the Hudson lliver. The southern part of the State, from Karitan Bay and Trenton to Cape May, consists of a 
 great sandy plain, nowhere rising more than 60 feet above the sea, except at the Navesink Hills, which, although only 300 
 feet high, form a prominent object on the general level. 
 
 From the low projecting sand-bank, called Sandy Hook, opposite the Narrows, to the similarly formed point of Cape 
 May, the whole eastern coast consists of a hmg line of samly beaches, here and there interrupted by inlets, and inclosing 
 n.irrow, shallow lagoons, behind which extends for several miles inland a low marshy tract This coast is constantly 
 changing — several old inlets having been closed, and new ones opened since the settlement of the country; and being 
 exposed to the heavy surf, and affording no efficient harbors, it has been the scene of many shipwrecks. Barnegat, Great 
 Egg Harbor, and Little Egg Harbor inlets, are the principal points of access to the inland waters. The south-western 
 coast on Delaware Bay consists chiefly of a strip of salt marsh, which gradually terminates in the predominating sandy 
 plain. On the shores of the Delaware Eiver the land is more elevated, the line being intersected by the mountain ridges 
 trending eastward from Pennsylvania, and over a ledge of which, crossing the Delaware Kiver, the Falls of Trenton leap. 
 
 The rivers of New Jersey are better adapted for economical purposes than for navigation. None of them admit of the 
 passage of ships of a large size. The Hackensack and the Passaic fall into Newark Bay. The former, which rises in 
 New York, near the line of this Slate, is navigable for sloops to Hackensack village, 15 miles from its mouth, and the 
 latter, which rises in Morris County, after receiving several considerable streams from the north-west and south, has a fall 
 of 72 feet at Paterson. The great falls of the Passaic are surrounded by a scene of wild beauty, but much of their natural 
 magnificence has been destroyed by turning their w.-iters for mill purposes, and it is now only in time of flood that their 
 normal grandeur is recognized. From these falls the course of the river is south, and it is navigable for small vessels from 
 Aquackannock to its confluence with the Bay, a distance of 12 mdes. About 5 or six miles above Paterson, the river has 
 another descent of 51 feet, by two leaps, and a rocky rapid in the distance of half a mile — these descents are called the 
 Little Falls of the Passaic. The Earitan, which is navigable for small craft to New Brunswick, 17 miles up, rises to the 
 south of the hills ; and having collected its several tributaries. It takes a course eastward, almost across the State, and falls 
 into Earitan Bay, opposite the southern point of Staten Island. The principal streams in the southern pari of the State 
 are Great and Little Egg Harbor rivers, which admit of sloop navigation for about 20 miles inland, and Maurice Kiver, 
 which falls into Delaware Bay. The streams emptying into the Delaware Eiver are numerous, but not navigable. 
 
 Although the State is bounded on three sides by navigable waters, it possesses few harbors. The sea-coast and shores 
 of Delaware Bay present many inlets and coves, but none frequented by large shipping. Earitan Bay, between Sandy 
 Hook and Staten Island, affords a ready c<5mmunication from Amboy, the principal sea-port of the State, to the ocean. 
 Newark Bay, to the mouth of St.aten Island, has navigable communications through the " Kills," narrow straits, with New 
 York Bay and Karitan Bay. Delaware Bay washes the south-western shore. The southern extremity of the State is 
 Cape May, the northern point of the entrance from the ocean into Delaware Bay. Sandy Hook, the southern cape of 
 Earitan Bay, is a low, sandy island, about three miles in length, and is constantly extending by the accumulation of sand 
 and other debris, and thus is always influencing and changing tho currents to and from the Bay of New York. 
 
 The geological structure of New Jersey has been explored by scientifle men, and many of the most useful minerals have 
 been found embedded in its hills. All the rocks referable to the primitive, secondary, and transition eras exist ; gneiss 
 sienite, graywacke, and grayw.-icke slate, calcareous rocks, etc., are the principal formations in the northern region, and 
 contain vast masses of metals and metallic oxides. Iron in all its forms occurs abundantlj', and copper, which appears 
 in the secondary formations, is also found in considerable quantities. Nearly a century ago, several lumps of virgin copper 
 ■were ploughed up near New Brunswick, and a mine, near Belleville, on the Passaic, was discovered as early as 1719. 
 There are many veins in the latter which might be worked with profit, and it is said that these mines contain a good 
 quantity of silver ore. There is still another mine north of Somerville, which contains, according to Dr. Torrey, a native 
 copper, carbonate and phosphate of copper, green and red oxide of copper, native silver, green quartz, chrysopha.se, 
 phreuite, etc. In the mountain section, which extends in breadth varying from 15 to 35 miles in right angles, with the 
 184 
 
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THEO. C. FOOTE 
 
 DAmEL D. FOOTE. WM. TAYLOR, 
 
 T- O- <Szr ID> ID. F O O X E , 
 
 IMPORTERS AND MANUFACTURERS OF 
 
 Ot^ Shiifping Furs bought and sold on Commission. 
 
 JNO. MKESSON. 
 
 DAN. 0. BOBBINS. 
 
 GEO. B. GILBERT. 
 
 M'KESSON & BOBBINS, 
 
 Importers anb toljolesalc ^Dealers in 
 
 P^ 
 
 mi 
 
 ml 
 
 ¥£ 
 
 SUEGICAL INSTRUMENTS, GLASS WARE, &c. 
 Nos. 91 and 93 Fulton St. and 80 and 82 Ann St. 
 
 FOUR DOORS BELOW WILLIAM STREET^ 
 
 NEW YORK. 
 
 GEORGE ROUTLEDGE & CO. 
 
 -Iir 
 
 ^ 
 
 ^ 
 
 ^ 
 
 ^xsiet"^ 
 
 -^ 
 
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 E. BALDWIN, Agent, 2 Farringdon St., London. 
 
THE ONLY MANUFACTUKERS OF HIE 
 
 DOUBLE ACTION 
 
 IMPROVED 
 
 ill 11 iififl 
 
 Made, repaired and regulated, on the most reasonable terms. Every article in 
 
 tho line warranted. 
 
 "^ T. "WEDDLE 8e. SONS, 
 
 Rochester, N. Y., and No. 135 Maiden Lane, N. Y. 
 
 ayEA.KrXJF>VCTXJE.ER,S OF 
 
 PAEIS GEERN, 
 AMKK'N VKKMILION, 
 CHINESE BLUE, 
 IMPEKIAL GKKEN, 
 PUTXy, 
 
 ZINC -WHITE, 
 lUBERNIA 6 KEEN, 
 PERSIAN RED, 
 PRUSSIAN BLUE, 
 
 CHROME YELLOW, 
 WHITING, 
 LINSEED OIL, 
 CHROME GREEN, 
 
 ROSE PINK, 
 CELESTIAL BLUE, 
 PATENT DRYER, 
 GILDER'S WHITING, 
 VARNISHES. 
 
 (?MW§ m m% m Ji,iimx[ ®!ES!S!ED5>i?a®s3< 
 
 adiing C0, 
 
 ill 
 
 SUCCESSORS TO THE GOODYEAR RUBBER PACKING CO. 
 
 Manufacturers, under Goodyear's Futents, of 
 
 sBi ra B e id B a aa W p W u fai bb Ssa a bb «i ca 
 E3 ISr C3r I ISr ES HOSE3, 
 
 AND OTHER VULCANIZED RUBBER TABBICS, 
 
 Warehouse, No. 6 Dey Street, N. York 
 
 JOHN H. CHEEYER, Treasurer. 
 
THE STATE OF NEW JERSEY. 
 
 general course of the mountains, the geologioa! formations are strongly blended. Rocks of a pretty uniform character 
 however, are found in the primitive ridges, but they are of a coarse and uneven texture, and surface aggregated with 
 crystals of quartz and felspar. Sometimes they contain shorl, garnets, hi)rnblende, epndite, and mica. Granite, gneiss and 
 sienite are formed in this section by the blending and combination of these materials ; and at some points the primitive 
 greenstone is seen. The richest and most productive iron mines are also found here ; some of the beds are from 8 to 12 
 feet in thickness. There is also found here large quantities of graphite. Black mica is found on the Eamapo Uiver, near 
 the Monroe works, and highly magnetic iron ore in Sehooley's and Musconctong mountains. Wallkill Valley, west of 
 the Hamburg Mountains, is noted for the number and variety of its minerals. The bottom of the valley rests on white 
 chryslaline limestone and marble. The first bed of minerals, which is at Franklin Furnace, appears like a black 
 mountain mass, but it contains iron ore, very little magnetic, and, as a new metallic combination, it has received the name 
 of "Franklinite." It is composed of 60 per cent, of iron, 16 of zinc, and IT of red oxide of manganese. This ore is not 
 only irreducible to iron, but it obstructs the fusion of other ores. Large masses of this mineral are also found at Sterling. 
 In SchoKs Mountain, capacious mines of magnetic iron ore are worked, and the same exists plentifully through the whole 
 primitive region. At Mendham a beautiful marble is found, which is cap.able of being highly polished, and is suitable for 
 ornamental architecture, resembling much in its appearance the marble of Florence. 
 
 The reeenlly disc(Wered zinc mines of Sussex County are among the most valuable of the world, and are now being 
 successfully worked by the New Jersey Exploring and Mming Company. The principal mines are at Sterling Hill, on 
 the westerly side of Wallkill. Foliated, or lamellar zinc, which has hitherto been considered a rare prorUiction and 
 highly prized for cabinet collections, is abundant in these mines, and in one instance a mass weighing over 1.200 pounds, 
 seven-tenths of which was foliated, was excavated. The ore, however, is chiefly in the form of red oxide associated 
 with iron and manganese, neither of which being volatile leave a very fine metal on reduction. The zinc ores of Europe 
 are either carbonates or sulphurets, and in many instances are mechanically combined with galena, arsenic, and anti- 
 mony, volatile metals which deteriorate the chemical purity of the fused metal. The company working these mines is 
 at the present time confining its operations to the manufacture of zinc paint, and for this purpose has erected extensive 
 works at Newark. This paint is more durable than the paints having the oxides of lead for their bases. 
 
 The soils of New Jersey vary materially with the topography of the country. The mountain section is principally in 
 its natural state, only now and then a cultivated farm being seen on the hill-sides. The soil best adapted for agricultural 
 purposes is found in the alluvial valleys. The sandy plain in the south is not unfVuitful, but its soil requires some con- 
 siderable preparation to render it profitable to industry. Clay and marl abound in some districts, and are eminently 
 useful to the farmers as manures for {he more sterile soils. The vegetation of New Jersey is similar to that of the central 
 region of the United States generally : on the mountains are found the oak, pine, and other forest trees, which in many in- 
 stances occupy larg^ tracts. Abundance of stunted oaks and other trees cover the southern plain, and these, though use- 
 less for building purposes, have been found a valuable resource for steamboats and for consumption at the glass-houses 
 which have been established in this region. The middle section is the most highly improved and wealthy part of the 
 State. The apples and cider of this section are as noted for their superior quality as the peaches of the southern section, 
 and these find a ready market in New York and Philadelphia. The climate of New Jersey is much influenced by locality 
 and elevation: in the north, where the hills are highest, it is much cooler than in the south, where the influence of the 
 ocean is most felt, and where a low situation and reflecting sands accumulate he:it in the superincumbent atmosphere. 
 In those parts where the niephitic vapors of the swamps taint the air with their poison, agues and fevers of a malignant 
 type prevail, but generally the State, especially in the higher lands, is very salubrious, and at Shrewsbury, on the eastern 
 coast, and at Cape May in the summer season invalids and pleasure-seekers find a balmy retreat, in which they may enjoy 
 all the luxuries and benefits of country retirement and refined society. 
 
 The earliest estimate of the inhabitants of New Jersey was that of 1701, when the number was stated at 15,000 ; in 
 17G0, it had increased to 60,000, and on the taking of the first United States census in 1790, it amounted to 184,1.30. 
 From the latter period to 1S40, its decennial rate of increase was very equal, having generally not varied much from 15 
 per cent. ; but from 1S40 to 1850, this rate has been doubled, most probably a result attributable to the influx of people 
 from New York and Philadelphia, who, while doing business in those cities have their families residing on their opposite 
 shores, and perhaps in some measure to the immigration of persons engaged in the manufactories and mines, which of 
 late years have attracted the attention of capital in a greater degree than formerly. The general movement of the 
 population will exhibit the results more definitely, and are as exhibited in the subjoined table : 
 
 Colored Persons. Decennial Increase. 
 
 Census Wliite , > , Total , » , 
 
 Years. IVrsons. Free Slare. Total. Popul.uioa. Numerical. Percent. 
 
 179» 1C9.954 2,762 11,423 14,185 184,139 — — 
 
 1800 195,125 4.402 12,422 16,824 211,949 27,810 15.1 
 
 1810 226,861 7.843 10,851 18,694 .... 245.555 83,606 15.9 
 
 1820 257.409 12.609 7,557 20,166 277,575 32.020 1-3.0 
 
 1830 800,466 18.103 2,254 20,357 .320,823 43,248 15.5 
 
 1840 851,588 21,044 674 21,718 373.306 52,483 16.3 
 
 1850 466,240 2.3,093 222 23,315 489,555 116,249 31.1 
 
 New Jersey is divided into 20 counties, the general statistics of which and the capitals of each, in 1850, were as follows : 
 
 Counties. Dwell. Pop. .^".I^^J kS*^" Capitals. 
 
 Atlantic 1,584.. 8,961.. 827.. 62. .May's Landing 
 
 Bergen 2,606. .14,725. .1,128. . 71. .Hackensaek 
 
 Burlington. . . . 7,-356. .43 203. .1,6-38. .452. .Mount Holly 
 
 Cape May 1.218. . 6,433. . 285.. 4. .Cape May C. 11- 
 
 Camden 4,090. .25,422. . 731. .148. .Camden 
 
 Cumberland... 3,281. .17,189. . S84.. 19. .Kridgeton 
 
 Essex 10,964. .73.950. .1.745. .836. .Newark 
 
 Gloucester 2,600. .14,6.55. . 954. .141. .Woodbury 
 
 Hudson 2,861.. 21. S'21.. 254.. 52.. Bergen 
 
 Hunterdon. . . . 5,167. .28,989. .2,486. .309. .Fleniington 
 
 Counties. Dwell. Pop, f"™|J j;^",','^'"' Capitals. 
 
 Mercer 4,624 . . 27,992 . . 1 ,051 . . 1 9 1 . . Trenton 
 
 Middlesex 4,65T. .28,6-35. .1,.523. .196. .New Brunswick 
 
 Monmouth. ... 5.155.. 30,313. .2,014. .377. .Freehold 
 
 Morris 5,o76... 30,1.59. .1,843. .242. .Morristown 
 
 Ocean 1.75S. .10,0.32.. 379.. 52. .Tom's River V. 
 
 Passaic 3,809 . . 22,575 . . 610 . . 247 . . Paterson 
 
 Salem 3.545. .19.467. .1,313. .142. .Salem 
 
 Somerset 3,448. .19.688. .1,550. .1.37. .SomerviUe 
 
 Sussex -3.8.51. 22.989. .1,653. .184. .Newton 
 
 Warren 3,854. .22,358. .1,537. .341. .Belvidere 
 
 1S5 
 
THE STATE OF NEW JERSEY. 
 
 The whole number of dwellings in the State was, at the above date, SLOW; of families, 89,0S0; and ot Inhabitants, 
 459,555; viz., whitt-s 466,240— males 233,746, and females 232.494; fr. col. 23,093— males 11,.542. and females 11,551, aud 
 si. 222. Of the wliole population there were, Oeiif and dnmh—\\\\. 192, fr. eol. 11, si. 0— tntal '203; blind— v^h. 1S6, fir. 
 coL 27, si. 0— total 213; inmne—vih. 375, fr. col. 11, si. 0— total 8S6 ; and idiotic— \\h. 310, fr. col. 16, si. 0— total 326. The 
 nuiiibir of free persons born in llie United t>tutes was 434,431, the luiniber of foreign birth 489,326, and of birth unknown 
 521. The luitiee population originated as follows: Me. 2S7, N. Ilamp. 301, Verm. 230, Mass. 1,494, H. I. 264, Corn. 2,105, 
 N. Y. 20,561, N^ew Jersey 3S5,429, I'enn. 15,014, Del. 1.3S4, Md. 1,400, Dist. of Col. 82. Virg. 62S, N. Car. 9S, S. Car. 141, 
 Ga. S7, Flor. 17, Ala. 36, Miss. 40, La. 83, Tex. 6, Ark. 2, Tenn. 21, Ky. 64, Oh. 372, Mich. 66, Ind. 61, 111. 61, Mo. 2S, la. 7, 
 Wise. 15, Calif. 3, Territories 1; and the foreign population was composed of persons from— England 11.377. Ireland 
 31,092, Scollaiul 2,263, Wales 116, Germany 10,686, France 942, Spain 23, Portugal 16, Belgium 43, Holland a57, Italy 30, 
 Austria 20, Switzerland 204, Iliussia 22, Denmark 28, Norway 4, Sweden 34, Prussia 57, Sardinia 1, Greece 4, China 4, 
 Asia 10. Africa 18, British America 5sl, Central America 2, Mexico 23, South America 27, West Indies 265, and other 
 countries 66. 
 
 The statistics of the wealth, industry, and institutions of the State, as exhibited in the census returns of 1850, and 
 other official documents referring to the same period, are as follows : 
 
 Occupied Limds, etc. Improved farm land, 1,767,991 acres, and unimproved land, 9S4.985 acres — together valued in 
 
 cash at $120,237,511. The total number of farms under cultivation 1st June, 1850, was 23,905. Value of farming imple- 
 ments and machinery, $4,425,508. 
 
 Lice-Stock.—llorMia, 63,955; asses and mules, 4,089; milch cows, 119,736; working oxen, 12,070; other cattle, 80,456; 
 sheep, 160,488; and swine, 250,370— valued in the aggregate at $10,679,291. The live-stock in 1840 numbered as follows: 
 horses, mules, etc., 70,502 ; neat cattle ol all kinds, 220.202 ; sheep, 219,285 ; and swine, 26l,44;3. 
 
 I'roducts I'f Animuh.—VfooX, 375,396 (in lS4il, .397,207) pounds : butter. 9,487,210 pounils ; cheese, 365,756 pounds; and 
 the value of animals slaughtered during the ye.ir, $2,638,552. Silk cocoons were produced to the amount of 23 pounds, 
 and beeswax and honey to that o( 156.694 pounds. 
 
 Grain Crops.— Wheat, 1,601,190 bushels; rye, 1,2.55,578 bushels; Indian com, 8,759,704 bushels; oats, .3,378,063 bushels ; 
 barley, 6,492 bushels; and buckwheat, 878.934 bushels. The crops, aeeonling to the census of 1840, were as follows: 
 wheat, 774,203 bu.shels; rye, 1,665,620 bushels; Indian corn, 4,361,975 bushels; oats, 3,083,524 bushels; barley, 12,501 
 bushels; and buckwheat, 856,117 bushels. 
 
 Other Food Crops. — Peas and beans, 14,174 bushels ; and potatoes — Irish, 3,207,236 bushels, and sweet, 508,015 bushels. 
 The potato crop of 1839 amounted to 2,072,069 bushels. 
 
 Mi-'iceUaneotm tVop*.— Tobacco, 310 pounds; hay, 435,950 tons; clover-seed, 28.280 bushels; other grass-seed, 63,0.M 
 bushels: hops, 2,133 pounds ; flax, 182,965 pounds; flax-seed, 16..V25 bushe's; maple sugar, 2,197 pounds ; mnlasscs, 954 
 gallons; wine, l.SU gallons, etc. Value of orchard products, $607,268, and of market-garden products $475,242. 
 
 The following table exhibits tlie crops of certain staples in 1840 and ISoO comparatively 
 
 SUplea. 1810 ISiO. Movuneiit. 
 
 Wool 397,207 pounds 875,396 pounds deer. 21,811 pounds, 
 
 Whe.-it 774,203 bushels 1,601,190 bushels incr. 826,987 bushels, 
 
 Indian Corn 4,.361,975 " 8,759,704 " in e/-. 4,397.729 " 
 
 Potatoes 2,072.(169 " 3,71.5,251 " tncr. 1,643,182 " 
 
 Hay 834,861 tons 435,950 tons ivcr. l()l,0S9toas, 
 
 nome-made mamifactures for the year ending 1st June, 1850, were valued at $112,781. The s!;inc doscripiiou of 
 goods, according to the census of 1810, were valued at .$201,625. 
 
 iiraww/rJC<«?w.— Aggregate capital Invested, $22,184,73(1 ; value of all raw material, fuel, etc.. used, .$21,992,186 ; average 
 number of hands employed, 37,311— m.iles 28,549. and females 8,762 : monthly cost of labor, $766.899— male $686,242, and 
 female $30.667 ; value of products for the year. $39,713,580. Capital employt-d in manufactures in 1640, $11,517,582. The 
 A'hole number of in<lustrial establishments producing to the value of $.500 and upward aimually, on the 1st June, IS.'iO, 
 was 4 374- and of thise 21 were cotton factories, 41 woolen factories, 133 tanneries, and lOS iron manuliictoritis, viz., 10 
 for pig iron, 45 for castings, and 53 for wrought iron. 
 
 The cotton factories have capital, $1 ,4S3..50() ; use annually, 1.437 bales of cotton, 4,467 tons of coal and other material, 
 valued in gross at $666,6t5; hands (employed, 1,712—616 males, and 1,096 females; monthly cost of labor, $21,565; value 
 of products for the year, $1,109,524 ; products, 8,122,580 yards sheeting, etc., and 2,000,000 pounds yarn. Capital in 1840, 
 $1,722,810. 
 
 The woolen factories have capital $494,274; wool consumed annually, 1.510,289 pounds; value of all raw material, fuel, 
 etc., $548,367; hands employed, SO-^ — 111 males, and 4S7 females; monthly cost ot labor, $14,.5.59— male $10,367, and fe- 
 male $4,192 ; annual products, 771,100 yards cloth, and 350,000 ])ound8 yarn ; value of entire products, $1,164,446. Capital 
 in 1840, $;B41,6.m 
 
 The tanneries have capital $572.857 ; v.ilue of hides and skins used annually, $42.3,.537 ; hands employed, 405; monthly 
 cost of labor, $8,946 ; skins tanned 120.731, .and sides leather tanned, 202,97o ; value, $724,466. Capital iu 1840, $415,728. 
 The iron maimfacture for the year 1849-50, is exhibited in the following statistics: 
 
 SMPrifirations. Pij Iron, CasliiiKs. Wrciuglit Iron. TotaJ. 
 
 Capital invested.. dollars.... 967,000 593,250 I,016.'i43 2,,577,093 
 
 Ironoreused tons 51,266 — 14.!)49 6.'),S15 
 
 Piijiron " — 10-666 10,430 21,096 
 
 OUWnm. '..'.'.......'. " — 350 — aM) 
 
 Mineralcoal " 20,865 5,444 4,.5li7 SC^tlG 
 
 Coke and charcoal bushels. . .. 1.621,000 175.800 1,994.180 3,790.980 
 
 Value of raw material, fuel, etc dollars 332,707 801,048 320,950 954,705 
 
 Hands employed number... 600 803 593 1,990 
 
 Monthly cost of labor dollars.... 12,720 19,344 16.473 48,537 
 
 Metal pro<luced tons 24,031 10.2.'-.9 8.102 42.4.52 
 
 S'aliie of entire products dollars .... 560,544 680,430 629,273 1,876,247 
 
 -Capital In 1840, $1,721,820. 
 1S6 
 
 5.5 per cent 
 106.8 " 
 100.8 " 
 
 79.3 " 
 
 30.2 " 
 
ADAMS EXPRESS CO. 
 
 Office^. 
 
 Boston, 84 Washington Street, Louis\txle^ 556 Main Street. 
 
 Philadelphia, 116 Chestnut Street. Baltimoke, 164 Baltimore Street. 
 
 Washington, Pennsylvania Avenue. Kichmond, 7 Fourteenth Street. 
 
 Pittsburg, Penn Street. Cincinnati, 15 East Third Street 
 
 St. Louis, New Orleans, 72 Camp Street. 
 
 EASTERN, SOUTHERN AND WESTERN 
 
 For BOSTON and the EAST via New London and Norwich. 
 
 " " " ..;..." New Haven and Hartford. 
 
 " EAST and NORTH " " Bridgeport and Naugatuck R. R. 
 
 " PHILADELPHIA and the SOUTH & WEST, 3 Expresses each day. 
 
 Is dispatched by the United States Mail Steamers on the 12th and 27th of each month. 
 
 < » • ■ > 
 
 Valuable Packages 
 
 Of every description taken at all our offices and forwarded to 
 
 By Freeman Sc Go's Express, 
 
 Which leaves New York on the 5th and 20th of each month, 
 
 m FMIS1& ill iiaiMM. 
 
 Each and all of these Expresses are accompanied through to destination by special trusty messen- 
 gers. 
 m , 
 
 35 
 
FREDERICK MILLER, 
 
 43 Canal Street, 
 
 Opposite the Worcester Passenger Station, Providence, R. I. 
 
 IIS-MANUFA^CTUREES' SUPPLIES.-®^ 
 
 Reeds, Harness, Shuttles, Pickers, Banding, Belts, Factory 
 Leather, Card Clothing, Spindles, Spinning Rings, 
 Travelers, Harness Twine, Brushes, Harness Eyes, 
 Straps, Jack Hooks and Guide Wires. 
 
 Reeds re-set or re-paired in the best manner, and every variety of Supplies furnish- 
 ed at lowest prices. 
 
 57 Maiden Lane, New York. 
 
 Manufacturers and Importers of 
 
 DAGUEREEOTYPE, PHOTOGRAPHIC AND AMBEOTYPE 
 
 watEm/its OF BVEnv oE$cnjpTio«. 
 
 Sheet and Plater's Brass, German Silver, Plated Metal, Brass 
 
 Butt Hinges; Military, Naval, Crest, Gilt and Plated Buttons, &c. 
 
 Agents for Hall, Elton & Go's German Silver and Plated Ware. 
 
 EXTENSIVE 
 
 AT m. 441 BRO ADWAY, - - - - NEW-YORK. 
 
 ALFRED MUNROB & CO. 
 
 DEALERS IN 
 
 ■"© ana F8shi©naBli© yiomings 
 
 Invite special attention to their present Superb Assortment of READY-MADE CLOTHING, suitab^ ibr 
 the present and approaching seasons. Their assortment embraces every variety of Goods suitable lor a CtiN- 
 ILKMAN'S WAKDROBK. „ , , „ . • . , 
 
 No pains are spared in this establishment to have every garment well made, and well and appiopnately 
 trimmed. The assortment and styles of BOYS CLOTHING, challenge a comparison with those of any other 
 concern in the United States. _,„ ,^_„^...^ . ^^-r ^-^t 
 
 Jge-'ONE PEIGE FOR GOODS— NO DEVIATION. 
 
 Cr?-If any dissatisfaction arises after the purchase of an article, ifS^ be returned, and the money will be 
 cheerfully refunded. Purchasers will please rail and examine sty IT'K'l assortments at 441 Broadway. 
 
 ALFRED MUNROE & CO., 4^Broadway, N. Y- 
 
 OrT-House in New-Orleans a-l Magazine Street. ^^\_ 
 
THE STATE OF NEW JERSEY. 
 
 Besides the above, New Jersey is distinguished for its machine shops, saddleries, carriage and locomotive factories, iew- 
 lary works, glass-houses, potteries, fire-brick yards, paper manufactories, small arms factories, distilleries, paint^works, etc. 
 and has also a large number of grist, saw, and other mills. The principal seats of manufacturing industry in the State 
 are Newark and Patterson. Trenton and Jersey City have also considerable tnanufactviring interests, and many of the 
 interior towns are employed in the manufacture of shoes and boots, hats, etc. 
 
 Commerce. — The foreign business of New Jersey is mostly transacted at tlie ports of New York and Philadelphia, and 
 hence the direct commerce as reported in the Uuited States treasury returns, is comparatively insignificant. The value of 
 direct expo s to foreign countries in the year ending 30th June, 1S50, was $1,655, and the value of imports .1;1,494. Kn- 
 tranccs 17 (1,601 tons), and clearances 11 (1.131 tons). Total amount of shipping owned in the State at the period above 
 referred to, 80,300 tons, viz. : registered shijiping 201 tons, enrolled and licensed shipping 7T,735 tons, and licensed ship- 
 ping (vessels under 20 tons), 2,30-1 tons. Of the enrolled and licensed shipping, 5,-lS9 tons are navigated by steam. The 
 importance of the several districts in relation to their tonnage is as follows: Perth Amboy 22,084, Bridgetown 14,472, 
 Great Egg Harbor 14,084, Burlington 7,578, Camden 6.569, Newark 6,628, Little Egg Harbor 6,183. Fifty-seven vessels 
 of all kinds, with an aggregate capacity of 6,242 tons, were built during 1849-50, viz., 1 ship, 1 brig, 35 sclnwners, 17 
 sloops, and 3 steamers ; and of the whole number and capacity, Perth Amboy built 21 (2,637 tons), Bridgetown 9 (926 
 tons), Camden 9 (425 tons), Newark 2 (271 tons), Little Egg Harbor 5 (599 tons), and Great Egg Harbor 11 (1,842 tons). 
 The value of the commerce of New Jersey for a series of years from 1791, exhibits the following variations : 
 
 Year. Exports. 
 
 1791 $26,983 
 
 1792 23,406 
 
 1793 54,179 
 
 1794 58,154 
 
 1795 130,814 
 
 1796 59.227 
 
 1797 18,161 
 
 1798 61,877 
 
 1799 9,722 
 
 1800 2,2S9 
 
 1801 25,406 
 
 1802 26.227 
 
 1803 21,311 
 
 1804. 24,829 
 
 1805 20,743 
 
 1806 88.867 
 
 1807 41.186 
 
 1808 20,799 
 
 1S09 819,175 
 
 ISIO 430,267 
 
 nports. 
 
 Imports. 
 
 i 
 
 17,606 
 
 103,190 
 
 6,933 
 
 637,518 
 
 27,688 
 
 40,004 
 338,497 
 706,872 
 786,247 
 
 13,444 
 
 Year. Exports. 
 
 1831 $11,430 
 
 1832 61,794 
 
 1833 32,753 
 
 1834 8,131 
 
 1835 74,041 
 
 1S36 62,809 
 
 1837 44,217 
 
 1838 28,010 
 
 18.39 98,076- 
 
 1840 16,076 
 
 1841 19,166 
 
 1S42 70,909 
 
 4843 10,621 
 
 1844 18,189 
 
 1845 
 
 1846 4,087 
 
 184? 19,128 
 
 1848 62 
 
 1849 863 
 
 1850 1,656 
 
 $ 
 
 Imports. 
 
 70,460 
 170 
 
 4,492 
 18,932 
 24,263 
 69,152 
 
 1,700 
 
 4,182 
 19,209 
 
 2,315 
 145 
 
 17,670 
 829 
 635 
 4,887 
 1,835 
 4,253 
 1,494 
 
 Year. Exports. 
 
 1811 $1,871 
 
 1812 4,186 
 
 1813 10,260 
 
 1814 — 
 
 1815 5.279 
 
 1816 9,746 
 
 1817 5,849 
 
 1818 25,957 
 
 1819 1,474 
 
 1820 20,511 
 
 1821 33,711 
 
 1822 83,551 
 
 1823 26,064 
 
 1824 28.989 
 
 1825 47,213 
 
 1S26 37,965 
 
 1827 25,627 
 
 1828 1,822 
 
 1829 8,022 
 
 1830 8,824 
 
 Internal Improvement— The railroads of New Jersey, as well as the canals, are mostly constructed with a view to 
 intercourse between New York and Pennsylvania. The Union Eailroad is the only line running in any other direction, 
 and this connects tlie travel west and east on the New York and Erie Eailroad with New York, passing through Paterson, 
 one of the chief manufacturing cities of the State. The canals are, the Morris Canal and the Delaware and Karitan 
 Can.Ll— the first extending froni^ Easton to Jersey City, and forming an outlet of the anthracite region of Pennsylvania ; 
 and the latter extending from Bordentown and Trenton, on the Delaware, to New Brunswick, on the Haritan, and is the 
 channel through which the coal of Maryland is brought to the New York market. All these lines are of infinite ad- 
 vantage to internal commerce and through travel. The total length of completed railroad in the State on the 1st of 
 January, 1853, was 348 miles, being in the proportion of 1 mile to every 27 square miles of territory and to every 1,406 in- 
 habitants. 
 
 BanJcs.— On the 1st January, 1S51, there were 26 banks in operation, and their condition in the aggregate at that period 
 was as follows: ZiaWW/c*— capital, $3,754.900 ; circulation, $3,046,658 ; deposits, $2,411,861 ; due other b.inks, $373,453 ; 
 and (7.s,s<;««— loans and discounts, $7,058,977; real estate, $270,546; other investments, $183,468; due by other banks, 
 $1,578,068; specie, $622,884. Since the above return was made a Free Banking Law has been adopted, and numerous 
 banks have organized under its provisions. 
 
 The constitution under which the State is organized was adopted on the 13th August, 1844, and went into operation on 
 the 2d September of the same year. 
 
 The right of voting is conceded to every white male citizen of the United States of 21 years of age and upward who 
 has resided in the State for one year and in the county where he claims to vote for five months next before the election. 
 All votes are taken by ballot. The general election is held on the second Tnesday in October annually. 
 
 The legidature consists of a Senate and General Assembly (house of representatives). Each county is entitled to return 
 one senator, and the members of the assembly, not to exceed 60 in number, are apportioned among the counties in ratio 
 of their population ; but each county is entitled to at lee-st one member. The ratio is determined according to the 
 decennial censuses of the United States. Senators must have attained the age of 30 years, and members of the assembly 
 that of 21 years. One-third of the senators and all the members of the assembly are elected annually; and the legisla- 
 ture meets at Trenton on the second Tuesday in every January. 
 
 The chief eaeeutive officer is styled Governor. He must be at least 80 years of age, have been a citizen of the United 
 States for 20 years, and a resident of the State for seven years next before his election. He is elected by a plurality of 
 the pi>pular votes, or in case of an even vote, by a majority of the members of both houses of the legislature in joint meet- 
 ing. The term of office is three years, and the same person is not eligible for the three years next following. The powers 
 of the governor are limited ; he may veto a bill, but a majority of both houses may pass it notwithstanding his objection ; 
 he may also grant reprieves for 90 days after conviction, and he, the chancellor, and the judges of the court of error and 
 appeals may jointly grant pardons. During the last week of liis official term be is forbid to nominate or appoint to any 
 office. There is no lieutenant-governor, but in case of vacancy in the offic-e of governor, the President of the Senate, 
 
 187 
 
THE STATE OF NEW JERSEY. 
 
 and after him the Speaker of the General Assembly becomes ex-officio governor; but if the vacancy occur more than 
 80 (lays before the general election, a successor is to be chosen at such election ; if within SO days, then at the succeeding 
 election. The greater portion of administrative officers are appointed by the governor. 
 
 The judiciary consists of a Court of Errors and Appeals, a Court of Chancery, a Supreme Court, Circuit Courts, Courts 
 of Common Pleas, etc. The "court of errors and appeals" consists of the chancellor, the justices of the supreme court, 
 and six judges appointed by the governor, with the consent of the senate, for six years, one every year. The chancellor 
 and supreme court judges, on appeals from their respective decisions, may state the reasons of their judgment, but can not 
 vote. The Secretary of State is clerk of the courL The court holds terms at Trenton on the third Tuesday in .January, 
 April, July, and October. The chancellor is appointed by the governor, with the C(msent of the senate, fur seven years, 
 and with a clerk constitutes the "court of chancery." He is also ordinary and judge of the Prerogative Court The 
 court of chancery holds four terms annually at Trenton on the third Tuesday in March, June, September, and December. 
 The "supreme court" conoists of a chief judge and at least two (now four) associate judges, who are appointed by the 
 governor for seven years. This court holds four terms each year, at the same time and place as the terms of the court of 
 errors; and the judges of this court hold "circuit courts" and "courts of oyer and terminer" four times a year in each 
 county, except in the counties of Atlantic and C.ipe May, in which only two terms are held. The circuit court has within 
 the county a common law jurisdiction, except in criminalcases, concurrent with the supreme court; and its final judgments 
 may be declared in that court. Tlie "court of common pleas" con.sist8 of not more than five judges in each county; the 
 judges of this court are cliosen by joint ballot of the legislature for the term of five years, and are paid by fees. Justices 
 of the peace are chosen lor five years by the people in towns. The attorney-general, clerks of the supreme court and 
 the court of chancery are appointed by the governor for five years. Clerks and surrogates of counties are elected by the 
 people thereof for five years, and sheriffs and coroners annually; but sheriffs and coroners can not serve for more than 
 three consecutive years. No person can be imj)risoned for debt, except in cases of fraud ; and in libel cases the truth 
 may be given in evidence, and if published with good motives and for justifiable ends, is a sufficient defense — the jury to 
 determine the law and the facts. 
 
 The powers of the legislature are limited by the Constitution. In no case can it lend the credit of the Stale, nor create 
 any debt which shall raise the whole State debt above $100,000, except in case of war, invasion, or insurrection, and unless 
 such be authorized by a law for some single object or work, to be distinctly specified therein, which law shall provide the 
 ways and means, exclusive of loans, to pay the interest of each debt or liability as it falls due, and also to pay and discharge 
 the principal within tliirty-five years from the time of the contracting thereof; and no such law shall take effect until, at the 
 general election, a majority of the people voting shall have sanctioned it. No divorce shall be granted, or lottery author* 
 ized, and no lottery tickets shall be sold in the State. Every law shall have but one object, and that object shall be 
 expressed in its title. No special law can be passed for the sale of property belonging to minors or persons under legal 
 disability. Bank charters shall be granted, continued, or amended, only by a vote of three-fifths of the members elected 
 to each house, and for a term not exceeding 20 years. 
 
 Financf.i, Debts, etc.-— The financial condition of the State is exhibited in the treasury report up to the close of 1850. 
 The available means of the treasury had been for the year commencing 1st January, 1850, .$138,544, of which $9,961 was 
 a balance from the preceding year, and the disbursements, ordinary and extraordinary, for the same period had becQ 
 $125,54-3, leaving a balance of means over expenditures of $13,001. The chief sources of income are transit duties, and 
 dividends on the stock of railroads and canals, taxes on railroad stock, etc. The principal expenditures were for the sup- 
 port of the executive, judiciary, and legislature, of State prison, and of the indigent deaf and dumb, blind, and insane, etc 
 The resources of the treasury are ample, amounting to $1,455,658, of which $290,987 is productive, cousisting of railroad 
 and canal shares, of company bonds, of dividends, etc., and $764,071 unproductive, being surplus revenues loaned to 
 several counties, and paying no interest. The absolute debt of the Stale amounts to $71,810. 
 
 The principal benevoleM institution under State patronage is the State Lunatic Asylum at Trenton. It was first opened 
 for the admission of patients 15th May, 1848. On the Ist Jan., 1S50, there were in the Asylum 110 patients— 62 males and 
 48 females ; received during the ye.ar 110 — 52 males and 58 females : and discharged 58 — 28 males and 30 females. Since 
 the opening of the building 292 patients have been received, and 105 discharged, cured, or improved. The building is a 
 substantial edifice, warmed by steam, lighted by gas, and ventilated thoroughly. A House of Kefuge has been estab- 
 lished at Kingston, Middlesex County, and the buildings are partially complete, but work in them has been suspended for 
 the present. 
 
 Federal liepreftentatinn.—TSevr Jersey, in accordance with the act of 23d May, 1850, sends ^y« representatives to the 
 Congress of the United States. 
 
 Education. — In 1850 there were in the State 1,575 school districts, and of these 1,476 made returns. Children between 
 6 and 16 years of age, 114,722 ; whole number of children taught during the year, 75,24.5, of which number 13,076 attended 
 school less than 4 months, 14,816 less than 8 months, and 10,599 less than 12 months. Colored children included in the 
 above 1,007. Average length of schools 8| months ; average cost of tuition per quarter to each scholar, $2 10. The 
 school fund amounts to $388,099 70, less $11,109 85 unavailable. Appropriated or received for school purposes 
 $152,578 62, and expended $99,560 1-3. In every part of the State there are grammar schools, academies, etc. The 
 principal colleges are — the College of New .Jersey at Princeton, founded 1746; Eutger's College at New Brunswick, 
 founded 1770 ; and Burlington College (Episcopal), founded 1846. The college at Princeton has a law school, and at the 
 same place is the Theological Seminary of the Presbyterian Church. The Theological Seminary of the Reformed Dutch 
 Church, at New Brunswick, is a department of Rutger's College. 
 
 Libraries.— One State library— 5,000 volumes ; 3 social — 4,3(>0 volumes : 3 college— 18,000 volumes ; 2 students'— 7,000 
 volumes; 1 academic or professional— 9,000 volumes; 1 scientific and historical— 826 volumes; 6 public school— 21S 
 volumes. Total, 17 libraries, and 46,305 volumes. 
 
 Periodical Press. — Whole number of periodicals and newspapers published in the State 1st June, 1850, 61 — of which 
 22 were whig, 20 democratic, and 19 neutral in politics, the last including all devoted to literature, religion, science, etc. ; 
 and of the whole number 8 were Lssued daily, circulating 6,950 copies at each issue ; 50 weekly, circulating 35,944 copies; 
 and 3 monthly, circulating 960 copies. Of the dailies 3 were published at Newark, 1 at Elizabethtown, 3 at Trenton, and 
 1 at Deckertown ; of the weeklies, 1 each at Burlington, Elizabethtown, Woodbury, Lambertville, Hightstown, Princeton, 
 Middletown, Dover, and Deckertown, 2 each at Mount Holly, Bridgeton, Newark, Plainfield, Jersey City, Flemington, 
 llahw.ay, Morristown, Paterson, Balem, Somerville, Newton, and Belvidere ; 3 each at Camden and New Brunswick ; 4 
 at Trenton, and 6 at Freehold ; and of the montldies, 2 at Princeton, and 1 at Morristown, 
 188 
 
ANNUITY AND TRUST COMPANY. 
 
 Ofltice S. E. corner Third and Chesnut Streets, ----- Philadelphia. 
 CHARTER PERPETUAL. 
 
 The tJnited States Liife-Insurance Annuity and Trust Company, has within the last five years, ending Jan- 
 uary, 1856, paid to the representatives of 131 insured members upwards of $171,000, and of this sum upwards 
 of $(58,000 b a vp been paid to commercial men, who prudently relied upon Life-insurance as a safe security'. 
 
 BOARD OF DIRECTORS. 
 
 Stephen R, Crawford, Lawrence Johnson, 
 
 Benj. W. Tingley, Wm. M. Godwin, 
 
 George McHenry, Jas. Deveroux, 
 
 John Ely. 
 
 STEPHEN R-CHAWFORD, Prea't. LAWRENCE JOHNSON, V. Pres't. PLIFX FISK, Sec.&Treas. 
 MEDICAL EXAMINEES.— PAVL B. GODDARD. M. D. ALEX. C. HART, M. D. 
 
 A , W, Thompson. 
 P. B. Goddard, M.D 
 Gnstavus English, 
 
 Asplialtic Cement Cellar Bottoms, 
 
 ACQUEDUCTS, VIADUCTS, &0. 
 To Exclude Dampness and all Percolation of Water. 
 
 •M* jR, JfTOJEJV, Patentee, 
 31 and 33 Pine Street, Rear Basement No. 17, - - - New York. 
 
 The subscriber having the Largest Estahliskment of the kind in America, is fully prepared to exe- 
 cute every description of 
 
 W00P 1 
 
 In a superior style on reasonable terms, and with despatch. 
 
 ^®*Orders by Express or Telfegraph promptly attended to. J. W. ORE, 
 
 75 and 77 Nassau Street, New York. 
 i 110 
 
PETERSON & HUMPHREY, 
 
 
 i 1:M^^! 
 
 ^li P II 
 
 WMm 
 
 . Iniggpfi 
 
 TABLE AND nmo mtnz, 
 
 No. 524 BROADWAY, Corner of Spring-st. 
 
 G. F. PETERSON. 
 
 G. S. nUMPHKET. 
 
THE STATE OF NEW JERSEY. 
 
 Religions Denominatimni. — The statistics of the several religious denominations in the State for the year 1850 at 
 ascertained by the census of that year, were as follows : 
 
 tions. Cliurclie 
 
 Baptist lOT 
 
 Christian ... 8 
 Congregat'l.. 8 
 Dutch Eef . . 
 Episcopal . . 
 Free 
 
 CUurch Value of 
 
 a.om. Property. 
 
 43,2i5 . . $.3.34,600 
 
 66 
 51 
 7 
 Friends 52 
 
 2,835 .. 
 
 3,500 . . 
 39,146 . . 
 19.44T . . 
 
 2,400 .. 
 25,545 . . 
 
 10,400 
 
 37,T00 
 
 460.430 
 
 473,409 
 
 7,500 
 
 207,100 
 
 Den 
 
 No. of 
 
 tions. Churchea. 
 
 German Eef. 
 
 Jewish 
 
 Lutheran ... 
 Mennonite . . 
 Methodist 
 Moravian ... — 
 Presbyter'n.. 146 
 
 312 
 
 2,900 
 109,350 
 
 Value of 
 Property. 
 
 $ - 
 
 23,500 
 683,850 
 
 81,400 ..1,175,250 
 
 Denomina- No. o 
 
 tions. Churrlic 
 
 E. Catholic. 21 
 
 Swedenbo'n . — 
 
 Tunker 2 
 
 Union 5 
 
 Unitarian .. 2 
 
 Universalist. 3 
 
 Minor Sects . 10 
 
 9,335 . . 
 
 800 .. 
 1,450 . . 
 
 450 .. 
 1,000 .. 
 2,150 . . 
 
 Value of 
 Property. 
 
 $99,385 
 
 1,800 
 6,500 
 1,500 
 6,800 
 5,700 
 
 —making a total of 807 churches, with accommodation for 344,933 persons, and valued as property at $3,540,436. The 
 State constitutes the diocese of New Jersey, a see of the Protestant Episcopal Church; and in the Eoman Catholic Church 
 is divided between the arch-diocese of New York and the diocese of Philadelphia. 
 
 Pauperism and Crime. — The whole number of paupers relieved or supported within the year ending 1st June, 1850, was 
 2,392, of whom 1,816 were native-born, and 576 foreigners; and the whole number of paupers on tlie list at the date 
 noted was 1,578, of whom 1,339 were native-born, and 239 foreigners. Annual cost of support, $93,110. The State Prison 
 is located at Trenton. The number of convicts in that institution on the 31st December, 1849, was 185 ; received during 
 the year 122, and discharged 97, leaving 210 in i)rison at the end of the year 1850. Of the last number 140 were white 
 males, and 9 white females; and 59 colored males, and 4 colored females. Committed for manslaughter 6, for murder in 
 tlie second degree 10, for rape 6, for forgery 8, for burglary 21, for larceny 41, for violent assaults 41, and for burning 4. 
 Native-born 167, and foreigners 43. 
 
 Historical Sketc/i.So precise date is assigned to the first white settlement in this State. The Dutch from New York 
 planted themselves in the eastern part ; while in the west, bordering on the Delaware, small bodies of Swedes were set- 
 tled. The Dutch claimed the whole country from the Connecticut to the Delaware, and protested against the Swedish 
 occupation. Without regard, however, to the validity of the title of either party, Charles II., in 1664, granted to his 
 brother, the Duke of York, a patent fir the whole Dutch claim. In the same year the duke sold the district between the 
 Hudson and Delaware rivers to Lord Berkely and Sir George Carteret. To encourage immigration, liberal grants were 
 made to settlers, and the important privilege of self-government secured to them, the proprietors reserving to themselves 
 the appohitraent of the executive. Philip Carteret was the first governor. The colony continued to thrive under tho 
 prudent management of the proprietors until 1673, when the Dutch, having re-taken New York, extended their power 
 again over this proviaee. Their government, however, was of brief duration ; for on the conclusion of peace, the country 
 was restored to England. The duke's patent was re-confirmed ; but he, considering his grant to Berkely and Carteret 
 annulled, claimed immediate jurisdiction not only over New York, but also over the Territory of New Jersey, and ap- 
 pointed Sir Edmund An<lros governor of his Territories from the Connecticut to the Delaware. This tyrant arrived in 
 America In 1674, and proceeded to the exercise of his functions. In the same year Lord Berkely assigned his undivided 
 half of New Jersey to William Penn and three others, and Carteret sulisequently agreed to receive East Jersey as his 
 share of the province. The rights of the original proprietors were not acknowledged by the duke until 1680, and then not 
 until forced by the highest legal opinion in favor of their claims. About this time the province received a considerable 
 accession of inhabitants by the arrival of a number of Quakers, who principally settled In the neighborhood of tho present 
 towns of Burlington and Salem, which they built. In 1682 Carteret transferred his interest in the province to William 
 Penn and eleven other persons of the sect of Quakers ; these immediately conveyed one-half of tlie province to a comjitiny 
 of Scotchmen, at the head of whom was the Earl of Perth. After this event many immigrants arrived from Scotland. 
 The first governor of East Jersey under the proprietors was Eobert Barkley, the celebrated author of the " Apology for 
 the Quakers." After the accession of the Duke of York to the throne, a writ of quo loarranto was directed to issue 
 against the proprietors, who, finding there was no other resource, endeavored to save what they could by voluntary sub- 
 mission, and made a formal surrender of their patent, praying only for a grant of the soil. It was intended by the new 
 king that the whole province, together with that of New York, .should be united with New England In an arbitrary gov- 
 ernment ; and arrangements were making to carry the design into execution, when tho Revolution of 1638 fortunately 
 put an end to his power. In 1702 the proprietary of both parts was surrendered to Queen Anne, and the provinces which 
 had experienced no repose in separation, were again united under a single government. Lord Combury was the first 
 royal governor; he was also Governor of New York, and abused his functions in both provinces. From this period to 
 the epoch of the American Revolution, New .Jersey was not the scene of any memorable event. Its population and pros- 
 perity augmented under an orderly and prudent administration of affairs. From its connection with England, however, 
 the province became involved in the wars of that country; and though remote from the scene of action, we find it 
 contributing on several occasions to the expeditions undertaken for the conquest of the French possessions. The last 
 royal governor of the province was William Temple Franklin, a son of the celebrated Benjamin Franklin. During the 
 Revolution New Jersey suffered much, and Trenton, Princeton, Millstone, Red Bank, and Monmouth, are famous as 
 the scenes of American triumphs. When the blessings of peace were again restored to the United States, New Jersey 
 soon recovered its former prosperity ; and the usual accompaniment of prosperity, a barrenness of striking events, 
 attends her liistory from that period. 
 
 Succession of Governors.— Roy \i. Governors: Lewis Morris, 1738; John Ilamilton, 1746; John Reading, 1746; 
 Jonathan Belcher, 1747; John Reading, 1757; Francis Bernard, 1758; Thomas Boone, 1760; Josiah Hardy, 1761; 
 William Temple Franklin, 1763; and— Constitittioxal Governors: William Livingston, 1776; William Patterson, 
 1791; Richard Howell, 1794; Joseph Bloomfield, ISOl ; John Lambert (acting), 18(i2 ; Joseph Bloomfleld, 1803; Aaron 
 Ogden, 1S12; William S. Pennington, 1813; Mahlon Dickerson, 1815; Isaac H. Williamson, 1817; Peter D. Vroom, Jun., 
 1829; Ellas P. Seeley, 1833; Peter D. Vroom, 1833; Philemon Dickerson, 1836; William S. Pennington, 1837; William 
 Pennington, 183S ; Daniel Haines, 1843; Charles C. Stratton, 1844; Daniel Haines, 1848; George F. Fort, 1S51. 
 Trenton, on the Delav/are, is the political capital of the State. 
 
 189 
 
THE TERRITORY OF IE¥ MEXICO. 
 
 New Mexico, as now organized, lies between the latitudes 32° and 38°, and stretches east and west between Texas on 
 the one hand and Utah and California on the other. lis definite boundary bogiiis "at a point in the Colorado Itiver, 
 ■where the bnundary line of the Hepublic of Mexico crosses the same; tht-nce eastwardly with said boundary line to the 
 Kio Grande ; thence following the main channel of said river to the parallel of the 32d degree of north latitude; ttionce 
 eastward with same degree lo ils intersection with the 10.3d degree of longitude west from Greenwich; thence north with 
 said degree of longitude 10 the parallel of the 3Sth degree of north latitmle; thence west with said parallel to the summit 
 of the Sierra Madre ; thence south with the crest of said mountains to the 37th parallel of north latitude; thence west with 
 the said parallel to its intersection with the boundary line of the State of California ; thence with the said boundary line 
 to the place of beginning." Within these boundaries the area is estimated at 210,744 square miles. 
 
 That portion of New Mexicft westward of the Sierra Madre can only be considered as a temporary appendage to the 
 Territory. It is bounded south by the liio Gila, and extends north to the 37th parallel, be ng watered by the Colorado 
 and numerous affluents of the river bounding it on the south. In the north-east p.irt it is occupied by considerable mount- 
 ains and mountain valleys, and the whole eastern line is also mountainous and rugged. The interior forms a varied 
 country, with much fine agricultural lands, and the country bordering on the Gila, which is hilly and broken, abounds in 
 mines of ci>pper, gold, silver, etc., accounts of which are recorded by the Commissioners of the Boundary Survey. It is 
 divided into the counties of Kio Arriba and Socorro, and comprises about two-fifths of the area of the 'J'erritory. It is 
 solely inhabited by Indians — the Xavajoes in the north-east, the Apaches in the east and south-east, the Pimos in the 
 west and south-west, and the I'ah-Utahs in the norlh-west. 
 
 New Mexico proper, in its general aspect, is mountainous, with a large valley in the middle, running from north to 
 south, and formed by the Kio Grande. The valley is generally about twenty miles wide, and bordered on the east and 
 west by mountain chains, continuations of the Rocky Mountains, which have here received various names, as Sierra 
 Blanca, Sierra de los Organos, Sierra Oscura, etc., on the east side, and Sierra Madre, Sierra de los GruUas, de Acha, de 
 los Mimbres, etc., on the west side. The height of these mountains south of Santa Fe may, upon an average, be from 
 6,000 to 8,000 feet, while near Santa Fe, and in the more northern regions, some snow-capped peaks are seen that may 
 rise from 10,000 to 12,000 feet above the sea. The mountains are principally composed of igneous rocks, as sienite, gran- 
 ite, diorit, basalt, etc. On the higher mouiitauis excellent pine timber grows; on the lower, cedars, and sometimes oaks, 
 and in the central valleys, mezquite, etc. 
 
 The main artery of New Mexico is the Kio Grande, a large .and long river. Its head waters were explored In 1S07 by 
 Captain Pike, between 37° and 38° north latitude, but its highest sources are some two degrees farther north, in the 
 recesses of the Kocky Mountains, near the head waters of the Arkansas and the Colorado of the West. Following a 
 generally southern direction, it passes through the lerritrry, where its principal affluent is the KioChamas from the west, 
 ami winds its way in a south-eastern direction, divitling in its course, below 32° north latitude, the United States from the 
 Mexican Eepublic, to the Gulf, into which it falls in 2?>° 50' north latitude. Ils tributaries below New Mexico are, from 
 the north, the Ilio Pecos, and from the south the Conchos, Salado, Alamo, and San Juan. The length of the river in a 
 Btraicht line is about 1,200 miles, but from the me.inderlngs of its lower course, if runs at least 2,000 miles from the region 
 of eternal snows to the almost tropical climate of the Gulf. The elevation of the river above the sea at Albuquerque is 
 about 4,800 feet; at Kl Paso about 8,8ii0 feet; and at Keynosa, about 300 or 400 miles above its mouth, not more than 170 
 feet. The fall of the water between Albuquerque and El Paso is from two to three feet in a mile, and below El Paso 
 about one foot in two miles. The fall of the river is seldom used as a motive power, except for some flour mills, which 
 are oftener worked by mules than by w.iter. The principal advantage at present derived from the stream is for agricul- 
 ture, by a well-managed system of Irrigation. As to its navigation in New Mexico, it is doubtful if even canoes could be 
 used, except, perhaps, durinsr May or June, when the river is in its highest stage, from the melting of the snows in the 
 mountains. It is entirely too shallow, and interrupted by too ninny sand bars to promise any thing for navigation. On 
 the southern portions of the river steamboats may ascend from the Gulf as far as Laredo, a distance of about 700 miles. 
 "Whenever a closer connection between this head point of navig.ation and New Mexico shall be considered," says Dr. 
 Wislizenus, '• nothing would answer but a railroad crossing from the valley of the Kio Grande to the high table-land in the 
 Slate of Chihuahua." 
 
 The soil in the valley of New Mexico is generally sandy, and looks poor, but by irrigation it produces abundant crops, 
 and though agriculture is carried on in a very primitive wiiy, with the hoe alone, or with a lough plow made er.tirely of 
 ■wood, without any panicle of Iron, llie inhabitants raise large (|uantities of Indian corn and wheal, beans, onions, red 
 peppers, and some fruits. The most fertile part of the valley begins below Santa F6, along the river, and is called " Kio 
 Abaio," or the country down the river. It is not uncommon there to raise two crops within the year. The general dry- 
 ness of the climate, and the aridity of the soil, however, will always confine agriculture to the valleys of the water-courses. 
 " But this important defect," says Dr. Wislizenus, "may be remedied by artesian wells. On several occasions I remarlcixl 
 on the high table-lands of Santa F6 south, that in a certain depth layers of clay are found that may form reservoirs of 
 sunken water-courses from the eastern to the western chain, which, by the improved method of boring, might be easily 
 made to yield their waters to the surface. If experiments to that efl"ect should prove successful, the progress of agriculture 
 in New Mexico would be more rapid, and even many dreaded 'Jornada' might be changed from waterless deserts into 
 190 
 

 
 '^ 
 
A. ANDREWS & SON, 
 
 Are constantly manufacturing ORGANS OF EVERY 
 SIZE AND DESCRIPTION, for both Church and Par- 
 lor use, and are prepared to furnish instruments on short notice, 
 at low prices, and, for durability and sweetness of tone, surpassed 
 by none. Old Organs repaired or taken in exchange. 
 
 A. ANDREWS. 
 UHca, N. T. GEORGE N. ANDREWS. 
 
 BRYA]\fT & STRATTON'S 
 
 CLEVELAND, O BUFFALO, IT. Y. 
 
 lVi:E!3FLC::J.A.]XrTIXjE3 CJOIL-II-ESOE!. 
 
 DI&£CTORS 
 
 Hon. A. H. Tracy, Hon. Eli Cook, William A. Bird, Es(i. O. G. Steele, Esq. 
 
 " E. G. Spaulding, " N. K. Hall, John R. Lee, Esq. John L. Kimberly, Esq 
 
 " G.W.Clinton, « Wm. A. Mosely, C. M. Reed, Esq. Gen'l John A Granger, 
 
 •• I. A. Verplanck, " Washington Hunt, Peter A. Porter, Esq. Hon. John Greig, 
 
 " Horatio Seymour, " John Mosier, Esq. P. R. Spencer, 
 
 " Thos. M. Foote, " Victor M. Rice, Hon. S, G. Havens, 
 
 PEINCIPALS. 
 
 H. B. BRYANT - H. D. STRATTON. 
 
 FACULTY. 
 H. B. BRYANT. H. D. STRATTON. JOHN P. PENN. 
 
 INSTRUCTORS IN SCIENCE OF ACCOUNTS ANJ) LECTURERS ON BUSINESS CUSTOMS. 
 
 P. R. SPENCER. W. P. SPENCER. J. W. LUSK. 
 
 Instructors ia Bosiaess and Ornamental PenmansMp and Lectures on Commercial 
 
 Correspondence. 
 
 Hon. HORACE MANN. Hon. GEO. W. CLINTON. 
 
 SPECIAL LECTURERS. 
 
 Hon. judge MASTEN. A. A. BLANCHARD, Esq., and others. 
 
 LECTURERS ON COMMERCIAL LAW. 
 
 JOHN R. LEE, AND OTHERS, 
 
 LECTURERS ON BANKING, FINANCE, &c. 
 
 REV. J. HYATT SMITH. M. R. ATKINS. 
 
 LECTURERS ON POLITICAL ECONOMY. 
 
 Revs. L. M. R. P. THOMPSON. G. W. HOSMER. G. W. HEACOCK, 
 
 LECTURERS ON COMMERCIAL ETHICS. 
 OLIVER AIREY. M. J. OATMAN. E. C. POMEROY. 
 
 VISITING COMMITTEE. 
 
 Silas Kingsley, A. L. Baker, A. A. Eustaphieve, S. H. Fish, 
 
 W. K. Scott, Daniel Bo wen, Sidney Shepard, C. P. Lee, 
 
 Geo. S. Hazard, H. C. Walker, Geo. W. Tift, John S Ganson, 
 
 S. F. Pratt, S. S. Guthrie, Dennis Bowen, J. Hqllister, 
 
 J. G. Deshler, M. S. Hawley, J. Stringham. C. E. Young, 
 
 rp -jT' -r> Tyr <a 
 For full Mercantile Course, including Book Keeping in all departments, Lectures before the College 
 
 and Business Penmanship, unlimited, having the privilege of review at any future time gratis $40 00 
 For the same Course for Ladies, time unlimited, ...----- $40 00 
 
 For Twenty Lessons n Penmanship, - - - - - - - - -2o00 
 
 For Business Penmanship, time unlimited, - - ' - - - "j". 
 
 For Full Course in Penmanship, including Business, Record, Corresponding, Running and Ladies 
 
 Epistolary, together with off-hand flourishing. Lettering, Pen Drawing and Fine Shading, unlimited. 40 00 
 To those who have taken the full "Mercantile Course," a deduction o f $15 wil be made for the full 
 
 Course in Ornamental Penmanship, leaving ------- 2500 
 
 For partial Course in Ornamental Penmanship, as may be agreed upon. 
 
 26 
 
The Cause of Consumption. 
 
 kSomebof'y says Consumption and Bronchitis are caused by Costiveness. Twenty 
 years ago I slated, that not only these diseases, but all others were caused by Castive- 
 ness — that when there was a bound or costive state of body, it was like to an impediment 
 in a river, the water would overflow its banks and flood the surrounding country, carry- 
 ing with it devastation and destruction. So with the human body if the bowels are cos- 
 tive. If this necessity of nature be retarded, the matters are re absorbed into the circu- 
 lation, driven back aad the pores of the skin stopped. From hence arise Colds, Coughs, 
 Consumption, Fever and Ague, Sick Headaches, Rheumatisms, heavy pain a little below 
 the Heart— in fact, all the difficulties, dangers and troubles of that state known as 
 "beinw sick." In other words produce an acrimonious state of the humors the cause of 
 all pain and distress in the body. Pain is the warning given by the nerves that there are 
 acrimonious humors in the body. No man had ever an affection of the lungs, but it 
 arose from acrimonious humors having settled there. No man had ever pain in the head 
 or an affection of the heart, but it was produced by the presence upon those parts of ac- 
 rimonious humors. So with rheumatism — it is the acrimonious humors which h?ve 
 settled ur)on the membrane of the muscles. So with dysentery — the acrimonious humors 
 have settled upon mucus membrane of the bowels aggravated in most cases by the retensiou of 
 hard fecul matters in those important organs. There never was a pain or distress in 
 any part of the body (unless it was propuced by an accident) that was not occasioned by 
 the presence of acrid humors. It is these humors which have to be expelled, and by so 
 doing the pain or distress is sure to be removed. To do this with certainty the Brand- 
 reth'Pills must be used. They are as innocent as bread, yet all powerful as a remover 
 of the cause of sickness— may be taken at any time of the day or night vrithout altera- 
 tion in diet or fear of cold. 
 
 See, then, to your bowels. Use Brandreth's Pills in doses of two, four or six, for three 
 or lour days at a time, when these feelings contrary to health prevail, then rest a day 
 or two, and if not well, follow the same method again and again until the health is re- 
 stored. Where simple oostiveness exists, a single dose removes the difficulty at once, 
 and this occasional use will ultimately cure a costive habit, fully and completely — in 
 this resnect. Brandeth's Pills differ from all other medicines whatever. 
 
 ^ B. BRANDRETH. 
 
 The Remittent Fever of the Island of St. Thomas 
 Cured by Dr. Brandreth's Pills. 
 
 New York, May 31, 1856. 
 
 Dr. Benj. Brandreth. — Dear Sir: It seems to me to be a duty to say that, when I 
 was U?ii ed Stites Consul at St. Thomas, in 1849, I used your Pills with very great ad- 
 vantage. I was taken with the fever peculiar to that Island: the doctorbled me, and I 
 was in very great danger of dying from that fever and depleting. The inward fever was 
 80 great that no quantity of drinks seemed to relieve it. I was considered in very great 
 danger, and I felt that my hold of life was really very feelile. In this condition I was 
 recommended to use your Pills. I at once took eight. Their effect was surprising.— 
 They seemed to be actuated by intelligence. I could feel them searching ail around 
 my stomach, even up to my throat ; every recess of the body was aroused to action. I 
 continued to use them daily, until I had taken two boxes, containing twenty-five pills 
 each, when I was quite recovered to my usual health. 
 
 Gevernor Oxiiolm expressed to me the opinion that the BRANDRETH PILLS were 
 the best medicine he had ever known ; that he entirely relied upon them when he or his 
 family were sick. He would not be without them for any money ; that he believed you 
 had been the means, by introducing them, of saving many valuable lives— a sentiment 
 in which I concur most cordially. 
 
 1 desire, my dear Doctor, if you deem the above of any service, you will not be afraid 
 to publish it. 
 
 I am, verv truly, vour friend, 
 
 CHARLES H. DEL A VAN, 
 
 Late United States Consul for the Island of St. Thomas, West Indies. 
 
 Sold at 25 cents per box, at the Principal Office, No. 43 Canal street, Brandreth Build- 
 ing; by T. W. DvoTT & Sons, Philadelphia ; and by all respectable druggists and medi- 
 cine venders in the Union. 
 
 Caution.— All Pills purporting to be BRANDRETH'S PILLS with "No. 241 Broad- 
 way" on the side label, are counterfeits. 
 
 No. 103. 
 
THE TERRITORY OF NEW MEXICO, 
 
 cultivated plains." But at present irrigation from a water-course is the only available means of carrying on agriculture. 
 The irrijratioii is efifected by heading the waters over the culti\aled lands through canals. The consequence of this is that the 
 inliabitatits locate themselves together, and allot water to each at certain periods. The corn fields are generally without 
 fences, which are less needed here, as the grazing stock are tended by herdsmen. The best cultivated lands are found iu 
 the "estancias," or large estates belonging to the rich. These haciendas are apparently a remnant of the old feudal sys- 
 tem, and were granted with the Indians and all other appurtenances by the Spanish crown to favorite vassals. The great 
 number of human beings attached to these estates are nothing more than mere serfs, receiving from their task-masters 
 food, lodging, and clothing. How far the American element in the constitution of society in the Territory may modify 
 this industrial monstrosity has yet to be seen. 
 
 The inhabitants pay considerable attention to raising stock, and the great owners are possessed of large numbers 
 of horses, mules, cattle, and sheep. These, however, are of small size, because little attention has been given to 
 improving the breeds; but they increase very rapidly, and little trouble is experienced in rearing them, as no housing 
 is required in winter. The pasturage in the uncultivated parts is extensive, and thousands of stock graze thereon 
 the year through. The Indians prove the greatest enemies to the farmers, and frequently carry ofif whole herds of 
 cattle, etc. 
 
 The mines of New Mexico are very rich, but mining operations have been much neglected, and a great many of the 
 most valuable which were formerly worked have been entirely deserted, owing chiefly to the unsettled state of the country, 
 the invasions of the Indians, and other impediments. Gold, silver, iron, copper, etc., are abundant in all the mountain 
 country. Gold has been found in the Santa Fe district ami south of it for a hundred miles, as far as Gran Quivira, and 
 north one hundred and twenty miles up to the l!io Sangre de Cristo. The poorer classes occupy much of their time in 
 washing out gold dust, which is largely deposited in the mountain streams about Santa F6; these washings are very rich, 
 and some gold mines are also worked there. These mines, according to Dr. Wislizenus, are the only mines of any 
 consequence worked at the present lime in all New Mexico. Several rich silver mines were worked by the Spaniards at 
 Avo, at Gerrillos, and in the Nambe Mountains, but operations have long since ceased. Copper is abundant throughout 
 the country, but especially at Las Tijeras, Jemez, Abiqui, Guadalupeta de Mora, etc. Only one mine south of the 
 placeros is at the present time worked. Iron, though equally abundant, is entirely overlooked, being considered of little 
 value, in comparison with the precious metals. Coal has been discovered in a number of places, as in the Ilaton 
 Mountains, near the village of Jemez, south-west of Santa F6, and other places to the south. Gypsum, common and 
 gelenite, is also found in large quantities; the common is used as lime for white-washing, and the selenite or crystalline 
 instead of window-glass. About 100 miles south-east of Santa Fe, on the high tab!e-lan<ls between the Del Norte and 
 Pecos, are some extensive salt lakes or salinas, from which all the domestic salt used in New Mexico is procured. Large 
 caravans go there from the capital in the dry season, and return with as much as they can conveniently transport, and 
 the merchants exchange their salt for wheat, bushel for bushel, or sell it for one or even two dollars a b\ishel. 
 
 " Not far from these salinas," says Dr. Wislizenus, " the ruins of an old city are foundi — of the fabulous ' la Gran Quiviri.' 
 The common report in relation to this place is, that a very large and wealthy city was once here situated, with very rich 
 mines, the produce of which was once or twice a year sent to Spain. At one season, when they were making extraordinary 
 preparations for transporting the precious metals, the Indians attacked them ; whereupon the miners buried their treasures, 
 worth forty millions, and left the city together; but they were all killed except twoj who went to Mexico, giving the 
 particulars of the affair, and soliciting aid to return. But the distance being so great and the Indians so numerous, nobody 
 would advance, and the thing was dropped. One of the two went to New Orleans, then under the dominion of Spain, 
 raised five hundred men, and started by way of the Sabine but was never heard of afterward. So far the report, 'Within 
 the last few years several Americans and Frenchmen have visited the place; and although they have not found the 
 treasure, they certify at least to the existence of an aqueduct, about 10 miles in length, to the still standing walls of several 
 churches, the sculptures of the S|)auish coat-of-arms, and to many spacious pits, supposed to be silver mines. It was, no 
 doubt, a Spanish mining town, and it is not unlikely it was destroyed in 16S0, in the general successful insurrection of the 
 Indians in New Mexico against the Spaniards. Dr. Samuel G. Morton, in a late pamphlet, suggests the probability that 
 it was originally an old Indian city, into which the Spaniards, as in several other instjmces, had introduced themselves, 
 and subsequently abandoned it. Further investigation, it is to be hoped, will clear up this point." 
 
 The climate of New Mexico is generally temperate, constant, and healthy. Considerable atmospheric differences, 
 however, are experienced in the mountain districts and in the low valley of the Eio Grande. In the latter, the summer 
 heat sometimes rises to 100° Fahrenheit, but the nights are always cool and pleasant. The winters are comparatively 
 long, and the higher mountains are always covered with snow, and ice and snow are common at Santa Fe, but the main 
 river is never frozen over strong enough to admit the passage of horses and carriages. The sky is generally clear and 
 dry, owing to the condensation of moisture on the surrounding hills. The months of July and October inclusive, constitute 
 the rainy season, but tho rains arc neither so heavy nor so regular in their returns as on the more southern part of the 
 continent. Disease is little known, except some inflammations and typhoid fevers in the winter season. 
 
 The constitution of society in New Mexico, irrespective of the changes efPwted by the intermixture among the people 
 of the American residents, is much similar to that of frther nations of Spanish origin. While the higher classes conform 
 to the dictates of modern fashion, the mass of the people adhere to the manners and customs of former times. The men 
 are faithful to their serapen, or colored blankets, and to their wide trowsers, with glittering buttons, and split from hip to 
 ancle, to give the white cotton drawers a chance to be seen; and the women of all classes retain the reboso, or small 
 shawl, drawn over their heads, which gives them so coquettish an appearance, and adds so greatly to their irresistible 
 charms. Both sexes enjoy their cigaritos, their siesta, and their evening amusement at monte or fandango. Their dances 
 are very graceful, and combine the waltz and quadrille. The prominent ingredient in the Mexican race is their Indian 
 blood — it is visible in their features, complexion, in their acts and disposals. The men are ill-featured, but the women are 
 graceful in their deportment and maimers. The cliffereuce in the sexes are nowhere more observable. The men are 
 lazy, menilacious, treacherous, and cruel, while the women are open-hearted, and when their affections are requited, 
 faithful wives; but they are too often considered as mere houseliold drudges. As a general remark, the females are 
 devoid of education, but possess a strong common sense and natural aptness and sympathy, which are ollen of more 
 practical use than the most refined book education. The sufferings of the Texans captured while prosecuting the Senta 
 F6 expedition were much mitigated by the benevolent attentions and disinterested kindnesses of the women— acts which, 
 when conirasted with the barbarities and insults heaped upon them by the male portion of the inhabltanta, will ever reflect 
 honor on their many virtues, 
 
 191 
 
 ■""^''''"""■•~"- "-"'-" ■'■••- - ■ ■"'•'■ -" ■.■■..■■-■.■..■...'•.■■ .■.. .■■... .-u.x-^i.L.,,..,., ..........ajcrra 
 
THE TERRITORY OF NEW MEXICO. 
 
 Kew Mexico is divided in seven counties, the general statistics of vliich, and ttio capitals of each, in 1350, were as 
 follows : 
 
 Counties. Dwell. Pop. f"^^'i_ ""tab'" C«pit.il». 
 
 Bernalillo 1,684.. 7,751.. 1&4 .. .. Albuquerque 
 
 Eio Ariba 2,413 .. 10,663 .. 472 .. .. Cuohillo 
 
 Santa Ana 978.. 4,645.. 194 . . . . Jemez 
 
 Sania F6 1,561 . . 7,713 . . 713 . . 6 . . Santa Fe 
 
 Counties. Dwell, 
 
 San Miguel . . . 1,731 . 
 
 Taos 2,214 . 
 
 Socorro (new). — . 
 Valencia 2,877 . 
 
 Pop. 
 7,074 
 
 Farins ManuC 
 in cult. KatHb. 
 
 177 
 
 651 .. 13 
 
 Capitals. 
 
 . . San Miguel 
 
 14,147 .. 1,379 .. 1 
 
 Taos 
 
 Socorro 
 
 Valencia 
 
 The whole number of dwellings in the State wus, at the above date, 13,453, of families 13,502, and of inhabitants 61,505, 
 viz.: whites 61.4SS — males 31,7o6, and females 29,782, fr. col. 17 — males 14, and females 3. Of the whole population 
 there were deaf und dumb—y^h. 14, fr. col. 0— total 14; Uind—\i\\. 98, fr. col. 0— total 98 ; i««a««— wh. 11, fr. col. 0— 
 total 11 ; and idiotic — wh. 33, fr. col. — total 3b. The number of free persons born in the United States was 59,2(31, 
 the number of foreign birth 2,uC3, and of birth unknown 223. The -native population originated as follows: Me. 12, 
 N. Uamp. 6, Verm. 8, Mass. 24, li. I. 1, Conn. 10, N. Y. 101, N. Jer. 9, Penn. 97, 1»el. 6, Md. 37, Dist. of Col. 12, Virg. 77, 
 N. Car. 13, S. Car. IS, Ga. 9, Flor. 5, Ala. 5, Miss. 0, La. 4, Tex. 46, Ark. 17, Tenn. 25, Ky. 62, Ohio 34, Mich. 8, Ind. 11, 
 111. 24, Mo. 63, la. 3, Wise. 1, Calif. 6, 2t''ew Meaicu 58,451, Territories 56 ; and the foreign population was composed of 
 persons from — Kngland 43, Ireland i92, Scotland, 29, Wales 1, Germany 215, France 26, Spain 8, Portugal 1, Belgium 0, 
 Holland 2, Italy 1, Austria 0, Switzerland 11, Kussia 4, Denmark 2, Norway 2, Sweden 1, Prussia 14, Sardinia 0, Greece 0, 
 China 0, British America 38, Mexico 1,365, West Indies 2, and other countries 5. 
 
 The statistical returns of the wealtli, industry, products, etc., of the Territory, according to the census of 1850, and other 
 ofiScial documents referring to the same period of lime, are as follows: 
 
 Occtipied Lands, etc. — Improved farm lands 166,201 acres, and unimproved lands 124,370 acres — valued in cash at 
 $1,653,952; number of farms under cultivation 3,750: value of farming implements and machinery $77,960. 
 
 Live-stock.— UoTs^i, 5,079 ; asses and mules, 8,654 ; milch cows, 10,635 ; working oxen, 12,257 ; other cattle, 10,035 ; 
 sheep, 377,271 ; swine, 7,314 — in the aggregate valued in cash at $1,494,629. 
 
 Products of Animals. — Wool, 32,901 pounds; butter, lU pounds; cheese, 5,843 pounds; and the value of animals 
 slaughtered during the year $82,125. Neither silk, nor beeswax and honey are returned by the census takers, although il 
 is well known that both are produced to a considerable amount. 
 
 Grain and other Food Crops. — Wheat, 196,516 bushels; rye, bushels; Indian corn, 365,411 bushels; oats, 5 bushels; 
 barley, 5 bushels ; and buckwheat, 100 bushels. The other food crops consisted of 15,688 bushels of peas, and Uire« 
 bushels of Irish potatoes. 
 
 MisceUanemis Crops. — Tobacco, 8,467 pounds ; molasses, 4,236 gallons ; and wine, 2,363 gallons. Value of orchard 
 products, $8,231, and of markel-g.irden products, $6,679. 
 
 IIom»^nade ManvfactureH for the year ending 1st June, 1860, were valued at $6,039. There is but one tannery in 
 the Territory with a capital of $500. 
 
 "The New Mexicans are celebrated for the manufacture of coarse blankets, which is an article of considerable traflBc 
 between them and the southern provinces, as also with the neighboring Indians, and on some occasions with the States 
 eastward of the country. The finer articles are curiously woven in handsome figures of various colors. These are of 
 different qualities, the most ordinary being valued at about two dollars, while those of the finest texture, especially their 
 imitations of the serape Navajo, will sell for twenty dollars Or more. There have been also made in New Mexico a few 
 imitations of the serape Saltiltero, the blanket of Saltillo, a city of the South, celebrated for the manufacture of the 
 most splendid fancy blankets, singularly figured with all the colors of the rainbow. These are often sold for more than 
 fifty dollars each. What renders tlie weaving of the fancy blankets extremely tedious is, that the variegation of colors is 
 all effected with the shuttle ; the texture in other respects being perfectly plain, without even a twill. An additioual 
 value is set upon the fine serape on account of its being a fashionable substitute for a cloak. Indeed, the inferior serape 
 is the only over-dress used by the peasantry in the winter. 
 
 "Besides blankets, the New Mexicans manufacture a kind of coarse twilled woolen stuff called gerga, which is check- 
 ered with black and white, and is used for carpets, and also by the peasantry for clothing; which, in fact, with some other 
 Similar domestic stuffs, together with buckskin, constituted almost the only article of wear they were possessed of, till the 
 trade from Missouri furnished them with foreign fabrics at more reasonable prices than they had been in the habit of 
 paying to the trailers of the southern provinces. Their domestic textures are nearly all of wool, there being no flax or 
 hemp, and but little cotton spun. The manufacture even of these articles is greatly embarrassed for want of good spin- 
 ning and weaving machinery. Much of the spinning is done with the himo, or inalacat^ (the whirligig spindle), which 
 is kept whirling in a bowl with the fingers, while the thread is drawn. The dexterity with which the females spin with 
 this simple apparatus is truly astonishing." — Gregg. 
 
 New Mexico receives most of its foreign goods by the overland route. This trade is carried on by caravans that trav- 
 erse the desert at stated periods antmally. Before 1822 it had scarcely an existence, but since that lime it has gradually 
 increased and become proflt.-ible ; and il is probable that the total value of goods thus annually brought into the territory 
 is not less than a million of dollars; but a great portion of the goods representing this amount is smuggled into Chihua- 
 hua and other Mexican States. The established post or entrepot for depositing the goods brought on the voy.ige upward 
 by the Missouri for the Santa F6 trade, is the town of Independence, situate about twelve miles from the Indian border 
 and two or three south of the Missouri River. 
 
 Government.--'V\\e goverument is based on the act of Congress approved 9th September, 1850, establishing the Terri- 
 tory. It provides— That every free white male inhabitant 21 years of age, who shall have been a resident of the territory 
 at the time of the passage of the act above named, shall be entitled to vote. The right of suffrage and of holding olflco 
 shall be exercised only by citizens of the United States, including those recognized as citizens by the treaty with the lie- 
 public of Mexico, concluded 2d February, 1848. 
 
 The Legislative Assembly consists of a Council and House of Representatives. The council consists of 13 members, to 
 serve for two years, and the house of 26 members, to serve for one year. Members are to be residents in and inhabitants 
 of the district from which elected. A plurality of votes elects, and in case of a tic, the governor orders a new election. 
 All acts passed by the legislature and approved by the governor, shall be submitted to Congress, and if disapproved, shall 
 be of no effect. 
 
 192 
 
(formerly exchange hotel,) 
 
 CORNER OF PENN AND ST. CLAIR STS. 
 
 W, C. CONNELLY, Proprietor. 
 
 T!u!L. ::o. 
 
 359 BROADWAY, OVER THOMPSON'S SALOON, 
 NEW YORK. 
 
 PHOTOGRAPHS, AMBEOTIPES, DAGUERREOTYPES. 
 
 PHOTOGRAPHS.— Full length, Life, Portrait, Cabinet, Medallion and Min- 
 iature sizes, painted on Canvas in oil, and on paper in water colors and pastels. 
 The former are equal in finish, and superior in likeness, to the finest oil paintings ; 
 the latter rival miniatures on ivory. Vignette heads in water colors— the rarest 
 style of Photography known, made only at this gallery. 
 
 AMBROTYPES. — An entirely new style of Picture on glass, cemented and 
 rendered durable as glass itself, taken in a few seconds, and superior in tone and 
 finish to other pictures. Cloudy or stormy weather available for the Ambrotype. 
 This art was introduced in New York by 3Ir. iJrady. 
 
 DAGUERREOTYPES in every style as usual. The subscriber has availed 
 himsel " of every facility for the perfection of each department of Photographic and 
 Daguerreotypic art. Persons stopping a few days in the city can have perfe ^t 
 life or cabinet portraits finished in the best manner, at a price corresponding with 
 the rapidity of their production. 
 Perfect satisfaction guaranteed. Copies from old Daguerreotypes or Paintings. 
 
 HENUY STANLEY. 
 
 JOKL MALLARY. 
 
 HIRAM B. INGALLS. 
 
 H. STAHLEY & CO. 
 
 No. 274 RIVER STREET, TROY, N. Y. 
 
 MANUFACTURERS OF 
 
 H w w 
 
 A. Ij S O 
 
 DRIVING WHEELS, HORSE AND HAND CAR WHEELS, WHEELS ON 
 AXLES, BUMPERS, JAWS AND BOXES FITTED 
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 ROAD CASTINGS. 
 
^ ^^, ^ s^ -^ id^ ^^ 
 
 ROCHESTER PREMIUM 
 
 A full assortment of 
 
 SAWS OF EVERY DESCRIPTION 
 
 kept constaatly on hand, made from the best steel, and by the most 
 
 under the immediate supervision of the proprietor, who has exclusively devoted his 
 whole time to the business for 25 years. 
 
 Every Saw is examined by him before leaving the shop. The machinery is all on 
 the most improved principle, and there is every facility for making a first rate article. 
 A trial is all that is needed to insure further custom. 
 
 J. FEESTT. 
 
 WILLIAM ROBERTS, 
 
 No. 36 BEEKMAN STREET, N. Y. 
 
 Mr. Roberts would respectfully inform the public that he is prepared to execute 
 orders for Wood Engraving in all its branches. 
 
 Designs furnished for Circulars, Bill-Heads, Machinery, Buildings and Labels of 
 every description. Particular attention will be given to 
 
 BOOK ILLUSTRATIONS. 
 
 It will be the desire of the Proprietor to give satisfaction in all cases, both as re- 
 gards the price and quality of work. WM. ROBERTS. 
 
 D. A. WOOBURY& CO 
 
 MANUFACTURERS OF 
 
 AND 
 
 Cor. of MILL and FURNACE STREETS, Rochester, N. Y. 
 
 Messrs. A. W. & Co. have reduced the making of Steam Engines to a thoroughly 
 systematized manufacturing business, and are therefore enabled to afford a superior 
 article at pi ices that cannot be obtained elsewhere. 
 
 Prices for 1856.— No. 9, 30 horse power, $1,800 ; No. 7, 20 horse power, $1,- 
 325 ; No. 4, 10 horse power, with Boiler, &c., complete, $725. Other sizes in 
 proportion. 
 Descriptive Catalogues, in pamphlet form, furnished gratis. 
 
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THE TERRITORY OF NEW MEXICO. 
 
 The Governor is appointed by the Presideut of the United Stutes lor four years, and until his successor be qualified 
 He must reside within the territory, and is ex-officio Superintendent of Indian Affiirs. lie may pardon for olTenses- 
 against the laws of the Territory, and reprieve convicted otTenders against those of the United Statt-s, until the willoi 
 the President be known. A Secretary of State is appointed in like manner, for four years, uuless sooner removed who 
 shall act as governor when said office is vacant, or the governor is necessarily absent. 
 
 The Judiciary is vested in a Supreme Court, District Courts, Probate Courts, and in justices of the peace. The supreme- 
 court consists of a chief justice and two associate justices, any two of whom form a quorum. A term is held at the seat 
 of government annually. The Territory is divided into three judicial districts, and a district court is held in each by one 
 of the justices of the Superior Court, at such time and place as may be prescribed by law, and the said justices are obliged' 
 to reside in the districts assigned them. The supreme and district courts possess- chancery as well as eoinmon law jurist 
 diction. Wrils of error, exceptions, and appeals from the district courts, lie to the supreme court, but In no case reroovetl 
 to the supreme court shall thire be a trial by jury. Where the value of property in question excee^ls $1,000, fin:U appeal 
 lies to the supreme court of the United States. Probate courts are established in the several counties. Justices of the 
 peace are not competent to try any cause in which the boundaries of land may be in contn>versy, nor where the amount 
 claimed exceeds .$100. There is also an attorney and marshal appointed for four years. The other township, district, or 
 county officers shall be appointed or elected as the law may provide. 
 
 Congresnional Delegation. — A delegate to Congress shall be electetl by a plurality of the qualified voters. 
 When the lands of the Territory shall be surveyed, under the^directions of the general government, preparatory to 
 bringing the same into market, sections numbered lO ami 36 in each township shall be reserved for schools in the Territory 
 and in the slates and territories hereafter to be erected out of the same. The Constitution, and all the laws of the United 
 States which are not locally inapplicable, shall have the same force and effect within the Territory as elsewhere within the 
 United States ; and no citizen of the United Slates shall be deprived of his life, Rberty, or property, except by the judg- 
 ment of his peers and the laws of the land. 
 The assessed \alue of all real and personal estate in the Territory, in 1S50, was $5,174,471. 
 
 Religious Denominations. — New Mexico is an Apostolic Vicariate of the liomaii Catholic Church, and at present is 
 governed by the Itlght Rev. John Lamy, D.D., who was consecrated November 24ih, 1S50. According to the census of 
 1850, the number of churches of this denomination, which, before the session of 1848, was the establisUod religion, and 
 Ihat professed by the whole population, was 146, having accommodation for 76,100 persons, and the baildlngs beim' valued 
 as property at $1S8,'200. The fact of the country being now a part of the United States has done away with the exclusive 
 nature of this church ; and although no other churches are noticed in the official returns as existing within the Territory, 
 yet it is assuraable that others do exist for the accommodation of those citizen imiiiigraiits from the old States whose 
 religious views do not coincide with the general and popular creed. Assuredly there is no impediment to their foundation. 
 Hiiitoricul Sketvh. — New Mexico became known to the Spaniards about the year 1581, and formal possession was taken 
 of the country in 1598. Christianity and slavery were early and simultaneously introduced among the Indians, and con- 
 version and personal service enforced by the sword. The converted Indians were made to live in villages, and were dis- 
 tinguished from the roving bands by the title of Pueblos. Many towns, of which only the ruins now remain, were 
 established at this time. The mines were successfully worked, and the occupation of the country seemed to be secured, 
 when, quite unexpectedly, in 16SI), a general insurrection of all the Indian tribes broke out against the Spanish yoke. The 
 Spaniards were either massacred or driven southward, where they founded Ef Paso del Norte. Tlie country was not 
 recovered for ten or twelve years. Several insurrections have since occurred, but none so universal or disastrous as this 
 one. The deep rancor of the Indians, however, bequeathed from sire to sim for successive generations, still animates the 
 race, and is often displayed in the most bloody and cruel outbreaks, which, h-owever, have not been very frequent since 
 the United States became master of the country. This country followed the fate of Mexico after the revolution that over- 
 threw the Spanish power, and since that peritxl, to within the last few years, has been silently degenerating. The history 
 of New Mexico, previous to the invasion by the Americans, has little to arrest attention. It Is a continuous record of bar- 
 barism and tyranny. On the 8th September, 1846, Santa F6 was captured by the Americans under General Kearney, 
 and soon after several of the river towns were visited on his route to Callli)mia. A civil government was now estab- 
 lished. On the 19th of January, 1847, an insurrection broke out against the Americans, and in several pueblos many 
 Americans were murdered, among whom was Mr. Bent, the governor. Taos, Arroyo-IIondo, and Kfo Colorado were the 
 chief scenes of strife. The battles of La Canada and El Embudo also occurred In this moiith, and In February the battle of 
 Taos, in all of which the Mexicans were completely vanquished. Some few skirmishes occurred after these, but none of 
 importance, and from this period the United States authorities exercised exclusive power. On the ^d Febniarj-, 1848, a 
 treaty of peace and cesslim was signed at Guadalupe Hidalgo, by which New Mexico ^vas assigned to- the Union, and on 
 the 9th September, 1850, the country within its present limits was erected into a territorial government. In the interim, 
 however, the people had formed for themselves a State constitution, but this was revoked by Congress, and the country 
 remanded back to a territorial condition, under which it is now flourishing and happy. 
 
 Succession of Oovernors.—MiLnAv.t Governors from 1848 to 1850 — and Tekritokiai Gotek.voes: James S. Calhoun, 
 1851 ; William Carr Lane, 1S52 ; Solon Borland, 1S5.5. 
 Santa Eb, on the east side of the Kio Grande, is the political capital of the Territory. 
 
 M 193 
 
THE STATE OF NE¥ YORK. 
 
 New York, the most flourisliing, wr^althy, and populous Slate of the Union, is situated between 39° 45' and 45° lati- 
 tudes N., and between TP oC ami 7^° 55' longitudes W. from Greenwieh, or 5° 06' K., and 'iP 53' W. from Washington. 
 It is Idfunded on the nortli by Lake Ontario, the Eiver St, Lawrence, and Lower Canada; on the east by Lake Cliam- 
 plaiii, Vermont, Massachusetts, ami Connecticut; on the south by the Atlantic Ocean, New Jersey, an<l Pennsylvania; 
 on tlie west by Pennsylvania, Lake Erie, and the Niagara Uiver. Exclusive of Long Island, it is about 408 miles long, 
 but induding that islan<l, about 4S0 miles, and ita breadth from north to south is about 310 miles — the whole including a 
 superficial area of 40,085 square miles. 
 
 The Hudson and Mohawk rivers naturally divide the State into three geographical sections of unequal size. Tlie_;?r.vi, 
 or eastern section, comprises Lung Island, Siaten Island, and that portion of tlie Suite lying e.ist of the Hudson Eiver and 
 Lake George ; the second, or nurthern sectiun, embraces all the country lying north of tlie Mohawk and Oswego rivers ; 
 and the third, or southern section, the vast fertile tract lying south and west of those rivers. 
 
 The Slate firms a portion of the elevated table-land of the United States, broken in some places by mountain ranges, 
 ami containing some remarkable depressions which form tlie basins of lakes and channels of rivers. The loftiest part 
 ol tills table-land occurs in the western part of the State, where Lake Cliautauque is from 1,S00 to 2,000 feet above the 
 level of ihs sea; and although it is but nine miles from Lake Erie, it discharges its waters liy the Ailegliany and Ohio into 
 the Mississippi, and thus affords boat navigation to the Gulf of Mexico. Frauklinville and Angelica, to the east, although 
 situate<l in valleys, are respectively 1.5S0 and 1,430 feet above the sea. 
 
 In the eastern section the Tiighkanniic or Taconic Mountains lie upon the border of the State from Lake Champlain 
 southward to Putnam County, at which point tlieir course, diverging to the south-west, crosses the Hudson at West Point, 
 and is continued thence into New Jersey and Pennsylvania, under the name of the Kittating Mountains. This range 
 forms the dividing line between the waters flowing into the Hudson and those which flow into the Ilousatonic. 
 
 The northern section has six several ranges of mountains. The Palmerstown Uange (in some parts called the Black and 
 Tongue Mountains) rises in the northern part of Saratoga County, runs north-east through the tongue of land which stp- 
 aratea Lake George from Lake Chainplain, and terminates in bold and precipitous cliffs at the shore of the latter, south 
 of Ticonderoga. The Kayaderosserus, or Lucerne Mountains, are about six miles wide and seventy long, running from 
 M.intgomery County, through Saratoga and Warren counties, along the western side of Lake George to Ticonderoga. 
 The Hudson Eiver breaks through this r.inge on the line of Saratoga and Warren counties. The Clinton Eange extends 
 from Montg(unery County north-east through Fulton, Hamilton, Saratoga, Warren, and Essex counties, to Point Trem- 
 bleau, on Lake Champlain. It is the largest range north of the Mohawk Eiver, and at its most elevated portion there 
 are numerous distinct peaks, forming a remarkable group, known as the Adirondack Group. The Mohawk forces a 
 passage through its south-western extremity, and the range itself is the dividing shed between the tributaries of the St. 
 Lawrence and those of the Moliawk. Au Sable, or Peru Eange, commences in Montgomery County, and running par- 
 allel with the Clintim Eange, terminates in the southern part of Clinton County ; it is 160 miles long, and has a greater gen- 
 eral elevati<m than the preceding ranges. The Chateaugay Eange is the longest and highest chain of mountains in the 
 State; it commences on the line of the Kailtsbergs, in Herkimer County, has a general height of 2,000 feet through the 
 counties of Hamilton, Franklin, and Clinton, and crossing the Canada line, it terminates upon the Canada plains. The 
 8t. Lawrence Eange, commencing ten or twelve miles north of the Chateaugay Eange, and trending along the slope of 
 the St. Lawrence Valley, has been little explored, and is of less extent than the last named. The St. Regis. Grasse, and 
 other rivers descending into the St. Lawrence, divide it into several distinct portions. This section of the State has also 
 two minor ranges, worthy of notice: the Highlands of Black Eiver, extending from the sources of Black Creek, west and 
 norlh-west, about sixty miles, cover much of the country between Black Eiver on the one side, ami the plains north of 
 Oneida Lake on the other. Their altitude is from l.'iilO to l,6tiO feet, and in some parts their summits have a rolling 
 surface several miles in width. The Ilassencleaver Mountains, the second of these iiiinor ranges, extend from Herkimer 
 into Oneida County, and occupy the space l)etween the Highlands and the Mohawl: Eiver; they are twenty miles long, 
 and about nine miles broad at their base, with an altitude varying from SOO to 900 feet, with a rolling surface. 
 
 The Sc'Ulhern section may be divided into two portions — the Eastern and the Western. In the E.-ustern division there 
 are three distinct ranges — 1, the Highlands of Orange and Putnam counties ; 2, the Shaw.angunk Mountains, skirting the 
 valley of the Eondout; and — 3, the Kaatsbergs, or Calskill Mountains, the direction of which is through the counties of 
 Ulster, Albany, and Schoharie, to the valley of tlie Mohawk, the portions in Albany and Schoharie being aiso called the 
 tlelderbergs. The western divisiim of this section rises gradually to successive terraces from the shores of Lake Ontario, 
 till it attains its greatest elevation in the Southern tier of counties. The first of the terraces composing this ascent, extends 
 frorn the Genesee, near Eoehester, to the Falis of Niagara and Lewistown, a distance of 80 miles, and is from six to ten 
 miles in width. It is called the " Eidge Eoad," and is supposed to have formed at one period the shore of Lake Ontario. 
 The second terrace extends from this ridge to the falls of the Genesee at Nunda and Portageville, where there is another 
 abrupt acclivity of nearly 300 feeL This surmounted, the ascent is gradual to the summit level, at the height of from 1,500 
 to 2,000 feet in the Southern portion of Cliautauque, Cattaraugus. Alleghany, and Steuben counties. These terraces, though 
 all quite fertile, are each characterized by a diflerence of soil and of forest trees. 
 l'.(4 
 
GORHAM & COMPANY, 
 
 MANUFACTURING SILVERSMITHS, 
 
 JVO. 13 STEEPMjBS ST., 
 
 1 I II lllllllllllllllllllllilllllll"IMUi"" 
 
 ^I^^A large Stock of GOODS constantly on hand. The Trade 
 will find it convenient to be able to obtain at one place, nearly every 
 article in Silver, desired either for ornament or utility. 
 
 FRUIT STANDS BASKETS, CASTORS, VASES, &C. 
 
 S 6i^cqf ll^Kef[j of 
 
 Comprising many of the most desirable patterns. 
 
 SPOONS, FORKS, LADLES, KNIVES, &C. &C. 
 
 A large and desirable assortment of SMALL STAPLE AND FANCY ARTICLES, 
 GOBLETS, CUPS, SALT STANDS, PEPPER BOXES, NAPKIN RINGS, 
 CARD CASES, FRUIT & BUTTER KNIVES, and a variety of 
 
 .^^"Prices as low as work of equal merit can he obtained in tlie country. 
 JOHN GORHAM. GORHAM THURBER. LEWIS DEXTER, JR. 
 
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CHARLES ROBINSON & CO. 
 
 WHOLESALE MANUFACTURERS OP ALL KINDS OF 
 
 Warerooms and Office, 104 State St., Up Stairs, 
 Factories, foot of Piatt St., and in the Western House of Hefuge. 
 
 Purchasers will find it to their interest to call and see our stock, as we keep constantly on 
 25,000 Chairs, embracing all styles and varieties, which we will sell at exceedingly low prices, 
 Trade exclusively. 
 
 'i 
 
 hand ' 
 to the 
 
 CHARLES ROBINSON, 1 
 
 M. C. MORDOFF, > 
 
 H. G. KOBINSON, J 
 
 nocHESTER, jr. ir. 
 
 Orders from all parts of tlie United States and Canada respectfully solicited. 
 
 ELL W ANGER & BARRY, 
 
 Proprietors of ihe 
 
 ROCHESTER, WE^I^ YORK. 
 
 These Nurseries were established eighteen years ago, and are now the most extensive and complete 
 in the United States, covering upwards of 300 acres of land. The cultivation embraces : 
 
 Standard and Dwarf Fruit Trees, of all kinds ; Ornamental Deciduous Trees and Shrubs ; Ro- 
 ses, Dahlias, Foeoniaa, Phloxes, and all other popular hardy plants; Green House and Bed- 
 ding Plants of all £orts. 
 
 Planters, Nurserymen, aad Dealers in Trees will be supplied on the most favorable terms. 
 Jnwing catalogues will be sent gratis to all who apply and enclose stamps to prepay postage . 
 No. I, Descriptive Catalogue of Fruits. 
 
 The fol- 
 
 No. 2. 
 No. 3, 
 N1J.4. 
 No. 5. 
 
 Address, 
 
 Ornamental Trees, et c. 
 
 Dahlias, Green House and Bedding Plants of all sorts. 
 
 Wholesale or Trade List. 
 
 Supplemental Catalogue of Fruits. 
 
 ELLAVANGER & BARRY, 
 
 Rochester^ JVetc ITorU, 
 
 PROPRIETORS OF THE 
 
 VALLEY 
 
 This establishment is one of tlie largest and most complete in its seve- 
 ral departments, of any in the United States, if not in the world. The 
 grounds occupying at the present time upwards of Two Hundred and Fifty 
 «,cres are most compactly covered with young and thrifty plants of every de- 
 scription. 
 
 Particular attention is paid to the cultivation of every description of Dwarf, Pyramidal and Standard Fruit 
 Trees, as well as the smaller Fri^its, which are furnished both in large and small quantities at the lowest rates. 
 All Plants are packed in the most superior manner, so that they may go thousands of miles with perfect safe- 
 ty. Sundry Catalogues, representmg the articles under cultivation, are published annually for gratuitous 
 distribution, which will be mailed to all applicants who enclose a one cent postage stamp for each catalogue 
 wanted, yjj- Prompt attention paid to all communications. 
 No. 10+ . 
 
 8T 
 
J. M. PICKERING. E. C. L. MUSTIN. 
 
 J. M. PICKERING & Co. 
 
 IMPORTERS AND MANUFACTURERS OF 
 
 III 
 
 m 
 
 
 imi 
 
 'i 
 
 Buttons, Thread and Needles : Cords and Tassels ; Patterns and Canvass; Cords, Binding and Worsted, 
 Silkaud Worsted Fringes ; Blind Trimmings ; Zephyr Worsted ; Fringe and Tram Silks, Tapes, &c. 
 
 TAILORS' TRIMMINGS. 
 
 N. B. — Agknts for Machine Sewino Silks and Threads. 
 
 76 West Fourth Street, East of Vine, 
 SMITH & NIXON'S NEW BUILDING, CINCINNATI. 
 
 SMITH & NIXON, 
 
 AND PROPRIETORS OF 
 
 No. 76| Fourth Street, near Vine, 
 CINCINNATI. 
 
 LEWIS & WILSON, 
 
 Importers, Manufacturers, Jobbers and Retailers of 
 
 ^hma 
 
 mim. 
 
 78 Fourth Street, under Smith A* JVixon^s Piano Mall, 
 
 CINCINNATI. 
 
 GEORGE M. GRAVES, 
 
 GENTS' FURNISHER & SHIRT MANUFACTURER, 
 
 No. 82 W. Fourth. St., Corner of Vine, Gazette Building, 
 CINCINNATI, OHIO. 
 
 Keeps constantly on hand everything in the line of Gentlemen's Under Garments, Shirts, Under Shirts, 
 Drawers, Hesiery, Cravats, Stocks, Ties, Handkerchiefs, ic, ^c. 
 N. B.— Shirts cut and made to order on scieiitilic principles, and warranted to fit. 
 
 N. E. Corner of Fourth & Vine Sts. 
 
 [Weekly Established 1793.] 
 Daily, half-yearly in advance, 
 Tri-Weekly " " - - 
 
 Weekly, [in advance,] 
 
 [Daily Commenced 1835.] 
 
 - - - $8.00 per annum. 
 
 6.011 
 2.00 
 
 
 mMB 
 
 Executed in every Style. 
 
 
 1 
 
THE STATE OF NEW YORK. 
 
 The principal culminations of the several ranges, and the heights of each in feet, above the sea«leve!, are named in the 
 following table: 
 
 Group. County. Feet, 
 
 Mt. Marcy Adirondack Essex 5,467 
 
 " M'lntyre " " 
 
 " M Martin " " 
 
 Dial Mounluiu " " 
 
 M'hittfuce All Sable " .... 
 
 Mt. Sewiird Adirondack Franklin. 
 
 Eound Top Kaatsberg Greene . . 
 
 High Peak " " 
 
 Pine Orchard " " 
 
 Shawaiigunk Orange . . 
 
 , 5,1S3 
 5,0-.'2 
 4,9(lT 
 4,S55 
 3,9SS 
 3.S04 
 3,718 
 3.027 
 1,8G6 
 
 Group. County. Feet. 
 
 New Beacon Highlands Duchess 1,GS5 
 
 Buttonllill " Orange 1,520 
 
 Old Beacon " Duchess .... 1,471 
 
 Breakneck " Westchester. 1,187 
 
 Anthony's Nose " " .1,128 
 
 Mt. Defiance Essex 753 
 
 Palisades Bockland . . . 550 
 
 Fort Putnam " ... 500 
 
 Harbor Hill Long Island . 319 
 
 Eichmond Hill Staten Island 307 
 
 The most distinguishing feature of New York is, perhaps, its vast sj-stem of water-ways, which bound and intersect it 
 in almost every direction. 
 
 Its lakes are the common highways of an extended commerce. Numbers of these lie wholly within the State, but the 
 great lakes, properly so called, lie on its borders — Ontario and Erie on the North and West, and Champlatn on the East. 
 
 Of these great exterior lakes, Erie is the most extensive ; it is 268 miles in length and from SO to 54 miles in breadth, 
 with an area of S.030 square miles. The elevation of its surface above tide water is 565 feet, and above Lake Ontario, 
 with which it communieates by tlie Niagara Eiver, .3:>4 feet, having a maximum depth of 270 feet; but in general the 
 depth is not more than 120 feet. Only 60 miles of its coast lies within this State, but the amount of business carried on 
 from thence is immense, and constantly increasing with the progressive development of the States lying west, Ontario 
 is the second in size, and the whole southern coast east of Niagara Eiver is whully within New York. Its form is 
 eliplical ; it is 190 miles in lenglh and 56 in extreme breadth, with a circumference of 4SS miles and an area of 5,400 
 square miles. In some places its depth is 600 feet, but the average depth is only 490 feet, and everywhere deep enough 
 for the largest ships. The surface is 231 feet higher than tide water. The ports of this lake are nsually open earlier in 
 the spring than tliose of Lake Erie, and it is not so subject to those desolating sturms that fi-equently sweep over that 
 lake. Lake Champlain is a long narrow sheet of water, of exceeding beauty, and containing a large number of islands. 
 Of these, Valcour and Schuyler, wilh several others, belong to this State. In extreme length it is 134 miles, with a 
 breadth varying from i a mile to 10 miles, and lis depth is from 50 to 280 feet. Its outlet is the Sorelle or Eiehelicu 
 Eiver, which is navigable, and forms the connecting link between the lake and the St. Lawrence Eiver. The aboriginal 
 name was Caniad-eri-quuiunte, or "lake that is the gate of the country." All these lakes abound with salmon, trout, 
 sturgeon, pickerel, and other fish. Lake George, or Horicon, is wholly within the State ; its surface is 243 feet above tide 
 water, and it discharges itself into Lake Champlain by a descent of 150 feet. The lake is inclosed around by hills from 
 1,200 to 1,500 feet high, and the rich and varied scenery that surrounds if, the numerous outlets that stud its pellucid 
 surface, and the fine atmosphere, all combine to render it one of the most delightful of summer resorts. The French call 
 it Lac Sacrament on accoimt of the purify of its waters ; the Indian name Was Cuniad-eri-oit, i. e., " the tale of the lake." 
 
 The norlhern portion of the State abounds with small lakes, and of these there are probably not less than 200 in number 
 Some of them among the Adirondack group of mountains are greatly elevated. Avalanche Lake, in Essex County, is 
 2,900 feet; Colden Lake, in the same county, 2,750 feet; and Backet Lake, in Hamiltcm County, 1,731 feet above tide. 
 Many of these form the sources of rivers emptying into the St. Lawrence, Lake Champlain, the Hudson Eiver, and 
 Lake Ontario. 
 
 The western portion of the State contains several series of lakes of consiilerable size, many of which are of the highest 
 importance to commercial navigation. They extend through the counties of Oneida, Oswego, Onondaga, Cayuga, 
 Seneca, Yates, Ontario, and Livingston, and are scarcely surpassed any where in point of scenery. The principal of 
 these are the Seneca, Cayuga, Oneida, Crooked, and Canandaigua lakes. The other lakes in this connection are Onon- 
 daga, Cross, Otisco, Cazenovia, Skaneateles, Owasco, Hemlock, Canadice, and Conesus. Otsego and Canaderoga, in Otsego 
 County, and Chaulauque Lake, in the county of the same name, are also important waters. Extensive salt springs 
 abound on the shores of Onondaga, the waters of which, notwithstanding, are as fresh and pure as these of any others 
 of thesis lakes. 
 
 The rivers of New York, in connection with a splendid system of internal improvements, afford an immense s'retch 
 of inland navigation. 
 
 The Hudson is the largest, and one among the most magnificent wafer-courses of North America. It is 320 miles long, 
 having its sources in the Adirondack group of mountains, and flowing in a generally southward direction to the Atlantic, 
 which it meets at the Narrows below New York. It is navigable for the largest class of river steamers fir the greater 
 part of Ihe year to Troy, 160 miles from its mouth, and the largest merchantmen may safely pass up as far as Hudson 
 City. The principal branches of the Hudson are the Mohawk, on the west, and the Hoosic, on the east. The Mohawk 
 rises in Oneida and Lewis counties, and at first pursues a southerly course, then changing east ami south-e.ast it forms 
 the valley of the Mohawk, and afler passing over the Little Fall^ and the falls at Cohoes, enters the Hudson by several 
 mouths between Troy and Waterford. The scenery around the falls is beautiful, but these are destitute of that grandeur 
 which inspires the mind on beholding the great falls of Niagara. The length of the river is about 135 miles, and in its 
 course it passes through Eome, Utica, and Schenectady. The Hoosic Eiver rises in Massachusetts, and, though a com- 
 paratively small stream, is very useful for local purposes. The Croton Eiver, another tributary, is famous as the source 
 of the great supply of water it furnishes to the City of New Tork. The other tributaries are— from the east, Schroon 
 branch, the outlet of Schroon Lake, Battenkill, and Kinderhook, and— from the west, Wallkill, Eondout, Esopus, 
 Kaaterskill, and Sacandaga, besides several smaller streams. 
 
 The river St Lawrence forms, in part, the northern boundary of the State, and is the outlet of the great northern lakes. 
 It conveys to the ocean a larger volume of water than any other river of the world, except the Amazon. It is navigable 
 for sloops to Ogdenshurg. 60 miles from Lake Ontario, but below this point its navigation is difficult and dangerous, on 
 account of the frequent rapids by which it is interrupted. The Lake of the Thousand Islands, the name of which imi)lies 
 sufficiently its character, is an expansion of the St. Lawrence. The group of islands that studs its surface, however, is s.aid 
 to number about 1,500, some of which belong to this State. The next important river of New York is the Oswego, which 
 
 195 
 
THE STATE OF NEW YORK. 
 
 is about 120 miles in length. Under the name of Mud Creelc it l)as ita rise in Ontario County, and flowing eastwardly, it 
 receives through the Canandaigua outlet the waters of the lake of the same name ; proceeding eastwardly under the name 
 of Clyde, it receives the waters of Seneca and Cayuga lakes, through their common outlet, and thence assumes the name 
 of Seneca ; after a still further enlargement by the waters of Onondaga Lake, it takes the title of Oswego River, and sud- 
 denly curving toward the north-west, collects from the Oneida River its tribute of the waters of Lake Oneida. It has a fall 
 of about 100 feel after assuming its proper name, and fumislies, by its constant supply of water, valuable mill privileges. 
 Seven tliousand square miles of territory are drained by its course, and by means of the Oswego Canal and locks, it is navi- 
 gable through its whole length. The Alleghany, a constituent of the Ohio, rises in Alleghany County, and is navigated by 
 small steamers to Olean. The Susqitehanna and Delaware both have tlieir sources in this State, and in their first courses 
 afford an immense waUr-power. The other principal rivers are the Niagara, the Genesee, the Black, the Chenango, the 
 Chemung, the Oswegatchie, etc. The Niagara, which is the connecting link between lakes Erie and Ontario, forms the 
 celebrated foils of the same name. The Genesee, distinguished for its valuable mill-sites, is used as a feeder to the Genesee 
 Valley Canal. It is navigable almost to Rochester, and is 140 miles long, emptying into Lake Ontario. The Black River, 
 one of the largest of the State, also falls into ftiat lake; it is 120 miles in length, and is navigable 40 miles from iu moulli. 
 The Chenango and Chemung are import Ait tributaries of the Susquehanna, and the Oswegatchie is the principal tributary 
 of the St. Lawrence. Other streams flowing into the St. Lawrence are Indian, Grassc, Racket, St. Regis, Salmon, etc. The 
 Cha*;y and Saranac are the principal streams flowing into Lake Champlain. 
 
 The falls and cascades of the rivers of this State being among its most distinguishing features, may with propriety be 
 enlarged upon in this connection. The great falls of Niagara are described in a former page. Those of the rivers 
 wholly within New York are as follows: the Falls of the Genesee, at Rochester, which have a descent of 96 feet; those 
 of Fall Creek, in the township of Ithaca, which descend 43S feet in the space of one mile, forming several cataracts, at one 
 of which the whole sheet of water is poured over a rock 116 feet high, and the banks above have an elevation of 100 feet ; 
 the Falls of the Mohawk, at Cohoes, where the water is precipit;ited over a broken rook 62 feet high, the banks of the 
 river forming precipitous walls 140 feet above the stream, and Little Falls, some miles above, wliere the river passes 
 through a fissure in the rocks, which rise on each side 500 feet above its surface. Trenton Falls, on West Canada Creek, 
 a tributary of the Mohawk, are much admired for their picturesque scenery ; for the distance of several miles there is a 
 succession of rapids and cataracts, and the bed of the river is frequently narrowed by rocky precipices, and overhung 
 with trees, while its banks in some places rise perpendicularly to the height of 140 feet. At Glenn's Falls, IS miles from 
 Saratoga, the Hudson flows over a ledge of rocks into a deep basin below, with a descent of 70 feet Numerous minor 
 falls exist in various rivers, especially in the northern part of the State, and furnish in many instances motive power of 
 immense importance lo the manufacturing interests of the State. 
 
 The sea-coast of New York is nearly all comprised in the shores of Long Island, which contain a few harbors and inlets, 
 but none that are much frequented by shipping. The bay and harbor of New York is the great dep6t of the commerce 
 of the State, and the most magnificent harbor-water on the Atlantic sea-board. Ea.sily accessible, perfectly safe, capacious 
 enough for the navies of the whole world, and never obstructed by ice, it has advantages possessed by no otlier port. Its 
 boundaries toward the sea are Long Island and Staten Island, between which it connects with the Atlantic by the Nar- 
 rows, an outlet formed by projections from each shore. It extends 9 miles below the city, and is from 2 to 5 miles broad, 
 containing several islands, which are fortified in the strongest possible manner, as are also both sides of its entrance at the 
 Narrows. The IIuds<m enters the Bay from the north ; the East River, or channel between New York and Long Island, 
 communicating with Long Island Sound on the east, and the Kills, a strait between Staten Island and the Jersey shore, on 
 the west. At low water the entrance by the Narrows is somewhat difficult for large ships, and the entrance from the 
 Sound is obstructed by a rocky strait, called Hell Gate, a name corrupted from " Ilodl Gatt," the Dutch for whiripool. In 
 1852, however, a great portion of the dangerous rocks of this channel were blasted away, and vessels of large size may 
 now pass without much danger. 
 
 There are several harbors on Lake Ontario, the most noted of which is Sackett's Harbor, toward the east end of the lake ; 
 it is deep and safe, and was an important naval station during the war of 1S12. The harbors of Buffalo and Dunkirk on 
 Lake Erie are also important commercial stations, being the terminus of the two great lines of railroad between the Hud- 
 son and the lakes. The harbors of Lake Champlain are much used by Canadian traders, and those of Burlington and 
 Plattsburg are fast rising into importance. 
 
 Long Island is the largest appendage to this State. It projects Into the Atlantic opposite the southern shore of Connec- 
 ticut, a distance of 140 miles. Its average breadth is 10 miles, and its greatest breadth about twenty miles. The shape is 
 that of a great whale, and a rocky ri<lge, called the Spine, extends lengthwise nearly through it, and at the western end 
 forms the heights of Brooklyn. South of the ridge the land is level and sandy — on the norih it is more uneven. The 
 Island abounds with wild fowl and game, and its waters with fish in great variety, which furnish the markets of the City 
 of New York and other places plentifully. In the western section are some fine orchards and market gardens. Staten 
 Isl.ind, at the mouth of New York harbor, is separated from Long Island by the Bay and Narrows. It is 15 miles long, and 
 8 miles broad. Manhattan, or New York Island, which is occupied by the city of the latter name, is 13 miles long, 
 with an average breadth of one mile and a half. The small islands in the bay are Governor's Island, on which stand 
 Fort Columbus, the principal strong-hold ; Castle William overlooking the confluences of the Hudson and East rivers, and 
 South Battery overlooking the entrance by the Narrows; Bedloe's Island, on which stands Fort Wood, and is now used as 
 the chief recruiting dep6t of the United States army; and Ellis' Island, on which is a naval magazine and some fortifica- 
 tions. The defenses at the entrance of New York Bay are Fort Hamilton and Fort Diamond, on the north shore of the 
 Narrows, the latter an insulated castle, and Fort Richmond on the south shore. 
 
 The climate of New York can nfit be described in general terms. Each locality has its own peculiarities. The meail 
 average tHm|)erature of the whole State is 46° 49' Fahr. The mean maximum 92°, the mean minimum 12° below- 
 zero, and the mean annual range 104°. These data furnish a standard of comparison. The southern section of the val- 
 ley of the Hudson, and the whole of Long Island, are the most equable porti<ms of the State — the greatest heat is al)out 2^ 
 less, and the greatest cold from 10° to 18° less than the average— the spring is somewhat backward, but the harvest com- 
 mences earlier than in the interior, and the first frosts happen at a much later period in the fall se.tson. In the 
 river counties, above the Highlands, the seasons are more extreme, both summer and winter being l)cy<md the avcrnge, 
 and the spring is from 10 to 15 days later at Albany than at New York. The Moliawk Valley h.is a climate which does 
 not vary greatly from the mean average; north and cast of the Mohawk the region is charactc^rized by a low, average 
 Uiinperature, backward seasons, and early frosts. The mcau temperature is at least 2^ below the assumed standard. The 
 196 
 

 Ei 
 
 ^w 
 
 r A I "J S 
 
 ci 
 
 i 
 
 & 
 
 w 
 
 o 
 M 
 
 WHOLESALE AND EETAIL WAREHOUSE, 
 
 23 JE^iisr Fourth Street, Cincinnati, Ohio, 
 
 Mf HOT i»aiii®ii minm ik^it umi id ©laiHiE. 
 
TROY 
 
 ^> 
 
 & RITGHGOGK 
 
 Manufacture and keep constantly on hand 
 
 Church, Factory, Steamboat, School House, 
 and Plantation 
 
 Of all sizes, hung with "Hildreth's Rotary." 
 
 Yoke Frames, Wheels, Tolling Hammers 
 AND Springs attached to the Clappers, 
 
 Complete in every part and warranted. 
 
 Letters addressed to Troy, Renssalaer Co., N. Y., shall have our 
 immediate attention. 
 
THE STATE OF NEW YORK. 
 
 region south of the Mohawk, extending to the smaller lakes, has a mean temperature 1° or 2° below the given average yet 
 the cold is not so intense, nor do the frosts occur so early as in the regions on the north side of the valley. The lake 
 region assimilates the climate of Long Island, and the mean temperature does not vary much from the average, but the 
 range is about S'-" less, indicating greater uniformity. The average time throughout the State, from the blooming of tho 
 apple-tree to the first killing frost, is 174 days— on the west end of Long Island it is 12 or 1.3 days more and in the St. 
 Lawrence district 22 or 23 days less. The prev.-iiling winds are from the south-west. On (he sea-board, easterly winds 
 almost invariably bring rain, while westerly winds are sure precursors of fine, dry wealher, and in winter of continued 
 frosts. The quantity of rain that falls during the year may average for the State 49 inches. From these data it will be 
 perceived that Ihe climate is everywhere one of great extremes, and although in the same latitudes which in Europe 
 produce the fig and the olive, its severer character admits only of the culture of the hardier plants and grains. Though 
 subject to sudden and severe changes, the Slate as a whole is extremely hcallhy, and if the mortality of the larger cities 
 be omitted, the ratio of deaths is not greater than in the best climates of Europe. In the eastern counties consumption 
 and other diseases of the respiratory organs are the prevailing maladies, while in the western counties bilious affections 
 predominate. In the large cities, during summer and fall, cholera infantum is the most common and fatal disease ; 
 about one half of the deaths during the year occur in children under five years of age, a mortality which must be attrib- 
 uted to other causes than climate, and in chief to badly constructed dwellings and to badly regulated diet. 
 
 The geological structure of New York has been scientifically examined under the authority of the Legislature, as also its 
 botany and animal kingdom. The secondary formations of geologists, as well as the upper formations of the transition 
 system, have no existence in this State, and in most parts the tertiary system is wanting. The existence of small beds of 
 oolite in Saratoga County, and a somewhat d<iubtful era of red sandstone in Rockland County can scarcely be considered 
 as exceptions to this statement in regard to the transition system. 
 
 Coal is not noted in the subjoined table. All the formations of New York, except the alluvial and diluvial deposits, 
 and the beds of tertiary on the St. Lawrence, are below the coal measures, tho Kaalsbergs, which are the hishest members 
 of the transition system being the layer immediately beneath. It is true that there are layers of anthracite a few inches in 
 thickness, and extending over a small surface between the strata of rocks of an earlier date in various parts, but coal d'X>s 
 not exist in quantities sufficient to be of any practical value. The prevalence of limestone in nearly all the formations 
 is worthy ot notice, affording, as it does, the basis rock best adapter! to yield the materials for fertilizing the soil. 
 
 The following table exhibits the geological formations of the State, as arranged by the State geologists. Captions III., 
 IV., and v. are comprised under the general head of the transition system of geologists: 
 
 TABULAR VIEW OP THE ROCKS OF NEW YORK, IN SYSTEMS, GROUPS, AND FORMATIONS. 
 Systema,' 
 
 L Allttvial ,. .. 
 
 II. Diluvial 
 
 III. Old Red Sandstone. . . 
 
 IV. New York Teansition. 
 
 V. Taqhkanuo, or Taconlc. 
 
 VI. Gneiss, or primary 
 
 VII. Superincumbent R0CK8 
 
 VIII. Unsteatified rocks. . 
 
 Alluvial 
 
 Diluvial 
 
 Old red sandstone, or Kaats- 
 
 bf-rg 
 
 Erie 
 
 Uelderherg 
 
 Ontario. 
 
 Champlain. 
 
 Boulders, etc. ; clay and sands. 
 
 Conglomerate; old red sandstone. 
 
 Chemung samlstones and flagstones; Ludlowville shales. 
 
 Heldcrberg limest<me; Schoharie grit ; brown argillaceous 
 sandstone; encrinal limestone ; Oriskany limestone ; greeu 
 shaly limestone ; pentamerus limestone. 
 
 Onondaga salt and gypseous rocks; limestone and greeu 
 shales; argillaceous iron ore; Medina sandstone, soft, 
 green, and variegated. 
 
 Grey sandstone and conglomerate ; Lorraine shales aud 
 roofing-slate; Utica slate; Trent(m limestone; bird's-eye 
 limestone ; Chazy limestone ; calciferous sand-rock ; Pots- 
 dam sandstone. 
 
 Light green shales, sometimes brown and plumbaginous; 
 grey and clouded limestone ; brown sandstone. 
 
 Gneiss, hornblende, and mica slate; talcose slate and 
 steatite. 
 
 Greenstone, trap, and porphyry. 
 
 Granite, hypersthene rocks ; primary limestone ; serpentine ; 
 magnetic iron ore. 
 
 There are two tracts of primary and unslratifled rocks; the first is nearly circular in form, and occupies the counties 
 of Essex, Warren, and Hamilton, and parts of the adjoining counties ; and the second is in the south-east, of a somewhat 
 triangular form, and comprises Putnam and Westchester, with the larger part of New York, and part of Rockland, 
 Orange, and Duchess counties. These two sections, together, occupy nearly one-third part of the State. They contain 
 extensive iron mines, and mines of lead and plumbago Their surface is generally broken and elevaU'd— in the Adiron- 
 dack group towering up to the height of a mile above tide-water, and attaining in the beelling cliffs which overtook the 
 waters of the Hudson a considerable though less lofty altitude. The soil is less arable and fertile than in the lands of 
 limestone formation, but is naturally covered with a gigantic growth of oak, pine, and hemlock. The gneiss of this sys- 
 tem furnishes a fine building material, and under the name of granite is abundantly quarried. The serpentine, primitive 
 limestone and steatite are also largely produced for the purposes of the arts. These rocks abound in minerals, as garnet, 
 beryl, chrysobervl, pyroxene, sphene, tourmaline, apatite, colophonite, scapolite,lal)radorite, epodite, etc. 
 
 The Taconic s'vstem is composed of brown sandstone, gray limestone, green shales, etc., and contains some minerals. 
 It furnishes fine "limestone for building, but has few or no fossils. The overiaying soil is often highly fertile. Its range 
 comprises the whole of AVashington, Rensselaer, and Columbia, pari of Duchess, Ulster, Greene, Albany, and Saratoga, 
 and trending westw.ard occupies a narrow tract In Schenectady, Montgomery, Herkimer, and Oneida, and expands more 
 widely in Oswego and Jefferson counties. 
 
 The New York system comprises four distinct groups. The constituents of the Champlain group .ire various kinds of 
 sandstone and limestone, slate, conglomerate, and a peculiar stone, composited of lime and sand, and hence called cal- 
 ciferous (lime-bearing) sand-rock. Of these, the Potsdam sandstone furnUhes a beautiful and durable building material ; 
 
 19T 
 
THE STATE OF NEW YOKK. 
 
 the Trt'nton and binls-eye limestone are used in the arts; Lorraine shales and Uticaslate are employed for roofing; while 
 the gray saii<lst<ines and eonglonierates furnish stone suitable fur griiid-slones. The roelis of this group abound in fossils 
 of the earlier periods — eiierinites, trilubites, and numerous others, unlike any of the orustjicea now in existenee. The 
 soil throughout the territory oecupied by this group is generally good, and nnicli of it higldy fertile, being constantly en- 
 riched by the decomposing limestone, etc. The group occupies a very considerable but irregular territory : it appears 
 occasionally in small beds, then dips, and again appears as a surface rock. In the fi>rm of I'oisdani sandstone, etc., it 
 bounds the great primary region of the north-east in every direction, varying in width from two lo fifty miles, and also 
 appears in narrow beds on both sides of the Hudson Kivcr. 
 
 The Ontjtrio group consists of three distinct |)oriioti8. The lowest, a marly sandstone, decomposing rapidly ■when exposed, 
 is ciilled Medina sandstone ; next a series of soft, green, slaty rocks, also easily decomposed, and overlaid by clayey and 
 flinty limestone, alternating with each other, and linally tcrininaling on the limestone over wliicli the Niagara pours its 
 cataract; and, lastly, a group of limestones containing gypsum, hydraulic cement, water-lime, and salt, known as the 
 Onon<laga salt group. This group is the most valuable of the transition system. It includes the salt springs of Salina, 
 etc., and furnishes in its gypsum one of the most potent of fertilizers, and in its water-lime an iiulispensable material in 
 the construction of aqueducis, etc The fossils of this group are numerous and interesting. Shells of bi-valve mollusca, 
 corallines, and madrepores, togither with traces of vegetable existence, mark this er.i. Minerals are not numerous here. 
 The clayey limestone couiaining iron ore, fluor si)ar, and selenite, appear occasionally, and sulphur springs gush up in 
 various sections. Its soil is of unsurpassed and permanent fertility, and ita territorial limits compose the granary of the 
 State. The oak, beech, maple, elm, bulter-nut, hickory, and black walnut, are the principal forest tree.i. The Ontario 
 group conimenees at the north-west extremity of Lake Ontario, and extends eastward, with a mean breadth of 20 miles, 
 to its terniiiiati(jn in Montgomery County. 
 
 The Ilelderberg .series comprises four kinds of limestone, and three of sandstone (see tabjp). Many of its constituents 
 abound in fossils. The Ilelderberg liinestone is cavernous, and many of the caves have been explored for a considerable 
 distance, and have been found to contain stalaclites and stalagmites of great variety an<l beauty. The principal minerals 
 of this group are bog-iron ore, fluor spar, jasper, stnmtian, satin spar, alum, bitumen, and small veins of anthracite. 
 The soil overlying the rocks is either a fine clay, or sand lying upon clay. Marl is also of frequent occurrence. The 
 growths are chiefly oak, chestnut, hickory, pine, etc. By suitable cultivation good crops of grain may be grown. 
 This group occupies the narrow tract commencing in Orange, and passing through Ulster, to the Hudson, thence along 
 the banks of that river to Albany, where it turns westwardly, and passes through the centre of the State, south of the 
 Ontario group, forming the beds of most of the small lakes in Western New York, and terminates on the shores of Lake 
 Erie. 
 
 The Erie group is composed of two portions. The lower, or LudlowTille sh.iles, is cemposed of soft, slaty rocks, 
 alternating with their beds of limestone, easily decomposed ; and the upper, or Chemung series, consists of thin, even beds 
 of gray sandstone, with intervening shales or beds of slate. Some of the fo.ssils found in this group possess great beauty. 
 Ferns, etc., frequently occur, indicating the approach to that period of vegetable luxuriance which marks the coal 
 formation. The avicida delthyris and other concliifera are found embedded in the rocks. Petroleum, called Seneca oil, 
 occurs in several localities, and in a number of places carburctted hydrogen is evolved from the surface, and in such 
 quantities as to be used for illumination. The soil where the Liidlowvillc shales form the surface rock is fertile, though 
 rough and broken : in the higher regions occupied by the Chemung Umestone, the character of the soil is diifereut, and 
 the white pine and hendock take the place of the oak, maple, and beech of the lower lands, and attain a gigantic growth. 
 These lands produce grasses abmidantly, and as they become cleared will afliird pasturage of the best character. The 
 Erie series covers nearly the whole of Chautauque, Cattaraugus, Wyoming, Alleghany, Steuben, Yates, T«>m])kins, Che- 
 mung, and Tioga counties, together with portions of Broome, Chenango, Cortland, Ontario, Livingston, Genesee, and Eric, 
 as well as a narrow tract in Sullivan, Ulster, Greene, Schoharie, and OLsego counties. 
 
 This comiiletes what for convenience has been termed the New Y'ork transition system. The remaining group properly 
 belongs to the transition system of the English geologists, and is by them denominated old red sandstone, that rock being 
 its principal constituent. It is predominant in the Kaatlsberg, and hence the State geologists have given it the name of 
 that locality. It con.sists of oUl red sandstone, overlying the Chemung sandstone, and of conglomerate, which is immediately 
 beneath the coal-bearing limestone of Tcnnsylvania. The sandstone imparts it;* red hue to the soil that coTcrs it. It 
 coritsiins comparatively few fossils — the scales and bones of some lizard-like flsh have been discovered in it. Bog- 
 iron ore and calcareous spar are the only minerals of consequence found in this formation. The conglomerate afl'ords 
 fine grind-stones, and has been used to some extent for mill-stones. The overlying soil is good. Hemlock, beech, maple, 
 elm, basswood, butternut, etc., are the principal trees — oak seldom occurs. This series is chiefly local, and occupies only 
 the south-western counties in thj neighborhood of the Kaiitsbergs. 
 
 The diluvial regions are chiefly in the neighborhood of the St. Lawrence, Lake Champlnin, and the Hudson, and com- 
 pose the surface of the northern half of Long Islam!. They consist of a stiff, bhie clay beneath, a yellowish-brown clay 
 above this, and sand on the surface. The marine shells foun<l in tht-se clays, belong in some instances to extinct species. 
 To this system belong also the boulders scattered so widely over the State. 
 
 The alluvial deposil.s, consisting of gravel, sand, loam, etc., thrown up by the waters, and deposited on the lake shores 
 and river bank.s, and still in process of aggregatitm, constitute! the la.st of the geological formatiims. To these belong 
 portions of the valleys of the rivers and lakes, and the southern half of Long Island. The soil of both the diluvial and 
 alluvial deposits is mainly fertile. 
 
 Trap and porphyry do not in this State constitute a separate formation. They occur either in columnar masses, like 
 the I'alisades, or in narrow dykes traversing rocks of an entirely different constitution, and their position is evidently the 
 result of the action of subterranean fire. Porphyry is only founil occupying a tract of a few miles in length on Lake 
 Cliamplain. 
 
 In connection with the geology of the State, the "ridge road"' is worthy of more extended notice. This road consists of 
 a bank of sand, gravel, etc., varying in height from loo to 150 feet, and extending along the whole southern coivst of Lake 
 Ontario at a distance of six or eight miles from it, forming a natural highway. It is said that a somewhat similar ridge 
 exists along the northern shore of the lake. That this riilge once, and at no distant period, formed Us shore, is proved by 
 the existence of small sand hillocks, evidently heaped up by the .-iclion of the waves, by the absence of Indian moumls and 
 fortifications on the north side of the ridge, and their frequent occurrence immediately south of it, and, above all, by tho 
 structure ami composition of the ridge itself, 
 19S 
 
 ■ • - ' ■ ,. _ ^ . . .. , . ,,,,.. .„ , 
 
s. /iiiisliprs, 
 
 AND MANUFACTURERS OF ALL KINDS OF 
 
 BRASS "WOHK, 
 
 GUAGE, WATEE,& STEAM COCKS, HOSE SCEEWS, 
 
 Ale Pumps, Soda Water Stands, Gun Mountings, Copper Eivets, and Spelter Solder. 
 JSC^-Aho Manufacturers of all kinds of LIGHTNING RODS, of the best quality 
 and latest stales, wholesale and retail. 
 
 No. 64 Fifth Street, between Main and Market, 
 
 JLouisvHle, Ky, 
 
 JOSEPH BARBIERE, JR. 
 
 No. 282 MAIN ST., MEMPHIS, TENN. 
 
 ^^==* Cash advances made. Ad valorem Account-Sales ren- 
 dered promptly. Eastern Consignments solicited. 
 
 DEL:E2:F'DE3:E^3E23>y'03E2®, 
 
 Pomeroy. Benton & Co., St. Louis, Mo. 
 Geo. Blauclisird, Esq,, Louisville, Ky. 
 Hon. J. t;. JftaSjTpiiuesese. 
 i. C. JVIcGuirc, Esq., Washington. 
 
 I Hon. J. .J. McRae, Governor of Mississippi. 
 
 I Miles C.Folkcs. Mayor, Vicksburg 
 
 I C. L. Spencer, Esq.,"Loui.s\iUe, Ky. 
 
 I Memphis, Mercliants Generally. 
 
 Jno. Wilkerson, Auctioneer. 
 
 I. X. BKKK0KN. 
 
 W.M. GARNETT. 
 
 C. T. VUNXIGZEKHOL. 
 
 I. N. BREEDE 
 
 FACTORY OF SASH DOOES AND BLINDS, 
 
 ij NO. 263 MAIN ST., LOUISVILLE, KY., ONE SaTJA5,E ABOVE THE GAITLT HOUSE. 
 
 We manufacture all kinds of Doors, Sash, Venitian and Panel Shutters, Door 
 jiyand Window Frames, Mantles, Bav=e Boards, Pilasters, Mouldings, Architraves, 
 Ij \\'eith-er-hnarding, White and Yellow Pine Flooring, Planed Boards for the inside 
 fitii.<-h of Frame or Brick Houses. Sash primed and glazed, and Packing Boxes 
 j of all kinds. We also sell Glass, Putty, Paiot, and Nails. 
 
 Weha\T; constantly on hand the largest stock of Seasoned Tiiiber in the West : hence, we u-'eat our Fac- 
 tory no other than that wellseasone !. Connected therewith we have a dry.-kiln ; we therefore assert, without 
 fear of <i successful contradiction, that, for quality and workmanship, our work is unsurpassed by anv other 
 Factory or liand-work. Persons in need of articles hi our line will find it to their interest to examine our 
 work Ijcdore purchasing elsewhere. Our ijrices are reasonable and uniform. Printed Bills of Prices will be 
 furnislie-d on application. 
 
 i No. !«. ^ 
 
-9— ^:3^^H5^^ 
 
 -^^^iS^^^ 
 
 '^^^03^^^ 
 
STOTESBURY & AYRES, 
 
 IMPORTERS AND MANUFACTURERS OF 
 
 ^.d. J.^ 
 
 AND 
 
 CARRIAGE FURNITURE. 
 
 Nos. 40 and 42 North Third Street, 
 
 ONE DOOR BELOW ST. CHARLES HOTEL, 
 
 PHILADELPHIA. 
 
 ^3^^ 
 
 Springs, Axles, Malleable Iron, 
 Felloes, Spokes, Bows, Hubs, 
 Cotton and Worsted Girth Web, 
 Stirrups, Bits, & Roller Buckles, 
 Brass, Silverand Japanned Har- 
 ness Mountings, 
 
 Patent Collar and Dash Leather, 
 Black and Fancy Enameled do. 
 Japanned and Enameled Curtain 
 
 Cloths, 
 Cloths, Damasks, Rattinetts, &c. 
 Laces, Fringes, Tufts, 
 
 And a variety of all kinds of materials suitable for 
 
 SADDLERS' AMD CARRIAGE AND HARNESS MAKERS' ISE. 
 
 Country Merchants and others are respectfully requested to call 
 and examine our extensive stock. Satisfaction guaranteed. 
 
 ^<k 
 
JAMES GILMORE. 
 
 JAMES H. BROTHERTON. 
 
 6ILM0EE & BROTHERTON, 
 
 North-East Corner of Walnut and Third Streets, 
 CINCINNATI, OHIO. 
 
 C. E. NOURSE & CO. 
 
 
 No. 40 W. Third Street, 
 
 BETWEEN MAIN AND WALNUT STREETS^ 
 
 COCONATI, OHIO. 
 
 C. E. NOURSE, 
 G. F. SADD. 
 
 JOHN W. KIRK. 
 
 J. n. CHEEVER. 
 
 CINCINNATI STOCK EXCHANGE. 
 
 KIRK & CHEEVER, 
 
 STOCK BROKERS AND RAILROAD AGENTS, 
 
 No. 38 West Third Street, 
 
 CINCIIVNATI, OHIO. 
 
 Bailroad Stocks, Bonds. Bank and Insurance Shares bought and sold at public or private sale, on Com- 
 mission. Loans negotiated on Business Paper and First Class Bond or StocK Collateral. Regular Sales at 
 Public Auction, at the Merchants' Exchange. 
 
 J. L. HICKMAN & Co. 
 
 J. L. HICKMAN. L. SCHOONMAKER. 
 
 THIRD STREET STOCK EXCHANOE. 
 
 STOCK & HE^L ESTA.TE BROKERS 
 
 AND 
 
 No. 30 West Third Street, 
 
 CINCINNATI, OHIO. 
 
 YOUNG MEN 
 
 AND 
 
 Are respectfully referred to Page 88 by 
 R. M. BARTLETT. 
 
 [established in eighteen hundred and fifty.] 
 
 ^W^ILT^IAIVIS' 
 CINCINNATI DIRECTORY; 
 
 or, CITY GUIDE and BUSINESS MIRROR, 
 
 Is published by C. S. Williams, 194 Walnut St., 
 Cincinnati, O. Subscription price to annual subscri- 
 bers $2 per year. 
 
Ttfis 
 
 STT^E Of n1;W YORK. 
 
 The <\eep channeU cut in the roeks by many of the rivers are also subjects of geological interest. The Hudson, the 
 . St. Lawrence, Oawego, etc., either ha\'e banks sloping to the water's edge, or if they occasionally pass through narrow and 
 . precipitous deHles, have not worn themselves a i)assage by the action of their waters upon the rocliy barrier which opposed 
 them, but have availed themselves of a route opened by some coarulsion of natur*. Sueh^ is not .the case with the 
 Mohawk, thi: Chenango, the Genesee, and the. Niagara. Descending from elevated table-lands, they have, by their 
 ceaseless flow, hewn out a channel through the shales, slates, and marly sand and limestones. In some instances 400 or 500 
 feet below, Uie level of the surroujidiog country. The constant action of the. waters u) ion these decomposing rocks has 
 al-fo caused the Falls of Niagara to recede, aa some geologists suppose, a distance of five or six miles, and this recession is 
 still in progress. 
 
 Among the useful metals, iron is that most abundant in New York. It is found in five forms. The magnetic oxide ia 
 most abundant in Kssex, Clinton, Franklin, Warren, Orange, and I'utnam counties; the abundance is immense ; a single 
 vein (the Stafford vein, in K^sex County) being estimated by Professor Emmons to contain ore sufficient to yield 3,000 000 
 tons of malleable iron. This ore is confined to primary rocks. The specular oxide is found chiefly in St. Lawrence, 
 Jeflferson, and Franklin counties imbedded in sandstone, and though less abundant than the former, is still found in large 
 quantitieji. The argillaceous ore, called also bog ore, is found in various parts, evidently deposited by diluvial and allu- 
 vial action in the clay and gravel. The hcmatitic <jre frequently occurs in crystals of fantastic and beautiful forms; it is 
 found extensively in Kichinond, Orange, Ulster, Putnam, Duchess, Clinton, Warren, and Wayne counties; also in West- 
 chester and liockland, and usually makes ita aiipearariee in the lower limestones of the transition system. The car- 
 buret of iron, or graphite, occurs abundantly in Duchess County, and in considerable quantities in Essex and Clinton 
 counties. 
 
 Lead is found in immense quantities in St. Lawrence County, and less abundantly in the Shawangunk Mountains, In 
 Sullivan and Ulster counties, etc. It does not seem to be conflned to any geological era, but occurs in nearly all the 
 formations. Zinc and copper occur in various parts, and arsenic has been discovered in Putnam County. Barytea 
 and strontian are abundant in Schoharie and Jefferson, and alum is found in many districts. The existence of gypsum 
 and hydraulic cement luis already been noticed. Serpentine and its kindred minerals, soap8t/)ne, talc, carbonate, hydrate 
 and sulphate of magnesia, together with asbestos, and amianthus, occur abundantly in Putnam, Orange, Westchester, 
 Jefferson, and SL Lawrence counties, and in considerable quantities in other parts. Numerous other minerals, of interest 
 only to the professed geologist, are found everywhere. 
 
 Mineral springs, the waters of which are of great value, exist in various districts. The chalybeate springs of Saratoga, 
 the sulphur springs of A\on, Rochester, and Chittenango, the brine springs in Genesee, Erie, and Orleans counties, the 
 petrifying springs of Ma<iison and Saratoga counties, etc., are well known and appreciated. The oil springs found in 
 Cattaraugus and Alleghany counties, the nitrogen springs of New Lebanon and Hoosic, and the carburetted hydrogen 
 springs in the neighborhood of Lake Erie and the Niagara Kiver, are also well worthy of notice. The viUage of 
 Fredonia, and the light-house at Barcelona, are illuminated by the latter. Springs of the same character are also found 
 in Duchess, Oneida, and Monroe counties. 
 
 The botany of this great State is exceedingly diverse in its characteristics. Holding a geographical position midway 
 between the north and the south, the trees, shrubs, grasses, etc., of both extremes are found within its borders. Immense 
 forests still occupy the uncultivated regions north and west, consisting mostly of oak, pine, beech, etc., while chestnut, 
 hickory, .ind maple, with a number of others less numerous, but not less valuable trees are scattered over its territory. The 
 mountain sides and woods arc clothed in a shrubby undergrowth, and in the open plains flourish hundreds of more humble 
 herbaceous plants, among which may be found many that are rare and curious. Flowery shrubs and plants cover the 
 surface; the anemone, ranunculus, and violet put forth their flowers in every sheltered place; and the dock tribe flourish 
 luxuriantly in the marshes. Among the lobelia tribe there is the cardinal flower, Indian tobacco (ivjlata), etc. ; and in 
 the deep recesses of the forests, the arum and orchis tribes, of strange forms and brilliant colors, are met with. In the 
 fall season the asters and golden-rods are the pride of the plain. Medicinal plants are in abundance — the cicuta, conium, 
 stramonium, are found on every side, and the mints are abundantly distributed. Among the shrubs also are many highly 
 tiseful in medicine. 
 
 But the most important vegetation of the State is undoubtedly its forest trees. Of the coniferoe there are nine distinct 
 families, viz. : the pitch pine, white pine, hemlock, spruce, balsam fir, black spruce, white spruce, tamarack, etc., also the 
 red cedar, white cedar, arbor vitae, and the yew. Oaks are more numerous in species, and among these are many of 
 the most valuable kinds of timber; white, black, scarlet, black chestnut, willow, swamp, mossy, black-jack, etc., are the 
 best known. Elm, ash, maple, walnut, beech, etc., in numerous species, are found in different parts. Of the maple 
 species, the sugar maple is most valuable, on account of its furnishing domestic sugar, which is now used by the farmers 
 of the interior almost to the exclusion of cane sugar. 
 
 No class of plants is so widely distributed as that of grasses. The Flora of this State contains many native species, 
 but only a small number of these is of any value, and the meadow grasses, with few exceptions, are of foreign origin. 
 The principal of these are, the timothy, sweet vernal, meadow, blue and rough grasses. Wheat, rye, and oats are culti- 
 vated extensively, and the zigania aquatica, a wild rice, which forms a principal article of the food of the Indian, grows 
 abundantly in the northern counties. Wild oats and chess are common. Some grasses are conflned to particular soils. 
 Many in sandy soils have matted roots, and by forming a thick sod, prevent the loose soil from being carried away by 
 the flood or winds, and others by their annual decay fertilize soils which otherwise would be arid and unproductive. 
 Ferns and fern-like plants occupy a wide extent of territory, while mosses and rushes are equally abundant, and form in 
 many instances most vaUable adjuncts to the comforts of domestic life. 
 
 The whole number of flowering plants in this State is about 1,450, and of these 1,200 are herbaceous, and 150 may be 
 regarded as ornamental. Of woody plants there are 250 species, including about 80 that attain to the stature of trees. Of 
 plants that are reputed medicinal, there are, native and naturalized, about 160 species. 
 
 The animal kingdom is replete with objects of nterest, and opens a wide field for the study of natural history. The 
 carnivorous animals existing in this State are the black bear, the raccoon, wolverine, skunk, fisher, weasel, pine martin, 
 ermine weasel, mink, otter, native dogs, the gray and black wolf, the panther, wild cat, bats, the mole, and the shrew. 
 Of the marsupial, or pouched, animals the opossum is the only species. The order rodentia, or gnawers, are numerous, and 
 comprises the beaver, muskrat, rabbit, prairie hare, squirrels, woodchucks or marmots, and rats and mice of numerous 
 kinds. The American deer, the moose, stag, and reindeer, belonging to the ungulata, were formerly numerous; to this 
 family belong also the horse ass, ox, hog, goats, and sheep, but these ai-e not indigenous. In the waters are many cetace- 
 
 199 
 
THE STATE OF NEW YORK. 
 
 008 animals — whales of several species, with the porpoise, grampus, etc. The mastodon has been found in a fossil state 
 in all parta, and the teeth and other remains of elephants, etc., have been occ.isionally dug up. 
 
 Among the birds of prey natives of New York there are, of the vulture tribe, the turkey buzzard ; of the falcon tribe, the 
 golden and bald eagle, the goshawk, the fish hawk, the marsh harrier, with four other species of hawk, and six of buz- 
 zard, and of the owl trit)e, ten species ; of birds of passage, 20 different tribes and 149 species are enumerated ; belonging 
 to the gaUinacea are the wild turkey, American quail, partridge, grouse, prairie hen, etc. The grallo, or waders, are very 
 numerous, counting 62 species in seven families. Lobipedes, or lobe-footed birds, are represented in the coot, the horned, 
 crested, and red-necked grebe, and the dipper; and among the natatores are puffing loons, petrels, pelicans, gulls, and 
 the goose and duck. In all 6 families and 71 species. Among the latter are the canvas-bark duck, so famous with 
 epicures, the American widgeon, and the American swan. Of the buzzard tribe the blue-tailed shink, or striped buzzard, 
 and the brown swift-legged are the only species, the first in the southern counties, and the latter frequenting the woods 
 in every district. 
 
 There are but three orders of reptiles in New York. Among the turtle tribe we find the green turtle, which, though a 
 native of more southern latitudes, frequently appears in the wuters of this Slate; the leather turtle, a gigantic species; tho 
 soft shell turtle, which inhabits the Mohawk and the lakes; tlie snapping turtle, terrapins, tortoises (the geographic and 
 pseudo-geographic), etc. Serpents are numerous, but of these only two species, the copper-head and northern rattle-snake, 
 are considered to be venomous. In all there are about 40 species known to naturalists. 
 
 The amphibious animals are comprised in fbur families; of the ranidee, or frog tribe, there are 13 species; of salaman- 
 ders, 12 species ; of the triton tribe, 4 species ; and of the proteus tribe, 2 species. The banded proteus is a very singular 
 animal, having the body of a lizard and the gills of a flsh. 
 
 The fishes indigenous to the waters of the State are very numerous. Bony fishes are comprised in six orders: among 
 the pectinibranchi the best known are the perch, bass, bull head, sheep head, porgee, pilot fl&h, mullet, black flsh, mack- 
 erel, etc. ; of the abdominals, the shad, herring, salmon trout, cai fish, carp, pike, pickerel, minnow, etc. ; of the jugulares, 
 the cod, haddock, hake, halibut, flounder, turbot, sole, etc. ; of the apodales, the eel and the conger ; of the lophobranchi, 
 the pipe fish and the Hudson Kiver sea-horse: and of the electrognathi, the balloon flsh, the puffer, the globe fish, etc 
 The cartilagurous family comprises three ordera, viz., the eleutheropomi, of which the sturgeon is the only example ; the 
 plagiostomi, which embraces the shark and the ray ; and the cyclostomi, of which the lamprey, or tamper eel, is the repre- 
 sentative. Twenty-flve or thirty species of fishes have been found in a fossil state, and of these several species belong to 
 families now extinct 
 
 The crustaceae are embraced in 10 orders. There are but 27 species of the order decapoda, of which lobsters, crabs, 
 shrimps, etc., are the best known species; of the stomapoda there are but three species, among which arc the opossum- 
 shrimp and squill ; of the amphipoda four species exist, as the sand flea. etc. ; of the Icemipoda, the whale-louse and sea- 
 measuring worm are the only specimens; of the isopoda there are 14 species, 7 of which are parasitical— barnacles are an 
 example of this order; of the pcecilipoda 5 species, as the horse-shoe, etc. ; of the phyllopoda, lophryopoda, branchiopoda, 
 and ostrapoda, but few specimens are found, and those few are known only to the curious zoologist 
 
 Molluscous animals are very numerous. Among the cephalopoda are the cuttle-fish, spirula, etc. The clio is a repre- 
 sentative of the pteropoda. The gasteropoda include a vast variety of snails and animals inhabiting turbinated shells. 
 Oysters, clams, etc., which are arrayed under eight sub-divisions, consist each of several species. Members of the 
 orders cirrhopoda and tunicata are not very numerous. Geologists have discovered many specimens of fossil mollusca 
 imbedded in the limestone and sandstone formations — the most remarkable of these are various species of the trilobito, 
 the encrinite, the pentamerus, etc 
 
 No full account of the insects of Now York has yet been published, but these are very numerous, and many of them 
 of rare and beautiful appearance. The coieoptera, or beetle tribe, alone numbers some 1,200 varieties, and many of these 
 have brilliant colors, and are of great magnitude. The orthoptcra, or roach tribe, includes the the cockroach, cricket, 
 grasshopper, etc., everywhere as plentiful as need be for comfort. The katydid, so well known by the peculiar shrill 
 sound it produces, belongs to this order. The hoeraoptera include a large variety of locusts, among which there is ono 
 remarkable for remaining 17 years in the grub state. The hcemoptera comprise many bugs injurious to vegetation, 
 particularly the May bug, the lady-bug, the apple-tree blight, etc The order of lepidoptera probably numbers not less 
 than 1,000 species, and includes butterflies and moths, the size and brilliant colors of many being .istonishing. Spiders, 
 which range under the order arachnidoe, number 200 species, some of which are very large, and possessed of great beauty. 
 The long-legs, the clawed-spider, the tick, the mite, the louse, etc., also belong to this order. The vermes, or worm family, 
 and the animalculae of the State, have not been scientiflc.illy examined, but their species are as abundant and prolific as 
 most persons could desire. One drop of " pure Croton," which is so exUjUed by the citizens of New York, is said to contain 
 myriads of organized beings ranging under these heads. 
 
 Let us now take a view of man. The aboriginal inhabitants, formerly a great and numerous people, are now sleeping 
 with their fathers, or pursuing their pleasures in the spirit-land of their creed. A small remnant, however, is still left in 
 the Western counties of the State, but this seems lo be a mers wreck of former days. The present inhabitants are of 
 European origin, and vastly diversified in their races and tongues. The English in their descendants predominate, and 
 perhaps the Irish, Dutch, and German, are next in numerical proportion. The early enumerations are not sufficiently 
 exact to make them of any account. In 1701, the population is stated to have been about 30,000 ; in 1731, 50,000 ; and in 
 1750, 100,000. The census of 1771 exhibited the total population at 163,.3.38. The enumerations since taken under tho 
 authority of the United States at decennial periods, commencing 1790, exhibit more accurate returns, and furnish the 
 followiDg results : 
 
 Colored Persons. Decenninl Increase. 
 
 Census White , ■ TotsI 
 
 Years. Persons. Free. Slave. Total. Population. Numerical. Percent. 
 
 1790 814,142 4,654 21,324 25,978 .. 840.120 — — 
 
 180Q 556,0.39 10,874 20.345 80.717 586,756 246.6.36 72.5 
 
 1810 918,699 25,333 15,017 40,a50 959,049 .372,293 63.4 
 
 1820 1,.3.30,744 31,980 10,088 42,068 1,372,812 413,703 4-3.1 
 
 1880 1,868,061 44,870 75 44,945 1,91.3.006 540.194 39.0 
 
 1840 2,378,890 50,027 4 50,031 2,428,921 515,915 26.9 
 
 1850 3,049,181 47,914 — 47,914 8,097,394 668,473 27.5 
 
 •JOO 
 
PHILADELPHIA. 
 
 M$mi &®i 
 
 No. 181 Market and 16 Commerce Streets. 
 
 ^^'^ 
 
 '^w^ Cittferj 
 
 rv; 
 
 cv, 
 
 Keep constantly on |^ 
 hand, one of the ^ 
 
 AND 
 
 PII 
 
 STOCKS OF 
 
 Cutlerj, 
 
 GrXXrXSy 
 
 AXES, &c. 
 
 Ever oflFered for sale 
 in this country , t o 
 which they invite the 
 attention of all that 
 wish to make their 
 purchases at a 
 
 Low Rate, 
 
 % 
 
 ^4. 
 
 Our facilities for ob- 
 taining goods being 
 such that we can and 
 will sell at such rates 
 that the 
 
 ST 
 
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 dissatisfied. 
 
 Prompt six months 
 and cash buyers, will 
 find it much to their 
 interest to call and 
 look through our 
 IMMENSE 
 STOCK 
 F 
 
 FOREIGN 
 
 AND 
 
 DOMESTIC 
 
 CITLERY, &c. 
 
 at our new warehouses 
 No. 181 Market St. 
 
 AND 
 
 16 Commerce St., 
 
FRl MEDICIl Al POPULAR EOWKE, 
 
 Chartered with a Capital of $100,000, 
 
 For the purpose of arresting the Evils of Worthless and Spurious Nostrums ; also, to supply 
 families and others with Reliable Domestic Remedies, where the best Med- 
 ical Advisers cannot or will not be employed. 
 
 JOHN R. ROWAND, M. D., President. 
 
 This Institution has purchased of Dr. John R. Rowand, Graduate of the University of Pennsylvania, (its 
 present President and Head <if the Pharmaceutical Department,) the celebrated 
 
 Rowand's Tonic Mixture, known for twenty-five years as the only sure remedy for Fever and Ague, and 
 kindred diseases; also, 
 
 Rowand's Compound Syrup of Blackberry Root, the. inestimable remedy for Bnwel Complaints, which, to- 
 ccther with its own Family Eemedies, to be provided for every disease, that can be safely treated in this way, 
 including 
 
 The University's Remedy, expressly designed for the relief and cure of Complaints of the Lungs. 
 
 The University's Remedy, expressly designed for the relief and cure of Dyspepsia or Indigestion. 
 
 The University's Remedy, expressly designed (or the relief and cure of Costive Bowels. 
 
 The University's Hemed'y, expressly designed for the relief and cure of Sore Eyes. 
 
 The University's Remedy, expressly designed for the relief and cure of Ear-Ache, Dry Ears and Deaftiess. 
 
 The University's Remedy, expressly designed for the relief and cure of Tooth-Ache. 
 
 The University's Remedy, (in the form of Pills,) expressly designed for the relief and cure of Ague. 
 
 The University's Remedy, (an elegant Extract,; expressly designed for the relief and cnre of Cholera orDi- 
 arrhrea. 
 
 Thf University is depositing wherever it can procure respectable Agents for the purpose. 
 
 117" Applications for Agencies will be received at the Office and Home Dispensary, 
 
 No. 68 Arch Street, Philadelphia. 
 
THE STATE OF NEW YORK. 
 
 New York is divided into 69 counties, the general statistics of which, and the capitals of each, in 1850, were as foRcmt : 
 
 NoKTHBRN New York — 45 counties. 
 
 Counties, 
 
 Dwell. 
 
 nur. 
 
 Albany 
 
 Alleghany . , 
 
 Broome 
 
 Cattaraugus 
 
 Cayuga 
 
 Chautauque 
 Chemung... 
 Chenango . , 
 
 Clinton 
 
 Cortiand 
 
 Delaware. .. 
 
 Erie 
 
 Essex , 
 
 Franklin . . . 
 
 Fulton 
 
 Genesee 
 
 Hamilton . . 
 Herkimer. . 
 Jefferson . . , 
 
 Lewis 
 
 Livingston. . 
 Madison . . . 
 Monroe. .... 
 
 12,T47 . . 93,2T9 . . 2,903 . . 393 . . Albany 
 6.96S.. 37,808.. 3,1T3.. 291.. Angelica 
 5,651 . . 30,660 . . 2,497 . . 229 . . Bingliarapton 
 6,750. . 38,950. .3,655. .299. .Ellieottsville 
 65,458. .4,228. .508. .Auburn 
 50,493. .5,163. .510. .Mayville 
 28,821. .2.170. .321. .Elmira 
 40,311. .4,406. .561. .Norwich 
 40,047. .2,095. .461. .Plattsburg 
 25,140. .2,465. .202. .Cortland Village 
 39,8:34. .4,747.. 433.. Delhi 
 17,104. . 1 00,993 . .4,880 . . 638. . Buffalo 
 5.321. . 31,143. .1,872. .199. .Elizabethtown 
 4,233.. 25,102.. I,ft47.. 129.. Malone 
 3,730. . 20,171.. 1,361. .238-. ..Johnstown 
 5,014. . 23,488 . . 2,574 . . 199 . . Batavia 
 
 407.. 2,188.. 261.. 17..Morehouseville 
 6,664. . 38.244. .2,723. .277. .Herkimer 
 11,926. . 68,153. .5,490. . 630 . . "Watertown 
 4,624.. 24.664.. 2,374. . 67. .Marfmsburg 
 7,172. . 40,875. .2,503. .363. .Geneseo 
 8,198.. 43,072.. 3,845.. 404.. Morrisvllle 
 15,027. . 87,650. .4,113. .526. .Rochester 
 
 9,259.. 
 9,074. . 
 5,095. . 
 7,572.. 
 6,713.. 
 4,530.. 
 7,105.. 
 
 Counties. DwelL P„p. T";™ ™»™- Capitals. 
 
 Montgomery . 5,358 . . 31 ,992 . . 1 ,883 . . 267 . . Fonda 
 
 Niagara 7,435 . . 42,276 . . 3,143 . . 3:36 . . Lockport 
 
 Oneiila 16,751. .99,566. .6,292. . 952. .Rome 
 
 Onondaga . . .15,a35. .85,890. .4.595. .1,410. .Syracuse 
 
 Ontario 7,863 . . 43,929 . . 3,058 . . 205 . . Canandaigo 
 
 Orh-ans 6,273.. 28,501.. 2,271. . 282.. Albion 
 
 Oswego 11,0&4. .62,198. .4,497. . 640. .Oswego 
 
 Ots»"go 9,087 .. 48,638 .. 4,7&4 . . 330 . . Cooperstowa 
 
 Rensselaer ... 10,972 . . 73,303 . . 2,9*) . . 639 . . Troy 
 
 Saratoga 7,894.. 45,646.. 3,465. . 349 . . Ballston 
 
 Schenectady. 3,195. .20,054. .1,040.. 107. .Schenectady 
 
 Schoharie.... 5,878.. 33,548. .2,439. . 243 .. Schoharie 
 
 Seneca 4,541. .25,441. .1,555. . 240 .. Waterloo 
 
 St. Lawrence. 11,704.. 68,617. .6,124.. 456.. Canton 
 
 Steuben 11,210. .63,771. .5,797.. 576.. Bath 
 
 Tioga 4,442 . . 24,830 . . 2,026 . . 354 . . Ojyego 
 
 Tompkins ... 7,103. ..38,746.. 3,193.. 484..Itbaea 
 
 Warren 2,976. .17,199.. 1,505. . 128.. Caldwell 
 
 Washington.. 8,043. .44.750. .3,037. . 270.. Sandy Hill 
 
 Wayne 8.074 . . 44,953 .. 3,957 . . 250 . . Lyons 
 
 Wyoming.... 5,918.. 31,931.. 8,360. . 299.. Warsaw 
 3,784 . . 20,590 . . 1,673 . . 165 . . Peun Yan 
 
 SouTUEKN New York — 14 counties. 
 
 Counties. i Dwell. Pop. 
 Columbia... 7,029.. 43,073. 
 Duchess .... 9,562.. 58,992. 
 
 Greene 6,745.. 88,126. 
 
 Kings 15,809 . . 138,882 . 
 
 New York . .87,677. .615,547. 
 
 Orange 9,686.. 67,145. 
 
 Putnam .... 2,425.. 14,138. 
 
 Farms Manuf. r-,,;,,]. 
 in cult. E»tiib. Capitais. 
 
 2,511.. 208.. Hudson 
 
 . 3,208 . . 415 . . Poughkeepsie 
 
 .2,672.. 433. .Catskill 
 
 . 363.. 676.. Brooklyn 
 . 163.. 3,306.. New York 
 
 .8,426.. 357.. Goshen 
 . 989.. 89..Carmel 
 
 Countie.9. Dwell, 
 
 Queens 6,230. 
 
 Richmond .. 2,334. 
 
 Rockland... 3,011. 
 
 Suffolk 6,745. 
 
 Sullivan 4,355. 
 
 Ulster 9,735. 
 
 Westchester. 8,754. 
 
 p„„ Farms 
 ^"P- in rnlt. 
 
 86,883.. 2,303.. 
 15,061.. 212.. 
 16,962.. 682.. 
 36,922.. 2,323.. 
 26,088.. 1,889.. 
 59,.384.. 3,5:39.. 
 58,263.. 2,587.. 
 
 E«tab. Capitals. 
 
 89.. N.Hempstead 
 37. .Richmond 
 
 144. .Clarkstown 
 96.. Suffolk 
 
 360..Monticello 
 
 441. .Kingston 
 
 396.. Bedford 
 
 The whole number of dwellings in the State, at the above date, was 478,936, of families 566,869, and of inhabitants 
 3,097,394, viz., whites 3,049,457— males 1,545,052, and females 1,504,405; fr. col, 47,937— males 22,978, and females 24,959. 
 Of the whole population there were deaf and dmnb—wh. 1,297, fr. col. 10— total 1,307; blind— yvh. 1,221, fr. col. 51— total 
 1,272 ; imane—wh. 2,544, iV. col. 36— total 2,530 ; and idiotic— yi\\. 1,721, fr. col. 18— total 1,739. The number of free persons 
 Ixirn in the United States was 2,439,296 ; the number of foreign birth, 651,801 ; and of birth unknown, 6,261. The native 
 population originated as follows: Maine 4,509, N. Hamp. 15,519, Verm. 52,599, Mass. 55,773, R. L 13,129, Conn. 66,101, 
 New York 2,151,196, N. Jer. 35,319, Penn. 26.252, Del. 899, Md. 39..533, Dist. of Col. 538, Virg. 3,347, N. Car. 673, S. Car. 
 9.35, Ga. 510, Flor. 1,35, AI.x 1S4, Mi.ss. 164, La. 5(i3, Tex. 46. Ark. 20, Tenn. 116, Ky. 369, Ohio 3,743, Mich. 1,921, Ind. 415, 
 111. 605, Mo. 173, la. 70. Wise. 360, Calif. 7, Territories 53. The foreign population was composed of persons from— En- 
 gland 84,820, Ireland 343,111, Scotiand 23,418, Wales 7,582, Germany 118,398, France 12,515, Spain 461, Portugal 194, 
 Belgium 401, Holland 2.917. Turkey 12, Italy 833, Austria 168, Switzerland 1,850, Ru.ssia 617, Denmark 429, Norway 892, 
 Sweden 753, Prussia 2.211, Sardinia 0, Greece 0, China 34, Asia 66, Africa 80, British America 47,200, Mexico 8,3, Central 
 America 29, S. America 179, West Indies 1,067, Sandwich Islands 40, and other countries 1,941. 
 
 The statistics of tiie industry and institutions of the State, according to the returns of 1850, are as follows: 
 
 Occupied Lands, He. — Improved farm lands, 12,408,968 acres, and unimproved lands attached, 6,710,120 acres — valued 
 in cash at 1554,546.642. Total number of farms under cultivation 1st .June, 1850, 170,621— in the northern district, 143,749 
 and in the southern district, 26,872. Value of farming implements and machinery, $'22,084,920. 
 
 Live-Stock. — The number of live-stock or domestic animals at tie two periods 1840 and 1850, was as follows: 
 
 j. 474,543 head | ^"^'fm ^^^^ \ ^^'^^^ ^^^"^^ °'' ^'^ ^^^ '^^^^ 
 
 [' 
 
 9.31,324 
 178,909 
 767,406 
 
 « 3,453,241 
 
 " 1,018,523 
 
 ■I 
 
 [ 
 
 &3,605 
 
 1,665,.536 
 
 881,543 
 
 l.T 
 
 or 32.5 
 or 46.4 
 
 Description, 
 
 Horses 
 
 Mules and Asses 
 
 Milch Cows 
 
 Worliing Oxen }-l,911,244 
 
 Other Cattle 
 
 Sheep 5,118,777 
 
 Swine 1,900,065 
 
 — the live-stock of 1850 was valued in the aggregate at $73,570,499. 
 
 Prndiu't.i of Animalx.—Woo], 10,071,301 pounds ; butter, 79,706.094 pounds ; cheese, 49,741,413 pounds ; and the valuo 
 of animals slaughtered in the year had been $13,573,983. The wool crop, according to the returns of 1840, amounted to 
 9,845.295 pounds ; and hence the increase exhibited in 1850 was 226.006 pounds, or 2.3 per cent. The product, per fleece, 
 in 1840, was 1 lb. 14J oz. ; and in 1850, 2 lb. 14} oz., or 52.1 per cent, increase. The butter produced is one-fourth of the 
 production of the United St.ites; and the cheese produced one-half the whole. 
 
 arnin (7rop«.— Wheat, 13,121,493 bushels; rye, 4.148.182 bushels; Indian corn, 17,858,400 bushels; oats, 26..'552,814 
 bushels : barley, 3,585.059 bushels ; buckwheat, 3,183,955 bushels. In proportion to the crop of the United States, that 
 of wheat is approximately one-eighth, that of rye one-fourth, that of Indian corn one thirty-second, that of oats more than 
 
 201 
 
THE STATE OF NEW YORK, 
 
 me'iivrtk, thai of b:irloy txco-thirds, and that of buckwheat one-third of the aggregate. The coniparisou of the several 
 arops in 1S40 and 1S50, as returned by the censuses of those years, was as follows : 
 
 Crop. 1X40, IB'iO. Increase. 
 
 Wheat 12,2S6,41S bush 13,121,498 bush 835,080 bush, or 6.S per cent. 
 
 Kye 2,979,323 
 
 Indian Corn 10,972,280 
 
 Oats 20,675,847 
 
 Barky 2.5211,063 
 
 Buckwheat 2,287,885 
 
 4.14S,1S2 
 17.S5s,4i)0 
 26,552,S14 
 3,5s,'),059 
 3,183,955 
 
 1,168.8.59 
 6,880,114 
 5,876,967 
 1,064.991 
 1,896,070 
 
 or 39.2 
 or 62.T 
 or 28.4 
 or 42.2 
 or 82.4 
 
 Otlier Food Crops. — Peas and beans, 741 ,036 bushels ; and potatoes— Irish, 15,.S9S,862 bushels, and sweet, 5,623 bushels. 
 The potato crop of 1839, as exhibited in the census of 1840, was 30,123,614 bushels, showing a decrease of 14,719,292 
 bushels, or 48.8 per cent, in the subsequent decade. 
 
 MiKcellmiemui Crops. — Tobacco, 83,189 pounds; hay, 3,728,797 tons; clover-seed, 88,222 bushels; other grass-seed, 
 96,493 bushels ; hops, 2,530,299 pounds, being three-fourths of the aggregate crop of the Union ; hemp — dew-rotted, 1 ton, 
 and water-rotted, 3 tons; flax, 940,577 pounds; flax-seed, 57,963 bushels; silk cocoons, 1,774 pounds; maple sugar, 
 10,857,484 pounds; molasses, 56,529 gallons; beeswax and honey, 1,750,190 poun<i8; wine, 9,172 gallons, etc. Value 
 of orchard products, $1,761,950, or nearly one-fourth the value of these products in the United States ; and of market- 
 garden products, $912,047, or more than an eighth the aggregate. On comparing the above with the returns of 1840, the 
 following reswlls are obtained; 
 
 Ift.'JO. Movement. 
 
 88,189 lbs iitcr. 82,445 lbs., or 11, 091.3 percent 
 
 .. 3,72S,797 tons incr. 601,756 ions, or 19.2 " 
 
 . . 2,536,299 lbs ificr. 2,089,049 lbs., or 442.5 » 
 
 1 ton j 
 
 3 tons V deer. 1,553,063 lbs., or 62.5 «' 
 
 . . 940,577 lbs ) 
 
 . . 10,357.4S4 11)S iner. 309,375 lbs., or 8.1 « 
 
 9,172 gals incr. 2,378 gls., or 32.9 " 
 
 Crnpf 
 
 1840. 
 
 Tobacco 744 lbs. 
 
 Hay 3,127.041 tons 
 
 Hops 447,2501bs. 
 
 llemp — dew-rotted \ 
 
 " water-rotted V 1,130| tons- 
 Flax j 
 
 Maple Sugar 10,048,109 lbs. 
 
 Wine 6,799 gals. 
 
 Jlome-made mantifactures were produced in the year ending 1st June, 1850, to the value of $1,280,833. The same 
 class of goods for the year antecedent to the census of 1840, were valued at $4,686,547. Decrease, $3,356,214, or 72.4 
 per cent, 
 
 MannfactMren. — Capital invested, $99,904,405 ; value of all raw material, fuel etc., consumed, $134,655,674; hands em- 
 ployed, — males , and females monthly cost of li'.bor, $ — male $ and female $ 
 value of products, $237,597,219. Number of manufacturing establishments in operation 1st June, 1850, and producing to 
 Uie value of $,')<)0 anci upwanl annually, 23,823— in northern district 16.877, and in southern district 6,946, and distributed 
 to the counties as shown in the general table. Of this number 80 were cotton factories, 249 woolen factories, 942 tan- 
 neries, and 401 maiuifactories of iron — 323 making ca-st iron, IS pig iron, and 00 wrought iron. The total capital invested 
 in 1840 amounted to $55,2,')2,779. 
 
 Capital invested in cotton nutniifacturff!, $4,176,920; cotton used, 37,778 bales; coal consumed, 1,.5.39 tons; value of all 
 raw material, fuel, etc., $l,9S.'i.973; hands (Muployed, 0,320 — males 2,032, and females 3,083; monthly cost of labor, 
 $,S,3.943 — male $48,244, and female $35,699; average monthly wages — to males $18 33, and to females $9 68; annual 
 products, 44,901.475 yards sheeting, etc., and 2,180,000 pounds of yarn— in all valued at $3,591,989, Capital in 18^10, 
 $4,9(10,772 ; hands employed, 7,407 : value of goods produced, $3,040,237. 
 
 Ciipitiil invested in woolen mHnufactiires, $4,459,370 ; wool consumed, 12,538,786 pounds ; value of all raw material, etc., 
 used, $3,838,292 : hands employed, 6,674— males 4,262, and females 2.412 ; monthly co.st of labor. $11.3,524— male $85,147, 
 and female $28.377 ; average monthly wages — to males $21 40. and to females $11 41 ; cloth manufactured, 7,924,2,52 yards, 
 and yarn, 2(;i,700 pounds— in all valued at $7,030,004. Capital in 1840, $3,409,349; hands, 4,636; value of goods 
 produced, $3,537,337. 
 
 Capital invested in infWTW'ritfs, $5,025,143; value of all raw material used, $6,065,221; hands, 4,945 — males 4,914, and 
 females 31 ; monthly cost of labor, $103,464— m.nle $41,245, and female $-368 ; tanned— skins, 871,894, and sides, 3,415,724— 
 in all valued at .$9,804,000. Capil.il in 1840, $3,907,;348 ; h.ands employed, 5,579. 
 
 In the manufacture of nxtlt iind .^pirituotu liquor.^ the capital invested is $2,585,900; quantities and kinds of grain, 
 etc., consumed— barley 2,062.250 bushels, rye 909,007 bushels, oats 0,707 bushels, apples 00,940 bushels, moliwses 24,.500 
 hogsheads, and bops 581 tons ; hands employed, 1,380 ; quantity of liquors produced — ale, etc., 644,700 barrels, whisky and 
 high wines 9,2.31,700 gallons, ami rum 2,488,800 gallons. 
 
 The statistics of the iron manufactures in operation within the State, at the date of the taking of the seventh census, 
 were as exhibited in the annexed table : 
 
 Valuefl, prodiict,s, etc. 
 
 Cay)ital invested dollars . . . 
 
 Ore used tons 
 
 I'ig iron used " 
 
 Old metal used " 
 
 Mineral coal consumed " 
 
 Coke and charcoal consumed bushels... 
 
 Value of all raw material, etc dollars. . . 
 
 Hands employed number. . 
 
 Average monthly wages. dollars. . . 
 
 Product.s ton.s 
 
 Value of products dollars. . . 
 
 Pi;; Iron. 
 6115.000. 
 
 46,385. 
 
 — 108,945. 
 
 — 3.212. 
 
 20 22,755. 
 
 3,000,074 181,190 
 
 321,027 2,89-3,763. 
 
 5.925. 
 
 27.49. 
 
 1.5.420 104,.588. 
 
 505. 
 26.80. 
 
 Ca»tlron. Wrnnjilit Iron. Total. 
 
 4,022,492 1,181,300 6,:J5S,783 
 
 — 44,042 101,027 
 
 8,530 117.475 
 
 — 3,219 
 
 1.3,908 80,083 
 
 5,,5.54.1.50 8,735.414 
 
 83S,.314 8,553,109 
 
 1.0.37 7,407 
 
 20.00 — 
 
 1.3.0:?6 251,644 
 
 5,921,980 1,423,968 7,761,543 
 
 415,600 
 
 —total capital in 1840, $2,108,418 ; hands, 3,4.'')6. 
 Foreign Corn7nerce.— The imports from foreign countries in the year ending 80th June, 1950. were valued at $111,128,624, 
 
 202 
 
c::;XjE3X^E3Xj-A.3NriD 
 
 WATER CURE ESTABLISHMENT. 
 
 The above establishment is situated 2| miles from the Court House on 
 
 Sawtell Avenue, 80 rods South of Kinsman St. 
 
 It has been in successful operation for the past eight years ; has treated over 
 3,500 patients, who have flocked hither from nearly every State in the Union. 
 It is now the oldest Establishment in America, having been under the charge of 
 one Physician longer than any other Institution of the kind. 
 
 The facilities for the treatment of disease in all its varied forms, which have 
 been added to it at great expense from year to year, as experience has suggested, 
 make it now unequaled by any similar establishment in the country. 
 
 The Proprietor has also, during the past year, availed himself of the new dis- 
 covery in science, by which the various poisonous mineral and metalic substances 
 which have been taken into the system from time to time, (and some of which 
 have remained there for years,) can be extracted and made evident to the senses. 
 
 He is daily, with the assistance of the 
 
 Extracting mercury, iodine, lead and other poisons, and presenting them in a 
 metalic or oxydized form to the eye. 
 
 Many diseases can be cured with the assistance of this agent, which it is impos- 
 sible to cure in any other way. Many cases of Paralysis, Rheumatism, Enlarged 
 Joints, Neuralgia, Ulcers, etc., are caused entirely by the presence of these foreign 
 poisons, while in many other diseases, the presence of these poisons aggravates 
 very seriously, always retards, and in some cases totally prevents a cure, until they 
 can be eradicated from the system. 
 
 The subscriber intends, as his Establishment was the great pioneer of the new 
 treatment in the West, that it shall continue to be what it ever has been, pre-em- 
 inently, 
 
 Tk® Wateff (Dioff® ©if 41si© W®s4 1 
 
 T. T. SEELYE, M. D. 
 
 T047 
 
 I»I^OI>Il,IETOI?.- 
 
 39 
 
sill 
 
 SCHOOL OP MEDICINE 
 
 The Annual Session begins early in October, and ends on tbe first of the ensuing March. 
 
 FACULTY OF PHYSIC. 
 
 N. R. Smith, M. D., Professor of the Principles and Practice of Surgery. 
 W. E. A. AiKiN, M. D., Professor of Chemistry und Pharmacy. 
 Samuel Chew, M. D., Professor of the Principles and Practice of Medicine. 
 Joseph Robt, M. D., Professor of Anatomy and Physiology. 
 Richard H. Thomas. M. D., Professor of Obstotrics. 
 
 Geo. W. MiLTENBERGER, M. D., Professor of Materia Medica, Therapeutics and Patho- 
 logical Anatomy. 
 
 Clinical instruction is given in Medicine and Surgery at the "BALTIMORE INFIRM- 
 ARY," an institution of more than thirty years standing, belonging to the University, 
 situated in its immediate neighborhood, under the sole charge of, and attended by, the 
 Faculty. Its wards constantly contain ample material for illustrating the various forms of 
 disease, and are open, throughout the year, to all Matriculates of the School, without charge. 
 Anatomical material is abundant, and supplied at moderate expense. The Demonstrator, D. B, 
 Smith, M. D., devotes regular hours to this department of instruction. 
 
 ^90 00 Matriculation, $6 00 
 
 Graduation, 20 
 
 Fees for the full Course, - - $90 00 
 Practical Anatomy, - - - 10 00 
 
 For further information apply to 
 
 GEOEGE W. MILTENBERGER, 
 
 DEAN OF THE FACULTY, 
 No. 17 South Liberty Street, Baltirrore. 
 
THE STATE OF NEW YORK. 
 
 and the exports at $52,712,789. Of the exports, $41,502,800 was the value of domestic produce, of which $33,9S4,409 
 represented the value of merel)andise carried in American bottoms, and $7,508,391 that carried in foreign bottoms; and 
 $11,209,989 was the value of foreign goods reexported, of which $7,086,687 in American bottoms, and $4,123,302 in foreign 
 bottoms. Of the imports, $88,147,721 was the value of merchandise brought in American bottoms, and $22,975,803, that 
 brought in foreign bottoms. The statistics of the shipping employed in this branch of industry for the same year, exhibits 
 the annexed aggregates : 
 
 SinPPLKG EMPLOYED IN THE FOEEIGN TRADE, 1849-50. 
 Entered. Cleared. 
 
 Total. 
 
 Natiiinalitv 
 ufShiprmg. 
 
 American. 
 
 Vessels, Tuns. Crews, 
 
 . 4,137.... 1,502,290.... 59,010... 
 Foreign 3,882. . . . 775,430. . . . 40,780. . 
 
 Vessels. 
 
 . 3,610.... 
 . 8,693.... 
 
 1,411.557.... 
 737,539.... 
 
 55,575. 
 39,439. 
 
 Vessels. 
 
 . 7,747... 
 
 . 7,525... 
 
 Tons. 
 
 2,913,847. 
 1,512,969. 
 
 Crews. 
 
 114,585 
 80,219 
 
 Total 7.969.... 2,277,720.... 99,790.... 7,303.... 2,149,096.... 95,014... 15,273.... 4,426,816.... 194,804 
 
 vie. Atlantic Ports. 3,165.... 1,145,835.... 44,213.... 2.612.... 983,289.... 38,133... 5,777.... 2,129,124.... 82,346 
 " Lake Ports... 4,804.... 1,131,885.... 55,577.... 4,691.... 1,166,807.... 56,881... 9,495.... 2,297,692.... 112,458 
 
 The Atlantic porta are included in the collection districts of New York, Cold Spring, Greenport, and Sag Harbor; and 
 the lake and St, Lawrence ports, in the districts Oswego, Oswegatchie, Niagara, Cape Vincent, Sackett's Harbor, Buffalo 
 Creek, Champlain, and Genesee. New York entered 3,163 vessels, 1,145,331 tons, and 44,166 men in crews, and cleared 
 2,609 vessels, 982,478 tons, and 38,060 men, thus monopolizing the great bulk of the Atlantic trade. The relative import- 
 ance of the Lake Ports is exhibited in the order observed in the priority of their arrangement in the list above noted. 
 The total amount of shipping owned within the State at the period referred to, was 944,349 tons; registered (all belonging 
 to the Atlantic ports) 458,903 tons — 375.955 tons of the class permanent register, and 82.948 tons temporary ; enrolled and 
 licensed 473.556 tons — 384,790 tons in the Atlantic districts, and 88,766 tons in the lake districts ; and licensed (under 20 tons) 
 11,890 tons of the registered shipping, 36,148 tons were navigated by steam-power, and 6,029 tons were employed in the whale 
 fisheries. The proportion of the enrolled and licensed shipping employed in the coasting and river trade was 485,109— 
 888.2.39 tons in the Atlantic districts, and 97,870 tons in the lake districts, and in the cod fisheries 337 tons. Of the coasting 
 shipping there is employed in steam navigation, 94,809 tons — in the Atlantic districts, 64,191 tons, and in the lake districts, 
 30,618 tons. As a sliip-building State, New York is only second to Maine. During the year 1849-50, there were built in 
 the Atlantic ports, chiefly at New Nork city, 205 vessels, of an aggregate burden of 65,944 tons, and of these 26 were ships, 
 8 brigs, 44 schooners, 104 sloops and canal boats, and 28 steamers. In the ports of the lakes and the St Lawrenct, the 
 numl)er of ships built was 22 (2,898 tons) — 1 brig, 6 schooners, 8 sloops, etc., and 4 steamers. Of the lake ports, Oswego 
 built nine, Buffalo seven, Niagara two, and Genesee one. The movement of exports and imports for a series of years 
 commencing 1791 and ending 1850, was as follows : 
 
 Year. Exports. 
 
 1791 $2,505,465 
 
 1792 2.535,790 
 
 1793 2,9.32,-370 
 
 1794 5,442,183 
 
 1795 10,.304,581 
 
 1796 12.208,027 
 
 1797 13,308,064 
 
 1798 14,300,892 
 
 1799 18,719,527 
 
 1800 14,045,079 
 
 1801 19,851,136 
 
 1802 18,792,276 
 
 1803 10,818,387 
 
 1804 16,081,281 
 
 1805 23,482,943 
 
 1806 21,762.845 
 
 1807 26,357,963 
 
 1808 5,606.058 
 
 1809 12,581,562 
 
 1810 17,242,330 
 
 Imports. I Year. Exports. Imports, 
 
 \ 1811 $12,266,215 .... $ 
 
 11812 8.961,922 .... 
 
 1813 8,185,494 .... 
 
 1814 209,670 .... 
 
 1815 10,675,373 .... 
 
 1816 19,690.031 .... 
 
 1817 18,707,4.33 .... 
 
 1818 17,872,261 .... 
 
 1819 1.3,587,878 .... 
 
 1820 -13,163,244 .... 
 
 ■il821 13,162,917 ....2.3,629,246 
 
 ■I 1822 17,100,483 .... 85,445,628 
 
 ■J1823 19,038,990 .... 29,421,849 
 
 ■11824 22,897,134 ....36,11.3,723 
 
 ■ [ 1825 35,259,261 .... 49,639,174 
 
 ■ 1826 21,947,791 .... 88,115,6.30 
 
 • 1827 2.3.834,1.37 ....38,719,644 
 
 •!l828 22,777,649 ....41,927,792 
 
 ■I 1829 20,119,011 ....84,743,307 
 
 ; 1830 19,697,983 .... 85,624,070 
 
 Year. Exports. 
 
 1881 $25,535,144 
 
 18.32 26,000,945 
 
 1833 25,395,117 
 
 1884 13,849,469 
 
 1836 80,345,264 
 
 1836 28,920,638 
 
 1837 27,.3.3S,419 
 
 1S38 23,008,471 
 
 18.39 33,268,099 
 
 1840 84,264,080 
 
 1841 &3,139,8.33 
 
 1842 27,576,778 
 
 1843 16.762,664 
 
 1844 32,861,540 
 
 1845 86,175.298 
 
 1846 36,935,413 
 
 1847 49,844.368 
 
 1848 53,.S51,15T 
 
 1849 45.963,100 
 
 1850 52,712,789 
 
 Imports. 
 .$57,077,417 
 . 58,214,402 
 . 55,918,449 
 . 73,188,594 
 . 88,191,305 
 .118,253,416 
 . 79,301,772 
 . 68,453,206 
 . 99,882,438 
 . 60,440,750 
 . 75,713,-126 
 . 57,875,ij04 
 . 81,358,.>10 
 . 65,079,516 
 . 70,909,085 
 . 74,254,283 
 . 84,167,852 
 . 94,525,141 
 . 92,567,369 
 .111,128,524 
 
 Coasting, Lake, and Internal Trade. — ^No other State in the Union has such facilities for external and internal 
 commerce as that enjoyed by the State of New York. Favorably located with regard to its seaward outlet, and its 
 immense lakes and noble rivers, the first bounding it outwardly, and the latter penetrating to its very centre, it seems as 
 if it had been designed by nature for the proud preeminence to which it has attained. Thousands of vessels are constantly 
 traversing its waters, carrying freight valued at millions of dollars, and furnishing to every part, facilities for the inter- 
 change of commodities. It is also preeminent in its grand works of internal improvement — its canals, railroads, plank- 
 roads, and turnpikes, while the magnetic telegraph extends in every direction, an instantaneous communicator of informa- 
 tion between the several commercial centres. The canals of New York are features in its economy wliich distinguish it 
 from othor States — they extend from tlie waters of the Hudson to L<ike Erie, a distance of 364 miles, and have branches 
 in every direction : to Lake Champlain, to Lake Ontario, and several to the south, and others, more local in their utility, are 
 formed in various parts. The traffic on the Erie Canal is immense, and this forms the great highway between the 
 Western States and the sea-board. The Delaware and Hudson Canal is chiefly used for the transportation of coal from 
 Pennsylvania. The railroads have a present length of nearly 2,500 miles, and others are constantly being opened; and 
 with regard to plank-roads, which for many purposes are equal to the railroad, almost every trade centre is connected by 
 them with the producing regions. The turnpikes and the county and town roads are everywhere well kept, and in 
 excellent coaditioa. (For the details of the canals and railroads, see APf£i^m.\.) 
 
 203 
 
THE STATE OP NEW YORK. 
 
 Banks. — On the 30th June, 1S50, there were in the State, 192 banks and branch banks, and their flnanciol condition at 
 
 that date wad as follows : 
 
 BBSOintClSS. 
 
 Loans «nd discounts t9l.l93,S45 
 
 Loans and discounts to Directors 4,799,227 
 
 All sums due from brokers 2,487,909 
 
 Real estate 3,a44,514 
 
 Bonds and mortgage 3,069,163 
 
 Stocks > 12,627,494 
 
 Specie 11,653,339 
 
 Cash Items 9,181,481 
 
 Bills of solvent Banks on hand 3,071,749 
 
 Due from solvent Banks on demand 10,551,966 
 
 Due fl-om solvent Banks on credit 497,501 
 
 Total resources (including the above) $153,095,287 
 
 LiABrLrriKS. 
 
 Capital $47,779,727 
 
 Profits 8,113,064 
 
 Notes in circulation not registered 615,768 
 
 Registered notes in circulation 23,59^,573 
 
 Due Treasurer of the Stale of New York 1,473.901 
 
 Due depositors on demand 46,691,465 
 
 Due individuals and Corporations other than 
 
 Banks and depositors 821,365 
 
 Due Banks on demand 22,180,537 
 
 Due Banks on credit 781,252 
 
 Due to others 1,353,318 
 
 Total liabilities (including the above) $153,096,287 
 
 Oaverntmnt, etc.— The constitution of New York was adopted in convention October 9th, 1846, and ratified by the 
 people on the 2d November following. 
 
 Every adult white male citizen who shall have been such for ten days, a resident of the State for one year, of the 
 county for four months, and of the district for 30 days next preceding an election, may vote at «U1 elections in his plnce of 
 residence ; but no man of color is eligible as un elector unless he shall have resided in the State for 3 years, be a freeholder 
 to the value of $250 above all encumbrances for one year, and have paid taxes thereon. Persons convicted of infamous 
 crimes, and persons betting on the result of an election, are by law deprived of the franchise. The general election is 
 held on the Tuesday succeeding the first Monday in November annually. 
 
 The LegUtlature is composed of a Senate and House of Assembly ; the Senate consists of 32 members elected from 
 single districts, and the Assembly of 128 members apportioned among the several counties — senators are elected for 
 two years, and assemblymen for one year. Every white male voter is eligible for election. Members of both houses 
 are paid $3 a day during their session, and 10 cents for each mile of travel. No person holding office of profit under 
 the State or United States can sit as a member. The Legislature meets at Albany on the first Tuesday in January an- 
 nually. 
 
 Executive powers are vested in the governor, who holds oflSce for two years. No person can be governor who has not 
 attained to the age of 30 years, nor unless a citizen of the United States and resident for the last five years of the State. 
 The governor has the right to veto any act of the legislature, but a two-thirds vote subsequently legalizes the act. The 
 lieutenant-governor is elected in the same way as the governor, and is ex-officio president of the senate, in which, how- 
 ever, he has only a casting vote. On the demise or disability of the governor, he, and after him the president of the 
 senate pro tempore, succeeds to the chair. The Secretary of State, comptroller, treasurer, attorney-general, etc., are 
 elected for two years ; the three canal commissioners and three inspectors of State prisons for three years, one of each 
 set of officers annually ; and county, town, city, and village officers, for one year. 
 
 The Judufiary of the State is composed of several courts provided for in the constitution : the court for the " trial of 
 impeachments" is composed of the President of the Senate (who is president of the court), the members of the senate, 
 and the judges of the courts of appeals. It is a court of record, and when summoned, meets at Albany, and has fof Its 
 clerk and officers the clerk and officers of the senate; if the governor be impeached, the chief judge of appeals, and 
 not the lioutenantrgovernor, presides. Two-thirds of the members present must concur before a conviction can be had, 
 and the judgment of the court extends only to removal and disqualification, the party adjudged being still liable to in- 
 dictment. The court of appeals is composed of eight justices, of whom four are elected (one every second year) by the 
 people at large, and four selected each year from the justices of the Supreme Court having the shortest time to serve. The 
 judge (of those elected) whose term first expires, presides as chief judge, and any six of these judges constitute a quo- 
 rum. Four terms are held annually, and every two years there must be one term in each judicial district. This court 
 has power to correct and reverse the decisions of the supreme court or of the old supreme court and court of chancery. 
 The supreme court has general jurisdiction in law and equity and power to review judgments of county courts and old 
 courts of common pleas. For the election of justices, the State is divided into eight districts, each of Which elects four 
 justices, to serve respectively eight years, one judge retiring every second year. The justice in each district whose term 
 first expires, and who is not justice of the supreme court, is the presiding judge, and the clerks of the several counties 
 serve as clerks. One general term must be held annually in every county having 40,000 inhabitants, and in all others one 
 term biennially ; and every coimty has at least two special terms and two circuit courts, except the county of New York, 
 in which the circuit court hits four sessions. Any three or more (including the presiding judge) hold the general terms, 
 and any one or more the special terms, at which are heard all equity ciuses, and the circuit courts, which are held exclu- 
 sively for the trial of issues of fact. The county or surrogate's courts have local jurisdiction only. Each county, except 
 that of New York, elects one judge for four years, who acts also as surrogate ; but counties having 40,000 inhabitants elect 
 a separate surrogate. The powers of the court extend to all cases when the debt or damages are not above $2,000 ; to 
 actions for person-il injury or trespass, where the claim is not over $500, and to replevins, where the property claimed is 
 not above $1,000, etc. Surrogati-s' courts have the ordinary jurisdiction of courts of probate. 
 
 The criminal jurisdiction of the State is vested in courts of oyer and terminer and courts of sessions. The court of 
 oyer and terminer in each county, except that of New York, is composed of a justice of the supreme court, who presides, 
 the county judge, and two justices of the peace chosen memlx-rs. In New York county thi« court is composed of a 
 justice of the supreme court and any two of the following officers : judges of common pleas of the county, and the mayor, 
 recorder and aldermen of the city. Courts of sessions are composed of the county judge and two justices of the peace, 
 designated as members. All these courts are held at the same time and at the same place as circuit courts. 
 
 The civil courts of the city and county of New York are the superior court ami the court of common pleas, the former 
 of which has six justices, and the Litter throe justices. There is also the marine court, which has two judges. 
 
 Federal liepresentation.-^la accordance with the law of 23d May, 1850, New York sends thirtytwo representatives 
 lO the United States Congress. 
 204 
 

 
 
 4l 
 
 
 'is- 
 
 :(> 
 
 
 > ~ 
 
 (IsSj^^^^Sa 
 
 V 
 
 
THE LITTLE GIANT CORN AND COB MILL. 
 
 00 
 
 •4~> 
 
 o 
 
 00 
 
 Gi 
 
 
 The above represents in operation the celebrated cast iron Little Giant Mill for 
 preparing feed for stock as now sold, with triple sets of crushers and double grind- 
 ing surfaces, or in other words two Milts in one. 
 
 This Mill grinds twice as rapidly as single ones of same size and makes a more 
 even quality of Meal, especially corn and cob Meal. For strength, durability and 
 convenience of use, we warrant them superior to all others, and indeed the propri- 
 etors have yet to learn that any have ever been uorn out, though they have been in 
 constant use for three years, during which time some 7,000 have been sold. Break- 
 age or derangement is almost impossible, the whole being arranged to combine sim- 
 plicity with strength. Furnished complete, ready for use, without any further ex- 
 pense. 
 
 SCOTT'S 
 CRESCENT GRAIN MILL. I 
 
 These Mills are adapted to any kind of 
 work, grinding coarse or fine meal from 
 _ wheat, corn, oats or rye. The Crescent 
 H Mill, is easily attached to common horse 
 power or other machinery, for running a 
 belt. It is provided with cast steel cob- 
 breakers for making cob meal and separa- 
 tors, to be used when grinding bread meal. 
 
 Jt^ All our Mills warranted to give satisfaction, and if they prove otherwise 
 purchasers may return after 30 days' trial and money will be refunded. 
 
 SCOTT & HEDGES, Cincinnati, 0. 
 JAMES B. CHAD WICK, St. Louis, Mo. 
 E. W. LAWRENCE & CO., Ckicacfo, Ills. 
 SCOTT, MOCBRE & CO., Philadelphia, Pa. 
 
lllUMi |4| 
 
 OF B-A^LTIMOHE. 
 OflGlce of the Company No. 202 Baltimore Street. 
 
 C. R. Woodworth & Co., 74 Wall St., N. Y.; Union Gas Works Co., No. 56 
 Washington St., Boston; Ferris & Garrett, Wilmington, Del.; Williams & Allen, 
 Pittsburg, Pa.; Dannenhold & Nock, 99 Fifth street, Cincinnati, Ohio; Wm. 
 Dean, St. Louis, Mo.; L. A. Hart & Co., Wilmington, N. C; H. B. Latrobe, 
 Columbia, S. C; Wm. Schley, Jr., Augusta, Geo.; Wethered & Tiffany, San 
 Francisco, California. 
 
 G-^^S FOI^ THE COXJ3SrTI^"^5r. 
 
 The Patent Portable Gas Apparatus, manufactured and put up by 
 the Maryland Portable Gas Company, of Baltimore, are particularly 
 adapted to the use of Dwellings, Schools, Colleges, Churches, Hotels 
 Factories, Towns and Villages. It furnishes a light cheaper than oil 
 or candles, and requires no more skill or intelligence in the manage- 
 ment of it than an ordinary cooking etove. They are made of any re- 
 quired capacity and put up at short notice. 
 
 For terms and other information apply at the office of the Company, 
 No. 202 Baltimore Street, Baltimore, Md., or to either of the above 
 Agents. 
 
 E. R. SPRAGUE, Treas. 
 
THE STATE OF NEW YORK. 
 
 The militia force of the Slate, la accordance with the United States Army Register for 1851, consisted of 265,293 men 
 of all arms, of which 7,662 were commissioned officers, and 257,631 non-commissioned oflRcers, musicians, artificers, and 
 privates. Of the commissioned officers, 99 are general officers, 315 general staff officers, 1,543 field officers, etc., and 5,705 
 company officers. Every white male citizen, between 18 nnd 45 years of ago, is liable to military duty, unless exempt by 
 law or having paid the commutation fine. The volunteer and uniformed militia of the State, and especially of the city, is 
 the best instructed body of s<ildiers in the Union. 
 
 New York has numerous benevolent ijistitutions, many of which are partly supported from the public funds and partly 
 from local sources. The principal of these are the Institution for the Deaf and Dumb, and the Institution for the Blind, 
 both at New York City, the State Lunatic Asylums at Utica, the New York City Hospital, etc ; and besides these, almost 
 every city has numerous similar institutions, which will compare well with those of the oldest European States. The 
 number of pupils in the Institution for the Deaf and Dumb, on the 31st December, 18.50, was 227 — 12S males and 99 
 females; receipts $39,216 39, and expenditures $.39,432 93. The Institution for the Blind had 135 pupils; receipts 
 $30,117 85, and expenditure $28,451 19. The State Lunatic Asylum had 449 inmates — 226 males and 223 females. 
 
 Finances. — The general fund and railroad debt, at the close of the fiscal year ending 30th September, 1S50, wa» 
 $6,359,693 32; and the canal debt at the same period was $16,171,109 16— in the aggregate .$22,5:30,802 43, on which 
 accrues annually nearly $1,235,360 interest. There is also a contingent debt, consisting of State stock and ci intnjUer's 
 bonds of $933,036, upon which the State does not pay interest. This will make the total State debt, absolute and contin- 
 gent, $23,463,833 64. 
 
 The property of the State, in addition to the educational funds mentioned hereafter, consists of the works of internal 
 improvement, which at their cost valuation (i. e., the amount expended upon them to date), are worth $35,115,237 75. 
 But the whole amount of tolls derived from them during the year was $3,254,051 71 — which gave, after deducting 
 expenses, the net income of $2,650,206 49, which is 6 per cent, interest upon $44,170,108, a sum which in reality repre- 
 sents the value of the works. The average net annual income for the last five years is $2,518,044 87, which is equal to a 
 capital of $41,967,414 50, at 6 per cent interest. The amount of debt incurred for their construction, and yet unpaid, is as 
 stated above $16,171,109. The taxable property in New Y<jrk in 1S48, was $727,494,583, being $571,690,807 the assessed 
 value of 27,912,076 acres of real estate, and $153,183,486 of personal estate. The State and county taxes amounted to 
 $4,892,051, and the town taxes to $1,420,736— total $6,312,787; making the rate of State, county, and town taxes, S.6 mills 
 on a $1 valuation. The highest rate was 25.7 mills on $1 in Hamilton County, and the lowest 3.1 mills in Ontario and 
 Putnam counties. 
 
 The revenue of the General Fund, on which are charged the ordinary expenses of government, for the year ending 30th 
 September, 1S50, was $881,241 57, and the expenditures for the same period. $S26,720 29 — excess of revenue, $54,521 28. 
 The chief sources of j'jifowip were — auction duties, $85,909 69; salt duties, $44,364 03; fees of secretary's office, $2,110 71; 
 peddlers' licenses, $1,700; foreign insurance companies. $802 79; Interest on arrears of county taxes, $4,273 19; surplus 
 revenue of canals (aimual appropriation), $200,000; State tax, $272,422 25; sales of lands, $3,700 83; redemption of land 
 sold for taxes, $.34,230 47; arrears of county taxes, $25,048 46; Columbia County, for enforcing law, $5,000; Duchess 
 County, for ditto, $9.34 97; miscellaneous and temporary receipts, $31,856 67; ami the principal objects of expeniliture 
 were : Executive expenses, $37,554 65 ; judiciary, $100,911 58 ; legislature, $96,0ii7 99 ; commissary's department, 
 $14,487 63 ; commissioners of code, $2,450 ; commissioners on practice and pleading, .$2,860 28 ; State printing, 
 $92,.52S 53; deaf and dumb, .$25,7*4 10; blind, $11,918 85; agricultural societies, $6,107; Onondjiga Salt Springs, 
 $•29,027; State prisons, $82,376 97; State Libr.iry, .$6,937 52; postage, .$3,504 42; Hospital at New York, $22,500 ; House 
 of Refuge for "Western New York, $18,000: foreign poor, $20,000; orphan asylums, $5,500; New York Arsenal, 
 $920 08 ; geological survey, $16,918 82 ; Attorney-general's Library, $1,499 49 ; miscellaneous and tt^nporary expendi- 
 tures, $84,233 48. 
 
 The sjiecial funds held by the government in trust are the Bank Fund, the Free B.ink Fund, and the School Fund : 
 
 The £ank Fund is made up by annual contributions from the incorporated Safety Fund banks, of one half of one per 
 cent, on their respective capitals, and is by law appropriated to the payment of the debts of su<'h banks, liable to contrib- 
 ute the same as may become insolvent. The fund has been exhausted, and there are $721..330 11 of 6 per cent, stock now 
 outstanding to meet the wants of the fund — which stock, except $59,450 54 now in the treasury or invested, is to be pro- 
 vided for out of the future contributions by the banks to the fund. The whole circulation redeemed for insolvent banks 
 is $1,503,740 64, and debts paid, ){il,028,6S4 4-3— total $2,586,425 07. The aggregate amount of contributions up to 
 January. 1866. when all the safety fund b.ank charters expire, will be $994,225 60. The notes of every insolvent bank 
 have been redeemed. There are now (1850) 73 of these banks In operation, and one branch, the aggregate capllal of 
 which amounts to $27,664,860; circulation to which they are entitled, $22,161,370; and actual circulation, $20,669,178 50. 
 
 The Fres Sank, Fund consists of bonds, and mortgages, and stocks deposited with the Bank Commissioner, and 
 moneys received on the same and held by him for the redemption of the circulating notes issued by banks and individual 
 bankers under the general banking law. The whole number of associations is seventy-one. and of individual banks 
 mxty-five — In all 136, the aggregate capital of which (1st December, 1850) was $14,203,115 ; and the whole amount of 
 deposits $14,823,087 46. 
 
 Of \.\\c funds devoted to education, the capital and revenue of each description for the year ending 30th September, 
 1850, was as follows: "Common School Fund," capital $2,290,673 23, and revenue $123,090 78 ; the " United States De- 
 posit Fund," capital $4,014,520 71, and revenue .$2.55,328 85; and the " Liter.itnre Fund," capital $272,880 12, and revenue 
 $37,948 12. Total— capital $6,578,074 06, and revenue $416,367 75. There has also been paid from the general fund for 
 the instruction of the deaf and dumb, .$25,784 10, and to the Institution for the Blind, $11,918 So, making the whole sum 
 paid during the year for education, $454,070 70. The Common School Fund also owns about .301.759 acres of land, and 
 the Literature Fund, about 10,880 acres. Of the funds devoted to education, as above what is exclusively the Common 
 School Fund, maybe stated as follows: Productive capit.il of the School Fund, $2,290,673 23; such an amount from the 
 United States Deposit Fund as will produce $165,000 — the sum annually appropriated therefrom for the support of com- 
 mon schools, at six per cent, intere.nt, $2,750.000— and sum reserved by the constitution to l>e added annually to the ciipital 
 of the School Fund, $25,000, making a total of $5,065,673 33. The annual interest on this sum, at six per cent., is 
 $•303,340 39. The balance of the income of the United States Deposit Fund ($90,328 85) is appropriated to the support 
 of colleges, academies, the Normal School, Indian schools, teacher.s' Institutes, etc. The income of the Literature Fund 
 must, by the constitution, be applied to the support of academies. The whole amount of public money received from all 
 sources by the commissioners of cities and town superint(;ndents, during the year ending Ist July, 1850, was $1,035,854 85, 
 
 205 
 
THE STATE OF NEW YORK. 
 
 of which was apportioned to teachers' wages $730,798 12, and for libraries $91,303 90, leaving a balance apportioned for 
 contingent expenses amounting to $213,092 S3. The amount paid on rate bills for teachers' wages besides public money, 
 was $6u8,72-t 56. Total cost of supporting common schools, $1,544,579 41. 
 
 £ducatian.— In the 878 towns and 81 wards of cities of the Slate, there were on Ist July, 1S50, 8,394 common school 
 districts, and 5,025 parts of districts ; and returns were received from 8,336 wliole, and 5,475 parts of districts. The average 
 length of schools in all districts, 8 months. Volumes in district libraries, 1,449,950. Children taught during the year, 
 794,500, and the number of chililren between 5 and 16 years of age returned, 735,188; of these 200,128 pupils attended 
 schools less than 2 months, 198,022 less than 4 months, 167.732 less than 6 months, 106,100 less than 8 months, 59.315 less 
 than 10 months, 18,455 less than 12 months, and 9,079 12 months. In 52 schools for colored children there were 4,971 
 scholars, and for the support of these $11,480 44 was appropriated. There were besides, schools for the instruction of 
 Indian children in the several reservations; in 1849, 641 In<lian children between 5 and 16 years of age, were reported, 
 au<i about 500 attended school ; about 2.50 attend the Normal School at Albany annually, and on the 1st January, 1851, 
 there were 226 pupils in the institution— 77 males, and 149 females. The whole number of graduates was 494—276 males, 
 and 218 females; and <luring the year then ending 9 Indian youth— 6 males, and 3 females— were taught, to prepare them 
 for teachers among their own people. Teachers' institutes are held annually in the counties, but the reports say that of 
 late a diminished interest in regard of them has been observed. 
 
 Most of the large centres of population have incorporated academies which are supervised by the Kegents of the 
 University ; and there are a large number of unincorporated academies, seminaries, and private schools, self-supporting. 
 About 75,000 children are annu.illy taught at the private institutions. 
 
 The collegiate establishments within the State are also numerous and highly efHcient as institutions of learning. The 
 principal of these, including academic, law, medical, theological, etc., with their statistics in 18.50, are as follows: 
 
 Names. Koiinded. I.oration. Professora. Alumni. Stiidenta, Librnrs-; 
 
 Columbia (Kpisc.) College 1J54 N. York City 7 1,450 Ill 17,000 vols. 
 
 Union College 1795 Schenectady 12 2,725 266 15,000 " 
 
 Hamilton College 1812 Clinton 9 4.58 129 10,500 « 
 
 Madison (A/p^:.) University 1819 Hamilton 9 200 127 7,000 « 
 
 Geneva (£>*«<.'.) College 1823 Geneva 5 131 42 5,400 " 
 
 University of New York 1831 N. York City 11 320 150 4,000 " 
 
 St. John's (/?. a/tt.) College 1841 Fordham 16 43 65 12,60C " 
 
 Bt. Paul's {Epixc.) College 1837 College Point 11 880 29 2,800 " 
 
 University of All)any — Albany — — — — " 
 
 Law School — Universitij of Albany — Albany 3 — — — vols. 
 
 College of Physicians and Surgeons 1807 N. York City 6 852 219 — " 
 
 Medical \ns.\.\l\\\.ii~Geiieva College 1835 Geneva 6 98 60 — " 
 
 Medical Faculty— University of K York 1837 N. York City 6 597 421 — " 
 
 Alb-any Medical College 1839 Alb.iny 8 58 114 — " 
 
 Theological Institute, Prot. Episc. Church 1817 N. York City 5 836 64 10,000 " 
 
 Union Theological Seminary 18.36 N. York City 5 211 106 18,000 " 
 
 Theological Seminary of Auburn 1821 Auburn 4 580 80 6,000 " 
 
 Hamilton Literary and Theolog. Institute 1820 Hamilton 4 133 82 4,000 " 
 
 llartwick Seminary 1816 Hartwick 2 52 5 1.2,50 " 
 
 Theological Seminary, Asso. Kef. Church 1836 Newburg 1 143 11 8,200 " 
 
 There are numerous other local schools besides the above, as the ward schools of cities, various mechanics' schools, 
 enilowed schools, the Free Academy at New York and others, which are not included in the above returns, but which aro 
 nevertheless of essential utility in the field of education; and with regard to literary, scientific, and artistic institutions, no 
 other State in the Union is so amply provided with them. 
 
 Public Librarii','!. — Three State libraries— 34,099 volumes; 21 social- 151,894 volumes; S college — 4-3,376 volumes; 
 21 students' — 19,819 volumes; 171 academic and professional — 14;M05 volumes; 4 scientific and historical — 25,253 volumes; 
 8,070 public school— 1,33S,848 volumes. Total 8,298 libraries, and 1,750,2.54 volumes. 
 
 Periodical Prens. — The whole number of periodicals published in the State, on the 1st June, 1850, was 458. and of these 
 141 were whig, 110 democratic, and 207 neutral in politics, in the latter class being also included all literary, religious, 
 ecientifle, etc., perio<licals, and all the character of which had not been asccrtjiined. Of the aggregate number, 54 were 
 published daily, 1 fcur times a week, 13 tri-weekly, 13 semi-weekly, 313 weekly, 13 semi-monthly, 25 monthly, and 3 quar- 
 terly ; and the circulation at each issue of the dallies was 230.995, or 72,301 ,4;i5 annually; of the one published 4 times a 
 week 1.100, or 228,800 annually ; of Uie tri-weeklies 86,975, or 5,768,100 annually ; of the semi-weeklies 80,365, or 8.157,960 
 .nnnually; of the weeklies 694,414, or 311,109.528 annually; of the semi-monthlies 78,500, or 1,884,000 annually; of the 
 monthlies 433,750, or 5,205,000 annually; and of the quarterlies 6,150, or 24,600 annually; total copies at each issue 
 1,512.249, or 124,679,423 annually. In the city of New York the periodicals numbered, 14 dailies, 8 semi-weeklies, 58 weeklies, 
 
 8 Sunday papers, 5 semi-monthlies, 39 monthlies, and 2 quarterlies. In Albany County there are 5 d. and 9 w. ; in 
 Alleghany, 3 w. ; in Piroome, 1 li. and 3 w. ; in Cattaraugus, 5 w. ; in Cayuga, 1 d., 5 w., and 1 m. ; in Chautauque, 9 w. ; 
 in Chemung, 9 w. ; in Chenango, 4 w. ; in Clinton, 3 w. and 1 m. ; in Columbia, 1 d., 6 w., and 1 s.-m. ; in Cortland, 5 w. ; 
 in Delaware, 3 w. ; in Duchess, w. ; in Erie, 6 d., 1 four times a week, 4 t.-w., 1 s.-w., 10 w., and 2 m. ; in Essex, 3 w. 
 and 1 ni. ; in Franklin, 2 w. ; in Fulton, 2 w. ; in Genesee, 4 w. ; in Greene, 3 w. ; in Herkimer, 4 w. ; in Jefferson, 5 w. ; 
 in Kings, 8 il. and 3 w. ; in Lewis, 3 w. ; in Livingston, 6 w. and 1 s.-m. ; in Madison, 5 w. and 1 s.-m. ; in Monroe, 3 d., 
 
 9 t.-w., 10 w., 2 s.-m., and 2 m. ; in Montgomery, 6 w. ; in Niag.ira, 1 d. and 4 w. ; in Oneida, 4 d., 13 w., 2 s.-m., and 
 
 1 m. ; in Onondaga, 4 <!., 1 s.-w., 12 w., 1 s.-m., and 3 m. ; in Ontario, 5 w. ; in Orange, 2 s.-w., 6 w., and 1 q. ; in Orleans, 
 4 w. ; in Oswego, 2 d. and 6 w. ; in Otsego, 4 w. ; in Putnam, 1 w. ; in Queens, 5 w. ; in Rensselaer, 8 d., 4 w., and 1 m. ; 
 in Richmond, 1 w. ; in Rockland, 2 w. ; in St. Lawrence, 7 w. ; in Saratoga, 8 w. ; in Schenectjidy, 2 w. ; in Schoharie, 
 
 2 w. ; in Seneca, 4 w. ; in Steuben, 5 w. ; in Suffolk, 1 s.-w. and 6 w. ; in Sullivan, 3 w. ; in Tioga, 2 w. ; in Tompkins, 1 d. 
 and 2 w. ; in Ulster, 5 w. ; in Washington, 7 w. ; in Wayne, 7 w. ; in Westchester, 5 w. ; in Wyoming, 2 w. ; and in i ates, 
 8 weeklies. 
 
 206 
 
SOLE PATENTEE AND MANUFACTURER OF 
 
 Green, Buff", Yelloic and Crimson 
 
 [I -TRANSPARENT WINDOW SHADE OIL CLOTHS, 
 
 FACTORY, No. 16 IRWIN STREET, 
 
 N, B. — All widths, from three-fourths to two and a-half yards 
 wide. 
 
 WM. GARVIN. SAM'l GETTY. JAS. GARVIN. JOHN BELL. S. GWYN. 
 
 IMPORTERS AND WHOLESALE DEALERS IN 
 
 FOREIGN AND DOMESTIC DRY GOODS, 
 
 •Mnd Jftanufacturers of Clothing, 
 
 Nos. 442 and 444 Main St., North Side, between 5th and 6th, 
 LOUISVILLE, KY. 
 
 cv 
 
 WILLIAM KAGER, 
 
 W^TEK STREET, ^BO\^E SECOJVn, 
 
 LOUISVILLE, KY. 
 
 OF ALL SIZES. 
 
 Cash for old Copper and Brass at the highest rates. 
 
 A. M'BRIDE, 
 
 •WHOLESALE AND RETAIL DEALER IN 
 
 Hardware and Cutlery, 
 
 MANITFACTURER OF 
 
 PLANES AND MECHANICS' TOOLS, 
 
 JVo, 69 Third Street, 
 
 N o. 97. 
 
 40 
 
J. R. HOLMES. 
 
 J. T. HOLMES. 
 
 THOS. B. UPDIKE. 
 
 MANUFACTURERS OF DOUBLE-REFINED CAST STEEL 
 
 its, WiXUh%itS, 
 
 ADZES AND HATCHETS, 
 
 nxro- X3 "\7V"o€3<a. st. 
 A. & D. H. CHAMBEHS, 
 
 MANUFACTURERS OF 
 
 VIALS, BOTTLES ID WINDOW GLASS, 
 
 ALSO, A SUPERIOR ARTICLE OF 
 NEAR THE MONONGAHELA HOUSE, 
 
 PITTSBTJRGH, PA. 
 
 J. SGHOONMAKEE, 
 
 M.A.3VCri'-flk.Ca?XT3E*.EIIt OI» 
 
 '9 
 
 ZmC, PAINT, LITHARGE, PUTTY, 
 
 AND AVHOL.ESAL.S: DKAL.ER XX 
 
 PAINTS, OILS, YAHNISHES, TUHPENTINE, ETC. 
 
 No. 24 -WOOD STREET, 
 
 1046 
 
PROVED PATENT MELODEON. 
 
 GEO. A. PRINCE & CO., Manufacturers, BUFFALO, N. Y. 
 
 ■W-ia:OI-.ES.A.LE IDEFOT, - - 87 FXJLTOaST ST., - - KfJE-gV -STORIS. 
 
 For the convenience of Music Dealers iu all ymrts of the United States, we have made arrangements with the foUowing firms, who will 
 
 supply the tra'te at our regular I-'actoilv 1*rii:ls: 
 
 GEO. P. HEED & Co., 17 Tremont Kow, Boston; 'W. F: COLBTJRN, 78 West 4th St., Cincinnati; BALMEH 
 
 & WEBEB, 58 4tli St., St: Louiw; REED & "WATKINrf, 51 Randolph St., Chicago: 
 
 PH. P: WERLEIN, 15 Camp St., New Orleans. 
 
 General Agent for Sew York tity, Will. HALL & SOX, No. 239 Broadway, opposite the Park. 
 
 Between 17.000 .iml isniid ..(' tliose Tnstnjments )iaye been finislied. and are now in use. Tlie latest ImprDve- 
 
 ment in our MelcKleons is Ihf l)IVIl)i;i) SWELL, secured to ns by I^etters Patent, 2'Jd May, ]8.55. By means of 
 
 this Swell, Solo I'.\ssages may be jilayivl witli the full yiower of tiie Instrument, wliilethc Accomp.4MMEM' is soft 
 
 and .subdued. Hereafter, all .Mcloiieons made by us will be furni.slicd with this attachment, wituoct extra charge. 
 
 Extract from the Commercial Advertiser, July TltJi, 1855. 
 
 " Messrs. Prince & Co. could realize a handsome fortune by disposing of rights to other mantifacturcrs to use their new improve- 
 mont, but as they prefer to make it a feature iu their Instruments, it can only he obtained by purchasing one of their manufacture." 
 
 It is now eight years since we commenced the manufacture of this now celebrated Musical Instniment, during 
 which time we have finished and sold nearly Eighteen Tli<iusa7id. Voluntary testimonials of the excellence of our 
 Instruments, from the most distinguished Professors of Music in different parts of the United States, have from 
 time to time been received. Thus far we have said but little, and our advertisements were seldom seen, for the 
 reason that we could not suiiply the demand. AVe have lately erected one of the largest and most perfect Manu- 
 facturing Establishments in the United States, and we now think that wc can fdl orders promptly. 
 
 "G. A. Prince & Co— Gentlemen:— The Double Reed Mclodeon has arrived, and a most charming Instrument it is. It has been 
 played on by Wallace, Dr. Hodges, Wm. Masou, and a host of others, and they all pronounce it one of the most beautiful-toned Reed 
 Instruments they have ever touched. Very respectfully, 
 
 Nrw York, 15<A Octohcr, 1855. JAMES F. HALL." 
 
 We are not aware that the above mentioned Melodeon is in any particular superior to those we are daily finish 
 ing, and we can assure those who are inclined to favor us with their orders, that they will be furnished with an 
 Instrument equally as goml. (lur Instruments are all finished in KOSi-iWOOl) CASKS, and the workmanship is 
 of the very best quality. 
 
 LIST OF PKICBS. 
 
 IN PIANO CASE. 
 
 FIVK OCTAVE ME- 
 LODKOV, extend- 
 ing from F to F..$100 
 
 SIX OCTAVE ME- 
 LODi;OX. e.\ tend- 
 ing from F to F.-.130 
 
 Fivr, OCTAVE ME- 
 LODEON, Double 
 Keed, extending 
 from F to F 150 
 
 OROAX MELODEON 
 (for church'si. Five 
 Octavci. eight stops, 
 o'li' and a half oc- 
 tave pedals four sets 
 of reeds 350 
 
 LIST OF PRICES. 
 
 IN PORTALI.E CASE. 
 
 FOUR OCTAVF, .ME- 
 LODEON, ext(nul- 
 ing from C to C $45 
 
 FOUR AND A HALF 
 OCTAVE MELO- 
 DKON, extending 
 from C to F 60 
 
 FIVE OCTAVE ME- 
 LODEON, extend- 
 ing from F to F 75 
 
 FIVE OCTAVE M>> 
 LODEON, Double 
 Reed, extending 
 from F to F -.1.30 
 
 Agcnt-s, for the sale of our MeloJeons, may be found in all the principal C.\i 
 
 of the United States and the Canadas. 
 
 GEO. A. PRINCE & Co., Buffalo, and 87 Fulton St., New York. 
 
THE STATE OF NEW YORK. 
 
 Religious D6notninaUons.—T\ie statistics of the several religious denominations, in 1850, were as 1 
 
 Benomina- 
 
 Deciomma- No. (if Church Value of 
 
 tiona. Churches, accom. Property. 
 
 BapUst 7T6.. 3*4.274.. $2,252,350 
 
 Christian... 62.. 20,000.. 76,650 
 
 Congregat'l. 214. . 102,430. . 779,304 
 
 Diitcli Ber.. 232.. 131,025.. 3,542,850 
 
 Episcopal . . 275 . . 138,965 . . 4,110,824 
 
 Free 15.. 4,600.. 28,700 
 
 Friends .... 132 . . 49,314 . . 309,380 
 
 Denomina- No. of Church Value of 
 
 lions. Churches. accoNi. Property. 
 
 GermnEef. 1.. 600.. $15,000 
 
 Jewish ... . 9 . . 5,600 . . 126,000 
 
 Lutheran... 80.. 37,870.. 252,200 
 
 Mennonite. 4.. 1,000.. 2,050 
 
 Methodist. . 1,215. . 478,145. . 2,885,543 
 
 Moravian.. 3.. 1,500.. 36,000 
 
 27,379. 
 10,225. 
 52,470. 
 Presbyter'n. 662. . 369,314. . 4,847,206 MinorSects. 22.. 8,500. 
 
 Cl.i 
 
 dies. 
 
 E. Catholic. 174.. 
 Swedenb'g.. 2.. 
 
 Tunker — .. 
 
 Union 74.. 
 
 Unitarian... 22.. 
 Universalist. 110.. 
 
 122,538 
 450 
 
 Vahie of 
 Property. 
 
 . $1,569,875 
 1,400 
 
 . 110,300 
 292,075 
 327,100 
 64,900 
 
 —making a total of 4,084 churches, accommodating 1,896,229 persons, and valued as property at $21,132,707. The State 
 constitutes two dioceses of the Protestant Episcopal Cliurch, viz., the diocese of New York, and the diocese of Western 
 Kew York; and in the Eomun Catholic Church, it constitutes the dioceses of Buffalo and Albany, and the arch-diocese 
 of New York, in the latter of which. East New Jersey is included. 
 
 Pauperism and Crime.— The whole number of paupers that received assistance and support within the year ending 
 1st June, 1850, was 59,855, of whom 19,275 were native-born and 40,580 foreign-born ; and the whole number receiving 
 public charity at that date was 12,833, of whom 5,755 were native-born and 7,078 foreigners. Annual coat of support 
 $817,386. In the above, the foreign (laupefs under charge of the Commissioners of Emigration are not accounted for, as 
 they are chargeable on a special fund raised by capitation tax on themselves. The number of convictif)n3 in courts of 
 record in the year 1849, was 1,531—1,4.37 m.iles, and 94 females: offenses against the person, 397— 385 males and 12 
 females ; offenses against property, with violence, 150—146 males and 4 females ; offenses against property, without 
 violence, 545—500 males and 46 females ; offenses against the currency, 37 (all males) ; and other offenses, 404—371 males 
 33 females. The ratio of convictions of females to those of males is as 1 to 15.18. Upon convictions, 4 were sentenced 
 to be hung, 545 to the State prison, 51 to House of Eefuge, 299 to the local prison, 32 to.be fined and imprisoned, 565 to 
 fine, and the sentences of 33 were suspended. The State prisons are at Sing Sing, Auburn, and Clinton. Thcwhole 
 number of convicts in those on the 31st December, 1849, was 1,484 ; received during the year, 600, and discharged— by 
 expiration of sentence, 352; by death by disease, 30; by accidental death, 3; by escape 9; by pardon, 45; by habeas 
 corpus, 4; to House of Eefuge, 2; to Lunatic Asylum, 10; to other prisons, 17— in all, 472. Eemaining in prison 1st 
 December, 1850, 1,611. Of the 600 admitted, 535 were first convictions, 56 second, 7 third, and 2 fourth convictions. 
 The daily average of all these prisons was 1,556. The whole number of punishments in all the male prisons was 613 — 
 in Auburn 1 in 21, in Sing Sing 1 in 35i, and in Clinton 1 in 28i. Average cost of each ration— at Sing Sing 8.6 cents, 
 at Auburn 6.7 cents, and at Clinton 8.3 cents. Of the 1,611 remaining in prison, 11 were committed for murder, 41 for 
 manslaughter, 69 for assault with intent to kill, 44 for rape, 24 for assault to commit rape, 353 for burglary, 537 for grand 
 larceny, 82 lor robbery, 104 for petit larceny, and 31 for counterfeiting and uttering. A common English education has 
 been given to 472 of these convicts. The receipts from labor at the prisons amounted to $216,680 80 : from Sing Sing 
 $99,539 70, from Auburn $79,573 11, and from Clinton $37,567 55; and the expenditures to $204,686 48: at Sing Sing 
 $95,828 64, at Auburn $71,164 07, and at Clinton $37,693 97. 
 
 Historical Sketch. — Verrazano, a Florentine, in the service of France, is said to have discovered New York Bay in 
 1524; but the history of the State commences with the arrival of Hudson, an Englishman in the Dutch service, in 1609, 
 who ascended the river, bearing his name, as far as the present site of Albany. The country thus discovered was in- 
 habited by the Mohawks, a formidable and warlike tribe, and the Manhattans, who inhabited the island on which New 
 Y'ork city is built, were also a fierce and warlike nation. In 1610, a ship was sent from Amsterdam to trade with these 
 Indians, and other voyages were made during the succeeding years. In 1613, small trading forts were erected on the 
 river, and several houses were built on Manhattan Island. On the 29th March, 1614, the States' General of the United 
 Netherlands passed an ordinance granting to all original discoverers of lands in North America the exclusive privilege of 
 making four voyages to each, for the purposes of trade. Under this ordinance five ships were dispatched the same year 
 by a company of merchants. They explored extensively the coast near New York. Blok, one of the commanders, dis- 
 covered and named Block Island, south of Ehode Island, and also the East Eiver, and Captain Mey, proceeding south- 
 ward, discovered capes May and Henlopen ; and on the return of these ships, a Captain Henrickson was left on the 
 coast to prosecute discoveries. The country extending between the Connecticut and Delaware rivers received the name 
 of New Netherlands, and the exclusive right to trade there for three years from that date (11th October, 1614), was granted 
 to the discoverers, who, upon the pass.nge of this grant, formed themselves into a company called the United New Nether- 
 lands Company. This company erected the same year a fort and trading house on an island just below the present city 
 of Albany, and garrisoned it with ten or twelve men. Another fort was erected on the southern point of Manhattan Island. 
 The grant expiring in 1618, the company petitioned for its renewal in vain. Private traders, however, continued to 
 visit the country for the purposes of traffic. 
 
 In June, 1621, was passed the charter of the Dutch West India Company, an armed mercantile association. This 
 company sent out a ship called the New Netherlamls, on the 20th .June, 1623, to their newly acquired possessi(ms, under 
 the direction of Mey, already noticed, and Tienpont. The former of these proceeded to the Delaware, and established a 
 fort near the present town of Gloucester, which he named Fort Nassau, and the same year a fortified post, called Fort 
 Orange, was erected on the site of Albany. In 1624, Peter Mimiit having been appointed director, arrived out with 
 several families of Walloons, inhabitants of the frontiers of Belgium and France. These settled on a bay of Long Island, 
 and called from them Wahleboeht, or bay of foreigners, a name since corrupted into Wallabotit. The government was 
 vested in the Direct<ir and a Council of Five. The other important officer of the colony was the Schout Fiscal, who filled 
 both the offices of sheriff and attorney-general. Under the superintendence of these authorities the trade of the colony 
 prospered. In 1626, Slaten Island was purchased of the Indians, ami in the same year ^Manhattan Island was purchased 
 for twenty-five dollars. The fort upon this latter island received the title of Fort Amsterdam, and tlie colony that of New 
 Amsterdam. The exports this year amounted $19,000. In 1627, the settlers of Plymouth Colony set up a claim to the 
 region watered by the Connecticut, which the Dutch denied. Up to 1629, the settlements were simply trading posts. On 
 the 7tli June. 1629, a measure w.ns adopted which is still felt in the State, and imder this extensive seignories, with feudal 
 rights. Wire granled to ccrt^iin individuals. Active exertions were now made to colonize these vast estates. In 1632, 
 Minuii was recalled, and the government of Wouter Van Twiller installed, and after a lapse of five years of mal-admuiia- 
 
 0(i7 
 
THE STATE OP NEW YORK. 
 
 tration, Twillcr was succeeded by William Kieft. During the administration of Twiller, difficulties arose between the 
 Knglish setllers, on the Connecticut, and the Dutch authorities. In 1633, the restrictions which had hitherto been placed 
 by the company upon trade were taken off and free traffic encouraged. This me;isure gave a new impulse to immigra- 
 tion. Tersecution, too, drove many from New England and Virginia to settle among the more tolerant Dutch. In the 
 meantime Ihe aggressive disposition of the English continued. They founded a colony at New Haven, occupied the 
 Tuiixis (Farniington) Valley, and even went so far as to plow and sow the company's land around Fort Good Hope, at 
 Hartford. Uemonstrances were vain. Not satisfied with these encroachments, Ihe Plymouth Company grunted the whole 
 of Long Island to the Earl of Sterling, and a settlement was .soon afler effected by Lyon Gardiner, at Gardiner's Island. 
 The Dutch, meanwhile, were active in establishing settlements at the western extremity of the island— in Breuck-fkn, at 
 Omvannus, and Gravenzande. In May, 1G40, emigrants from Lynn, Ma^mchuxetts, settled on Cow Neck, but were 
 driven off by the authorities. In the autumn of Ihe same year, however, they returned, and founded the towns of Soulh- 
 atii;>ton and Sonthold. The Indians saw. with daily increasing envy and dislike, the heritage of their fathers thus falling 
 from them. War was the consequence, which desolated the coUmy for five years. In 1645, Peter Stuyvesant became 
 governor, and only terminated his administration by the capture of his colony by the English, on the Glh September, 1604. 
 
 The name of the colony and city was now changed to that of New York, and Colonel Nichols was ajipoinled by the 
 Duke of York, to whom the territory had been granted by Ihe King, as governor. On the 12th June, 1G66, the governor 
 granted a charter to the city of New York. The colony was recaptured by the Dutch on the 7th August, 1673. The name 
 of the city was now changed to New Orange, that of Albany to Williamstadt, and the fort previously called Fort James 
 to William Ilendrick. Captain Anthony (.'olve was appointed governor. The country, however, was not destined to be 
 Dutch, for by the treaty of 9th February, 1674, it was restored to the English, and given >ip the following autumn. 
 
 Some doubts existing relative to the validity of the Duke of York's patent, both on account of the Dutch occupancy and 
 the fact that it was wrested from that nation in time of peace, he deemed it advisable to obtain a new patent from his 
 brother, the king, in 1674. In the autumn of that year Major Edmond Andros, afterward so well known as the tyrant of 
 New England, arrived in New York and assumed the office of Governor. In F'ebruary, 1GS5, the duke ascended the 
 throne, under the title of James II., and among t'he first acts of this bigot were his instructions to allow no printing press 
 to be established in the colony. But his reign was short, having been put an end to by the Revolution of 16SS, and the 
 proclamation of William and Mary as heritors of the throne. No important event occurred from this time for many years. 
 In 1741 occurred the negro plot, so famous in the annals of New York. In 1744 war was declared between England and 
 France, and the colonists prepared to carry it on with vigor. In 1745 New England and New York united in an attiiek 
 upon the French fortress at Louisburg, and New York furnished ten pieces of cannon and £S,000 toward the expedition. 
 It was surrendered in July of that year. The colonies were so severely molested during the year 1746 L>y the Indians in 
 pay of the French, that it was determined to attack Crown Point and Niagara, and to capture Quebec. For this purpose 
 New York raised £40,000. The enterprise proved unsuccessful, and the peace of Aix la Chapelle was concluded in 174S. 
 For a few years after this the colony prospered, and began to recover from its losses by the wars. In 1754 a con\enli(in 
 from all the colonies north of Mason and Dixon's Line met at Albany, to devise some plan of common defense against the 
 French, who had again commenced hostilities. At this convention. Dr. Franklin, afterward so eminent in the history of 
 the Revolution, proposed a plan of political union. In the spring of the following year an expedition was sent against 
 Fort Du Quesnc, but entirely failed, Braddock, the leader of the expedition, having been killed. Nor was the campaign 
 of 1756 more successful. In 175S William Pitt was placed at the head of the English government, and a new impulse was 
 given to the energies of the nation. Success soon followed. Forts Fnmtenac and Du Quesne were captured. Stimulited 
 by these successes, New York, in 1759, raised $625,000 and a force of 2,6S0 men. Ticonderoga was captured early in the 
 season, and Crown Point surrendered a few days later. Fort Niagara was reduced, and on the 13lh September the bravo 
 General Wolfe laid down his life, in the moment of victory, when the English banners floated over the towers of Quebec 
 The ensuing year the French made an unsuccessful effort to recapture Quebec, and on the 8th September all the French 
 possessions east of the Mississippi were surrendered to the British, and the F'rench power extinguished. Two small islands 
 off the southern coast of Newfoundland alone were preserved to them of their former vast possessions. About this time 
 the difficulties between New Hampshire and New York commenced, respecting their respective limits, which only ceased 
 with the admission of Vermont into the Union after the Revolution. The impositiim of the Stamp Act, in 1764, iind the 
 other atrocities of the British Government which followed it, and which led to the overthrow of the British power in the 
 colonies, need not be enlarged upon in this connection, being a part of the general history of the Union. On the first 
 Tuesday in October, 1765, a congress, composed of delegates from the New Engl.ind and Middle States, assembled at New 
 York, to lake into consideration their grievances. South Carolina had also delegates. This congress made declaration 
 of the privileges and rights of the colonies. Liberty-poles had, at this period, been frequently erected in New York city, 
 and as often been destroyed by the British soldiery. On the 5th September, 1774, a congress from several colonies met at 
 Philadelphia, in which, however. New York was not represented. In April, 1775, a provir.vial convention met at New 
 York, and elected del'-gates to the second congress. The news of the battle of Lexington caused great excitement in the 
 city, and the arms of the city were ordered to Boston, but seized by the authorities before their shipment. The war had 
 now commenced. Ticonderoga, Crown Point, and Whitehall, in this State, were captured by the provincials, and the 
 entire command of Lake Champlain was obtained. On the 9lh July, 1776, the provincial congress met at While Plains, 
 and took the title of Representatives of the State of New York. On the first day of their meeting they received the 
 Declaration of Independence, and immediately passed a resolution approving it. The fortunes of the contincnt.il army 
 ft-om this time to the acknowledgment by England of the will of the sovereign people were various, and in New York were 
 fought many of the famous battles of the period— those of Brooklyn Heights, Harlem Heights, Bemis' Heights, Stony Point, 
 Ticonderoga, Fort Schuyler, Stillwater, and Saratoga, at the last of which Burgoyne surrendered to the Americans. 
 
 On the 12th March, 1777, a constituti<m for the State of New York was reported by a committee of the provincial con- 
 gress, and on the 20th April ensuing was adopted as the basis of the government. Under the new constitution George 
 Clinton was elected Governor. At this lime there were fourteen counties in the Slate, viz.. New York, Richmond, King's, 
 Queen's, Suffolk, Westchester, Duchess, Orange, Ulster, Albany, Tryon, Charlotte, Cumberland, and Gloucester. The 
 last two, together with part of Albany and Charlotte counties, were within the limits of the present State of Vermont. In 
 1790 the difficulties which for so long a time had existed between New York and Vermont were amicably adjusted, and 
 New York, in its present limits, entered upon her career of greatness, unframmeled by fraternal animosities. In 1791 the 
 industry of the State received a new impulse from the organization of a society for Ihe promotion of agriculture, arts, and 
 ntanufactures. The next year companies were organized to improve the navigation of the Hudson and Mohawk Kivers, 
 208 
 
H. J. BAKER & BROTHER, 
 
 Importers, Manufacturers and Agents for the sale of 
 
 French and American Window Glass, 
 
 Chemicals, Paints, Refined Salt Petre, 
 No. 142 Water Street and No. 186 Pearl Street. 
 
 NEAR MAIDEN LANE, 
 
 HjiT" o 3xr, 
 
 Bell and Brass 
 
 No. 70 SECOND STREET, 
 
 PITTSBUEG, PA. 
 
 Is prepared to furnish to order Church, 
 Steam-Boat, Factory and other Bells, of 
 all sizes, from 10 to 10,000 lbs. Chime 
 
 Bells made to order. Stop and Gage Cocks of 
 all sizes, for Steam Boats; Mineral Water Pumps; Counter Railings, and every 
 variety of Brass Castings finished in the neatest manner. Babbit's Anti-Attrition 
 Metal ; Fulton's Patent Metallic Packing for Steam Cylinders. 
 
 BSFFILII IGIICIlTMll IMS. 
 
 Office aud Manufactory 
 
 Cor. Washington and Scott Sts. 
 BUFFALO, N. Y. 
 
 MANUFACTURERS OF 
 
 Farming ITtensils 
 
 OrncEBS — Samuel F. Pratt, President. 
 
 A. S. Sterling, &'ec'j/ and Treas, 
 D. M. Osborne, Superintendent. 
 
 Trustees— Samuel F. Pratt, P. P. Pratt, C. W. Smith, 
 D. M. Osborne, A. S. SterlinR. 
 
 No. 100. 
 
rrxzsi 
 
 or" 
 
 P. W. GATES, WARNER, CHALMER & ERASER, 
 
 HAVE ON HAJSTD AND CONSTANTLY FOE SALE 
 
 RAILROAD CARS, 
 
 PREMIUM PORTABLE AND STA- 
 TIONARY ENGINES, 
 
 PORTABLE CIRCULAR SAW 
 MILLS, 
 
 GATES' PATENT SCREW CUTTER, 
 
 MILL FURNISHING GOODS, OF 
 ALL DESCRIPTIONS, 
 
 SUPERIOR SHINGLE MILLS, 
 
 PORTABLE AND STATIONARY 
 
 FLOUR AND CORN MILLS, 
 ALL KINDS OF WOOD AND IRON 
 
 MACHINERY, 
 STEAM AND WATER GAUGES, 
 FINISHED BRASS WORK AND 
 
 ENGINE TRIMMINGS, 
 ALL KINDS OF MACHINISTS' 
 
 TOOLS, To Wit: 
 
 LATHES, PLANERS, DRILLS, BORING MILLS, ETC. 
 
 CASTINGS, MILL GEARING, &c. 
 
 '^i 
 
 N. B, — We have taken great pains and expended much time and money to find 
 and adopt Machinery that will prove to be the most desirable, and that will give 
 the best satisfaction for the money, that can be found, and we assure our patrons 
 and the public that all Machinery purchased from us, if properly used, will do all 
 we recommend, with ease and safety. 
 
 P. W. GATES, WARNER, CHALMER & ERASER. 
 
 1049 
 
I ^ Hi CO I ^ o « 
 
 r/5 H Q Q 
 
MIDDLETON, WALLACE i CO. 
 LITHOGRAPHERS 
 
 AND 
 
 Execute in the best style of the art, 
 
 mn, BONOS, POETEaJTS, SHOW CUHCS, 
 
 mSiUlCIRfiFiSiTiS OPSffll 
 
 PV 
 
 DRAFTS, r^OTES, BILLS OF EXCHASVGE, 
 
 — «»•»►- 
 
 ALSO PUBLISHERS 
 
 RAIL-WAY MAP, 
 
 Six feet square — containing all the Koads completed, with dis- 
 tances from Station to Station. Also Roads in progress and 
 proposed Price only Six Dollars 
 
THE STATE OF NEW YORK. 
 
 and open canals to Lake Champlain and Ontario. In ISOT Eobert Fulton made his first trip with the Clermont the first 
 steamboat which ever plied successfully on the waters. In this enterprise he was aided by Robert U. Livinirston one of 
 the most distinguished statesmen of the nation. The war of 1S12-15 soon followed. On the 24th of December, 1814 the 
 treaty of Ghent was signed, and peace again restored the land to its wonted prosperity. Of the events which have hap- 
 pened since the war there are many living witnesses, and a brief notice only is required. The canal project was revived, 
 and in 1816 the subject was brought before the legislature, and in 1S17 the Erie and Champlain canals were commenced. 
 The first was completed in 1825, and the latter in 1823. In 1835 a law was passed, ordering the enlargement of the Erie 
 Canal. Kailroads had already been commenced in the State. Both have been since prosecuted with untiring energy, 
 and these works have no doubt had a mighty influence on the prosperity of the country. In 1821, and also in 1846, the 
 fundamental laws were revised, and many important additions made to them. As a State, New York stands at the 
 head of the American Union. 
 
 Succession of Governors.—Dincn Governors: "Wouter "Van Twiller, 16S3; "William Kieft, 1633; Peter Stuyvesant, 
 1647 — English Governors: Richard Nicolls, 1664 ; Francis Lovelace, 1667 ; Sir Edmond Andros, 1674; Anthony Brock- 
 hoist, 16S1; Thomas Dongan, 16S3; Francis Nicholson, 1683; Jacob Leisler (Lt.-Gov.), 1689; Henry Staughton, 1691; 
 Richard Ingoldsby (Lt.-Gov.), 1691 ; Benjamin Fletcher, 1692; Earl of Bcllamont, 1698; John N.infan (Lt.-Gov.), 1701 ; 
 Lord Cornbury, 1702 ; Lord Lovelace, 1708; Richard Ingoldsby (Lt.-Gov.), 1709; Girardus Boekman (President), 1710; 
 General Hunter, 1710; Peter Schuyler (President), 1719; William Burnet, 1720; John Montgomery, 1720; Rip Van Dam 
 (President), 1731; William Crosby, 1732; George Clark, 1736; George Clinton, 1743; .James Delancy (Lt.-Gov.), 1753; 
 Danvers Osborn, 1753; Sir Charles Hardy, 1755; James Delancy (Lt.-Gov.), 1757; Cadwallader Colden (Lt.-Gov.), 1763; 
 Henry Moore, 1765 ; Earl of Dunmore, 1770; William Tryon, 1771. (Colonial government .suspended May, 1775, from 
 which tims to Ajjril 20th, 1777, a Provincial Congress governed, of which Nathaniel Woodhull was President). Con- 
 stitutional Governors : George Clinton, 1777; John Jay, 1795; George Clinton, 1801 ; Morgan Lewis, 1804; Daniel 
 D. Tompkins, 1807; John Taylor (Lt.-Gov.), 1817; De Witt Clinton, 1S17; Joseph C. Yates, 1^21 ; De Witt Clinton, 
 1822; NaOianicl Pitcher (Lt.-Gov.), 1828; Martin Van Buren, 1829; Enos T. Throop (Lt.-Gov.), 1829; Enos T. Throop, 
 1S30; "William L. Marcy, 1832; William H. Seward, 18.38; William C. Bouck, 1842; Silas Wright, 1844; John Young, 
 1846; Hamilton Fish, 1847 ; Washington Hunt, 1850 ; Horatio Seymour, 1851. 
 
 Axjjant, on the right bank of the Hudson, 145 miles above New York city, Is the political capital of the State, 
 
 N 209 
 
THE STATE OF NORTH CAROLINA. 
 
 North Carolina is situated between the latitudes 83° 50' and 36° 30' north, and the longitudes 75° 25' and 84° 30' Tves* 
 from Greenwich, or 1° 3T' east, and 7° .iS' west I'rom Washington. It is bounded on the noiih by Virginia ; on the east 
 by the Atlantic Ocean ; on the smith by South Carolina and Georgia ; and on the west by Tennessee. Presenting a broad 
 front to the ocean, it gradually contracts in its breadth, and terminates westward in a narrow strip. Its length from east 
 to west is about 450 miles, and its breadth in the eastern section from 120 to ISO miles, but in the west diminishing from 90 
 to 20 miles; and it has an area of 46,000 square miles. 
 
 The face of the country presents three distinctive physical conditions. The seaward section is a low plain, covered with 
 Bwainps, and traversed by sluggish streams; to this succeeds a belt of undulating country, watered by fresh and rapid 
 streams, and in many portions variegated by hills and knolls ; and the western section is an elevated table-land. 
 
 The maritime section forms, an it were, a chaos of land and water. The entire coast is lined by low, narrow, sand 
 islands, broken at intervals, and forming communications between the ocean and the lagoons which lie between the islamls 
 and the main land. South of Cape Lookout these inlets are numerous, and the lagoons narrower ; north of that headland 
 the converse obtains. Extensive shoals extend Irom the shore seaward, and render navigation dangerous and uncertain, 
 and within the lagoons the bars and banks are constantly changing their position. Furious gales, too, are prevalent, so 
 that it is difficult for a skillful pilot to avoid the dangers. Ocracoke inlet is the only navigable pas» north of Cape 
 Lookout, and this at low tide, even in the main channel, contains only six feet water. Koanoke inlet, opposite the island 
 of that name, is now obstructed, but the pass may again be opened. To the northward, between the mainland and Narrow 
 Beach Island, stretching down from Cape Henry, lies Currituck Sound, 50 miles long, and from 2 to 10 miles broad. ^Ye3t 
 of this, running inland, is Albemarle Sound, 60 miles long, and from 5 to 15 broad. Its waters are fresh, and not subject to 
 rise and fall from tidal influences, but they are affected by particular winds. These two sounds communicate with Pamlico 
 Sound, which lies south of Currituck, and is S6 miles long, and from 10 to 20 miles wide. Its depth is in general about 
 20 feet, but shoals abound within it It opens to the ocean through Ocracoke inlet, and is somewhat influenced by the 
 tides. The capes, formed by the sand islands, are the dread of mariners. Cape Lookout and Cape Fear indicate by their 
 names the dangers that surround them. But the most formidable headland is Cape Hatteras, the elbow of a triangular 
 island formmg the seaward limit of Pamlico Sound. Its shoals extend a great distance from the land, and render it one 
 of the most ugly projections of the American coast. The whole series of islands which beset this coast are barren and 
 desolate, entirely useless to agriculture, and are inhabited only by a few hardy fishermen and pilots. 
 
 From the sea-coast, for a distance of 60 or 80 miles, the country is perfectly level, traversed by sluggish and muddy 
 streams, and abounding in swamps and marshes. The soil, except along the banks of the streams, where it is sometimes 
 fertile, is sandy and barren. The swamps, so numerous in this section, cover an area equal to one-tenth part of the whole 
 State. The Great Dismal Swamp, partly in this State, and partly in Virginia, is 30 miles long, and from 10 to 12 miles 
 broad, extending over a surface of ltiO,000 acres. In some places it is densely covered with cedars, pines, and cypress, 
 and in others is impervious, on account of tall and rank grasses and undergrowths. In the centre is Drummond Lake, 20 
 miles in circuit. The soil is covered knee deep with water, and though firm in some parts, consists chiefly of a soft, yielding 
 bog. Similar in its character, and nearly as large, is Alligator or Little Dismal Swamp, on the peninsula between 
 Albemarle and Pamlico sounds. There are other swamps further south (Catflsh, Green, etc.), usually overgrown like those 
 spoken of, and equally impenetrable. Many of these have been drained by canaling, and the recovered lands have proved 
 excellent for the cultivation of rice and cotton. 
 
 Advancing into the country, its physical aspect becomes more and more changed. Immediately beyond the level 
 country, the land begins to rise into small hills, stones appear on the surface, and the streams ripple in their courses. A 
 little further westward, the scene opens in all the variety of hill and dale that belongs to a fertile country. For 40 miles 
 behind the flat region there extends, as far as the lower falls of the rivers, a belt of land, of a surface moderately uneven, 
 with a sandy soil, of which pitch-pine is the natural growth. Above the falls the surface is undulated, and still further, 
 beyond the Yadkin and Catawba, is an elevated region, forming a part of the great central plateau or table-land of the 
 United States, and lying 1,000 to 2,000 feet above the se.a-level. The peaks of the Blue Kidge of the Alleghanies, which 
 have distinct local appellations, tower high above this. Black Mountain, the highest culmination east of the Rocky 
 Mountains, and about 250 feet higher than the loftiest summit of the White Mountains of New Hampshire, has an elevation 
 of 0.426 feet ; Roan Mountain, the summit of which is a broad meadow, is 6,038 feet high ; Grandfather Mountain is 5,656 
 feet high, and Table Mountain has an elevation of 3,420 feet above the sea. Mount Ararat or Pilot Mountain, in Surrey 
 County, situated in a comparatively level region, exhibits a striking symmetry of structure ; its form is very nearly that of 
 a cylinder, and it is ascended by a path in some places nearly perpendicular. The view from its summit is grand and 
 extensive, although its elevation is much inferior to the peaks above named. King's Mountain, another isolated hill, is a 
 ridge extending from Lincoln and Cleaveland counties into York district, in South Carolina, and is celebrated as the site 
 of a battle, fought in 1780. Between the several mountains in the western part of the State, the soil is productive, and 
 highly favorable to agricultural operations, and, being well grassed, forms extensive pastures, on which large herds and 
 flocks find a plentiful subsistence. 
 
 The rivers of North Carolina, though of goodly dimensions, are not navigable for large vessels. They are, however, 
 well adapted to boat navigation, and in their upper courses supply immense mechanical power, which at p future day will 
 be extensively used. As a general thing they all have shallow bars, and are frequently interrupted. Many loose them- 
 selves in lagoons difficult of access. The principal river, the course of which lies wholly within the State, is Cape Fear 
 River. It is, moreover, the only large stream that aows directly to the ocean. The primary constituents of this river are 
 210 
 
SYLVESTER LAY, 
 
 gttflraeg $i ©flUKSBllflr at lain, ^otatij ||itMit, 
 
 AND COMMISSIONER OF DEEDS FOR NEW-YORK CITY, 
 
 Also, duly appointed and authorized to take Depositions, Acknowledgment of Deeds, Powers of Attorney, Sj-c, for 
 
 the following States: 
 
 Maine, 
 
 New Hampshire, 
 
 Vermont, 
 
 Massachusetts, 
 
 Rhode Island, 
 
 Uouaecticut, 
 
 New-York, 
 
 Pennsylvania, 
 
 Delaware, 
 
 Ohio, 
 
 Virginia, 
 
 North Carolina, 
 
 South Carolina, 
 
 Georgia, 
 
 Florida, 
 
 Alabama, 
 
 Mississippi, 
 
 Louisiana, 
 
 Teias, 
 
 Missouri, 
 
 California, 
 
 Arkansas, 
 
 Kentucky, 
 
 Wisconsin, 
 
 Tennessee, 
 
 Iowa, 
 
 Michigan, 
 
 Minnesota and all oth 
 
 Indiana, 
 
 er Territories. 
 
 OFFICE, No. 157 Broadway, New- York. 
 
 R 
 
 Hon. G. C. Bronson, New-York, 
 
 Barney. Humphrey & Butler, " 
 
 J. It. Jaffrev & Sons, '* 
 
 Wliitlock, Nichols & Co. " 
 
 Dayton, Sprague & Co. •* 
 
 Simeon L. Loomis, " 
 
 Atwood, Dunlevey * Co. " 
 
 Baldwin, Starr &" Co. " 
 James & Henry McBride, 
 
 EFERENCES, 
 
 New- York, 
 
 Wells, Fargo & Co., 
 
 Hon. L. S. Chatfleld, 
 
 R. W. Peckham, 
 
 Erastus Corning, 
 
 Ira Harris, 
 
 Thurlow Weed, 
 
 Amasa J Parker, 
 
 Hill, Cager & Porter, 
 
 Otis Allen Esq., 
 
 Albany, 
 
 Joseph S. Colt, Esq., 
 Gould, Banks & Co. 
 Hon. B. P. Johnson, '• 
 
 O. H. Piatt, Esq., Brattleboro, Vt-, 
 
 Hon. Amos K. Hadley, 
 Wm. McUaullev, Wiim 
 Geo. W. Peckham, 
 Moore & Blackmar, 
 E. W. H. Ellis, 
 
 Troy, 
 
 ngton, Del., 
 
 Milwaukie, 
 
 Detroit, 
 
 Indianapolis, 
 
 Passports obtained from Washington ; Collections made through- 
 out the States; Deeds, Powers of Attorney, &c., drawn for other 
 States. Titles Examined. Real Estate bought, sold and ex- 
 changed. 
 
 Money wanted and to loan, at 7 per cent., on real estate secu- 
 rity in the City of New- York. 
 
 OFFICE HOURS, FROM 9 A. M. TO 5 P. M. 
 
 Residence^ 1«5 Carroll Place, JV. 1^. 
 
 A PERFECTLY PIRE TONIC AND INYIGORATING CORDIAL. 
 
 This article is manufactured in London, under the rigorous espionage of the Excise Police, in ac- 
 cordance with the strict Excise Laws of Great Britain (which punish with severe penaltiesany at- 
 tempt at the adulteration of any article designed for food or drink,) from the finest of barley, impreg- 
 nated with the Italian Juniper, and other favorite tonics from the Materia Medica. It is unrivalled 
 as a diet drink, and infinitely superior in delicacy and richness of flavor to Holland or any other 
 English Gin. It has been submitted to the severest chemical tests, and acknowledged to be free 
 from any deleterious ingredients, and recommended as a perfectly pure stimulant and beverage by Dr. 
 Ch n, the celebrated chemist ; Professor Hale, Drs. Castle, Turner, Barlow, Whitney, Beakley, 
 Adams and Ricard, (see circular accompanying each bottle,) and several hundred physicians in every 
 part of the United States, who constantly prescribe in their practice for Kidney and Gravel Com- 
 plants, Dysnep&ia, Oout, Rheumatism, General Depression and Debility, Cholic and Chronic Beme- 
 die. On the Western snd Southern rivers, and in all districts where the water is bad or unwhole- 
 some — also in low or swampy ground, or fever and Ague districts, this article will be found a posi- 
 tive cure and permanent preventative. It is put up in quart and pint bottles, with the words — "R. 
 E. Messenger & Go's London Cordial Gin" blown in the glass, neatly labelled and enveloped. The 
 labels are copy-righted in New York, ana bear our own signature and our own name on the wax ; and 
 great care should be taken that it corresponds as above. 
 
 Caution.— In purchasing, be sure that it is absolutely "Messenser^s," as unprincipled parties are engaged 
 iu palming ofi" imitations and inferior articles. 
 
 R. E. MESSENGER & CO., 
 §8 Eulton St„ N. T., and 140 Lincoln St., Boston. 
 
 AoENTs— In Philadelphia, Machette & Jones ; New Orleans, John Weight & Co. ; Cincinnati, John D. 
 Park, and by Druggists, Grocers and Hotel Keepers in the United States. 
 
 We also oifer for sale to the trade, from United States Bonded Warehouses, or to families, in quantities to 
 suit, Co£;nac, Languedock and Rochelle Brandies.Madeiras, London Ports, Duff, Gordon, Pale and Pemartin 
 Brown Sherries, Clarets, Heidsick and other Champacines, Still and Sparkling Catawaba and Isabella Wines, 
 by the bottle or case, at Cincinnati prices, Rhine Wines, Porter, Ale, Sardines and Havana Segars, all of 
 which are strictly of first quality. 
 No. 9t. , 
 
/>3 — '^^^^ 
 
 >-/b. 
 
 X 
 
 -^!^i>^5- 
 
 •<r^7^^j^^r3- 
 
 ^ 
 
 ^ 
 
 (J;) 
 
 (J} 
 
 B 
 
 ^. 
 
 l\2< 
 
 ■^=^^0^^^ 
 
 -6^^^}?^- 
 
 -6=^:g>?^- 
 
 X 
 
DP O XT KB" 3D E U X832. 
 
 III JuJtiVaX ilia va U Isilal^VlJu^ 
 
 No. 106 Canal Street, New Orleans, 
 
 IS OPEN THROUGHOUT THE YEAR. 
 
 The object of this Institution is to teach practically those branches most needed in CommercinI and Profes- 
 sional business, and every dav life. Ludics, gentlemen and youths, can attend. Penmanship, Book Keepingi 
 English, French, !<p;inish, Gerniiiii, Aritnmetic, Algebra, Ueoinetry, Surveying, Navigation, Phonography. &c., 
 are tuugnt by able prore>sors. All admit the necessity ot §uch an Institution whire adults, as well as youtlis, 
 can, in private apartmenls, with special professors, perfect themselves in a short lime, in any branch they 
 may d< sire, without waiting for other matters. It is a saving of time and money. Yet no similar Institution 
 exists in the wliole tSoulh, and in lacl none in ihe United Stafes. No teacher attends to but one branch or lan- 
 guaije, and this always his native language. My former pupils may be found in most of the large houses and 
 banks oi this city and the south. From 300 to 4oO attend it annually. 
 
 None but the best and most experienced Professors and Assistants will ever be engaged. There arc nine 
 apaitiiients, a reception room elefiaiilly fitted up for vi-itois, so that pupils arenevei inle'rupted in their le-sons ; 
 and an apartment for the pupil.-, of each professor, and also practicing rooms, so that pupiU taking the full course 
 in any one ot these branch 8, can have ten liotir<' practice each day. All lhin','s will be taught as they should 
 be practiced in business and everyday life. The English, French, Spanish and German are now the Commer- 
 cial Languages of the world, and the social, literary ami scientific languages of the greater part of Europe and 
 America, and are daily becoming more important to all persons. Pupils may be exercised daily in Readiii>;, 
 Writing and Speaking any language they may wish to learn. 
 
 ( I'KROIS- payable In advance.) 
 
 Rev. Dr. Edgar, Tennessee. 
 
 Hon. D. Prieiir, late Mayor of New Orleans. 
 
 Hon. J. Stockton, late Mayor of Mobile. 
 
 Itev. Mr. Soler, late President St. Charles College, La. 
 
 Hon. Thos. H. nenton, late U. S. Senate. 
 
 Rt. Rev. Ilisliop Otey, Tenn. 
 
 Rev. Dr. Howell, do. 
 
 Rev. Dr. Wheat, do. 
 
 OR TIIEY CAN REFER TO 
 
 Hon. R.C. WickliflV, Governor of the State of Louisiana. 
 
 Hon. Jos. Walker, late Governor of Louisiana. 
 
 Hon. A. G. Brown, late Governor of Missi-^sippi. 
 
 Hon. John A. Quitman, do. do. 
 
 Hon. Henry 6. Foole, do. do. 
 
 Hon. Joiin J. Crittenden, late Attorney General of the 
 United States. 
 
 Hon. P. Soule. 
 
 Hon. John Slidell, U. S. Senate. 
 
 Hon. George Eustis, late Chief Justice of Louisiana. 
 
 Hon. P. A. Rost late Supreme Court, Louisiana. 
 
 Hon. A. D. Crossnian, late Mayor ot New Orleans. 
 
 Hon. James Gu hne, Secretary of the Treasury, U. S. 
 
 Hon. John L. Lewis, May r of New Orleans. 
 
 C. Rosplius, Esq , New Orleans. 
 
 Hon. Charles Herbigny, New Orleans. 
 
 Messrs. Ward Jones ic Co., New Oilcans. 
 " fiaiiriere & Co., do. 
 
 '•' Henderson Si G.aines, do. 
 " Hewitt, Norton &, Co., do. 
 " Maunsel White &■ Co., do. 
 
 Alfred Heniien, Esq., do. 
 
 Martin Gordon, Jr., do. 
 
 John Gauche, do. 
 
 Dr. Mercer, do. 
 
 Hon. Win. W. Gwin, U. S. Senate. 
 
 Hon. J. P. Benjamin, U. S. Senate. 
 
 Hon. Samuel Houston. 
 
 Gov. H. G. Runnels, Texas. 
 
 Hon. ISailie Peyton, California. 
 
 Hon. Charles Scott, (-'hancellor, Miss. 
 
 Chapman Coleman, E-q., Louisvi.le, Ky. 
 
 George D. Prentice. E q., Louisville, Ky. 
 
 \. Graiihe, Esq., New Orleans. 
 
 Hon. John D. Freeman, Mississippi, &c., &e. 
 Miss. 
 
 ■ Twenty or thirty young men will be qualified as teachers of my system of penmanship. They will net as 
 agents lor my pens and new work on peniiian.-hip. Young men of eneicy can make trom JSlOiJ to ,'^.50') per 
 miinih, when qualified to teach. Bad writing will be no objection to applicants, as this can soon be corrected. 
 Time needi;d to qualify teachers — fr .m five to eight weeks. Ordinary course in penmanship— from <iiio to 
 three weeks. Book keeping — Double and Single entry— from four to eight weeks. Single entry alone — from 
 one to three we -ks. Languages — from three lo tour months. Phonography — from t A^o to four weeks. 
 
 IP" Go.d board can be had at five dollars per week, in genteel families, where either of these Languages is 
 correctly spoken. 
 
 RUFUS DOLBBAR, 106 Canal Street, N. O. 
 
 Penmanship, lessons not limited $"25 00 
 
 Book keeping, double and single entry 50 00 
 
 " single entry alone 25 00 
 
 To qualify Professional I'eachers of Penmanship 100 00 
 Phonography, (Short Hand,) 25 00 
 
 MATHEJIATICAL. DEPARTMENT. 
 
 Arithmetic, per month $20 00 
 
 Or lull course 50 01) 
 
 Algi-braper mo.ith 20 00 
 
 Or lull course 50 00 
 
 Geometry, per month 20 0(1 
 
 Or full course 50 00 
 
 Surveying, per month ^0 00 
 
 Or full course 5U bu 
 
 Navigation, (with practical usB of instruments,) 
 
 per nioiit 30 00 
 
 Orfull course 1^ 00 
 
 LANGUAGES. 
 
 For any of the Languages, 1 lesson per day, $20 
 per month: 2 lessons per day, ,'§30. do.; or to 
 learn to read, write, and also to speak a Lan- 
 guage grammatically, (lessons not limited J .. . 100 00 
 
 Those persons who already speak a Latigu ige, 
 and wish to become good readers, and also to 
 
 write and speak it grammatically 50 00 
 
 Thes*; and other modern languages will be correctly 
 
 tran>lated at this Institution. 
 No pains or expense will be spared to make all the 
 
 Depart meiits worthy of the confidence of the piililic. 
 
 S'raiigers are referred to circulais lor letters from — 
 
 Gen. Andrew .Jack>oii, laie President of the U. Suites. 
 
 Hon. Martin Van Buren, late President of the U. States. 
 
 Hon. R. jM. Johnson, late Vice President of the United 
 States. 
 
 Hon. A. B. Roman, lat°. Governor of Louisiana. 
 
 Hon. James C. Jones, late Governor of Tennessee. 
 
 Hon . Jdiin Gale, late Governor of Alabama. 
 
 Mnj.ir Gen. E. P. Gaines, late U. S. Army. 
 
 Hon. John Bell, U. S. Senate. 
 
 Kig t Rev. Bishop Miles, Tennessee. 
 
 Riv. Dr. Lindsl.y, President Nashville University. 
 
 Rev. Dr. Chamberlain, late President Oakland College, 
 
 41 
 
STACY & THOMAS, 
 
 IMPORTERS, JOBBERS AISD 
 
 IN STAPLE AND FANCY 
 
 3 
 
 No. 203 South Water Street, 
 
 riTCH B. STACY 
 EDWARD F. THOMAS 
 
 MAS. I 
 
 TXJRRILL & HAVEN, 
 
 IMPORTERS AND DEALERS IN 
 
 &mim& 
 
 ^SMtLf®?^® 
 
 No. 51 South Water Street, 
 4 CiEilC^^OO- 
 
 S. H. TTJRRILL 
 A. HAVEN 
 
 i^. s» x^ iHS j^ iS £]: y 
 
 WHOLESALE DEALER AND 
 
 MANUFACTURER OF OIL, 
 
 1O9 u. ^» 
 
 ' '•& wi Q^ %i wi « ra ' wi 8 w '« 'Wi « •« ''to ''81 ''a ''la^ 
 FREDERICK BROWN, 
 
 N. E. Cor. Fifth nnd Chestnut Streets, Philadelphia. 
 
 » ^ Sole Miiniifacturer of BROWIV'S KSSE\CE2 OF JAMAICA. GINGER, which is recoenized 
 t^j^ and prescribed by Iho Modicul Faculty, and Iuih become the standard Family Modicine ol" tlie United 
 f\^' Stales; al&o, manufacturer, by tlie most improved formula, of compound Syrup of Sarsaparilla, Fluid hx- 
 tracts of Sarsajiarilla, JHiubarb, Valerian, Teruvian Bark, Preserved Taraxacum o( Dandelion -hiice, 
 Wistar's C'ou^li Lozenges and Chapman's Anti-Dyspeptic I'ills, from the original prescriptions; together with a 
 large assortment of pure Drugs and Chemicals always on hand. 
 
 t^~ Orders from Physicians particularly attended to. 104S 
 
THE STATE OF NORTH CAROLINA. 
 
 the Haw and the Deep, which rise near the northern boundary hne, and form a junction at Haywood in Challiam 
 County ; it falls over tlie first ledge in the low eounlry at A verasboro' ; at Fayetteville it can be navigated by lari^e boats, 
 and above Wilmington it forms two branches, which reunite below that town, and hence flows on in a broad, sliK'fish 
 stream obstructed by sand-bars, and diflacult of navigation. These defects, however, have been somewhat remedied by 
 diminishing the breadtli of the river, and by stopping up the smaller outlets, so that the depth of the main channel, as far 
 as Wihnington, has now from 12 to 13 feet of water. The direction of its flow is soutli-east, and tlie length of its course 
 about 2S0 miles. The main entrance to the river, south of Smith's Island, has a depth of water varying from 10 to 14J 
 feet on the bar. The Chowan and Roanoke rivers flow into Albemarle Sound ; the former, which is formed by the union 
 of the Meherrin and Noltaway, admits of small vessels to Murfreesboro', and the latter is navigable for the Sound craft a 
 distance of 30 miles. Both are navigable for boats to a greater distance — the Koanoke to Weldon, at the foot of the falls, 
 75 miles ; and above the falls it aff.irds, with the aid of side cuts, a boat navigation to Salem, 215 miles. The whole length 
 of the Koanoke, from the valley of Virginia, is more than 400 miles. The Tar and the Neuse empty into Pamlico Souncl. 
 The Tar, which in the lower part of its course expands into a wide estuary called Pamlico Itivcr, is navigable for vessels 
 drawing only S feet of water, to Washington, 30 miles ; and for boats to Tarboro', 90 miles ; and the Neuse, which has a 
 longer course, is navigable for large boats to Kingston. The ocean entrances to both these rivers are channels in which 
 there is only 10 feet water at high tide. The Waccamaw passes into South Carolina, flowing for a considerable distance 
 near and parallel with the coast. The Lumber and Yadkin also pass into that State, in which they are known as the 
 Little and Groat Pedee. The Yadkin is a long river traversing the State from near its northern boundary, and is navig- 
 able for boats almost to its source. The Catawba, which rises in the Blue Mountains, also flows into South Carolina, and 
 there takes the name of the Wateree. From the western slope of the same mountains flow New Kivers, the Watauga, the 
 French Broad, the Little Tennessee, and the Iliwassee, the waters of which, cutting through the Iron or Smoky Mountains, 
 are ultimately carried off, and mingle with those of the Ohio and Mississippi, and join the ocean at a distance of 1,500 
 miles from the outlets of the waters rising from the opposite slope of the Blue Itidge, and emptying inti> the Atlantic. 
 
 The geological formation of Uie State has been scientifically examined by Professor Olmstead. Its mineral resources 
 are extensive, and as valuable. The low country consists of deposits of sand and clay, similar, and belonging to the same 
 age {tertiiiry) as those of Eastern Virginia and Maryland. These beds contain few minerals, but abound in shell 
 deposits, marl, fossililerous limestone, copperas, and bog-iron ore. A ledge of micaceous rocks, seen in the ravines and 
 river cuttings, forms the line which divides the low from the upper country. West of this there is a beli of mica slate, 
 chlorite slate, gneiss, and granite, and among the minerals of this section are hcematitic iron ores (Nash and Johnson 
 c<Hinties), plumli.igo (Wake County), and occasionally soapstone and serpentine. This strip is succeeded by a belt of 
 sandstone ruiming south-westerly from Granville across the State. Freestones and grindstones are abundant in some 
 parts of the formation, which also contains argillaceous iron ore and some coal measures (Orange, Chatham, etc., 
 counties). Next to this is situate (he great slate formation, about 20 miles in breadth, and running in a direction north- 
 east and south-west across the country. Within this district are also found numerous beds of porphyry, soapstone, ser- 
 pentine, greenstfjne, and hone or whettone slate, .\fter the slate formation there succeeds next another bell of primary 
 roeks reaching nearly to the Blue Kidge; and in this is comprised the gold region. Iron ore is also found abundantly 
 (Rockingham, Stokes, Surry, and Lincoln counties) chiefly in the form of the magnetic oxide, and has been extensively 
 wrought. 
 
 The gold region of the Atlantic States is broader and more productive in this State than in any other. The gold is 
 found in superficial deposits or in rock veins. The system of metamorphic rocks, in which the gold-bearing veins occur, 
 have undergone different degrees of change in different localities. While in some parts the original slaty structure is 
 preserved, in others the lamination has been partly obliterated, and the texture altered by the evident effects of heat. In 
 some points there is an intermingling of rocks of the gneissoid character, with such as still retain the slaty structure^ In 
 certain parts the granitic rocks prevail, and there the auriferous veins have various directions apparently wholly irrespect- 
 ive of the general trend of the gold formation. Thus, between the town of Charlotte and the Catawba River, and within 
 a circuit of three or four miles in diameter, are found veins which have been more or less extensively worked, with direc- 
 tions running N. ti4 E., N. 47 E., N. Si W., N. 26J^ E., .ind N. 34 W., so that if these directions were prolonge<l, they 
 would, in some cases, be found intersecting each other at right angles. In regard to the vein stone, in which the aurifer- 
 ous particles are found, they differ very widely — in some cases the material is an argillaceous slate of a silky lustre, much 
 interspersed with minute cubes of pyrites of iron or of cojtpcr, or of both, as at the Russell mine on the Newberry in 
 Montgomery County ; in other cases it is partly in quartz, and partly in the slaty walls of the veins, and in others still, it is 
 wholly in the quartz, being scarcely at all impregnated with the precious metal. The materials which exist in the veins 
 are either such as have been acted on by meteoric influences, an<l partly decomposed, or, lying beyond the reach of such 
 influences, have escaped decomposition, and may be regarded as the true exponents of the deeper vein-stone. These lat- 
 ter are in general less rich in gold than the former, chiefly on account of having lost a part of their solid material by 
 decomposition. But the deep ores owe their inferior value, in no small degree, also to the diflSoulty of extracting the 
 gold from its combination, with the sulphurets which near the surface have been reduced by the combined action of air, 
 water, and other materials from the atmosphere. The axis of the gold formation passes in a north-east and south-west 
 direction through the counties of Rockingham, Guilford, Davidson, Rowan, Cabarras, and Meehlenburg, embracing the 
 section of both sides of the Blue Ridge, and extending eastward beyond the Yadkin. 
 
 That gold is an important product of this State, admits of no question ; the region in which it is found is very extensive. 
 The principal mines are Anson's, Read's, and Parker's. The first named is in Anson County, and has yielded richly, but 
 on account of the ownership of the land on which it is situated being in dispute, operations have been retarded. Read's 
 mine is in Cal)arras County, and was the one first wrought; large masses of the virgin metal have at several periods 
 been dug up, and pieces weighing 400, 500, and 600 pennyweights are met with. On one occasion, a mass weighing 2S 
 pounds avoirdupois in its crude state was exhumed. Parker's mine is situate<l on a small stream four miles south of the 
 Yadkin. The metal is here found chiefly in flakes and grains ; but lumps of considerable size— one weighing 4 pounds 
 11 ounces avairdupois—ha.ve been dug up. In the mining districts, gold contained in a goose-quill forms a currency, ita 
 value being fixed by weight. The larger portion of the products of the mines is bought up by dealers at from 90 to 91 
 cents per pennyweight, and much is carried to the mint at Charlotte for coinage; but the returns published by that insti- 
 tution by no means indicate the value of the mines, as a considerable quantity fluds its way to the manufacturer, and tho 
 banks receive no small moiety of the whole in deposit. 
 The coal region of North Carolina, chiefly in Chatham and Moore counties, and along the Valley of Deep Kiver, so far 
 
 211 
 
THE STATE OF NORTH CAROLINA. 
 
 as examined, occupies a space fifteen miles in length, and from five to six in width, throughout which area tlie deposits 
 of this mineral arc immense and of every variety — bituminous, semi-bituminous, and anihracite, and Professor Johnson 
 has pronounced them to be of the best qualities. The indications are, he adds, that the deposits are at least thirty miles 
 in length, and comprise an area of one hundred and fifty square miles. The mean thickness of the beds is said to be 
 seven and a half feet, a greater depth than any similar deposit in Kngland. Coal is also found in other districts. Iron 
 ore is found in juxtaposition witli the coal measures of Deep liiver, overlying the coal. These discoveries have led to 
 much speculation, and it is said tliat in a few years the result will be an inflow of capital and prosperity to the State equal 
 to tliat now enjoyed by Pennsylvania. 
 
 The climate of North Carolina is much influenced by the diversified character of the surface; no single description 
 would apply to the whole State. The western section, where the land is elevated and traversed by high ranges, is much 
 cooler than the sea-board section, and the interior has a climate partaking of both extremes. The winters throughout the 
 State, however, are much less rigorous than farther north. The atmosphere in the hilly and in the lower niidille region 
 is pure and salubrious, and the heats of summer are in these tempered by the coolness of the nights; but in the low 
 country, near the coasts, the summers are hot and sultry, and the air unhealthy ami loaded with miiisms. The annual 
 average range of the thermometer at the University at Chapel Hill is SC° Fahr., the greatest heat being 96°, and the 
 lowest 10°, with a mean temperature of 59.07. Peaches blossom in February, and the first frost occurs generally in 
 October. The average immber of rainy days in tlie year is ninety-eight, of cloudy days three liundred and thirty-three, 
 and of clear days only thirty-two. 
 
 The pjne-forests of North Carolina cover nearly the whole eastern section. In the plain of the low country this tree is 
 almost the exclusive natural growth, and attains here a much fuller development than in the States farther north ; in the 
 swamps it grows to an enormous bulk, and the moisture of the atmosphere loads the trees with a long spongy moss, which 
 hangs in clusters from the limbs, and gives the forests a singular appearance. Cedars and cypresses are also abundant in 
 the swamps. These forests contribute greatly to the general wealth, and furnish not only Imnber for exportation, but 
 also nearly all the resinous matter used in the United States. In the elevated parts of the Slate the timber growths are 
 the oak. elm, walnut, cherry, lime, etc., and the maple, poplar, and some others, are indigenous in every section. The 
 white-oak trees found here are well suited for making staves, being taller and more free from knots than the northern 
 variety. Several valuable medicinal plants also grow spontaneously, as the ginseng, snake-root, etc.. and the bottoms are 
 overgrown with canes, the leaves of which continue green throughout the winter, and afford a grateful food for cattle. 
 Grapes, plums, and blackberries are among the indigenous fruits. 
 
 North Carolina is divided into seventy-nine counties, the general statistics of which, and the capitals of each, in 1850, 
 were as follows : 
 
 Comities. 
 
 Dwell. 
 
 Alamance 1,516. 
 
 Alexander .... S27. 
 
 Anson ..1,166. 
 
 Ashe .'.1,407. 
 
 Beaufort 1,66.3. 
 
 Bertie 1.070. 
 
 Bladen 1,005. 
 
 Brunswick .... 771. 
 
 Buncombe 1,942. 
 
 Burke 9S3. 
 
 Cabarr.is 1,296. 
 
 Caldwell 926. 
 
 Camden 770. 
 
 Carteret 972. 
 
 Ciiswell 815. 
 
 Catawba 1,237. 
 
 Chatham 2,210. 
 
 Cherokee 1,020. 
 
 Chowan 613. 
 
 Cleveland 1,526. 
 
 Columbus 777. 
 
 Craven 1,842. 
 
 Cumberland ..2,.531. 
 
 Currituck 925. 
 
 Davidson 2,308. 
 
 Davie 1,027. 
 
 Duplin 1,419. 
 
 Edgecombe ...1.649. 
 
 Forsyth 1,7.39. 
 
 Franklin 1,115, 
 
 Gaston 1,072. 
 
 Gates 880. 
 
 Granville 2,093. 
 
 Greene 684. 
 
 Guilford 3,048. 
 
 Halifax 1,769. 
 
 Haywood 1,110. 
 
 Henderson .... 931. 
 
 Hertford 831 , 
 
 Hyde 928. 
 
 212 
 
 Pop. 
 
 .11,444. 
 . 5.220. 
 .13,489. 
 . 8,777. 
 .13,816. 
 .12,851. 
 . 9,707. 
 . 7,272. 
 .13,425. 
 . 7.772. 
 . 9,747. 
 . 6,317. 
 . 6,049. 
 . 6,803. 
 .15,269. 
 . 8,862. 
 .18,449. 
 . 6,S88. 
 . 6,721. 
 .10..396. 
 . 5,909. 
 .14,709. 
 .20,610. 
 . 7,136. 
 .15,-320. 
 . 7,866. 
 .13,514. 
 .17,189, 
 .11,108. 
 ,.11,713, 
 . 8,073. 
 . 8,426, 
 .21,249. 
 . 6,619. 
 .19,754, 
 .10,589, 
 . 7,074, 
 . 6,853, 
 . 8,142, 
 . 7,636, 
 
 Farms 
 in cult. 
 
 . 923. 
 . 6-33. 
 . 675. 
 .1,253. 
 , 594. 
 , 542. 
 486. 
 . 385, 
 .1,105. 
 . 373. 
 . 875. 
 . 366. 
 . 579, 
 . 208. 
 , 707. 
 , 957. 
 .1,633. 
 . 4.59. 
 , 344, 
 . 961. 
 . 399. 
 , 388, 
 . 959. 
 , 501, 
 ,1,231, 
 , 404. 
 . 923. 
 . 737. 
 . 9-36, 
 , 588. 
 . 724, 
 , 490. 
 .1,074, 
 , 872, 
 ,1,068. 
 . 868. 
 . 653. 
 . 418. 
 . 878. 
 . 293. 
 
 . 38,, Graham 
 
 , 4. ,Taylor3ville 
 
 . 32,,\Vade9boro' 
 
 , 3..Jeff'crson 
 
 . 73., Washington 
 
 . 50,. Windsor 
 
 , 61.. Elizabeth town 
 
 . 80.,SrailhviUe 
 
 , 19,.Ashville 
 
 , 22, .Morgantown 
 
 , 44. .Concord 
 
 . 8., Lenoir 
 
 . 15. .New Lebanon 
 
 . 19.. Beau fort 
 
 . 56. . Yancey ville 
 
 , 3. .Newton 
 
 , 48.,Pittsboro' 
 
 . 5..Miirphy 
 
 . 23..Edenton 
 
 . 16.. Shelby 
 
 . 5. .Whitesville 
 
 . 67..Newbem 
 
 .105,.rayetteville 
 
 . 0.. Currituck 
 
 . 18. .Lexington 
 
 , 87,.Mocksville 
 
 , 57..Kenansville 
 
 . 14,.Tarboro' 
 
 , 80.. Winston 
 
 . 25. .Louisburg 
 
 . 10,. Dallas 
 
 , 22..Gate8ville 
 
 . 55.. Oxford 
 
 , 87.. Snow Hill 
 
 . 55 . . Greensboro' 
 
 . 4.. Halifax 
 
 , 0,,"Waynesville 
 
 , l..lIender8onville 
 
 , 20,.Murfree8boro' 
 
 . 6., Swan Quarters 
 
 Iredell 1,8.34 
 
 Johnson 1,704 
 
 Jones 440 
 
 Lenoir 702, 
 
 Lincoln 1,022 
 
 M-DoweU 860. 
 
 Macon 936 
 
 Martin 923, 
 
 Mecklenburg.. 1.632, 
 Montgomery ., 902, 
 
 Moore 1,286 
 
 N.nsh 1,248 
 
 New Hanover .1,884 
 Northampton . .1,341 
 
 Onslow 963, 
 
 Orange 2,186, 
 
 Pasquotank . . ,1,150 
 Perquimans... 818. 
 
 Person 1,070 
 
 Pitt 1.315 
 
 Kandolph 2,512, 
 
 Pvichmond 949, 
 
 Robeson 1,513, 
 
 Rockingham ,.1,693, 
 
 Eowitn 1,842 
 
 Rutherford ....1,883 
 
 Sampson 1.582, 
 
 Sljinly 946, 
 
 Stokes 1,268, 
 
 Surry 2,797 
 
 Tyrrell 635, 
 
 Union 1,422 
 
 Wake 2,844 
 
 Warren 905 
 
 Washington... 670 
 
 Watauga 569 
 
 Wayne 1,576 
 
 Wilkes 2,fi50 
 
 Yancey 1,322 
 
 Pop, 
 
 .14,719, 
 ,13,726. 
 . 5,0.38. 
 . 7,828. 
 , 7,746, 
 . 6,.346. 
 . 6,389, 
 , 8,.307. 
 .18,914. 
 , 6,872, 
 , 9,.342, 
 ,10,657, 
 ,17,668, 
 ,13,3.35. 
 , 8,283. 
 .17,055. 
 . 8,950, 
 . 7,381, 
 ,10,781. 
 .13,397. 
 .15,'S.32, 
 . 9,818. 
 .12,826, 
 .14,495, 
 ,13.870. 
 .1.3,550. 
 .14„'),85. 
 . 6,922. 
 , 9,206. 
 ,18.443, 
 , 5,1-33 . 
 .10,051. 
 .24,887. 
 .1.3.912. 
 ,. 5,666. 
 ,, 8,400, 
 .13,480. 
 ,.12,(:99, 
 . 8,205. 
 
 .1,096. 
 .1,002, 
 . 240. 
 , 862, 
 . 711. 
 , 508. 
 . 631. 
 , 510, 
 ,1,0-30, 
 , 5tl. 
 . 718. 
 , 718. 
 , 559. 
 , 644, 
 , .349, 
 1,082. 
 . 530. 
 505 
 . 6S4. 
 . 684. 
 1,173, 
 , 496. 
 ,1,112, 
 , 717, 
 .1,070. 
 . 959. 
 , 948. 
 , 515. 
 , 591. 
 ,1,503, 
 . 210. 
 . 877. 
 ,1,410. 
 . 543. 
 . 444. 
 . 442. 
 , 068. 
 .1,097, 
 . 970, 
 
 ""."";• Capital,,: 
 
 . 28..Slatesville 
 .102.,Smithfleld 
 . 14., Trenton 
 , 17.. Kingston 
 . 61, .Lincolnton 
 , 29. , Marion 
 , IS,. Franklin 
 . 17. .WiUiamston 
 . 16.. Charlotte 
 , 14.. Troy 
 , 4., Carthage 
 . 24.. Nashville 
 .186, .Wilmington 
 , 7.. Jackson 
 , 27, .Onslow 
 . 17..Hillsl)oro' 
 . 11.. Elizabeth City 
 . 21.. Hertford 
 . 17..Roxboro' 
 . 41. .Greenville 
 . 41, ..\shl)oro' 
 . 1 , . Rockingham 
 , 10..Lumberton 
 . 43., Went worth 
 ,108.. Salisbury 
 . 28,. Rutherford ton 
 . 53.. Clinton 
 . 10.. Albemarle 
 , 34. .German town 
 , 48.,Rockford 
 . 41.. Columbia 
 . 9.. Monroe 
 
 . 56..RALKIGU 
 
 , 20. . Warrenton 
 
 . 24., Plymouth 
 
 . 1 . . Boone 
 
 , 69. .Waynesboro' 
 
 , 9. .Wilkesboro" 
 
 . 10, ,Burn8ville 
 
R. W. OFFICER 
 SAML. P. OFFICER 
 
 J. H. DUNHAM, Special Partner. 
 
 ^jj >■ General Partners. 
 
 OFFICER & BROTHER, 
 
 154 Lake Street, Marine Bank Building, 
 
 c::?ia:iOjj^oo, iii.Xjii3Nrois. 
 
 Sight Exchange for sale on New York, Boston, Buffalo, Saint Louis, Pittsburgh, Cleveland, 
 Cincinnati. Collections made throughout the Western States, on the most favorable terms. 
 
 Metropolitan Bank, 
 
 E. W. Clark Dodge & Co. 
 
 Sherman & Collins, 
 
 New York. 
 
 North Bank, 
 Gilmore & Brotherton, 
 E. W. Clark & Bro. 
 
 Boston. 
 
 Cincinnati. 
 
 St. Louis. 
 
 D. F. TliiMANN. 
 
 J. W. TIEMANN. 
 
 P. C. TIEMAJSN. 
 
 Muhdmtxs anb ^mpxUxs of faints, Colars, ^t. 
 
 45 PULTON STREET, NEW YORK. 
 
 WILLIAMJ. WHITE, 
 
 ^m 
 
 Wi mi i? 
 
 72 STATE STREET, CHICAGO. 
 
 Wedding, Address and Business Cards ; Notarial, Society and Bankers' Seals ; 
 Superior Silver Plated Doorplatcs, &c., engraved in the best style and at shortest 
 notice. A constant supply of De La Rues' rich Wedding Stationery. Gold Pens 
 and Pencils, fine Pocket Cutlery, Port Monaies and Fancy Goods. 
 
 J. p. NEILL. 
 
 F. W. SPRINGER. 
 
 NEILL & SPRINGER, 
 
 lE 
 
 9 
 
 No. 70 STATE STREET, CHICAGO, ILL. 
 CONSTANTLY ON HAND A FULL ASSORTMENT OP 
 
 ;1P^ 
 
IC3^XjESX3:ja.Il.T^S 
 
 CHIOA-aO, ILL. 
 
 3Nr. DF»- IC3HjiE3HjA.rtT c«3 C^O. 
 
 DEALERS IN 
 
 m@WE ^ 
 
 ^^1 
 
 CHICAGO, ILLINOIS. 
 
 IT. B.— MONEYS RECEIVED ON DEPOSIT, for INVESTMENT in GOOD SECTJKITIES, and 
 INTEBEST GUARANTEED to be paid on the same at CHICAGO, NEW YORK, or BOSTON. 
 ^^^Tazes Paid, and Information given about Lands in any part of the West. 
 
 p. S. — We have facilities for loaning money here, legally, at from 12 to 20 per cent, per annum ; secnred 
 amply, by Trust Deeds on Real Estate; and by the Laws ol Illinois, the money can be made on said Trust 
 Deeds, in from 10 to 30 days after the maturity of the same; thus offering a good and secure investment to 
 those having funds to loan. Our charge for thus investing, to the party loaning, is-oxE per cent. Details 
 given to any party on application, by mail or otherwise. Also, on hand for sale, or the same made to order, 
 lu per cent. COUPON BONDS, having from 3 to 10 years to run, in amounts of $300, and upwards. Inter- 
 est payable semi-annually in New York. Secured on best Real Estate in Chicago, for double the value. 
 
 A CAREKUL examination of the details of our Railroads and General Statistics, will give some idea of 
 the immense business anl trade which now is, and must continue to be, concentrated at Chicago. The 
 natural increase of the laboring and other classes of population incident to the \'arious mechanical branches 
 of business, now being conducted or projected, with a similar increase in other pursuits, must give Chi- 
 cago an aggregate in population for the next few years fully equal to that of the past, thus making us, 
 during the" Spring of 1856, A CITY OF ONE HUNDRED THOUSAND PEOPLE!!! 
 
 (ilT-NO ONE, we think, who looks at the present position of Chicago, and reflects that it is situated at the 
 head of navigation on tl.e GREAT LAKES, within reach of the COAL FIELDS of Illinois, the LEAD iVIINES 
 of Galena, and the IRON and COPPER of Lake Superior, and surrounded by the great Agricultural lields of 
 the West, making us now THE GREATEST PRIMARY GRAIN MARKET OF THE WORLD, can doubt 
 that she is destined to stand among the great cities of this Continent! With these facts so self-evident, and 
 with the fact that but a tithe, as yet, of these advantages are practically developed, it is very clear that our 
 city has but just commenced to grow ; and we assert the fact to be, that in no city in the United States are there 
 so GOOD CHANCES FOR PAYING INVESTMENTS, (whether it be in prosecuting some of the various 
 mechanical or mercantile pursuits: loaning money well secured: or the purchasing, judiciously, of Real 
 Estate), as are presented at this time, IN THE CITY OF CHICAGO AND ITS VICINITY. The arrangements 
 of our HOUSK, and our knowledge of the property in this city and vicinity, as well as of our acquaintance 
 with the condition of the makers of the Bonds, Notes, and Obligations offered for sale, are such as will result to 
 the advantage of those desiring to invest here, whether the buyer visits us in person, or gives orders per mail 
 or otherwise. 
 
 Parties (whether in the United States or beyond) desiring to remit us for investment, can do so by procuring 
 checks on R. K. SWIFT &. GO , CeORGESMITH &00 .or any of the Chicago Bankers; 
 I or by drafts on the Eastern cities, together with such instructions as will inform us of their wishes in the prem- 
 ises. We ask a calm reading of the facts and figures so amply set forth in the published history of our com- 
 merce and railroads, issued last Spring in pamphlet form, we calling especial attention to the articles on railroads 
 and the statistics of population, and merely to aid reflection, suggest three points: i 
 
 1. That at this lime there are arriving and departing over one hundred trains of cars daily, from this, onr "Oarden City." 
 
 2. That nil these Fourteen Fiallroads and some Thirty Kxtension Branch Lines, centering here, have been built so far, and will all be | 
 completed entire in iboli, without one dollar of cxpeuse or liability to the city of Chicago, and giving on aggregate of some eight thousand 
 miles of Kailroads. 
 
 3. That the increase of population for the year 1S53, was twenty-two thousand persons ; equal to 57 per cent., and the census completed .' 
 July, lb55, shows a population of over KJ.OOO. We annex the census list and value of .Manufactures, as exhibited by the assessors: I 
 
 Population of CHiCAno.— United States Census, in 1840, 4,853 ; in iS'M, ■-'3,620. State Census, 1845, 12 083 ; in 18,55. 83,500. 
 
 The following is a comparative sUitenientof the manufactories in the different districts : Manufactorieis in North Division, 118; in 
 
 South Division, vT; in West Division, ITO; Total, 254. ' 
 
 Value of manufactured producls: North Division. $1.431, COO ; South Division, $4,975,300; West Division. $3,421,200; Toul, $9,827,700. i 
 
 Value of Livestock: North Division, SlK5.7,3ll ; South Division, .475 4H5 ; West Division. $159,928 ; Total. 4lU. 148. i 
 
 Also value of real and personal property at various years, viz: in 1839, SI, 8^9,420; '-W, $1,864,205; -41, $l,8S8,l(iO; '42 $2,325,240; '43, , 
 
 $2 250.375; ■44. $3.1lii>.9-l5 ; '45. *3.fi(».r24 ; 'iH, $5 071,402; '47, $« 18U.:i85 ; '«, $9,930,000; '49. $7,617,102; '50, $«, 104,000 ; '51, $9,431,- 
 
 8:6; '52, $12,035,037; '.'13, $18,067, ll:) ; '54, $24,446,-28S; '55, $33,000,000. ] 
 
 Czy I' ranst be remembered that the above census is up to .luly 1st, 1855. only, and then taken when flfieen per cent, of our popula- \ 
 
 tiou were absent. U'^f^^rticulars about properly, or general inquiries from non-residents, promi)tly answered by mull or otherwise. t 
 
 (^ Address, without reserve, I 
 
 N. P. IGLEHAET & CO., No. 56 LaSalle Street, Chicago, 111. j 
 
 A L.\RGn AND VALUABLE I.T!<T OF REAL KSTATF Iff AND AltOUND CHICAGO, always to be found at our oOice, and a great | 
 
 porhou of it uu pavmeiits of one quarter cash, ami the halanee on from one to live year's er>; Jit I Also, good Molos and liondu, bccured i 
 
 bv Trust Ueedj, arc usually ou hand awaiting sale. (U"Abs:racts of Titles »iwayi> furnished to buyers. ' 
 
 No. 8!). 
 
THE STATE OF NORTH CAROLINA. 
 
 The whole number of dwellings in the State, at the above date, was 105,542; of families, 106,023; and of inhabitants, 
 868,903; viz., whites 552,464— males 272,369, and females 2S0.095 ; Indians, 831— males 420, and females, 411 ; free col- 
 ored, 27,196— males 13,226, and females 13,970; slaves, 288,412. Of the wliole population (here were, deaf and dumb 
 — wh, 351, fr. col. 4, si. 52— total 407; blind— v.'h. 357, fr. col. 28, si. 117— total 532; inJi(nie—\vh. 462, fr. col. 5, si. 24 — 
 total 491 ; and idiotic — wh. 604, fr. col. 32, si. 138 — total 774. The number of free persons born in the United States w.is 
 577,750. the number of foreign birth 2,524, and of birth unl<nown 217. The native population originated as follows: Me. 
 68, N. Hamp. 26, Verm. 27, Mass. 251, K. I. .59, Conn. 272, N. York 468, N. Jer. 134, Penn. 665, Del. 96, Md. 635, Dist. of 
 Col. 28, Virg. 10,838, ^'or■f.h Carolina 556,248, S. Car. 4,430, Ga. 844, Flor. 54, Ala. 131, Miss. 57, La. 14, Tex. 6, Ark. 1, 
 Tenn. 2,047, Ky. 141, Oh. 48, Mich. 2, Ind. 67, III. 23, Mo. 3-3, la. 3, Wise. 4, Calif. 0, Territories ; and the foreign pop- 
 ulation was composed of persons from — England 394, Ireland 567, Scotland 1,012. Wales 7, Germany 344, France 43, 
 Spain 4, Portugal 12, Belgium 1, Holland 4, Turkey 0, Italy 4, Austria 2, Switzerland 3, Uussia S, Denmark 6, Norway 
 0, Sweden 9, Prussia 19, Sardinia 0, Greeee 0, China 2, Asia 0, Africa 2, British America 30, Mexico 2, Central America 
 4, South America 3, West Indies 87, and other countries 5. 
 
 The following table will show the decennial progress of the population since the first census of the State taken by the 
 United States authorities : 
 
 Colored Persons. Decennial Increase. 
 Census Wliite , . , Total , ■ . 
 
 Years. Persons. Free. Sliive. Total. Popiil..lion. Numerical. Percent. 
 
 1790 288,204 4,975 100,572 105,547 893,751 — .... — 
 
 1800 337,764 7,048 1.38,296 140,344 478,103 S4,.352 .... 21.3 
 
 1810 876.410 10,265 108,824 179,090 555.500 7T,.397 .... 16.2 
 
 1820 419,200 14,612 205,017 219.629 68S.8J9 83,329 .... 15.0 
 
 1830 472,843 19,543 245,601 265,144 737.987 99,153 .... 1.5.5 
 
 1840 484,870 22,782 245,817 268.549 753,419 15,482 .... 2.1 
 
 1850 552,464 27,196 288,412 315,608 868,903 115,484 .... 915.3 
 
 — the total of 1850, including 831 Indians, not otherwise accounted for. 
 
 The statistics of the products, industries, wealth, and institutions of the State, according to the census of 1850 and other 
 oflBcial returns referring to the same period of time, are as follows : 
 
 Occupied Lands, etc. — Improved farm lands, 5,453,977 acres, and lands attached to farms unimproved, 15,543,010 
 acres — together valued in cash at $67,'-91.766. Whole number of farms under cultivation on the 1st June, 1850, 56,916. 
 Value of fiirming implements and m.ichinery, $3,931,5-32. 
 
 live-Stock.— Ui>TSi.-a 148.693, asses and mules 25,259, milch cows 221,799, working oxen 37,309, other cattle 434,402, 
 sheep 59.5,249, swine 1.812,813— in the aggregate valued in cash at .$17,717,647. The census of 1840 returned the following 
 numbers: horses, mules, etc. 166.608, neat c:itlle of all kinds 617,371, .sheep 538.279, and swine 1.649,716. 
 
 Products of Aniniah. — Wool. 970,738 (in 1840, 625,1144) pounds; butter, 4,146,290 pounds; cheese, 95,921 pounds; aud 
 the value of animals slaughtered during the year, .'i;5,767.S66. 
 
 Groin (7/'oj3,v.— Wheat, 2,1:30,102 bushels ; rye, 229.563 bushels ; Indian corn, 27.941,051 bushels ; oats, 4,052,078 bushels ; 
 barley, 2,735 bushels; and buckwheat, 16.704 bushels. The crops, according to the census of 1S40, were: wheat, 1.960,855 
 bushels; rye, 213.971 bushels; Indian corn, 23.893,763 bushels; oats, 3,193,941 bushels : barley, 3,574 bushels ; and buck- 
 wheat, 15,391 bushels. Thus, excepting the barley and buckwheat crops, the increase in the decade has been liberal. 
 
 Other Food Crops. — Eice, 5,465,808 (in 1S40, 2,820,.38S) pounds; peas and beans. 1.584,252 hu.shels; potatoes — sweet, 
 5,095.709 bushels, and Irish, 2,735 bushels. The potato crop of 1839 amounted to 2.609,2:39 bushels. 
 
 Miscellaneous Crops. — Tobacco, 11,984,786 pounds ; ginned cotton, 73.849 bales of 400 pounds ; hay, 145.662 tons ; clover- 
 seed, 576 bushels; other grass-seed, 1,275 bushels; hops. 9,246 (in 1840, 1,063) pounds; hemp — dew-rotted, t(ms, and 
 water-rotted, 3 tons; flax, 593,796 pounds; flax-seed, 38.196 bushels; silk cocoons, 229 (in 1340, .3,014) pounds; maple sugar, 
 27,9:?2 pounds; molasses, 704 gallons; beeswax and lioney, 512,289 pounds; wine, 11,058 gallons, etc. Value of orchard 
 products, $34,348, and of market-garden products, $39,462, 
 
 The Ibllowing table exhibits the actual and comparative quantities of the principal staples produced in the year 
 preceding the censuses of 1840 and 1850: 
 
 Crops. 1810. 18S0. Decennial Movement. 
 
 Eice 2,820,1588 pounds 5,465,868 pounds incr. 2,645.480 pounds, or 93.8 per cent 
 
 Potatoes 2.61 9.2.39 bushels 5.098,444 bushels incr. 2,489,239 bushels, or 95.4 " 
 
 Tobacco 16,772,-359 pounds 11,984,786 pounds deer. 4,787,573 pounds, or 2S.5 " 
 
 Cotton 51,926.190 " 29,5:39,600 " <f«cr. 22,386,590 " or 43.1 " 
 
 Hay 101,309 tons 145,662 tons inor. 44,293 tons, or 43.7 " 
 
 Fra7::::::::::::l 9'879i" ;;;••;{ 593.796%ounds :;:::: f^^^-- 21.520,101 pounds, or 97.3 « 
 
 Wine 23,752 gallons 11,058 gallons deer. 17,694 gallons, or 61.2 " 
 
 Home-made mamifactures were produced to the value of $2,086,522. The same quality of products, according to the 
 census of 1840, were valued at $1,413,242. 
 
 J/((««/rtcf(/7V«.— Aggregate capital invested, $7,252,245; value of all raw material, fuel, etc., used, $4,805,463; average 
 number of hands employed, —males and females average monthly cost of labor, $ —male, 
 
 $ and female, $ ; total value of products for the year ending 1st June, 1850, $9,111 245. The whole number 
 
 of manufactories producing to the value of $.500 and upward annually, 2,523 ; and of these 23 are cotton factories, 1 wookn 
 factory, 151 tanneries, and 20 iron works, viz., 5 making castings, 2 pig iron, and 19 wrought iron. The total capital 
 employed in manufactures in 1340 was $3,838,900. 
 
 Cotto7i manufactures employ a capital of $1,058,800; annujil consumption of cotton, 13,617 b.qles ; value of all raw 
 material, -$531,903; average hands employed, 1,619— males, 442, and females, 1,177 ; entire wages per month, $12,369— 
 to males, $5,153, and to females, $7,216 ; annual products, 2,470,110 yards of sheeting, etc., and 2,267,000 pounds ol yarn- 
 in all valued at $831,842. Capital invested in 1840, $995,-".00, and hands employed, 1,219. Annual value of products, $488,900. 
 
 Woolen manufactures employ a capital of $13,000 ; annual consumption of wool, 30,000 pounds ; value of all raw ma- 
 terial, $18,950; number of hands employed, 78— males 40, and females 88; entire wages per month, $1,6-35— to males, 
 $1,099, and to females, $586 ; annual products, 840,600 yards of cloth, valued at $88,750. Capital in 1840, $9,800 ; hands, 4. 
 
 213 
 
THE STATE OF NORTH CAROLINA. 
 
 Tanneries employ a capital of $251,055; value of raw material, etc., consumed, $191,2-37; hands employed, 373; 
 monthly wages, $5.295 ; tanned— 24,035 skins, and 155,610 sides of leather, valued at $352,535. Capital in 1S40, $271,797 ; 
 hands, 045 ; tanneries, 353. 
 
 In the niatiuf;u'ture of 7n(tlt and spii-ituous liguors the capital invested is $21,930; quantities and kinds of grain, etc., 
 consiiin('<l— corn, G4,G50 bushels, and rye, 4,700 bushels; hands employed, 75; quantity of liquors produced— whisky and 
 high wines, 163,030 gallons. 
 
 The iron manu/actureH are represented in the following tabular statistics : 
 
 Specifications. Pig Iron. Cast Iron. ■\Vrou»;hl Tron. Totsl, 
 
 Capital invested dollars .... 25,000 11,500 103,000 139,500 
 
 Ore used tons 900 — 4,660 5,550 
 
 Pie iron used " — 192 — 192 
 
 Coke and charooiil bushels.. . .150.000 6,875 357,900 514.2T5 
 
 Yaluo of all raw material, etc dollars.... 27,900 8,341 23,114 64,;J55 
 
 Hands employed number... 31 15 187. 
 
 Entire nuinthly wages dollars 230 352 1,868. 
 
 Iron produced tons 400 172 850. 
 
 Value of entire products dollars .... 12,500 12,867 66,980. 
 
 233 
 
 2,450 
 
 1,422 
 
 92,347 
 
 Canital in iron manufactures in 1840, $94,901 ; hands, 46S. There are also in the State several machine shops, hardware 
 
 factories, soap and caudle manufactories, potteries, carriage manufactories, etc., and numerous grist, saw, flour, and other 
 mills, which, in the aggregate, make up a respectable manufacturing industry in a Slate so much devoted to agriculture 
 as is North Carolina. 
 
 Commerce, Kafiyation, etc. — North Carolina, in the year ending 30th June, 1850, exported to foreign countries mer- 
 chandise, etc., to the value of $416,501, and imported goods to the value of .$323,692. Of the exports (all of which were 
 of domestic origin), to the value of $'J59,616 was carried in American, and to $156,885 in foreign bottoms; and of the 
 imports, to the value of $179,249 was carried in American, and to $144,443 in foreign bottoms. The entrances and clear- 
 ances in the same vear were as follows : 
 
 ENTKANCES. 
 Nationality, VcsbpIs. Tonnage. 
 
 American 140 19,185.. 
 
 Foreign 48 9,115.. 
 
 9ltS 
 891 
 
 Total 188 28,300 1,299 
 
 Wilmington 118 20,670 876 
 
 Newbern 23. 
 
 Edenton — . 
 
 Camden 22. 
 
 Beaufort 4. 
 
 Washington 9. 
 
 Plymouth 12. 
 
 2,664. 
 
 2,170. 
 
 473. 
 
 I.IIS. 
 
 1,205. 
 
 185 
 24 
 
 71 
 
 CLEAKA^•CES. 
 Nationality. Vessels. Tonnage, 
 
 American 212 80,7.S9. 
 
 Foreign 62 11,493. 
 
 Crews. 
 . 1,396 
 . 603 
 
 Total 274 42,232 1,899 
 
 Wilmington 175 31,098 1,315 
 
 Newbern 30 3,646 183 
 
 Edenton 1 131 6 
 
 Camden 29 2,945 170 
 
 IJeaufort 6 755 34 
 
 Washington 11 1,372 65 
 
 Plymouth 22 2,2S8 126 
 
 The total shipping owned in the State at the date specified was 45,218 tons, of which 14,9.82 tons were registered, 27.535 
 tons enrolled and licensed, and 2,751 tons licensed (under 20 tons.) All cnrolle<i and licensed shipping was employed in 
 coasting, and of this 3,226 tons were navigated by ste.am-power. The whole of the licensed tonnage w.ns also employed 
 in coasting. The tonnage of the several districts was — Wilmington 15,198 tons, Newbern 5,208 tons, Washingt<m 5,703 
 tons. Edenton, 1,145 tons, Camden 11.943 tons, Beaufort 2,200 tons, Plymouth 2,828 tons, and Ocracoke 1.428 tons. The 
 number of vessels built in the several districts was 88, viz., 1 ship, 2 brigs, 23 schooners, 2 sloops, and 5 steamers, and 
 their tonnage 2,052. Of the whole number 4 (483 tons) were built at Wiliningtim, 8 (807 tons) at Newbern, 1 (34 tons) 
 at Washington, 5 (256 tons) at Edenton, 9 (093 tons) at Camden, 3 (200 tons) at Beaufort, and 3 (114 tons) at Plymouth. 
 The statistics of the foreign commerce of the State for a series of years — 1791 to 1850 — exhibit the following movements 
 in the values of exports and imports. 
 
 Year. Exports. 
 
 1791 $524,548... 
 
 1792 527.900.., 
 
 1793 305.414... 
 
 1794 321.587... 
 
 1795 492,161... 
 
 1796 671,487... 
 
 1797 540.9:il... 
 
 1798 537,810... 
 
 1799 485921... 
 
 1800 769,799... 
 
 1801 874,884... 
 
 lSii2 659,890.. 
 
 1803 952,614. . 
 
 1804 928,087 .. 
 
 1805 779.903 . 
 
 1806 789.6:5... 
 
 18(17 745,163 .. 
 
 1808 117,129. 
 
 1SII9 822,994... 
 
 1810 403,949... 
 
 214 
 
 Imports, 
 
 Imports. 
 
 .$ 
 
 Year. Exports. 
 
 1811 $797,970. 
 
 1812 489.219 
 
 1813 797..8.iS 
 
 1814 312,446 
 
 1815 1,(113.942 
 
 1S16 1,328.735 
 
 1817 956.580 
 
 1818 948.253 
 
 1819 047,736 
 
 1820 808.319 
 
 1821 400.944 200,073 
 
 1822 3S5,9.il 258.761 
 
 1S23 482.417 183.9.58 
 
 1824 .58<.733 40.5,8.80 
 
 1825 5.53.390 311,803 
 
 1820 581.740 3e7..'>45 
 
 1827 449.237 276,791 [ 
 
 1829 52:!,747 268,015 
 
 1829 564,.^)06 2^3,.847 
 
 1830 399,383 221,992 1 
 
 Year. Exports, Imports. 
 
 18:31 $341,140 $196,356 
 
 18-82 342.041 215.184 
 
 18-88 483,035 198,758 
 
 18-34 471,41)0 222,472 
 
 1885 819,827 241.981 
 
 1830 429.851 197.116 
 
 18,87 551,795 271,023 
 
 1338 645,223 29(1,405 
 
 18.89 427,920 229,2:33 
 
 1840 887,484 252.532 
 
 1841 88-8,056 22(>,360 
 
 1842 .844.650 187,404 
 
 1S43 171,099 110,976 
 
 1844 29S401 209,142 
 
 1845 379,960 280,470 
 
 1846 414,898 242,859 
 
 1847 284,919 142.8S4 
 
 1848 840.028 195.814 
 
 1849 270.076 11.8,146 
 
 1850 416,501 823,692 
 

 ^^^^^^^^<^^^i.'^^^^^y^^^5^W^^^4^^^J^^, 
 
i:ii^ri;,\P(l e.vi)7Pssly Inr tli.^ rinjriess ol the IJepiitilic, ;•'"' ('ntfied accordiiii: t<i Art o[ (■(ingre.^s. 
 
 VIEW OF MAUSOLEUM TO THE MEMORY OF HENRY CLAY, 
 
 At Lexington, Kentucky, 
 % J. R. Hamilton, Architect, Cincinnati, O. 
 
 This design was selected on the I'^th April, 1855, by the Conan)ittee of the ''Clay Monumeiil 
 Association," in a general .;orn petition of ninvanls c,( J 00 lipsigns from all Pftits of the Union. 
 
G. W. MILTENBERGEU, M. D. 
 
 17 /S'. Liberty Street, Baltimore. 
 
 Dean of University of Maryland. 
 
 Anthony J. Bleeker & Co. 
 
 AUCTIONEERS, 
 No. 7 Broad Street, New York. 
 
 J. R. Hamilton. 
 
 J. C. Rankin. 
 
 HAMILTON & RANKIN, Architects, 
 
 Office, 168 VINE STREET, Between 4th and 5th, CINCINNATI, 0. 
 Ji@^Designs, Working Drawings, and Specifications prepared for all 
 kinds of Buildings — Public and Private, Ecclesiastical_, Collegiate, and 
 Civil. Among their numerous other recent works public attention is re- 
 quested to the following: 
 
 By J. E. Hamilton. — Monument to Henry Clay. Woodward High School, Cincinnati. St.Mary's 
 Episcopal Church, Ilillsboro', 0. Residence of Charles Anderson, 5th and Pike sts,, Cincinnati, 0. 
 Residence of C. D. Coffin 7th and Plum sts., Cincinnati, 0. Female College, Hillbboro' 0. Resi- 
 dence of H. W. Derby, Clifton, near Cincinnati. Residence of M. Corwin, Lebanon, 0. Residence 
 of Edmund Dexter, corner of 4th and Broadway, Cincinnati, 0. 
 
 By Hamilton & Rankin. — Trinity Church, Columbus, 0. Westminster Presbyterian Church, 
 Columbus, 0. H. W. Derby's Building, corner of Third and Walnut, Cincinnati. Residence of 
 Jethro Mitchell, Mount Auburn, near Cincinnati. Store of H. Snow, Cincinnati. 
 
 WILLOW WARE, 
 
 (49 SOUTH 2No&N913NORTH3''.«»ST. 
 L PHlJLADELEJIIA, :_ 
 
 PRIESTLEY & BEIJV, 
 
 IMPORTERS AND DEALERS IN 
 
 HARDWARE, 
 
 AND STEEL, COPPER, ZINC AND TIN PLATE, NAILS, 
 
 PAINTS, OILS, CORDAGE, & C. 
 
 ^Iso, Agents for Manufacturers of 
 
 SHEET & BOLT COPPER, TENNESSEE IRON, 
 
 mn nmxmon sEite, 
 
 Nos. 89 and 91 Camp St., New Orleans. 
 
 42 
 
up ^toital Cfllkge, 
 
 -A.T s .A. -^ ^ft. nsr isr -A. xa: , g-a. 
 
 The regular course of Lectures in this institution commences on the first Monday of each 
 November, and continues into the first few days of March. 
 The faculty' is constituted as follows, viz : 
 
 HARVEY L. BYRD, M. T)., Professor of the Principles and Practice of Medicine. 
 
 WESLEY C. NORWOOD, M. I)., Professor of Materia Medica and Med. Jurisprudence. 
 
 JAMn.S S. MOKEL, M. D , Professor of Jlnalomy. 
 
 LAWRENCE J. RnBERT, M. D., Professor of Physiolosy. 
 
 HOLMES STEELE, M. D., Professor of OhUctrics and Diseases of Women and Childreri. 
 
 ^■^ Professor of the Principles aiirf Practice of Hurgery. 
 
 WfLLIAM T. FB >Y, M. D., Professor of Chemist.y and Toxicology. 
 
 E&IDRO J. OLIVERO«, M. D., Demonstrator of Anatomy. 
 
 H. L. BYRD, M. D., Dean of Faculty. 
 
 HON. EDWARD J. UARUm, President of Board of Trusteea. 
 
 Preliminary Lectures ■will be delivered from the 15th of October until the commencement 
 of the regular course in November, which lectures are free to all students and practitioners 
 who may wish to attend. The faculty have all had extensive experience in the treatment of the 
 diseases peculiar to the South and South-west, and hence are enabled to prepare the student 
 to enter at once upon the successful treatment of those diseases as soon as he graduates, a mat- 
 ter of vast importance to the young southern practitioner. The students have access to the Sa- 
 vannah Hosj>ital, on the payment of $75 per annum, where a large number of diseases are 
 prescribed for, and frequent surgical operations performed. A daily cliuique is held at the 
 College, where patients are prescribed for, and operated upon, in the presence of the class, by 
 the Professor. Any desirable number of patients can be assembled at this cliuique. The op- 
 portunities for dissection are ample, and great attention is paid to this department by the Pro- 
 fessor of Anatomy and the Demonstrator, the latter of whom will be constantly in the rooms 
 to offer any assistance that m.ay be required by the students. The Museum and Laboratory 
 are as complete as need be desired. Board of a good character can be obtained at from $3.50 
 to f5 per week. 
 
 Savannah is one of the most quiet and moral cities in the United States, its police arrange- 
 ment being unsurpassed. 
 
 The fees are as follows, viz : 
 
 Matriculation fee, (paid once only) $ 5 (10 
 
 Full Course, 105 nO 
 
 Dissection, 10 00 
 
 Graduation, 30 00 
 
 TliP above include all the expenses of the College. The Commencement for conferring Degrees is held im- 
 mediately on the conclusion of the Session. For further information, address 
 
 H. L. BYBD, M. D., Dean. 
 
 ORIGIN OF MEDICAL INSTITUTIONS IN SAVANNAH, GEORGIA. 
 
 In 1851 Dr. H. L. Byrd removed from Genrgetowii, South Carolina, to Sav.mnah, and soon after conceived 
 the idea of establishing a Medical College in that city, lie made applicaiion to the President of Oglethorpe 
 University, located at Milledjjville, an institution sustained by the Synods of GeorKia, Snulh Carolina, Florida, 
 and Alabama, for the purpose of establishing a Medical Department in Savannah, which was unanunou!>ly 
 granted by Ihe Hoard of Trustees from the above named States. 
 
 Aftt r he had associated with himself a sufficient number of physicians to constitute a faculty, it was ascer- 
 tained that a charter had been granted by the Legislature in 1H38, incorporating the Savannah Medical College, 
 which charter had remained dorniani up to that time. While Dr. Byrd strongly favored the connecrion with 
 Oglelliorpe University as a medical department, the majority of bis colleagues insisted on bringing the original 
 named trustees of Savannah Medical College together, and insisted upon their oiganization, for the purpose of 
 electing the professors of the said College. 
 
 As soon as it was ascertaineil by the physicians disconnected with the proposed faculty, strenuous efforts 
 viere made to prevent, in the first place, the assembling of the trustees, and in the second, the election of the 
 gentlemen associated with Dr. Byrd, as members of the faculty of the Savannah Medical College. Such 
 was the opposition to the est.tblishinent of a Medical College and the use of the charter, that the faeully obtained 
 nn act of incorporation bi-fore the justices of the Inferior Court of Chatham County. The faculty, still desiring 
 the use of the charter of the Savannah Medical College, continued their application before the boaid of trus- 
 tees, notwithstanding Ihe opposition which they had encountered, whicji finally resulted in the election of all 
 the memb rs to their professorships, which they had agreed upon amoi^'^ ihemselves. 
 
 They commenced their first session of lectures in 1853, with 27 students and 7 graduates the following 
 Spring. The succeeding Winter they had 50 siudents and 17 graduates. Dr. Byrd felt it due to himself, not- 
 withstanding he had contributed by hi-s individual and other inHuenees, more than one halt Of all the studinis 
 who nail aliendid at the Savannah Medical College, to sever his conneciiona with the institution when Ihe 
 faenltv, with whom he had been associated, ohj-'cted to his receiving a le<timimial of a Silver Cup, v lunt.irily 
 ofl'ered by his private pupils. Dr. Byrd immediat' ly set about the organization of the Oglethorpe Medical C:ol- 
 lege, and resigned his place in the Savannah Medical College as soon as he had disposed of his inieresi in the 
 said insliiulioM. Ai plication was made by Ijim.ndhis associates to ihe Legislature of Georgia, (session IS'if) .W) 
 for a charier for establishing the Ogh'thorpe, VJrdical College in the city of Savannah, which was granted. Their 
 first class numbered :t8 stmlenis and 8 gr„,uates, .vhile the number of the Savannah Medical College was 35 
 matriculates and 1-2 grailuates. Dr. By..l has thus, briefly and impartially, given the history of the origin and 
 present success of the Medical Institutions in Savannah. 
 
 10-12 
 
THE STATE OF NORTH CAROLINA. 
 
 Internal Tmprovementn. — Great efforts are being made in this State to build up a system of railroads between the in- 
 terior and the sfa-board, and also to connect the railroads of North Carolina with those of the adjoinin<; States. As yet 
 however, the only through line is the Weldon and Wilmington R. R. at Weldon, uniting with the Petersbur" K. R., run- 
 ning north, and the Sea-board and Roanoke K. R. to Norfolk, and at Wilmington with the Wilmington .and Manchester 
 R, R., which forms a connection witli the South Carolina railroads. The North Carolina Central R. R. runninf from a 
 point .ibove Goldslmro', on the Weldon and Wilmington R. R., through Raleigh, Ilillsboro", Greensboro', Lexington, and 
 Salisbury, forms a junction with the South Carolina system at Cli.arlolte, and this road will probably be extended from its 
 eastern terminus to Beaufort. A railroad has long been in opc^ration from Gaston, on the Roanoke, to Raleigh, at which 
 I.'itter point it conneels with the central and at Gaston with the Greenville and Roanoke R. R., which leaves the great 
 Southern lino at Hicksford. The total length of completed railroad in this State on the 1st Jan., 1S.53, was 249 miles, or 
 in the proportion of one mile to every 18 square miles of territory. The only canals in use within the State are the Dis- 
 mal Swamp Canal and its north-west branch, which are used chiefly for lumbering purposes, and llurlow Can.il, extend- 
 ing from the Neuse to Beaufort. Important improvements are also contemplated in Deep and Cape Fear rivers, so as to 
 make them an outlet for the mineral wealth of their vicinities. 
 
 Baixks. — According to the baidc returns of November. 1S50, there were in the State 5 banks and 15 branch banks, the 
 aggregate condition of which, at that period, was as follows: Liahilities — capital, .$7,789,250; circulation, $4,240,983; 
 deposits, $942,095; due other banks, -$60,632; all other liabilities, |4,S25; and assets— \oani and discounts, $6,056,783; 
 stocks, $150,000; real estate, $127,806, other investments, $18,785; due by other banks, $1,074,794; notes of other banks, 
 $483,947 ; and specie, $1,645,028. The Bank of Cape Fear, located at Wilmington, has branches at Asheville, Fayetteville, 
 Greensboro', Raleigh, Salem, Salisbury, and Washington, and the Bank of the State of North Carolina, at Raleigh, has 
 branches at Charlotte, Elizabeth City, Fayetteville, Milton, Morgantown, Newbern, Tarboro', and W^ilmington. Banks 
 besides these are also established at Fayetteville, Wadesboro', Washington, Wilmington, and Newbern. 
 Government, etc. — The government of the State is based on the constitution of 1786, as amended in 1835. 
 The right of suffrage is allowed to every free while man, 21 years old, an inhabitant of his district 12 months preceding 
 an election, and owner of a freehold within the same for six months. Such may vote for senators, but in voting for repre- 
 sentatives, the freehold qualification is not needed, if the voter has paid taxes. But no descendant of a negro, to the 
 fourth generation, though one ancestor in each generation be white, is to be accounted a white man. The general electious 
 are held biennially on the 1st Thursday in August. 
 
 The Legislature is composed of a House of Commons and a Senate. Members of the House of Commons (120 in 
 number) must have resided in their respective counties one year, and have owned for six months next before their 
 election 100 acres as freehold, and are chosen biennially, not less than one in each county. Senators (5it in nimiber) are 
 chosen biennially in districts set off on the basis of taxation, and must be possessed for the same time of 300 acres thereiu 
 in fee. An apportionment of both houses was made in 1S51, and apportionment will be made every twenty years there- 
 after. The General Assembly, thus constituted, convenes on the third Tuesday in November biennially. No special law 
 shall be passed to alter the name of any person, to legitimize bastards, or to restore to citizenship persons convicted of 
 infamous crimes ; but general laws for these purposes may be passed. 
 
 The Governor is chosen by the persons qualified to elect members of the house for two years (but no such elected per- 
 son shall serve more than four years out of any six years) by a plurality of votes, or in case of an even vote by the two 
 houses of the General Assembly on joint ballot. An Executive Council of State, consisting of seven councilors, shall be 
 chosen at every regular session, who shall keep a journal of their proceedings, open to the General Assembly. The gov- 
 ernor may lay an embargo for thirty days, with the consent of the council. If the office of governor be vacant, it is to be 
 filled by the Speaker of the Senate, and he failing, then by the Speaker of the House of Commons. No clergyman, while 
 in the exercise of his duties as such, shall be a member of the council. 
 
 Among the miscellaiteous provisions of the constitution, are the following: Every foreigner who comes to settle may 
 take take the oath of allegiance and hold real estate. Judges of the Supreme and Superior courts are appointed by joint 
 ballot of both houses, and may be removed for mental or physical inability upon a resolution of two-thirds of the mem- 
 bers thereof. Their salaries shall not be diminished during their term. No persofi icho shall deny tJie being of a God 
 or tlie truth oftltA Christian religion, or the divine authority of the Old or Neiw Testament,or who sluill hold religioui 
 principles incompatible witfi the freedom or safety of the State, shall hold any civil office. 
 
 To amend ths constitution, a cimvention of the people may be called by a vote of two-thirds of the members of both 
 houses. Amendments, if agreed to by three-fifths of the members of each house, shall be published six months before th« 
 next election ; and if approved by two-thirds of both houses, shall be submitted to the people ; and if approved by a ma- 
 jority of votes of the voters qualified to elect members of the House of Commons, shall be adopted. 
 
 The judiciary consists of a Supreme Court, Superior or Circuit courts, etc. The Supreme Court consists of a chief- 
 justice and two associate justices, the attorney-general, a reporter and two clerks, one at Raleigh, and one at Morgan- 
 town. This court holds three sessions in each year — two in the city of Raleigh, on the 2d Monday in June and the last 
 Monday in December; and one at Morgantown, on the 1st Monday of August, for the western part of the State, and con- 
 tinues to sit at each term until all the business on the docket is determined or continued upon good cause shown. It has 
 power to hear and determine all cases in law or equity brought before it by appeal or by the parties ; and has original and 
 exclusive jurisdiction in repealing letters patent, and has also power to issue all writs necessary and proper for the exer- 
 cise of its jurisdiction. The Superior or Circuit courts are composed of one judge and solicitor in each circuit ; these are 
 courts of law and of equity, and are held twice a year in each county of the State. There are seven circuits, of about ten 
 counties each, which the judges ride alternately, never visiting, however, the same circuit twice in suceession. The 
 judges of these courts have complete equity jurisdiction. 
 
 The militia of North Carolina is composed of 79,448 men of all grades, of which number 4,267 are commissioned 
 officers, and 75,181 non-commissioned officers, musicians, artificers, and privates. Of the commissioned officers, 28 are 
 general officers, 133 general staff officers, 657 field officers, etc., and 3,449 company officers. Every while male citizen, 
 between the ages of 18 and 45 years, imle^s exempt by law, is liable to military duty. 
 
 The charitable and benevolent institutions supported by the State are the North Carolina Institution for the Instruction 
 of the Deaf and Dumb, and the Asylum for the Insane. The foundation stone of the Institution for the Deaf and Dumb 
 was laid on the 14th April, 1848. It is located at Raleigh on a plot of four acres, and near the Slate-House. The Lunatic 
 Asylum is not yet commenced. The legisl.ature of 1850 imposed a tax of one cent and three-quarters on every one 
 hundred dollars-worth of land, and five and a quarter cents on every taxable poll per annum for four years to raise a 
 
 215 
 
THE STATE OF NORTH CAROLINA, 
 
 fand for building an instilulion of this description— taxes which are expected to yield |SO,000 in the time fpecifled. The 
 legislature, also at the same session, p:issed a bill authorizing an agricultural, mineralogical, and botanical survey of the 
 Blate. The surveyor, whose appointment rests with the governor, is required personally or by his assistants, " lo visit 
 every county of the State and examine every thing of interest or ralue in either of the above departments, lo ascertain 
 the niiture and character of its producU, and the nature and cliafacter of its soil, as well as to give an account of its 
 minerals." 
 
 PiMic Debt, Finance.^ e<c.— The receipts from all sources for the year ending 31st October, 1S50. amounted to 
 f219.O06 47, and the expenditures in the same year to $'2-2S,173 24— being an excess of expenditures over receipts of 
 $9.1C6 77. The chief sources of inoonie are the public taxes, bank taxes, interest on railroad bonds, income from interest 
 in railroads, etc.; and the principal ol.jecls of expenditure are executive, legislative, and judicial expenses, public print- 
 ing, interests on investments, repayments of loans, etc., election expenses, public libriiry. etc. North Carolina, properly 
 speaking, has no public debt; it has, however, a contingent liability, which arises from its endorsement by the State 
 of bonds of railroad companies to the amount of .$1,100,000, but from this must be deducted $l:J.O.iO for bonds not used, 
 and if 110,000 f >r bon<ls paid, whieh reduces the amount for which the State may be liable, to .$977,000. Since the above 
 date otiier liabilities have been assumed for the progressing railroads. The value of real and personal estate of the inhab- 
 itants of North Carolina, including the value of slave property in 1S50, was assessed at $212,071,218. True valuation, 
 1220.800,472. 
 
 Federal Reprewntation.—'NonU Carolina, in accordance with the law of 23d May, 1850, is entitled to eight represent- 
 atives in the Congress of the United States. 
 
 Fductttian.—nefore the Revolution, literature was hardly known in this State, much less a subject of cultivation. There 
 were in the province at the end of the royal government, only two schools in operation, one at Nowbern and one at 
 Edenton. The constitution of 1776, directed that "a school or schools shall be established by the legislature for the 
 convenient instruction of youth, with such salaries to the masters, paid by the public, as may enable them to instruct at 
 low prices; and all useful learning shall be duly encouraged and promoted in one or more universities." Till within late 
 years, however, no system of free schools was introduced throughout the State. Liberal provision was made for the 
 purpose in 1825, by the creation of a school fund. This fund now amounts to nearly half a million dollars, besides the 
 income of stock held by the Stale in several railroails, the proceeds of the sale of swamp lands, and the tract acquired from 
 the Cherokees in the south-west. In order to apply these funds, a Board of Literature was established in 18^', to devise 
 a plan of common schools : but as yet nothing efficient for the increasing population has been brought to fruition. At the 
 present time there are some 2u0 academies, and between 800 and 900 common schools in the State, at which from 18.000 
 to 20,000 youth are annually taught. The principal collegiate establishments in the State are the University, Davidson 
 College, and Wake P^irest College. The University of North Carolina is located at Chapel Hill, in Orange County, and 
 in 1850 hail a president, 10 professors, and 230 students. It was founded in 1789, and its alumni numbered 964, of which 
 about 70 had entered the ministry. It has an excellent library of 13,500 volumes. In ls53 a school of science and art was 
 attached to it. In the law department there were, in 1850, ten studenUs. Davidson College, founded in 1S3S, is situate in 
 Mechlenburg County, and in 1850 had 4 professors, 60 students, and a library of about 5,000 volumes, and its alumni num- 
 bered 140, of which 24 were in the ministry. Wake Forest College (a Baptist institution) was founded in 183S, and in 
 1S50 had 3 professors, and 24 students ; its alumni numbered 11, of which 6 were in the ministry, and its library contained 
 4,700 volumes. 
 
 Puhlio I.ibrariefi.— One State library— 3,000 volumes; S college— 9,401 volumes; 2 students'— 8,846 volumes; 2 
 academic and professional— 3.000 volumes ; total, 8 libraries, and 24.247 volumes. This account is from the Keport of the 
 Librarian of the Smithsonian Institution, 18.50, and is probably under-rated. 
 
 Perio'lical P/v.s.s.— The whole tmmber of newspapers, etc., published in the State in 1850, was 52, of which 24 advocated 
 whig principle, and 9 that of the democracy, and 19 were neutral in politics, or devoted to literature, religion, etc. Of the 
 whole number, 1 was published tri-wcekly, circulating 340 copies at each issue, or 53,040 copies annually ; 3 semi-weekly, 
 circulating 8.437 copies, or 399,iiSS annually; 41 weekly, circulating 28,427 copies, or 1,478,204 annually; 4 semi-monthly, 
 circulating 3,775, or 90.000 annually : and one monthly, circulating 4.i0, or 5.400 annually. The counties in which published 
 are— Anson, 1 s.-w. and 1 w. ; Buncombe, 2 w. ; Beaufort, 1 w. ; Caswell, 1 w. ; Chowan, 1 w. ; Cherokee, 1 w. ; Craven, 
 2 w. ; Cumberland, 3 w. ; Chatham, 1 s.-m. ; Edgecombe, 1 w. ; Guilford, 1 w. and 1 m. ; Granville, 1 w. ; Halifax, 2 w. ; 
 Lincoln, 2 w. ; Mechlenburg, 2 w. ; New Hanover, 1 t-w., 2 s.-w., and 3 w. ; Orange, 2 w. ; Pasquotank, 2 w. and 1 s.-m. ; 
 Butherford, Randolph, and Rowan, each 1 w. ; Wake, 1 s.-w., 6 w., and 3 s.-m.; Wayne, 2 w.; and Washington and 
 Warren, each 1 weekly. 
 
 Jieligious Denominutions.—Tiie statistics of the several religious denominations in the State, were as follows : 
 
 Denornina- No. (if 
 tioiis. Cliiir.-lies. 
 
 Baptist 573 .. 
 
 Christian .... 29 . . 
 Congregafl. . — .. 
 Dutch Ref. . . — . . 
 Episcopal ... 47 . . 
 
 P'ree 51 . . 
 
 Friends 80 .. 
 
 am.m. Properly. 
 
 195,727 . . $201,443 
 11,600 . . 10,575 
 
 14,970 . . 
 14.645 . . 
 12.620 . . 
 
 112.100 
 
 15,860 
 
 7,575 
 
 Den 
 
 No. of 
 
 Cliu 
 
 German Ref. 15 
 
 Jewish — 
 
 Lutheran . . 
 Mennonite . 
 Methodist . . 
 Moravian . . 
 
 Cluirih 
 acrom. 
 
 5,725 
 
 47 .. — 
 
 Prnpeity 
 
 $17,200 
 , 29,025 
 
 727 . 
 7 ., 
 
 Presbyterian 143 . 
 
 19,550 .. 284.930 
 
 214,937 .. 34,000 
 
 8,000 . . 170,030 
 
 DeiKii 
 
 Clii 
 
 R. Catholic... 4 
 Sweilenbo'n .. — 
 
 Tnnker 1 
 
 Union 4 
 
 Unitarian — 
 
 Universalist... — 
 Minor Sects. . — 
 
 acciim. 
 1,400 
 
 200 
 1,200 
 
 'niperly. 
 
 $5,900 
 
 100 
 650 
 
 —making a total of 1.678 churches, having accommodation for 558,204 persons, and valued as property at $889,393. The 
 State forms the Protestant Episcopal diocese of North Carolina, and is a constituent portion of the Roman Catholic dioccio 
 of Charleston. 
 
 Povpennm.—The, whole number of persons relieved or supported during the year ending Ist June, 1850, was 1,931, 
 of which number 1.913 were native-born and 18 foreign-born ; and the whole number receiving support at the date speci- 
 fied was l,5->0 ; viz., 1,567 native-burn and 13 foreigners. The cost to the public amounted to $60,085. 
 
 IlistuHcid Sketch.— '\'hQ lirst Engli.sh settlement in North America was made in 1585 on Roanoke Island, in this State. 
 The patron of the infant colony was Sir Walter Raleigh, to whom Queen Elizabeth granted, in 1584, a patent lor such 
 lands as he might discover in America, "not possessed by any Christian people." The same year he dispatched two 
 small vessels to make discoveries, ami these dropi>ed their anchors early in July in Ocracoke inlet. The adventurers 
 landed on an island near Roanoke, called by the natives Wococon, where they were received with every mark of liospi- 
 210 7 
 
SAMUEL LOCKE, 
 
 Nos. 7, 8 and 9 Front Levee Street, 
 
 IRON, TIN PLATE, BLOCK TIN, 
 
 IM&g 
 
 
 EMM 
 
 i 
 
 Agricultural Implements, Plantation Carts and Wagons, Cooking Stoves, Cord- 
 age, Paints and Oils, Varnishes, Corn and Corn Cob Mills, Copper, 
 Spelter, Sheet Iron Rivets. 
 
 Til WMl IMiFMf iia 
 
 |.gtnt for all lunbs of Patljinerj for SSorluitg SSloob. 
 TIN AND COPPER SMITHS' TOOLS AND MACHINERY. 
 
 ALL KINDS OF MECHANICS' TOOLS. 
 
 1039 
 
THE STATE OF NORTH CAROLINA. 
 
 tality. After visiting the neighborhood they returned to England and gave a highly favorable account of the climate and 
 soil. The name of Virginia was bestowed upon the country, and Ealeigh"s patent was confirmed by act of Parliament. 
 Sir Walter sent out at once, under Ralph Lane as governor, the colony above mentioned. Soon, however, Indian hostili- 
 ties, provoked by the tyrannical behavior of the leaders of the colony, were commenced, and much suffering from this 
 cause, as well as scarcity of provisions, was endured by the adventurers. They became discouraged, and finally returned 
 home. A few days after their departure, a ship, under GrenviUe, arrived, and learning the destination of the colonists, 
 left 15 men, with provisions for two years, to keep up the settlement. 
 
 Undeterred by his first failure, Kaleigh sent out another colony in 15S7, with orders to settle on Chesapeake Bay, where 
 they were to build the projected "City of Raleigh." The new colonists, however, were put ashore at Roanoke. They 
 found no trace of Grenville's men, who had probably fallen under the wrath of the Indians; and scarcely had they 
 themselves landed than they were engaged in combat with the njitives. Their governor, While, returned to England for 
 supplies, but ow'ng to the troubles consequent on the Spanish invasion of England, he was detained from revisiting the 
 colony until the autumn of 1.590. On arriving, he found the site of the settlement inclosed by a strong palisade, but not a 
 colonist remainetl, and to the present day their fate has been a subject of conjecture. Thus ended Raleigh's attempt to 
 colonize Virginia. 
 
 Early in the reign of Charles I. (1630) a tract of land south of the Chesapeake, designated as Carolina, was granted to 
 Sir Robert Heath, but as he planted no colony on it the grant was revoked. Out of the same territory Charles II. formed, 
 in 1663, the province of Carolina, and conveyed it by charter to eight royalist noblemen of England. This charter, as 
 amended in 1665, defines the limits of the province to be the 29th parallel of north latitude on the south, the Pacific on the 
 west, the Atlantic on the east, and on the north the parallel of 86° 3ii'— afterward and now better known as the Missouri 
 Compromise Line. The grantees were made proprietors of the soil, and were intrusted with powers of jurisdiction over 
 the coU>nists. 
 
 Already previous to this conveyance, settlers had located in the northern part of the province, and for some years 
 refugees from Virginia had been coming, a few at a time, into the neighborhood of the Sound afterward called Albemarle, 
 in honor of General Monk, whose duoal title was such. A little colony h.ad also been planted by adventurers from New 
 England near the mouth of Cape Fear River. The soil, however, proved sterile, and the colony dwindled slowly away, 
 and would have totally disappeared, had not some planters from Jiarbadoes, under Sir John Yeamans, removed thither in 
 16(i5. and formed the settlement of Clarendon, by which the few remaining New Englanders Wjre rapidly absorbed. 
 These new settlers supported themselves with difficulty by shipments of boards, shingles, and staves. Gradually, by nu- 
 merous migrations southward, the colony again became reduced, until at length, before 1690, it was entirely exhausted. 
 The proprietiiries in 1670 sent out emigrants under the command of William Sayle to form a new settlement, to be called 
 the County of Carteret. The colonists located themselves first at Port Royal, South Carolina, but they soon removed, and 
 formed a settlement between Cooper and Ashley rivers, which they called Charleston. Sayle dying next year, Sir John 
 Yeamans was appointed governor of Carteret, the southern province. Thus there were in 1671 two pernianent settle- 
 ments in Carolina, Albemarle and Carteret, and these two constituted the nuclei of North and South Carolina as now 
 existing. 
 
 At the request of one of the proprietors, the celebrated John Locke framed a scheme of government for the whole 
 province of Carolina. "The Grand Model," as it was called, though complete of its kind, was too complicated, if not too 
 monarchical for an infant colony, yet the proprietaries adopted it as the fundamental law of the province, and such for 20 
 years it nominally remained. As a m.atter of fact, however, it was never brought into operation, though the governor of 
 each district of the province strove hard to comply with its requisitions, in spite of the continued and ultimately success- 
 ful opposition of the colonists. 
 
 The settlement at Albemarle was augmented by accessions from Virginia, New England, and the Bermuda islands; 
 William Drummond was appointed first governor. He was succeeded by Samuel Stevens, under whom were enacted the 
 first laws of the colony, by an assembly composed of the governor, the council, and twelve delegates. Every encourage- 
 ment was given by these laws to whomsoever proposed settling in the colony; bounty -Kinds were granted at a moderate 
 quit-rent (id. per acre) ; taxes could be imposed only by consent of the assembly ; and religious liberty was promised to 
 members of every Christian dcnominatiim. Intestine commotion, proceeding partly from discontent with the " Model 
 System," and partly owing to a general feeling of restlessness prevalent sometimes in new colonies, soon disturbeil the 
 peace and welfare of Albemarle. The Culpeiiper and other rebellions dislinguish this period. This discontent and tur- 
 bulence were not removed until the arrival (1695) of John Arehdale, one of the proprietors, as governor, invested with 
 unusually extensive powers. Sagacious, and possessed of rare prudence, the Quaker Arehdale succeeded in reducing 
 both provinces to comparative order. During the preceding period. North Carolina had received a decided check to her 
 prosperity. Many fled the country. At the beginning of the troubles, the province contained 1,400 taxable inhabitants— 
 in 1694,787 were all that could be found within its limits. Under Arehdale, the colony began again to flourish. Settle- 
 ments were made (169S) on the Pamlico River, upon the Tar and lheNeuse,and Bath County was setoff to the southward. 
 Rice and tar, two of the staples of North Carolina, began now to be exported ; cluirohes were for the first time erected, 
 and religion began to receive the support of the authorities, given, however, in an illiberal and sectarian spirit, inconsist- 
 ent with the promise to the first colonists. The Episcopalians had a majority in the legislature, and failed not to use their 
 power to the repression of all dissenters. The Carey rebellion now disturbed the prosperity of the colony, which was not 
 quelled till several engagements had been fought and much blood spilt. Meanwhile the province was involved in a 
 general war with the Indians. Since the settlement of Albemarle, until this time, uninterrupted peace had existed 
 between the whites and Indians. As the settlement increased, however, the Indian began, not without reason, to fear for 
 his future safety 
 
 In 1707 a colony of Huguenots had removed from Virginia at»d settled on the Trent, and in 1709 a colony of Ger- 
 mans from Heidelberg and vicinity founded the settlement of New Berne (Newbern) at the confluence of the Trent 
 and the Neuse ; thev^eceived a liberal grant from the proprietaries, and it was the surveying of these lands that 
 led to the Indian outbreak. Regarding these surveys as encroachments on their independen.'e, the Tuscaroras seized 
 the surveyor-general and put him to death, and an immediate attack was also made on the white settlements south of 
 Albemarle Sound. Other tribes joining the Tuscaroras, the war became general. All Carolina did not at that lime con- 
 tain 2.000 men capable of bearing arms; vet when assistance was sought from the southern province, it was at once 
 Obtained. The Indians were worsted in several actinns, and finally compelled to take refuge in a fort near the Neuse. 
 Here they would have been forced to surrender at discretion, but the commander of the colonists concluded with them a 
 
 217 
 
THE STATE OF NORTH CAROLINA. 
 
 hasty and disadvantasreous peace, and sliortly afterward hostilities were renewed. The situation of the colony now be- 
 came truly critical ; aid was again sought of ihe neighboring provinces, which was granted. Tlie war was prosecuted 
 with vigor, and in 171.3 the power of the Tuscaroras was completely broken ; and having emigrated to the North, the 
 tribe confederated with the ;ienec:us and other tribes, which afterward became the "Six Nations." The other hostile 
 tril)es soon after subniitle<l to the rule of the victors, and in 1717 pisiee was finally concluded. The sufferings of the colony 
 during the Carey rebellion and the Indian war were extreme. Not a few settlers abandoned their homes altogether; and 
 notwiilisianding the new accessions and the natural increase of the population, tlie number of taxable inhabitants in 171T 
 did not exceed 2,000. 
 
 For some time atler this period the country was demor.ilized by the imposition of a worthless succession of governors. 
 In July, 1721(, the king purchased for £17,500 seven-eighths of Ihe whole province : the remaining eighth was retained by 
 Lord Carteret, and was laid off for him (not, however, till 174o) adjoining the Virginia line. Previous to this the bound- 
 ary between the two had been settled upon its existing basis. The spirit of anarchy and resistance to legal aiilhority, 
 hitherto prevalent, was now brought more under control ; still justice and obedience to the laws were by no meana 
 universal. 
 
 During the Indian troubles paper money had been issued by the Assembly, but although gradually sunic by taxes, it 
 depreciated. In 1729, £4O,0iiO were issued, and in 1734 £10,000 additional. Uei)reeiation went on, until in 173'.l the rate 
 was seven an<i a half lor one of sterling. This depreciated currency the Assembly attem|)ted in 173S to circulate, by 
 making it a legal lender for quit rents. In the disputes that endued, the governor, who was opposed to paper money, 
 dissolved two successive assemblies. Other acts, equally unjust and impolitic, were passed at various times, nor was the 
 governor wholly free from the imputation of irregidar and partial administration. These, anil other adverse circum- 
 (Stances, as M-Culloch's speculation in crown lands, the breaking out of hostilities between England and Sp;iin, by which 
 Uie Carolinas were involved in war with the Spanish settlements of Florida, retarded in no small measure the progress 
 of tlie c<ilony. In spite of all, however, the increase in inhabitants was decidedly rapid. During Johnstone's adminisi- 
 tralion, three distinct and extensive settlements were made: one chiefly by Presbyterians from the north of Ireland, who 
 settled in Carlerel's lands in the north-west; another by Moravians, who obtained from Carteret a grant of 100.000 acres 
 between the Yadkin and Dan; and the third by a large body of Highlanders, chiefly from Argyleshire, for whom land 
 had been purchased by their leader, Neal M-Neal, near the present Fayetteville. All these colonies were successfully 
 established, and their numerous descendants inhabit the State at this day. 
 
 Notwithstanding every eflfort at conciliation, unfriendly Indian tribes, especially after Braddock's defeat (1755), har- 
 rassed the western frontiers. Among these tribes the Cherokees were foremost in committing depredations; they, as 
 well as the upper Creeks, by whom they had been joined, were finally forced to sue for peace. Differences between the 
 governor and legislature also at this time existed, and the dissatisfaction was constantly increasing. To allay it, William 
 Tryon, a military officer, was sent out, who subsequently himself became governor. Tryon (1765) found the colony rest- 
 lees and unquiet. Many were ripe for open rebellion. But the new incumbent ruled with a steady hand, and maintained 
 the laws. Early in his administration the dispute between England and the colonies began. He managed for a time to avoid 
 a collision wilh the Assembly, but at length, when that body declared (4th November, 1769) against the right of England 
 to tax North Carolina, he dissolved it. Previous to this, however, the country w.as distracted by a formidable insurrection 
 of the scvcalled " Kegul.ators ;" neitlier property nor life was safe from their violence. Tryon at length (1771) raised a body 
 of troops and marched against these disturbers, who were chiefly poor and uneducated men. but led on by wily, political 
 anarchists. Encountering them near Great Allamance, 3,000 strong, he attacked them with his 1,000 militia, and gained 
 a decisive victory. After their defeat the insurgents in general took the oath of allegiance. In the following August 
 Tryon, who, on Ihe wliole, had been a popular ruler, was succeeded by Josiah Martin. One of his first acts was the set- 
 tlement of the boundary line between North and South Carolina. Disputes soon arose between him and the General 
 Assembly, and the trouble was increased by the persistence of England in her policy of taxing the colonies. The 
 governor sided wilh the crown, as also did the Regulators, whom he had the meanness to conciliate by the detraction of 
 Tryon, but the remaining inhabitants generally adopted the cause of the colonists. 
 
 North Carolina, in spite of the Governor's opposition, was represented in the first Continental Congress (Sept. 1774), 
 and its delegates joined in adopting the Declaration of Colonial Kighls. The Provincial Congress approved of their pro- 
 ceedings, and appointed delegates to the next. An association for the defense of colonial rights was also formed, and the 
 citizens of Meehlenburg County even went so far (.May 21, 177.i) as formally to declare their independence of the IJritish 
 connection. Alarmed at the progress of the disaffection, the Governor retired (duly) on board a ship of war in Cape Fear 
 River. The revolution in North Carolina was now complete. A State Convention was formed (20th August), and the 
 raising of three (afterward five) regiments of troops authorized, .and all were taken by Congress into Continental pay. 
 The Tory influence, however, was strong, especially among the Regulators, and allenipls, which failed, however, were 
 made to form a junction wilh General Clinton, who was on the coast, waiting for reinl'oreements from England prepara- 
 tory to making a descent upon the country — 850 of them were captured and made prisoners. Four more regiments were 
 now ordered to be raised. Clinton, though reinforced, despairing of local assistance, sailed away to the attack of Charles- 
 ton. In April succeeding (1770), the Convention taking the leail, authorized their delegates in Congress to join wilh other 
 colonies in declaring independence. On the 4tli July that independence was solemnly declared. Meanwhili- the Chero- 
 kees, in league with the British, ravaged the western frontiers. Promptly met t)y a strong force from the Carolinas and 
 Virginia, they were subdui'd, an<l forced to surrender to their conquerors a large tract of country, including the yet infant 
 settlements on the Tennessee. The territory apportioned to North Carolina was erected into the Didrivt of M'lOi/iingtan, 
 the original province being now (since December ISth. 1776) a State, having a regular government Settlers were en- 
 cour;iged to locate in the District, lands being granted at the rate of £2 10s. per 100 acres. 
 
 In 1779 the Southern States were the chief scene of the Revolutionary War. In May, 17S0, Charleston surrendered to 
 the British, and within a month all South Carolina was in possession of the victors. The loyalists at once flew to arms; 
 of two parties assembled to aid the British one succeeded in reaching the outposts, but the other was dispersed by the 
 militia. After Ihe defeat of Gates at Camden (6th August) there was left no organized force in either of the Carolinas. 
 .Cornwallis prepared to make an eruption into the North State— the battles of King's Mountain, of the Bro.ail River, of the 
 Tyger River, ami of the Cowpens followed in quick succession. The mutual animosities of the Whigs and Tories now 
 exhibited itself in savage ferocity. Fort Watson, Hobkirk's Ilill. and Ninety-Six were also the scenes of warfare. Tho 
 fortunes of war had hitherto v.icillated ; at one time the Slate was, to all appearances, subdued, and at another, claled by 
 success. On the Slh September, 17S1, the British were totally defeated by General Greene. Soon after the canturo of 
 2l8 
 
C. D. JOHNSTON. 
 
 C. D. MEADER. 
 
 J. F. MEADER. 
 
 JOHNSTON, MEADER & CO. 
 
 SUCCESSORS TO D. F. MEADER & CO , C. D. JOHNSTON & CO., WHOLESALE MANUFACTURERS OF 
 
 CABINET FURNITURE, CANE, WOOD AND SOFA SEATED CHAIRS, 
 
 Snle Rooms 4:1 and 43 W. Sf cond St., Factory cor. Ssinitli aiid Front Sis.. Clnciiinail. 
 
 The attention of Dealfrs is rpspeftlully invited to tli"' i.ncilitipf afTurrifd l)y the very extensive n.>:forlmtnt wo 
 have lit all limes In our wareroonis, and leel confident a stlection can be made udvaulageous to bu.\ere, both 
 as regards styles and prices. 
 
 J. L. EOSS, 
 
 WAREHOUSE, 
 
 45 W. COLUMBIA STREET, 
 
 cxisrcxisTisr A.TT. 
 
 MATTHEWS, CALDVFELL & CO. 
 
 Proprietors and Manufacturers of 
 
 OUTCALT'S ELASTIC 
 
 iifiiii iiiiiii 
 
 57 Columbia St., bet. Walnut and Vine, 
 
 STATE AND COUNTY RIGHTS FOR SALE. 
 
 KINSEY, HINDE & CO. 
 
 COIMISS 
 
 MERCtlANTS, 
 
 Ka 47 COLUMBIA STREET, 
 
 BETWEEN WALNUT <t VINE, 
 
 A. FATMAN & CO. 
 
 Importers and Jobbers in 
 
 AND ALL KINDS OF 
 
 LEAP AND MANUFACTURED 
 
 T O E6 -A. c:? c:? O , 
 
 49 Columliia St., bet. AValnut and Vlue, 
 
 CINCINNATI. 
 
 R. B. PHLLAN. 
 
 G. HATFIELD. 
 
 PULLAN, HATFIELD & BROWN, 
 
 T. S. BROWN. 
 
 
 1 P w 
 
 m\ m 
 
 l^i 
 
 Nos. £3 and 55 Columbia (or Second) Street, 
 
 BEX"VVEEI^ WjA-LUNTTTT -A-HSTZJ "VII^rE STREETS, 
 
 THE CINCINNATI wm. walter. 
 
 fwm § 
 
 Is Issued every Wednesday Morning, 
 
 FROM THE MERCHANTS' EXCHANGE, 
 
 "W-^A-JL-KnUT STPIEET, 
 
 WM. SMITH, Editor and Publisher. 
 Two Dollars per Annum, in Advance, 
 
 JAS. K. WILSON. 
 
 WALTER & WILSON, 
 illllJoLlX X Jbla JbU) 
 
 No. 6 W. FOURTH ST. 
 
 43 
 
OLDEST PIANO ESTABLISHMENT IN CHICAGO. 
 
 BOSTON AND NEW YORK WHOLESALE 
 
 Piano Forte & Melodeon Warerooms, 
 
 No. 51 Randolph Street, Chicago, 111. 
 
 } KEED & WATKINS, Proprietors. 
 
 C. REED, 
 
 C. L, WATKINS 
 
 HALLET, DAVIS & GO'S Grand, Parlor Grand and Square Pianos 
 A. W. LADD & GO'S Grand Diagonal Scale Square Pianos. 
 T. GILBERT & GO'S Grand Diagonal iEolian Pianos. 
 BROWN & ALLEN'S Grand, Semi-Grand and Square Pianos. 
 LEMUEL GILBERT'S Grand Gupid Scale Square Pianos. 
 J. C. LANE & GO'S Ghickering Gircular Scale Pianos. 
 A. H. GALE & GO'S Grand Diagonal Square Pianos. 
 Having entire Iron Frames, with English French and American Grand Action. 
 
 PRICES RAIf GING FROM $200 to $1500. 
 
 We guarantee none but Iron Frame Pianos, but will sell Wood Framed New 
 
 York Instruments at from $50 to $75 less than Iron Frames, but 
 
 AT THE PURGHASER'S RISK. 
 
 GEO. A. PHINCE & GO'S 
 
 \VITH PATENT DIVIDED SWELL. 
 PRICES RANGING FROM ^45 TO $350. 
 
 CREDIT CAN BE GIVEN. 
 
 1051 
 
 LIBERAL DISCOUNT FOR GASH. 
 
THE STATE OF NORTH CAROLINA. 
 
 Cornwallis (17th October) Wilmington was evacuated (January, 1782), and toward the end of the year peace was declared, 
 and the British dominion within the State ended. 
 
 The history of North Carolina, since the Uevolution, exhibits few changes and few events of more than ordinary 
 importance. During that period she acted with fortitude, and by her great sacrifices in men and money contributed 
 much to the successful result of the struggle. The Legislature acceded to the federal constitution on the 27th November, 
 17S9, by a vote of 198 yeas to 75 nays, and since then the people of no other State have adhered more firmly to the Union. 
 
 Siiccennion of Governorf:.—(VnM 1727, North Carolina was under the same proprietary government as South Carolina) 
 — U0YA.L Governors: Sir Kiehard Everard, 1727; GabrielJohnstone, 1734; Mathew Eowan, 1753; Arthur Dobbs, 1754; 
 William Tryon, 1766; Joseph Martin, 1773; and— Constitutional Govkrnors: Richard Casswell, 1777; Abner Nash, 
 17S0; Thomas Burke, 1782; Alexander Martin, 17S4; Uichard Caswell, 17S5 ; Samuel Johnston, 17S8; Alexander Martin, 
 1790; Uichard D. Spaight, 1793; Samuel Ashe, 1796; Benjamin Williams, 1799; James Turner, 18!)2; Nathaniel Alex- 
 ander, 1805; Benjamin Williams, 1S07; David Stone, 1808; Benjamin Smith, ISIO; William Hawkins, 1811; William 
 Miller, 1814; John Branch, 1817; Jesse Franklin, 1820; Gabriel Holmes, 1821; Hulchins G. Burton, 1824; James Iredell, 
 1827; John Owen, 1S2S; Monfort Stokes, 1830; David L. Swain, 1833 ; Edward B. Dudley, 1836 ; John M. Morehead, 
 1840 ; William A. Graham, 1844; Charles Manly, 1S49 ; David S. Keid, 1851. 
 
 Kaleioh is the political capital of the State. 
 
 219 
 
THE NORTH ¥EST TERRITORY. 
 
 Teje North Wkst Territort is situate between the parallels of 48° and 49° latitudes north, and extends east and west 
 between 99° and 112° lonp west from Grt-enwich, or 21° 5S' and 84° oS' from Washington. It is bounded on the north l>y 
 llie British possessions, on the east by VVliite Kiirtli and Missouri rivers, which separate it from Minnesota Territory, on tlie 
 south l)y Nibraslia Territory, and on the west liy tiie crest of the Itocliy Mountains, which divides it from Oregon and 
 Washington territories. On tlie east and west its outline is irregular, conforming to the course of the Missouri on one side, 
 and to tliat of (he Kocky Mountains on the other side. The average length of the country, east and west, is al)<)Ut ?00 
 miles, and the average breadth, north and south, about 420 miles, with an area of 523,72.5 square miles. (The extent of 
 the region, according to the census of 1S50. is stated at 5S7,564 square miles, a statement evidently incorrect). 
 
 The general surface of this region is highly diversified by mountains, valleys, and plains. The greater portion of the 
 country is inclosed between the Rocky and Wind Kiver mounl.iins and the Black Hills, a continuation of ihe latter north- 
 ward. The immense basin formeil by these mountains is drained by the Missouri and its great triliutary, the Yellow 
 Stone, which, with their numerous affluenis, reach to its farthest lioundaries west, south, and east. On the north of the 
 basin is also a watershed dividing the streams flowing northward through the British possessions from those tributary to 
 the great rivers just noticed. It is tlius hemmed in on every side, and forms a distinct geographic.il section. Tlie Mis- 
 souri rises in numerous head streams from the Eocky Mountains in the vicinity of Die sources of the southern branih of 
 the Columbia of Oregon. Its course is first north, then east to the Black Hills, near the edge of which it receives the 
 Yellow Stone, a river having its principal sources in Ihe Wind lliver Mountains, and after turning the Black Hills in 
 ftbout latitude 4S° north, it has a course south-east and south, forming in its meanderings the eastern Ixirder of tlie Ter- 
 ritory. From the cast side of the Black Hills it also receives numerous tributaries, but none of large size. The slopes of 
 the country are indicated by the direction of its streams: within the basin the inclination is to the north and mirlh-east 
 up to tlie Missouri, and from thence the country rises to the north, and outside, east of the Black Mills, it slopes to the 
 east. Both the Missouri and Yellow Stone are navigable for liglit draft steamers, and hence, whenever this country 
 becomes the residence of civilized man, the capacity of these streams will open to him a highway to the markets of the 
 South and East, while their tributary streams, rapid and broken as they are, will afford every facility for milling and the 
 manufactures. On the whole, it is an eligit)le country for settlement, having timber of various kinds of magnificent 
 growth, a fine soil, and a climate, if not congenial to the tender plant, on account of its northern inland situation, yet one 
 in which most of the usual farming operations m:iy be profitably carried on. For salubrity it is unsurpassed. It is a 
 second litah. as regards its topography, without its deserts and samly jilains. 
 
 This Territory formed a part of the Louisiana purchase. It is not yet organized, but retains the name of the North 
 West Territory, from its being the only unorganized remnant of that once large district so named, and to which it was 
 attached soon after its acquisition by the United States. The hunter and trapper, or the red man of the forests, are its 
 sole occupants at the present time, but the day is not far distant on which the pioneer of civilization will cross the great 
 river to make his home in its rich valleys, and drive his flocks and herds to the hills for range and pasture. 
 220 
 
G. C. WHITNEY & SON, 
 
 
 CHICAGO, ILLINOIS. 
 
 DEALERS IN EXCHANGE, 
 
 GOLB AIB SE¥IE COII, 
 
 tJNCURRENT MONEY, LAND WARRANTS. &c. 
 
 Loans negotiated, Collections made throughout the States and Can- 
 adas, and remitted for at current rates of Exchange. 
 
 I m 
 
 
 Fi^Olvl 
 
 LIVEBFOQL 
 
 TO 
 
 BY THE SPLENDID SHIPS OF THE 
 
 d^lii Hark lall %m, 
 
 LIVERPOOL PACKETS. 
 
 Jl^" Drafts of £1 and upward on the Royal Bank of Ireland, and 
 on Messrs. Prescott, Grote, Cave & Co., London. 
 
 1052 
 
CELEBRATED PREMIUM SAFES, 
 
 DEPOT, 145 PRATT STREET. 
 
 OPPOSITE smith's MALTBY HOUSE. 
 
 Jg^"" Merchants, Bankers and others, desiring the "best Safe known, are 
 requested to examine our Stock. I'ricos i ow. 
 
 WM. McPARLAND & Co. 
 
 ^ S 
 
 pa <s=>^ 
 
 S3 
 •«5 
 
 OS 
 
 I^ 
 
 New Tork, Aug. 18th, 1855.— Gen77emen: — We take the liberty to advise you, that on the night of the 7th of 
 December last, burglars forced an entrance to the office of our establishment. No. 4U4 Houston Street, and 
 made an attempt to force the Burglar and Powder Proof Locks of one of the Sales we purchased of you some 
 time since, after sawing off the Hadlock. It was apparent tliey must have worked a great part of the night 
 in attempting to force the Lock by Powder and Burglar instruments, as they left some on the premises— but 
 they did not succeed in affecting an entrance, and in fact did the Lock but slight injury. We take pleasure 
 in offering our tesimony in favor of the superiority of your Locks, as well as the Fire Proof qualities of your 
 Safes. Very Respectfully, FISHER & BIKD. 
 
 To Messrs. Tilton &McFauland. 
 
 New York, January 98th, 1856.--Gen/ifmfn.— At the great fire which occurred here on the night of the 5th 
 inst., which destroyed my stock o/ goods at .09 South Street, we can say the Safe of your manufacture, pur- 
 chased but a short time since, preserved my books and papers in the most perfect condition. We would 
 also say the Safe was in the hottest of the lire, and our goods being of such a nature, we assure you your 
 Safe was most severely tested. We are happy, gentlemen, in recommending your Safe as a truly reliable 
 Safe. Yours re.spectfully, SCOTT ic S WANTON, 109 South Street. 
 
THE STATE OF OHIO. 
 
 Ohio, the most wealthy and prosperous of the new States, north-west of the Ohio River, is situated between 3S0 24' and 
 42° latiludes north, and between 80° 34' and 84° 42' longitudes west. It is a compact mass of land, lying between Penn- 
 sylvania and Virginia on the east; Kentucky on the south, from which it is separated by the Ohio River; Indiana on the 
 west, and Michigan and Lake Erie on the north, along which its coast-line extends 257 miles. Its general length is 220 
 miles, and its breadth, north and south, about 200 miles, with an area of 39,964 square miles. 
 
 Though the surface is much and delightfully varied, it nowhere presents any considerable elevations above the general 
 level; but the country is a lofty table-land, which, in its middle zone, is about l.OoO, and on the northern and southern 
 borders from 600 to 800 feet above the sea level. A slightly elevated ridge of highlands divides the waters flowing north 
 into Lake Erie from those flowing south into the Ohio. From this there is a rather rapid descent to the level. The lake, 
 and the courses of the rivers on the Erie slope, are rapid, and considerably broken by falls. The general slope toward 
 the Ohio on the south is interrupted by a suljordinate ridge, which crosses the State in the latitude of Zanesville and Co- 
 lumbus, between which and the river the surface is very much diversified with hills and valleys. The central belt consists 
 of extensive flat tracts, with numerous broad swells rising gently from the plains; and swamps and mnrasscs occasion.ally 
 occur. The northern or Erie slope also contains extensive morasses. The extent of swamp lands in the State, however, is 
 only 3113,329 acres, or one-eighteenth part of the whole. Nine-tenths of the surface of the State is susceptible of cultiva- 
 tion, and nearly three-fourths of the soil is eminently productive; even the hills are generally cultivable to their summits, 
 and covered with a fertile soil. The river bottoms are extensive and exuberantly fertile. In the centre and north-west, 
 prairies or natural meadows are numerous and extensive, but the greater part of the country was originally covered with 
 magnificent forests of gigantic trees, and even at the present day limber is abundant. 
 
 The rivers of Ohio debouch either into the Ohio or into Lake Erie. The Ohio runs along the southern border for nearly 
 500 miles, and the principal rivers falling into it are the Muskingum, the Hockhooking, the Scioto, the Little Miami, the 
 Miami, etc. The Muskingum, which enters the Ohio at Marietta, rises in the northern watershe<l, near the head waters 
 of the Cuyahoga, and drains a beaulifid and fertile district. It is about 120 miles in length, and is navigable during a 
 greater part of the year by snuill steamboats to Zanesville, 75 miles, and by batteaux to Coshocton, 110 miles, and above 
 this small boats ascend to within a mile of the Cuyahoga. Sandy River and Wills Creek, on the east, and Walhoudiiig 
 or White-woman's River, smd the Licking, from the west, are its princip.al tributaries, and are useful mill streams. The 
 ITockhocking rises on the southern ridge, and roaches the Ohio at Hocking Port, after a course of SO miles through a hilly 
 and picturesque country, al'onnding in yellow pine. It is narrow and deep, and navigable for small bo:its to .Mliens. The 
 Hooking Canal follows the course of this river. The Scioto is a fine navigable stream, entering the Ohio at Portsmouth. 
 It flows through a wide and fertile valley, and in the upper part of its course is surrounded by rich and beautiful prairies. 
 Boats have ascended almost to its source, near Bucyrus, and passed by a port!ige of 4 miles into the Sandusky and Lake 
 Erie. Delaware, Columbus, Cireleville, Chillicothe, and Piketon are the principal places on its banks. The Little. Miami 
 has its rise in Oie southern ridge, and although too much broken by falls to be useful as a navig.able chaimel, it is a fine 
 mill stream, furnishing an abundant supply (if water for manufacturing purposes. It enters the Ohio about 12 miles above 
 Cincinnati. The head waters of the Miami, or Big Miami, approach very near to those of the Scioto, the Auglaise, and 
 the St. Mary's; its current is rapid, but it is navig.able for some 70 or SO miles. At several points— at Sidney, Troj-, Day- 
 ton, and Hamilton— it furnishes excellent water-power, especially at Dayton, where it has been greatly improved for 
 manufacturing purposes. It is 200 yards wide at its mouth, and enters the Ohio in the south-western corner of the State, 
 after a course of 100 miles. Among the northern rivers are the Maumee, Sandusky, Cuyahoga, etc. The Maumee, or 
 Miami of the Lake, which hiis its source in Indiana, is the principal ; it is formed by the junction of Little St. Joseph's, 
 St. Mary's, and Great and Little Auglaize rivers. Its length is about 100 miles, and 50 miles from its mouth it is 70 rods 
 wide. The navigation is open to schooners and steamboats IS miles to Perrysburg, and in spring and fall it is bojit.ible to 
 Fort Wayne, and at all times furnishes extensive water-power. The river bottoms are extensive and fertile, and the banks 
 are high and heavily timbered. It enters Lake Erie through Maumee Bay. The Sandmky is a rapid stre:mi, but navi- 
 gable during high stages of the water. To Fremimt City the navigation is always open. It enters the lake through 
 Sandusky Bay, an immense basin, destined to be the scene of a mighty commerce. Sandusky City, on its south-east 
 shore, is one of the principal ports of the lake, ami the terminus of several lines of railroad, connecting with the interior 
 and the .shore district. The Cui/alwga rises near Lake Erie, but taking a south-we.sterly course, it ajiproaches the head 
 of the Muskingum, and thence flows norihward into the lake at Cleveland. It is one of the most important rivers of 
 Northern Ohio. It is more than 60 miles long, and has numerous falls and is an e.vcellent mill stream. Alonjr its banks 
 several flourishing manufacturing villages have sprung up. The mouth of the river, which has been improved and ex- 
 tended by piers, forms the harbor of Cleveland. Besides these there are other important streams flowing into the lake, 
 as Portage Itiver, navigable for 12 miles from Port Clinton; Huron River, navisable to Milan, 14 miles, and entering the 
 lake at Port Huron; Vermillion River. Black River, Rocky River, etc., all of which are navigable to a greater or less 
 extent,, and which. !it their mouths, furnish harbors. 
 
 Ohio is one of the richest mineral States of the Union. Iron, coal, and lime — the most useful of minerals — abound in 
 all the eastern portion of the State, and are deposited in beds of vast thickness. Salt springs are numerous in the same 
 region. The coal of Ohio is bituminous, and lies very accessible, requiring comparatively little capital to handle it, but as 
 yet thi-re is, except in some of the principal cities — Cincinnati, Dayton, Cleveland, etc.— but little manufacturing, and in a 
 large portion of the State the people are not sufficiently near the mines or public works to use coal in competition with 
 wood. Time and the axe, however, are rapidly destroying the forest, and wood is fast rising in price; and the period is 
 not distant when the whole people of the Central West will use coal. The progress of the railroad will hasten this revo- 
 lution in the industrial and domestic economy of the State. The marketable production of coal in Ohio may be deter- 
 
 221 
 
THE STATE OF OHIO. 
 
 minnd approximately by the report of the Board of Public Works. The principal points of coal mininc are at Talmadge, 
 Summit County ; Pomeroy, Mt-igs County; Ni-lsonville, Athens County; and some points in Stark and Coshocton counties. 
 The amount brousiht to marki-t from tlK'se several points in 1S50-51 was as follows: from Akron, 3,052,85'* bushels; from 
 Massiliin, 1S6.S93 bushels; from Dover. 59,150 bushels: from Iloscoe, 2C0,25G bushels; from Nelsonville, 930,15i) bushels; 
 and from Pomeroy, about 2.000,n00 bushels — in ;dl, 6,4^9,299 bushels. This is but a sixteenth part of the coal brouj^ht to 
 market from Ka.«tnn, Pennsylvania, yet it is a large amount, and a large increase on the production a few years since. It 
 is alioul the production of Pennsylvania 15 years aso. May not the increase of the coal traile in Ohio be as rapid as that 
 of Pennsylvania? If so, what an import.int effect it will have on the industry and internal commerce of the State. The 
 consumptiim of co.il in the interior towns is gniduidly inen'asmg. In 1850 Columbus took 2'>5,521, and in 1S51, 409,951 
 bushels: Circleville, in 1850, 60,109, and in 1851, 93,829; Chillicolhe, in 18.50, 183.139, and in 1851, 205,807; M'Connells- 
 ville. in 18.50, 40.285. and in 1851, 08,444; Middletown, in 1850, 19,025. and in 1851, 10,.305; Dayton, in 1850, 89,9.")8, and in 
 1851, 03,840; and Piqua, in 1850. 3,808, and in 1851, 9.677 bushels; total in these places— in 1850, 0:39,900 bushels, ami in 
 1851, 957.893 bushels. These are nominally small quantities, but the increase (50 per cent.) in one year is quite remarka- 
 ble, and proves tluit as wood rises in price, as manufactures increase and railroads extend, that the consumption of co;il 
 will increase more than proportioii!it<ly. The coal carried to market annually by Pennsylvania brinjrs bai'k to her 
 $20,00(1.000. An income like this, dug out of the earlh, in a single article, is alone enough to stimnlate other Stales, pos- 
 sessing it to foster its production, and become prosperous and iiidepmiient through the same means. 
 
 That the iron business of the same region is destined at no distant day to become of equal magnitude and importance, 
 must be apparent to the most casual observer. Extending through the counties of Lawrence, Gallia. Jackson, Meigs, 
 Vinton, Athens, and Hocking, is a belt of iron ore, averaging some twelve miles in width, and exteiidinft a distance of 
 one hundred or more in length, each square mile of which can be made susceptible of keeping up a furnace employing 
 one hundred hands, and yieUliiig eight tons of iron per day, for any desirable period of time. Coal of the very best qual- 
 ity, from three to twenty, and even thirty feet in thickness, also underlies, as before remarked, the counties named, 
 together witli others, suflicient to last for ages as a mesins of fuel for manufacturing in their midst as well as supplying 
 the market demand north, west, and south of the mineral region. England, with an available coal region occupying an 
 area less thiin the counties of Meigs aiul Athens united, produces annually .'$50,000,000 worth of iron, and yet at tliis day 
 the mineral region of Ohio ahme is susceptible of being rendered four-fold more valuable than the entire mineral region 
 of England. If a patch containing but a few square miles has done so much for central England, what may not the fields 
 containing many hundred square miles do for Ohio? 
 
 That the salines of Ohio are immensely valuable, although not in the same proportion as its collieries and iron dejwsils, 
 can not admit of a doubt. There are salt wells on Vellow Creek, above Steubenville ; on Will's Creek ; on the Muskin- 
 gum Uiver, from the Coshocton to near its mouth; on the Ilockhoeking; on Leading Creek, and in numerous other 
 places. At the lower wells on the Muskingum, the salt rock is reached at 900 feet from the surface, and in some of the 
 localities fariher up the river at 050 to 700 feet. Of brine from the former, liio gallons yield as many pounds of salt of an 
 excellent quality ; the upper springs are not so strong. On the Ilockhoeking the salt is reached near Athens at a depth 
 of 8110 feet, and higher up the river it is much nearer the surface. 
 
 Marl lie and freestone, well adapted for building purposes, and gypsum, also occur. The Yellow Springs, in Greene County 
 64 miles north of Cinciimati. are situated in a delighlful region, and have been resorted to witli advantage in some cases ol 
 chronic diseases. The White Suljihur Springs, in Delaware County, have also been found efficacious in some complaints. 
 
 The agricultural productions of Ohio are such as are common to the Eiustern and Middle States. Indian corn is the 
 staple grain, and of this crop Ohio produces a larger quantity than any other Slate, and exactly ime-tenlh of the whole 
 crop of the United Sates; its wheat crop is (me-sevenlh of the aggregate of tlio Union, and only surpass.-d by that of 
 Pennsylvania; Pennsylvania and New York al<me produce larger crops of oats and buckwheat, and New York alone a 
 larger crop of barl y. It ranks seventh as a tobacco-producing Stale, second in relation to wines, and fiflh for silk 
 culture. New York alone exceeds it in the value of its live-stock. It owns one-tenth the number of horses in the Union, 
 and more than any other State; only one State (New York) has a larger number of milch cows and other cattle. It has 
 more sheep than any other Slate, and in oidy four Stales are there a larger number of hogs. Cincinnati, its largest 
 city, is renownid as the greatest hog-packing centre of the West. One-ninlh of the butter produced in the United States 
 is made in Oho, ami one-fillh of the cheese — in the production of the first Pennsylvania and New York exceed it, and 
 of the latter New York aUme. In the produciion of wool it has no competitor, and of this article one-fiflh of the whole 
 product ()f the country is clipped in Ohio. No markets in the United St.ites are more profusely or cheaply supplied with 
 meats and vegetables than those of the large cities of Ohio. Fru^ of all kinds are raised in great plenty, especially apples, 
 which grow to a large size, and are finely flavored. Its potato crop is only exceeded by the crops of two other States. 
 
 The rapid growth of Ohio has never been paralleled ; in tlie sixty years from 1790 to 1850, its pupulatiim rose ft-om 
 3.000 to 1,980,408. Its fertile lands attracted immigrants from all parts to settle in its smiling valleys and rich plains. The 
 Germans, among the foreign population, are in the largest number; next the Irish, English, French, British Araerican< 
 Welch. Scotch and Swiss, most numerical in the priority of position here assigned them. 
 
 Ohio is divided into 87 counties, the general statistics of which, and the capitals of each, in 1850, were as follows: 
 
 Farms Miinuf. p. ,,;,„,„ 
 in ,ult. E-tub. Capitals. 
 
 Adams 3.205. 
 
 Allen 2,070. 
 
 Pop. 
 
 18,883.. 1,.509.. 
 12.109.. 1,140.. 
 
 Ashland . . 
 Ashtabula. 
 Athens . . . 
 Auglaize.. 
 Belmont. . 
 
 Brown 
 
 BuUcr.... 
 Carroll 
 
 4,123.. 23,792. .2.2.35. 
 
 26.. West Union 
 51. .Lima 
 71.. Ashland 
 
 .5,306.. 
 
 .. 3.121.. 18,215.. 1.372. 
 
 .. 2.020.. 11,3:58.. 1,.373. 
 
 .. 5.823.. 34,600.. 2.."i52. 
 
 .. 4,8:?S.. 27,332.. 1.843. 
 
 .. 5..315.. 30.789.. 2.202. 
 
 .. 3.008.. 17,6^5.. 1,920. 
 
 Champaign. 3.437.. 19 702. .1.077. 
 
 Clark 3.758.. 22,178. .1,.39S. 
 
 Clermont... 5*37.. 30,455. .2,093. 
 222 
 
 28.700 . . 2.243 . . 251 . . Jefferson 
 
 60.. Athens 
 
 30 . . WapakonetU 
 lS5..St. Clairsville 
 
 92.. Georgetown 
 209.. Hamilton 
 
 41..Carrollton 
 
 93..Urbana 
 1.5G.. Springfield 
 178..Batavia 
 
 Countie.i. Dwell. Pop. |,,,,„u K»tab Capitali. 
 
 Clinton 3,245.. 18,8.38. .1,.300. . 83. .Wilmington 
 
 Columbiana 5,834. . 3.3,621. .2,.338.. 180..New Lisbou 
 
 Coshocton... 4,;325.. 25,674. .2.7.36. . 158.. Coshocton 
 Crawford... 3,070.. 18,177. .1,210. . 8..Bucyrus 
 
 Cuy.ahoga... 8.289.. 48,099. .2,228. . 162. .Cleveland 
 
 Darke 3,470.. 20.274. .2.151. . 10..Green\ilIe 
 
 1,2:37.. 0.966.. 296.. 31.. Defiance 
 
 3,754.. 21,817.. 1,855.. 95.. Delaware 
 
 Erie 3,862.. 18,508.. 1,021.. 73.. Sandusky 
 
 Fairfield.... 5,207.. 3 '.204. .2.883. . 162.. Lancaster 
 
 . 2.1.55.. 12,726.. 1,007.. 29. .Washington 
 
 . 6.701.. 42.910.. 2,000.. 241 .. Columbus 
 
 . 1,3.5.') 7,781.. 820.. 32.. Ai 
 
 Defiance.. 
 Delaware. 
 
 F'ayette... 
 Franklin.. 
 Fulton 
 
-/ 
 
iifeg!j:!ii5li.fei;j!i:iiiiiiiiiiiijMi!i::iiii;!;iiiiii!i;iiii:iiii;i^^^ 
 
FM LANJ| FOR SAL: 
 
 The Illinois Central JR. JR. Company is now prepared to 
 sell ftbout ttvo tnillions of acres of Farming Lianils^ in 
 tracts of forty acres and upwards, on long credits, ami 
 at low rates of Interest. 
 
 These lands were granted by the Government, to aid in the construction of this Railroad, and are among the! 
 richest and most fertile in the State. They extend with the Road, from Chicago on the North East to Cairo at 
 the South, and from thence to Galena and Dnnleith in the extreme North Western part of the State. Most oft 
 these lands lie immeiliately on, and within six miles of the Road, and none are more ihan fifteen miles distani 
 from it; hence, ready and chea|) facilities are furnished for trans])ortiiig their i-roducts to any of the !•' astern or 
 Southern ma kets. The great increase of population by immigration, ic, and the consequent rapid growth ol I 
 flourishing towns and villages on the line of the R ad and thioiighout the State, furnishes a substantial and 
 growing home demand for every kind of farm and garden produce. I 
 
 In the Northei-n and Central parts of the State, prairie lands pre lominate, interspersed with magnificent groves 1 
 of oak and other timber ; in the Southern, the timber is more abundant, and exceedingly valuable. j 
 
 The soil is a dar« , rich mould, from one to five leet in depth, is gently rolling and peculiarly fiited for grazing 
 cattleand sheep, or the cultivation of wheat, Indian corn, &c. The air is pure and bracing, the climate more j 
 healthy, mild and equable than that of any other part ot the Union ; while liviKg streams and springs ol e.\cel- ; 
 lent water abound. 
 
 Economy in cultivating and great productiveness are the well known characteristics of Illinois lands. Trees' 
 ar.- not required to be cut down, stumps grubbed, or stone picked otf, as is generally the case in cultivating new j 
 land in the older States. The first crop oif Indian corn, planted on the newly broken sod, usually repays the cost ' 
 of jilowing and fencing. I 
 
 Whe.it sown on the newly-turned sod is sure to yield very large profits. A man with a plow and two yoke of| 
 oxen will break one and a hall to two acres per day. Contiacts can be made lor breaking, ready for corn ori 
 wheat, at from $-2 to S^ I'^r acre. By judicious management, the land may be plowed and lenced the first, and i 
 nn \e.T a high itale of cullii-ation the "second year. i 
 
 Corn, trill cattle, &c., will be forwarded at reasonable rates to Chicago, for the Eastern, and to Cairo for the 
 SoutI.ern market. ! 
 
 Bituminous ( oal is extensively mined along the Road, and supplies a cheap and desirable fuel ; being furnish j 
 ed at many points at tl, 50 to S-1i'*>' per ton. Wood can be had at the same rate per cord. Extensive quarries] 
 have been 0|>ened in th • Southern part of the State, near the line of this Road— of Building Stone, of e.xcellent ' 
 quality — such as white and blue uiinestone, and white and red Sand stone — which can be had for little more; 
 .than the expense of transportation. ; 
 
 The government lands, in the Land States, having generally hccn withdraionfrom market, emigrants from the East-' 
 em States and Eiirnpecan be accommodated by this company with valuable farms, at the old prices and terms, which, in 
 all probability ti'ill double in value within tv-elie months. 
 
 \Vhen those lands are restored to market, persons who think of settling on them, or in Minnesota, should bear 
 in mind that the lands of this Company, at the prices for which they are sold, are better investments than those 
 in other States or Territories more remote from market, at Government prices ; for the reason that the expense of 
 transporting the products of the latter to market will always be i heavy drawback on them, and after a few years i 
 cultivation they require manuring, whichis not the case with Illinois lands. 
 
 The same remarks hold good in relation to the lands in the Territories of Kansas and Nebraska, for although 
 vacant lands may be found nearer the watercourses, the distance to market is far greater, and every hundred 
 miles the products of those lands are carried either in wagons, or interrupted water communications, increases 
 tlie expenses of transportation, which must be borne by the settlers, in the reduced price of their products ; and 
 to that extent precisely are the incomes from the farms, and of course on their investments, annually and every; 
 year reduced i 
 
 The great fertility of the lands now offered for sale by this Company, and their consequent yield over those of 
 the Eastern and iMidille States, is much more than sufficient to [lay the difference in the cost of transportation, es- 
 pecially in view of the facilities Jurnished by this Road, and others with which it connects, the operations of 
 which a:e not.inlerrupted by the low water of summer, or the frost of winter. 
 
 PRICE AND TERMS OF PAYMENT. 
 
 The price will vary from $.T to S-''i according to location, qualify, &c. Contracts for Deeds may be made until 
 further notice, stipulating the purchas*' money to be paid in five annual installments. The first to become due 
 in two years from the date of contiact, and the others annually thereafter. The last payment will become due at > 
 the enJ of the sixth year from the date of the contract, and the lands are not subject to taxation till finally paid for. il 
 
 Interest will be charged a^t only three per cent, per ^Innnm. 
 
 As a security to the performance of the contract, the first two years interest must be paid in advance, and must 
 be under-'tood that at least one-tenth of the land purchased shall yearly be brought under cultivation. Twenty 
 per cent, from the credit price will be deducted for cash. The Company's construction bonds will be received as cash. 
 
 Ready Framed Farm Buildings, which can be set up in a few days, can be obtained from Respon- 
 sible Persons. 
 
 They will be la feet by 20 feet divided into one living and three bed rooms, and will cost complete, set up on 
 ground chosen anywhere along the Road, $3,-iO in cash, e^ elusive of transportation. Larger buildings may be 
 contracted f r at proportionate rates. The Company will forward all the materials for such buildings over their 
 road promx)tly. 
 
 It is believed that the price, long credit, and low rate of interest, charged for these lands, will enable a man 
 with a few hundred dollars in cash and ordinary industry, to make himself independent before all the purchase 
 money becomesdue. In the meantime, the rapid settlement of the country will pr.^bably have increa-ed their 
 value fiiurorfive fold When required an experienced person will accompany applicants, to give information 
 and aid in selecting lands. 
 
 Circulars, containing numerous instances of successful farming, signed by respectable and well known farmers 
 living in the neighborhood of the Railroad lands, throughout the State — also the cost of fencing, price of cattle, 
 e ■ pense ol harvesting, threshing, &c., by contract— or any other information — will be cheerfully given on appli- 
 cation, either iiersonally or by letter, in English, French or German, addressed to 
 
 JOHIV Tf'IL.SorV, L.and Commissioner of the Illinois Central R. R. Co., 
 
 ,o« OFFICE IN ILLINOIS CENTRAL RULROAI) DEPOT, CHICAGO, ILLINOIS. 
 
 44 
 
The regular Annual Course of Lectures in this Department will commence on first Monday 
 in November and terminate in JIarch. 
 
 In 1853, '54, there were one hundred and ninety-one Matriculates, and fifty-one Graduates 
 in the Department. 
 
 The Students of the Class, during the last Session, were from Louisiana, Mississippi, Ala- 
 bama, Texas, Arkansas, Tennessee, Kentucky, Missouri, Virginia, North Carolina, Georgia, 
 Florida and France. 
 
 The Faculty announce to the public the continued prosperity of the Medical College of Lou- 
 isiana. 
 
 More than nineteen hundred names are on the Register of Matriculates, and many of the 
 Graduates have acquired honorable distinction as Surgeons and Physicians. 
 
 The College is endowed by the State, and its usefulness has been extended bj' judicious ap- 
 propriations of the Legislature, 
 
 The Museum of Anatomy is very extensive. The preparations are chiefly works of scientific 
 artists in England, France and Italy. 
 
 In Human and Comparative Anatomy, there is — 
 
 1st. A collection of iluscular preparations, from the Academy of Anatomy at Florence. 
 They represent more than three hundred and fifty separate dissections. 
 
 2d. Tbibert's Tableaux of the Microscopic Anatomy of the Tissues. 
 
 3d. Auzou's Cabinet of Human and Comparativ.e Anatomy. 
 
 4th. A Cabinet of Human Bones, and a collection in Comparative Osteology. 
 
 5th. Preparations in Wax, (exhibiting exquitiie skill in art, and knowledge in science,) re- 
 presenting the Anatomy of the Viscera, of the Nervous and Vascular Systems, and of every 
 Oi'gan in the Human Body. 
 
 The Pathological Department is enriched by models from England and France, which re- 
 present Diseases of the Eye and Diseases of the Skin ; and, by a great number of specimens of 
 Urinary and Biliary Calculi, obtained from Dupuytren's Museum at Paris ; from the College 
 of Surgeons, London ; and from amongst ourselves. 
 
 The models of the Diseases of the Skin were made by Mr. Towne, of Guy's Hospital, London. 
 They are perfect, and each disease can be studied with their aid almost as well as in nature. 
 No other Museum contains these models excej)t Guy's Hospital. 
 
 Besides the collections brought from EurojJC, the Museum contains Anatomical preparations 
 made by members of the Faculty, and others presented by their Scientific brethren. 
 
 The Pathological collection of Bones is excellent. 
 
 The other specimens of Pathological Anatomy are highly interesting. Every year this De- 
 partment is rendered more useful by additious derived from the enlightened friends of the 
 Institution. 
 
 For Terms, &c., please address THOMAS HUNT, M. D., Dean, 
 
 JAMES JONES, M. D. 
 
 PBOFEBSOB OF THE THEORY AND PKACTICE OF MEDICINE. 
 
 WARREN STONE, M. D. 
 
 PROFESSOE OF SURGERY. 
 
 J. L. RIDDELL, M. D. 
 
 PROFESSOR OF CHEMISTRY. 
 
 A. H. CENAS, M. D, 
 
 PROFESSOR OF OBSTETRICS, AND OF THE DISEASES OF WOMEN AND CHILDREN. 
 
 A. J. WEDDERBURN, M. D. 
 
 PROFESSOR OF ANATOMY. 
 
 GUSTAVUS A. NOTT, M. D. 
 
 PROFESSOR OF MATERIA MKUICA AND THERAPEUTICS. 
 
 THOMAS HUNT, M. D. 
 
 PRO"KSS0R OF PHYSIOLOGY AND PATHOLOGY. 
 
THE STATE OF OHIO. 
 
 Co«„ti«. Dwell. P,.p ^7,™ ^,",;;"b'; C.pi,.!,. 
 
 Gallia 2.9T5.. 17,063. .1,100.. 9..GaHipolis 
 
 Geauga .... 3.240.. 17.SJ7. .1,906. . 36. .Cliardon 
 
 Greene 3,760.. 21.946. .1,626.. 132..Xeiiia 
 
 Giiemse.v... 5,079.. .30.43S. .2,2 9.. 7S .. Cambridge 
 Hamilton. . .21,021. .156.S43. .2,602. .1,463. .Cincinnati 
 Hancock.... IfiU.. 16.751. .1,6-36.. 35..Finlay 
 
 Hardin 1.402.. S,251.. 783.. 26. .Kenton 
 
 Harrison.... 3,.526.. 20,157. .1,668.. 74. .Cadiz 
 
 Henry 610.. 3,135.. 3i.7,. 15.. Napoleon 
 
 Highland... 4,477.. 25.7sl. .2,323. . 151. .Hillsboro' 
 HtK-king.... 2,867.. 14,119. .1,180.. 15.. Logan 
 
 Holmes..... 3,4:36.. 2it,452. .2,171. . 122. .Millersburg 
 
 Huron 4,619.. 26.203. .2.414. . 2.56. .Norwalk 
 
 Jackson.... 2,120.. 12.721. .1,164.. 14. .Jackson 
 
 Jpfferson.... 5,191.. 29.132. .1,838. . 381. .Steiibenville 
 
 Kno.x 4,853.. 28,873. .2.268. . 
 
 Lake 2,7! lO. . 14,654. .1,449.. 
 
 Lawrence.. 2,553.. 15.246.. 2.54.. 
 
 Licking 6,639.. 8^,546. .3.313.. 
 
 Logan 3,243. . 19,162. .l,6-'6. . 
 
 Lorain 4.674.. 26,086. .2,4-30. . 
 
 Lucas 2.2-25. . 12.-363. . 653. . 
 
 10,015.. 774.. 
 
 2.3.785.. 2,052.. 
 
 Madison . . 
 Mahoning . 
 
 117. .Mount Vernon 
 25). .Paini'sville 
 
 29.. Burlington 
 332..New:irk 
 
 88..Bellefontaine 
 
 64..Elyria 
 lOL.Maumee City 
 
 46. .London 
 105..CanneId 
 
 14. .Marion 
 
 77.. Medina 
 
 57. .Pomeroy 
 9..CeIlna 
 
 Counties. Dwell. Pnp. .' 
 
 Morgan 4,886.. 28,585. .2,126.. 95. .M'ConnellsAnUe 
 
 Morrow 3.652.. 20,280. .1,552.. 51. .Mount Gilead 
 
 Muskingum. 7,757.. 45,U49. .2,6S0. . 358. .Zanesville 
 
 Ottawa 613.. 3,308.. 227.. ll..Port Cliutoa 
 
 Paulding.... 307.. 1,766.. 77.. 4.. — 
 
 Perry 8.5S7.. 20.775.. 1.3 1 4.. 25. .Somerset 
 
 Pickaway .. 3,600.. 21,008.. 1,261.. 71..Circleville 
 
 Pike 1.935.. 10,953.. 731.. 2S..Piketon 
 
 Portage 4,512.. 24.41 9.. 2,264.. 127.. Ravenna 
 
 Preble 8,749.. 21.736.. 1,799. . lf9..Katon 
 
 Putnam 1,246.. 7,221.. 6ii3.. ll..Kalida 
 
 Puchland... 5,205.. 8i\879. .2,522. . 118.. Mansfield 
 
 Eoss 5,575.. 32,074.. 1,435.. 141..Cliillicothe 
 
 Sandusky... 2,4o7.. 14.805.. 1,391.. 57.. Fremont 
 
 Sciota 3,086.. 18.428.. 751.. 73.. Portsmouth 
 
 Seneca 4,645.. 27,105. .2,582. . 199.. Tiffin 
 
 Shelby 2,405.. 13,958.. 1.363.. 28. .Sidney 
 
 Stark 6,778.. 39,878.. 3,177.. 294.. Canton 
 
 Summit 4,885.. 27,485.. 2,329.. 292.. Akron 
 
 Trumbull... 5,429.. 30,490.. 2,753.. 133.. Warren 
 
 Tuscarawas. 5,441.. 31,761.. 2.250.. 159.. N. Philadelphia 
 
 Uni(m 2,059.. 12,204.. 1,255.. 16..Mai-y.sville 
 
 Van Wert... 7s6.. 4,818.. 317.. 
 
 Vinton 1,569 . . 9,353 . . 806 . . 
 
 Warren 4,494.. 2.5.561.. 1,9,85.. 
 
 Wasliington. 4,906.. 29.540. .1,776.. 
 
 Wayne 5,712.. 82,981. .2,904.. 
 
 Williams ... 1,390.. 8,018.. 651.. 
 
 Wood 1.542.. 9,157. 
 
 Wyandott... 1,964.. 11,292. 
 
 704.. 
 928.. 
 
 13.. Van Wert 
 24.. M- Arthur 
 281. .Lebanon 
 108.. Marietta 
 8S0..Wooster 
 29.. Bryan 
 21 . . Perrysburg 
 37.. U.Sandusky 
 
 1.742 
 
 4,298 
 
 Marion 2,158.. 12,618.. 919.. 
 
 Medina 4.430.. 24,441. ,2,461. . 
 
 Meigs 3,136.. 17,971. .1,149. . 
 
 Mercer 1,312.. 7,712.. 675.. 
 
 Miami 4,891.. 24,996.. 1.882.. 177. .Troy 
 
 Monroe 4,892 . . 28,351 . . 2,637 . . *} . . WoodSfield 
 
 Montgomery 6,527.. 88,219. .2,068. . 224.. Dayton 
 
 The whole number of dwellings in the State, was at the above date 836,098, of families 34S..523, and of inhabitanU 
 1,980,408, viz., whites 1,956.108— males 1,004,111, and females 951,997; fr. col. 24,300— males 12.2.39, and females 12,061. 
 Of the whole population there were de,(f and fl ianf/—v.h. 939, fr. col. 8- total 947; bli7td~\vh. 653, fr. col. 12— total 665; 
 im<m^--\vh. 1,335, fr. col. 17— total 1,352; and idiotic— wh. 1,380, fr. col. 19— total 1.399. The number of free persons 
 born in the United States was 1,757,556; the number of foreign birth, 218,512; and of birth unknown, 4,893. The native 
 population originated as follows : Maine -3,314, N. Hamp. 4.821, Verm. 14,320, Mass. 18,763, R. L 1,959, Conn. 22.855, New 
 York 83.979, N. Jcr. 23.532. Perm. 200.634, Bel. 4.715, Md. 36,698, Dist. of Col. 593, Virg. 85.762, N. Car. 4,807, S. Oar. 1,468, 
 Ga. 447, Flor. 17, Ala. 219, Miss. 422, La. 648, Tex. 29, Ark. 141, Tenn. 1,873, Ky. 13,829, O/tio 1,219,4-32, Mich. 2,238, Ind. 
 7.377, 111. 1.415, Mo. 656, la. 378, AVisc. 196, Calif. 0. Territories 24. And the foreif/n population was composed of persons 
 from— Englimd 25,660, Ireland 51.562, Scotland 6,232, Wales .5,849, Germany 111,257, France 7,375, Spain 18, Portug.il 7, 
 Belgium 103. Holland 348, Turkey 1, Italy 174, Austria 29. Switzerland 3,291, Russia 84, Denmark .53, Norway 18, Sweden 
 55, Prussia 765, Sardinia 15, Greece 0, China 3, Asia 6, Africa 7, British America 5,880, Me.xico 26, Central America 12, 
 8. America 41, West Indies 86, Sandwich Islands 1, and other countries 544. 
 
 The following table will show the decennial increase of the population, since the first census of the State taken by the 
 United States authorities : 
 
 Colored Persons. Decennial Increase. 
 
 Census White / ' . Total 
 
 Popiihtt 
 
 1800 45,028 837... 
 
 1810 228.861 1.889... 
 
 1820 576,572 4.862... 
 
 18-30 928,729 9,568... 
 
 1840 1,502,122 17,342. . . 
 
 1850 1,956,108 24,300. . . 
 
 Tot.ll. Popiihttion. Kumerical. Percent. 
 
 — 837 45,365 — — 
 
 — 1,899 2.30.760 189,395 40S.T 
 
 — 4.862 581,4-34 350,674 151.9 
 
 6 9,568 987,908 356,469 61.3 
 
 3 17,345 1,519.467 581,564 62.0 
 
 — 24,300 1,980,408 460,941 30.3 
 
 The definite statistics of its wealth, productions, industry, and institutions, according to the census of 1850 and other 
 official returns, are as follows : 
 
 Occupied Land.% etc.— lm\noye<\ farm lands, 9,851,493 acres, and unimproved lands belonging to farms, 8,146,000 acres, 
 together valued at ^358,768,608. The whole number of farms under cultivation on the 1st June, 1850, was 143,887. Value 
 of farming implements and machinery, $12,750,585. 
 
 Live-stock.— The number of animals of the several descriptions in 1840 and 1850 are shown in the following table, also 
 the ratio of increase and decrease from the first to the latter period : 
 
 430,527 
 
 Description. 
 
 Horses 
 
 Asses and Mules 
 
 Milch Cows 
 
 Working Oxen 
 
 Other Cattle 
 
 Sheep 2,028.401 " 
 
 Swine 2,099,746 " 
 
 —in 1S60, the whole was valued at $44,121,741, 
 
 head \ 463,-397 head. 
 
 [■' 
 
 217,874 
 
 8,423 
 
 644,499 
 
 65,381 
 
 749.067 
 
 3.942.929 
 
 1,964,770 
 
 Movement, 
 
 incr. 86,293 head, or 8.4 per cent 
 
 I 644,499 " » 
 
 .J. 65,381 " y 
 
 ( 749.067 " ) 
 
 mor. 141,073 
 
 tncr. 1,914.523 
 decn 184,976 
 
 or 11.6 « 
 
 or 94.8 
 or C.4 
 
 228 
 
THE STATE OF OHIO, 
 
 Product of Animals. — Wool, 10,196,371 pounds; butter, 34,449,379 pounds; cheese, 20,819,542 pounds ; and the value 
 of animals slaughtered during the year 1S49-50, was $7,4^9.243. The wodI crop, according to the census of 1S40, 
 amounted to 3,685.515 pounds, arid hence the increase of that of ISoO was in tlie ratio of 176.6 per centum. In 1S40, the 
 average clip per fleece was 1.82 pounds, and in 1&50, 2.59 jKiumls, making an increase equal to 12.3 oz. nearly, or 42.3 per 
 centum, and exhibiting an improvement in Ihe breeds inn lil<e ratio. 
 
 Orain Crops.— WheaU 14 487,351 bushels; rye, 4J5.71S bushels; Indian corn, 59,078,695 bushels; oats, 13,472,742 
 bushels; barley, 354,353 bushels; and buckwheat, 638,ijt>4 bushels. On comparing these with the returns of lS4vi, the 
 following results are attained: 
 
 Crcin, lf'40. icno. Movement, 
 
 Wlieat 16,571.601 bushels 14,457,351 bushels deer. 2.0S4,310 bushels, or 12.5 per cent. 
 
 Eye SI4.205 
 
 Indian com 83,068,144 
 
 Oats 14,393.1113 
 
 Barley 212,440 
 
 Bukkwheat 633,139 
 
 425,718 
 
 59,07 •<,695 
 
 13.472.742 
 
 354,3J8 
 
 638,064 
 
 deer. 3SS.4S7 
 iiicr. 25,410,551 
 
 , deer. 920.361 
 iHcr. 141.913 
 
 . inor. 4,9l'5 
 
 or 47.7 
 or 75.5 
 or 7.1 
 
 or 60.7 
 or 0.8 
 
 ("In some of the largest wheat-growing States, the crops of 1349 fell far below the average. In the State of Ohio, espe- 
 cially, was ihere great deficiency, and w;is made apparent by the returns of the wheat crop for the ensuing year — made 
 in pursuance of an act of the legislature of that State. From the almost imiversal returns of "short crop" liy the mar- 
 shal in that State in 1S49. which fell below that of 1S39 two millions of bushels and the ascertained crop of 1;50, we 
 are fully satisfied that the average wheat crop of Ohio would appear thirty per cent, greater than shown by the census 
 returns. The same causes which operated to diminish the wheat crop of Ohio were not without their effects upon that 
 of other States bordering on the upper portion of the valley of the Mi3sis»ii>pi.'") — Hep. of Siipt. of Cenau^ Bureau, lut 
 December, ls52. 
 
 Other Food Crops. — Peas and beans, 60,168 bushels; potatoes— Irish, 5.057.709 bushels, and sweet, 187.99 1 bu.shels. 
 The potato crop of 1889, as shown by the census (jf 1840, amounted to 5,805,021 bushels ; and hence there has been a de- 
 crease in the crop of 559,258 bushels, or 9.7 per centum. 
 
 3IisceU<ineous Crops. — Tobacco, 10,454,449 pounds; hay, 443,142 tons; clover-seed, 102,197 bushels; other grass seed, 
 87,310 bushels ; hops, 03.731 pounds; hemp — dew-rotted, 140 tons, and water-rotted, 50 tons; fl.ix, 44u.937 pnuuils; flax- 
 seed. 1SS,SS0 bushels; silk cocoons, 1,552 pounds: sugar — maple, 4,58S,2 9 pounds, and cane, 197,(lii() pounds; molasses, 
 808.808 gallons ; bees-wax and honey, 804,275 pounds; wine, 48,207 gallons, etc. Value of orchard products, $095,921; 
 and of market-garden products, $214,204. 'I'lie principal of these, compared with the crops of the similar staples pro- 
 duced in 1839, exhibit the following movement 
 
 Staple. JMJO 1S5\ Miivement. 
 
 Tobacco 5,942.275 lbs 10,454.449 lbs inor. 4,512,174 lbs., or 75.9 percent. 
 
 Hay 1,022,137 tons 44;{.142 tons deor. 578 S95 tons, or 56.6 " 
 
 Hops 
 
 Hemp — dew-rotted... 
 
 " water-rotted . 
 
 Flax 
 
 62,195 lbs. . 
 [• 9,080i tons-] 
 
 63,731 lbs incr. 1,546 lbs., or 2.4 
 
 140 tons ) 
 
 5 tons ^decr. 19,568,028 lbs., or 96.2 
 
 446.037 U.S.* ) 
 
 Sugar-mapl8 16,363,356 lbs. ^ 4,5SS,209 lbs |^^^^_ 1,578,177 lbs., or 24-9 
 
 " cane ) I 197.000 lbs ) 
 
 "Wine 
 
 11,524 gals. 
 
 48,207 gals ino: 36,683 gals.,or 818.3 " 
 
 Home-miide Maiuifttctures were produced in the year ending 1st June, 1850, to the value of $1,712,196. The same class 
 of goods for tlie year represented in the census of 1S40 was valued at $1,853,937. 
 
 Mdmifitcturen. — Aggregate capital invested, $ ; value of all raw material, fuel, etc., con.sumed. $ ; 
 
 average number of hands employed, — males, and females, ; wages paid per month, $ ; to 
 
 males, $ and to females, $ ; value of manufactures proiiueed in the year, $02,110,138. The whole number of 
 
 industrial establishments in the State, producing to the va'ue of $6(i0 and upward annually, on the 1st June, 1850, was 
 10,560, and distributed as shown in the general table of counties — of the whole number S wenr cotton factories, 180 woolen 
 factories, and imn-worUs 219—85 lor the manufacture of pig iron, 188 for castings, and 11 for wrought iron— and 706 tan- 
 neries. Ohio has also a large number of machine shops, hardware ami cutlery manufactories, distilleries, breweries, 
 harness maiiufaclures, railroad car and carriage factories, tobacco factories, soap, can<lle, and oil factories, potteries, paper- 
 mills, flouring, grist, saw, and other mills, and other manufacturing establishments, large and small, which in the aggre- 
 gate make up the summary alxive presented. The total c.apit.d invested in 1840 was $10,905,257. 
 
 In cnttini manufactures capital investetl amounted, at the date specified, to $297,000; the value of all raw material, 
 fuel, etc., consumed to $237.000 ; number of hands employed, 401 — 132 males anil 209 females; entire wages per month, 
 $4,725—10 males, $2,191, and to females, $2,534; products of the year, 280.000 yards sheeting and 4.33,000 pounds of yarn, 
 valued together at $394,700. Cotton consmned, 4,270 bales, and coal, 2,162 tons. In 1840, the cotton manufactures had 
 a capital of $113..5O0, and employed 246 hands: and Ihe value of products was $139,378. 
 
 '\'\\e woolen manufactures have a capital of $S70,22i); wool consumed in the year, 1,657,726 pounds; coal consumed, 
 2,111) tons; value of all raw material, fuel, etc., $578,423; average hands employed, 1,201— males. 903, and females, 298; 
 entire wages per month, $21,441— to males, $18,191, and to females, $3,250; cloth manufactured in the year. 1.874,087 
 yards, and yarn. 65,000 pounds, valued together at $1,111,027. The capital in woolen factories in 1S40, was $537,985; 
 hands employed, 936, and value of products, $GS.'),757. 
 
 The statistics of the iron manufacture were as follows : 
 
 ■|"ciiii-iitiniH. Pij ln>n. Cant Iron. Wrmislit Iron, Tntat. 
 
 Capital invested dollars 1,503,000 2,068,650 620,800 4,187,450 
 
 Ironoreused tons 140,610 S.OHO — 142,010 
 
 Pigironused " — 37,555 13,675 61,230 
 
 * Tlie corret-tness of tlie returns ns to liemp in ttie aeventti census lias not yet been perfectly verifieii, in a few inst-inces tliere bein;; some d4>ubt 
 whetlier tlie mnrslmls have not written tons wliere tliey meant pounds, /fcporto/ S«pl. of Crmus Bureau. !«/ Dec, IS.ia. (If tliey liuJ written 
 " tons" in the case of Ohio, it could not hare been much furtlier from liie truth than the " pounJs" set down under this head.- -Eb. 
 224 
 
SEMVINGr MACHINES, 
 
 a*o. 16 ST, CH^RIjES street, 
 
 S. H. PECK, Agent. 
 
 The Wheeler & Wilson's SeAving Machine Establishment is removed to 
 No. 16 St. Charles street, up stairs, where will be found a good supply of 
 Sewing Machines of the new and 
 
 IMPROVED STYLE, 
 Superior to any ever before offered to the public. The new and improved 
 Sewing Machine 
 
 FOR PLANTATION USE, 
 Is incomparably the most useful of any ever yet invented. The Wheeler 
 & Wilson's Sewing Machines have earned the 
 
 This season at EVERY FAIR in the Union wliere they were exhibited, 
 or brought in competition with Singer's, Grover & Baker's, or any other 
 Sewing Machines, viz : at the Maryland State Fair, Baltimore ; at the 
 Pennsylvania State Fair, in Harrisburg ; at the Metropolitan Fair, in 
 Washington ; at the Ohio State Fair, in Newark ; at the New York 
 State Fair, in Elmira ; at the American Institute, in New York. 
 
 Thousands of Wheeler & Wilson's Sewing Machines are now in suc- 
 cessful operation in the hands of 
 
 FAMILIES, PLANTERS AND MANUFACTURERS. 
 
 Their superiority over all other Sewing Machines, as to neatness and sim- 
 plicity, and strength and beauty of stitch, and for general household 
 sewing is unquestioned. Its speed is more than double that of any other 
 machine, being over 1500 stitches per minute, is easily kept in order, hav- 
 ing no wheels and shuttles in it. 
 
 All orders for Sewing Machines, Sewing Silk, Needles, Spools, &c., 
 promptly attended to. 
 
 Printed instructions how to use the Machine, always furnished, and 
 all the Machines purchased at this establishment kept in good order for 
 one year without charge, by an experienced machinist from this factory. 
 
 Address 
 
 S. H. PECK, Agent, 
 
 No. 16 ST. CHARLES STREET, N. 0. 
 

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THE STATE OF OHIO. 
 
 Sliccificationa 
 
 Old metal used tons 
 
 Blooms used " 
 
 Mineral coal consumed " 
 
 Coke and charcoal consumed bushels . . . 
 
 Value of raw material, etc dollars. . . . 
 
 Hands employed — males number. . . 
 
 Monthly wages — males dollars 
 
 Iron manufactured tons 
 
 Value of products dollars 
 
 Cast Iron 
 1,843 
 
 VVi 
 
 gilt Iron. 
 
 Ql,730 30,006 
 
 5,42S,S00 855,120 
 
 2,900 
 
 22.755 
 
 .... 466,900 
 
 630,03" 1,199,790 604,493 2 
 
 2,415 2.758 708 
 
 59,129 75,348 23,796 
 
 52.058 37,399 14.416 
 
 1,255,850 3,069,350 1,076,192 5 
 
 Totr.l. 
 
 I,8i3 
 2,900 
 T4.491 
 1,250,820 
 ,434 320 
 6,881 
 1?3,283 
 104,473 
 391,392 
 
 In 1840, there were in the Slate 72 furnaces, producing 35,236 tons, and 19 bloomeries, forges, and rolling-mills, producing 
 7,406 tons; capital invested in iron manufaclures, .1; 1,161, 9ii0, and hands employed, 2,208. 
 
 The tanneries employed a capital of .$1,340,3^9; value of hides and sidns used, $1,118,080; hands employed, 1,826; 
 monthly wages, $35,830; sides of ieallier tanned, 688,580, and skins tanned, 228,493; value of products for the year, 
 $1,964,691, In 1840, there were 812 tanneries in tlie State, with an aggregate capital of $957,383, and employing 1,790 
 hands; products of the year, 161,030 sides of sole leather and 234,037 sides of upper leather. 
 
 The capital invested in the manufacture of malt and npiritiiowi liquors was $1 202,974; quantities and kinds of grain, 
 etc., consumed — barley, 330.950 bushels; corn, 3,588,140 bushels; rye, 281,750 bushels; oats, 19,500 bushels; hops, 178 
 tons; hands employed, 1,(33; quantities of liquor produced — ale, 90,943 barrels; whisky and higli wines, 11,865,150 
 gallons. In the manufacture of spirits, Ohio has a much larger interest than any other State, and in reference to the 
 aggregate produced in the United States, the quantity produced in this State amounts to upward of one-fourth ; and 
 one-twelfth of the ale, etc., brewed is the product of Ohio. In 1840, the capital invested in these interests amounted to 
 $893,119 ; hands employed, 798 ; 390 distilleries produced 6,329,407 gallons, and 59 breweries, 1.4J2,5S4 gallons. 
 
 Foreign Commerce. — The direct intercourse between Ohio and foreign states is of very limited amount, and is chiefly 
 confined to a trade between the lake ports and Canada, the great bulk of its merchantable material being carried either to 
 the sea-board at Philadelphia, New York, Boston, or to New Orleans. The latter port is the natural dei>6t of Souihern 
 Ohio. The direct imports from foreign countries in the year ending 3oth June, 1n50, were valueii at .')i582.504, and the 
 exports at $217,032. Of the. imports, the value carried in American bottoms was $39S,999, and in foreign bottoms, 
 $183 505; and of the exports the value of domestic products was .$217.532 — in American bottoms, $117,9:j9, and in foreign 
 bottoms, $99,543. and of fureign products, $100 carried in foreign bottoms. The statistics of the shipping employed iu 
 this branch of industry for the year quoted are embraced in the annexed aggregates : 
 
 Nntiiinnlity . ' , . 
 
 ofsliipping. Vessels. Trnia. Crews. Ve.^sels 
 
 American 178 21.628 1,065 137 
 
 Foreign 136 18.243 899 131 
 
 15,485 761 
 
 18,322 SS4 
 
 Total. 
 
 314 39,871 1,964 
 
 263 
 
 33,807 1,645 
 
 315 37,113 1,S26 
 
 267 36.505 1,783 
 
 582 
 
 73,678 3,609 
 
 The statistics of the value of exports and imports for a series of years are thus stated in the Treasury Eeports : 
 
 $293 
 162 
 
 Yenr. Kxport.'*. Inipnrljt. 
 
 1837 $1.S2.S44 $17,747 
 
 1S3S 139.S27 12,895 
 
 1S39 
 
 1S40 991,954 4.915 
 
 1841 793.114 11,318 
 
 1842 899,786 13,i>51 
 
 1843 12u,108 10,774 
 
 1844 
 1845 
 1846 
 
 Exports. 
 $ 
 
 Import?, 
 
 .. $ 
 
 .321.114 78,196 
 
 352,030 102,714 
 
 1847 778,944 90,681 
 
 1^48 147,.')99 186,726 
 
 1849 149,724 149,839 
 
 1850 217,632 582,504 
 
 Ye^r. Export.. In 
 
 1829 $2,004 
 
 1830 
 
 1831 
 
 1832 58,894 12,392 
 
 1833 225.544 5 
 
 1834 241,451 19,767 
 
 18-35 97,201 9.S0S 
 
 1836 3,718 10,960 
 
 The total shipping owned in the State amounted to 62,462 tons, of which 86,894 was owned in the district of Cuyahoga, 
 of Avhich Cleveland is the port of entry, 7,328 in that of Sandusky, 17.189 in that of Cincinnati, and 2,629 m that of Miami. 
 The two first are lake districts, and the two latter districts on the Ohio River. All this shipping, except 72 tims of the 
 class "licensed under 20 tons," was '• enrolled and licensed." and employed in the coasting and river trade; and of the 
 wh"le, 28,653 tons were navigated by steam-power, viz., in Cuyahoga district, 9,994 tons; in that of Sandusky, 1,214 tons; 
 in that of Cincinnati, 16.906 tons; and in that of Miami, 539 tons. During the year there had l>een bnilt in the several 
 districts 31 vessels — 1 schooners, 11 sloops, and 16 steamers, of the aggregate burden of 5,215 tons — in Cuyahoga district, 
 9 schooners and sloops (687 tons) ; in Sandusky, 5 schooners and sloops (421 tons) ; and in Cincinnati, 16 steamers and 1 
 sloop (4,107 tons). 
 
 Dowesiic Commerce. — As before remarked, Ohio sends the great bulk of its productions to the sea-board by the lake, 
 river, canal, and railroad routes, and by the same routes its im|)oris are carried. The value of this commerce is immense, 
 but can not well be stated in figures, except in isol.-ited oases, which serve more as indices of its vaslniss by all the routes, 
 th.nn as a definite reply to the question. T he exports and imports of the lake ports, and of those of the principal points 
 on the Ohio Kiver. are ascertained, and partially so the tonnage and value of goods carried on the railroads ; but these, 
 also, in some me.isure, are not sufficient daia from which to a.'scertain the exact commerce of the State, as they include a 
 large amount of the products of, and goods destined to, the States farther west. If the annual commerce be set down at 
 $160,0r>0.i'00, it will not be far fmm its actual value. Tiie exports from the lake ports alone amounted, in l'5'i, to 
 $17,027,885, and the imports to $25,035,95.5. The exports of Sandusky incre.is.d from $3,099,939 in l'-5ii, to $20,027,081 
 in 18.52. and the imports from $7,01o,3ii4 to $4.'),072,406 ; and those of the other lake ports in like proportion. Theexjiorts 
 of Cincinnati average $24,00i>,000 a year, and the imports $40,0n0.000. 1 hese arc at the principal outlets of the State, and 
 serve to illustrate its geni r.il commerce, but there are numerous other points at «hi<'h the conimerci;d movement is also 
 on an extensive scale. This vast eimimcrce is yearly increasing, but to what amount it may ultimately attain can only be 
 determined by the progress of settlement and production. Its immense mineral wealth, its fertile soils, and the facilities 
 it enjovs for manufactures generally, are such as to invite the attention of both capitalist and producer and within the 
 
 O 'iio 
 
THE STATE OF OHIO, 
 
 state there is as much liuliitable space as is required for a jKipulali'in equal to lliat nf llie British islands, and hence its 
 progress in wi'allh, pnpulatinn, and industry, can only be impeded by the attainment of a like status with that nation. 
 
 Intenial ItnprweinentK. — Ohio has completed and is prosecuting numerous enterprises in the way of internal improve- 
 ment. Its canals and railroads are on a most magnificent scale, crossing and recrossing in every direction, bringing the 
 interior to the borders, and muting there with the like improvenKMits in the adjoininsr States. The map of Ohio presents 
 in its seviT.il lines a complete net-work '>f avenues, the principal running from the lake to the river — from Cleveland and 
 Sandusky to (Macinnali, an<l Iroiii the Suites eastward to lh(j»e on the west— from Pittsburg, Wheeling, and Parkersburg, 
 towanl the Missi.-sippi. The chief railroad centres are Cleveland and Sandusky on the hike coast; Mansfield. Mount 
 Vern'in, Newark. Zanesville, Columbus, Xenia, Belief. mlaine, Sidney, Springfiehl, Greenville, Dayton, and liamilton, in 
 the interior; and Cinciniiali on the river. From all these points lines railiate in every direction. Its great valleys are 
 traversed by canals. With nsipeet to Macadamized roads, turnpikes, and common roads, few other Stales are so amply 
 provided; aad in every direction connecting the commercial centres with each other, and with the adjoining StJites, lines 
 of magnetic telegraph have been in existence for several years. The total length of canal in the State is 9ao miles, aiul the 
 total leuiish of railroad on the 1st .lanuary, 1S53, was 1,46S miles, and 1.4liO miles of the latter was then in progress of 
 Construction. The latest statistics respecting canals and railroads will be found in the api'kxiux. 
 
 Bunkn. Accoriling to returns made to the office of tSe Auditor of the State, on the 1st August, ISol, the condition of 
 
 the banks was as follows: 
 
 KESOUKCES. Ii2 Independent Banlts. 41 llranclieii of State Bunks, 5 "Id linnks. 
 
 Notes and bills discounted , 
 Specie. 
 
 Notes of other banks, etc 241,643 55... 
 
 Due from other banks and bankers 242.S73 56. . . 
 
 Kasicrn deposits SS>4,S40 55. . . 
 
 Cheeks and other wish items , 29,092 S2. . . 
 
 .112,670,372 84 .$11,218,205 54 $3,6.53.6:!5 09 
 
 . 313.300 44 2,008.0.59 75 43S.3S4 25 
 
 710,199 06 2^9,638 00 
 
 585,473 58 256.835 21 
 
 . . . 1,641 .900 89 470,392 18 
 
 4,5.^91 58 5;3,371 63 
 
 Builds deposited with State Treasurer 1,465,480 88 9'22.32S 40. 
 
 lieal estate and personal property 113.695 92 
 
 Other resources 65,149 54 
 
 199,274 76 149.002 04 
 
 270.941 50 132,573 25 
 
 Total resources. $5,536,459 10 $17,502,274 56 $5,44;J,731 70 
 
 LI.VBII.nlES. 
 
 Capital stock paid in $864,630 00 $4,836,240 00 $1,92.3.926 00 
 
 Circulation 1.375.295 00 8,623,702 50 1,636,784 00 
 
 Safety Fund 1.262.310 88 58,246 94 — 
 
 Due to banks and bankers 269.474 84 344,973 98 502.676 :« 
 
 Due tr> individual depositors 1,510,963 14 8,005.006 58 1,0(I0.U)3 89 
 
 225.681 39 337.130 04 
 
 135,840 81 15.975 00 
 
 238,149 06 12.396 19 
 
 22,82180 6,764 50 
 
 1.611 50 7.8^5 75 
 
 Surplus and undivided profits 25,144 1<I. 
 
 Bills payable and time drafts 112,071 33, 
 
 Discounts, interest, etc 71,726 31 . 
 
 Dividends unpaid 12.985 93. 
 
 Other liabilities 31.856 97, 
 
 Total liabilities $5,536,459 10 $17,502,274 56 $5,443,731 70 
 
 —thus it appears that the aggregate capital of the Ohio banks is $7,614,756; specie, $2,759,743; circulation, $18,635,731; 
 and iliscounts, $17,542,112. 
 
 Government. — The present constitution of Ohio was done in convention 10th March, 1851, ratified by the people 17th 
 June, and went into operation 1st September of the same year. It provides: 
 
 The rigid of xuffmne is enjoyed by every white male citizen of the United States, twenty-one years old, resident in the 
 State one year next preceding the election, and in the county, town, or ward in which he lives such time as may be pro- 
 vided by law ; but no idiot or insane person is allowed to vote, and the General Assembly may disfranchise and make 
 ineligible to hold office any person convicted of bribery, perjury, or other infamous crime. All votes are given by ballot, 
 and the general elections are held on the second Tuesday of October biennially. 
 
 The Generiil Aixemlli/ consists of a House of Uepresentativcs and Senate, the House consisting of one hundred mem- 
 bers and the Senate of thirty-five members, elected in districts for two years, their terms commencing on the 1st January 
 atTer the I'leetion. The ai)portionnient of representatives and senators is based on the results of the federal decennial 
 census. Members must be residents of their respective districts one year next preceding their election, unless absent on 
 the public bn.siness of the St.ite or of the United States. No person c<mvicled of embizzling public fumls, or who shall 
 be in any way eonnecte<l with a duel, can hold office, nor any person holding public monies have a seat in the Assembly. 
 No nu-nd)er during his lerui, and for one year alter its expiration, shall be eligible to any office that may have been 
 created, or the pay of whith may have been increased, during his term. No money .shall be paid by special act or any 
 claim unless by a two-thirds vole of the members elected. In all elections by the Assembly the vote shall be vird voce. 
 
 The executive functions are vested in a Governor, who is elected biennially by a plurality of votes. The Lieutenant- 
 governor, Secretary of State, Treasurer, and Attorney-general are elected in the same way and for the same term, to 
 conmieneeon the second Monday of January. The Auditor is elected for four years. These officers continue in office 
 until their successors are elected and qualified. The Governor has power to pardon, except in cases of treason and 
 impe.ichment, but must report each case, with his reasons, to the Assembly. In ea.s(! of the death of the Governor, the 
 Lieutenant-governor succeeds; after him the Presiilent of the Senate; and he failing, then the Speaker of the House, 
 The Lieutenant-governor is ex-oficio President of the Senate. The Auditor, Treasurer, Secretary, <.r Attorney-general 
 dying, being disabled, or removed, the Governor may fill the vacant office pro tempore, but the vacancy shall be filled 
 at the first general election that occurs more than thirty days after it happens ; and the person then elected shall hold 
 office for the full term. 
 
 The Judiri<tri/ consists of a Supreme Court. Courts of Common Pleas, Probate CourU, etc. The Stipreme Court con- 
 sists of five judges chosen by the people at large, a majority of whom form a quorum and pronounce a decision. Onn 
 judge is elected annually for five years. The court has original jurisdiction in quo warranto, mandamus, habeas cor- 
 2:.'6 
 
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 Parties before purchasing require mucli disinterested advice. Hav- 
 ing; had much experience for several years in vending various patents 
 throughout this entire country, and having listened to the complaints 
 and objections arising from the want of adaptation to general ivorJc, 
 I am enabled to impart the requisite information so much needed in 
 this particular branch of trade. 
 
 The Machines I vend enjoy the greatest reputation throughout the 
 vt^orld. LOUIS NAPOLEON having purchased the right of an infe- 
 rior patent Sewing Machine for his kingdom, at once laid it aside, and 
 selected from a great variety, (at that time on exhibition at the In- 
 dustrial Fair, of all nations, in France, 1855,) the patent I now vend, 
 which obtained the highest premium over every competitor. 
 
 His Majesty clothed his Imperial Guard throughout with clothing 
 made from my machines in August, 1856. 
 
 This Machine will hem, bind and cord without basting. Some ma- 
 chine work will RAVEL — this will not. It will also save in thread and 
 SILK, over some machines, the price of the Machine every year. 
 
 I would invite all parties to call and. examine for themselves, or 
 write for further particulars. 
 
 L. PHILIP BEERS, 
 
 43 
 
3B TJ T Xj 
 
 MERCANTILE, BOOK-KEEPERS' COPd.YG 
 
 X> 3C XMT 7E3i IS, 
 
 These superior Fluid Inks have been before the public three years. There have 
 been awarded them nine Diplomas and three Prize Medals. 
 
 In addition to the above I have just received a Diploma from the American In- 
 stitute, held at the Crystal Palace, New York, October, 1855. 
 
 Reference is made to 5,000 Merchants, Bankers and Manufacturers who use them. 
 
 It is as good as the best, and cheap as the cheapest. Small profits, large sales and quick re- 
 turns is my motto. Please address orders to 
 
 JAMES J. BUTLEE, Agent, Manufacturer, 
 ^J"o. 39 ■\7'iia.© Street, C:/iixciixxi.a.tl. 
 
 J^Bl. IVftJ JDLJB 
 
 \axixul d Cammcrt^, §anliiug, Panufathtrts n'h Statistics, 
 
 I S S TJ E 3D "W- E E K: L -Y _ 
 
 E. D. MANSFIELD, W. WRIGHTSON, T. WRIGHTSON, 
 
 Associate Editors and Puoprietors. 
 Subscription $3 per annum in advance. 
 
 OFFICE 167 WALNUT STR EET, CINCINNATI. 
 
 C3r msiisL, 
 
 JOHN G. LIGHTBODY, 
 
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THE STATE OF OHIO. 
 
 pii,% and procedendo, and sneh appellate jurisdiction as may be provided by law, and holds at least one term in each 
 year at the seat of pivernment. For the pui-pose of electing judges to and hoMing Courts of Common Pleas, the State is 
 divided into nine districts (of whicli Hamilton County forms one), and each district is subdivided into tliree parts, from 
 each of wliich one judge — to resi<ie while in office in his district — is chosen by the electors of each subdivision for five 
 years. Courts of Common Pleas are held by one or more of the judges in every county as often as the law may provide, 
 and more than one court may be held at the same time in each district. District courts, composed of the judges of the 
 Court of Common Pleas of the respective districts, and one of thejuilges of the Supreme Court, any three of whom forms 
 a (luorum, are held in each eiuinty of the several districts at least once in each year. The district courts have original 
 jurisdiction in the same classes of cases as the Supreme Court, and such appellate jurisdiction as may be provi<led by 
 law. In each coimly there is a Probate Court, open at all times, holden by one judge chosen by the voters of each 
 county for three years. Justices of the peace are elected in the several townships also for three years. All other judges 
 are chosen by the voters of their respective judicial districts for not more than five years. Vacated judgeships are filled 
 pro tempore by the Governor, but a successor to the vacating judge is elected at the next general election, if occurring 
 more than thirty days after the vacancy happens. A Cleric of the Common Pleas is chosen in each county for three 
 years, and such cleric is cleric of all the courts of record in his county, unless otherwise provided by law. Courts of Con- 
 ciliation may be estahlished. The Legislature, at its first session, provided for the appointment of three commissioners to 
 revise and simplify the practice, etc., of the courts, and. as far as practical and exjjedient, to abolish distinct forms 
 of action, and the difrerenc(^ between law and equity. In Cleveland and Cincinnati there is also a Superior Court, and in 
 Cincinnati a Commercial Court, the jurisdiction of all which is local. 
 
 A Board of Public Work><, consisting of three members, one elected annually for three years, has charge of the canals, 
 railroads, and other works belonging to the State. 
 
 Among the other principal provisions of the constitution are the following: no new county shall be made, or county 
 line or comity seat changed but by a vote of the county; lotteries, and the sale of lottery tickets, shall be prohibited ; a 
 bureau of stiitJstics may he established ; impris(mrneiit for debt, except in cases of fraud, shall be abolished ; compensa- 
 tion, assesseil by a jury, shall be paid for all property taken for the public use without deduction for benefits to any 
 adiacent property of the owner; all white male citizens, resident in the State, between the ages of eighteen and forty-five 
 years, shall be enrolled in the militia; the principal of all funds arising from the sale of lands or other property granted 
 or entrusted to the State for educational and religious purposes, shall be forever inviolable, and the income therefrom 
 faithfully applied to the specific objects of the original grants: a thorough and eflScient system of common schools shall 
 be secured throughout the State ; institutions for the benefit of the insane, blind, deaf and dumb, shall always be fostered 
 ami supported by the State; the State shall never contract any debt for the purposes of internal improvement, but it may 
 contract debts to meet casual defects in the revenue, or expenses not otherwise provided for — the aggregate never to 
 exceed $750,000; it may further contract debts to repel invasions, etc., or to redeem the present outstanding debt; the 
 credit of the Slate shall never be lent to any individual or corporation, nor sh.all the State become a stockholder in any 
 association, or assume any debt except in the cases above provided for; the Secretary of State, Auditor, and Attorney- 
 general shall be the commissioners of the Sinking Fund, which consists of the net annual income of the public works and 
 sticks, and of such funds raised by taxation or otherwise as may be provided by law, which shall be made sufficient to 
 pay the accruing interest on the public debt, and annually not less than $100,000. 
 
 To timend tiie cmii^titutioii, it is necessary that tliree-fifths of the members elected to each house shall vote in favor of 
 the proposed amendments, which shall be entered upon the journals, with the yeas and nays, and shall be published in 
 at hast one newspaper in each county for six months preceding the next general election, and at such election the amend- 
 ments shall be separately submitted to the people; .and if a majority vote therefor, they shall become a part of the 
 constitution. At the general election, in 1S71, and every twentieth year thereafter, the question, "Shall there be a con- 
 vention to revise, alter, or amend the constitution?" shall be submitted to the people; and at any time, if considered 
 necessary by two-thirds of the Assembly, and a subsequent majority of the people, a convention may be called fur the 
 same purpose. 
 
 The militia force of the State consists of 176,45.5 men of all arms, of which 2,051 are commissioned officers, and 174,401 
 non-commissioned officers, nnisiei.ins, artificers, and privates. Of the counnissioned officers 91 are general officers, 217 
 general staff officers, 463 field officers, etc., and 2.20S company officers. 
 
 The princip.'d henevolent imtitutiona of the Slate are the Ohio Lunatic Asylum, the Deaf and Dumb Asylum, and the 
 Institution for the Blind. All these are located at Columbus. The number of patients in the Lunatic Asylum, on the 15th 
 November, 1S49, was 32-3 — 169 males, and 154 females; the number received during the subsequent year, 193 — 112 males 
 and 81 females, and the number discharged during the year, 198 — lOS males and 9() females. Of those discharged, 99 — 
 49 males, and 50 females, were recovered ; 9—5 males and 4 females, much improved ; 15 improved ; 53 unimproved ; (43 
 chronic cases) and 22 died. The Asylum for the Deaf and Dumb has been in actual operation 21 year.s, and during that 
 ptriod there have been 462 pupils. The number in the Institution for the Blind, including graduates and pupils, on the 
 25th December. 1550, was 7-3—40 males and 33 fetnales; 13 pupils were received during the year, and 10 discharged. 
 Applicants for admission must be between the ages of 6 and 21 years. If able to pay, the two last institutions charge .$100 
 for the 10 months' session, from 1st October to 1st August. 
 
 Financex, etc.— line total amount of receipts, for the year ending November 15th, 1.S50, was .$2,536,558 40 ; total 
 resimrces of the treasury (including balance for former year), .$3,091,993 SO. Disbursements for the same period, 
 .$2,960,927 IS. Excess of resources, .$1-S1.060 12. The "chief sources of income" were— taxes on real and personal 
 property, inchidimr arrears, $1,243..'>64 S3; taxes on professions, peddlers and foreign insurance companies, and auction 
 duties, etc.. $30,297 52 ; taxes on banks and State insurance companies, $56,42S 95 ; canal tolls, water rents, etc., 
 $728,085 73; dividemls. turnpike, and canal, $29.S-3S 20; principal of surplus revenue, $177,213 85; interest on surplus 
 revenue. $5S.741 88 : canal lands sold. $42,691 43 ; road tolls. $49,l(i3 04 ; taxes paid through Auditor of State, $37,380 47 ; 
 school and ministerial lands gold, $68,371 03: chums collected. $4,271 52; and miscellaneous, $7,467 54: and the principal 
 " objects of expenditure" were— bills drawn for appropriations, $:i91.186 4S : common school fund. $200,000 : interest ( n 
 foreign debt. $1,022,358 95 ; interest on special school and trust fund, .$97,272 81 ; interest on domestic bonds, $28,694 C6; 
 repairs on canals ami public works. $.329.595 : repairs on national rotui, $47,242 66 ; State debt paid, $657,886 84. 
 
 The Stilts def>t. on the ir^th November, 18.^0, amounted to $1S,744..594 32, the annutil interest on which w.as $1,124,536 13. 
 The constituents of this debt were — domestic bonds outstamiing, $493,824, drawing annually $26,940 10 interest ; irreducible 
 stock, school and trust funds, $1,688,996 63— annualiuterest, $101,039 80; and foreign debt, $10,566,773 09— annual interest, 
 
 227 
 
THE STATE OF OHIO. 
 
 $990,556 23. During the yenr ending as above, 135,768 38 of the domestic bonds hud been redeemed. The irreducible 
 stock, on which Ihc Slate pays 6 per cent, inlerest to the townships and dislricis from wliich the funds were received, 
 forms pari of the State debt which is not to be repaid. Tlie United Stales sur)>bis revenue, aniounling to ^'J.di 7.2110 84, 
 and loaned to the fund e<)mmis.''ioner8 of the counties, was due to the State January 1st. lS5i\ eNcept certain balances not 
 due until 1S52: $1,016,226 53 has already been repaid. After due, if not paid, the counlies must pay 6 percent, on what 
 remains in their hands. '1 he State owes $3.011.S5S 71 of turnpike, railway, and canal stock. The gross income of puldic 
 works, for tlie year 1j50, was $72s.0i)5 72. Totid value of taxable property, real and personal, was .t4.S9.S76,34ii, ui)oii 
 which the State tax was $1,413.8.30 42. The total valuation of property, in 1S44, was $130,142,666, and the taxes levied 
 .f94S.9a6 13. sliowins an immense sei)tennial increase, as compared w ith the valuation and taxation of ISoO. The imrnber 
 ami vaUie of domcstii' animals in the Stale by the .-vsfessors for lS.^rt, were as follows : horses 513.652. valued at $19,142 789 ; 
 mules 2.1S0, value<l at$Si;.82S; callle l.H 3,S11, valued at$11.315.660: sheep 3,S12,7ll7. valued al$1.9S4,9S3; hogs. 1.672,175, 
 valued at $1,902,029. Total valuation of domestic animals, $34,432,189. The whole value of persona! proper ty, exclusive 
 of the above, upon the dui)licales, was $9S.4S7 502. These numbers and values, it will be perceived, differ essentially from 
 those given in the census of the same year by the United States authorities. 
 
 Federitl Repieaentatum.—ln jiccordance with the act passed on the 23d May, 1850, apportioning representatives to 
 Congress, Ohio is entitled to twenty-one members. 
 
 Eclucdtion. — The whole number of '• common school" districts in the State, in 18r)0. was 9.590, and of fractional districts 
 1.842. The number of common schools was 12,279. tiiught by 7,924 male and 5,108 female teachers. ICnrolled schi>lars, 
 421.733— males. 2-36,827 and females, 184,006; average daily attendance of scholars, 337,875— males 190.891, and females, 
 1-16 9S4. Wages paid to teachers from public funds, $506 469 16— males, $393,642 09 and females. $112,827 07: and pai<i 
 from other sources, $125 652 57— males, $100,049 44 and females, $25,003 13: total $032,121 73— males. $49 i.691 53 and 
 females. $138,430 20. School-houses budl during the year, 248 — expense, $04,823 22. Amount of building luiuls raised, 
 $76..345 47: amount of lax on duplicates, $309,408 05; and received by reporting counties from Slate fund, $148,043 63: 
 total fr.)m all sources. $560,764 ".19. 
 
 The principal •' collegiate establishments" in Ohio are — Ohio University, at Athens, founded 1804 ; Miami {Amoc. lief.) 
 University, at Oxford, Ibun<led 1809 ; Franklin College, at New Athens, founded 1825 ; AVestern Keserve {Pi-exhyierUtn) 
 College, at Hudson, founded 1826 : Kenyon {Episcopal) College, at Gambler, founded 1827 ; (Jranville (B<ijdi's() College, 
 at Granville, founded l!-31 ; Marietta College, at Marieltii, founded 1>35; Oberlin (C'"«sr/-f(/('?«««(//) College, at Oberlin, 
 founded 1834: Cincinnati College, at Cincinnati, founded 1819, which in 1850 had 8 professors and 84 students, and in 
 the law department 3 prol'eSf^ors and 25 studenis; St. Xavier (Horn. Cctli.) College, at Cincinnati, founded 1810 ; Wood- 
 wanl College, at Cincinnati, fouiuleil 1S31 ; Ohio Wesleyan University, at Delaware, fiunded 1842; and Wittenberg 
 (ChrUtiun) College, at Spriiigfleld, founded 1845. The statistics of these several institutions, in 1850, were as follows: 
 
 C;\i '£<■'. 
 
 Iiof. 
 
 Mil. 
 
 l.ii>. 
 
 Ohio Univ 
 
 ... 5 .. 
 
 . . 20 . . 
 
 . . 5,000 
 
 Miami Univ. .. 
 
 ...fi.. 
 
 . . 66 . . 
 
 . . 8,000 
 
 Franklin 
 
 ... 4 .. 
 
 . . 80 . . 
 
 . . 2,200 
 
 W. Reserve . . . 
 
 ... 8 .. 
 
 . . 57 . . 
 
 . . 8,000 
 
 l-nlleges. I'rof. Stu. Lib. 
 
 Kenyon 5 .... 50 ... . 7,000 
 
 Granville 4 .35 5,0i;0 
 
 Marietta 6 55 6.400 
 
 Obcrlin 12 .... 66 ... . 4,200 
 
 Cfihe-e.s. fri.f Stll. fib. 
 
 St. Xavier 18 .... 70 ... . 6.800 
 
 Woodward 5 .... 19 ... . 1,400 
 
 O. Wesl. Univ. . . 9 .... 40 ... . 8.700 
 Wittenberg 7 .... 37 ... . 4,500 
 
 Theologic.ll departments are attached to Kenyon, Western Reserve, Granville, Oberlin. and Wittenberg, and there are 
 Lane Seminary, at Ciiiciniiali, and the Theological Seminary of the Associate Keformed Church, at Oxford. The 
 statistics of these are as follows : 
 
 Names. Koiiii'lcd. Priif. Stu. Library | Names. Foioiiled. Prof. Stu. Library. 
 
 Lane Seminary 1829 8 36 10.500 
 
 Ktnyon 1S28 4 4 i.-VlO 
 
 Western Reserve 1830 3 14 790 
 
 Granville 1832 
 
 Oberlin 18:34 
 
 Associate Reformed.. 1839 . 
 
 2 
 
 ... 8 ... 
 
 .. 500 
 
 3 ... 
 
 . . . 20 . . . 
 
 .. 250 
 
 1 ... 
 
 ... 12 ... 
 
 .. 1.000 
 
 The medical schools within the State, and their statistics for 1851, are — the Western Reserve Medical College, at Cleve- 
 land, founded in 1844 (6 professors, 202 students, and 411 graduates) ; the Medical School of Ohio, at t;inciini;iti, founded 
 1S19 (8 professors. 130 students, and .331 gr.idiiatcs) : AVestern College of llomteopalhic Mciiieine, at Cleveland, founded 
 1850 (< professors, 62 studenis, and 17 graduates); Starling Medical College, at Columbus, founded 1847 (8 professors, 
 124 suidents, and 53 graduates). 
 
 Besi<les the above, there are in all the Large towns numerous acjidemic and denominational .schools, etc.. supported 
 partly by endowment and parlly by ehnrges for education. Among these the Roman Ciithollc convents, nunneries, 
 schools, etc., are conspicuous, aii<l as a general fact these are better condncleil, more extended in their curricula, and, 
 aside from their religious bearing, everywhere unexceptionable and worthy of imitJition by all sectaries. 
 
 Public Lhraries. — One State library — 12,500 volumes; 8 social — 21,295 volumes; 13 college — 35.510 volumes; 19 
 student — 20,2ii5 volumes; 3 academic and professional — 12.529 volumes; 1 scientific and historical — lli,iiOO volumes ; 3 
 public school — 1,,"j95 volumes. Total libraries 48, an<l volumes ll)4,634. — Report of I.ihritridn of Suiithsoiiidii Institute. 
 
 Periodical Prem. — The whole numbir of periodicals published in the State, on the 1st Jime, 1850, was 3o2. of which 
 108 advocated whig and 93 <lemocratic principles, and 106 were neutral in politics, or <levoied to science, religion, 
 literature, etc. Of the whole number 28 were imblished daily, circulating at each issue 90,(»0 copies, or 29.214 328 copies 
 anmuilly ; 6 tri-weekly, 1.961 cojiies. or .30.i,915 !mnnally ; 4 semi-weekly, 2.800 copies, or 291.20(1 annually : 222 weekly, 
 211.862 copies, or ll.iil6.824 annually; 7 semi-motithly, :32.920 copies, or 790,0S ) annually: and 20 moiuhly, 65,500, or 
 780,000 annually. Total copies i.«sued annually 42,404.348. The counlies and number of p.^riodicals issued in each w:is— 
 Adams, 1 w. ; Allen, 1 w. ; Ashland. 2 w. ; Ashtiibula, 3 w. : Athens, 1 w. ; Auglaize. 2 w. ; ISelmont, 2 w. and 1 m. ; 
 Brown and Cutler, each 3 w. ; Carroll and Champaign, each 2 w. ; Clark. 1 f.-w. and 4 w. : Clermont and Clinton, each 
 2 w. ; Columbiana, 6 w. : Coshocton, 2 w. and 1 s.-m. ; Crawford, 1 w. ; Cuyahoga. 3 d. and 5 w. : Darke. Defiance, and 
 Delaware, each 2 w. : F.rie, 2 il.. 3 w.. and 1 m. ; Fairfield, 2 d. and 3 w. ; Fayette, 1 w. ; Franklin. 2 d.. 2 t.-w.. 6 w., 2 m., 
 and 1 occasionally ; Gallia and Geauga, each 2 w. : Greene, 1 w. : Guernsey, 2 w. : Hamilton (Cini-innati). 8 d., 1 t.-w.. .32 w., 
 1 s.-m., and 14 m. ; llanoeck, 3 w. ; Harrison. Hardin. Highhind. and llockins. each 2 w. : Holmes, 3 w. : Hunm and 
 Jackson, each 2 w. ; Jefferson. 6 w. ; Knox, 6 w. ; Lake and Lawrence, each 1 w. : Licking, 2 s. w. and 4 w. ; Logan. 2 w. ; 
 Lorain, 2 w. and 1 s.-m. : Lucas. 2 d., 2 t.-w., and 3 w. ; Madisim, 1 w. ; Mahoning, Marion, and iMedina, each 2 w. ; Meigs 
 and Mercer, each 1 w. ; Miami, 1 8.-w., 5 w., and 1 m. ; Monroe, 1 w. ; Montgomery, 4 d. ami (i w. ; Morgan and Morrow, 
 each 2 w. : Muskingum, 1 d., 1 t.-w., C w., and 1 annually ; Perry, 2 w. ; I'ickfiway, 1 s.-w. and 3 w. ; Pike, 1 w. ; Portage 
 228 
 
GHAMBESLAIN & GO. 
 
 PROPRIETORS OF 
 
 AICHOB 
 
 cmcmNATi* 
 
 
 3 
 
 Manufacture every descrij)tion of 
 
 trnm sm wmm wm. 
 
 And Irons, Sad Irons, Tea Kettles, Cauldrons, Sugar and Potash 
 Kettles, and Castings in general. Also Importers and Dealers in 
 
 JUNIETTA IRON AND NAILS. 
 
 t|^g=^Our Stoves are made from the best qualities of Hanging 
 Rock metal, and for beauty of Design and smoothness of Casting, 
 will compare favorably with any other manufacturers. 
 
 SALE AND SAMPLE ROOMS, 
 
 A. E. CHAMBERLAIN. J. MITCHELL. 0. N. BUSH. 
 
 123 
 
THE STATE OF OHIO. 
 
 8 w. : Preble, 2 w. ; Putnam, 1 w. ; Richland, 5 w. ; Loss, 2 d. and 4 w. ; Sandusky, 3 w. ; Scioto, 2 d. and 2 w, ; Seneca 
 4 w. ; Shell))', 2 w. ; Stark, 6 w. ; Summit, 3 w. and 1 s.-m. ; Trumbull and Tusciirawas, each 3 w. ; Union, 1 w. ; Van 
 Wert, 2 w. ; Viaton, 1 w. ; Warren, 2 w. and 1 m. ; Washington, Wayne, and Williams, each 2 w., and Wood, 1 weekly. 
 Religious Denuminations.—'^^Ue statistics of the several religious denominations, according to the census returns of 
 1S50, are exhibited in the annexeii form ; 
 
 No. (if Clii 
 
 tic. 1,3. Cll 
 
 irihes 
 
 aicoin. 
 
 Baptist 
 
 545. 
 
 184,093.. 
 
 Christian... 
 
 90. 
 
 30,190.. 
 
 Congregat'l. 
 
 100. 
 
 41.920.. 
 
 Dutch Ret:. 
 
 5. 
 
 1,1.50.. 
 
 Kpiscopal.. 
 
 79. 
 
 31,9T5.. 
 
 Free 
 
 13. 
 
 5,100.. 
 
 Friends 
 
 94. 
 
 30,866.. 
 
 Value of 
 Priipert.v. 
 
 $593,730 
 56,155 
 207,330 
 2,600 
 867,425 
 9,550 
 82,175 
 
 Denomina- 
 tions. C 
 
 Germ n Ref. 
 
 Jewish 
 
 Lutheran.. . 
 Mennonite. 
 
 No. of Church 
 ;hu ril.es. accoin. 
 
 71.. 
 
 3.. 
 
 259.. 
 
 9.. 
 
 26,315.. 
 
 1,300.. 
 90,343.. 
 
 1,730.. 
 
 $71,860 
 
 29,000 
 
 259,975 
 
 1,8'25 
 
 Methodist.. 1,520.. 539,840.. 1,542.131 
 Moravian.. 158.. 49,545.. 93,072 
 Presbyter'n. 659. . 271,499. . 1,388,199 
 
 Denotninii. ^ 
 
 o. of 
 
 Church 
 
 Value of 
 
 tMins. CI. 
 
 .r.lies. 
 
 aciom 
 
 rr..|.ert)'. 
 
 R. Catholic. . 
 
 130. 
 
 76,215.. 
 
 $763 307 
 
 Swedenb'g .. 
 
 2. 
 
 700.. 
 
 15,300 
 
 Tunker 
 
 10.. 
 
 4..'J50.. 
 
 9,975 
 
 Union 
 
 48. 
 
 18.646.. 
 
 87,900 
 
 Unitarian... 
 
 1.. 
 
 650.. 
 
 15,000 
 
 Universalist. 
 
 53. 
 
 20.765.. 
 
 100,590 
 
 Minor Sects. 
 
 41.. 
 
 20,250.. 
 
 111,950 
 
 — making a total of 3,890 churches, having accommoilation fir 1,447,652 persons, and owning property to the value of 
 $5,71)5,149. The State forms a diocese of the Protestant Kpisoopal Church, and comprises the Roman Catholic archdio- 
 cese of Cincinnati, and the sutfrugan diocese of Cleveland. The towns of Covington and Newport, in Kentucky, and the 
 adjacent territory for three miles, bel'-ng also to the province of Cincinnati. 
 
 Pattpefium and Crime. — The whole number of paupers that received assistance and support within the year ending 
 1st June, 1850, was 2,51-3, of whi.di 1,904 were native-born, and 6o9 foreigners : and the whole number <in the rolls on the 
 1st Juno as aforesaid, was 1,67-3, <if which 1,254 were native-born, and 419 toreigners. Annual c<istor support, $9o,J50. 
 From the report of the attorney-general it appears that .luring the year 185l) there were 2,003 prosecutions, 1,273 convic- 
 tions, and 295 acquittals. The punishments were — penitentiary for life, 3; for ten years and over, 6; and for under ten 
 years 113; and 221 were sent to the county jails. The auiount of fines was $14,224 53. of costs $19,290 6il, and of col- 
 lectable costs $9,076 08. The Ohio penilentiary, on the 3oth November, 1349, contained 336 convicts; admitted during 
 the year 193, ami discharged 105, leaving 424 in cmUnement at the end of the official year 1350. Of those discharge.!, 
 42 was by expiration of s.ntencc, 32 by panlon, 21 by death, 5 by writ of error. 2 by pardon of President <if the United 
 States, and 3 escaped ; and of the 193 committed 145 were convicted o( off.-nses against pr .p ^rty. 7 of arson, 13 of forgery, 
 and 32 of offenses against the person. Receil)ts from convict labor $35,740 74. and expenses of maintaining prison 
 $26,377 56— balance in favor of prison $3,s63 13. There is a library of nearly 6i,00U viihimes connected with the prison, 
 for the use of the convicts. 
 
 Ilixtnriciil Si-etr/t. — .\s a district territory. Ohio dates from the first year of the present century. Previous to this time 
 it constituted a portion of the "Territory North-west of the Oliio," over which Congress had exercised jurisdiction 
 since 1737. 
 
 The French were the first to explore the waters of the Ohio. In 1630. La Salle traversed the tract between the l.ikes and the 
 Mississippi, and for upward of half a century Frenchmen seem to have been Iheouly visitors of I his region. Their object was 
 the fur trade; nor did they, like tlu'ir Kng'isli neighbors, manifest any disposition to appropriate the country by setllemenls. 
 Within the actual limits of Ohio, indeed, no settlements appear to have been ever maile by the French. About the middle 
 of the eighteenth century, a controversy, between the Cana.lian trailers ami the English, respecting this country, sprung 
 up and finally involved both nations in war, and ended only wilh the overthrow of French power in America. The 
 charters of many of the British provinces extende.l their claims to the Pacific, anil lluir settlements had [iroceeded grad- 
 ually westward. The French claims, on the otluT hanil, proceeded from north to south, and consequently intersected lho,se 
 of the Knglish, or, as respects actual occupation, their possessions formed a cordon round those of the English. In H.^O, 
 an association, chiefly resiiling in Virginia and England, obtained from the crown a grant of 600,0i acres lying in the 
 country claimed by both nations. Trading houses were immediately established, and surveys commenced, of which 
 measures the governor of Canada soon became acquainted. France and England being then at peace, remonstrances 
 were made on the subject, but exposlulati(m and threats having had no eflV-ct, the F'rench seized two IJritish subjects, who 
 Were found trading with the Indians, and sent them to Presque Isle, on Lake Erie, where a slnmg fort had Ix'en erected. 
 This and other acis of violence delerniined the governor of Virginia to send an officer to the French posts. The illustrious 
 Washington, then a m.-ijur of militia, was commissioned for ihe purpose, who, after great difficulties, delivered a letter to 
 the commanilant, at a fort on the river La Bceuf, requiring him to withdraw from the British territory on the Ohio. The 
 answer was of such a nature that, on the return of Washington, the Virginia legislature caused a regiment to be raised, 
 in which he received the second command. In April, 17.54, his chief having died, Ihe command devolved upon himself, 
 and he, with two companies, advanced into Ihe disinited country ; but, on his route to the head of the Alleghatiy and 
 Monongahela, was attacked by a superior force, and compelled to surreniler. Soon after this event, open w:ir was 
 declared, and the British government sent out a powerful force under General Brad. lock. The object of the campaign of 
 1755 was the capture of Fort Dn Quesne, and the secure possession of the country on the Ohio. The expedition was unsuc- 
 cessful, and the French maintained possession of the country until the surrender of Canada in 1763, which included also 
 the whole country westward to the Mississijipi. 
 
 From whatever cause, though now thrown open to the American trade, the beautiful valley of the Ohio was left in undis- 
 turbed occufiaiicy of its original inhabitants. The government, in.leed, seems to have had no disposition to encourage 
 settlement. The Indians were still numerous and powerful, and, on the breaking out of the Kevotution. were incited by 
 the British against the frontier settlers, ami committed many barbarous excesses. During all this period occupancy was 
 impossible. The treaty of peace, although it transferred the sovereignty of the country, yet left it subject to Indian depre- 
 dation, and it was not until 1787 that any settlement was begun within the liniits of the present State. Previous to that 
 year, the right of soil, subject to the Indian title, was claimed by several of the States, as having passed to them by their 
 charters, an<l soon after the peace of 1783 jealousies had arisen in consequence of the vast extent of these possessions, 
 which were only allayed by the cession of the whole to the United States. Virginia, however, reserved a ponion of land 
 (3.709,848 acres) near the rapids of the Ohio for her State tro.-ps, and Coiuiecticut a tract near Lake Erie (3,666 921 
 acres). These were subsequently confirmed to the several claimants. In 1800, jurisdiction over these reservations was 
 also relinquished by the States owning ihem, reserving to themselves claim to the soil. Other tracts, known as Symmes' 
 purchase (284,698 acres), and the Ohio Company's purchase (1,144,509 acres), were subsequently recognized, as were also 
 
 229 
 
r^ 
 
 THE STATE OF OHIO. 
 
 several indivkluiil claims. It now remained fur the United Slates to purehase from the Indians the soil and right of 
 posses!-ion. wliieli, owing to the hostility of ihese people, was not eoniplelely effected fur many years, nor imtil much blood 
 had been .sheil on bolh sides. In 17S7, Congress began to exercise jurisdiction over the territory. A terrilorial govern- 
 mejU Was instituted consisling of a governor, secretary, and three judges, who, in addition to their ordinary functions, had 
 also a p:irti;d legislative power. The ofliiers appointed under these provisions adniinistered the government of the 
 whole terrltnry unlil 1799. During a grciiter part of I lie period of the tempi irary government, a harassing warfare was kept 
 up with the Imiians, insli'.r;ited, if not assisleil, by the British. In 1791, Gener^d St. Clair, who had been sent against the 
 Mi.ini;8, was surprised and totjdly roulecl. This disaster operated as a serious check upon the progn^ss of settlemenL In 
 1794, however, a <lecided vic:ory was obtained by General Wayne, and in the succeeding year hostilities were suspended, 
 and the irealy of (ireenville terminated Ihe war. t)liio was now free from savage incursion, and began to prosper; 
 settlennnls which had been suspended recommenced with increased vigor. Up to the year 17S7, only 11 S..5S2 acres of 
 laud }ia<l been sold by ilie general !.'<)vernmi'nt — none was <lisposed of between th.-it period and 1709, in which year 640 
 acri« Were .s<.l<l. In ISod, 70,94S acr s wire disposed of: in ISiU. 4>0.7S7 acres. aii<l up to ISin, 2.fi*!,6G-2 acres had been 
 sokl. To ISJd, Ihe lotal dispositions amounted to G.7(l.%:361 acres ; to 1830, to S,--"24,-l95 acres ; to 1S40, to 13,lSn..i77 acres, 
 and to 1S49, there only remained in the hands of the government 509,2-30 acres. The aggregate disposed of to the I.ntter 
 period was 25,i 67.780 acres, viz , sold. 12.490.21.') acres : donated — to schools. 67.5,094 : to colleges, 24,320 ; to internal ira- 
 provenu-nls, 1.260,-<1.'5I, and to individuals. 32,141 ; military bounties— old war, 1.3iil,326 ; war of 1812, 63,842. and Mexican 
 war. 49,429; rese-rvalions — salaries, 24 216 ; Indians. 16.3:M. and companies, 8,S0,i 976 (including Virginia and Connecticut 
 reserves, elc): private claims, 26.400; swamp l;inds (grante(l lo Stale). 303,329 acres. Thus it will be seen that, in fifty 
 years from the iiistitutinn of a regular representative government, the wnole land has been virtually taken up, and gene- 
 rally seitlcd upon. 
 
 In 1799 Ihe Norlh-western Territory, having a sulTicient population, was admitted to a second grade of territorial gor- 
 ornment, whiih entitled it to a representative body, coin[>osed of delegates chosen by Ihe people, and a council appointed 
 by Conirress from nominations made by the House of Kepresentatives. Shortly after, Ihe country composing the Stjitc of 
 Ohio was detached from the general territory, a .d formed into a distinct government. On the 8'lh April, 1802. on the 
 petition of the people. Congress passed a law enabling them to form a constitution and State government, and the condi- 
 tions prescribed by that ;ict having been complied with, Ohio became a sovereign Slate and member of the Union in 1803. 
 Thus admitted to the privileges of sell-government, the growth of Ohio has been uninterrupted. No other State of tho 
 Union has surpassed it in rapidity of progress. The disposition of its l.mds, and the populatiim at decennial periods 
 (before given), show an augmentation unparalleled in history. Its position with respect to the old States may in sou)0 
 measure account for this, but it has had many disadvantases to contend with. The first pionc'ers had no steam horses to 
 drag them to their d<sert home, no steamboats to skim their rivers, nor telegraphs whereby to communicate with their 
 friends in the east. Their journeyings were toilsome ■•md their fare hard, nor was there rest for them when their travels 
 ended : the Indian met Uiem with menace, and the thick forests had to be hewn through hef >re a crop could be pl;mted. 
 How different the things of to-day, when the immisranl has little more to do than throw himsell' in a well padiled car, and 
 be set down at his future residence without trouble of any sort, Ihe wide prairie ready to receive the seed of his first har- 
 vest, and a thriving country around him. These matters ought to be considered when the settlement and progress of Ohio 
 arc compared with those of other States. It was not until the year 1825 that any road was built from the sea-board Slates 
 Into Ohio. On the 4th July of that year the ceremony of breaking ground (m the Nation.il Uo.ad west of the Ohio was 
 celebrated. On the .same day ground was broken at Licking Summit for the constructiim of the Ohio Canal. To-day 
 canals, railroads, turnpikes, and every means and mode of transportaticm and travel are open to all parts, and enjoyed by 
 the people in a greater degree than in most other States of the Union, and certainly than in any European country, with 
 the exception of Great Britain. 
 
 /SKccrts.sfVm of Gnvernorx. — Tkrritokial Govkrxoes: Arthur St. Clair, 1789; and — Covstitotional Governors: 
 Edward Tiffin, 1803: Thomas Kirker (acting). 1807; Samuel Hunting, 1S08; Return J. Meigs, ISIO; Othniel Looker 
 (acting). 1S14; Thomas Worthington. 1814; Klhan Allen Brown, 1818; Allen Trimble. 182i;; Duncan M- Arthur. 1^30; 
 liobert Lucas, 1832; Joseph Vance. 1836; Wilson ;:hannon, 1838; Thomas Corwin. lS4't; Wi'son Shannon. 1S42 ; Thomas 
 W. Bartley (acting), 1843; Mordecai Bartley, 1814; William Bebb, 1846; Seabury Ford, 1S4S; Ileubcn Wood, 1S50. 
 CoLUMiius, on the cast side of the Scioto Kiver, is the political capital of the State. 
 230 
 
.iSu C3r e; ^ 
 
 IMPROVED 
 
 GEO. PAGE & CO. 
 
 N. SCHROEDER STREET, NEAR BALTIMORE ST. 
 
 Respectfully inform tlieir friends and the public generally, that having obtained 
 an Extension of their Patent for their celebrated and justly popular Circui.ak 
 SAW MILLS, and having greatly enlarged their facilities for manufacturing, thev 
 are now prepared to execute all orders with the utmost promptness, and respect- 
 fully solicit public patronage, pledging themselves to so execute every order as to 
 do justice and give entire satisfoction ; and as there have been various wfringemcnts 
 upon the rights granted them hy the Government of the United Stiites, they seize this 
 occasion to forewarn all persons from purchasing from any and all infringers upon 
 their rights, as it is their determination to prosecute all offenders. 
 
 They also manufacture all kinds and sizes of STEAM POWERS, portable as 
 well as stationary, whether intended for Sawing, Agricultural, or other purposes 
 GRIST MILLS OF ALL SIZES. CORN AND COB CRUSHERS, THRESH- 
 ING MACHINES, TENONING MACHINES, MORTICING MACHINES, 
 MACHINERY FOR SAWING LATHS AND PALINGS, VERTICAL SAW- 
 ING MACHINES, TOBACCO PRESSES, GUMMING MACHINES, TIMBER 
 WHEELS, LUMBER CARS, MACHINERY FOR RAISING LOGS OUT OF 
 THE WATER, POST-HOLE AUGERS, MANDRILS FOR SMALL SAWS, 
 together with all kinds of other machinery usually made at similar establishments. 
 
 They manufacture three classes or sizes of Saw Mills, each of which are equally 
 adapted to Steam or water power. (Their third class or smallest sized mill can 
 be driven by Horse Power, and is admirably adapted to doing the sawing of a 
 farm or plantation. 
 
 They also manufacture three sizes of HORSE POWERS, one to be driven by 
 any number of horses, from 4 to 12, one to be driven by 2 horses, and the other 
 by 4 horses ; the largest power is adapted to our Third Class Saw Mill, and for 
 farm and plantation purposes generally ; (the second and third sized powers arc 
 equally adapted to such purposes, and for driving Cotton Gins.) 
 
 A jMmphlet containing full descriptions of their three classes of Saw Mills, of 
 their prices, capacity for sawing, testimonials of performance, etc., (as also de- 
 scriptions of their various other kinds of machinery, terms, etc.,) will be forwarded 
 to any gentleman applying for one by letter. Address 
 
 GEORGE PAGE & CO. 
 
 N. Schroeder Street, near Baltimore, Baltimore, Md. 
 
 46 
 
i^^ 
 
 477 Main Street, 
 
 BETWEEN FOURTH AND FIFTH STREETS, 
 
 
 
 ^^? 
 
 1 Picture $3 00 
 
 2 
 6 
 
 50 
 
 100 
 
 500 
 
 1000 
 
 or not. 
 
 for 
 
 4 00 
 
 5 00 
 25 00 
 40 00 
 
 100 00 
 
 160 00 
 
 IDiL(DIil!D 
 
 IN OIL, PASTIL, OR WATER COLORS. 
 
 1 1^ daguerreotype size, . . ^15 00 
 1 J life size, bust on canvas . 50 00 
 1 full life " " " "... 75 00 
 1 full length, from head to 
 foot, exact life size, .... 250 00 
 
 brangers are invited to call, whether thej wish pictures 
 For farther particulars respecting Photographs, see Harris 
 
 & Co.'s advertisement, page 
 
 THEODORE HARRIS. 
 
 This is the most complete establishment of the kind in tho State. Every deseription of Portraiture 
 is here produced, from the smallest finger ring Daguerreotype to the life-size Oil Painting or Photo- 
 graph. Prom the system employed, orders can be tilled at low prices and with despatch. 
 
 The popularity and demand for this well established picture is such, that wo are about putting up a 
 Steam Engine for thii preparation of the Daguerreotype Plate, believing it will nut only ,<a\elal">r, 
 but that by the increased velocity given to the butf wheels, the polish of the plate will be improved, 
 and the beauty of the picture enhanced. 
 
 As regards the durability of the D^iguerreotype, much has been said against it by those who know 
 no better, and perhaps by others, wlio, knowing better, yet desire to villify it. Da uipuess may cor- 
 rode the Daguerreotype i)late; the glass, outside or in>iil'3 may get scuuimy or dirty; du.-t uiay gel 
 between the glass .'nid plate; these things may happen it, and a Daguerreotypist can remove them, 
 but fade — IT CANNOT. ^£*~We will pay a liumlred dollars for any one of our Daguerreotypes that 
 Las faded. Prices including case, from One Dollar up. 
 
 This -new picture, superceding the Ambrotype on account of Its greater permanency, is remarkable 
 for the quickness with which it is taken. In Winter, from two to six seconds is u.-ually sufficient for a 
 sitting; in Summer coie secxirf ould frequently betoolong. This enables us to secu re the gr:!ve, the 
 ha[)py, the flitting smile, or any expression that may be desired. Children, loo restless to be Daguer- 
 reotyped, can always be Collodiotyped. Prices for the Collodiotype, from $2 60 up. 
 
 Reimiik. — This Picture, being taken on Glass, is of course not liable to corrosion from moist atmos- 
 phere, and is believed to be as lasting in other respects as the Daguerreotype. 
 
 On Paper and Canvas. This department is under the charge of Mr. C. K. Edwards, whose whole time 
 is given to it. They are either colored or uncolored; and in the latter way, are useful for illustrating I 
 books, advertising cards, <fec., possessing the important advantage over lithograph or engraving, of ' 
 entire accuracy .and truthfulness. 
 
 The smallest Daguerreotype can be copied by the Photograph, enlarged even to life size, colored to 
 nature, and any change made in dress or position that m.ay be desired. 
 
 r» H I C E S: 
 
THE TERRITORY OF OREGON. 
 
 , rr ■. J «.„»o<. m l<*Afi pvtends from 42° to 49° latiUlde north, and from 
 OHKOO., as relinquished by Great Britain to 'he^UnUed Stat m 184 , ex^e.ds ft ^_ ^^ ^_^^^ ^^^^^ ^^^ ^^^ ^^^^^.^ 
 
 the crest or the Kocky ^louutai.is to the Pacfic 0^^'^"' ,f '^^ /'"'J^pper portion of the original territory having lately 
 river, to latitude 4G» and by that line to the „,o.nta,ns ^^ -7^;;^*: ^Sy ,f Washington." For the convenience of 
 been erected into a territorial governmen^, unde the ^'^^^^^ J^,^ ,, ,, it ,^i,ted before the separation. It 
 
 exhibiting the statistics of the country, however, it will be necessary 
 
 contains altogether an area of 341,463 square miles. _^..^ determined by the course of the mountains traversing 
 
 Oregon is naturally divided into lliree P^'n^'P^'' ^='7"^^^':'^''°"''/^'""^^^^^^^ ,0 the Pacific Ocean; the middle 
 
 it. The western section is bounded l.y the Cascade Mouiitams, and ^^'^'^^^ ^f J^^^^^^^^^^^^ between the latter and the 
 
 section lies between the Cascade Mountains and ^^ ^^^^^^^^^J^^^^^^^Z^r^^,. and differ in soil and 
 
 ;s:^rTE=::nra::::^::n^":=^^^ 
 
 %^:^:r:::st range, sometimes called .e Ppide^sl^ juns^^^ 
 
 distance from the sea-coast varying from loO to 150 miles and n "^^'Sa breaks 1. "u<^h it. the communication between 
 12,000 to 14,000 feet above the level of the sea. Except when the ^-'^"^^^'-f^ Z^am^i^.s besetting it are such as 
 th; east an.l west is almost interrupted, and where ">7,;^-^'\^"/ ™°""'Xis r m^e^^^^^ and genial the year round, 
 
 to render it of little use to the traveler. The climate of t''^ ««'"'''™ ^^^ °j;^*^^^^:"rhe The soil on the northern parts 
 and the winters remarkably short. Snow seldom lies on the ground ^ ^^^ ""f^^ ,^^,,, i„ ,,,, „,ddle parts a rich, 
 varies from a light brown loam to a thiu ^-^-f-^"^'' ^'--l^^l^^l^^^^^^^^ are found. The soils of the Willa- 
 
 heavy loam {.revails, but in many locahlies clay and a Wackoam J^^^^^'J-P ;^ ,„ ,,ocomposed basalt, with clay, 
 mette valley and southern part genernlly are good, ^^'•>';"^/'-' ™ /^J^^^^^'j^tte Between the Umr-qua and the south- 
 .nd portions of loose grave, soil. The hills are ^^^^^f ,« S^anT grtnt, which produces aV- and gritty soil. 
 em boundary, the rooks are primitive, consisting o ^^f^' '''^"^J^^^;' ^^ Gold has been found extensively iu the rivers 
 There are in the latter region, however, some ncU lands, ^^^^^^ ^ ' "^^; j^^^J^,, ji^^ered. It is intersected by spurs 
 of the south. For the most part, the whole country west "f^'e Cascade ;« ^e t,m ^^^^^^^^ ^^ ^^^^ 
 
 :r:rx^:,;r^--ad:r:^^^^^ 
 
 are excellent tarming lauds, and the uplands abound in "f ''f '^"'"f "Z ^^.^ but generally run north and south, com- 
 
 The Bhie Mountains have an irregular course, and are ^^^^^^ ^"^^^^^^^^ !y the Saptin, or Snake River, at the 
 mencing in the Klauu.th range, near the C=d,tornia line. ^^^ ^"^^^ ^^ J.^^ '^^^^^^ appear on the north side of 
 
 junction of the Kooskooskee, and branch off ,.i hills of "^''''^''•,'^'\ f ^^■;';"-^'^;'';il„' ,L, in he British territory. The 
 ihe Colinnbia River, above the Okonagan, ""^^J^^^^^^ZZ hTcL'ade n.nge, and its range more frequent 
 climate of the middle section is much more extreme th ,n m the «■ » '""'^ .^ ^^is section. The soil in the 
 
 and srreater. It is, however, extremely salubrious, and the '^^ f^f-";- J;^^;^7 The general elevation of this section 
 hills is barren, .>ut in the va.l.ys a ri.-h «"-' -' ---^^^^ ; jj ^^f l^n ly nlntains''and rivers, and quite unfit for 
 is about 1.000 feet above the sea level. In the north the surlace is ' ro^^ c<,him\mi and Sapti.i rivers, the surface is 
 :4ncul,ural purposes. The parts south of this, '"'-^^'''-f;'-:;;-;; ^^^^ u'. Ihole being broken and 
 
 rolling, ..nd in every way a fine gra.mg -"■'•■•>^- / ' ^^^^Hion^ ee'^^^ flourish in the solitudes, 
 desert, with scarcely a tree or useful vegetable I' «;;7^;7^';;^f^,7,„„^„,„ee on the Ar.tic coast, and continue w,th 
 The Rocky Mountains, forming the eas.ern '^'"■•' '^'^,'^f, "'f, J^J^^'f' ^^^^i^^ Along all the line bounding Oregon, only 
 nttle interruption until their subsidence at ^^^^^^^^^^^^i^:^^, ',. Us''ex.reme south-east corner, foruVmg 
 one eligible pass has yet been discovered, and that-th^. ^^^^'^^ ""' ;;j^^,^^,3 i„. ^nd it is also the great thoroughfare of 
 the gate of ,he country. Through this pass the '-'ff';'J'2To^l^rl'^^^^^^ made available for settlement. Its 
 travel to Utah and California. The -•<=7,— ^iJ^f ^^J^^^^^ -"™- '-=^'- ^'=''" ""'"" '"^' ""' 
 
 SSr r^inl:".: ■ t^ "li;S^ir:i^ ^oken wast. whl. stu,endot,s mountain spurs traverse 
 
 it in all directions. This country is partially turibered „ ^^e other rivers of the Territory, having their 
 
 The Columbia is the great river of the country, and the r-rnen of a^l the ^^ ^^^^^_^_^^.^^ .^ ^^^^^^ ^^^ ^_ ,^^_ 
 
 origin eastward of the coast range "^ "^'^"'f '";• ^^\'\?'.S [ "^ \ 'pas Here the river is 3.600 feet ai>ove the sea-level, 
 ,160 W. long., and thence pursues a N. route o n ar M Gdl vr y s^Pa _^ ^.,<,,3,,i,„y ,aWes up the waters of nu- 
 
 and, receiving Canoe River, it then turns 8 and n ts ^">1^ ^^^ / ^^^ P,,t „ead or Clark's rivers. The Columbia is 
 merous trilmU.rics, the chief of which are the Kootanie, or F'^t JJoW' an^' J ^, Oolville its elevation is 2,049 feet 
 
 thus far surrounded by high mountains and oflen expands i" « ^^^a ' ^^^ ^^^^^^^ ^^^^^^^^ p.^^^ ^^^^^ 
 
 above the sea, having fallen 556 feet in 220 miles, ^o the 9. oj jms p^ mUt ^^ ^^,^^^^ ^^.^^ ^^^ .^^ 
 
 the E. ; thence it pursues a W. course for 60 miles, and ^.^"'''"| '^ ';[^,;-;i^ whence passes S. until it reaches Walla Walla, 
 in a line of lakes extensively susceptible of ^-.^-^-'-'S^' "^^^^e eLvarn' . the Columbia is l.'iSC feet, and its width about 
 in 450 N. lat., and receives the Saptin or Lewis River ^ ^^--e the elevat c ^^^^^ ^^^^^ ^.^_^^^ ^^^^^ ,^^ 
 
 3,500 feet It now takes its last turn to the W., ^^^^^H^'XvZt^tl uTa s s the gorge of the Cascade Mountains in a 
 8., and Cathlatatesfrom the N.andpursuuig a rapid c..ur M^^^^ „f boats, even in time of flood, and are over- 
 
 series of falls and rapids, that form ■"'V"''''™' "^ v! er nav^-iUon for 40 miles, when rapids again interrupt free saihng, 
 come by portages. From this point there is f ''''-7'!'- "^^^ ^"'Xs Iructed bv bkrs. is open .0 vessels of less than 12 feet 
 but hence t. the ocean, 120 miles the --^•^'^'^'LmrSe'^^^^^^^^ f^""- "- ^^- 'T''*' ^'"^■ 
 
 dran. In this part of iU course it receives the W illamette Kiver irom , ^^^ 
 
THE TERRITORY OF OREGON 
 
 metto is navigablt- for small vessels to wilhiri 3 miles of its fills. Within a distance of 20 miles fmm the ocean, the Colum- 
 bia is greatly increased in wi<Uh, ami at its mouth, Ijetween Cape Disappointment and Cape Adams, Its wiilih is 7 miles, 
 but from each of these capes a sand-bar extends which renders the actual navigable chatmel contrack-d and narrow. The 
 mouth of the Columbia was discovered by Capt. Gray, of Boston, commander of ship Cohnnbia, of •220 tons, on the llth May, 
 792; and on tlie stren;?th of this discovery the United SUiU-s based their right to the terrili>ry wat<-red by its tribnlaries. 
 
 The Chckalis, to the north of the Columbia, is a considerable river, and perhaps next to it in importance. It rises 
 from several sources in the Cascade .Mountains, and after a very tortuous course, receiving some small streams issuing 
 from the laices in the high ground, near the head waters of Hood's Canal and Pugct's Sound, ilischarges in Gray's Harbor. 
 Its current is rapid and much obslructeil, nor is it navigable except by canoes. Kniptying into Puget's Sound are the 
 rivers Nesijually and Tenalquit, or Sliute's lliver. both affording excclknl water-power and some navigation. On both 
 these rivers there are flourishing settlements, and Olyrnpia, a port of entry, lies at the mouth of the latter. 
 
 The rivers south of the ColumLiia are ClaLsop, KillanKjok. Vaquiuna, .\lseya, Umpqua, Sequatchie, an.l Uogue rivers, 
 all falling into the Pa'-iHc Ocean, lint two of these are worthy of notice, the majority of them being small an I insi^nifl- 
 cant streams. The Umpqua meets the sea in about 4.3° .54' N. lat. ; it is a large river, rising in the Cascade Mountains by 
 two main branches, which meet in about lat. -i-i^ 20', and th;'nce, after a due north course <if about 20 miles, the river turns 
 suddenly to the west, expanding to a considerable width in it,s lower course. Its principal tributaries are the KIk and 
 Smith's rivers. Selllemenis have been made alutig the course of this stream by gold hunt, rs, brought here by the repf)rted 
 richness of its washings. Uogue's Kiver rises in the same range, but farther south, and flows directly "\V. from its snurce. 
 It has also become famous liir its golden sands, anil has allracte<i to its baiiks many adventurers. None of ih' se rivers 
 form harbors capable of receiving vessels of more than 8 feet draft, and their bars are dangerous on account of the surf 
 that sets up to the coast. 
 
 The character of the great rivers of Oregon is peculiar; excecilingly rapid and sunk n)uch below the general lere), 
 with p rpendicular banks, they are, as it were, in trenches, it being difficult to get :it the water in m;niy places, owing 
 to the steep basaltic walls; and during their rise, which takes place in Kebruary and November, they are in many placi-s 
 confined by narrows, which back the water some distance, submerging lands and tracts of low prairie, aiving ihe 
 appearance of extensive lakes to the overflown country. 'J'he bars of these rivers arc constantly changing, and it may be 
 said tJial there is not a river on the Oregon coast, entrance to which is safe. Gray's Harbor will not adiuit vessels of more 
 than 10 feet draft. This, however, is not the case within the harliors lorme<] wiihin the straits of Juan ile I'uca. of which 
 there are many, and no part of Ihe world forms finer inland sounds, or a greater number of h.-irbors, than can be found 
 here, capable of receiving the largest class of vessels, and without a danger in them that is not visible. From the rise 
 and tall ot the tides (Is feet) all lacilities are afforded for the erection of works for a great maratime nation. 
 
 The fisheries on the coast and in the rivers of Oregon are most extensive. The rivers abound in salmon of the finest 
 flavor, and these form a great part of Ihe subsistence of the Indians. The Columbia produces the largest, and jirobably 
 affords the greatest numbers. The great fishery at the Columbia is at the Dalles, but all the rivers are well supplied. In 
 the rivers and sounds are fjund 8<-veral kinds of salmon, salmon trout, sturgeon, coil, car|). sole, flounders, ray, perch, 
 herring, l.-impreys, anil a kind of smelt, calhil '-shrow," in great abundance, also large quantities of shell flsh, viz.. crabs, 
 clams, fiysters, muscles, etc.. which are all used by the natives. Whales are found along the coast, and frequently iu and 
 at the mouth of the Straits of .hian de Kuca. 
 
 To the hunti r Oregon is a paradise. Game, such as Ihe elk, deer, antelope, bears, wolves, foxes, muskrats. martins, 
 beavers, etc., exist in great abundance. In the middle section no game is found. In the eastern section the buffalo is 
 r»iet with. The fur-benring animals are decreasing in numbers yearly, and even already are so scarce as scantily to repay 
 Uie expense of hunting them. The Hudson's Bay Company have almost the exclusive monopoly in this business. Iu the 
 spring and fall the rivers are literally covered with ducks, geese, and other waterfowl. 
 
 Oregon, in 1S50, was divided into 10 counties,* the general statistics of which, and the capitals of each, in 1S50, were as 
 follows : 
 
 r» 
 
 Mn 
 
 iif. 
 
 Benton 149... S14. ..110... 1.. .Marysville 
 
 Clackamas 368. . .1,859. . .150. . .13. . .Oregon City 
 
 Clark 95... 643... 7. .. 4. . .Columbia City 
 
 Clatsop 91... 462... 24... 2. ..Astoria 
 
 Linn 172... 994.. .1-38... 6. . .New Albany 
 
 Counties. Dwelt 
 
 Lewis 146. 
 
 Marion 502. 
 
 Polk 190. 
 
 Washington 418., 
 
 Yam Hill 248. 
 
 . 558 
 
 .2,749... 293. 
 . 1,0.51... 1'.'9. 
 .2.651. ..116. 
 .1,512... 142. 
 
 55... 3...Paciflc City 
 
 11... Salem. 
 2.. .Cynthian 
 5... Portland 
 4... Willamette 
 
 The whole number of dwellings in Ihe Slate was, at the above date. 2,374, of families 2,374, and of inhabitants 18.293, 
 viz. : whites13,0S7— males 8,142, and females 4.94,5, fr. col. 206— males 119, and females S7. Of the whole population, there 
 were cleafund dumb. ; hlhid, ; iiiwine — wh. 4, fr. col. — total 4 ; and idiotic — wh. 4, Ir. col. — total 4. The number 
 of free persons born in Ihe T'nited States was 11.992, the number of foreign birth 1,159. and of birth unknown 143 : the 
 native population originated as follows : Maine I'.'O, N. Hamp. 41, Verm. Ill, M.iss. 1-S7, 11. I. 20, Conn. 72, N. V. 618, 
 N. .ler. 69, Penn. .337, Del. 18, Md. 73, Dist. of Col. 15, Virg. 46!), N. Car. 2iil, S. Car. 34, Ga. 22, Flor. 4. Ala. 20. Miss. 8, 
 La. 6, Tex. 15, Ark. 61, Tenn. 402, Ky. 7.30, Ohio 65-3, Mich 37, Ind. 736, 111. 1,023. Mo. 2,206, la. 452. Wise. 10, Calif. 25, 
 Oregon 3,178, Territories 7. And the foreign population was composed of persons from — Kngland 207, Ireland 196, Scot- 
 land 106. Wales9. Germany 125, France 45, Sp;iin 0, Portugal 0, Belgium 11, Holland 1, Italy 5, Austria 0, Switzerland 8, 
 liussia 1, Demnark 2, Norway 1, Sweden 2, Prussia 1, China 2, Asia 0, British America 293, Mexico 1, South America 6, 
 West Indies 0, Sandwich Islands 50, and other countries 57. 
 
 The general slatistiis of the products, industries, institutions, etc., of the territory, according to the census of 1650 and 
 other official documents referring to the same i)eriod, are as follows: 
 
 Occupied Laiidit, etc. — Improved farm lands 132,857 acres, and farm lands unimproved 299.951 acres — valued together 
 at $2,849,170. AVhole number of farms under cultivation on the 1st June, 1S50, 1,164. Value of farming implements and 
 machinery, $183,423. 
 
 Live-stock.— Worses. 8,046; asses and mules, 420 ; milch cows, 9,427; working oxen, 8,114; other cattle, 24,188; sheep, 
 15,882; and hogs, 80,235. Value of live-stock, $1,876,189. 
 
 *P»ri(iL*, Linn, Umpqua. and l.nne, are new counties, Lewis, Clark, ami Pacific counties are now comprised i 
 and together, in isao, conUined 1,-201 inliabitants ^ 
 
 232 ' ■ 
 
 tlie Territory of Washiagton. 
 
THE GREAT COUNCIL MEDAL 
 
 H 
 
 00 
 
 H 
 
 r, 
 
 
 
 
 ON THE GROUND OF THE ORIGINALITY AND VALUE OF HIS 
 
 mmum mmm 
 
 And also, at the Great French Exhibition at Paris, in 1855, to C. H. McCORMICK -vras 
 awarded the Ghand Gold Medal of Honor for his 
 
 American Reaper and Mower. 
 
 From the Ifashington Union of January 17, 1856. 
 
 The National Agricultural Society— McCormick's Reaping Machine. 
 
 The National Agricultural Society, during its late session in this city, took occasion, in the most decided and 
 uneqjivi'cal manner, to show its hi|»h appreciation of McCormick's Heaping Machine. On the second day of 
 the session. Dr. Wesson, of Massachusetts, offered the following preamble and resolution : 
 
 Whereas the only award of the highest claps made to any agricultural im|)lenient at the World's Exhibition 
 in 1851, in London, was that (the Council medal) in lavor of the Reaping Machine invented by C. H. McCor- 
 mick, ail Ameiican ; 
 
 And whereas the only award of the highest class in the department of agriculture at the recent World's 
 Exhibition In Paris, (thi grand medal of honor) was awarded tu the same inveniinn; 
 
 Resolvd, That the eminent distinction thus awarded to an American invention reflects honor on our coun'ry 
 and Its progress in the useful arts, for which we, as the National Agricultural .Society, deem it fit that we 
 tender our acknowledgments to the juries, composed almost, if not quite, exclusively of di-^tinguished turope- 
 aiiii, bv wliich these awards have been made to an absent and to tiieui unknown American, and we point to 
 the fact as an encouragement to our inventors an incitement to future efforts and an earne>t of our future tri- 
 umphs. 
 
 I give below a single specimen of the many letters that have been voluntarily sent rae by 
 those who have used my machines. Vim. F. Barnes, Esq., of Warsaw, Hancock county, 111., 
 writes me February 3, 1856 : 
 
 " Seventy-live of your machines were sold in Hancock and McDonongh last year, and they gave such uni- 
 versal satisfaction that nolwithst-indnig the numerous other machines (flV red, yours will crowd out almost all 
 ccinpe.ition. I send you Mr. Conk's order for your machine. He was induced last season to buy a Self- 
 Haker, but having got rid of it, has had enough to do with self Rakers." 
 
 FACTORY AND WAREHOUSE NORTH PIER, 
 

 Nos.22,24,25and27LaSalle Street, 
 
 112 IZ CSi .^X C^ C£>o 
 
 This is the most extensive establishment of the kind in the world, and includes 
 
 every branch of 
 
 ililf ill. iltlllf III llilill lif , 
 
 DAGUERREOTYPES AND AMBROTYPES OF EVERY STYLE AND SIZE. 
 
 ^^HOTOOrL-A. 
 
 :h: s 
 
 From the smallest Miniature, to the full life size, or full lenfrtli Portrait. They are furnished 
 plain, similar, but more bcautitul and truthful than the finest Steel Engravings. 
 
 MINIATURES PAINTED BY MR. WINTER, 
 
 Who stands unrivaled in his Ijranch of the art. 
 
 OIL POBTHAITS, OF ALL STYLES AND SIZES, BY MB. C. MEBCK, 
 
 (Who has painted with marked success in Europe, and stands at the head of his profession,) 
 
 either from Life or Daguerreotypes. Persons having 
 
 iagucmctpes or J^mbnitiiiies of ^\imt ax JtccaseJr |nenb$, 
 
 Can have them COPIED of any size, with all the fidelity and beauty of life. The public are 
 respectfully invited to call and see for themselves. 
 ^^S" All kinds of Artists' Daguerreotype, Ambrotype and Photograi)hic Goods for sale, at 
 the lowest prices. Orders solicited and promptly attended to. 
 
 A. HESLER. 
 
T H Ji T E K K 1 T K Y OF OREGON. 
 
 Pro(3ucU of Animals. — Wool, 29,6S6 pounds; butter, 211,461 pounds; and cheese, 86,980. Value of animals slaugh- 
 tered during the year, $164,530. The average clip of wool per sheep was thus lib. 14| oz. 
 
 Grain Crops. — Wheat, 211.943 bushels; rye, 106 bushels; Indian corn, 2,91S bushels; oats, 65,146 bushels; barley 
 bushels, and buckwheat, bushels. 
 
 Otlitr Food Crops. — Peas and benns, 6,566 bushels; potatoes— Irish, 91,326 bushels, and sweet, bushels. 
 
 Miscellaneous Crops. — Tobacco, 32.5 pounds ; hay, 373 tons; clover-seed, 4 bushels; other gniss-seed, 22 bushels; hops, 
 8 pounds; flax, 640 poun<l8; miiUiS8es,24 gallons, etc. Value of orchard products |1,271 ; market-garden products $90,241. 
 
 ILime-mad« Manufactures were produced in the year to the value of $ 
 
 Manufactures. — Ciipital invested, .$ ; value of all raw mnli'rial, fuel, etc., consumed, $ ; hands employed, 
 
 -males and females ; monthly cost of labor .$ -male $ and female $ ; total value of annual pro- 
 
 ducts $ Number of manufacturing estaMisliments producing to the value of $500 and upward annually, 51. 
 
 Commerce. — Oregon has a considerable coasting trade with California in lumber, boards, and agrici.ltnral produce, and 
 it has also some trade wilh the Atlantic pons, especially New York and Boston. With foreign countries its trade is lim- 
 ited. The amount of this can only be guessed at, as no general returns appear in the Treasury books. A report of the 
 commerce of Astoria was made by the collector at that port for the ye:ir ending 1st April, ISoO, but of the other ports no 
 accounts have been received. According to the document referred to, there had entered that port 6 ships, 30 barks, 2S 
 brigs, and 5 schooners — total 69 vessels, and 16.437 tons; from foreign ports l,6o9 tons foreign, and 669 tons American 
 shipping, and coastwise 14,129 tons American sliipi)ing. The duties collected for the year amounted to $26,4liS. 
 
 The exports for the year were — sawed lumber, 4,587,317 feet: square timber, 312,097 feet; round logs, 355; house 
 frames, 40 ; shingles, 699,033 ; le^.thiT, 124 sides; flour, 3,766 barrels; beef, 13 barrels; pork, 6 barrels; salmim, 838 bar- 
 rels; bread 37 barrels; oats, 497 bags; apples, 15 barrels; cranberries, 6 barrels; bacon, 600 poun<ls; fire-wood. 8 cords; 
 sauer kraut, 10 barrels; onions, 20 sacks, 12 hampers, and 42 bushels; butti-r, 23 barrels. 62 kegs, 2 firkins, and 8,e00 lbs.; 
 cheese, 5,200 p(iun<l8, and 4 boxes; eggs, 6 boxes, and 42 dozen ; potatoes, 64 bushels, 40 barrels, and 780 sacks. An ac- 
 count of the imports, says the collector, would furnish no satisfactory results, ;is the cargoes of vessels entering the Colum- 
 bia are mostly of small assorted lots, and although in the aggregate of eonsideral'le value, still they can not be asecrt.-iined 
 in detail. Tile navigation of the Columbia River is free to the Hudson's Hay Company, but goods introduced into the 
 country through the m.mth of the river, and landed for any other purpose than for portage, in aid of their being carried 
 up the river and out of the territory, are subject to the duty. 
 
 Governmext. — The constitution of Oregon was promulgated in the law of Congress of the 14th August, 1848 : 
 
 Kvery white male inhabitant of the Territory at the time of the pa.<sage of that law, 21 years old, who was a citizen of 
 the United States, or who had on oath declared his intention to become such, or who shouhl take the requisite oaths, was 
 allowed to vote or be chosen to office at the first election ; but the legislature may prescribe further limitations. 
 
 The Legidatiire is stylecl the General Assembly, and consists of a council of 9 members, and of a ll<5use of IJepre- 
 sentalives, of not less than 18. nor more than 30 members. Members of both bouses must have the qualifications of voters. 
 Councilors are chosen for three years, and representatives for (me year. All laws passed by this legislature must be sub- 
 mitted to Congress for approval or rejection. No session must continue more than 60 days. No bank, or any thing like 
 a bank, shall be churtered or permitted to exist in the Territory, as a branch of an institution chartered elsewhere or other- 
 wise, and the Territory shall issue no scrip, neither pledge its faith, nor in any way borrow money. Salmon must not be 
 prevented from jjassing up and down the streams. 
 
 The governor, apjxiinted by the President, holds office for four years, and until his successor is appointed and qualified. 
 He is removable liy the ap])oiiiting power. The governor is eo--officio Superintendent of Indian Aff:iirs; may grant par- 
 dons and respites for oflTenses against territorial laws, and reprieve until the President's will be known, for those against 
 the laws of the United Slates. The secretary, justices, attorney, and marshal, are also appointed by the President. The 
 secretary holds oflSce for five years, is removable by the President, ami in default of the governor fills his place. 
 
 The Jucliciary consists of a Supreme and District courts. There are three judicial districts, in each of which a judge 
 appointed for four years and until a successor be appointed and qualified, holds a district court, with law and equity 
 jurisdiction as may be regulated by statute, and the same three judges hold the supreme court, to which, cases not to be 
 tried by a jury may be removed by apjieal from the district courts. Wrils of error and appeal from the decisions of the 
 supreme court, lie to the Supreme Court of the United States where the matter in dispute exceeds $i,000, or where the 
 constitution, or a treaty of the United States, or acts of Congress, are in question. In cases arising out of the Constitution 
 of the United States, or of territorial hiws, the district courts have the same jurisdiction as the Uniti d States district and 
 circuit courts. 
 
 Other prominent provisions of the fundamental law, are: The Secretary of the Treasury of the United States shall 
 regulate all disbursements of money intrusted to the governor or secretary ; the inhabitants shall enjoy the benefits of the 
 Ordinance of 17s7; existing laws, compatible with the constitution of the United States, and with this act, unless repealed 
 by the legislature shall remain in force, except those afiV'Cting the title to land, which are void ; a delegate to Congress, 
 who shall be a citizen of the Unite<l States, shall be chosen by a plurality of votes ; $o,rtOO is appropriated to the purchase 
 of a territorial library; sections 16 and 36 in every township are set apart for the benefit of schools; all the ports of the 
 mainland form the collection district of Oregon, and Astoria is made a port of entry ; a port of delivery may be established 
 on Puget's Sound, and one other elsewhere; $1.5,000 is appropriated for light-houses and buoys, etc. 
 
 On the 27th September, 1850, an act was passed, providing for a Surveyor-General of tlie Territory, and to provide for 
 the survey, and to make donations to settlers of the public lands. Its princip.tl provisions are as follows: 
 
 There is grouted to every settler or occupant of the public lands. American half-breeii Indians included, above the age 
 of 18, a citizen of the United States, or having made a declaration of his intention to become a citizen, or who shall make 
 such declaration on or before Dec. 1, 1S51, now resKling in said Territory, or who shall become a resident on or before 
 Dec. 1, 1S50, and who shall have resided upon and cultivtited the same for four consecutive years, and shall give satis- 
 factory proof of settlement and cultivation within 12 months after the surveys have been made, one hall-section or 320 
 acres of land, if a single man, and if married, or if he shall be married within one year from Deo. 1, 1850, one section or 
 640 acres, one half to himself and the other half to his wife, to be held by her in her own right; and the surveyor-general 
 shall designate the part enuring to the husband and that to the wife, and enter the same on the reconls of his office, and 
 when married persons become entitled to a grant, and either shall die before the patent issues, the survivor an<l childrep 
 shall be entitled to equal portions of the estate, unless it is disposed of by will, under the laws of Oregon. When an alien 
 has declared his intention to become a citizen, and shall die before naturalization, his possessory right shall go to his heirs 
 
 238 
 
THE TERRITORY OF OREGON. 
 
 or devisees. Donations slisill embrace the land actually ocpiipied by the settler, shall be in a compact form, and shall be 
 taken as nearly as praelicabie by legal subdivisions, and shall be claimed within three months from the completion of the 
 survey. Contracts for tlie sale of the land before the patent is issued are void. If any settler shall die before the expira- 
 tion of s.iid four years, his right shall descend to his heirs in equal parts. 
 
 To all white male citizens of the United Stales, or persons who shall have made a declaration of intention to become 
 such, above the age of 21, einigrating to and settling in said Territury between Dec. 1, IS-iO, and Dec. 1, lS.i3, and to all 
 white luiile American citizens, not hereinbefore provided for, becoming 21 years of age in said Territory and settling there 
 between the tiiiieslast aforesaid, who shall eumply with the foregoing provisions, there is granted imr-qnarter seciiim or 
 160 aercs of land, if a single man ; or if married, or if he shall be married within one year from his arrival in sjiid Territory, 
 or within one year after becoming 21 years of age, then one half-section or 320 acres, one h;df to the husband and the 
 other half to the wife in her own right, to l)e designate<l by the Surveyor-General. No person shall ever receive a patent 
 for more than one <lonatioM of land in said Territory, in his or her own right. 
 
 No claims upon sections 16 and 80 for residence ami cultivation of the same, after the survey, shall be valid. Certain 
 lands lire given for the endowment of a university. No mineral lands, nor lands reserved for salines, can be claimed 
 under this act. 
 
 All persons claiming land under this act, by virtue of settlement and cultivation commenced subsequent to Dec. 1, 1850, 
 must first make oath that the land claimed by them is for their own use and cultivation ; that they are not aoling as agents 
 for others in making such claims; and that they have made no sale or transfer, or any agreement for any sale or transfer, 
 or by whiili the said land shall enure to the benefit of any other person, and persons making false or fraudulent oaths or 
 affirmations shall be suliject to all the pains and penalties of pt- rjury. 
 
 Kilifjioiis VcnoiDiniitiimx. — The statistics of the several religious denominations in the State in 1850, according to the 
 census of that year, were as follows : 
 
 Den.iinin.l. No. < 
 
 tK.ns Cliuiil 
 
 Baptist 
 
 Christian. . 
 Congrcgafl 
 Dutch Itef... — 
 Episcopal ... — 
 
 Free — 
 
 Krietids — 
 
 German Kef. — 
 
 inni. PrDp.'.ly. 
 
 1 100 $2,000 
 
 1 500 6,200 
 
 tions. Cln 
 
 Jewish 
 
 Lutheran . . . 
 Mcniionite. .. 
 
 Methodist 
 
 Moravian 
 
 Presbyterian. 
 U. Catholic... 
 
 200. 
 
 Val.ie nf 
 
 nennminn- N 
 
 »r..|.erty. 
 
 tll.MH. CI. 
 
 $ - 
 
 Tiinker 
 
 — 
 
 Union 
 
 — 
 
 UniUirian 
 
 23,000 
 
 Universalist .. 
 
 — 
 
 Minor Sects . . 
 
 5,000 
 
 
 41,820 
 
 Total .... 
 
 Value ol 
 Pr.,|,.rty. 
 
 9 ....3,133 $70,520 
 
 5 ....1,833. 
 Swedenbo'n.. — — . 
 
 Oregon Territory fijrnis a part of the Eom.in Catholic Ecclesiastical province, of which Oreg(.n City is th" metropolitan 
 see, and comprises the diocese of Oregon City, Wallawalla, Fort Hall, and Colville. The Episcopal Church has not yet 
 been established in the Territory. 
 
 Kdncdtionitl StutUtic.f. — It is not expected that education in so sparsely populat(^d a Territory as Oregon can have 
 made mueli progress. No statistics are yet publislu'd on which dependence can lie placed, but it is will known that in 
 all the cities there are not only common schools. I>ut respectable academies, and provision has already been made for a 
 College or university. The grant of the Ifitli and 30tli .section in each township ot laml for educational purposes is double 
 the amount allowed to the western and other new Slates, and in course of time will become an ample fund. 
 
 Origon. as a field of labor for the farmer, mechanic, an<l scholar, or the Christian, has become conspicuous, and will 
 continue to attract more an<l more the attention of the virtuous and industrious who siiall emigrate from the .Mlantic 
 States. While California, poor in soil iind most of the conditions for .steady in.lusiry, holds out her i)eculiar altractioiis to 
 tlio.se who, liy a temporary sojourn, would make haste to be rich, Oregon offers a home to all who wouM become p. rma- 
 nent membirs of a coinmuiiity r.lying upon the pursuits of agriculture and the arts for jirospcrity. AVIiat the first has 
 been in the eyes of men of commerce, the last has come to be in the view of those who cultivate the soil or follow the me- 
 chanic arts. '1 hese two countries, lliougli adjoining, differ no less widely in tln-ir physical ctrpabilities than in the e\am- 
 ph-s they are furnishing of the law of coloniz;ilion. In the one ease wealth precedes educational and r.ligious cstalilish- 
 ments and the nign of law and order ; native gold dug from tlie earth or gath -red from its siirl'aee, or separated fro n the 
 pulverized rock, lurnishes the means of support for chun hes, .school-houses, and colleges, long before a community 
 appears that recognizes them as indispensable elements in the machinery of the St:ite. In the other, while wealth is an- 
 ticipated as the re■.^a|•d of long-continued effort, and as incidental to tlie sure and ste:idy growth of a different class of 
 interests, the members of the new community can not dispen.se with institutions which should accompany the colonizers 
 as their household gods. Tliis mode of settlement is one that commends itself to those who hope well for the iilliniate 
 churaeter of those portions of our country yet o be occupied. It is the only way in which a great State can ever l)e built 
 up. The deep foundations of jirosperity rest upon the labors of a colony actuated by such views of life and effort. 
 
 Tlie sovereignty over this Territory was long claimed bolh by the United States and Great liritain, and after ISIS was 
 held in ioint occupancy, being, however, subject to m-ither. The coasts of this country were discovered liy the Spaniards 
 in the 16th century, but in 1792 the di.scovery of the Columbia Uiver, by Captain (!r.iy, gave to the Unite<l States a claim 
 to sover<'i^'nl.v. The Ihitish derived their claim from discovery and occupation. In 1S04-5-6 CaptJiins Lewis and Clarke 
 explored the country from the mouth of tlie Missouri to the mouth of the Columbia, and spent the winter of lSO.5-6 on the 
 Pacific. In ISOS the first tradinghoiise establi.-^hed on the waters of the Columbia was erected by the Missouri Fur Com. 
 pany on Lewis Kiver. In ISltt the Pacific Fur Company, at the he.-id of which was the late John Jacob Astor, of New 
 York, was founded, and in the following year Fort .\storia was built at the mouth of the Columbia. This fort was tjiken 
 during the la.st war by the English, but p'.'ace returning, it was again delivered by the Hritish Government to its origin.il 
 owners. The dis|iutes respecting the sovereignty were renewed in 1>45. jind in 1S40 a treaty between England and the 
 United Sttiles defined the line of 49° as the ilivision between the territories of the two nations. The people of Oregon 
 hitherto had existed under a government of th-ir own, and made their own laws. A bill to establish a territorial govern- 
 ment passed the House of l!e|iresentative9 16th January, 1S47, but was not acted on by tlie Senate. In 1S48 a bill passed 
 both houses of Congress, and was approved by the I're.siilent, 14th August. The government was soim after organized 
 according to the provisions of the new law, and the independent government ceased. The emigration to Oregon is con- 
 tinually increasing in numbers. 
 
 Salem, on the east side of the Willamette River, is the political capital of the State. 
 234 
 
WHEELER & WILSON 
 
 MANUFACTURING COMPANY'S 
 
 
 
 For Families, Manufacturers and Others, 
 BRIDGEPORT, CONN. 
 
 ^^'^im mmi^^ 
 
 These Machines having been sulijected to a three years' test of the 
 most searching character, by families and in various branches of man- 
 ufacture, are now offered with important improvements; and the pro- 
 prietors feel additional confidence in their merits, which is warranted 
 by the unanimous favor accorded to their use. 
 
 These Machines are conceived on a principle entirely original ; and 
 it is believed that, in all the great points requisite to a complete and 
 practical Sewing Machine, they cannot be surpassed. 
 
 Among the undoubted advantages they possess over all others, may 
 be named the following : 
 
 1st. Their simplicity of construction, and consequent freedom from 
 derangement and need of repairs. 
 
 2d. Their unexampled rapidity and perfect ease of operation. 
 
 3d. Their noiseless movement. And 
 
 4th. The remarkable perfection of their stitching, and their appli- 
 cability to a variety of purposes and materials. 
 
 An examination of these Machines and of specimens of their work 
 is respectfully desired, where they are constantly in operation and 
 for sale, at our office, 
 
 N IBiy^ YORK. 
 
 INTO. 
 
 47 
 
R.G.GREENE, 
 
 SOLE AGENT IN CHICAGO FOR 
 
 OHIOKERIITG & SONS' 
 
 THE BEST MADE IN THE STATES. 
 
 REENE, 
 
 PUBLISHER OF 
 
 Cjje WMtxvi ^mxml of ^nsit, 
 
 A JOURiAL OF yTEHATyRS AMB ART, 
 
 FOR ONE DOLLAR PER YEAR. 
 
 R. G. GREENE, 
 
 MANUFACTUREH OF GREENE'S SUPERIOR 
 
 Warranted Unequaled by any Made. 
 
 (DHn©A©(D), HJLILSo 
 
THE STATE OE PENNSYLVANIA. 
 
 Prnnsylvania, from her central position, her natural resources, and her granrl system of transit lines, one of the most 
 imponmit ijtales of Itic Union, lies in the fnrin of a pamllologram, between 39° 4.3' (Mason and Dixoa's line) ami 42° 
 latiiiides N., and extends from 74° 4u' to 80° 36' longitudes \V. from Greenwich, or 2° 22' K. and 8° 35' W. from Wash- 
 ington. It IS bounded im the norlh by Lalce Erie and the State of New York ; on the east by New Jersey, from which 
 the Delaware River separates it; on tlie soiuh by Delaware, Marylan<l, and Virginia; and on the west by Virginia and 
 Ohio. With a lenglli from east to west of 31.5 miles, and a breadth, exclusive of the strip of land jutting toward Lake 
 Krie, of 160 miles, its area covers a surface of 46,0ii0 square miles. 
 
 Pennsylvania, wilh the exceplioa of Virginia, is the only State which stretches quite across the great Appalachian sys- 
 tem of mountains, and is ihus naturally divided into three strikingly distinct regions — the eastern or Atlantic slope, the 
 central or mountain region, and the western, or Ohio and Krie talde-land. 
 
 The principal mountain chains definitely tfaa^ahle in this State are as follows : 
 
 1. The South Mountain enters it from New Jersey, between Northampton and Bucks counties, and after being inter- 
 rupted by the Scliaylkill above Pottatown, and by the Susquehanna near the southern border of the State, it passes into 
 Maryland. 
 
 2. The Blue Eidge entprs Pennsylvania below Easton, where It Is pierced by the Delaware ; pursuing a south-westerly 
 direction, it is interrupted by the Schuylkill at Reading, by the Susquehanna below Harrisbnrg, and passes out of the 
 State between Adams and Franklin counties. The elevation of the former ridge nowhere exceeds 1,000 feet, and that of 
 the latter is Somewhat more elevated. 
 
 3. The Blue Mountain, or Kiltatinny, also enters this State from New .Jersey, and is broken by the Delaware at Water 
 Gap, further west by a pass called the Wind Gap, by the Lehigh, by the Schuylkill above Harrisliurg, and by the Sus- 
 quehanna five miles above Harrisburg. It then passes between Franklin and Bedford counties into Maryland. Its 
 elevation in Pennsylvania varies from 800 to 1,500 feet above the sea level. Between the Kittatinny Mountain and the 
 north branch of the Susquehanna River, a distance of about 35 miles, is the great anthracite coal region. 
 
 4. The Broad Mountain, wliich lies in the intervening space between the Kittatinny Mountain and Susquehanna, forms 
 a less continuous but more elevated chain than the last mentioned. It is continued south-west of Ihe Susquehanna by the 
 Tuscarora Mountains, which are pierced by the Juniata between Mifnin and Perry counties, and passes into Maryland a 
 little west of the Kittatinny chain. 
 
 5. Sideling Hill forms a well-defined ridge from the Maryland line to the Juniata, on the south-west comer of 
 Mifflin County. 
 
 6. The next well-defined chain is the Alleghany Mountain, which forms the dividing riilge between the Atlantic basin 
 and the Valley of the Ohio. It is therefore the height of land between those two bitsins, although its .summits do not rise to 
 so great an elevation above its base as do those of Broad Mountain above the base of that chain. The Alleghany rises 
 in Bradford County, is pierced by the north branch of the Susquehanna below Towanda, traverses Lycoming County, 
 where it crosses the west branch of the Susquehanna, and pursuing a southerly course, separates Huntingdon and Bed- 
 ford from Cambria and Somerset counties. 
 
 Westward of ihe Alleghany eh.iin. and on the Ohio table-land, two well-defined chains cross the State from north to 
 south, in a direction nearly parallel to that of the first-mentioned, under the names of (7; the Laurel Ridge, about 
 twenty-flve miles west of the AUeghanies ; and (8) Chestnut Ridge, ten miles farther west. Neither of these chains ia 
 very elevated. 
 
 Though in some places rude and rocky, many of these mountain ranges consist of gradually rising swells, cultivated to 
 the summits, and the whole mountain region is interspersed with highly beautiful and productive valleys, some of which 
 are of considerable extent and imder an excellent system of cultivation. The eastern and western parts of the State are 
 generally level, or agreeably diversified with hills ami vales. 
 
 Every part of Pennsylvania is well watered, and abounds in rivers, streams, rivulets, and brooks; but some of the rivers 
 are so much obstructed that they serve rather as canal feeders than .as navigable channels. 
 
 The Delaware, that rises in the Kaatskill Mountains in New York, and bathes the eastern border, may yet be consid- 
 ered as belonging to Petjnsylvania, from which it receives its principal tributaries. Pursuing a southerly course, and 
 piercing the Kittatinny and Blue Ridge, the Delaware meets the tide 130 miles from the sea at Trenton, to which place it 
 is accessible for sloops; at and above that point the navigation is impelled by a fall and shoals. Large ships ascend to 
 Philadelphia, about 40 miles below wliicli it expands into a brojid bay. Its whole course i* about -320 miles in length. 
 The numerous canals connected with v.-irious points of the coal region, and uniting its waters with those of the Hudson, 
 the Raritan, and (.,'liesai>eake, have greatly increased its importance as a channel of trade. Its principal tributaries in 
 Peniisylv;mia are the Lackawaxen. the Lehigh, and the Schuylkill, which rise in the anthracite region. The Schuyl- 
 kill has a course of about 130 miles, and is navigable lor vessels of above 300 tons to Philadelphia, six miles below which 
 it falls into the Delaware. 
 
 The Susquehanmi is the principal river of Pennsylvania in point of size, hut it is so much broken in its coirrse by 
 rapids and bars as to afl"ord little advantage to navigation without arlifleial aid. It rises in Otsego Lake, in the State of 
 New York, ami flowiiiir in a circuitous but general south rly direction, nearly parallel with the Delaware, it reaches the 
 Cliesapeake 400 miles from its source. Its principal tributaries are all from the right — they are the Unadilla and 
 Jhenango, in New York; and the Tioga or Chemung, the West Branch, and the Juniata, in Pennsylvania. The most 
 
 235 
 
 ■ " 1 1 . Ill III ' III! II ■ ' iiii r r , liii ' i III . •■ I ' . nr ; ' ii -r ; ,, , « i, "« i'ttt n imVu i ' i 'imiru . Mm tium 
 
THE STATE OF PENNSYLVANIA. 
 
 ciiiisidi rable fri>in llie we-at are the I/ickawaniiock, Swiilara, ami Concslosa. The channi-ls of ilie Su.-quL-h:iiitia are so 
 wiiKiiiig and l.roken lliat evi-ii Ihe desfeinliiig navigation is extremely ilifflcull aiul dangerous, and prartioable only at 
 cerlaiii s -bisons in paniciilar singes of Uie waters, and its tributaries partake of the same cliaraeter. 'I'he Jiiniala ri.-es 
 in the Alleghany ridge, but the West Branch rises in numerous streams from the Laurd Hill, and pierces the Alleghany 
 above l>iinnsio\vn. 
 
 The great rivers of Western Pcnnsylv;inia are tributaries, or. rather, constituents of the Ohio. The Alleghany, rising 
 in Ihe iiorth-wesurii slope ol the same range, with some of the remote t^ourcis of the West Braneh, (lows tlrst tiMrdi into New 
 York, and then south loi;s jiinetion with the Monnngahela. It is navigable to t)lean,in New York, 'li I mile? from iis imMith, 
 and to Wa'orl'iird, on French (Jreek, its primip il trilMitary, 14 indes from Lake ICrie. The Kiskiminet.s, or Conemaiigli, 
 the iiriiuijial tribuiary lo the east, rises in the western declivity of thu Alleghany Mountains, near the heail waters <>( th>; 
 Juniata, and pierces the Laurel and Chestnut ridges. The oher constituent branch ol the Oiiio is the Monongahela, 
 Mhich descemls from the Alleghany range in Virginia, and before itji junction with the Alleghany receives the 
 Youglii(.geny, a large strain from Marjlan I. Bolh of 1 1 use rivers afford boat navigation lor a considerable distance. 
 The Big Beaver is the only large tribuiary of llu; Ohio wilhin this ."^tate. and is navigable lor some disiance above Ihe 
 falls near its moulh. After the junction of ihu Alleghany and Monongahela, the Ohio has a short part of its course on the 
 borders of I'eniis* Ivaiiia. 
 
 Pi nnsylvania, skirting on Lake Krie, h.is a coast of about 30 miles in length. Seaward, Ihe State lias no coast, but its 
 noble river, the Delaware, is easily accessible, and furnishes harbors of the greatest importance. Westward of the mount- 
 ains, lis rivers open a highway towarl the Great West, and ultimately to Ihe Gulf of Mexico. And both svstems of rivers 
 and outlets are so connect 'd by vast internal improvements as lo create continuous lines of communication, which not 
 only p;rniit of .-i fne passage throiiirh ilie Stale, but brim.' to a focus all its most disl.-int parts. 
 
 The numerous geological foraiatiims \vh ch are observable throughout Pennsylvaira. are generally composed of suc- 
 cessive strata or laytrs of rock, basi'il one upon another, from Ihe lowi-sl primary in Ihu series up lo the highest rocks con- 
 taining the anthracite and bituminous coal. The rocks which contain these stratifi aiions .are the highest in ihe regular 
 ascending ordi r f.'Und in Hie Slate. If rocks of a more recent formation than Ihe coal are foini.l iinywiure in the Slate, 
 their area is of a very limili-d character, and tliey must, in all probability, have been deposited since the firinatioii of that 
 va.-t syslem of lower secondary strata which occuiiies so large a pnrlinn of ihe territory. In traveling llirou.h Ih s >lale. 
 the alienliou of ihe most casual observer can not fail lo be ailracted by the course or range of the various grou|>» an<l beds 
 of rocks, which run in nearly a north-east and south-west direction, in many places forming a curvature of considerable 
 niagnitiide, and at the same time corresponding wiih the mountain ridges which traverse the Stale. The position <pf 
 these strata is not in all places the same, their inclination or dip verging in every degree of slope, from horizontiil to 
 piTpendicular. 
 
 The rocks of the secondary series, being sedimentary, present a beautiful stratifleil appearance, and, as a matter of 
 course, are comiiosed of a succession of water deposits, iiiilicatiiig to us that they must have originally lain in a horizontal 
 position. The diffireiit rock belonging to the iirimary stratified class chiefly consist of gneiss, mica, slate, talc-slate, and 
 their subordinate Viirielies. These occupy the soiitli-eastern portion of Pennsylvania, including a part of Chesler. Lan- 
 casier, Y'^rk. Montgomery. Bucks, and Delaware, and the whole of Philadi'lpliia County. 'I'here are, however, unsirali- 
 fled rocks of a crysialline slructure, comprising granite, sienile, etc., discoverecl in small local and irregular veins, gene- 
 rally in Ihe soulhernmost portion of the primary range. This range of rocks extends from Trenton, on the Delaware, 
 downward to the very southern boundary of the State. It also runs weslwardly to the south-eastern part of Ailamg 
 county. The crystalline liinestone of Chester and Montgomery counties, which sometimes forms good marble, is found 
 above litis triangular belt as we proceed north; and in some places north of this liinestone, gneiss, with talc and mica- 
 slate, have been discovered. 
 
 Coutinuina northward, we come to the red sandstone formation, which stretches across the State from the Delawar«» 
 above Trenton to Ihe Maryland line. This formation extends through Bucks. Dauphin. Chester. .M^nlgouiery, I'.erks, 
 Lancaster, York, and Adams counties. Some geologists have classed this group with the middle secondary period. Bi' this, 
 however, as it may, one tningis cerlaiu — it presents a remarkable uniformity with respect to its material and appearance 
 throughoiitils whole r.mge. 1 iS composed of dark, reildish brown, argillaceous sandstone, soli, crumbling, red and brown 
 shali'S. with now and ihei; bands of conglomerate. The (lip of the strata is almost invariably tu the norlhward, descemling 
 jit an angle of from 12 to 25 <legrei s. The conglomerates which this group contains are |)rincipally discovered in the under 
 strata, near the southern formation of the margin, or along its northern border in the highest. In bolh cases, where the 
 red sandstime overlies the older limestone in the vicinity, it is frequently that a large portion, if not the whole, of the im- 
 bedded pebbles, consists of rounded fragments of variously colored limestone. The paste which cements them together 
 Is so highly calcareous that the whole mass can be easily burned and converted into tolerably good lime. Portions of this 
 conglomerate, were they to undergo a polishing process, would make a beautiful variegated marble of the breccia species. 
 The marble from which the representative chamber of the Capitol, at Washington, is made, and which was quarrii-il on 
 the Potomac, is of this diaracter, and belongs to this formation. It is observable at several points in the north 'rn border 
 of the red sandstone. :a ihu upjier part of Bucks and the suiihern pans of Berks, but more especially n"ar the Schuylkill, 
 two or three miles below HcHjing. It is also found in several other places, but in less quantity. Numerous hills and 
 dykes of tr.ip rock, or greenstone, which sometimes form hills of considerable height, travi'rse the red sandstone forma- 
 tion in the same direction fts Ihe olher ranges of the State. Generally this rock assumes a dark-gray color, with some shade 
 of green crystalline in its structure, being chiefly composed of hornblende and feMspar, quite e'osi-ly mixed. Alihough this 
 rock is exceedingly tough and very diilicuU to break, yet it is frequently used as a material for buildings ; but inconsequence 
 of its being scattered over the surface in irregular masses of all sizes, it is seldom quarried for thai purpose. It is very 
 evident that this rock is of an igneous ongin ; and having been brought to the surface in a state of fusion, by an upheaval 
 through the dislocated beds of red sandstone, in a highly heateil stale, it has transformed the texture and color of the shale 
 and sandstone in the neighborhood, turning them into a baked, hard, blue rock, entirely different from their original 
 character. In a number of the ridges which cross the upper parts of Bucks and Montgomery counties, this rock only is 
 visible, Ihe trap ha'ing never reached the surface; but the heat, however, from beneath has been so intense as to change 
 the color and texture of the shales and sandstone above. The soil where this rock is generally found is of a cold, clayey 
 character, and but little esteemed fur agricultural purposes, while the unaltered soil of the shale and sandstone is exceed- 
 ingly productive. 
 Another belt of primary rocks, which forms a chain of hills stretching south-west across Northampton, Lehigh, Bucks. 
 236 
 
O F 
 
 alTTIWATT TAT T?£¥ 
 
 ESX-A-BLI SHEID I IsT 1833. 
 
 The Lectures commence on the third Wednesday of October in each year, and continue un- 
 til the third Wednesday of April following. There is no summer session. By the law of Ohio, 
 (53 vol. 71,) graduates of this College are admitted to practice without reference to the two 
 years' period of study required by the general law. 
 
 BELLAMY STORSR, Judge of the Supeiior Court of Cincinnati. 
 
 Eiffhls at Law, [including Commercial Law, Rf.al Estate, The Domestic Relations, etc.) 
 
 MYRON H. TILDEN, late Ju^ge of the Thirteenth Circuit, 
 
 {Rights and Remedies in Equity, including Equity Jurisprudence, Pleadings and Practice.) 
 
 M B. CURWEN, Edi'or of the Revioed Statutes of Ohio, 
 
 Civil Remedies, [including Pleading, Practice and Evidence.) 
 
 The course of lectures is designed to prepare students who have acquired some knowledge 
 of the elementary books, for admission lo the Bar. No particular course of previous study, 
 either academical or legal, and no exauiinaiion is required for admission to the Law School ; 
 but gentlemen who purpose attending the Lecluies are advised to make themselves familiar 
 with at least such elementary works as Walker's Introduction to American Law, or Bou- 
 vier's Institutes, or such portions of Blackstone's Conmieniaries as relate to Real Estate, the 
 Domestic Relations, and Remedies with and without Action. Some previous acquaintance 
 with the te.M-books used in the Law School will be found to be an important aid to a profita- 
 ble attendance on the Lectures. 
 
 The text-hooks used are Kent's Commentaries, Smith's Mercantile Law, Adams's Equity, 
 Stephen lui Pleading, and the first volume of Greenleaf on Evidence. Students can procure 
 these in Cincinnati, at a cost ot $28 to $32. If students have other text-ljooks be,-ide these, 
 it would be well to bring them. The class will have access, at the expense of the Faculty, for 
 the purp(jse ot reference, to the Law Library of the Cincinuati Bar, which contains the Eng- 
 lish, Irish and American Reports, and a collection of text-books sufficient for all practical 
 purposes. 
 
 There are six or seven Courts in session almost daily, in the city, during the course of Lec- 
 tures, where gentlemen who desire to see actual practice, can daily resort ; and to enable them 
 to do so, the Lectures on four days of the week are delivered in the evenings. 
 
 Geuileuicn who are preparing to attend the Lectures are advised, not required, to read Ad- 
 ams's Dociriue of Equity, Williams on Real Property, Smith on Contracts, Kent's Commenta- 
 ries, the first volume of Greenleaf on Evidence, and Kerr on Actions at Law. 
 
 No charge is made for attendance at the Lectures, after the student's first course, except a 
 trifling one for the use of the Library. Gentlemen who are commencing their legal studies, 
 and who have not made such a preparation as is here indicated, and to whom the additional 
 expense of a six months' residence in the city is not an object, are advised to attend two 
 courses of Lectures, as many gentlemen now do. 
 
 The plan of instruction is for the professor to lecture in advance of the student's reading; 
 he then indicates the particular books and cases which he desires them to study before his 
 next lecture; and at his next lecture examines them thoroughly on the subject of his last lec- 
 ture, corrects their misapprehensions, and explains the difficulties which they suggest to him. 
 
 Oral arguments are made weekly by the students in the Moot Courts, pleadings prepared, 
 and such practical instruction given as will enable the students to carry on an actual litigation. 
 
 Degrees will be conferred, at the close of the term, upon those gentlemen who sustain a sat- 
 isfactory examination. 
 
 The tuition fee is $60 in advance. An additional fee of $5 is charged as a graduation fee, to 
 all who take a degree. The Cullege makes no other charges . To gentlemen who have heretofore 
 matriculated for one term, there is no charge, except a trifling one, for the use of the Library. 
 
 The Faculty, being aware that many gentlemen who attend Law Schools rely on their own 
 pecuniary means, have been anxious to afford as accurate an estimate of the expenses as pos- 
 sible, and to guard against the too common fault of understating them. The expenses of living 
 in Cincinnati need not exceed four dollars a week. Many students spend less than that. Two 
 hundred doUa.'^s ought, probably, to cover all necessary expenses, except traveling and clothing. 
 
 Gentlemen who desire further information in regard to the school, or advice as to the studies 
 to be pursued preparatory to attending it, will address j^-. j, r; TI R "W V TJ 
 
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 This Company, with a cash capital of $100,000, all paid in and securely invested in Bonds 
 and mortgtges, which are deposited with the'Comptroller of the State for the security of Pol- 
 icy holders, and having a surplus of $67,937.26, continues to issue Life and Term Policies on 
 as favorable terras as any other company in the country. 
 
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 650 BROADWAY, NEW YORK, 
 
 MANUFACTORY-BRIDGEPORT, CONN. 
 
THE STATE OF PENNSYLVANIA, 
 
 Lancaster. York, Cumberland, Adams, and Franklin counties to the Maryland line, is found on the Delaware, below 
 Easton, north of ihe mid<lle seconilary sandstone. This irregular range is generally calle<l the South Mountain, and 
 though frequrntly interruiited, is nearly continuous across the State. Continuing south-west along this ridge, Ihe primary 
 rocks disappear as we approach the Schuylkill, and although thi y are seen occasionally west of that even, they are inva- 
 riably covereil throughout the remainder of the range by overlying rocks of the secondary series. 
 
 The mineral wealth of Petmsylvania consists chiefly in its vast dcp )sitjs of coal and iron. The coal is of two distinct 
 varieties, viz., anthracite, anasphaltic or non-bituininous, and bituminous. 
 
 The anthracite of Petmsylvania is found in the Wyoming and Lackawanna v illeys, situateil between the Blue Kidge 
 and the Susquehanna. The coal district is chiefly occupied by mountains which run parallel to the Blue Kidge, and are 
 1.500 feet high. But little of this surface, with the exception of a few narrow valleys, invites cultivation. These mount- 
 ains are chiefly in a wild state, and offer a secure retreat to cougars, wolves, bears, and other animals. 
 
 The rocks of the above described region are of a transition class, and jircsent little diversity. Graywacke slate occurs 
 in abundance, loose on the surface and in ledges. It is sometimes based on old red sandstone, and surmoimted by un- 
 stratifled rocks, an aggregate of quartz, pebbles of various dimensions, with a cement usually silicious. In the Blue 
 Riilge, in addition, a silicious graywacke, resembling fine-grained gnmular quartz, is comnnm. It appears in some places 
 massive, but is often slaty. Its cement is chiefly silicious; some alumine, however, is indicated in its coinposilion. The 
 beds and veins of anthracite range from north-east to soutli-west, and m;iy often be traced for a considerable distance by 
 the compass. The veins have tlie inclination of the adjacent strata of graywacke, with which they are often alternate, 
 usu.illy between 20° to 45°. In a few places Ihey are horizontal and vertical. The beds and veins of anthracite have 
 narrow strata of dark coloreil, fine grained, argillaceous schist for the roof and floor. This slate generally contains sul- 
 phuret of iron, and disintegrates on exposure to the atmosphere. The sulphates of iron and alumine are often observed in 
 the schist, and it frequently presents impressioirs of plants, and sometimes of maritime shells. Impure pulverulent coal 
 is usually connecteil with this slate, and is said to be a good material for printers ink. 
 
 Anthracite has been found in the greatest qu.mtity in sections of coal regions most accessible by water. Extensive beds 
 and veins range from the Lehigh to the Susquehanna, crossing the head waters of the Schuylkill and Swatara about 10 
 miles north-west of the Blue Kidge, and it abounds contiguous to the Susquehanna and Lackawanna. But in no part of 
 the district does anthracite occur in such apparently inexhaustible beds, or is so abundantly raised, as in the vicinity of 
 Mauch Chunk, a village situated on the Lehigh, 85 miles fnmi Easton, and ItlS miles by water from Philadelphia. The 
 coal is there excavateil on the flat summit of a mountain that rises nearly 1,500 feet above the ocean. It is of good 
 quality, and presents beds of unparalleled extent, is disclosed for several miles on the summit, and is indicated in many 
 places by a coal slate in a pulverulent state on the surface. The mountain rises with a steep acclivity, particularly on the 
 north-west side, and when penetrated at various altitudes, discloses coal at about the same <lislance from the surface. 
 Strata of graywacke slate, cimtaining mica, sometimes rest on the coal, parallel with the mountain side. In the deep ex- 
 cavations made on the summit no termination of the coal bed has been found, and it is not improbable that the anthracite 
 forms the nucleus of the mountain for a considerable distance. 
 
 This coal mountain range is described as extending in a south-west direction to the Susquehanna. To the north-ea,st, 
 beyond the Lehigh, it is connected with the Broad Mountain, the first considerable elevation west of the Blue Kidge. 
 The Lehigh, from Mauch Chunk to the Water Gap, 11 miles, winds between rocky mountains, with a brisk current, but 
 presents no falls. In its passage through the Kittatinny the river has a tranquil but slightly inclined course. On the 
 adj.icent elevation yellow pine, hetnlock, and spruce are interspersed with deciduous trees. From the Water Gap to the 
 Delaware the river pursues its course in a deep ravine, seldom with alluvial borders of much extent. In this district of 
 country the soil generally rests on limestone sinks, indicating caves, and fissures in the rocks are often observed that must 
 in some |)laces render canaling difficult. From the confluence of the Lehigh with the Delaware to tidewater the descent 
 is 150 feet. 
 
 Next to Mauch Chunk, Mount Carbon, or Pottsville, as it is now called, situated at the head of the Schuylkill Canal, 
 has worked the principal anthracite coal fields. Many large veins are worked within three miles of the laniling. and some 
 have been oi>enjd seven miles to the north-east, in the direction of Ihe Lehigh beds. On almost every eminence adja- 
 cent to Pottsville indications of coal are disclo.sed. The veins generally run in a north-east direcliim, with an inclination 
 of about 45°, and are from 3 to 9 feet in thickness; commencing at or ne;ir the surliice they penetrate to an unknown 
 depth, and can often be traced on hills to a considerable distance by sounding in a north-east or south-west direction. 
 Some veins have been wrought to the depth of 2(10 feet without the necessity of draining, the inclined slate roof shielding 
 them from water. The coal and slate are raised by horse-power, in wagons, by a railway that has the inclination of the 
 vein. 
 
 Tlie western part of Pennsylvania is abund.intly supplied with bituminous coal, as the eastern is with .Mnthracite. It is 
 found in Ihe rivers Conemaugh, .\llegliany, and Monongih-la, au 1 in numerous plnceson the west of the Alleghany 
 ridge, which is generally its eastern boundary. It oecurs on this mountain at a consid •ral)le elevation, and elsewhere in 
 marly a horizontal posiiion, idternating widi gray sandstone that is often micaceous, and bordered by :irgillaceoU3 schist. 
 The veins are gen<Tally narrow, rarely over six feet in wiilth. This mineral is abundant, and of good quality, ne.ir Pitts- 
 burg, where it is valuable lor 'he extensive manufactures carried on in lluit place. Beds of bituminous coal an- repoj-ted 
 as occurring in Bedloni Coiinty, in Ihe Norih-west part of Luzerne, and in r.railford County. In the last-named county, 
 nine niih'S from the Susquihanna. there is an extensive bed of co.-d regarded as bitumitu)us. Ii h.is been penetrated 80 feel 
 without fath.-minirthe d pih of the strati. Bitumtious coal 0,'eurs on the Tiog:!. and on the ChemMng, a bniiich of thai 
 river. It exists also on the num mus streams that descend the Western side of the exti-nsive peninsula situated lietween 
 the north and west branches of the Susquehanna. The coal of Tioga is nothing inferior to the best Liverpool or 
 Newcas:le i-oal. 
 
 According to the statistical tal)les of C. G, Childs, Pennsylvania contains au area of 46.000 square mi'es of which 
 upward of 15 000 square miles, or aixiut one-iiird part of the State, is coal lands, prin 'ipally 1. ing aiiove or near the 
 water level. England, Scotland, \V ales, ami Ireland eoinbined, aecordinir to the best authority, contain only I l,00(i .squ.ire 
 miles of coal in an an a of 120,000 square miles of territory. This coal, in many cases, lies from 90 I to l.SoO feet below the 
 nirt'ace of the ground, and is r.iised by nuichin ry. In relation to the quantity of iron ore, nearly the same relative pro. 
 portions exist between Great Britain and Pennsylvania. It will thus be seen that in th -se articles of the first necessity, 
 and indispensable to a slate of civilization,' Pennsylvania possesses ihree times as much as all Great Hritain. If to the 
 iiithracite coal trade of the Slate the bituminous coal mines in its western part be added (believed to exceed 1,300,000 
 
 33T 
 
THE STATE OF PENNSYLVANIA 
 
 tons in ISol), th;^ tolal quantity wnuM bo about 6,300,000 tons, worth at tide water $3 40 per ton, and we have a total of 
 TWENTY Mii.LiiiNS OK DML1.ARS as the Value of the coal trade of the State for the year 1^1. 
 Table sliowini; the quantity of anthracite coal sent to market annually, from its commencement in 1S'20 : 
 
 Years, 
 
 1 nt.ll 
 Lflii^li. 
 
 Sdiuylkill. 
 
 I.ittle 
 Scliuylkill 
 
 1 citni 
 
 Sihujlkill. 
 
 Lackawnnua. 
 
 Pine Grove. 
 
 Lvkens 
 Valley. 
 
 Sliamrikin. 
 
 \N'y<tming. 
 
 Total supply 
 
 1820 
 
 365 
 
 — 
 
 — 
 
 — 
 
 _ 
 
 _ 
 
 — 
 
 — 
 
 — 
 
 365 
 
 1821 
 
 1,M73 
 
 — 
 
 — 
 
 — 
 
 — 
 
 — 
 
 - 
 
 — 
 
 — 
 
 1,073 
 
 1822 
 
 2,441 
 
 — 
 
 — 
 
 — 
 
 — •- 
 
 — 
 
 — 
 
 — 
 
 — 
 
 2,441 
 
 1823 
 
 5,02;^ 
 
 — 
 
 — 
 
 — 
 
 — 
 
 — 
 
 — 
 
 — 
 
 — 
 
 5,023 
 
 1824 
 
 9.541 
 
 — 
 
 — 
 
 — 
 
 — 
 
 — 
 
 — 
 
 — 
 
 — 
 
 9.541 
 
 1825 
 
 28,396 
 
 6,500 
 
 — 
 
 6.500 
 
 — 
 
 — 
 
 — 
 
 — 
 
 — 
 
 34.896 
 
 1S2<5 
 
 31 .280 
 
 16.767 
 
 — 
 
 16.767 
 
 — 
 
 — 
 
 — 
 
 — 
 
 — 
 
 48.047 
 
 18.'7 
 
 32.074 
 
 81.360 
 
 — 
 
 31.360 
 
 — 
 
 — 
 
 — 
 
 — 
 
 — 
 
 63.434 
 
 1828 
 
 30,232 
 
 47.2S4 
 
 — 
 
 47,284 
 
 — 
 
 — 
 
 — 
 
 — 
 
 — 
 
 77,.M6 
 
 1S.'9 
 
 25.110 
 
 79972 
 
 — 
 
 79.972 
 
 7,000 
 
 — 
 
 — 
 
 — 
 
 — 
 
 112.01-3 
 
 18-!0 
 
 41.750 
 
 89,9 S4 
 
 — 
 
 89.984 
 
 42.700 
 
 — 
 
 — 
 
 — 
 
 — 
 
 176,7^4 
 
 1831 
 
 40,966 
 
 81.854 
 
 — 
 
 81.854 
 
 54,000 
 
 — 
 
 — 
 
 — 
 
 — 
 
 170,820 
 
 1S32 
 
 75.000 
 
 195.271 
 
 14.000 
 
 209.271 
 
 84,5! 10 
 
 — 
 
 _ 
 
 — 
 
 — 
 
 368,771 
 
 18i3 
 
 123.U00 
 
 216210 
 
 36.761 
 
 252,971 
 
 111.777 
 
 — 
 
 _ 
 
 _ 
 
 _ 
 
 487.743 
 
 1834 
 
 1 116.244 
 
 191.540 
 
 35,152 
 
 226.692 
 
 43,700 
 
 — 
 
 
 
 _ 
 
 — 
 
 876.636 
 
 1S:{.T 
 
 131.2.50 
 
 302.024 
 
 37.494 
 
 a30,518 
 
 98.a45 
 
 5,500 
 
 
 
 _ 
 
 — 
 
 57.5,103 
 
 1836 
 
 146 522 
 
 393.975 
 
 3S.070 
 
 4-32,045 
 
 104.500 
 
 9,978 
 
 5.439 
 
 — 
 
 — 
 
 698,484 
 
 1837 
 
 225.9J7 
 
 491,230 
 
 31.922 
 
 523,152 
 
 11.5.387 
 
 16,726 
 
 6,430 
 
 
 
 — 
 
 887,6-32 
 
 1S3S 
 
 214211 
 
 421,569 
 
 12.3'!6 
 
 433,n75 
 
 76.321 
 
 16.665 
 
 6,005 
 
 4,104 
 
 — 
 
 746,181 
 
 1839 
 
 2.!2,042 
 
 333.927 
 
 8,249 
 
 442.176 
 
 122.300 
 
 19.227 
 
 5.372 
 
 11.930 
 
 — 
 
 823,479 
 
 lS4t 
 
 225 5111 
 
 4-33.263 
 
 19.028 
 
 4V2,291 
 
 148,470 
 
 19.463 
 
 5.302 
 
 15 923 
 
 — 
 
 867,045 
 
 18U 
 
 142.S07 
 
 54.3,280 
 
 41,412 
 
 584 692 
 
 192,270 
 
 15.306 
 
 6.176 
 
 22.1.54 
 
 — 
 
 964,255 
 
 1842 
 
 271,913 
 
 491.6 2 
 
 26,831 
 
 5)1.504 
 
 205,253 
 
 31.437 
 
 181 
 
 10.093 
 
 47.346 
 
 1.107.732 
 
 1S43 
 
 267,125 
 
 W7.3n8 
 
 30.005 
 
 677.313 
 
 227,605 
 
 22.879 
 
 _ 
 
 9.870 
 
 57.740 
 
 1,262:^.32 
 
 1844 
 
 376.363 
 
 782.070 
 
 58,309 
 
 840.379 
 
 251,01)5 
 
 27.719 
 
 — 
 
 13,087 
 
 114.906 
 
 1,62.5469 
 
 1845 
 
 430 993 
 
 1.0.18.9)1 
 
 76.122 
 
 1,0-5.023 
 
 266.072 
 
 31.208 
 
 — 
 
 10.135 
 
 178 401 
 
 2,002,877 
 
 1S46 
 
 522,518 
 
 1,150.828 
 
 S6.155 
 
 1,236.98.3 
 
 314,400 
 
 55,:W6 
 
 — 
 
 12 646 
 
 188,003 
 
 2.333,494 
 
 1S4T 
 
 64:!.56-i 
 
 1.4(!7.49;t 
 
 105,345 
 
 1.572.844 
 
 338,200 
 
 61.233 
 
 _ 
 
 14,904 
 
 289.ft98 
 
 2,970,597 
 
 1848 
 
 6-<0,193 
 
 1.490.2119 
 
 162,625 
 
 1,652.834 
 
 434.267 
 
 56.938 
 
 2.000 
 
 19,357 
 
 237 271 
 
 8,082,860 
 
 1S49 
 
 80O.9S7 
 
 1 42S1,56 
 
 174,757 
 
 1 ,605,626 
 
 454,240 
 
 78299 
 
 25,000 
 
 19,658 
 
 258,080 
 
 3,241.890 
 
 1850 
 
 T22.6S8 
 
 1,500.047 
 
 211.960 
 
 1,712.007 
 
 543.886 
 
 62.809 
 
 35,000 
 
 19 921 
 
 275.109 
 
 3..37 1.420 
 
 1851 
 
 989,251 
 
 1,868.277 
 
 310,307 
 
 2,178,584 
 
 788.485 
 
 OO.OiiO 
 
 53,150 
 
 23.989 
 
 836.018 
 
 4.339,476* 
 
 l<51 
 
 — 
 
 — 
 
 — 
 
 — 
 
 — 
 
 — 
 
 — 
 
 — 
 
 — 
 
 — 
 
 1853 
 
 _ 
 
 — 
 
 — 
 
 — 
 
 — 
 
 — 
 
 — 
 
 — 
 
 — 
 
 — 
 
 1S54 
 
 
 
 — 
 
 — 
 
 — 
 
 — 
 
 — 
 
 — 
 
 — 
 
 — 
 
 — 
 
 18"i5 
 ia56 
 1-57 
 ISoS 
 1S59 
 
 — 
 
 - 
 
 - 
 
 - 
 
 
 - 
 
 — 
 
 = 
 
 - 
 
 - 
 
 - 
 
 - 
 
 - 
 
 - 
 
 - 
 
 - 
 
 - 
 
 - 
 
 - 
 
 - 
 
 1-60 
 
 — 
 
 — 
 
 — 
 
 — 
 
 — 
 
 — 
 
 — 
 
 — 
 
 — 
 
 — 
 
 The anne.veil rnalysis 1 1 liie differont kinds of coal, analyzed under direction of the Navy Department, will be of value 
 08 determining ilieir rulutivu quality: 
 
 Pe-c'iplions. r-:....i ^...1. Bitiiniinous or Ciiliin feet lb' stenn 
 
 Bitnmino is : 
 I'ilUtbiir;! . 
 Livcrpiiol. 
 
 Fivcil Cnrlion. 
 
 Bitiiniinous or Cnlili- feet 
 
 voliiiilp (11. Her. evaporntfd per hour. 
 
 . 54.93 36.1 6 10.56 
 
 .5! 90 .39.96 1S.43 
 
 Pict. lu 60.74 
 
 Camvlton, liui 58.44 
 
 Sciiii-hitunihiou.s : 
 
 ]5liis.-iliarg 73.11 
 
 Dauphin 74.24 
 
 AiitkriicUe or rr,:'-l "Uitmiiiouii : 
 
 Pea.-h Oroliar.l 89.02 2 90 
 
 La'•kJl•^ aima 87 74 3 91 
 
 25.97 
 
 33.99 
 
 .16.45... 
 .15.15... 
 
 14.73. 
 13.84. 
 
 .13 69. 
 .13.85. 
 
 ubi.ft.i.rc 
 ...834 
 ...375 
 ...417 
 ...313 
 
 .515 
 .472 
 
 .14.04. 
 .11.91. 
 
 Lehliih 
 
 .S9.1C 
 
 5.28. 
 
 .11.63. 
 
 545 
 .477 
 .432 
 
 Almost every county in the Plate contains depusils of iron in one orolherof iU multifarious forms. It exists in the 
 jrrealfst Mi.'asiiri'. ami in its most v.-ijirahli, ore, in ilie liiluriiirimis coal region, especially in llie neigliliorliood of Pittslmrg, 
 where it has been wriiu:;ht to an immense extent lor a mimlier nf years p.-ist. Piiinsylvani;i. indeed, is .said lo produce 
 nearly one half of the whole inn) mMuufaetured in the I'nited States. T he State is also rich in many of the other u.sefiil 
 metjils. Kxtensive copper and lead formations have lately been discovered near the Schuylkill, some of the veins of which 
 have alre.idy been prolitahlv' worked. The copp.r ore is .said to bear a striking resemblance to that of Cornwall and 
 Cuba. The average yield of 20.000 tons lias been 20 jier cent, of fine copper. The arg.nti fen 'tis lead ore. which is also 
 abounding, has been niuilyzed, and carries about 75 per cent, of lead, and will yield of silver about $35 per ton. The 
 
 2SS 
 
 * Including ili.OOO tons from the Ha 
 
S. H. KEHPOOT & CO. 
 
 [SOCCESSORS TO REES 4 KKRFOOT,] 
 
 REAL ESTATE AND STOCK MOKERS, 
 
 g^tgotiators of f ,aan.5 anb General Commissiait §.gcuts, 
 
 CHICAaO, ILLINOIS, 
 WILL ATTEND TO THE PURCHASE AND SALE OF 
 
 REAL ESTATE AND STOCKS, 
 
 I^A.YMEjSrT OF T^XES, 
 
 Examination of Lands, Investigation of Titles, &c.jin IllinoiSj Wis- 
 consin, Michigan and Northern Indiana. 
 
 fC £1 £^ :ES OEI. X: 3V C X3 S : 
 
 James H. Rees, Esq., Chicag-o Illinois. 
 Messrs. R. K Swift, Bio. & Johnston, Chicago. 
 Messrs. Ogden, Jones k Co., (Jhicago. 
 Messrs. S\vi(t. Ransom k Co., 31 Fine St., N.Y. 
 J. Srielling, Esq., 60 Broad Street, N. York. 
 A. T. Anderson, Esq., 142 Broadway, N. V. 
 A. S. Snelliug, Esq., G8 Wall Street, N. Y, 
 W. S. Johnston, Esq., Cincinnati, Ohio. 
 W. S. Siimpson, Esq., " " 
 
 S. Holmes, Esq., " " 
 
 J. P. Kilbreth, Esq., " " 
 
 W. G. Harrison, Esq., Baltimore, JId. 
 Hugh D. Evans, Esq., " " 
 
 Jcrvis Spencer, Esq., Baltimore. » 
 
 James Berney, Esq., " 
 
 Charles Macalester, Esq., Philadelphia. 
 
 H. D. Gilpin, Esq.. 
 
 Thoiuas Stiiison, Esq., Hamilton, C W. 
 
 A. M Robinson, Esq , Louisville, Ky. 
 
 Messrs. Leighr & Barrett, " 
 
 Elisha E. Huodlev, Esq., Charlotte C. H., Va. 
 
 Hon. Arthur F. Hopkins, .Mobile, y^la. 
 
 Mess. Watts, Judge & Jackson. Montgomery, 
 
 Alabama. 
 Messrs. Larue k Provoost, New Orleans. 
 James B. Waller, Esq., Le.\ington, Ky. 
 
 S. H. KERFOOT & CO. 
 
 From actual acquaintance with City and Country Ileal Estate in and about Chi- 
 cago, offer to the public generally inducements rarely to be met with in purchasing 
 and selling Real Estate. They have the privilege of referring to gentlemen in va- 
 rious parts of the L^nited States, and propose, in accordance with their card above, 
 to purchase and sell Real Edate, pay Taxs on Lands and City Lots, examine and 
 leport vpon the value and quality of Lands and Lots, and, in fine, do every thing 
 connected with a legitimate Real Estate Brokerage. 
 
 ■ff® iLsaiiJiiiEs m mmM. 
 
 Ten per cent, is the Legal annual rate of Intsrest in Illinois, 
 
 And Money can be loaned at all times, at this rate, on 
 FIRST CLASS CHICAGO REAL ESTATE SECURITIES. 
 
 Mortgages are taken with power to sell the Ileal Estate covered by the same, 
 in case default is made in the payment of principal or interest, for thirty or sixty 
 days. 
 
 S. H. Kerfoot & Co. give special attention to loaning for Capitalists and those 
 who depend upon the interest of their money for their livelihood. 
 
 3!:^ They always require full abstracts of Title ; in no case loaning on doubtful 
 securities or second liens. Persons haying Money to loan may rely upon strict 
 attention being given to their interests. 
 
 48 
 
Soutl)cru Pagucvrcan, |3l)otagrapl)ic, 
 
 AMBROTYPE and MELAINOTYPE DEPOT. 
 DOBYJNS & HARRINGTOIV, 
 
 No. 6 CAMP ST., NEW-ORLEANS, 
 
 WHOLESALE AND RETAIL DEALERS IN 
 
 CASEe, FaAMHSttOCKETS, mt, PLATES, GLASS, 
 
 AND 
 
 OF ALL SIZKS AND MAKE. 
 
 And every material used in any of the above Arts, constantly 
 on hand. 
 PICTURES of all sizes taten as usual in the finest style of the Art. 
 
 LAYITT'S 
 
 w 
 
 PATENTED EEBBUARy, IS3S. 
 
 The f»reat advantage of this mill has over all others, is that the grinders are made on 
 movable rings, which are cast of hard metal and when worn out, can he replaced by new 
 rings in five minutes, for the sum of three dollars. Then the mill is the same as new, as 
 there is no other part liable to wear out. To say nothing of this advantage, this mill, 
 at the Maryland Agricultural Snciety, ground a half bushel 2\ minutes, 10 revolutions ; 
 the Little Giaut Mill 4^ minutes 15 revolutions ; M.iynard's Champion Mill 5 minutes 
 20 revolutions; C<ilbur;i's Mill 7J minutes, 32 revolutions. 
 
 You need only see this Mill when you will prefer it to all others; the subscriber owns 
 the Srates of Louisiana, Texas, Arkansas, Florida, and part Mississippi. County rights 
 and Mills for sale. Address me at New Orleans, La. 
 
 THOMAS J. DOBYNS. 
 
THE STATE OF PENNSYLVANIA. 
 
 Perkionier. minp, which is n<ar the newly discovered veins, hiis been worked to Hie depth of 300 feet, and more than a 
 quarter i>f a mile in l.'nf;th. Already (1851) |64,0O0Iiave been recrived for ore. and about 4i hi tons more have been mined. 
 This, with the n 'W veins, gives evidence of a tield of mineral wealth which promises to a<ld to the fame of Pennsylvania 
 as the greatest miner.il rcsrion in the world. Zinc is also a product of the ^tate. Limestone, marbles, jrninites, eic, with 
 a vast variety of olher valuable huihiing materials, alum, and other useUd earths, etc.. are distributed over the State 
 in an unexampled profusion. Salt is chiefly deriveti from Ihe springs of the KisUiminetas, Alleuhany. and Beaver 
 rivers. Tliere are also in this State many mineral and saline springs, whieh have Itecome the centres of summer recreation. 
 
 Pennsylvania has a climate intermediate lutwei n the eximnes of the norlhern and souihern sections of the country. 
 The 80u;h-eastrrn part, in which Phihidelpliia is situated, has a changt-ahle atmosphere, and the annual extremes are 
 great. Among the monnlains and in the northern counties, it is more settled, but mudi colder, particularly in Ihe winter 
 season. To the west of the Alleghanies the weather is generally milder than to the eastward, owing prin''ipally to the 
 pri'valence of south-east winds. The annual mean temperatures of Pliiladelphiaand Pittsburg are almost similar, although 
 varied in distribution through the year, from local causes. The temperature of Philadilphia during the year varies from 
 9S° 1 1 6° Fahr.. and at Pitlsliurg Ihe extremes are 9J° and 10°. The wintiTs and summers are decidedly marked, but the 
 spring is short, variahle, and uncertain. The fall, however, is the pleasantest part of the year, and the weather in that 
 season, though sometimes interrupted by excessive heat, is serene and delightful. The Slate, on the whole, is considered 
 one of the most salubrious on the continent, and life is of more than average duration. It is also highly favorable for 
 agricultural pursuits. 
 
 The great extent of limestone formation in Pennsj'lvania assures to the soil fertility and productive strength, and though 
 extending over so large a surface, it is, in Ihe main, of excellent quality. The anthracite region, however, which is com- 
 posed chiefly of a rugged surface, is forbidding and sterile. Many of the mountains admitof cultivation to their summits, 
 and the valleys between them are often of a rich soil, suited to the various kinds of grass and grain. West of the 
 mountains the soil is a deep mold, equal in fertility to the best lands of America. To the east the soil is also excellent, 
 and everywhere is the State abundantly w.itered by fine streams and rills of living water. The natural growths vary with 
 locality and elevation, but do not differ in their character from those of other portions of the middle Atlantic region. The 
 trees most common in the forests are beech, hemlock, and sugar maple, the oak, hickory, and elm, chestnut, mulberry, 
 and locust. The wild plum and crab apple grow in abundance, ami grape-vines are common. Kvery description of 
 fruit and garden vegetable is cultivated. Wild anim.ils, as the cougar, wolf, etc., still haunt the uncultivated parts, but 
 most of these have been extirpated by the onward march of civilization. 
 
 Pennsylvania is divided into 63 counties, the general statistics of which, and the capitals of each, in 1S50, were as follows* 
 
 Eastern Penssylvania — 21 counties. 
 
 Dwell. 
 
 Pop. 
 
 Far 
 
 M.I 
 
 ■if. 
 
 Capita Is, 
 
 Adams 4,3S6.. 25.9St.. 1,902.. 124.. Gettysburg 
 
 Berks 12.931. . 17.129. .4,7S0. .1.286. .Pvcading 
 
 Bucks 9,"5T.. 56.091.. 4,70T.. 636. .Doylestown 
 
 Carlxm 2.544.. 15,6S6.. 246.. 15S..Mauch Chunk 
 
 Chester 11,580. . 66,438. .4,8.S5. .1,086. .Westchester 
 
 Cumberland. 6,021.. 34.327. .1,842. . 258.. Carlisle 
 
 Dauphin 6,(i33.. 35,754.. 1. 956. . 253. .IIarrisbukg 
 
 Delaware... 4,118.. 24.079. .1.376. . 299..Chesk'r 
 Franklin .... 6,690. . 39.904. .2.247. . 4.55. . Chambersburg 
 
 .17.138. . 98.944.. 5,629. .1,146. .Lancaster 
 
 . 4,452.. 26,071.. 1,449.. 146.. Lebanon 
 
 Western Pennsylvania — 12 counties. 
 
 Lancaster. 
 Lebanon . 
 
 Pop. 
 
 Capita 
 
 Lfhigh 5,589.. 82,479.. 2.074.. 270.. AUentown 
 
 Monroe 2.155.. 13.270.. 904.. 76..Slroudsburg 
 
 Montgomery. 10,022.. 58,29 1.. 4,456. . 697 . . Norristown 
 
 Northampton 6.836.. 40.235. .2,le2. . 424..Easton 
 
 P. rry 3,412. . 20,i 88. .1.456. . 2.32. .N. Bloomfleld 
 
 Philadelphia 61,278. .408.762. .1,5-30. .4,589. .Philadelphia 
 
 Pike 964.. 5.881.. 370.. 40..Milford 
 
 SchuylkiU.... 10.671.. 60,713. .1,247. . 954. .Orwigsburg 
 
 Wayne 3,719.. 21..S90. .1,3;?6. . 200.. Bethany 
 
 York 9,927.. 57,450.. 8,734.. 533..Y"ork 
 
 Cminties. 
 
 Dwell. 
 
 Pop. 
 
 Farmi. 
 ini-iilt. 
 
 M:viMlf. 
 Kstab. 
 
 Capitiils. 
 
 Counties. 
 
 Dwell. 
 
 Pop. 
 
 Farms 
 ill cult. 
 
 Man.if 
 K.^t:tl.. 
 
 Capitals. 
 
 Alleghany .. 
 
 .22,551. 
 
 .138,290. 
 
 .8.7-'9. 
 
 .1,290. 
 
 .Pittsburg 
 
 Jefferson 
 
 2.253. 
 
 13,518. 
 
 .1.670. 
 
 222. 
 
 . Brook ville 
 
 Armstrong.. 
 
 . 5,052. 
 
 . 29.560. 
 
 .1.612. 
 
 . 93. 
 
 .Kitlaning 
 
 •luniata 
 
 2,168. 
 
 13,029. 
 
 . 833. 
 
 58. 
 
 .Mifflintown 
 
 Beaver 
 
 . 4,564. 
 
 26.689. 
 
 .1.841. 
 
 . 1^6. 
 
 . lieaver 
 
 L.awrence 
 
 .3.687. 
 
 21,(79. 
 
 .1.606. 
 
 49. 
 
 . New Castle 
 
 Bedford 
 
 . 8,896. 
 
 . 23.052. 
 
 .1.875. 
 
 . 117. 
 
 .Bedford 
 
 Luzerne 
 
 9.687. 
 
 56,072. 
 
 .1.936. 
 
 175. 
 
 .Wilkesbarre 
 
 Blair 
 
 . 3,718. 
 
 . 21,777. 
 
 . 826. 
 
 . 130. 
 
 .lloUiilaysb'g 
 
 Lycoming 
 
 4.5S6. 
 
 26.2.57. 
 
 .1..561. 
 
 2;52. 
 
 .Williamsport 
 
 Bradford.... 
 
 . 7,391. 
 
 . 42.831. 
 
 .5,196. 
 
 . '62. 
 
 .Towanda 
 
 Mercer 
 
 5,402. 
 
 .33.172. 
 
 .2.989. 
 
 150. 
 
 . Mercer 
 
 Butler 
 
 . 5.254. 
 
 30.346. 
 
 .2.945. 
 
 . 148. 
 
 .Butler 
 
 Mifflin 
 
 2.591. 
 
 14.980. 
 
 . 787. 
 
 102. 
 
 . Lewistown 
 
 Cambria 
 
 . 2,898. 
 
 17,773. 
 
 .1,1-89. 
 
 . 126. 
 
 .Ebensburg 
 
 Montour 
 
 2,289. 
 
 13.239. 
 
 . 738. 
 
 89. 
 
 .Danville 
 
 Centre 
 
 . 8,9:56. 
 
 . 23.355. 
 
 .1,043. 
 
 . 171. 
 
 .Bellefonte 
 
 M'Kean 
 
 9.-)3. 
 
 5,254. 
 
 . 246. 
 
 40. 
 
 .Smilhport 
 
 Clarion 
 
 . 4,1 ;08. 
 
 . 23.565. 
 
 .1.7-'6. 
 
 . 246. 
 
 .Cl.irion 
 
 Northumberfd 
 
 4.062. 
 
 23.272. 
 
 .1.748. 
 
 153. 
 
 . Sunburv 
 
 Cleiirtield . . . 
 
 . 2.157. 
 
 . 12.r,8f. 
 
 .2,817. 
 
 . 122 
 
 .Clearfield 
 
 Potter 
 
 1,135. 
 
 6.04>. 
 
 . 668. 
 
 55. 
 
 .Coudersport 
 
 Clinton 
 
 . 1,930. 
 
 . 1^20(. 
 
 . 638. 
 
 . 149. 
 
 .Lockhaven 
 
 Somerset 
 
 3.9(!9. 
 
 24.416. 
 
 .1,613. 
 
 88. 
 
 .Somerset 
 
 Columbia. . . 
 
 . 2.9J4. 
 
 . 17.710. 
 
 .1,179. 
 
 . 291. 
 
 . IJIoomshurg 
 
 Sullivan 
 
 660. 
 
 8.694. 
 
 . 425. 
 
 26. 
 
 .Laporte 
 
 Crawford . . . 
 
 . 6,.n92. 
 
 . 37.849. 
 
 .4.0711. 
 
 . 248. 
 
 .Meadville 
 
 Susquehanna.. 
 
 5.203. 
 
 28.688. 
 
 ..3.909. 
 
 322. 
 
 .Montrose 
 
 Elk 
 
 . 64:5. 
 
 . 3.5.31. 
 
 . 2.54. 
 
 . 50. 
 
 . Itidgcway 
 
 Tioga 
 
 4,222. 
 
 28.987. 
 
 .2.183, 
 
 225. 
 
 Wellsborough 
 
 Erie 
 
 . 6..S'J5. 
 
 . 38,742. 
 
 .3,3,34. 
 
 . 2.55. 
 
 . Krie 
 
 Union 
 
 4,455. 
 
 26.083. 
 
 .1,597. 
 
 160. 
 
 New Berlin 
 
 Fayette 
 
 . 6,597. 
 
 . 39.112. 
 
 .2.139. 
 
 . 232. 
 
 .T^niontown 
 
 Venango 
 
 8.065. 
 
 18..310. 
 
 .1.730. 
 
 72. 
 
 .Franklin 
 
 Fulton 
 
 . 1.33!. 
 
 . 7..567. 
 
 . 5.31. 
 
 . 49. 
 
 .Harrisonville 
 
 Warren 
 
 2.489. 
 
 13.671 . 
 
 .1.207. 
 
 216. 
 
 .Warren 
 
 Green 
 
 . 8,777. 
 
 . 22.136. 
 
 .1.7^9. 
 
 . 95. 
 
 . Waynesboro' 
 
 W.cshinsrton. . . 
 
 8.045. 
 
 44.939. 
 
 .3..572. 
 
 247. 
 
 .Washington 
 
 Huntingdon 
 
 . 4,298. 
 
 . 24.786. 
 
 .1.445. 
 
 . 193. 
 
 .Huntingdon 
 
 Westmoreland 
 
 8.350. 
 
 51,726. 
 
 .4.013. 
 
 . 586. 
 
 . Oreensbqrtr 
 
 Indiana 
 
 . 4,644. 
 
 . 27.170. 
 
 .2.4'JO. 
 
 . 75. 
 
 . Indiana 
 
 Wyoming 
 
 1,834. 
 
 . 10,655. 
 
 . 895. 
 
 59. 
 
 Tunkhannock 
 
 The whole number of dwellings in the St.ite w.is, at Ihe above date, 3*^6,210, of families 408.497, and of inhabitants 
 2,811.7^6. viz.. whites 1.180,156— males 5S9 294, and females 590,762; fr. col. 40,007— males 18..352, and females 21.61)5. Of 
 the whole population there were deaf and dumh—\\\\. 986, fr. col. 18— total 1.004; hliiHl — wh. 798. fr. col. 81— total 829; 
 imane—y<\\. 1,S42, ft-, col. 49— total 1,891 ; and jrfj'o<ic— wh. 1,336, fr. col. 6-2- total 1.443. The number of free persoo/i 
 
 239 
 
THE STATE OF PENNSYLVANIA. 
 
 born in the UniUil States w:i» 2,014 619 : tlie nuniliir of n.ri-isn ttirlh, 294.871 ; anl of birlh unknown. 2.206. Thi- mitire 
 popiiliilion orginiilcd us follows: Miiint- 1,157. N. ll^imp. X.Uh. V.roi. 4,.i.32. Ma-ss. 9.33). W. I. 1.9ii;, Conn. i>,-.'G6, N. 
 York 5S.&:J5, N. .I.-r. 29.117. PeiiDxi/inniia 1.S44 672. IKI. 12.5.V2, IikI. 21.(i13. r»i>t. of dl. 767. VirL'. lii.4in, X. Car. 4ii9, 
 S. Car. 5.")9, Gii. 176. Klor. 21. Ala. S7, Mi.>s. llil. La. 1S7, 'IV.x, 17, .\rk. lo, T.-nn. 16S. Ky. 497, Ohio 7.729. Mich. 224. Iiid. 
 899, 111. :!23. Mo. 220, la. 70. Wise. 45. C.ilif. 3. T.Trilorles 2: an. I thf /«/■'■/(/» iMipiilalion was coiiiposiMl of |)i-rson3 from— 
 Kn^rland 3S(i4s. Inland 151.72.3. SroHand 7 292. WaU-.s 8.920, Gtriiiany IS.^yi. I rinvc 4.1^3. Spain Idl. I'ortuRid 3t, 
 B.'lKiufii 126. Holland 2.=)7, Turkt-y 2. Italy 172. .\iislri.i 49. SwilzTland 914, Itnssia 139. D.ninark 97, Norway 27, Sw.-d- n im, 
 Prussia 413. Gn-fC- 7, China 1, .\sia 42. .M'rica 4'i, ISrilish .Vincrica 2,5jO, ML'.xico42, Cenirul America 4, S. Ami-rica S3, 
 VV' St lndii-» 666. Siindwi'h Islands 3. ;ind other coiintrio.s 361. 
 
 The lollowinir table will show the Uic^nnial i)rogrcs3 of the population since the first census of the State taken by the 
 Uuiled Stal4;s authorities: 
 
 rill'. red IVr.snn.?. n<Tenn]:il IniTfase. 
 
 je.iis. IVr.<..iia. Free. SInvp. Ti.tril. P'i|ml;ili<in. Kiiiiierii iil. Per cfnl. 
 
 1T9II 424.0<P9 6.S-37 8,737 in,.574 4.34.378 — — 
 
 1800 5S6 09S 14 561 1.706 16,267 602.^65 167 9:'2 3S.7 
 
 ISIO 786 8i4 22.492 795 23 2S7 8I0,< 91 2ip7.726 34.4 
 
 1820 1.0I9.04O 3 '2 12 211 .3:M13 1,'i49.458 2.!9 367 20.5 
 
 1S.30 1 8;i9.9 to .37 930 4(i3 3-i.333 1..348.2y3 293.775 2S.4 
 
 1S40 1.676115 47.8.54 64 47 918 1.724 1'33 375.'<00 27.8 
 
 1S50 2.258,463 53,223 — 53 223 2,311,786 587,753 34.1 
 
 The stjitistics of the prodnotions. maniifactiiri'S. gi'nord industry, and institnlions of the State, according to the census 
 of 1850 and other offirial return.s referrini; to the sami' period, are as follows: 
 
 Occupied f.<iiifh,ptc.—\n\\mweil farm l;inds, 8.62S.619 aen-s, and att.iclied lands unimproved. 6 294.728 acres— together 
 valued at ^1407,876.099. Total number of I'anns in cultivation on the 1st .Tune 18.50. 127.577— in Eastern Pennsylvania 50,178, 
 and in Weslurii Petinsylvania, 77,399. Value of farniin-j: impletnen's and maeliinery, $14.722,.541. 
 
 /,;)•?-.%>(•/!•, ^<c.— Horses. 35' ',398: asses and mules, 2.2.^9 ; mileh cows, 532,224; working oxen, 61,527; other cattle, 
 662.195: sheep, 1.822.-357. and swine, 1,040,366. Aggregate value of live-stock, ^41.5u0,053. Compared with the stock 
 owned in the State according to the census of 1340, the following results are obtained : 
 
 Stwk. 18je. 1^.=.0. 
 
 Ho'-ses I 365,129head. ,' 850..39S head . 
 
 Asses and Mules ) i 2.2.59 " ( 
 
 Mileh Cows J / 532.224 " i 
 
 ^Vorkin2 0xen Vl,172,665 " < 61,.V27 " [• 
 
 OtherCattle ' * 6G2.19.i " I 
 
 Sheep 1.767.620 " 1,822,357 " 
 
 Swine 1,503,964 " 1,040,366 " 
 
 Productn of Avimalx. — "Wool, 4,481,570 pounds; butter, .39,878,418 poumls; and cheese, 2.505,0-34 pounds. Value of 
 animals sl.iusliti-reil during the year, !|i8.219 848. The qujiiitily of wool reported in the census of 1840 was 8,048,564 
 poun<Is, and henee ttie increase of prorluetion has been 31.9 per cent. ; and the clip per sheep has advanced from 1.72 in 
 1840 to 2.46 pounds in 1850, or at the rate of 43 per centum in the <lecade. 
 
 Grain Crops. — The crops, according to the returns of 1S40 and 1850 comparatively, are as follows : 
 
 Crops, \<W. l.l.'iO. M-)veine„t, 
 
 "Wheat 12,213,077 bus^hels 15.-367.091 bushels iner. 2.154.614 bushels, or 16.3 per cent, 
 
 Kye G.6I3.S73 " 48 5.100 " deer. l.S0s.-I3 " or 27.3 " 
 
 Indiancorn 14.24iMi22 " 19,'^35.214 " ivcr. 5595,192 " or .39.3 " 
 
 Oats 2(i,UH,pl9 " 21.588.1.56 " hicr. 1,19:J..395 " or5.S " 
 
 Barley 3ii9,893 " 105,.')84 " deer. 44.3(;9 " or 21 .1 " 
 
 Buek->vheut.....*;... 2,113,742 " 2,193.692 " incr. 79,950 " or 3.7 " 
 
 Other Food Crop/).— Venn and beans, 5.'j.231 bushels; potatoes — Irish. 5 9.80,732 bushels, and sweet, 52.172 bushels. 
 I'he potato crop returned in the census of 1S40 amounted to 9,i5:55.663 bushels; and hence the decrease of production in 
 Ihe ilecade has been ;3,5(l2,7,59 b'lsl.els. or in the r.itio of 36.7 per centum. 
 
 Miscel,l<(ne<)Hs Oo/w.— Tobacco, 912.651 pounds; hay, l.s42,970 tons; clover-seed. 125,030 bushels: other gniss-.secd, 
 53.913 bushels; hops, 22,0'S pounds: hemp— dew-rotted 282 tons, .-avl water-rotteil, 2.006 tons: flax, 52*,079 pounds ; flax- 
 seed, 41.6.50 bushels; silk cocoons, 2^5 (in 1S40. 7 2621) pounds; maple sugar, 2.326. .525 ponmls; tiiola.«ses, 5ii.052 gallons; 
 bees-wax and honey. 833^09 pounds; wine. 25 590 gallons, etc. Value of or(li:!rd products. .$723.:!S9; and of market- 
 garden products, $688,714 The more imi)ortant of these several crops, compared with the like crops returned by the 
 census of 1840, exhil);! the following results : 
 
 Crops. I sin. lii.5'1. Mi>vein>-nt. 
 
 Tobacc" 32.5.018 lbs 912.6.51 lbs ??ic)'. 587.6:53 1 1 'S., or 180.8 per cent 
 
 Hay 1,811.643 Ions 1.812.970 tons »;jf/-. 531 -327 tons, or 40.5 " 
 
 Hops 49,481 lbs 22.0s> Ii..s <;^fi/'. 27,393 lbs., or 55.3 " 
 
 
 Movement. 
 
 deer. 
 
 12,472 head, or 3.4 per cent 
 
 deer. 
 
 16,719 " or 1.4 " 
 
 incr. 
 
 54,737 " or 3.1 " 
 
 deer. 
 
 403,598 " or 80.8 " 
 
 Hemp — dew-rolted j t 2 ■•2 tons \ 
 
 i< 2.000 tons w 
 
 Flax ) ( .52-;.' 79 lbs. 
 
 water-rotted \ 2,649 J terns -^ 2.000 tons W^ccr. 292,041 lbs., or 4.9 
 
 M:'ple sugar ", 2,265,755 lbs 2.320 .525 lbs iner. 61.770 lb.«., or 2.7 " 
 
 "Wine 14,-323 gals 2.V'9o gals iner. 11.262 gals., or 78.6 " 
 
 Home-made MamifactureH were produced in the year to the value of $749,132. The same manufactures, according to 
 the census of 1340, were valued at $1,3(13.093. Decrease in value, $.5"3,96l. or 42.5 per centum. 
 
 ilAni»/</rfw/'<'.'i.— Aggregate capital invested. $94,473,810; cost of all raw materi.-d, fuel. etc.. consumed, $87,206,877 ; 
 average number of hands employed, —males and females ; monthly w.agcs paid, $ —to 
 
 240 
 
NATHANIEL D. HUNTER. 
 
 JNO. A. COBURN. 
 
 WM. EDMESTON. 
 
 HUNTER, COBURN & EDMESTON, 
 
 Importers and Manufacturers of 
 
 HARDWARE, 
 
 (Goods at Eastern Prices, Expenses Added.) 
 
 No. 2 Church Building, Walnut Street, 
 
 Between Third and Fourth, 
 
 CINCINNATI. 
 
 125 ' 
 
THE STATE OF PENNSYLVANIA. 
 
 mail's $0i!0,000, and to females 4:no,0()0 ; vsiliie of products for the year, $00.01)0.000. Total number <>f niainifacluring estab 
 lishmcnls proiliuing to the aiiiiual value nf .toOO and upward, on llie 1st June. 1S50, 22.036— in llie eastern district 13,SS2. 
 and in Ihc western dissrict 8,154. Of tlu' total nunilicr of establishments 2hS were cotton factories, :iSO woolen factoriis, 
 and 631 inm-works. viz., 320 mannfaduring cusiings, ISO pier iron, ami 181 cast Iron. The number of tannerieswas 1,039. 
 
 In the nianiifaiture of ciittdn the cn|iilal invesleil amounts to $4,5.'8,925 ; matt rial an«l fuel consumeil $3,152 530; pro- 
 ducts of the \ear. 45.74(;,T90 yanls of sheelhig, etc.. and 5,3i;S,561 pounds of yarn ; total value of prod nets, $5,322,262. 
 Cotton used, 44,162 bales; coal consumed, 24,189 tons; hands employed, 7.6G:i— males 3,564, and females 4,099; entire 
 wages per month, $ri4,29S—Io males $63,642, and to feuiales $4ll.6.)G. The rapilal employed In lt.6 cotton factories in 
 1S40 was $3,325,400; hatids employi-d, 5..=>22 ; value of articles manufactured, $5,013,00". 
 
 In the ictKile?! manufactures the capital invested amounts to $3,0(i5,064; wo<il used, 7,560.379 pounds; coal consumed 
 10,777 tons; value of all raw material, fuel, etc., $3.2S2,71S; han.ls emjiloyed, 5,726— males 3.^90, and females 2,236; 
 entire wages p-T mrmtli, $90,417— to males $67,13S, and to females $23,279: products of the year, 10,i 99,2ii4 yar.ls ol 
 cloth, and 1,941,621 pounds of yarn; value of entire products, $5,321,866. Capital in 1640, $1,510,546; hands employed, 
 2.930; value of products, $2,319,0';l. 
 
 The statistics of the irmi maimfacture are exhibited in the annexed table :* 
 
 Si.ecilicatinns. Pig Iron. Csntings. Wnmglit Tron. Total. 
 
 Capital invested dollars .... 8,570.425 .- 3,422,924 7,620,066 19,613,415 
 
 Ore used torn 877,283 , 
 
 Pig Iron used " — 
 
 Old Metal used " — 
 
 Blooms used " — 
 
 Mineral Coal consumed " 816.060 
 
 Coke and Charcoal consumed hiiKh^U. 
 
 Value of all raw material, etc dollurs . . . 3,732.427 
 
 Hands employed — male number. . . 9,285 
 
 " •' female " ... 9 . 
 
 Monthly cost of labor— male dollars . . . 201,039 
 
 " " " female " ... 46 . 
 
 Metal produced ton4> 285,702 , 
 
 Value of all other products dollars. . . 40.000 
 
 Value of entire products " ... 6.071,513, 
 
 69,501 168,T02 
 
 819 — 
 
 — 20.405 
 
 49,228 325.967 . 
 
 27.505.186 276855 . . 
 
 877,283 
 
 233,203 
 
 819 
 
 20,4(!5 
 
 691.255 
 
 3.939.99S 31.722,0.39 
 
 2,372.467 5,488,391 . . . 
 
 4,782 6,764 . . . 
 
 1 1 ... 
 
 . 131,744 187,227 ... 
 
 6 53 . . , 
 
 57,810 182,506 . . . 
 
 661,160 219,.500 .., 
 
 5,ai4.881 .... 
 
 . 11,593.285 
 
 20,831 
 
 17 
 
 620,010 
 
 lo5 
 
 526,018 
 
 920,660 
 
 8,91(2.907 20.329,301 
 
 — about two-thirds of the aggregate capital is employed in Eastern Pennsylvania, and one-third in Western Pennsjlva- 
 
 * The table given above is from the census of 1830. A fuller and more elaborate series of tabular statistics on the iron manu- 
 facture of Pennsylvania is published in "Hunt's Merclmnld Maflaiinc" for November, 1S51, to which those interested in the sub- 
 ject are directed. The toUowing is a compend of the article referred to, which, though differing somewhat iu its results from 
 the census ascertainments, is nevertheless of great value : 
 
 FITKNACES. 
 
 Prod'ct Larcest 
 
 in 1*19. Prod'ct. 
 
 Tons, Tons. 
 
 ...lOiUSS 
 
 Descript'n of^^^cs. 
 
 Condit'n. Annual 
 
 Power Employed 
 
 ■»! 'Anthracite i Blast . 
 Q j Charc'l &. Hot Blast , 
 ^i & Cold Blast. 
 
 y i Total Eastern Dist 87. 
 
 ^ r Charc'l & Hot Bla.«t . 
 5 1 .. &,Cold Blast, 
 2j RawBtra.Cl,&,H,B. . 
 £ I Coke &, Hot Blast . 
 > I 
 •" ( Total Western Diet. 
 
 In. Out. 
 
 .. 29 23., 
 
 .. 31 36. 
 
 .. 71 33. 
 
 .92. 
 
 ...221.1(10. 
 ...101.475.... 
 ... H9..T24.... 
 
 4o.33l>... 
 29.697... 
 
 Men. Anim'ls. St'm. Watr. S.&W. 
 
 131.331 4225 2126 42 12 1..-. 
 
 77.860 4694 2499 5 53 9.-.- 
 
 52.231 3135.. -..1830 4 54 2.... 
 
 Capital 
 Invested. 
 
 $3,221,000 
 2.867.500 
 2.356.500 
 
 .392.399 186.201 281.422.... 12.104 6435 51 119 12 $8,445,000 
 
 f Arithrncite & Blast . 
 ^ Charc"l<s!, Hot Blast . 
 = ! .. iiCnld Blast. 
 Oh< RiwBtm.Cl.&H.B. . 
 5 Coke Si Hot Blast , 
 
 . 10.. 
 .49.. 
 . 3.. 
 
 . 62.. 
 
 ,29.. 
 . 41.. 
 .76.. 
 . 3.. 
 
 ..51. 
 ..23-. 
 
 . 29.230. 
 .104.i;». 
 . 12.600. 
 . 12.000. 
 
 ll.ft«. 
 50.968- 
 4.900. 
 
 16.659 1310 713.. 
 
 72.934 5353 3320. 
 
 7..81X) 513 220. 
 
 10,000 900 100 
 
 .... 1., 
 ....11. 
 .... 1. 
 
 $611,000 
 
 2.813.876 
 
 223.000 
 
 900.000 
 
 ..157.960 67.831 107.383 8.078 4553 45 55 13 $4,447,876 
 
 .221.100 lOg.HJS.. 
 
 .13U.703 53.302.. 
 
 .173.651 80.663 - 
 
 . 12.«nO 4.900.. 
 
 . 12.000 . 
 
 .131.331 42S 2126.. 
 
 . 91.519 6001 3212. 
 
 .125.155 a3:« 3330.. 
 
 . 7.»« 515 220, 
 
 . . 10.000 900 100. 
 
 District 
 of State. 
 
 Eastern . 
 Western 
 
 Total. 
 
 149 143 550.359 253.035 388.805 20.182.. -.11.008. 
 
 .42.. 
 ..12.. 
 ..32.. 
 .. 6.. 
 
 .. 4.. 
 
 ..96.. 
 
 ....12 1 $3,221,000 
 
 ....63 10 3.478.500 
 
 ....99 W 6.170.376 
 
 .... - 1 223.000 
 
 ....- - 800.000 
 
 ...174 25 $12,892,876 
 
 CHARCOAL FOKGE8. 
 
 « r No. of »T„ „<• Largest Product. Product 1849. 
 
 No. of y No. of Tons. Tons. 
 
 Works, pi^pg Ham. Bino,,,,. Bar. Blooms. Bar. 
 
 .... 109 339 168 32.7:T7 <iS» a)..319 39^16.. 
 
 .... 3 5 3 (totaUSO) 100 100. 
 
 Power Employed. 
 
 Men. 
 .3065. 
 
 Anim'ls. St'm. Wt'r. 
 
 ....1377 2 101... 
 
 ... 13 - 3.. 
 
 Capital 
 Invested. 
 
 ..$2,012,300 
 14.000 
 
 112. 
 
 .394. 
 
 Eastern 4. 
 
 .171. 
 
 .39.ili!7 24.419 4016 3107.--. 
 
 FOliGHS OTHER TOAN CIIAKCOAL FORIiES. 
 
 .107 3 $2,026,300 
 
 Furnaces. 
 
 Eistern . 
 Western 
 
 vr - r uriiaceu. No. of No. of 
 
 No. or ^ ^ , rr,..|j„ j^,„| Product, 
 
 >\orks. p„Hdi'K. Heating. Rolls ftlacbines. Tons. 
 
 ... 5tj 217 161 1I>J -276 91.593.. 
 
 ... 23 1><7 128 80 3: 
 
 LUNG MILLS. 
 Lirffest Product, 
 
 Total ... 79. 434 292.... 1.186.. 
 
 606. 
 
 District 
 of State. 
 
 No. of 
 Works. 
 
 No. of 
 Fires. 
 
 No. of 
 Hanir.'!. 
 
 ... 72.132... 
 ...163.730... 
 BLOOMRBIK 
 
 Largest Product. 
 Tons. 
 
 1S49 
 Tons. 
 51.738... 
 53.6.'0... 
 
 Men. 
 .3618. 
 .3010. 
 
 Power Employed. 
 
 Anim'ls. St'm. Wt'r.S.tW. 
 
 ....511 22 31... 3 
 
 ....610 22 1....- 
 
 .108.358.... 6638 1121 44 32 3. 
 
 Product 1849, 
 Tons. 
 
 Power Employed. 
 Men. Animals. Water. 
 
 .$ 3.128.700 
 . 2.425.ft00 
 
 Capitol. 
 Invested 
 
 .335 97 40 6 $ 28.700 
 
 241 
 
THE STATE OF PENNSYLVANIA. 
 
 ni.i. In 1S4I there were in llic State 213 estiihlishnn-tifs, iniinuractiirin<; atiniially 93.395 tons of raMt-iron, amt 169 
 bio iiiicri.'H. f irS' X, anil rulliiis mills, iiiaiiuracturitiii 87,244 Inns of liar iron: lolal fiu-l poiisuiiinl, 35o,9'i:{ tuns; haiuis 
 eiii|)!iiyi-il. li.vji, anil i-apiial invcsti'il In ilu- inanut'iii'Uin-,.'f7,Tbl,471. The cnnnlirs liaviiig ilie lar;rist inlirt'^t in tln' inm 
 Irali-in !S5ii wi-re Allr^liaiiy, Aniis'rnnfr. Lancasor. t'lu-.-ter, Ucrks. Clarion, Culuniliia, IJIair, lluiiiinjr'l"n, and Luzirnc— 
 in llu-se tin cmiti'ii'S inon' llian unr-lialf lhc-itive!<ti<l cHpituI is eniployi-d. Of the sixty- two <-i)iintii'S of Ihc Stale, foriy-five 
 cntain irnii-\v(irk», and of the rcnuiinin^i si-vi iiti'en, nine ali<iiin<l in iron an'l ecial. so that only t-iarht can lie n-gardi d as 
 nut siiiiid til ifie niannl'aclure of iron. 'J he following will exhibit the relation the iron rnanulaiture of I'ennsylvauia holds 
 to that of Ihc whule I'lvoii : 
 
 fi; Iron. Ca-tlrnn. \Vroii;:)it Inm. Tnt»l. 
 
 Capital in Pcnnsxivania ?S57ii.42.5 ?!3.I22'.I24 $7.6211.006 |119.6I8,415 
 
 " •' Init <lSt!it<s 17 31M20 17 41i;.3(!l 14.-19.5.220 49,252 1'l 6 
 
 Pro|iorlion in Pinnsylvania 49.4 p. e ]9.0 p. c 52.6 p. c 39.S p. e. 
 
 Kaw mall rial, fuel. «lo., in Piiinsylv.-mia .^3 732.427 $2,-372,467 $5 4SS,301 |!11..59:5,2Si5 
 
 in (.■nite<l !~taiis 7,'" 5.--'S9 10,346.-!o5 9.69s.li 9 27.049.7.53 
 
 I'rnportion in Pennsylvania 5 1.3 p. e. 22.9 p. c 56.6 p. c 42.S p. c. 
 
 Iron made in Peiin>ylvan;a— tons 2>'5 7(!2 ,57,M0 182 506 62a,01S 
 
 " •• in Unite<l States " 564.750 322.745 278.044 1.1i:.5.5l4 
 
 Proportion in Pennsylvania 55.6 p. e 17.9 p. e 05.9 p. c 45.1 pi c. 
 
 Value of total products in Peiin,>'ylvania $6,071,51.3 $5 .354.881 f 8.902.907 $*i,829.3fll 
 
 •' '• •' in Uniteil States 127-K7;7 25.loS.155 16744.<i74 54.6(11.0116 
 
 Proportion in Pennsylvania 47.6 p. c 21.3 p. c 53.2 p. c 87.4 p. c. 
 
 Besiilis the :ibovc mannfacturcs, Pennsylvania has many others, witieh. though neither so extensive nor valiia'ile, are 
 very important in their Inaring on the interests o, the commonwealth. It is conspieiions for its maimfaetiire of railro.id 
 maehineiy and carriairos, it.s extensive cal>iiiet-ware manufactures, and numerous other crafts, whieli in the ag^rgate 
 employ the vast eajiital indicited by the late ceiiniis returns. As a maiiulactiirinsr State, indeed, it is only less important 
 than New York and Mass:ichiiselts. It-< great m.imitacturiiiK centns are I'liilaihlphia in the east and Pittslmrg in the 
 West, and tliire are also extensive manufactures carried oii in the towns on the Delaware and Susqueliaruia rivi-rs. and 
 others in Ihi; interior. If Pennsylvania is mi'iitioned as the groat producer of coal and iron, it is only heeause those iiiler- 
 esl.s are paraoiount, and eclipse minor inten-sLs which in the aggregate are really as vahiahle and impor;ant. 
 
 The capital invested in Uinnerim amounts to .t3,540,31S; value o*" all raw material, etc., used, $3,169,309; hands em- 
 pKiyed. 2,9.80 ; monihly cost of labor, .$.'J4,s01 ; skins tanned, 293,798, an.l sides tanned, 1,852,900 ; value of pnxlticts ll)r the 
 year, $.5,275,492. In 1840 there were in the State 1,170 tanneries; hands. 3,445; and capital, $2,7S3,636; sides of sole 
 lealher tanned. n5.655 and of upp.r liather, 405.933. 
 
 In the manufacture of nmlt <tnd spirituous liquors, the investment amounts to $1,719,960; quantities and kinds of 
 grain, etc., consumwl — barley .55ll,lii5 bushels, corn 1.4S3,,556 bushels, rye 517.180 bushels, oats 24,9'.»0 bushels, iipples 
 51.200 bushels, molasses 10 hogsheads, and hops 263 tons; hands employed, 911 ; quantities of liquor produced — ale, 
 etc., 189.5^1 barrels, whisky :ind high wines 0..548 SIO gallons, and rum 1.500 gallons. The census of 18-40 returned 
 1,010 distilleries, prmluciiig 6,240.193 gallons of spirits; and 87 breweries, producing 12,765,974 gallons of ale, etc. ; hands 
 employed, 1.6ii7 : capital invested, $1,589,471. New York and Ohio produce more spirits, and New York alone more 
 ale, etc., than Pcnnsjivaiiia. 
 
 Fareigii Coinmerr^. — Pennsylvania, in regard to its foreign commerce, holds a fourth rank among the States of 
 the ITnion. The official rctorns exhibit the value of this bran h of industry to have been fir the year endin;; 3;tth .lune, 
 1850, as follows: eximrt.s, $4.5ol.6ii6 and import.s, $12.006,1,54. Of the exports, $4,049,464 was the value of domestic 
 products, and of this .+3.428,151 was that of mircliandi.se carried in American and $021,314 of merchandise carried in 
 foreign vessels anil $4.52.142 the value of tiireign produce and mainifaetures. of which to the value of $363,225 Wiis 
 carried in American and 4iS8,917 was carried in foreign vessels. Of the imports, $10,795,462 was the value of those 
 brought in American and $1,270,692 those brought in foreign vessels. The shii)ping empUiyed in the carrying trade con- 
 sisted of 
 
 Kntered. Cleared. ToIhI. 
 
 Natiiiniilitv / ' > . ' s / • \ 
 
 uf.sl,i|.|.iiig Ve«sels. Tuns. Men. Vessel. '1 .111,1. .Men. Ves.-sels. Tons. Men. 
 
 American 852 100,009 .... 4,016 309 81,276 3,322 .... 661 ... . 181.285 7.32S 
 
 Foreign \>5 32,361 1,096 170 80,342 1.516.... 855.... 62.703 3,212 
 
 Total .537 132,370 5,702 479 111,618 4,838 .... 1,016 .... 24.3,988 10.540 
 
 Philadelphia is the only district in which foreign commerce is carried on. In 18.50 there were owned in that district 
 46,385 tuns of permanent registered shipping and 17,820 tons of temporary registered shipping, of which latter class 
 66 tons Were navigated by steam. The distribution of the enrolled and licensed tonnage was as follows: 
 
 Knriilled nnil t.i.-en«eil. 
 
 e * , l.icen.oed under Enr'd. nnd tie, ton. 
 
 rollectiiin nii-trirts. Permanent. Teiiipi.riiry. iO inns. MavigHted hy steum, 
 
 Philadelphia on Delaware 136.577 2,581 3,134 15,476 
 
 Presque l.sle on Lake Krie 7,870 — — 5,:5,5l 
 
 Pittsburg on Ohio River 4:3,476 — 1,095 39,984 
 
 —total tonnage in Phil.idelphia district 206,498 Ions; in that of Presque Isle T,870 tons, and in that of Pittsburg 44..57! 
 tons— making fir the State 2.57.939 tons. During the year eiuling as above there were built in the State 1,85 vi-.ssels 
 (2t.410 tons): 166 (7 ships, 1 brig. 34 schooners, 107 sloojis and canal boats, and 17 steamers), of the burden of 18,150 
 tons at Pliiladeluhia; 1 schooner (22 tons), at Presque Isle, and IS vessels (4 schooners and 14 steamers— 3,233 tons), at 
 Pittsburg. 
 
 242 
 
TO 3yrir.LEJRS -A.ITI3 IL.XJlVEBEI?.IvrE3Sr. 
 
 PAG-E'S PATENT 
 
 MANUFACTURED IN CHICAGO, ONLY BY 
 
 FULTON, PERKINS & CO. 
 
 MILLWRIGHTS, MACHINISTS, Ac. 
 
 Cor. Canal and Washington Sts., West Side. 
 
 These Portable Saw Mills are now in extensive use in the lumber regions, and 
 are a favorite with all who have tried them. 
 
 We are also prepared to furnish STEAM ENGINES, from 6 to 100 horse power, 
 to accompany our Mills, and other Machinery. 
 
 We also manufacture, and will supply promptly, all orders for 
 
 IMPROVED SMUT MACHINES, 
 PORTABLE GRIST MILLS, 
 PORTABLE FLOUR BOLTS, 
 
 ROTARY GRAIN SEPARATORS, 
 RE-SLITTING SAWS, 
 MULAY AND LATH SAWS, 
 
 AND EVERT VARIETY OP MACHINERY IN OUR LINE, 
 
 Ulill grafting, §uilbiitg anb fupiriitg oit Sljart i;otict 
 
 For further information or orders, address 
 
 FULTON, PERKINS & CO, Chicago, P. 0. Box 698. 
 
 H. L. FULTON, 
 D. C. PEKKmS, 
 
 CHARLES SILVERS DN. 
 
 FREDERICK KRAUSE, 
 FRANKLIN FULTON, 
 
 [N'OTICE ^ND CA.UTIOISr, 
 
 Fdlton, Perkins & Co. have acquired the right to make and sell Page's Patent Portable 
 Circular Saw Mills, and are the only parties in Chicago at present authorized to make or sell 
 them. Other Circular Saw Mills, built or sold in this city, are infringements on the Patent, 
 and are, besides, comparatively worthless, from their imperfect and evasive construction. 
 Any person making, selling, or using them, violates our rights under the Patent, and will be 
 held responsible for damages, as provided by the U. S. Patent Laws. 
 
 KINGSLANDS & FERGUSON, 
 ROLLIN CLARK, 
 Assignees of Patent/or Western States and Territories. 
 
 49 
 
J. M. JOHNSTON & CO. 
 
 EMLE iBaDEElS. 
 
 26 Camp Street, near the Corner of Common, 
 
 ENGRAVING AND PRINTING, 
 
 Of every description. Checks, Bills of Exchange, Views of Buildings, of Ma- 
 chinery, &c. Business and Visiting Cards, Notarial and Lodge Seals, Stamps, 
 Jewelry, Door Plates. Engraving on Wood, Copper and Steel. 
 
 ^^^ Orders in every department of the above business will be executed in the 
 first style of the art, and with punctuality. 
 
 SAVAl^AH & CHARLESTON STEAM PACKET Lll. 
 
 ^^^ The superior Sea Steamer GORDON, Capt. F. Barden, 
 
 Leaves Savannah everv Wednesdny and Saturday, and Cliarleston every Monday and Friday, taking the out- 
 side route. Tlirough in from 8 to 10 liours. 
 
 .T. P. BROOKS, Agent, Savannah. 
 
 EI. L.AFITTK <Si CO., Agents, Charleston. 
 
 SAVANNAH & CHARLESTON INLAND ROUTE. 
 
 The Steamer WM. SEABROOK, Captain F. Peck, ^^^ 
 
 Leaves Charleston every Tliursdav, and Savannah every Sunday, taking the inland route, touching at Beaulbrf., 
 Biutiton, Boyd's Landing and other way places. 
 
 jr. p. BF.OOKS, A^ent, Savannah. 
 
 K. L.AF1TTK Hi CO., Agents, Charleston. 
 
 Official Journal of New Orleans. By NIXON & ADAMS, 
 C> f f ± o o INT o . TO <Z3 ek, in i> Stx-oe>t. 
 
 T E E, IvI S. 
 
 The Crescent wil! he regnlarly served to suhscribers 
 in the city at an early hour every morning, (Sundays 
 excepted.) for .ijilO a year, in advance; hall-yearly and 
 quarterly at the same rates, or 20 cents a week, payable 
 to the carritrs. . . ■ ,, 
 
 Advkktiskments, per square— first insertion, in all 
 cases, $1; lor every subsequent insertion, SOcenls. Ad- 
 vertisements on the second page are cliarged SI for ev- 
 erv insertion. Advertisemenis published at intervttlB, 
 win be charged $1 per squari' for every insertion. Ad 
 vertisenients not marked, will he published one month, 
 or longer, and eliaiged aceonliiigly ; no advertisement 
 or subscription will be slopped until all arnarigts are 
 paid, at the option of the proprietors. Ji liberal llis- 
 coinit will be made to regular adv('rtisers. 
 
 No. 3 FRONT LEVEE, 
 THIRD DOOR BELOW CUSTOM HOUSE STREET, | 
 
 The Daily Crescent has a circulation which ren- 
 ders it a ilesirable iiiediiiiii lor advertisers. As a (am- 
 ily paper it circulat<'s largely, reaching many hundreds 
 01 homes at an early hour, and being read before ilie 
 approach of business hours, con-equently articles for 
 faniiiy use may be advantageously published in its col- 
 umns. 
 
 The "WeeUly Crescent is published evei Mon- 
 day morning at ijy a year. iiivariiibl> in advance. Hav- 
 ing an e.xten.-iveeireulMlioii throughout Louisiana, Mis- 
 sissippi, Arkansas, Abibaiiia, Texas and other States, 
 it presents a favorable mode to advertisers of making 
 their wares and commoditii.-s kn<iwii. Advertisements 
 inserted for S'l per square, each insertion. 
 
 1044 
 
THE STATE OF PENNSYLVANIA. 
 
 The statistics of the fbreigu commerce of the State from 1791 to the year 1850, exhibit the following movements: 
 
 Yf-nr. Exports. 
 
 1791 $3,430,003 
 
 1T9S 3,S20.6G2 . . . . 
 
 1793 C,95S,836 .... 
 
 1794 6,643,092 .... 
 
 1795 11,518,200.... 
 
 1790 17,513,866.... 
 
 1797 11,446.291 .... 
 
 1793 8.915.463 .... 
 
 1799 12,431,967 .... 
 
 1800 11,949,079 .... 
 
 1801 17,438,193.... 
 
 1S02 12,677.475 .... 
 
 1808 7,525,710 .... 
 
 1804 11,030,157.... 
 
 1805 13.762,252 .... 
 
 1806 17,574,702.... 
 
 ISOT 16,864,744 .... 
 
 1808 4,013,330.... 
 
 1809 9,049.241 .... 
 
 1810 10,998,393.... 
 
 Imports. 
 
 Year. 
 
 1811 . 
 
 1812 . 
 
 1813 . 
 
 1814 . 
 1S15 . 
 1816. 
 1817. 
 1818 . 
 1819. 
 1S20 . 
 
 1821 . 
 
 1822 . 
 
 1823 . 
 1824. 
 1825. 
 1826. 
 
 1827 , 
 
 1828 . 
 1829 
 1830 
 
 Exports. 
 
 $9,500,117 
 5,973,750 , 
 3,577,117 , 
 
 Imports. 
 
 4.593,919 . 
 7,i96,246 . 
 8,735,592 . 
 8,759,402 . 
 6,293,783 . 
 5,743.549 . 
 7,391,767. 
 9.047,802 . 
 9,617,192 . 
 9,864,893 . 
 11,269,981 . 
 8,331,722 . 
 7,575,833 . 
 6,051,480 . 
 4,0S9,9;55 . 
 4,291,793 , 
 
 8,158,922 
 11,874,170 
 13,696,770 
 11,865,531 
 15,041,797 
 18,551,779 
 11,212,935 
 12,884,408 
 10,100,152 
 
 8,702,122 
 
 Year. Export-.. 
 
 1831 $5,513,713. 
 
 1832 3,516,066. 
 
 1833 4,078,951. 
 
 1S34 2,031,808 . 
 
 1835 3,739.275 . 
 
 1836 3,971,555. 
 
 18.37 3,841,599. 
 
 1833 3,477,151 . 
 
 1S39 3,299,415. 
 
 1840 6,820,145 . 
 
 1841 5,152,501 . 
 
 1842 3,770.727 . 
 
 1813 2,354,948 . 
 
 1844 3,5.35,256 . 
 
 1845 8,!574,363 . 
 
 1846 4,751,005. 
 
 1847 8,544,391 . 
 
 1S48 5,732,383. 
 
 1849 5,343,421 . 
 
 1850 4,501,606 . 
 
 Imports. 
 
 $12,124,083 
 
 10,678,358 
 
 10,451,250 
 
 10,479,268 
 
 12,389,937 
 
 15,068,233 
 
 11,630,111 
 
 9,360.731 
 
 . 15,050,715 
 
 8,464,382 
 
 . 10,346,698 
 
 . 7,385,858 
 
 2,760,630 
 
 . 7,217,267 
 
 , 8,159,227 
 
 . 7,989,396 
 
 , 9,587,516 
 
 . 12,147.584 
 
 . 10,645.500 
 
 . 12,066,154 
 
 Interior Omimunication. — Pennsylvania has numerous magnificent works of internal improvement, on which an 
 immense commerce is conducted. The great line of railroad fi-om Philadelphia to Pittsburg is one of the longest and 
 most expensive lines in the Union, forming a road 357 miles long ; and another through line from Philadelphia via 
 Sunbury to Erie, on the lake of the same name, is in progress of construction, and, when finished, will no doubt form one 
 of the most profitable lines connecting.the lakes with the sea-board. Otlier railroads connect Philadelphia wilh Baltimore, 
 and in the north-eastern portion of the State there are numerous short railroads connecting the coal mines with navigation, 
 or passing into the State of New York, furnishing an outlet for its mineral wealth in that direction. Many other railroads 
 are in progress or contemplated, all of which will connect wilh or intersect the trunk lines already built or provided for. 
 The canals of this State are also mogniReent works, and in their construction a great portion of the heavy debt of the 
 State has been contracted. They follovy; generally the great valleys of the interior, and in their courses accommodate ait 
 immense area of fertile and productive country. These are still incomplete, but every year is adding to their length and 
 consequent value, nor can it be any long period before they will yield a revenue commensurate to the outlay that their 
 construction has demanded. [See statistics of railroads and canals in Appendix.] 
 
 BanA's, etc—The number of banks in the State, in November, 1860, was 46, and 5 branch banks. The financial con- 
 dition of these, at that period, was as follows: Liabilities — cap\t3il $17,701,206; circulation, $11,798,906; deposits, 
 $17,689,212; due other banks, $5,811,157, and other liabilities, $93,015; and cr«s^*.s— loans and discounts, $38,423,274; 
 real estate, $1,114,733 ; stocks, $1,417,073; due by other banks, $4,244,174 ; notes of other banks, $2,570,139 ; specie funds, 
 $2,787,665, and specie, $4,337,594. 
 
 Government, etc. — The first constitution of Pennsylvania was adopted in 1776, the second in 1790, and the present, 
 which was amended in 1850, in 1838. 
 
 The Hght of sujt'raffe is given to every white free man, 21 years old, resident in the State for one year, and in his 
 election district for ten days before the election, and who has paid within two years a State or county tax. assessed at least 
 ten days before the election, but white free men, between 21 and 22 years old, being citizens of the United States, need 
 not have paid a tax; and qualified voters, who are citizens of the United States, and who have removed from the State 
 and returned, may vote after six months' residence. The general election is held on the second Tuesday of October 
 annually. 
 
 The legislature is composed of a House of Eepresentatives and a Senate. Representatives, not less than 60, nor more 
 than 100 in number (now 100), must have attained the age of 21 years, must have been citizens and inhabitants of the 
 State for the last three years, and for the last year of the districts they represent, and are elected annually. Senators in 
 number not less than one-fourth, nor more than one-third (now one-third) the number of representatives, are chosen 
 for three years, one-third of their number annually. They must be at least 25 years of age, must have been citizens and 
 inhabitants of the State for the lour years preceding the election, and for the last year of their districts. The General 
 Assembly meets on the first Tuesday of January annually. The constitution provides that there shall be an enumeration 
 of taxable inhabitants every seven years, to fix the number of Senators and Eepresentatives, and every county shall have 
 at least one representative, but counties erected after 1838 shall have none until entitled thereto by their population. No 
 representative shall be appointed to any civil office created or increased in pay during his term. 
 
 The governor must have attained his 30th year of age, have been a citizen ami inhabitant of the State for the last seven 
 years, and holds office for three years, his term commencing on the third Tuesday in January ensuing his election. He 
 receives a fixed compensation, and is not eligible for more than six years out of every nine years. He may remit fines, 
 and grant pardons, except in cases of impeachment, and m&y veto a bill of the legislature, but it may be passed into law 
 by a twothirds vote of both houses, notwithstanding his objections. 
 
 The adminiarative <)fficers of the State are— the Secretary of State, who is eai-afficio Commissioner of Common Schools ; 
 the Deputy Secretary of State, the State Treasurer, the Auditor-general, the Sur^•eyor-general, the Deputy Surveyor- 
 general, the Adjutant-general, and the three Canal Commissioners. 
 
 The judiciary is vested in a Supreme Court, Courts of Common Pleas, District Courts of the city and county of Phila- 
 delphia, and of the county of Alleghany, County or Probate Courts, and other local courts. By the amended constitution, 
 all judges are now elected by the people. The judges of the supreme court are chosen at large, and for a term of fifteen 
 years. The judge having the .sh..rtest term to serve is chief justice. The resident judges of the si^veral courts of conunon 
 plea.s and other c()url,s ..f i-ec-^rd, ami all other judges required to be learned in the law, are elect/id by the electors of the 
 "districla over which they are to preside, and for a term of ten years. The associate judges of the common ple.-is hold their 
 
 24-3 
 
THE STATE OF PENNSYLVANIA. 
 
 offlofs for five years. All judges hold office for their respective terms during good behavior, but for reasonable cause, 
 though not sufficient grounds for inipeachnient, the governor may remove them upon the address of two-thirds of each 
 branch of the Legislature. Any vacancy is filled by appointment of the governor, the incumbent holding office until the 
 first Monday in December succeeding the next subsequent general election. During the continuance in office, the judges 
 of the supreme court must reside within the commonwealth, and the other judges in the district or county for which they 
 were elected. The supreme court is composed of a chief and four associate justices, and the attorney-general, and has a 
 reporter of supreme court decisions, and a prolhonotary for each of the four districts into which the State is divided. 
 The district court of the city and county of Philadelphia consists of a president and two associate judges, and that of Alle- 
 ghany County of a president and one associate. For the sessions of the courts of common pleas, the State was formerly 
 divided into 21 districts, but in 1850 the number was increased to 24 districts, each of which (except the first, comprising 
 the county of Philadelphia, which has also two associate judges) has a president judge. The district courts are invested 
 with the civil jurisdiction of the common pleas in their respective districts in all cases exceeding a certain sum. 
 
 Federal Ri>presentation. — In accordance with the law of 23d May, 1850, Pennsylvania is entitled to twenUj-JlveTepre- 
 sentatives in the Congress of the United States. 
 
 The mil/tia force of the State consists of 270,070 men of all arms, of which T,51S are commissioned officers, and 26S.552 
 non-commissioned officers, musicians, artificers, and privates. Of the commissioned officers, 55 are general officers, 164 
 general staff officers, 1,245 field, etc., officers, and 6,054 company officers. The governor is ex-officio commander-in-chief 
 of the military force of the State; and every white male citizen between the ages of IS and 45 is liable to military duty. 
 
 Puhlic Finunces. — The debt of the State, funded and unfunded, on the 1st December, 1S60, amounted to $40,775,485 42, 
 composed as follows: funded debt — 6 per cent, stocks, $2,312,022 51; 5 per cent, stocks, $37,360,892; and 4i per cent 
 stocks, $200,000; making a total funded debt of $39,002,914 78; and wi/imded rfe&«— relief notes in circulation, $652,164; 
 interest certificates outstanding, $162,185 90, and unclaimed, .$4,448 88; interest on unclaimed and outstanding certificates, 
 to be added to them when funded, $10,504 57; domestic creditors, $!^3,317 79— make the total unfunded debt, $912,570 64. 
 The commissiimers of the sinking fund, at the date .specified, held .$459,122 9S. which, to ascertain the e.xact liabilities of 
 the State, must be deducted from the aggregate, which would leave it $40,316,362 44. The regular annual interest on 
 loans amounis to $2,004,714 51, and the interest guaranteed on internal improvement companies' assumed debts to $32,500, 
 making the total annual interest paid by the State amount to $2,087,214 51. 
 
 The avtitts of the State consist of its canals and railroads, which had cost $29,204,787 85; stocks of incorporated com- 
 panies amounting to $1,907,948 52— total $31,112,7:35 85, and deposits (unavail.-ible) in the Bank of the United States, 
 $2S:J,O0n. The financial condition of the railnjads and canals owned by the State for the year ending on the 80th Novem- 
 ber, 1850, is exhibited in the following details: 
 
 Works GrnSK Revenue. Expenses. 
 
 Eailroads— Columbia $638,447 56. . . .$310,834 30 
 
 " Alleghany Portage . 241,817 45.... 247,844 17 
 
 Canals— Main Line 479.446:39.... 161,900 77 
 
 " Delaware Division 215,:347 87 . . . . 60,834 22 
 
 Works. Gross Revenue. Expenses. 
 
 Canals — Susquehanna Division ) 
 
 " North Branch V$193,150 19. ...$76,304 64 
 
 " West Branch ) 
 
 Expenses of Canal Commissioners 53,000 00 
 
 —making a gross revenue of $1,768,209 46, and an expenditure amounting to $862,528 00. Net revenue, $905,681 46. 
 
 The value of real and personal property liable to taxation under the triennial assessment bf 1848, was $463,031,453 ; and 
 the tax assessed in 1S50, $1,545,956 44. The true value of real and personal property in 1850, according to the census of 
 that year, was $722,480,120. 
 
 The revenue and disbursements of the Treasury for the fiscal year were as follows : revemis — receipts during the year, 
 $4,438,131 51; balance from 1849, $926,207 24— making a total means of $5.36-t,:33S 75; and disbursements— payments 
 during the year, $4,667,053 94 ; depreciated funds in treasury (unavailable), $41,032 00 ; surplus available funds, $754,252 81. 
 The principal sources of revenue, and the chief objects of expenditure, wore as follows: sources of revenue — lands, 
 $16,378 5S; auction commissions, $18,673,75; auction duties, $44,898 22; tax on bank dividends, $153,877 14; tax on cor- 
 poration stocks, $180,510 14; tax on real and personal estate. $1,317,821 65; tavern licenses, $107,427 49 ; retailers' licenses, 
 $171 ,062 26 ; peddlers' licenses, $2,525 05 ; brokers' licenses, $10,228 73 ; theatre, circus, an<l menagerie licenses, $2,884 50 ; 
 distillery and brewery licenses, $4.2n3 91; billi.ird room, bowling saloon, and ten-pin alley licenses, $3,045 81; eating- 
 house, beer-house, and restaurant licenses, $6,530 97; patent medicine licenses, $2,638 04; pamphlet l.iws, $.515 53; 
 militia fines, $12,953 73 ; foreign Insurance agencies, .$2,760 S3; tax on writs, wills, deeds, etc., -$45,409 47; tax on certain 
 offices. $14,047 21 ; collateral inherit.wce tax, $102,295 07; canal and railroad tolls, $1,713,848 16; canal fines, sales of old 
 materials, etc., $0,953 64; tax on enrollment of laws, $10,270 00; premiums on charters, $89,262 21; tax on loans, 
 $119,356 30; loans, $270,000 00; interest on loans, $13,721 27; dividends on turnpike and bridge stocks. $2,460 00; sales 
 of turnpike stocks, $13,685 44 ; accrued interest, $3,678 82 ; refunded cash, $13,278 61 ; fees of the public offices, $.3,687 20 ; 
 Pennsylvania State Lunatic Hospital, $177 00; miscellaneous, $1,740 33; and — ohjecta of ex^penditwe: public improve- 
 ments, $1,488,799 74; expenses of government, $262,899 71; militia e.xpenses, $10,282 25; pensions and gratuities, 
 $17,277 91; charitable institutions, $62,267 85; common schools, $213,723 49; commissioners of the sinking fund, 
 $318,864 03; loans, $8,150 19; interest on loans, $2,004,714 51; guaranteed interest, $32,500 00; domestic creditors, 
 $6,.3S7 41; dam.ages on the public works, $28,068 34; special commissioners, $2,.5,')4 03; State Library, $1,000 00; public 
 buildings and grounds, $2,002 78; eastern reservoir of the Pennsylvania Canal, $1,947 00; weigh-loek at Beach Haven, 
 $163 00; use of patent right.s, $3,000 00; penitentiaries, $19,283 79; House of Kofuge, $0,000 Oo; convoying fugitives, 
 $100 00 ; Nicholson lands, $192 75 ; amendments to the Constitution, .$2,5o0 00; esche.its, $1,740 53; abatement of State 
 tax, $43,525 04 ; re-issuing relief notes, $10,940 00 ; counsel fees and commissions, $5,984 15 ; miscellaneous, $8,180 44. 
 
 The following exhibits the condition of the treasury at the end of each of the named fiscal years : 
 
 INCO.ME. 
 
 AnnunI Receipts. Total Revenue. 
 
 ..$.3,010,062 84 $.3,673,914 22 
 
 .. 3.529.057 28 8.91.3,94:3.37 
 
 .. 3,977.025 89 4.361,704.59 
 
 .. 8,831.776 22 4,512 607 07 
 
 .. 4,433.688 65 .5.010.979 04 
 
 926,207 24 4,438,13151 5,364,338 75 
 
 244 
 
 Years. Bal from If\st year 
 
 1845 $668,851 89.. 
 
 1846 384,886 09.. 
 
 1647 384,678 70.. 
 
 1848 680,890 85.. 
 
 1849 557,299 89.. 
 
 1850 
 
 nSBURSEMENTS. 
 
 Years. Interent on T.nans. Pnti. Inipnivements. Total Expend. 
 
 1845 $1,784,182 65 $661,340 66 $3,289,o2S 13 
 
 1846 1,981,623 77 694..505 12 8,529.264 07 
 
 1S47 2,002 240 41 690,575 95 8,680.813 74 
 
 1848 2.00,5,740 79 996,592 70 8,935,376 68 
 
 1849 2.047,616 99 951.249 03 4,084.771 80 
 
 1850 2,004,714 51 1,488,799 74 4,569,053 94 
 
ROBERT POOLE. 
 
 THOS. M. SMITH. 
 
 GERMAN H. HUNT. 
 
 NORTH ST., OPPOSITE N. CENTRAL R. R. STATION, 
 
 POOIi¥^^HIJNT, 
 
 ft 'R 
 
 -A.3Sri3 
 
 GENERAL !V1 AC H ! N ISTS, 
 
 MANUFACTURERS OF 
 
 mmi iiL i;LiiiL\G, gas works, 
 
 ^ siinasDi® ®is3 isf® im viwmm, 
 
 Blowing Machinery, Hydraulic Presses, Sugar and Saw Mills, IMachinists' Tools of 
 all kinds, Shafting, Pulleys and Hangers, Steam Boilers, Water Tanks, &c. 
 
 EVEHSOH PRESTOH & CO. 
 
 SECOND STREET, EIGHTH WARD, PITTSBURG, PA. 
 
 RAILROAD CAR AND LOCOMOTIVE AXLES, 
 
 WITH EVERY DESCRIPTION OF 
 
 H.lm^JUEREn ana ROELBI^ IROJV. 
 
 Also, a superior article of llAILROAD AND SHIP SPIKES. 
 
 ,J^" Car Builders and Railroad men are respectfully solicited to examine our 
 Manufactures. 
 
3xr. C3p- 3xrja.rtoi=i.oss' 
 
 Patent Circular Saw Mill. 
 
 
 
 . i> Ph 
 
 
 -^ •-' ^ ^ '^S 
 
 (V. 1— I «J fn rH 
 
 or:: o 0^ S 
 
 ■^ 22 iS o 
 
 -2 '^ "^ 02 i^ 
 
 r^ o a> 
 
 i-i (D QJ 
 
 l:^r; 5 ^ CO sh 
 
 cc o 52 
 
 o^ ee 02 r-j q 
 
 i=^ -^ S S r- 
 
THE STATE OF PENNSYLVANIA, 
 
 Education. — "'Wisdom and virtue are quulities which, because they descend not with worldly inheritances, must be 
 carefidly propagated by a virtuous education of youth." Such was the sentiment of the illustrious founder of this State; 
 but although the principle of universal education was thus authoritatively recognized at the earliest period of her history, 
 no system of popular instruction in the commonwealth was attempted, nor common school fund established, until the 2d 
 April, 1S31. By a legislative act of that date, certain moneys, arising from the sale of lands and other sources, were set 
 apiu't as a common school fund, at an interest of o per cent., and this interest was directed to be added to the principal, 
 until (he proceeds should amount to .flOO.OOO annually. By a subsequent act (1st April, 1834), the State was divided into 
 districts, and .$75,000 was onlered to be paid out of the school fund, for the year IS.3.5, and .annually thereafter, to be dis- 
 tributed among the several counties that should comply with the provisions of the said act, until the year when the fund 
 should yield an interest of .$100,000. Provision was also made by this law for levying a tax on the districts not less than 
 douhle the amount of the appropriation. On the l-Oth June, 1S36, an act was passed, appropriating $200,000 for the year 
 183T, and annually thereafter, to be apportioned among the several school districts ami the city and county of Philadel- 
 phia, and authorizing the levying of a tax not less than equal to nof more than treble, the amount of each district's por- 
 tion of the State appropriation. By resolution of 3d April, 1S37, ^.lOOjOOO was appropriated to the common school fund for 
 the year 1S3S, "to be applied by the several districts either for building, repairing, or purchasing school houses, or for 
 education, as they might deem best." On the 12th April, 1S.3S, the appropriation was increased to a sum equal to one 
 dollar for every taxable inhabitant in the State, to be increased triennially, with the increase of such inhabitants, but with- 
 out any increase of taxatiim above that authorized by the act of 1836. Various acts, resolutions, and supplements were 
 subsequently passed, not, however, materially changing any important features of the law regulating the system, until, by 
 the act of 11th April, 1S4S, it was made to embrace every county in the commonwealth. Provision was also made by this 
 act for the payment to those districts from which the undrawn appropriations were taken by the act of 29th April, 1844, 
 of the one-fourth of the State tax levied in such <lislricts, to be applied exclusively to the erection of school houses therein. 
 On the 7th April, 1849, an act was passed, revising and consolidating all former acts relating to common schools, and 
 effecting many valuable improvements in the system, and greatly simplifying the law. Since, and including the year 
 1844, the annual appropriation by the State, for the support of schools, has been $200,000. Such is the history of the 
 enactments of the legislature, creating and providing a fund as the basis of the whole system of common schools. The 
 following exhibit affords a condensed view of the operations of the system for the year ending 1st June, 1850 : 
 
 Whole number of districts 
 
 Number paid during the year 
 
 Whole number of schools 
 
 Number learning German 11,041 
 
 Average number of scholars in each school 40 
 
 Cost of teaching each scholar, per month $1 44 
 
 Amount of tax levied $768,422 
 
 State appropriations distributed $159,-367 
 
 Total lunds raised $927,789 
 
 Cost of instruction $609,377 
 
 Fuel and contingencies $63,329 
 
 Cost of school-houses, purchasing, renting, build- 
 ing, and repairing $253,741 
 
 Total funds expended $926,447 
 
 The following table exhibits the progress of the system in its main features, since its establishment in 1S34 : 
 
 Number yet required 
 
 Average number of months taught 
 
 Number of male teachers 
 
 Number of female teachers 
 
 Average monthly salaries — males $17 20 
 
 Average monthly salaries — females $10 15 
 
 Number of male scholars 233,392 
 
 Number of female scholars 190,952 
 
 1,.387 
 1,273 
 8,510 
 674 
 5.1 
 6,972 
 3,935 
 
 Year. 
 
 18.35 
 1836 
 1837 
 1838 
 1839 
 1840 
 1841 
 1842 
 1843 
 1844 
 1845 
 1846 
 1847 
 1848 
 1849 
 1850 
 
 VVIiole 
 
 DHtrirt8 
 
 
 
 Wliole 
 
 Whole 
 
 Uist's. 
 
 accept- 
 ing. 
 
 536 
 
 paid. 
 
 report'd. 
 
 Sellouts. 
 762 
 
 Teacliers. 
 
 907 
 
 _ 
 
 156 
 
 808 
 
 987 
 
 745 
 
 603 
 
 573 
 
 3,384 
 
 3,394 
 
 1,001 
 
 796 
 
 765 
 
 664 
 
 4,089 
 
 4,841 
 
 1,003 
 
 861 
 
 820 
 
 628 
 
 3,939 
 
 5,0-34 
 
 1,050 
 
 879 
 
 857 
 
 633 
 
 8,152 
 
 4,666 
 
 1,050 
 
 879 
 
 867 
 
 633 
 
 3,152 
 
 4,666 
 
 1,072 
 
 902 
 
 8S5 
 
 734 
 
 5,179 
 
 6,086 
 
 1,113 
 
 905 
 
 905 
 
 861 
 
 6,116 
 
 7,494 
 
 1,139 
 
 945 
 
 945 
 
 865 
 
 6.156 
 
 7,594 
 
 1,172 
 
 939 
 
 939 
 
 846 
 
 5.993 
 
 7,585 
 
 1,189 
 
 1,012 
 
 1,018 
 
 961 
 
 6,690 
 
 8.031 
 
 1,246 
 
 1.067 
 
 1,056 
 
 994 
 
 7.096 
 
 8.468 
 
 1.249 
 
 1,105 
 
 1,054 
 
 1,048 
 
 7.320 
 
 8,674 
 
 1,330 
 
 1,-3-30 
 
 1,129 
 
 1,078 
 
 7.845 
 
 9,096 
 
 1,344 
 
 — 
 
 1,318 
 
 1,194 
 
 8.287 
 
 10,050 
 
 1,387 
 
 — 
 
 1,273 
 
 — 
 
 8.510 
 
 10.907 
 
 Scholf 
 
 32,544 
 139,604 
 182,355 
 174,783 
 181,913 
 181,913 
 227,699 
 281,085 
 288.762 
 288,402 
 327,418 
 329.S05 
 331,967 
 360,005 
 385,175 
 424,344 
 
 ApportHin't 
 
 to accepting 
 
 Districts 
 
 98.670 
 463,749 
 323.794 
 276,826 
 264,536 
 249,400 
 250,065 
 272,720 
 264,520 
 192.813 
 186,417 
 187.269 
 193,035 
 182,883 
 lSii.703 
 
 Tax levied 
 
 on accepting 
 
 l)i.stri(rts. 
 
 207,105 
 231,552 
 385,788 
 382,527 
 395,918 
 397,952 
 398,766 
 419,307 
 391,340 
 870,744 
 406,740 
 436,727 
 501,681 
 583,187 
 768,422 
 
 ExpM for 
 Scliool- 
 houses. 
 
 111.803 
 
 202,230 
 
 149,1.32 
 
 161,384 
 
 161,384 
 
 123,004 
 
 119,006 
 
 92,749 
 
 75,918 
 
 77,173 
 
 60,960 
 
 60,410 
 
 96.539 
 
 146.144 
 
 25:1741 
 
 Exp'd for 
 instruction, 
 fuel, etc. 
 
 $ - 
 
 193.972 
 493,071 
 560,450 
 579.162 
 580,262 
 524,348 
 489,872 
 484,454 
 470.223 
 375,982 
 486,475 
 487.201 
 505.505 
 562,930 
 609,377 
 
 The number of the schools in the several counties, in 1850. was as follows: Adams 127, Alleghany 280. Armstrong 128, 
 Beaver 111. Bedford 195, Berks 214, Blair 101, Bradford 312, Bucks 1.89, Butler 162, Cambria li)3. Carbon 45, Centre 126, 
 Chester 2i)5, Clarion 119, Clearfield 83. Clinton .50, Columbia 171, Crawford 298, Cumberland 1.52, Dauphin 151, Delaware 
 69, Elk 25, Erie 271, Fayette 164, Franklin 172, Greene 118, Huntingdon 108, Indiana 164, Jefferson 82, Juniata 63. Lan- 
 caster 345, Lawrence — , Lebanon 12S, Lehigh r2S, Luzerne 252, Lycoming 146. M'Kean 51, Mercer 197, Mifflin 64, 
 Monroe 76, Montgomery 147, Northampton 143, Northumberland 91, Perry 115, Pike 37. Potter 65, Schuylkill 133, Somerset 
 144, Susquehanna 216, Sullivan 31, Tioga 178, Union 141, Venango 144, Warren 120, Washington 220, Wayne 130, West- 
 moreland 202, Wyoming 56, York 193. 
 
 The city and county of Philadelphia constitutes the first school district, but is not subject to the general school law. 
 The direction of the schools is committed by law to 228 directors and 24 controllers, one each of the eleven sections into 
 which the district is divided heing governed by a separate board of directors, all being under the supervision of the Board 
 of Controllers. Public schools were first establisli-.'d in the city in 1813. The whole number of schools in 1851 was 970, 
 namely, the Central High School, the Normal School, 53 grammar schools, 34 secondary schools, 142 primary schools, and 
 
 245 
 
THE STATE OF PENNSYLVANIA. 
 
 89 uiiclassifled ; number of teachers, 7S1 — S2 males, and 699 females; number of scholars, 48.056 — males 24,503, and 
 limalos 23,5-18. Besides llieae, there were 141 leacliers in the evening schools. The sum expended during the year had 
 been iJ366,30'2, of which only $33,3U6 was distributed from the State appropriatiou, the balance having been raised by 
 taxation. 
 
 The principal universities and colleges, medical schools, theological seminaries, law schools, etc., in the State, and the 
 statistics of each in 1S5J, were as follows : 
 
 Name. Location. Fouiuled. Professora. Stuileuts. Ahimni. Vols, in I.ib'y. 
 
 University of Pennsylvania Philadelpliia 1755 7 . 
 
 Diclciiison College Carlisle 17>3 8 
 
 Jefferson College Canonslnirg 1S(13 8 
 
 Washington College Washini^ton 1S06 8 
 
 Alleghany College Meadville 1817 7 
 
 Peimsylvania College Gettysburg 1S32 7 
 
 Latayette College Easton 1832 7 
 
 Marshidl Mereersburg 1835 6 , 
 
 Theological Seminary (Lutheran) Gettysburg 1S25 2 
 
 Theological Seminary (Germ. Kef.). . . Mereersburg 1825 2 
 
 ■Western Theolog. Seminary (Presb.), 
 
 Theological School (Assoc.) 
 
 Wecilern Theol. School (Cong. Unit.) 
 
 Theological Seminary (Asso. IJcf.) . . . Pittsburg IS: 
 
 Theolog. Seminary (Itef. I'resb.) I'liila(leli)hia - 
 
 Law Depart, Dickinson College Carlisle — 1 
 
 Medical Depart. University Penn Philadelphia 1765 7 
 
 AUeg. Town 1S2S 2 , 
 
 Canonsburg 1792 2 
 
 Meadville 1S44 4 
 
 3 
 
 3 
 
 83 . 
 179 
 197 . 
 187 , 
 106 
 
 65 
 
 82 . 
 
 5S . 
 
 26 , 
 
 18 , 
 
 48 
 
 33 
 
 40 , 
 
 35 
 
 13 
 
 450 
 
 514 . 
 
 176 
 
 75 
 
 5,142 5.000 
 
 . 673 14,100 
 
 1,000 10,000 
 
 , 441 3,300 
 
 . 144 8.200 
 
 . 163 6,000 
 
 . 101 5,1)00 
 
 155 6,000 
 
 , 227 9,000 
 
 , 121 6,000 
 
 , 252 6,000 
 
 . 147 2,000 
 
 9 8.000 
 
 85 1,500 
 
 5.316 
 2,036 
 73 
 250 
 
 Jeffersoti Medical College Philadelphia 1S24 7 . . 
 
 Medical Depart. Penn. College " 1838 7 . . 
 
 College of Medicine " 1S47 7.. 
 
 Homieopathic Medical College " 1840 10 — — — 
 
 Female Medical College " 1S49 7 — — — 
 
 College of Pharmacy " 1822 4 — — — 
 
 Besides the schools and colleges aboxe enumerated, there are numerous academies, public and private, in every part of 
 the State, scientific institutions, and societies founded for the encouragement of literature and the arts. Girard College, in 
 Philadelphia, is a school for the education of orphans, and in its several departments highly efficient Church schools are 
 also numerous, and many of them in a highly prosperous condition. Pennsylvania, within the past ten or twelve years, 
 indeed, has made great and wonderful progress in its educational facilities, and now stands deservedly in the foremost 
 rank among States which make education a primary neeessi!) in their economy. 
 
 Public Libraries.— According to the Report of the Librarian of the Smithsonian Insti'ute, there were in the State, in 
 1861, the following libraries: one State library, 10,000 volumes; 16 soci.al, 125,3S5 volumes; 10 college, 37,875 volumes; 
 12 students', 29,350 volumes ; 7 academic and professional, 38,300 volumes; 5 scientific and historical, 83,478 volumes ; 29 
 public school, 8,131 volumes ; total — 80 libraries, and 2S7.519 volumes. 
 
 Periodical Prens. — The whole number of periodicals published in the State of Pennsylvania on the 1st .Tune, 1850, was 
 828, and of the.se 96 were whig, 110 democratic, and 207 neutral in politics ; the latter class eml)raees those devoted to 
 literature, religion, science, etc., and those the character of which was not a.scertained. Of the aggregate number, 25 
 were published daily, circulating at each issue 1.52.076 copies, or 49,120,.54S annually; 8 tri-weekly, 500, or 7S,000 
 annually; 1 semi-weekly, 6ii0, or 62,400 annually; 275 weekly. .'526,642, or 27.33 , -384 annually; S semi-monthly, 130,800, 
 or 8,139,200 annually; 12 monthly, 159,700, or 1,91().400 annually; and 2 quarterly, l,9on, or 7,600 annually; total copies 
 at each issue, 972,218, or 79,792.532 copies annually. The couutic's in which published are as follows: in Adams, 3 w. 
 and 1 q. ; Alleghany (Pittsburg, etc.), 13 d., 2 t.-w., 20 w., 1 s.-m.. and 2 m. ; Armstrong and Beaver, each 2 w. ; Bedford, 
 3 w. ; Berks, 9 w. ; Blair. 4 w. ; Bradford. 3 w. ; Bucks, 7 w. ; Butler, Cambria, and Centre, each 3 w, ; Carbon, 2 w. ; 
 Chester, 5 w. ; Clarion .and Clinton, each 2 w. ; Clearfield, 1 w. ; Columbia, 3 w. ; Crawford and Cumberland, each 5 w. ; 
 Dauphin, 1 d., 7 w. ; Delaware, 3 w. ; Elk, 1 w. ; Erie, 1 t.-w., 4 w. ; Payette, 10 w. ; Franklin, 7 w. ; Fulton, 1 w. ; 
 Greene, 2 w. ; Huntingdon, 2 w. ; Indiana, 8 w. ; .TefTerson and .luniata, each 2 w. ; Lancitster, 10 w.. 1 m. ; Lawrence, 
 2 w. ; Lebanon, 5 w. ; Lehigh, 5 w., 1 s.-m. ; Lucerne, 2 w. ; Lycoming, 4 w. ; M-Ke.an, 1 w. ; Mercer, 4 w. ; Mifflin and 
 Monroe, each 2 w. ; Montgomery, 6 w. ; Montour, 2 w. ; Northampton, 8 w. ; Northumberland, 4 w. ; Perry, 2 w. ; Phil- 
 aileljihia, 11 d., 1 s.-w., 38 w., 5 s.-m., 8 m.. 1 q., 1 an. ; Pike, 1 w. ; Potter, 2 w. ; Schuylkill, 9 w., 1 m. ; Somerset, 2 w. ; 
 Susqueh.Mnna, 2 w. ; Tioga, 4 w. ; Union, 7 w., 1 m. ; Venango, 2 w. ; Warren, 3 w. ; Washington, 4 w. ; Wayne, 2 w. ; 
 Wyoming. 2 w. ; Westmoreland, 4 w. ; Yorlc, 7 weekly. 
 
 Religious DenamiiuitiotLS. — The statistics of the several religious denominations in the State in 1850, were as stated in 
 the table annexed : 
 
 Deuouiuui ^ 
 
 o of 
 
 Cliunh 
 
 Vahie of 
 
 Denomina- No. of 
 
 Clnirch 
 
 Value of 
 
 nennmina- No. of 
 
 Churrli 
 
 Vahieoi 
 
 tiou.-.. Oh 
 
 H-ches. 
 
 KiTOm. 
 
 I'roperty, 
 
 tiona. Chun-he 
 
 s. iti-c-r.ul. 
 
 I'Miperty. 
 
 tioni. Chunlies. 
 
 aceiim. 
 
 Pn.perty 
 
 Baptist 
 
 317. 
 
 127.308.. 
 
 $806,395 
 
 Germ'nRef. 208. 
 
 . 104,262, 
 
 $6.39.210 
 
 R. Catholic. 189. 
 
 89,251 . 
 
 $1,084,204 
 
 Christian . . . 
 
 19. 
 
 6,400.. 
 
 24,400 
 
 .Tewisli .... 7. 
 
 . 3.175. 
 
 45,700 
 
 Swedenb'g.. 8.. 
 
 1,475. 
 
 11,000 
 
 Congregat'l. 
 
 9. 
 
 3.100.. 
 
 17,250 
 
 Lutheran... 495. 
 
 259,502, 
 
 1,633,.356 
 
 Tunker 14.. 
 
 6,100. 
 
 11.700 
 
 Dutch Ret:. 
 
 7. 
 
 6,640.. 
 
 79,500 
 
 Mennonite. 86. 
 
 . 23,870. 
 
 82,400 
 
 Union 80.. 
 
 28,300. 
 
 78,,325 
 
 ICpiscopal . . 
 
 135. 
 
 67.324.. 
 
 1,483,700 
 
 Methodist.. 878. 
 
 339,026, 
 
 1,715,658 
 
 Unitarian... 4.. 
 
 1,630. 
 
 28,000 
 
 Free 
 
 22. 
 
 6.400.. 
 
 15,n,'->o 
 
 Moravian.. 84. 
 
 32,715. 
 
 221,350 
 
 Universalist. 19.. 
 
 8,920. 
 
 82,800 
 
 Friends 
 
 141. 
 
 60.974.. 
 
 661,787 
 
 Presbyter'n. 755. 
 
 . 857,481. 
 
 2,574,700 
 
 Minor Sects. 92.. 
 
 82,560. 
 
 254,700 
 
 —making a total of 8,509 churches, having accommodation for 1,566,413 persons, and valued at $11,5,51,885. This State 
 comprises the Protestant Episcopal diocese of Pennsylvania, and the Eom.in Catholic dioceses of Pittsburg and Philadel- 
 phia, in the latler of which are also included West New Jersey and the State of Delaware. 
 Pauperism.— ThcvfhoW number of paupers that received assistance or support during the year ending 1st June, 1850, 
 240 
 
HYDROPATHIC AND HYGIENIC 
 
 R. T. TRALL, M. D., Proprietor, 
 
 15 LAIGHT STREET, NEW YORK. 
 
 This commodious establishment, (the oldest and most extensive City Water-Cure 
 in the United States,) has accommodations for one hundred or more persons. Its 
 business arrangements comprehend : 
 
 1. GrENERAL PRACTICE, iu which P. H. Hayes, M. D., and Anne Inman, M. 
 D., are associated. 
 
 2. Office Consultations, personally or by letter, by Dr. Troll. 
 
 3. Department for Female Diseases, Prolapsus and other displacements. Ul- 
 cerations, &c., requiring mechanical and surgical management; also for lying-in 
 women. 
 
 4. School Department, for the Education of Physiological Teachers, Health- 
 Reform Lecturers and Hygeopathic Physicians. Regular terms commence No- 
 vember 1st and May 1st of each year. Ample facilities are provided for a tho- 
 rough, general and medical course of study. 
 
 5. Lyceum, for Lectures, Debates, Calisthenic Exercises, Evening Entertain- 
 ments, &c. 
 
 6. Boarding, for those who desire the dietary of the Institute. 
 
 7. Provision Depot, for the manufacture of pure and proper articles of wheaten 
 grits, hominy, oatmeal, farina, crackers, Graham bread, &c. Orders for all kinds 
 of farinaceous preparations, dried and preserved fruits, &c., will be supplied. 
 
 CflARGES. — Examination or entrance fee, $5. Full treatment, with board, $7 
 to ^10.50 per week, or upwards. Day patients, ^5 per week. Board, $5 to 
 $10.50. Fires and lights for private rooms, $1 to $2 extra. Advice for self- 
 treatment, verbal or by letter, $5; subsequent advice or letter, $1. Medical 
 students are charged $75 tuition for Winter Term ; Summer Term $50 ; payable 
 in advance. 
 
 Students can get Board in the Institution at reasonable rates. 
 
 50 
 
BOGEEE, IMIS & GO. 
 
 mm 
 
 u^ u. 
 
 NEAR MICHIGAN CENTRAL R. R. DEPOTS, 
 
 DEALERS IN 
 
 E^ 
 
 SPERM, WINTER BLEACHED WHALE, 
 
 LARD, TANNER'S, MACHINERY 
 
 .A. 3Sr ID 
 
 PAIITS, YMIISHIS, 
 
 WHITE LEAD, 
 
 DRUGGISTS' GLASSW^ARE, 
 
 Acids, Dry Salteries, Chemicals, Perfumery, Brushes, Pure : 
 Wines, Liquors, &c. 
 
THE STATE OF PENNSYLVANIA. 
 
 was ll,D5l, o{ which number ft,89S were native-born, 5.653 foreigners; and the whole number of paupers on the lists at 
 the dale speoiBed was 3,811, of which 2,654 were native-born, and 1,157 foreigners. Annual cost of support, $232,138. 
 
 I/i-'storical ^-e/i'/i.— Pennsylvania is the only State of the Union which bears and transmits to future ages the name of 
 a private individual. William Penn, the illustrious founder of Pennsylvania, a name given to the infant colony by 
 Charles II., was the son of Admiral Pmn, who in the year 1655 acquired distinction as a commander in the conquest of 
 Jam.-iica, and in the war with the Dutch. At an early period of life, Penn had joined the Quakers, who began about that 
 period to attract public attention, and it .seems to liave been the intolerance manifested toward the sect that first turned 
 his mind toward America. He and some others purchased a large quantity of land in New Jersey, but becoming dissat- 
 isfied, he formed the design of acquiring a separate estate. The crown was indebted to his father's executors in the 
 sum of about £16,0U0, and as an acquittance for this, a large tract was granted to him in severalty. His charter conv«^'ed 
 to him all that tract of country bounded on the east by the river Delaware, extending westward five degrees, and north 
 and south between the iOth and 4'id parallels, except an area around New Castle, ciriumscribed by a radius of 12 miles. 
 From want of suffii'ient aUention to former charters, this grant interfered both with that of Maryland on the south, and 
 with the elaiins of Connecticut on the east, and hence arose contentions whicli disturbed the repose of the colonies for a 
 century afterward. 
 
 In May, 1681, the proprietary sent over Markham, with a few others, to take possession of the territory, and in July he 
 sold 20.000 acres to a company of merchants, at the rate of £20 the thousand acres, entering into articles of agreement 
 with lliem, entitled '• Conditions and Concessions." In the following year, Penn published his '' Frame of Government," 
 by which the supreme power was to be veste<l in a governor and general assembly, consisting at first in the whole body 
 of the people, and afterward in a House of Representatives. A provincial council was established, consisting of 72 per 
 sons, to be chosen by the freemen. The governor, possessed of three votes, presided in this council, which prepared and 
 digested all laws, leaving to the people the entire right of rejecting or affirming. This constitution was after a while laid 
 aside, and another, resembling those established in the other provinces, was adopted. In October, 16S2, Penn. accompa 
 nicd by about 2,000 settlers, arrived at New Castle, on the Delaware. He had previously acquired from the Duke of 
 York a conveyance of the land at ^iresent included in the State of Delaware. His first step on landing was to convoke 
 an assembly, which was helil at Upland (now called Chester), in December, 16S2. In a short session of three days, a 
 constitution modifying that drawn up by Penn in England was adopted, and several important laws passed. Among 
 other provisions, that great principle, to an adherance to which the province owed much of its prosperity, was adopted, 
 that "none acknowledging one God, and living peaceably in society, should be molested for his opinions or practice, or 
 compelled to frequent or maintain any ministry whatsoever." Another principle of Penn's system, equally novel and 
 praiseworthy, regarded the treatment of the Indians. Soon after his arrival, he summoned them to a council, and treat- 
 ing with ihein on an amicable and equal footing, as men and brethren ; obtained from them, in return for valuable pres- 
 ents, a cession of as much land as his exigencies required. The same course was pursued in his subsequent intercourse 
 with them, and it was seen with surprise by mankind that kindness and good faith were as useful assistants as the sword 
 in the affairs of a colony. No one of the colonies made such rapid advances in prosperity as Pennsylvania. The salu- 
 brity of the climate, and the general fruitfulness of the soil, had some influence, but the moral attractions predominated. 
 The persecutions at home drove thousands to a place where religious worship was free, and the prospect of enjoying equal 
 rights in civil matters, attracted from the continent of Europe a vast number of industrious and moral emigrants. 
 
 The city of Philadelphia was founded at an early period after the arrival of the first settlers, and the second assembly of 
 the colony was held at this place, in April, 16S3. Among other important laws adopted by this assembly was one abrogating 
 the common law of England respecting descents, and distributing the estates of ])ersons dying intestate among the children, 
 giving to the eldest son, however, a double share. The PLCVolution in England produced some change in-the government 
 of Pennsylvania. Penn, being suspected of being disaffected toward the House of Orange, was suspended from the privi- 
 lege of appointing a deputy for his province ; and in 1692 Pennsylvania was annexed to New York and subjected to the 
 administration of the governor of that province. Two years after, however, the proprietary was reinstated, and ap- 
 pointed a new governor. Notwithstanding the pacific disposition of the governor and people, and the general concordance 
 of their opinions, Pennsylvania proved to be no Utopia for the worthy proprietary. Bickerings about the constitution or 
 the laws, or the manner of disposing of the lands, almost constantly existed. The charter had twice been altered, but the 
 colonists were still discontented. A third charter was given them in 1701, which provided that the assembly should consist 
 of deputies from each county, and that it should have the right to originate, amend, or reject all bills; that the governor 
 should nominate his own council, exercise the whole executive power, and have a negative on the proceedings of the 
 assembly. The delegates from Pennsylvania assented to this constitution, but those from " the Three Lower Counties on 
 the Delaware," as they were called, refused to adopt it, and seceded from the assembly. From this period the Three 
 Counties had a distinct assembly, though they were subject to the same governor as Pennsylvania. The constitution thus 
 adopted continued in force until the Revolution. Penn died in 1718, at the age of 74 years. Since his founding the State 
 that immortalizes his name, his life had been a unif irm scene of vexation and disquiet. His private fortune had materially 
 suffered by his advances to promote the infant colony, and at one time he was compelled to submit to a temporary depri- 
 vation of liberty. He left, however, to his descendants an inheritance of great value, which they enjoyed until the 
 overthrow of the British power, when the Commonwealth became the p<issessor, and, as an indemnification, granted them 
 an ample sum of money. From the death of Penn the history of the colony is little more than a narrative of petty quar- 
 rels between the proprietary governors and the assembly. The chief subject of dispute arose from the lands of the pro- 
 prietary, which it was wished to exempt from taxation, to which other lands were liable. The assembly resisted the 
 exemption, and this disagreement frequently prevented the passage of necessary laws. In 1749, an important treaty was 
 made with the Indians of the Six Nations at Philadelphia, in which, for goods of considerable value, they granted to the 
 proprietary all the lands on the Susquehanna, south as far as the boundary of Pennsylvania, and north to the Kittatinny 
 Hills, or Blue Mountain. The whole Indian title to lands within the State was subsequently mei^ed. A large portion 
 of the inhabitants of Pennsylvania were Quakers, but notwithstanding their peaceful inclinations, the colony opposed 
 with as much zeal as her sister colonies, the arbitrary measures of the British government which led to the Revolution. 
 The first congress of deputies from the States, and most of the subsequent sessions of the same assembly, were held in 
 Philadelphia, and it was at the same place that the Declaration of Independence was adopted and proclaimed. During 
 a considerable part of the war the State was the theatre of hostilities. On the Declaration of Independence the pro- 
 prietary government was .'djrogaled, and the people, by their representatives, formed a new constitution. The form of 
 government adopted at this period was found, after the peace, to be liable to serious objections. Two parties then arose, 
 
 24T 
 
THE STATE OF PENNSYLVANIA. 
 
 the republicans and (he constitutionalists — the former, desiring: a constitution in which the legislative power should be 
 exercised by two branches and the executive invested in a single person, finally triumphed, and in 179ii, a constitution, 
 similar to Ihal of the United States, w«s adopted. In 1794, an insurrection broke out in four of the western counties, in 
 opposition to the law of the United States imposing a tax on spirits. From this, called the "Whisky Insurrection," 
 serious consequences were at first threatened, but by a happy union of firmness and lenity on the part of President 
 Washington, the revolt wiis quelled. In Northampton County, in 1797, some deluded persons attempted to resist the 
 process of the marshal, but the power of the laws again triumphed. In 1799. the public offices and the sittings of the 
 legislature, which, from the settlement of the colony, had been lield at Philadelphia, were removed to Lancaster, and in 
 18>2, they were transferred from Lancaster to Ilarrisburg, the present capital. From this period no conspicuous event 
 of hislorj' has transpired. The Slate, indeed, has gone through many financial difficulties, and for a time even her con- 
 dition was considered as a blot on the honor of the nation. The fair name (>f the State, however, has been redeemed, 
 and the debt, which circumstances forced her to suspend, is now liquidated, interest having been regularly paid for many 
 years, and the principal is being reduced by the operation of a sinking fund. The day of her degradation indeed is 
 passed, and she miw looms up among that glorious galaxy of states whicli circumscribes her boundaries, as one of the 
 most glorious and honored. 
 
 Snvce.sniu)i of iiaiiernors.—'PttoPfaETOTir Goternors: William Penn, 16S2; Thomas Lloyd (Pres.), 16S4; John Black- 
 well (Dep.-Gov.), 16S5 ; Benjamin Fletcher, 1693 (alsii governor of New York) ; William Markham, 169-3 ; William Penn, 
 1699; Andrew Hamilton (Dep.-Gov.), 17iil ; Edward Shippen (Pres.), 1703; John Evans (Dep.-Gov.), 1704; Charles 
 Gooken (Dep.-Gov.), 1709; Sir William Keith (Dep.-Gov.), 1717; Patrick Gordon (Dep.-Gov.), 1726; James Logan 
 (Pres.), 1736; George Thomas (Dep.-Gov.), 1738; Anthony Palmer (Pres.), 1747; James Hamilton (Dep.-Gov.), 174S; 
 Robert H. Morris (Dep.-Gov.), 1754; William Denny (Dep.-Gov.), 1756; James Hamilton, 1759; John Penn, 1763; 
 James Hamilton (Pres.), 1771 ; Richard Penn, 1771 ; John Penn, 1773-1776; — Presidents undei: First Constitution : 
 Thomas Wharton, 1777; Joseph Reed, 177S; William Moore, 17S1 ; John Dickinson. 17S2; Benjamin Franklin, 1785; 
 Thomas Mifflin, 17S8-1790 ; and — Govkbnoiis under tiib Skoond Constitution: Thomas Mifflin, 1790; Thomas M'Kean, 
 1799; Simon Snyder, ISoS; William Findlay, 1817; Joseph Hiester, 1820; J. Andrew Sbulze, 1823; George Wolf, 1829; 
 Joseph Ritner, 1835; David R. Porter, 1S3S; Francis R. Shunk, 1S44 ; WiUiam F. Johnson {finxifficio), 9th July, 1848; 
 William F. Johnson. 1S49 ; William Bigler, 1851. 
 
 Hasbibburg, on the left bank of the Susquehanna, is the political capital of the State. 
 24S 
 
168 Vine Street, between 4tli and 5th, Cincinnati. 
 
 <•>» > ■ 
 
 C. F. O'DRISCOLL & CO. 
 
 MANUFACTURERS AND DEALERS IN 
 
 NEWS, BOOK AND JOB TYPE, PRINTING PRESSES, 
 
 Cases, Gallies, &c. Inks and Printing Material of every description. Stereotyi>ing and Electrotyping of all 
 kinds. Books, Music, Patent Medicine Directions, Jobs, Wood Engraving, &c. 
 
 BRAND AND PATTERN LETTERS— VARIOUS STYLES. 
 
 f 11 IMILf (SDMimi 
 
 d 
 
 (INDEPENDENT ON ALL SUBJECTS,) 
 
 A. NETVS _A,NI3 BUSINESS F»A-I>E1^, 
 
 Published in the Columbian Buildings, on the North Side of Third-st., betw. Walnut & Vine, 
 I At Five Dollars per Annum. 
 
 m mhim msmm m 
 
 ' A mammoth Weekly of the largest class, containing a vast amount of reading matter, arranged with great care, 
 ' e^Sy for the country, at ONE DOLLAR per annum, invariably in advance Liberal deductions to cubs. 
 I STANHOPE S. ROWE, Proprietor. W. B. SHAT1 UCK., Editor. 
 
 THE COLUMBIAN STEAM JOB PRINTING OFFICE. 
 
 The Proprietor of the Columbian has established, in connection with his Newspaper Department, a BOOK & 
 JOB PRINTING OFUCEofthe first order, complete in all its arrangements, and of an extent that will enable 
 the Office to meet all requisitions that may be made upon it, with the utmost dispatch. 
 
 MARK'S PATENT AND IMPROVED ARTIFICIAL LEGS. 
 
 These Limbs are worn with great ease; are light, simple and durable. Persons desirous of purchasing or 
 obtainine; any information are invited to call at the office, or address by letter. All communications will be 
 promptly attended to. Prices are reasonable, and manufactured only at this estaiilishnient. 1 he Legs can be 
 iTade from measurement, and sent to any part of the World. A.A.MARKS, 
 ]22 No^j)7_Broadw;jiyj^New_York 
 
CHAPIN A. HAKRTS, D. D. S., Principles of Dentai, Science. 
 THOMAS E. BOND, M. D., Therapedtics and Materia Medica. 
 WASHINGTON R. HANDY, M. D., Anatomy and Physiology. 
 PHFLIP H. AUSTEN, D. D. S., Mechanical Dentistry. 
 EDWARD MAYNARD, D. D. S., Theory and Practice of Dental Subqert. 
 RKOINALD N. WRIGHT, M. D., Chkmlstuy and Metallurgy. 
 GHRISTOPHER JOHNSTON, M. D., Mickoscoimcal and Comparative Anatomy. 
 GEORGE W. NEHJICH, D. D. S., Demonstrator ok Dental Surgery. 
 
 _ The regular cnur.se of Lectures in this institution will commence on the first Monday in November, and 
 terminate on the first of March. 
 
 The Dental Infirmary, attached to the College, aflbrds, in its extensive practice, ample opportunity for the 
 acquirement of a I'RAcnoAr. knowle{l(;e of Dentistry— medical, surgical and mechanical. Tliis department is 
 open from the first Morulay in Octodkr, making the session one of kive months' practical instruction. The 
 operations are performed hy the students, under the immediate supervision of the instructors in charge. 
 
 Among the many subjects taufjht may he briefly named— the anatomical, physicdofiical and pathological re- 
 lations of the Mouth with the rest of the human system;— causes, trealment, prcvenliiin and arrest of Dental 
 Caries; — pRArncAi.i.Y, the UBe of instruments; correction of irre(;ularities of the Dental arch ; various methods 
 of U'iing the different forms of gold; trealment of sensitive, diseased, or devitalized nervous pulp; every va- 
 riety of Dental mechanism, especially Block work and the Continuous gum work ; al.-o, a full exposition and 
 trial of all current inventions and discoveries ; — the chemistry of the animal tissues and secretions, and of 
 the metals; — the dc'cply interestin(; revelations of the microscope ; Stc, &c., &c. 
 
 FKKS.— Tickets t"()r the course ,$12.1. Dissection ticket (optional) .$10. Graduation fee $30. Tayment to 
 be made upon matriculation. No tickets issued for a partiai, course. 
 
 Candidaies for craduaiion must have attended two full courses. Four years' Dental practice or a course In 
 some otiier regular Dental or Medical College will be accepted as eiiuivaltnt to a first course. For informa- 
 tion address 
 
 P. H. AUSTEN, Dean of the Faculty, 
 
 No. 76 Sharp Street, Baltimore. 
 
THE STATE OF RHODE ISLAND. 
 
 Ehode Island (or more properly Rhode Island and Providence Plantations), although the smallest State of the Union, 
 is considerably larger than many of the sovereignties of Europe, and in point of intelligence and productive powers, far 
 in advance of any American community of the same population. It is situated between 41° 22' and 42° 03' latitudes 
 north, and between 71° 06' and 71° 38' longitudes west from Greenwich, or 5° 24' and 5° 56' east from Washington. 
 MassachusetU bounds it on the north and the east, the Atlantic Ocean on the south, and Connecticut on the west. About 
 42 miles long, and in its greatest width .35 miles, it contains a land area of l,-36n square miles. 
 
 The surface of the State is generally hilly and broljen, but nowhere does it present any elevation deserving of the name 
 of mountain. Mount Hope, in Bristol, the highest land in the State, is only 300 feet above the sea level. In the 
 neighborhood of Narragansett Bay, and on the islands within it, the land is more level, and at most exhibits but slight 
 undulations. The rivers are little more than mill streams, with courses of not more than 50 or 60 miles in length, and 
 discliarging an inconsiderable amount of water ; but as they descend from 200 to 450 feet, and are steady m their supply 
 of water, Ihey furnish valuable power, which is extensively applied to manufacturing purposes. The Pawtucket, the 
 principal river, rises in Massachusetts, where it has the name of Blackstone Kiver, and running south-east into this State, 
 falls into Providence River, one mile below the city of Providence. There are falls of about 50 feet descent four miles from 
 its mouth— below the falls it bears the name of the Soekonk River. Providence River is formed by the Wanasquiatucket and 
 Moshasuck. two small streams which unite a short distance above the city of the same name. It falls into the northern 
 arm of Narragansett Bay, and is navigable to Providence for ships of 900 tons. Pawtuxet River, rising by several 
 branches, and flowing east, enters Providence Kiver, five miles below the city. It abounds with falls, which furnish fine 
 locations for mills and manufacturing eslal>lishments. Pawcatuck River, formed by Wood and Charles rivers, waters the 
 south-weslern part of the State, and falls into Stonington harbor— in the latter part of its course it is the boundary between 
 this State and the State of Connecticut. 
 
 Narragansett Bay, a fine body of water, divides the State into two unequal proportions. It extends more than 30 miles 
 inland, and is about 15 miles wide at its southern part, but a considerable portion of this space is occupied by islands. It 
 communicates with the ocean between Point .Judith on the west, and Seaconet Point on the east. The north-eastern arm 
 of the bay is called Mount Hope Bay ; the north-western arm Greenwich Bay, and the northern arm Providence Bay. 
 The principal rivers falling into it are the Providence and the Taunton, the latter from Massachusetts. It affords great 
 advantages to ship Jiavigation, having many excellent harbors, and being accessible at all seasons. Newport harbor, in 
 the channel, between Canonicut and Rhode Island, is one of the finest in the world ; the entrance is protected by Fort 
 Walcott. on Goat's Island, and Fort Adams, on Rhode Island — the latter a large stone castle of great strength. 
 
 Rhode Isl.-ind, lying in Narragansett Bay, gives name to the State. It is 15 miles long, and on an average 3J miles 
 wide, containing an area of about 50 squ.ire miles. Its climate is delightful, and the soil very fertile. Travelers have 
 called at the •• Eden of .\merica," and southerns have chosen it as a summer residence. Canonicut is a beautiful island 
 to the west of Rhode I.-land. It is aboiu seven miles long and one mile broad. Prudence Island lies to the north-east of 
 Canonicut, and Block Island about ten miles south-west of Point .Judith. The latter is about seven miles long, and about 
 four miles broad. The islanders derive their support chiefly from fishing, but they have :ilso large numbers of cattle and 
 sheep, and produce cheese and butter of the finest quality. 
 
 The climate of the whole Stale, influenced by the vapors from the Atlantic, is mild, though changeable, and in its 
 general characteristics is sairl to assimilate that of Great Britain. The seasons are more uniform than in the more 
 northern parts of New England— the winters are sensilily milder, and the heats of summer are much modified. Spring 
 commences in March, and summer reigns from June to September. The latter month, and also October, have delightful 
 weather. Winter sets in with Novemt)er, and continues to the middle of March. The air is at all times pure, and the 
 longevity of the inhabitants, as indicated by the census, is a true indication of its salubrious qualities. 
 
 The mineral productions of Rhode Island are of little importance. Some iron ore is found in different p.irts. Anthracite 
 occurs, but although it has been pronounced to be of a good quality, little has been done to bring it into use. It is found 
 chiefly in the same graywacke formation with the Massachusett's coal. Limestone abounds in the north-eastern section 
 of the State, and in these calcareous shale. There are some excellent quarries of marble. Serpentine is also abundant, 
 and there are in various places extensive quarries of freestone. On the continental portion of the Stiite the soil is 
 generally a gravelly loam, which is tolerably fertile, but difHeull of cultivation. The soil of the islands is slaty, yet they 
 are the most productive ami valuable lands in the State. There is very little alluvial land. Pine plains are found in 
 several low regions, but there are no extensive forests. Oak, walnut, and chestnut, are the prevailing growths. Fruits 
 and culinary vegetables are produced in great perfection, and in abundiince. Grain is grown in considerable quantities, 
 in reference to the area of the State, but. on the whole, the lands are better adapted for grazing than for cereal agriculture. 
 
 Rhode Island is divided into five counties, the general statistics of which and the capitals of each in 1850 were as follows j 
 
 Counties. Dwell. Pop, ;„"""( F«t"b' Capitals. | Counties. Dwell. Pop. ?^"|"J J'^',"^^' Capitals. 
 
 Bristol 1,16T . . 8 514 . . 200 . . 8T . . Bristol Providence. 12,760 . . 87,625 . . 2,162 . . 804 . . Providkncb 
 
 Pop, 
 
 in cult. 
 
 F«tKl) 
 
 Capitals, 
 
 8 514 . 
 
 . 200 
 
 . 87. 
 
 Bristol 
 
 15,06S . 
 
 . 6SS 
 
 .90 . 
 
 K. Greenwich 
 
 20,007 . 
 
 . 1,027 
 
 . 68. 
 
 Newport 
 
 Kent 2,625 . . 15,06S . . 688 . . 90 . . K. Greenwich | Washington 2,891 . . 16,4;30 . . 1,308 . . 95 . . Kingston 
 
 Newport .... 2. 
 
 The whole number of dwellings in the State was, at the above date, 22,379; of families, 28,216, and of inhabitants, 
 147,544; viz., whites 144,000— males 70,417, and females T3,5S3; fr. col. 3,544— males 1,660, and females 1,884. Of the 
 
 249 
 
THE STATE OF RHODE ISLAND. 
 
 whole population thore were, dtaf mid dumh—v,h. 61, fr. col. .■?— total 64: lliitd—wh. 61, fr. col. 8— total 64; ivmno— 
 wh. 24S. fr. col. 4— total 252 ; ari'l utU>Ui>-vi\\. 104, fr. col. 3— toUil 107. The number of free persons born In the United 
 States was 124.299, the number of foreign birlh 23,111, and of l)irth unknown 1:55. The ndtice population originated as 
 follows: Me. 76^, N. Hamp. 7 '6, Verm. 4'59, Mass. ll.SSS, Rhode hUtnd 102,641, Conn. 3.976, N. Y. 2,0,55, n7 Jer. 193, 
 Penn. 447. Del. ."jO, Md. 365, Dist. of Col. 64, Virg. 191, N. Car. 76, S. Car. h', Ga. 6^, Flor. 22, Ala. 13, Miss. 33, La. 21, Tex. 
 4, Arlc. 0, Tenn. 4, Ky. 19. Oh. 9S, Midi. 22, Irid. 11. III. 1.5, Mo. 13, la. 9, Wise. 6, Calif. 0, Territories 40 ; and \he foreign 
 population was composed of persons from— Kngland 4,490, Ireland 15.944. Scotland 9SS, Wales 12. Germany 230, France 
 80, Spain 14, Portugal 5S, Belgium 2, Holland 12, Turkey 1. Italy 25, Austria 1, Switzerland S, Russia 1. Denmark 15, Xor- 
 way 25, Sweden 17, Prussia 5, Asia 1, Africa 9, British America 1,024, Mexico 7, Central America 4, South America 4, West 
 Indies 57. Sandwich Islands 8, and other countries 52. 
 
 The following table will show the decennial progress of the population since the first census of the State, taken by the 
 United States authority : 
 
 Colored Persons. Decennial Increase. 
 
 Cenius ^^'llite < " -> Total < ^ \ 
 
 Vears. IVrsoiu. Free. Slave. Tctul. P.. p. Numerical. Percent 
 
 1790 64.6S9 3,469 952 4,421 69,110 — — 
 
 ISOO 65,437 3.314 331 3,685 69,122 12 0.0 
 
 ISIO 73.314 .3,609 108 3.717 77,i>31 7,909 11.4 
 
 1S20 79,413 3.598 48 3.646 83.059 6,023 7.9 
 
 1S30 9S,621 3.561 17 3.578 97,199 14,140 17.0 
 
 1840 105 5S7 3.2.5S 5 3,243 10^.8-30 11,631 11.9 
 
 1S5II 144,100 3.554 — ;3,554 147,654 33,824 35.6 
 
 The general statistics of the wealth, productions, manufactures, etc., of the State, according to the census of 1850 and 
 other doeument.s referring to the same period, are as follows : 
 
 Occupied Ldiidn, etc. — Improved lands, 356,487 acres, and unimproved lands, 197.451 acres— valued in the aggregate 
 at $17,oTO,S02. The whole number of farms in operation on the 1st June, 1850, was 5,385. Value of farming implements 
 and maehinery, .$497,201 . 
 
 Li re-Stocl:— Horses, 6,168 ; asses and mules, 1 ; milch cows, 28.698; working oxen, 8,189; other cattle, 9,375; sheep, 
 44,290. and swine, 19,.509 : in all valued at tl,532,6.37. In 1840 the stock consisted of 8,024 horses and mules, 36,891 neat 
 cattle of all kinds, 90,146 sheep, an<l 30,059 swine. 
 
 ProducU (if Animtds. — Wool, 129,092 pounds; butter, 995,070 pounds; cheese, 316,508 pounds; and the value of 
 animals slaughtered during the year had been .$667,486. The wool returned in 1840 was 183.8.30 pounds. 
 
 Gniiii, (^/•()/).s'.— Wheat, 49 bushels; rye, 26,4o9 bushels; Indian corn, 539,202 bushels; oats, 215.232 bushels; barley, 
 18,675 bushels; and buckwheat, 1,245 bushels. Compared with the crops exhibited in the census of 1&40, the following 
 results are obtained : 
 
 Crops, lR4n. 18.W. 
 
 Wheat 3,093 busliels 49 bushels deer 
 
 llye 34.521 " 26,409 " 
 
 Indian corn 450.498 " .539,2ii2 " 
 
 Oats 171,517 " 215.232 " 
 
 Barley 66.490 " 18,875 " 
 
 Buckwheat 2,979 " 1,245 " 
 
 deer. 
 
 Mover 
 3,049 bush 
 
 rent, 
 
 •Is, or 
 
 9S.4 
 
 per cent 
 
 deer. 
 
 8,112 
 
 " 
 
 or 
 
 23.5 
 
 " 
 
 mcr. 
 
 88,704 
 
 " 
 
 or 
 
 19.7 
 
 " 
 
 iner. 
 
 43,715 
 
 " 
 
 or 
 
 25.5 
 
 " 
 
 deer. 
 
 47,615 
 
 « 
 
 or 
 
 71.6 
 
 « 
 
 dear. 
 
 1,734 
 
 " 
 
 or 
 
 41.7 
 
 « 
 
 Ot^wr Food Cropa. — Peas and beans, 6,346 bushels; potatoes — Irish, 651,029 bushels, and sweet, bushels. The potato 
 crop of 1839 amounU'd to 911,973 bushels. 
 
 MiKcelUtneou.i Crops— Ua.y, 74,818 (in 1840, 63,449) tons; clover-seed, 1,328 bushels; other grass seed, 8,708 bushels; 
 hops, 277 pounds; flax, 85 pounds; maple sugar, 2S poimds ; mola.sses, 4 gallons; beeswax and honey, 6,347 pounds; 
 wine, 1,013 gallons, etc. Value of oroliard products, $63,994, and of market-garden produets, $9S,29S. 
 
 Ilome-niade Mitnufiictures were produced in the year to the value of $26,495. The same class of goods returned in 
 th« census of 1840 were valued at $51,180. 
 
 Mauuftictures. — Total capital invested in manufactures, $ ; value of all raw material, fuel, etc., consumed in 
 
 the year, $ ; monthly cost of labor. $ — male $ , and feinide $ ; value of products for the year, 
 
 f The numt>er of manufaeturing establishments in operation within the State on the 1st June, 1850, was 1,144, 
 
 distributed among the counties as shown in the gener.il table. Of this number 153 were cotton factories, 45 woolen fac- 
 tories, 10 tanneries, and 21 engaged in the manufacture of iron, namely, 20 in the manufacture of castings and 1 in that 
 of wrought iron. The aggregate capit.al invested in manufactures in 1840 amounted to $10,096,130. 
 
 In the cotton manufacture the capital employed was $6.675,t)00 ; the value of raw material, fuel, etc., consumed, 
 $3,4S4,.579; and the produets lor the yejir, 90,925.612 yards of sh<'eting, and l,9ii2,9S0 pounds of thread and yarn, valued 
 at $6,447,120. Cotton consumed, 50,713 i)ales, and coal, 13,116 tons; hands emiiloye<l, 10,875— males 4.959 and females 
 5,916 : entire wages paid per month, $163,9.38— to males $92,282 and to females $76,656. The census of 1840 returned 2«l9 
 factories and 17 dyeing establishments; capital, $7,326,000: hands, 12,086 ; and value of annual products. $7,116,792. 
 
 In the woolen manufacture the capital invested was $1,013,000; value of raw materi.al, fuel, etc., $1,403,900; products 
 of the year, 8.612,400 yards of cloth, 46,000 pounds of yarn, etc., valued at .$2,331,n25. Wool consumed, 4,103.870 pounds, 
 and coal, 2,0.32 tons; hands employed, 1,763 — males 987, and females 771 : mcmthly wages paid, $32,139 — to m.tles $20,431, 
 and females $11,703. In 1340 there were in the State 45 fulling-mills and 41 woolen factories; capital, $685,350; hands, 
 961 ; and vidiie of products for the year, $342,172. 
 
 In tdjinene.'i the capital invested amounted to $42,900; value of hides and skins used, $40,615: hands employed, .38 — at 
 a monthly cost of $8'.'9: skins tanned. 14,361, and sides of leather tanned, 21,142, together valued at $75,040. In 1340 
 there were in tlie State 27 tanneries; capital $72,000; hands employed, 89 ; products- 1,534 sides of sole leatlier and 50,860 
 sides of upper leather. 
 
 The iron manufacture is comparatively a small interest on Rhode Island. No manufactures of pig iron are returned in 
 the census of 1S50. In the manufacture of cdMinga the capit:d invested amounted to $423,300; value of all raw material, 
 fuel, etc., used, $258.267 ; hands employed, 800— at average wages $29 63 per month ; pig iron used, 8,918 tons, and min- 
 2,"<0 
 
'^ /h\n 
 
 t\smQ Pac|iii£s, 
 
 L. PHILIP BEERS, 
 
 ^S^:^^^^ ^2* C2D IXi I^ 9 
 
 The ONLY HARDY and CONSTANT WORKING MACHINE, 
 particularly constructed to the understanding of the Blacks of the 
 South, and 
 
 RTTTIT TTTTQ^TT PD'E'AT^ QTIPP^QQ 
 ON PLANTATIONS. 
 
 The Directions that go with the Machines are so PLAIN and the 
 Machines so SIMPLE and EFFECTUAL, that parties have no diffi- 
 culty in running them who never saw a Sewing Machine. 
 
 1^^ All orders or communications sent to me will be promptly at- 
 tended to. 
 
 L. PHILIP BEERS, 
 
 61 
 
iAL CiLLEGE, 
 
 CORNER STATE AND RANDOLPH STREETS, 
 
 ENTRANCE No. 73 STATE STREET. 
 
 DIGBY V. BELL, President. THOMAS J. SLOAN, Vice President. 
 
 3F" .A. CJ TJ Ij TP ir . 
 
 THOMAS J. SLOAN, 
 Prof. Double Entry Book-keeping, and Lecturer on General Laws of Trade, Exchange and Accounts. 
 
 H. ORVILLE SNOW, 
 
 Professor of Mathematics. 
 E. B. ROCKWELL, 
 
 ROBERT S. BLACKWELL, 
 
 Professor of Commercial Lato. 
 
 ALBERT S. KIDDER, 
 
 Professor of Penmanship. 
 
 Assistant Professor of Book-keeping. 
 
 D. S. HEALD, B. 0. CARR, T. M. FORD, P. C. HANFORD, E. B. WALLACE, 
 
 Tutors, Book-keeping Department. 
 
 GEORGE T. CLINE, Teacher of the Art of Detecting Counterfeit and Altered Bank Notes. 
 
 The extraordinary patronage bestowed upon this long established and popular institution, 
 affords gratifying evidence that the superior advantages and facilities it offers for the acquisi- 
 tion of a thorough knowledge of the various branches of a Commercial Education, are favor- 
 ably appreciated by a discerning and intelligent community. Over two hundred full course 
 students have been in attendance during the past winter, being an amount of patronage un- 
 paralleled in this country. 
 
 THE COLLEGIATE COURSE. — The course of study is the most extensive, complete and 
 thorough ever introduced into any Commercial College in this country, and comprises practi- 
 cal instruction in double entry Book-keeping and Accounts adapted to the business of whole- 
 sale retail, forwarding and commission merchants, bankers and brokers, manufacturers, farm- 
 ers 'mechanics and professional men, railroading,® steamboating, and all other kinds of busi- 
 ness, by individuals, partnerships, and corporations, with compound company accounts, mer- 
 cantile forms in general, and an appropriate style of business correspondence; a complete 
 course of commercial calculations, embracing every variety of computations pertaining to 
 business operations, and of practical use in the counting room; practical penmanship, being 
 a systematic style of business writing; the art of detecting counterfeit and altered bank notes; 
 the subjects of commercial law as connected with commercial usages and customs, together 
 with incidental exercises, embracing much other knowledge indispensable to correct business 
 action. 
 
 The design of the institution being to qualify its students for the practical and intelligent 
 discharge of an accountant's duties, no text books are used — the memory merely is not taxed, 
 but the understanding is addressed, and the school is therefore considered a counting room, 
 and the student at once introduced to the workings and routine of business. 
 
 The school is in continual session, and students being instructed individually, and not in 
 classes, may enter whenever they please. 
 
 The average time for completing the full cour.se is from eight to ten weeks. Pamphlet Cir- 
 culars and Catalogues furnished gratis on application to the President. 
 
 * A Systematic Method of practical Railroad Book-l«'epiri!.', with the most approved auxiliaries, prepared by 
 the President, for the exilu>ive use ot this Collecei as w text hook, (copynijlit scciin-il,) and which is most highly 
 comiTiended hy the offli-ers of the principal llailroid (Joiiip lilies in the West. Copies of this work in manu- 
 script are furnisheil t> Railroad Companies at twenty -fiv dollars each, hut students entering for the collegiate 
 course will receive instruction in this important hranch without extra charge. 
 
THE STATE OF RHODE ISLAND, 
 
 eral cofil, 4.6T0 lo>is; ojisl'ings made, S.ooS Ions, and otlicr products to llie value of $119,500; total value of products fur iIjiI 
 yei'.t. $7'2S.7(:5. Tlie cipital iiivtsti'd in the nianufacUire or tcroinjlil iron was $2iiS,i On ; pig metal used, ;3,iiOO tons, and 
 mineral coal consumed, B,00l> tons; value of all favv material, I'liel, etc., $111,750; hands employed, 'liO, at wages aver- 
 aging %2'(i pev month; wrought iron made, 2,650 Ions; value of entire aniui.il proiliiels, $'J'2'2,400. In 1S40 there were 
 5 tnrn.-iees in the St,ile, producing 4,126 tons of e:ist iron, consuming 227 tuns fuel, and employing 29 men. The capital 
 invested in the mamifaeture of iron in that year was $22,250. 
 
 In the manufacture of malt awl Kpiritaoiis liquorx, the capital invested amounted to $17,000 ; the number of hands 
 eniplo^ved was 9 ; and the consumption of barley, 12,5nfl bushels, and of hops, tons; ale, etc., produced. 3,9t)0 barrels. 
 In 1S40, 4 distilleries proiluced S55,U00 gallons of spirits, and 3 breweries S19,G0l) gallons ale, etc. ; hands, 42 ; and capital 
 invesi.d. .$139,006. 
 
 Among the manwfactnres of the Slate others than those specified above, the most important are those of hardware, 
 machinery, cutlery, etc. There are also considerable investments in the manufacture of jewelry, hals and caps, saddlery, 
 paper, and in tiie various d; scriptions of mills. 
 
 Foreir/ii Coiniiiercp. — The direct foreign commerce of Rhode Island, once considerable, is now comparatively of small 
 iminntit, and relativt-ly to its i)0j)ulation and manufacturing imi)orlance, very small indeed. Indirectly, its connection 
 Willi foreign countries is comnn-nsurate with its rank as a manutaeturing State. It imports and exports chiefly through 
 the pnrr.s of Massachusetts and New York, to which it lias ejisy access by railroads and other means. The value of the 
 o.xpiirls and imports for the year ending Soth June. 1S50, was, according to the treasury report, as follows — exports: do- 
 misti'C products, iu American v<>ssels, $206,969. an<l in foreign vessels, $330 — total value of domestic exports, $206,209 ; and 
 foreign products, $9,%6, all in .American vessels — total value of all exports, $216,265 — and imporU : in American vessels, 
 $251,T(^S, and in foreign vessels, $6,595 — total value of imports, $25S,303. The statistics of navigation exhibit the en- 
 trances and clearances thus : 
 
 KiitereJ. Cle.ired. Total. 
 
 Nati.mnlttv ' ^ , / ■ , . — • . 
 
 or.'*lii|.pmg. Vessels. Tdiw. Crevv«, Vt?s.sels. ■f.ins. Crew.,. V«.-shIs. Tons. Ciews. 
 
 American loO 17.94T 821 94 16,770 833 
 
 Foreign 19 2,075 
 
 lis 
 
 16 
 
 1,705 
 
 99 
 
 194 34,61T 1,654 
 
 35 3,780 217 
 
 Total 119 19,922 9-39 110 18,475 932 .... 229 3S,39T 1,S71 
 
 119 20,243 943 
 
 76 12,800 6T5 
 
 84 5,354 253 
 
 Providence C9 11.TS6 540 50 S,45T 403 
 
 Bristo' 33 5.534 2T3 43 7,266 402 
 
 Newpprt 17 2,602 126 17 2,T52 127 
 
 — of this aggregate. Providence entered 69 vessels (11,786 tons), Bristol 33 vessels (5,.534 tons), and Newport 17 vessels 
 (2,602 tons); and Providence cleared 50 vessels (8,457 tons), Bristol 4:3 vessels (7,266 tons), and Newport 17 vessels (2,752 
 terns). The total shipping owned in the State at the above date was 40,489 tons. The amount of registered shipping 
 amounted to 26,068 tons, of whicli 21,497 tons were of permanent register, and 4,571 of temporary register, and of this 
 5,S29 tons were employed in the whale fisheries, and the remainder in the foreign trade. The enrolled and licensed ship- 
 ping amounted to 13.722 tons, of which 13,173 tons were employed in coasting, 155 tons in the cod fisheries, and 389 tons 
 in the mackerel fisheries, and 432 tons were navigated by steam. The licensed shipping (under 20 tons) amounted to 699 
 tons, of which 360 tons were employed in coasting, and 339 tons in the cod fishery. Total registered, 26.063 tons; enrolled 
 and licensed, 13.721 tons; and licensed, 699— aggregate tonnage, 40,488 tons. Owned in Providence district, 16,712 tons; 
 in Bristol, 13,198 tons; and in Newport, 10,578 tons. Fourteen vessels, viz., 5 ships, 5 schooners, 3 sloops, and 1 steamer, 
 were built in the State during the year, and of these the burden was 3,587 tons— built at Bristol, 2,191 tons; at Providence, 
 1,299 Ions ; and at Newport, 95 tons. 
 The statistics of tlie imports and exports of Rhode Island from 1791-1810 exhibit the following movements : 
 
 I in ports. 
 
 Ye.ir. 
 
 Fxports. 
 
 1791 .... 
 
 . . .$470,131 .... 
 
 1792 . . . . 
 
 698,109 .... 
 
 1793.... 
 
 616.4;32.... 
 
 1794.... 
 
 945,599 .... 
 
 1795 .... 
 
 .. 1,222.917.... 
 
 1796 .... 
 
 .. 1,5.89,872.... 
 
 1737 .... 
 
 975.5.30.... 
 
 179S .... 
 
 917,827 .... 
 
 1799 . . . . 
 
 .. 1,0.56.273.... 
 
 1800 . . . . 
 
 .. 1,322,945.... 
 
 1801 . . . . 
 
 .. 1.832.778.... 
 
 1802 .... 
 
 . . 2.4:33,363 .... 
 
 1S03 . . . . 
 
 .. 1.275,596.... 
 
 1804 .... 
 
 .. 1,7:3.5,671 .... 
 
 18:i5 .... 
 
 . . 2,572.049 .... 
 
 1806 . . . . 
 
 .. 2.091, 8S5 .... 
 
 1807 . . . . 
 
 . . 1,657.664 .... 
 
 ISiiS . . . . 
 
 442.034 .... 
 
 18ii9 .... 
 
 .. 1.284532.... 
 
 1810.... 
 
 .. 1, 3-31,. 576 .... 
 
 Vear. 
 
 Kxpnrts 
 
 Imports. 
 
 ye.ir. 
 
 Exports. 
 
 Imports. 
 
 1811 
 
 .. $1,571,424... 
 
 ^ 
 
 1881 .... 
 
 . $367,465 . . . 
 
 $562,161 
 
 
 
 1812 
 
 755.187 . . . 
 
 
 18-32.... 
 
 534,459 . . . 
 
 657,969 
 
 
 
 1813 
 
 236,802 . . . 
 
 
 18-33 .... 
 
 485,481 . . . 
 
 . 1,042,286 
 
 
 
 1814 ... 
 
 472.4.34 . . . 
 
 
 1834.... 
 
 420,885 . . . 
 
 427,024 
 
 1815 
 
 
 
 
 296,003 . . . 
 228.420 . . . 
 . ' 488.258 . . . 
 291 ''57 
 
 597,713 
 555,199 
 523,610 
 656.613 
 612,057 
 274,534 
 
 1816 
 
 612,794 . . . 
 
 950,467 . . . 
 .. 1,027,291... 
 . . 1.281,4:34 . . . 
 .. 1,072,762... 
 
 
 18-36 .... 
 
 1837 
 
 1817 
 
 
 1818 
 
 
 1838 
 
 1819 
 
 
 1839 
 
 
 1^20 
 
 
 1840 .... 
 
 206,989 . . . 
 
 
 
 1821 ... 
 
 996.828 . . 
 
 . 1.0.32.968 
 
 1^41 .... 
 
 278.465 . . . 
 
 839.592 
 
 1822 . . . 
 
 862,363 . . . 
 
 . 1.884.144 
 
 1842 .... 
 
 348.696 . . . 
 
 328,692 
 
 1823 . . . 
 
 9:33,114... 
 
 . 1,412,953 
 
 1843 .... 
 
 105,847 . . . 
 
 155.758 
 
 1824... 
 
 872.,S99 . . . 
 
 . 1,388.336 
 
 1844 .... 
 
 260,777 . . . 
 
 269,4:37 
 
 1V25 . . . 
 
 678,467 . . . 
 
 907,9116 
 
 1.845 .... 
 
 191,0-32... 
 
 274,3:30 
 
 1826 ... 
 
 781,540... 
 
 . 1,185,9.34 
 
 1846 .... 
 
 224,364 . . . 
 
 210,489 
 
 1827 ... 
 
 804,187 . . . 
 
 . 1,241,828 
 
 1847.... 
 
 192,369 . . . 
 
 805,489 
 
 1828 . . . 
 
 722.166 . . . 
 
 . 1,128.226 
 
 1848 .... 
 
 221,6-31... 
 
 351.590 
 
 1829 . . . 
 
 890,381 . . . 
 
 423,811 
 
 1849 .... 
 
 178,152... 
 
 237,478 
 
 1830 . . . 
 
 278,950 . . 
 
 483,756 
 
 1850 .... 
 
 216,265 . . . 
 
 258,303 
 
 Internal Imprcyvemfntt. — Rhode I.sland has several excellent railroads and olher improvements. The principal rail- 
 roads are those connecting it with Boston ami Worcester on the one hand, and with the ports of Long Island Sound .-md 
 New York on the olher. The first comprise the Boston and Providence R. R. and the Providence and Worcester R. R., 
 and the latter the Stonington R. R., Ilu- Providence, Hartford, and Fishkill R. It., an<l the New York and Boston R. R., 
 the two latter yel ineolnplet(^ The l;l;icUsl(»ne Canal ^lso extends from Providence to Worcester. The condition of Iheso 
 .everal works is shown in the "Appendix." 
 
 251 
 
 I 
 
THE STATE OF RHODE ISLAND. 
 
 Bunks. — In September, 1S50, there were in the State 63 banking institutions, the assets and lialiilities of wliich at that 
 date were as follows: awets — lo;ins and (liscomita, $15,4SI2.547; stoclvs, |lol.277; real estatf, $2S3,.34t; other investments, 
 $13,461; due by other baiilss, $441,164; notes of other blinks, $537,761; and specie, $297,661; ami //i(///WiV.s— capital, 
 $11,645,492; circulation, $2,653,>)ti5; deposits, $1.4*8.596; due other banks, $650,56il ; ami other liabilities, $183,733. There 
 are also savings' institutions, and life, fire, and marine insurance companies in all the large cities. 
 
 Government. — Until the year 1S44 the form of government was that ordained by the ambient royal charter, which was 
 originally one of the most liberal granted to the American colonies. In that year a new constitntion was formed and 
 ralifled by the people. 
 
 E\ery male citizen of the United States, resident in the State for the last past year, and in the town or city in which he 
 claims to vote, for the .«i.\ months next preceding an election, and owning real estate in such town or city worth $134 
 above all incumbrances, or of the clear yearly value of $7, may vote for all civil officers, and on all questions in all legal 
 town or ward meetings, or if Ihe estate lie without such town or cily, l)ut within the Slate, he ni:iy vote fur all general 
 officers and members of the General Assendjly ir. the town or city of which he is a resident, etc. NoXarmgansett Imlian 
 can vote, etc. The general election is held on the first Wednesday in April annually. In all elections for State ofTicers, a 
 majority of votes is necessary to a choice. 
 
 All leyidiitive pmcer is vested in the General Assembly, which consists of a Senate and House of Eiprescntatives — the 
 former consists of senators, one from each town or city, .and the lieutenant-governor. The governor presides thirein (and 
 in his absence the lieutenant-governor), and has a casting vote only. The house consists of members not to exceed 72 in 
 number, elected in ratio of population, but every town is entitled to at least one representative, and not to more than twelve. 
 The convention of the two houses is styled the Grand Committee, and is presideil over by the president of the Senate. 
 There arc two sessions of the General Assembly every year, one at Newport, on the first Tuesilay of May, and the other 
 at South Kingston, on the la-st Monday in October, every two years, and the intermediate years alternately at Bristol and 
 East Greenwich, and this session ailjourns every year to Providence. 
 
 The ea-ecutine nuthorUij is vested in a governor. If no governor be chosen by the people, the Grand Committee elects 
 one of the two popular candidates having the highest number of votes, and so in respect of the election of the lieutenant- 
 governor. The governor has not the usual veto on the acts of the legislature, nor may he grant pardons, but except in 
 cases of impeachment he has power to grant reprieves. If the office of governor be vacant, the lieutenant-governor, and 
 after him the president of the Senate pro tempore., acts as governor. 
 
 Enery elector is gua/ified to hold the office for whicJt he mdy be qualified to vote. 
 
 Judicial powers re.si<le in a Supreme Court and Courts of Common Pleas. The Supreme Court consists of a chief 
 and three a.s.soeiate judges, who are appointed by the Grand Committee, and hold office until they are removed by a reso- 
 lution of two-thirds of both houses. On this court alone may chancery powers be conferred. The Courts of Common 
 Pleas, formerly held by a judge of the Supreme Court and two associate justices, elected for each county, are now held by 
 a Supreme Court juilge sitting alone — the associate justices of that court dividing the duty among themselves. 
 
 Thi} financial stitt^ment of the treasurer, for the year l"^49-50, exhibits the receipts into the puldic treasury at $161,649, 
 and the expenditures at $161,414— excess of receipts, $235. The chief sources of income are, the bank tax $33,66!>, the 
 State tax $17,084, public deposits $84 326, etc. The principal expenditures are those for executive. legislative, and judicial 
 support, and several amounts paid for the support of schools, etc. Properly speaking, Ehode Island has no public 
 debt. 
 
 The State militia, in 1850, consisted of an aggregate of 15,037 men of .lU arms, of which 71 were commissioned officers, 
 and 14,966 non-commissioned officers, musicians, artificers, and privates. Of the commissioned officers 6 were general 
 officers, 16 general staff i^fficers, 30 field officers, etc., and 19 company officers. The governor Is ex officio commander-in- 
 chief, and all persons between 18 and 45 years of age, except those excused from military duty by law, are subject to 
 enrollment. 
 
 The State, within its own borders, has no institutions for the support and education of the deaf and dumli, and blind ; but 
 an annual appropriation is made for these purposes, amounting to $2,5'i0, which is expended in furnishing facilities for 
 such afflicted persons in the institutions of the adjoining States. The insane are provided for in the Butler Hospital for 
 the Insane, at Providence, and the 1st Jan., 1851, there were in the establishment 113 patients — 50 males and 63 females. 
 
 Federal representation. — In accordance with the law of the 23d May, 1850, apportioning representation, Khodo Island 
 sends ttvo members to the National Congres.s. 
 
 Education — The school fund proper, which is invested in bank stock, amounts to $51,300: and besides the interest on 
 this sum, the following are appropriated to the support of common schools: the interest of the State's part of the U. S. 
 deposit fund, and the proceeds of the militia commutation tax collected in the towns. The whole number of school dis- 
 tricts in the State, in 1850, was 332, of which 231 owned school-houses. There had been expended on school-houses, in 
 the la.st past six years, $I4S,2.->4. Number of persons under 15 years of age. 47.857 ; number attending school, 24,442, and 
 average attendance, 13,1 S2. Number of teachers. 509 — male 239, and female 270. Moneys receive<l from public funds in 
 1850. $34..S48 71 ; and raise.i by towns, $,W..S::!2 70— total. $96 913 54. lixpendeil for schools. $95,291 16, and for school- 
 houses, $19,070 81. In June, l'?51, Ihe school laws were reviseil and consolidated, and in many respects much improved. 
 Academies, granmiar, and other private schools, are numerous. The chief collegiate institution of the State is Brown 
 University (Baptist), at Providence, founded 1764. It is one of the most respectable and flourishing in.stitutions of the 
 State. In 185ii it hnd 10 professors, 195 students, .nnd 1,765 alumni, of which number 460 were in the ministry. It has 
 valuable libraries of 31,000 volumes, a museum, cabinet, philosophical apparatus, etc. It was originally located in Warren, 
 but in 1770 was removed to Providence. The number of adults in Ihe State who can not read and write is 3.744. 
 
 Puhlic Lihrarieft. — 5 social libraries — 25,104 volumes; 1 college — 24,000 volumes ; 2 students' — 7,600 volumes ; 2 scien- 
 tific and historical — .3,000 volumes; 35 public school — 19,637 volumes. Total — 45 libraries, and 79,341 volumes. — Report 
 of Lihr. SmithHonian Tnfititnte, 1S51. 
 
 Periodical Press.— 'V\\e whole number of periodicals published in the State, in 1850, was 19, of which S advocated 
 " whig" principles, and 4 those of the democratic party. Seven were neutral in politics, or devoted to literature, religion, 
 etc.. including those the character of wliich has not been .iscertained. Of the whole number, 5 were issued daily, circu- 
 lating at each is.sue 9,7,50 copies, or 3,0.32.250 copies annually ; 2 semi-weekly, circulating 2.000 co|)ies. or 20S,00ii annu.-dly ; 
 12 weekly, circulating 14,225 copies, or 739,700 annually. Tofcd copies .-it each issue, 25,975, or 3,079,950 copies auTuially. 
 The papers as published in the counties are— Bristol. 2 weekly ; Kent, 1 weekly; Newpiirl. 2 il.-iily and o weekly ; and 
 Providence, 3 daily, 2 semi-weekly, and 6 weekly. The dailies are published in the cities of Newport and Providence. 
 252 
 
( ((<^!^^^^a-^^^^^J))) ) 
 
 WASMiBlBTBi i 
 
 NOW BEING ERECTED BY THE PEOPLE OF TEE UiNITED STATES IN 
 THE CITY OF WASHINGTON. , 
 
Paper and Blank Books. i 
 
 C. F. BRADLF.Y. H. W. DERBY. 
 
 C. F.BRADLEY &C:. 
 Stationers, Printers, 
 
 AND BINDERS, 
 
 No. 147 MAIN STREET, 
 
 Clncliiuati. 
 
 S. C. ERWIN & CO. 
 
 FASHIONABLE 
 
 149 Main Stieet, 
 Ciiiclunati. 
 
 S. B. FINDLAY. S. C. IRWIN, 
 
 Late uilli Dodd ^- Co. 
 
 W. McGREW & SOX, 
 
 IMPORTERS OF 
 
 silver Miifl Plated Ware, 
 
 S. W. Corner Main and 4th Sts 
 
 CIIST CI3Sr3Sr.A.TI. 
 Watches, Clocks ami Jewtlry re- 
 paired, &.C. 
 
 F. W. HURTT, 
 
 GENERAL 
 
 Cor. 6th and "Walnul, Sts. 
 
 Ciiiciiiiiali. 
 
 Ayi'iit for llic Soiillii'rn 'uiil VVi'fl- 
 (■ri) Jiiiiriial ui I'ro'jress, I'roj;r^^s ol' 
 tile Ucpiiblio, £(.c. 
 
 S. T. CARLEY, 
 
 MANUFACTURING 
 
 S. W. cor. Main and 4th Sts. 
 CIBfCININATI. 
 
 LOVIE, BAUERTE & BRUIN, 
 
 2^ui> (?ngv;ibcr.s on ®?loob, 
 
 S. W. Cor. Main and 4th Sts. 
 
 (.'iiiciiinutl. 
 
 Are pri'|):ircil lo i-x.-i'iiii' all work in 
 tlii'ir liiu' ill till' 1»->1 >l\;l<-,ai ri'asiin- 
 ablu prices, .itui wiih proiiipiiicKs. 
 
THE STATE OF RHODE ISLAND, 
 
 The statistics of tlie several religious denominations in the State were, for the year 1850, as 
 
 Religious Denom iimtions 
 
 — The statistics of the 8e\ 
 
 follows : 
 
 
 
 
 De iiina No. <if 
 
 Cliiir.-li 
 
 Value of 
 
 Den„mi.,a- 
 
 tions. Chur.l.ps. 
 
 arriiin. 
 
 Prnp.rt.v 
 
 tinlls. 
 
 Baptist 100.. 
 
 40.1 .',1.. 
 
 $8(;6.;3 '0 
 
 Germ n Ref. 
 
 Christian... 7.. 
 
 2.500.. 
 
 24,.3(I0 
 
 Jewish 
 
 Cimgregafl. 21.. 
 
 11.703.. 
 
 17S,550 
 
 Liitlienm.. . 
 
 Dutch Ret.. — .. 
 
 — .. 
 
 — 
 
 Menniinite. 
 
 Episcopal . . 26 . . 
 
 11.606.. 
 
 243,500 
 
 Methodist. . 
 
 Free 2.. 
 
 611.. 
 
 5,000 
 
 Moravian.. 
 
 Friends.... 18.. 
 
 6,370.. 
 
 5T,S00 
 
 Presbyter'n. 
 
 nRn.imina. Kn. of 
 
 Cln.rch 
 
 Value of 
 
 tic.ns. Cliurelie 
 
 s. ai-.(.in. 
 
 Pniperty. 
 
 R. Catholic. 7 . 
 
 . 7,300 . 
 
 $72,500 
 
 Swedenb'g .. 2 . 
 
 . 825 . 
 
 4,400 
 
 Tiinlier — . 
 
 . — .. 
 
 — 
 
 Union 4 . 
 
 . 2,450 . 
 
 5,000 
 
 Unitarian. . . 4 . 
 
 2.950 .. 
 
 127,000 
 
 Universalist. 4 . 
 
 . 2,2.S0 . 
 
 55,000 
 
 Minor Sects. 2 . 
 
 . 950 .. 
 
 4,650 
 
 - ..$ 
 
 2-3 .. 9,310 .. 102,900 
 
 —in all 221 churches, accommodating 9S,73G persons, and valued at $l,2.'52,9O0. The Stale forms the Protestant Episcopal 
 diocese of Rhode Island, and constitutes a portion of the Roman Catholic diocese of Hartford. 
 
 Pauperism and 0//«i*.— The whole number of paupers relieved or supported from the public funds for the year ending 
 80th June, ISSO. was 2,5Gn, of wliicli 1,115 were native and 1,445 foreign born ; and the whole number on the rolls at the 
 date specified was 696—492 natives and 204 foreigners. ToUil cost of support, $45,s37. The State Prison is located at 
 Providence. The whole number of conviets in confinement on the .30th September. 1S49, was 2S— 27 mules and 1 female 
 committed during the next year, 23; discharged— by expiration of sentences, and by the General Assemlily 11— leaving 
 in prison, at the end of the official year, 1S50,37 priscmers, all males. The convicts are chiefly employed in shoemaking. 
 Income of prison. $3,964 56, and cxpenrliture. .^9.427 43. The number of persons in Providence jail, confined at the suit 
 of the State, was 66, and are employed principally in the manufacture of cabinet-ware. 
 
 niatorical Sketch.— VMgQX Williams was the first white settler wilhin the present limits of Rhode Island. Expelled 
 from Massachusetts for maintaining opinions for which the minds of men were not yet prepared, he sought refuge in the 
 wilderness, and after habiting with the Indians fi>r many weeks, he descenrled the Pawtucket River, and lurning round 
 Fox Point, slaked his Ihirst at a spring on the bank, and afterward erected his habitation near by. In grateful acknowl- 
 edgment of "God's merciful providence to him in his distress," he called the place Providence. 
 
 He found the land on which he had seated himself within the territory of the Narragansett Indians, and in 1636 he pur- 
 chased it of their chiefs. Many soon settled around him. It was one of the charges against him in Massachusetts that he 
 had avowed the doctrine that ' to punish a man for matter of conscience is persecution.'' In his exile he adhered to that 
 doctrine; he welcomed all that came, and the patriarch of the settlement would allow no interference with religious 
 opinions. The charter of Maryland was the first to secure liberty of conscience to all Christian sects— the charily of Roger 
 "Williams embraced Jews, Mohammedans, and all the heathen. Ills benevolence was not confined to his civilized breth- 
 ren ; he labored to enligliten, improve, and conciliate the savages, lie learned their language, traveled among thetn, 
 and gained the entire confidence'of the chiefs. lie had often the happiness, by his influence over them, of saving from 
 injury the colony that had proclaimed him an outlaw and driven him into the wilderness. 
 
 In 1638, two years after the expulsion of "Williams, "William Coddington and seventeen others, being persecuted for re- 
 ligious heresies in Massacluisetts. followed him to Providence. By his advice they purchased from the Indians the island 
 of Aquetnec, now called Rhode Island, and removed thither. Coddington was chosen their chief magistrate. Pursuing 
 the same liberal policy which distinguished the settlers at Providence, numerous emigrants from the neighboring colonies 
 were attracted to the settlement. 
 
 "When the New England colonies, in 1643, formed their memorable confederacy, Rhode Island applied to be admitted 
 a member. Plymouth asserting that the settlement was within her limits, it was decided by the commissioners that by 
 submitting to the jurisdiction of that colony she would be entitled to all the advantages of the Union. These conditions 
 were rejected, and Rhode Island continued in separate independence. In this year "Williams was sent to England as 
 agent for the two settlements, and the next year obtained a patent from the Parliament, by which the towns of Provi- 
 dence, Newport, and Portsmouth were incorporated, with the power of governing themselves. In 1647 all the freemen 
 met at Portsmouth. enacte<l a code of laws, and established a civil government. An Assembly was con.Mtituted, to consist 
 of six representatives Irom each town ; and the exeeulive and chief judicial power was vested in a president and four 
 assistants. Town courts were estalilished for small causes, with an appeal to the president and assistants. 
 
 The Executive Committee of Parliament had given Coddington a commission to govern the islands in the bay. This 
 interfered with the patent which had been graiite<l to Williams, and Ihreateucd the dismemberment of the colony. In 
 1651 he and John Clarke were appointed agents, and sent to England to persuade the committee to revoke the commis- 
 sion. In this lh<'y succeeded, through the influence of Sir Harry Vane, who had been of great assistance to Williams in 
 1643 in procuring the charter. "Wiiliams returned to Rhode Island, but Clarke remained in London, and long acted as 
 the faithful agent of the colony. 
 
 Upon the application of the inhabitants, the King in 1663 <:rantpd a charter, incorporating the colony of " Rhode Island 
 and Providence Plantations." It declared that no person .should be molested or called to account for any difference in 
 matters of religion. For the governnient of the colony it vested the .■supreme power in an Assembly, to consist of a 
 governor or deputy governor, ten assistants, and representatives from the several towns, all to be chosen by the freemen. 
 
 The beni'volent policy of Williams secured to the colony an almost total exemption from Indian hostilities ; he continued 
 to reside at Providence, ever active in the service of the people, sometimes their president, and at others as a.ssistant or 
 representative, until the period of his death, in 168-3. In his llletime he was beloved of his people, and in his death his 
 memory is hel<i sacred as the founder of a prosperous State. 
 
 When Sir Kdiimiid Andros was made governor of New England in 16S5, he dissolved the charter government of the 
 colony, and appointed a council to do his bidding; after he was deposed and sent to England, the freemen met at New- 
 port and re-established the ancient order of things. All the officers who three years before liail been displaced, were 
 reinstated, and all accepted but Walter Clarke, who had been re-elected president. In his stead the Assembly appointed 
 Henry Bull, a Quaker, the only one living who came with Coddington in 1638. 
 
 From this period to the commencement of the American Revolution, the history of Rhode Island is barren of events. 
 Fortunate in living under a well-reirulated government, and possessing great advantages in commerce, the inhabitants, 
 if they idayed no di.stinguished part in the drama of life, were prosperous and happy. We And it recorded th.it in 1730 
 thepo|iuUition w.is about l^,i!00, and that in ]i40 it was 85,000. In the last-mentioned year three hundred men were 
 vole.t lor an expedition into Canada, projected 1 y the British government 
 
Paper and Blank Books- 
 
 C. F. BRADLEY. H. AV. DERnV. 
 
 C. F.BRADLEY &C:. 
 Stationers, Printers, 
 
 AND BINDERS, 
 
 No. 147 MAIN STREET, 
 
 Ciiiclii»ati. 
 
 S. C. ERWIN & CO. 
 
 FASHIONABLE 
 
 149 Main Stieet, 
 Cliiclunati. 
 
 S. B. FINDLAY. 8. C. IRWIN, 
 
 Late uilh Dodd Jf- Co. 
 
 W. McGREW & SOX, 
 
 IMPORTERS OF 
 
 silver and Plated Ware, 
 
 S. W. Corner Main and 4th Sts 
 ciisr ciKr3sr.A.Ti. 
 
 Walclic-s, Clocks ami Jewtlry re- 
 paireil, &.C. 
 
 F. W. HURTT, 
 
 GENERAL 
 
 Cor. 6th and Walnut Sts. 
 
 Cliiciiiiiati. 
 
 AyiTil Tor l\\v Sniitlicrn iiiid VVcsl- 
 t^rn Jiiuriial of Progress, TrogrebS ol" 
 lilt! Ki-piiblie, &.C. 
 
 S. T. CARLEY, 
 
 MANUFACTURING 
 
 IHf IIPL 
 
 V BS Wtr • StJ feif' BS laa ^ 
 
 S. W. cor. Main and 4th Sts. 
 CIIVCIIWISATI. 
 
 LOVIE, BAUERTE & BRUIN, 
 DESIGNERS, 
 
 2^ULr (fngrabcrs on S3loob, 
 
 S. W. Cor. Main and 4th Sts. 
 
 I'iiiciiiiiiili, 
 
 All' [irc|i;uril lo .■.v.ciiic all vvnrk in 
 tlii'ir line ill llif l»>t >t);li-,ai rcasciii- 
 ublu prices, .iiul wiih prompt iiL'i«!«, 
 
THE STATE OF RHODE ISLAND 
 
 Religious Denominations. — The statistics of the several religious denomiaations in the State were, for the year 1850, as 
 follows : 
 
 De 
 
 No. (if Clii 
 
 tions. Oliiirrlips. m-i-i-in. 
 
 Baptist 100.. 40.131.. 
 
 Christian... 7.. i.500.. 
 
 Gmgrppafl. 21.. 11.703.. 
 
 Dutch lief.. — .. — .. 
 
 Episcopal.. 26.. 11,606.. 
 
 Free 2.. 611.. 
 
 Frienfls.... 18.. 6.S70.. 
 
 $3i;0.:3'0 
 24,3fl0 
 17S,5oO 
 
 245,500 
 
 5,000 
 
 57,800 
 
 Dem.mina. 
 
 tHIMS. C 
 
 Germ n Ref. 
 Jewish .... 
 Liillifraii.. . 
 Mennoivite. 
 Methoflist.. 
 Moravian.. 
 Presbyter'n. 
 
 23 .. 9,310 .. 102,900 
 
 Dennmina. No. of 
 
 CIn.rcb 
 
 Value of 
 
 tloiis. Cliiird.ep, ac.M.n, 
 
 Property. 
 
 R, Catholic. 7 . 
 
 . 7,300 . 
 
 $72,500 
 
 Swedenb'g .. 2 . 
 
 325 . 
 
 4,400 
 
 Tunker — . 
 
 — .. 
 
 — 
 
 Union 4 . 
 
 . 2,450 . 
 
 5,000 
 
 Unitarian. . . 4 . 
 
 2.950 .. 
 
 127,000 
 
 Universalist. 4 . 
 
 2,280 . 
 
 55,000 
 
 Minor Sects. 2 . 
 
 . 950 .. 
 
 4,650 
 
 —in all 221 churches, accommodating 9S,73G persons, and valued at .$1,2.'52,900. The Stale forms the Protestant Episcopal 
 diocese of Rhode Island, and constitutes a portion ol" the Roman Catholic diocese of Hartford. 
 
 Paupefimn and Crimf.—1'\w whole number of paupers relieved or supported from the public funds for the year ending 
 80th June, 1S50. was 2,56ii, of which 1,115 were native and 1,445 foreign born ; and the whole number on the rolls at the 
 date specified was 600—492 natives and 204 foreigners. Total cost of support, $45,'^37. The State Prison is located at 
 Providence. The whole number of convicts in confinement on tlie 30th September. 1849, was 28—27 males and 1 female 
 committed during the next year, 23 ; discharged— Ity expiration of sentence 3, and by the General Assembly 11— leaving 
 in prison, at the end of ihe official year, 1S50, 37 prisoners, all males. The convicts are chiefly employed in shoemaking. 
 Income of prison. $3,904 56, and expenditure, $9,427 43. The number of persons in Providence jail, confined at the suit 
 of the State, was 66, and are employed principally in the manufacture of cabinet-ware. 
 
 Iliatofical Sketch.— Vmsct Williams was the first while setller within the present limits of Rhode Island. Expelled 
 from Massachusetts for maintaining opinions for which the mimls of men were not yet prepared, he sought refuge in the 
 wilderness, and after habiting with tlie Indians for many weeks, he descended the Pawtueket River, and turning round 
 Fox Point, .slaked his thirst at a spring on the bank, and afterward erected his habitation near by. In grateful acknowl- 
 edgment of "God's merciful providence to him in his distress," he called the place Providence. 
 
 He found the land on which he had seated himself wilhin the territory of the Narragansett Indians, and in 1636 he pur- 
 chased it of their chiefs. Many soon settled around hini. It was one of the charges against him in Massachusetts that he 
 had avowed the doctrine tliat •' to punish a man for matter of conscience is persecution.'' In hi.s exile he adhered to that 
 doctrine; he welcomed all (hat came, and the patriarch of the settlement would allow no interference with rellgiou.s 
 opinions. The charter of Maryland was the first to secure liberty of conscience to all Christian sects— the charity of Roger 
 Williams embraced Jews, Mohammedans, and all the heathen. His benevolence was not confined to his civilized brelli- 
 ren ; he labored to enlighten, improve, and conciliate the savages. He learned their language, traveled among them, 
 and gained the entire confidence'of the chiefs. lie bad often the happiness, by his influence over them, of saving from 
 injury the colony that had proclaimed him an outlaw and driven him into the wilderness. 
 
 In 1638, two years after the expulsion of AVilliains, William Coddington and seventeen others, being persecuted for re- 
 ligious heresies in Massachusetts, followed him to Providence. By his advice they purchased from the Indians the island 
 of Aquetnec, now called Rhode Island, and removed thither. Coddington was chosen their chief magistrate. Pursuing 
 the same liberal policy which distinguished the settlers at Providence, numerous emigrants from the neighboring colonies 
 were attracted to the settlement. 
 
 When the New England colonies, in 1643, formed their memorable confederacy, Rhode Island applied to be admitted 
 a member. Plymouth assertim; that the settlement was within her limits, it was decided by the commissioners that by- 
 submitting to the jurLsdiction of that ci>lony she would be entitled to all the advantages of the Union. These conditions 
 were rejected, and Rhode Island continued in separate independence. In this year Williams was sent to England as 
 agent for the two settlements, and the next year obtained a patent from the Parliament, by which the towns of Provi- 
 dence, Newport, and Portsmouth were incorporated, with the power of governing themselves. In 1647 all the freemen 
 met at Portsmouth, enacted a code of laws, and established a civil government. An Assembly was constituted, to consist 
 of six representatives from each town; and the executive and chief judicial power was vested in a president and four 
 assistants. Town courts were estalilished for small causes, with an appeal to the president and assistants. 
 
 The Executive Committee of Parliament had given Coddington a commission to govern the islands in the bay. This 
 interfered with the patent which had been granted to Williams, and threatened the dismemberment of the colony. In 
 1651 he and John Clarke were appointed agents, an^l sent to England to persuade the committee to revoke the commis- 
 sion. In this they succeeded, through the influence of Sir Harry Vane, who had been of great assistance to Williams in 
 1643 in procuring the charter. Williams returned to Rhode Island, but Clarke remained in London, and long acted as 
 the faithfid agent of the colony. 
 
 Upon the application of the inhabitants, the King in 1663 siranted a ch.arter, incorporating the colony of "Rhode Island 
 and Providence Plantations." It declared that no person should be molestid or called to account for any ditference in 
 matters of religion. For the government of the colony it vested Ihe s^upreme power in an As.semlily, to consist of a 
 governor or ileputy governor, ten assl.stant.s, and representatives from the several towns, all to be cho,sen by the freemen. 
 
 The bent'voletit policy of Williams secured to the colony .in almost tol.il exemption from Indian hostilities ; he continued 
 to reside at Providence, ever active in the service of the people, sometimes their president, and at others as assistant or 
 representative, until the period of his death, in 1683. In his lifetime he was beloved of his people, and in his death his 
 memory is held sacred as the founder of a prosperous State. 
 
 When Sir Kdmnnd Andros was made governor of New England in 1685, he dissolved the charter government of the 
 colony, and appointed a council to <lo his bidding; after he was deposed and sent to England, the freemen met at New- 
 port and re-established the ancient order of things. All the ofl5cers who three years before had been displaced, were 
 reinstated, and all accepted but Waltir Clarke, who had been re-elected president. In his stead the Assembly appointed 
 Henry Bull, a Quaker, the only one living who came with Coddington in 1638. 
 
 From this period to the commencement of the American Revolution, the history of Rhode Island is barren of events. 
 Fortunate in living under a well-reaulated government, and possessing great advantages in commerce, the inhabitants, 
 if they playeil no distinguislied part in the drama of life, were prosperous and happy. We find it recorded that in 1730 
 the population w.as about l"*,iM)0, and that in 1 140 it was 3.5,000. In the last-meulioned year three hundred men were 
 Voted lor an exiiediiicm into Canada, pniected 1 v the British government. 
 
THE STATE OF RHODE ISLAND. 
 
 When the Stamp Act was attempted to be imposed, Rhode Ishmd was as hostile to the purpose as any other colony ; 
 delegates were sent to the ContiiieiiUil Congress in 1765. and u general a.ssoeiation was entered into against the use of 
 stamps. The siil)sequent proceedings of the British were resisted with equal conslaney. In 1774, when the British pre- 
 vented the e.\piirlaliiin of niililary stores from J'^ngland, Uliode Island seized the cannon in the public batteries, and the 
 Assembly passed resolutions for arming the people. Kvery action on the part of this province was <m the popidar side, 
 and from tier exposoi situation she was made to feel the hate of the common enemy. In December, 1776, Clinton and 
 I'arker, with strong forces, sailed from New York for the pur|)ose of riccupying Itliode Island. The American forces, 
 unable to resist, withdrew on the approach of the fleet, and the squadron of Commodore Hopkins, and a number of 
 privateers, fr)und themselves blockaded in the harbor of Providence. General Sullivan, aided by the French ship* of war, 
 made several unsuccessful altempis to dislodge the British, ami in 177S laid siege to Newport, l)ut wus obliged to abandon 
 the attempt. During the retreat an engagement to.)k place at Qilaker Hill, the result of which was indecisive. In 
 October, 1779, the British troops were withdrawn ; and in 17^0 a body of French, under Kochauibeau, arrived at New- 
 port in a squadron under De Ternay. Clinton, on hearing of their arrival, einl)arked 6.000 men with the hope of sur- 
 prising ihetn, but the project wjis ultimately abandoned. From this period Uhode Island was unmolested, and the inhab- 
 itants again resumed their conmierciiil pursuits. 
 
 Rhode Island was not represented in the convention that formed the Constitution in 17S7, and this State evinced for the 
 time a determined hostility to the new frame of government. She v;us the last of the original Stales to ratify this instru- 
 ment; and it was not until the M;iy, 1790, that her acquiescence was secured. 
 
 Little is recorded of its history from this period until 1812. During the ensuing contest with Great Britain, the majority 
 of the peopli^ were hostile to the policy of the General Government, and adopted the system of action of the neighboring 
 States, lending no aid to the national arms. Delegates were sent to the memorable Convention at Hartford, and united 
 in the report made by that body. With the exception of the occupation of Block Island by the enemy in 1S13, this Stat« 
 remained unmolested during the war. 
 
 Up to the year 1S44, the Charter granted by Charles II. was the only constitution of the State, though for more than 
 twenty years before that date efforts had been made to obtain from the General Assembly permission to form a new and 
 more perfect frame of government, but without effect. In the spring of 1S40 an association was firmed, the object ot 
 whiih was to secure the right of suffrage to every adult white male citizen of the United States resident in the Stale; and 
 in 1S41 this association look the responsibility of calling a convention to form a State constitution in accordance with their 
 peculiar views. Such convention was held, and such constitution formed and submitted to the people, but on account of 
 the informality under which it was prepared, only a portion of the people recognized or voted on the question. Those 
 who did vote being in its favor, a majority was declared, and the instrument acknowledged by its partisans as the su- 
 preme law of Ihe land. The legal government, however, refused to recognize it, and in the mean lime had taken measures 
 for the calling of a convention for a similar purpose; and by tliis convenlicin another constitution was prepared .and 
 adci|)ted by two-thirds of the inhabitants. Two separate forms of government were now recognized by two different 
 portions of the people. The Suffrage Parly— as the illegal party called themselves— proceeded to elect their governor 
 and public officers, and claiming them as legitimate officers, their government was organized at Providence, under the 
 protection of an armed force, on the 3d May, 1S41. Owing to the public excitement, the government under the legiti- 
 mate constitution ha<l not been alMe to organize, and consequently the old charter government met as usual at Newport, 
 on the 4th May, 1S42. On the ISih of the same month Thomas W. Dorr, the governor elected by the "Suffrage Party," 
 atl<'mpted to capture the Slate arsenal at Providence, but failed in the attempt. Desirous of meeting the views of all 
 parties, the General Assembly provided for another convention to form another constitution; and about the same time 
 another attempt was ma<le to overttirow by force of arms the charter government. The insurgents, led by their soi- 
 (Hsintt governor, took up a position at Chepachet, from which, however, they were easily dislodged by the State troops, 
 and completely dispersed. The convention last provided for by the charter government, met in September, and on their 
 constitution being submitted to Ihe popular vole, it was almost unanimously adopted, the '"Suffrage Party" protesting 
 against it, yet subsequently voting under it. 
 
 Suc^^Mon of Goiiernors. — Prrsidents under tite P'ikst Ciiakter ; John Coggeshall, 1647; Jeremiah Clarke, 164S; 
 John Smith, 1649; Nicholas Easton. 1650; Roger Williams, 1655: Benedict Arnold, 1657; William Brenton, 1660; Bene- 
 dict Arnold ;—GovKRNOR3 under the Second Charter: Benedict Arnold, 1663; William Brenton, 1666; Benedict 
 Arnold, 1669: Nicholas Kaslon, 1672; William Coddington, 1674; Walter Clarke, 1676; Benedict Arnold, 1677; John 
 Cranston, 1679; Peleg Sandlbrd. 16S0; William Coddington, 16S3: Henry Bull, 16S5; Walter Clarke, 16S6: (Charter 
 guxpfincle'f—Sir Edmund A»dr(>s,\6'^6) llmry Bu\\,imO; .lohn Easton 169ii; Caleb Carr. 1695; Walter Clarke, 1696; 
 Samuel Cranston, 169S: Joseph Jenckes, 1727; William Wanton, 1732; John Wanton. 1734; Richard Ward, 1741; 
 William Greene, 1743; Gideon Wanton, 1745; William Greene, 1746; Gideon Wanton, 1717; William Greene, 174S; 
 Stephen Ho|dvins. 1755; William Greene, 1757: Steplieii Hopkins, 1758; Samuel Ward, 1762; Stephen Hopkins, 1763; 
 Samuel Wani, 1765 ; Stephen Hopkins, 1767 ; Josias Lyndon, 176S ; Joseph Wanton, 1700 ; Nicholas Cooke, 1775. — Siitce 
 the lietHUution: Nicholas Cr)oke, 1776; William Greene. 177S ; John Collins, 17S6; Arthur Fenner, 17S9 ; Henry Smith 
 (acting), 1S05; Isaac Wilborn (Ll.-Gov.). 1S06; James Fenner, 1S07; William Jones, 1811 ; Nehemiah R. Knight, 1S17; 
 W^illiam C. Giblis, 1S21 ; James Fenner, 1824; Lemuel II. Arnold, 1^31; John Brown Francis, 1S33; William Sprague, 
 183s ; Samuel W. King (acting), 1^39; Samuel W. King, 1^40; — Constitutionai, Governors: James Fenner, 1843; 
 Charles Jackson, 1S45; Byron Diman, 1846; Elisha Harris, 1847; Henry B. Anthony, 1S50 ; Philip Allen, 1852. 
 
 Providence, Newport, South Kingston, Bristol, aiid East Greenwich, are the political capitals of the State. 
 There are two sessions of the General Assemldy every year: one at Ne\>port on the first Tuesday of May, and the other 
 on the last Mondiiy of October once in two years at South Kingston, and the intermediate years alternately at Bristol and 
 East Greenwidi ; and this second session adjourns every year to Providence. 
 251 
 

 •' '■ ■>^"' '>■'•?■■ - ■■-•^\" ..r. ■ -m , nL' , ;■■■■■?-.'. .^ .■ ■ t. ^...i- b 
 
r 
 
 THE STATE OF SOUTH CAROLINA. 
 
 South CAEOLmA is situate between the latitudes 32° 04' and 35° 12' north, and between the longitudes 78° 25' and 
 83° 19' west from Greenwich, or 10 23' and 6° 17' from Washington. Its shape is irregularly triangular. The distance 
 north and south on the meridian of Savannah is 212 miles, and from the head of Tugaloo River, on the west, to the mouth 
 of Little River, on the east, 263 miles. On the south-east the Atlantic forms its boundary for upward of 200 miles ; on 
 the south-west, dividing it from Georgia, the Sa\ annah River for 210 miles, of following the windings of the stream, 
 upward of 500 miles ; and the north line, separating it from North Carolina, is an irregular conventional boundary. 
 Included within these limits the land area is estimated at 24.500 square miles. 
 
 The coast region for 100 miles from the ocean is covered witli forests of pitch pine, intersected with swampy tracts, and 
 permeated by sluggish streams. In this respect, it assimilates the whole southern coast region. Beyond this, and 
 parallel to it. Is a belt of territory, called the " Middle Country," consisting of low sand hills, resembling the waves of an 
 agitated sea. This tract occasionally presents an oasis of verdure, or a plantation of maize, but otherwise it is forbidding 
 to the agriculturist. The middle country is bounded westward by another belt of land, called the " Ridge," where the 
 country rises by a steep and sudden elevation, and afterward continues gradually to ascend. Beyond, the surface exhibits 
 a beautiful alternation of hill and dale, interspersed with extensive forests, and watered by pleasant streams. There are 
 a few lofty mountains in the western part, belonging to the Blue Ridge. Tabic Mountain, in this chain, rises to the height 
 of 4,000 feet above the level of the sea. King's Mountain, in York District, lies partly in North Carolina, and is au iso- 
 lated eminence of considerable elevation. 
 
 The principal rivers of South Carolina have their sources in the Blue Ridge. The great Pee Dee, which bears the name 
 of Yadkin, in North Carolina, reaches Winyaw Bay, after having received the waters of Lynch's Creek and Black River 
 from the right, and the Little Pee Dee and Waccamaw from the left. It is navigable for steamboats to Cheraw, above 
 which there is a fall of 15 feet in IS miles. The Santee, the greatest river of the State, is formed by the junction of the 
 Catawba, or Wateree, and the Cong.iree, and it reaches the sea without receiving any considerable tributary by two mouths. 
 Steamboats ascend it to Camden and Columbia, and by the aid of canals, there is navigation for boats to ihe mountains. 
 The Congaree is itself formed by the junction of two considerable navigable streams, the Saluda and the Broad rivers. The 
 Edisto, Cambahee, and Coosawatchie, are smaller streams, in the southern part of the State, n.ivig.ible for some distance 
 by small vessels. Ashley River is navigable by schooners 20 miles, and Cooper's River, which joins it at Charleston, 30 miles 
 to the Santee Canal. Although most of these rivers are navigable, as a general thing the lower parts of their courses are 
 shallow, and obstructed by bars. The harbors of the State are almost valueless, but the coast presents numerous entrances, 
 which are accessible to small vessels, and which afford advantages to an extensive and active coasting trade. The 
 harbor of Charleston is obstructed by a dangerous sand bar, and that of Georgetown will only admit small craft. The 
 harbor of Beaufort, or Port Royal, is the best in the State, and is sufHcient to receive a navy, but is little frequented Stone 
 Inlet has nine or ten feet of water, and was used during the blockade of Charleston, in 1775. St. Helena Sound is the 
 most spacious opening for a great distance along the coast, but although about 3 miles wide and 10 miles long, it is too 
 much beset by shoals to be of any great commercial value. The southern part of the coast is skirted by a range of 
 islands, separated from the mainland by narrow channels, which affltrd an inland steamboat navigation from Charleston 
 to Savannah. These Islands, like the neighboring continent, are low and flat, but are covered with forests of live oak, 
 pine, and palmettoes, and they yield the black seed, or Sea Island cotton. Before the cultivation of cotton was com- 
 menced, many of them were the haunts of alligators, and their thick woods and rank weeds rendered them impenetrable 
 to man. At present they are under cultivation, and well inhabited, and as the voyager glides by their shores, he is 
 enchanted by the prospect of their lively verdure, interspersed by thick clumps of palmettoes and flowering groves of 
 orange trees. The live oak, which is so called fnun its being an evergreen, is a noble tree, with a trunk sometimes 12 
 feet girtti — its long branches are spread horizontally, and festoons of moss hang from them, almost sweeping the ground. 
 The laurel is here seen covered with large white blossoms, shaped like a lily, and a foot in circumference. The long sand 
 beaches, which border these islands toward the sea, are covered with thousands of water-fowl. 
 
 The mineral resources of South Carolina are by no means insignificant. The primitive region of the western part ol 
 the State belongs to the auriferous belt of the Atlantic slope, and for a number of years past the production of gold has 
 been such as to encourage the miner in continuing his pursuits. In several cases large nuggets of native metal have been 
 dug up, but the largest quantities have been obtained from washings. Iron is also abundant in this region, and in quality 
 the ore is not surpassed. Coal is not found within the State ; and the rocks which include the coal formation, between 
 the clay slate and the new red sandstone, are entirely wanting. Regarding the minerals used as building material, Prof. 
 Tuomey says, " it is owing to the difference in the facilities for transportation that the granite, marble, and flagstone of 
 Massachusetts and Connecticut are better known in Charleston and other cities, than those of the State (South Carolina), 
 notwithstanding the abundance and quality of the latter. In choosing building materials, strength and resistance to 
 external agents are among the principal requisites." * * * * "The granite and sienite around Columbia are of this char- 
 acter. Among the beautiful granites of the State, the porphyritic granite of Camden and Buffalo Creek, and the red 
 granite near Columbia, are conspicuous. Of the sienites, those found in Abbeville, Fairfield, and Lexington arc the most 
 beautiful. The former resembles the Quincy granite, and the latter is remarkable for its white feldspar, contrasttng so 
 strikingly with the black crystals of hornblende. The white and variegated marble of Spartanburg and Laurens form 
 excellent materials for building and ornamental purposes." * * * * " Gneiss, besides furnishing an excellent building 
 stone, is often suflSciently slaty in its structure to allow of being split into slabs. A fine quarry of this sort is open at 
 
 255 
 
 62 
 
THE STATE OF SOUTH CAROLINA, 
 
 Pickens. In the lower part of York gneiss is found, liaving a similar structure : it passes into mica slate, which presents 
 every appearance of making an excellent flagging stone." * * * * "The mica slate found in Fairfield is equally prom- 
 ising." Soapstone of very fine quality is found at some of the above-named localities ; and porcelain earth abounds 
 through the primary region, wherever the feldspathic granite is found in a state of disintegration. Localities are so well 
 known as " chalk hills," that they need not be enumerated. A long-known locality occurs above Peudleton, and along 
 the base of the mountains in Pickens it is seen in several places; in Greenville, near where the Pendleton road crosses 
 the Saluda ; and in Abbeville, near the village, a remarkable locality is pointed out. This deposit Is the result of the 
 decomposition of eurite. A similar deposit is found near Cherokee Ford, where it is used as a fire clay, and it is seen 
 again on the branches of King's Creek. But the finest exposures of this earth are found in the diluvium. A good mate- 
 rial for glazing pottery will be found in the undecomposed feldspar of the granites, where it abounds. Sand of fine quality 
 for the manufacture of glass is also abundant. Red and yellow ochres abound in Chesterfield District, of very fine quality, 
 yet they seem scarcely to bo used even for domestic purposes. There are many localities where the micaceous and talco- 
 micaceous rocks occur, which answer well for whetstone. A noted locality occurs in York, and another in ChestcrfleKl, 
 and in the upper part ol Lancaster. Many of the precious stones are also found in various parts of the Slate. 
 
 In richness, variety, und alnnidance, perhaps no part of the habitableglobe, of the same territorial extent, exceeds South 
 Carolina in agricultural capabilities. Governor Seabrook says, "Of the lour great materials for human clothing, cotton, 
 ■wool, silk, and flax, her climate and soil are peculiarly adapted to the first three, and in locations to the last Of the 
 prominent articles of food, she produces rice, wheat, Indian corn, oats, rye, barley, sweet and Irish potatoes, and different 
 varieties of the pea tribe. For the habitation of man, the earth, her quarries, and forests, furnish an inexhaustible 
 supply. Iron, so essential to every class in society, is superior in quality, it has been ascertained, to any found in the 
 country. Gold, not too abundant to divert from other and more profitable pursuits, excites the enterprise, and rewards 
 the labor of a portion of our citizens. In other minerals she is neither deficient in quantity nor value. While the woods 
 abound in game, including the deer anil turkey, the ocean, which laves her southern border, and the numerous streams, 
 both salt and fresh, that penetrate every part of her surface, yield almost every variety of the choicest fish. In relation 
 to medicinal and culinary plants, her catalogue is large. To tobacco, indigo, and hemp, which once were staple com- 
 modities, fruits and esculent vegetables that everywhere meet the. eye, and other productions that minister to the comfort 
 or necessities of her people, it is needless in this place especially to direct your notice. So remarkable, indeed, is her 
 topographical condition, that wheat and the sugar-cane grow profitably side by side, and the olive and orange ripen under 
 the provident care of the same family of cultivators, who extract the saccharine matter of the maple, but essay in vain to 
 secure the maturity of the native corn of America. "Wheat is cultivated as low as 32° 30', and from bleak, cold winds, 
 the northern side of the- Glassy Mountains will not produce maize. To comprehend this subject in all its relations a more 
 detailed examination is -necessary. 
 
 " South Carolina is most favorably situated, not only with regard to the States of the Union, but to the other portions of 
 the globe. Midway between the frozen regions of the north, and the burning heats of the tropics, in her climate, seasons, 
 and productions, it has been fully represented that she enjoys most of the jidvantages of all. If we except tropical fruits, 
 to which frost is fatal, her capacity successfully to rear all the grains, fruits, and esculent roots, which enrich more southern 
 countries, is nearly certain. Iler latitude for cotton enjoys an extraordinary advantage. Much farther south, the forcing 
 nature of a vertical sun develops the plant too rapidly, thereby running it into weed and foliage ; it is from the same cause 
 most exposed to the ravages of the caterpillar and other insects. Farther north, the season is too short to mature an 
 abundant crop of bolls, while the staple degenerates, and becomes less valuable. From the Sea Island the best cotton 
 known to commerce is exported. So circumscribed are the lands in which it can be grown, that a half degree (32° 10' to 
 82° 40' north latitudes) of the sea-coast of North America seems to be the precise point where the length, strength, and 
 firmness of the fibre are most happily blended. In reference to rice, our State enjoys almost a monopoly. South Carolina 
 includes an area of 30,213 square miles, or 19,4.35,680 acres (according to the Uist census 24,500 square miles, or 15.6SO,000 
 acres). Of this area there is as little land in one body, the highest authorities assure us, unsusceptible of remunerating 
 culture as the United States can furnish. Undistinguished by mountains with their agricultural disadvantages, it is worthy 
 of remark that the spurs that make out from the great ratige whifch separates the waters falling into the Atlantic Ocean, 
 and into the Gulf of Mexico, are capable of profitable tillage to their very summits. 
 
 " As a difference of 12 degrees of latitudes exists between the western and e:istorn hemispheres, the countries of the 
 latter, which are subject to the same atmospherical influences with South Carolina, comprise the most delightful and fruit- 
 bearing portions of France, Italy, Turkey in Europe, Russia, Tartary, and China. 
 
 " Between the primitive and alluvial formation the State is nearly equally divided. The soils, though of every kind, 
 may be said to comprehend six vaKeties, each the best suited to a certain crop, yet all of them capable of advantageously 
 producing three-fourths of the vegetable products grown in its limits. While local differences are everywhere observable, 
 the surface and soil cf the upper districts present a great similarity ; and this is equally true of the lower districts. In the 
 former the lands are broken and hilly, in the latter level— oak is the natural growth of the one, pine of the other. Clay is 
 the soil of much the largest portion of the State, and, except in the immediate vicinity of the ocean, is almost the universal 
 substratum. A close. Stiff land predominates generally in the parishes south-east, and an open sand on the sea islands. 
 The highlands of the co.imtry above the falls of the rivers are naturally much superior to those of the pine-covered region, 
 but the alluvial bottoms of the former are greatly surpassed in richness by the river swamps of the latter. In its capacity 
 for permanent improvement, the granite half of the State has been more highly favored by nature than the alluvial. 
 This is mainly ascribable to the open texture permeable to water of its clayey subsoil, and the jKjtash in the soil and sub- 
 soil, formed by the decomposition of the feldspar and mica of the granite. In a few localities, however, the depth of the 
 substratum and its proximity to the surface offer serious obstacles to its higher productions. These, among other causes, 
 seem yet to be operating against the cultivation of perhaps the greater part of those peculiar soils known as the • Flat 
 Woods' of Abbeville ; those in the neighborhood of Dutchman's and Wateree creeks, in Fairfield, and the Black Jack 
 lands of Chester. Deriving their fertility from the hornblende disintegrated rocks which lie below the close clay subsoil, 
 it would appear that steady industry, incited and directed by ordinary skill, was alone wanting to preserve and perpetuate 
 the uncommon productiveness which, in spite of long-continued and improvident tillage, still distinguishes these remark- 
 able tracts of land. In reference to the soils of the primitive country, to one more peculiarly only shall I now advert. 
 When the rocks lie horizontally, it is known that the soils derived from clay slates frequently suffer from the impenetrable 
 nature of the subsoil and the position of the underlying rocks. In the regions to which they are conflned in this State, 
 they ' are all highly inclined, presenting their edges to the surface, and allowing the water to percolate through the strata.' 
 256 
 
THE STATE OF SOUTH CAROLINA. 
 
 " The swamps, covering 2,000 square miles of land of Inexhaustible fertility, are capable of thorough and economical 
 drainage and conversion into active and available capital. The pine lands, emliracing 6,000,000 of acres, constitute the 
 most neglected portion of the State, while in some quarters they are erroneously regarded as valuable only for the abun- 
 dance and quality of their timber, in others the belief is equally unsound, that their productive capacity is limited to 
 plants which flourish only in a thin and feeble soil. That in all its relations it is a district of country of immeasurable 
 value to our community, will hereafter be attempted to be shown. 
 
 " South Carolina is most bountifully supplied with water. The base of her triangular form is washed by the ocean, and 
 one of her lateral sides rests on a river accessible to vessels more than one-half its length, and small boats 100 miles 
 beyond. Many bold and navigable streams, with numerous tributaries crossing through her territory in every direction, 
 disembogue into the Atlantic at distances from each other, most suitable for the purpose of intercommunication and traffic 
 Before reaching the point where all traces of their distinctive character are lost forever, by united contributions they form 
 a bold channel between the mainland and the sea islands the entire width of the State. Apart from the creeks and inlets 
 of the sea, there is now an inland navigation equal to about 2,400 miles. Greenville is the only division of our domain 
 without the benefit of navigation. In all the districts, however, water-courses abound which afford remarkably eligible 
 sites for mills. The rocks cross the streams nearly at right angles, and hence form a series of natural dams across their 
 beds, and make falls that vary from five to eighty feet in comparatively short distances. In perhaps no equal extent of 
 territory are there so many advantages of this sort presented. In connection with this subject, it is proper to add that the 
 metropolis of the State (Charleston) is only seven miles from the ocean ; that its harbor is spacious, well protected from 
 storms, and at all times accessible. 
 
 " Surprising to many as may be the declaration. South Carolina, in reference to her whole population, is a very healthy 
 country, and by no means a sickly one with regard to her white inhabitants. If the alluvial region and a few of the middle 
 districts are subject to fevers in summer, the whole State in winter is comparatively exempt from the diseases to which 
 more northern climates are peculiarly liable. The assertion, too, is with entire confidence made, that even during the hot 
 months, in perhaps one-half of her limits, foreigners may reside, not only with impunity, but with renovated constitutions. 
 In the neighborhood of every locality in which mephitic exhalations show the fatality of their power, there are sites for 
 settlements where vigorous health, under the ordinary safeguards, is always secured. The entire sand hill country and 
 pine lands generally, as well as our towns and villages, furnish the most signal evidence of the salubrity of their atmos- 
 pheric influence. It may here be appropriately observed, that while from causes, several of which are among the arcana 
 of nature, the lower division is becoming gradually but steadily healthier, a portion of the middle zone is decidedly more 
 liable to maladies of a fatal character. If a better system of drainage and other improvements in the cultivation of the 
 ground do not satisfactorily account for the one, certain agricultural features are perhaps sufficient to explain the other. 
 For the diseases which occasionally clothe, in the habiliments of mourning, the people of Abbeville, Union, Chester, and 
 York, it is supposed that the planters of those districts are competent to the diminution of the sources whence they spring. 
 It is not unworthy of especial remark, that the atmosphere of the swamps and marshes, so poisonous to the white man, 
 is at all times innocuous to his slave. If it were not for this merciful provision of an All-Wise Being, the alluvial region of 
 South Carolina in the immediate vicinity of its water-courses would soon become a dreary waste, and tenanted only by 
 tlie beasts of the forest. Of the cities of the Union, Charleston, and it may be added Columbia, show a lower mortality 
 among their acclimated inhabitants than any others. With regard to the former, the number of deaths from all fevers 
 (tlie epidemic of the State), except from yellow fever, for the last 18 years, is 656, and in any one year 81 in a population 
 of between 30,000 and 40,000. From yellow fever, which has prevailed as an epidemic but twice in 22 years, for the same 
 period, the aggregate number of deaths is 646. The average mortality for the last 6 years, all classes included, is 1 in 51 ; 
 blacks alone 1 in 44, and whites alone 1 in 5S." 
 
 South Carolina is divided into 29 districts, the general statistics of which, and the capitals of each, in 1850, were as 
 follows : 
 
 Counties. 
 
 Dwell. 
 
 Pop. 
 
 Abbeville... 
 
 , 3,391 . 
 
 . 32,318 . 
 
 Anderson ., 
 
 . 2,440 . 
 
 . 21,475 . 
 
 Barnwell... 
 
 2,460 . 
 
 . 26,608 . 
 
 Beaufort.... 
 
 . 1,385 . 
 
 . 38,805 . 
 
 Charleston.. 
 
 . 5,213 . 
 
 . 72.805 . 
 
 Chester 
 
 . 1,541 . 
 
 . 18,038 . 
 
 Chesterfield . 
 
 . 1,263 . 
 
 . 10,790 . 
 
 Colleton 
 
 . 1,515 . 
 
 . 39,505 . 
 
 Darlington. . 
 
 . 1,313 . 
 
 . 16,830 . 
 
 Edgefield .. 
 
 . 3,019 . 
 
 . 39,262 . 
 
 Fairfield. . . . 
 
 1,282 . 
 
 . 21,404 . 
 
 Georgetown 
 
 . 575. 
 
 . 20,647 . 
 
 Greenville.. 
 
 . 2,361 . 
 
 . 20,156 . 
 
 Horry 
 
 . 9S0. 
 
 . 7,646. 
 
 Kershaw . . . 
 
 . 928. 
 
 . 14,473 . 
 
 Farms 
 
 Manuf. 
 
 in cult. 
 
 Estab. 
 
 1,814 . 
 
 .156. 
 
 1,986 . 
 
 . 66. 
 
 1,558. 
 
 . 85. 
 
 842. 
 
 . 18. 
 
 682. 
 
 . T6. 
 
 844. 
 
 . 50. 
 
 548. 
 
 . 32. 
 
 888. 
 
 . 10. 
 
 857. 
 
 . 26. 
 
 2,030 . 
 
 .197. 
 
 675. 
 
 . 36. 
 
 550. 
 
 . 6. 
 
 1,068 
 
 . 55. 
 
 731 . 
 
 . 7. 
 
 883. 
 
 . 21 . 
 
 Capitals, 
 
 . Abbeville 
 . Anderson 
 . Barnwell 
 . Gillisonville 
 . Charleston 
 . Chester 
 . Chesterfield 
 . Walterboro' 
 . Darlington 
 . Edgefield 
 . Winnsboro' 
 . Georgetown 
 . Greenville 
 . Conwaysboro' 
 . Camden 
 
 Couuties. 
 
 Dwell. 
 
 Lancaster.... 1,096 . 
 
 Laurens 2,132 . 
 
 Lexington... 1,312 , 
 
 Marion 1,856 
 
 Marlborough. 929 , 
 Newberry . . . 1,494 . 
 Orangeburg.. 1,513 
 
 Pickens 2,232 
 
 Eichland.... 1,588 . 
 Spartansburg 3,185 . 
 
 Sumter 1,908 , 
 
 Union 1,7:34 
 
 Williamsburg 717 , 
 York 2,190 . 
 
 Pop. 
 
 . 10,988 . . 
 . 23,407 . . 
 . 12,930 . . 
 . 17,407 . 
 . 10,789 . . 
 . 20,143 . , 
 . 23,582 . . 
 . 16,904 . 
 , 20,3i3 . . 
 , 26,400 . . 
 . 33,220 . . 
 . 19,852 . , 
 . 12,447 . , 
 . 19,433 . . 
 
 580. 
 1,603 . 
 
 837. 
 1,374 . 
 
 621 . 
 1,045 . 
 1,206 . 
 1,231 . 
 
 548, 
 1,555 . 
 1,343. 
 
 869. 
 
 454. 
 1,252. 
 
 "• capitals. 
 
 . 20 . . Lancaster 
 . 141 . . Laurens 
 . 40 . . Lexington 
 
 . . Marion 
 . 23 . . Bennettsville 
 . 89 . . Newberry 
 . 41 . . Orangeburg 
 . 23 . . Pickens 
 . 87 . . Columbia 
 . 34 . . Spartansburg 
 . 82 . . Sumter 
 . 72 . . Unionville 
 
 . . Kingstree 
 . 80 . . Torkville 
 
 The whole number of dwellings in the State was, at the above date, 52,642 ; of fiimilies, 52,937 ; and of inhabitants, 
 €68,507 ; viz., whites 274,623— males 137,773, and females 136,850 ; fr. col. 8,900— males 4,110, and females 4,790, and 
 8l. 884,984. Of the whole population there were, deaf and dwnib—yiYi. 129, fr. col. 1, si. 15— total 145 ; hlind^vi'h. 152, 
 fir. col. 14, 8l. 56— total 222; insane— yvh. 192, fr. col. 8, si. 9— total 204; and idiotic— v/h. 242, fr. col. 8, si. 50— total 295. 
 The number of free persons bom in the United States was 274,813, the number of foreign birth 8,662, and of birth un- 
 known 48. The native population originated as follows : Maine 68, N. Hamp. 39, Verm. 37, Mass. 407, R. I. 97, Conn. 228, 
 N. York 884, N. Jer. 182, Penn. 802, Del. 14, Md. 320, Dist. of Col. 30, Virg. 1,621, N. Car. 6,173, South Carolina 262,160, 
 Ga. 1,504, Flor. 55, Ala. 225, Miss. 60, La. 30, Tex. 1, Ark. 9, Tenn. 188, Ky. 73, Ohio 23, Mich. 2, Ind. 11, 111. 6, Mo. 8, 
 la. 0, Wise. 0, Calif. 1, Territories 0; and ihe foreign population was composed of persons from — England 921, Ireland 
 4,051, Scotland 651, Wales 10, Germany 2,180, France 274, Spain 30, Portug.il 14, Belgium 0, Holland 9, Turkey 0, Italy 59, 
 Austria 11, Switzerland 18, Paissia 19, Denmark 24, Norway 7, Sweden 29, Prussia 44, Sardinia 0, Greece 1, China 1, 
 
 Q 257 
 
THE STATE OP SOUTH CAROLINA 
 
 Asia 4, Africa 9, British America 5T, Mexico 4, Central America 0, South America 8, West Indies 177, Sandwich Islands 0, 
 and other countries 50. 
 
 The following table will show the decennial progress of the population since the first census of the State, taken by the 
 United States authorities : 
 
 Colored Persons. Decennial Increaj^e. 
 
 Census White , <■ , Total ,— « ^ 
 
 Years. Persons. Free. Slave. T<.ta:. Populalion. Numerical. Percent, 
 
 1790 140,173 1,801 107,094 10S.«;95 249,073 — — 
 
 1800 190,255 8.185 146,151 149,8:56 846.591 96,518 88.7 
 
 1810 214,196 4,554 196,365 200,919 415.115 69.524 20.1 
 
 1820 237,540 6,720 258,475 205,201 502,741 87,626 21.1 
 
 1830 257,803 7,921 815,401 82;i,.322 581,185 78,444 15.6 
 
 1840 259,089 8,271 817,038 32.'5,309 594,398 18,213 2.3 
 
 1850 274,023 8,900 384,984 393,SS4 608,507 74,109 12.8 
 
 The general statistics of the State regarding its productions, manufactures, commerce, and institutions, according to tho 
 census of 1850, and other official returns for that year, were as follows: 
 
 Occupied Lands, etc. — Improved farm lands, 4,072,651 acres, and unimproved lands, 12,145,049 acres — valued together 
 at $82,431,684. The whole number of farms under cultivation on the 30th June, 1850, was 29,969. Value of farming imple- 
 ments and machinery, $4,l.'i6,354. 
 
 Live-Siock.—the number of live-stock or domestic animals for the two periods 1840 and 1850, according to the census 
 of those years, was comparatively : 
 
 Description. 1840. 
 
 Ilorses 
 
 Mules and Asses 
 
 Milch Cows \ / 193,244 
 
 J 129,921 head -j ^J'J^J ^^^^ ^ 4,733 head, or 3.6 per cent 
 
 jNlilcli LOWS \ / 193,244 " j 
 
 "Working O.xen V572,608 " ■< 20,504 " \....4 205,075 " or 35.8 " 
 
 Oilier Cattle ) I 503.035 " ) 
 
 Sheep 232,981 " 2S5..'.51 " 52,.570 " or 22.6 «' 
 
 Swine 87S.532 " 1,005,503 « 186,971 " or 21.3 " 
 
 — the value of all live-stock in 1850, was $15,060,015. 
 
 Pror??(rMo/"^?!mflJs.— Wool, 487,233 pounds; butter, 2,981,850 pounds; cheese, 4,970 pounds; and the value of animals 
 slaughtered in the year had been $1,302,637. The wool crop according to the census of 1S40 amounted to 299,170 pounds; 
 and hence the increase exhibited in 1850, was 1SS,063 pounds, or 62.S per cent. The product per fleece in 1840, was 
 20.1 ounces, and in 1S50, 27.3 ounces, showing an increase of 7.2 ounces, or 35.8 per cent. 
 
 Grain O'oyjs.— Wheat, 1,006,277 bushels; rye, 43,790 bushels; Indian corn, 16,271,454 bushels; oats, 2,322,155 bushels; 
 barley, 4,583 bushels; and buckwheat, 283 bushels. Comparing the above with the products according to the census of 
 1840, the following results are obtained : 
 
 Crops. 1840. 1S50. Movement. 
 
 Wheat 968,354 bushels 1,066.277 bushels incr. 97,923 bushels, or 10.1 percent. 
 
 Eye 44,738 " 43,790 " deer. 3,049 " or 2.1 " 
 
 Indian com 14,722,805 " 16.561,454 " «Hcr. 1,448,649 " or 9.9 " 
 
 Oats 1,486,208 " 2,322,155 " incr. 845,947 " or 66.9 " 
 
 Barley 3,907 " 4,583 " incr. 616 " or 1.5.5 " 
 
 Buckwheat 72 " 283 " incr. 211 " or 273.0 " 
 
 Otlt«r Food Crops.— 'Rice, 159,9-30,013 pounds; peas and beans, 1,020,900 bushels; potatoes— Irish, 186,494 bushels, and 
 Bweet. 4,837,469 bushels. The rice crop of 1S40 was 60,590,861 pounds, and the increase in 1850 was 99,339,752 pounds, or 
 163.9 per cent. About three-fourths of the whole rice crop grown in the United Slates is produced in South Carolina, the 
 proportions being as 1.599 to 2.153. The crop of potatoes in 1840, amounted to 2,698,313 bushels, and hence the increase 
 over this in 1850 was 1,775,650 bushels, or 66.0 per cent. 
 
 Miscellaneous Crops. — Tobacco, 74,285 pounds ; cotton, 830,991 bales of 400 pounds ; hay, 20,925 tons ; clover-seed, 876 
 bushels ; other grass seed, 30 bushels ; hops, 26 pounds ; flax, 333 pounds ; flax-seed, 55 bushels ; silk cocoons, 123 pounds ; 
 sugar — maple 200 pounds, and cane, 071 hogsheads of 1,000 pounds ; molasses, 15,904 gallons ; beeswax and honey, 216.2S1 
 pounds; wine, 5,880 gallons, etc. Value of orchard products $35,108, and of market-garden products $47,286. The prin- 
 cipal of these crops in 1840 and 1850 compare as follows : 
 
 Crops. 1S.10, IS.SO. Movement. 
 
 Tobacco 51,519 pounds 74,285 pounds increase 23,776 pounds, or 46.1 per cent. 
 
 Cotton 61,710,274 " 132,896,400 " " 70,686,126 " or 114.3 " 
 
 Hay 24,618 tons 20,925 tons doorcase 8,693 tons or 15.0 " 
 
 Sugar 80,000 pounds 671,200 pounds increase 641,200 pounds, or 2,287.3 " 
 
 Wine 643 gallons 5,880 gallons " 5,137 gallons, or 798.9 " 
 
 Silk cocoons, 2,080 pounds 123 pounds decrease 1,957 pounds, or 90.T " 
 
 Home-madei Mamifactures were produced in the year ending 1st June, 1850, to the value of $909,525. The same class 
 of goods for the year preceding the census of 1840, were valued at $930,703. 
 
 Manufactures. — Total capital invested, $0,060,505; value of all raw material, fuel, etc. consumed, $2,809,584; hands 
 employed -males and females ; monthly cost of labor $ — male $ and feuiiile $ ; 
 
 value of products for tlie year, $7,070,077. The number of manufacturing establishments in operation and producing to 
 the annutil value of $500 and upward on the 30th June, 18.50, was 1,473, distributed to the counties according to the ex- 
 hibit of the general table. Of this number 18 were cotton factories, 91 tanneries, and 6 iron works. The total capital in- 
 vested in manufactures in 1840, amounted to $8,21 6,970. 
 
 Capital invested in cotto7i mannfactures, $857,200; cotton used, 9,929 bales; value of all raw material, $295,971 ; hands 
 employed, 919— males 399, and females 620; monthly cost of labor, $10,710— male $5,505, and female $5,151 ; annual pro- 
 258 
 
THE STATE OP SOUTH CAROLINA. 
 
 ducts— sheeting, etc. 6,503,737 yards, and yam 1,34S,343 pounds ; value of entire products, $749,338. In 1840, there were 
 in the State 15 cotton factories — capital $617,450 ; hands, 570 ; value of manufactures, $359,000. 
 
 Capital invested in tanneries, $134,335; value of hides and skins used, $131,679; hands employed, 264; monthly cost 
 of labor, $3,667 ; products of the year, 13.830 skins, and 110,000 sides of leather, valued together at $261,332. In 1840 
 the capital invested in 97 tanneries was $212,020; hands 281, and products — 68,081 sides of upper leather, and 89,586 sidea 
 of sole leather. 
 
 The iron manufacture of South Carolina is confined to the manufacture of castings. In 1850 there were 6 establish- 
 ments in operation, having an aggregate capital of $185,700. The material used in these was 169 tons of pig iron, 2,800 
 tons ore, and 405.560 bushels of charcoal and coke, valued as raw material at $29,128. Hands employed 155— males 153, 
 and females 2; average wages per month— to males $13 59, and to females $4; castings manufactured, 1,286 tons; total 
 value of annual products, $87,6S3. In 1840 there were in the State 4 furnaces, producing 1,250 tons, and 9 bloomerieu 
 forges, and rolling-mills, producing 1,165 tons; fuel consumed, 6,334 tons; hands, 248; and capital invested, $1.33,300. 
 
 In the manufacture of malt and spiritous liquors, the capital invested amounted to $3,475; Indian corn consumed, 
 18,100 bushels; hands employed, 33; whisky and high wines produced, 43,900 gallons. In 1840, 251 distilleries em- 
 ployed 219 men, and produced 102.288 gallons; and the capital invested amounted to $14,342. 
 
 The manufacturing establishments making up the whole number as ascertained, otherwise than those detailed above, 
 consist chiefly of such as are usual in an agricultural State, as carriages, saddlery, etc., and the mills of various descrip- 
 tions found in all parts of the country. At least one-half the whole capital is employed in these multifarious interests. 
 
 Foreign commerce.— The value of the foreign import and export trade in the year ending 30th June, 1850, was as fol- 
 lows—of exports $11,448,800, and of imports $1,9-33,78,5. Of the exports, $11,446,892 was the value of domestic products- 
 carried in American ships $6,467,201, and in foreign $4,979,691 ; and $908 was the value of foreign goods re-exported ; and 
 of the imports $1,81.3,658 was the value of goods carried in American, and $620,127 that of goods carried in foreign ships. 
 The statistics of the shipping employed in this branch of industry in the year aforesaid, exhibit the annexed aggregates. 
 
 Entered. Cleared. Total. 
 
 Nationality . ' , , ' , , ^ , 
 
 of Sliipping. Vesseis. Tons. Crews. Vessels. Tons. Crews. Vessels. Tons. Crews. 
 
 American 163 52.711 2,206 205 72,222 2,781 368 124,933 4,987 
 
 Forei^ 142 44,205 1,947 170 
 
 52,830 2,235 
 
 305 
 
 96,916 4,153 375 ... . 125.052 5,016 
 
 312 
 680 
 
 97,0.35 4,182 
 
 221,968 9,169 
 
 Total.. 
 
 T>ifitrict8. 
 
 Charleston .303 96,619 4,1.39 851 ... . 121,367 4,859 424 217,986 8,998 
 
 Georgetown 2 297 14 24 ... 3,685 157 26 8,9S2 171 
 
 The tot.il amount of shipping owned in the State was 36,072 tons, of which 17,126 tons was registered shipping, 18,926 
 tons enrolled and licensed, and 69 tons licensed (umler 20 tons). Of the registered tonnage 1,116 tons was navigated by 
 steam, and of the enrolled and licensed shipping 6.339 tons. No shipping had been built during the year. The statistics 
 of the value of the foreign commerce for a series of years exhibit the following movements : 
 
 Year. Exports. 
 
 1791 $2,693,268 . 
 
 1792 2,428.250 
 
 1793 8,191,867, 
 
 1794 8,867,908 , 
 
 1795 5,998,492 . 
 
 1796 7.620,049 . 
 
 1797 6,505,ns . 
 
 1798 6.994,179 . 
 
 1799 8,729,015 . 
 
 1800 10,663,510. 
 
 1801 14,304,045 . 
 
 1802 10,039.305 . 
 
 1808 7,811,108. 
 
 1804 7,4.01,616 . 
 
 1805 9.066,625 . 
 
 1806 9,743.782 . 
 
 1807 10,912.564 . 
 
 1808 1,664,445 . 
 
 1809 8,247.341 . 
 
 1810 5,290,614 . 
 
 Imports. 
 
 Year. Exports. Imports. 
 
 1811 $4.861,279 $ 
 
 1812 2.036,195 
 
 1813 2.968,484 
 
 1814 787.899 • 
 
 1S15 6.675,129 
 
 1816 10,849,409 
 
 1817 10,372.613 
 
 1S18 11,440,962 
 
 1819 8,2511,790 
 
 1820 8.882,940 
 
 1821 T.200,511 3,007.113 
 
 1822 7,260,320 2.283,586 
 
 1823 6,898,814 2,419.101 
 
 1 824 8,084,082 2,1 60,1 85 
 
 1S25 1,056,742 1,892,297 
 
 1826 7,554,086 1,5.34,483 
 
 1827 8,322,561 1,4-34,106 
 
 1828 6,550,712 1,242,048 
 
 1829 8,175,586 1,139,618 
 
 18-30 7,627,081 1,054,019 
 
 Year. Exports. Imports. 
 
 1831 $6,575,201 $1,2.38,16-3 
 
 1832 7,752.781 1,213,725 
 
 1838 8,484.325 1,517,705 
 
 1834 11,119,565 1.787,267 
 
 1835 11,338,016 1,891.805 
 
 1836 13,684,376 2,801,861 
 
 1837 11.220,161 2,510.860 
 
 1838 11,042,070 2,318.791 
 
 1839 10,387,426 3,086,077 
 
 1840 10.086,769 2,058,870 
 
 1841 8,048,284 1,557,431 
 
 1842 7,525,728 1,359,465 
 
 1843 7,760,809 1,294,709 
 
 1844 7,48-3,282 1,181,515 
 
 1,845 8,890,648 1,143,158 
 
 1846 6,848,477 902,536 
 
 1847 10,431,517 1,580,658 
 
 1848 8,081,917 1,485,299 
 
 1849 9,701,176 1,475,695 
 
 1S50 11,447,800 1,983,785 
 
 Coasting Trade, Internal Improvements, «<c.— The great bulk of the commercial material of South Carolina apd the 
 States westward using its ports, is carried to New York for a market an<l for exportation, and in like manner these States 
 are supplied with foreign goods from the same mart. This arrangement creates an immense coasting trade, which in 
 South Carolina chiefly centres at Charleston. (See Chakleston.) With Georgia, Florida, and the Gulf ports a large trade 
 is kept up, and regular lines of steamers and coasting vessels ply between the porta. Navigation on the riveia is also 
 carried on to a great extent, and the heavy products of the interior are mostly brought down to the sea-board through 
 this means. The Santee and other canals in this State are little used as channels of commerce, but are of local utility. 
 The lines of railroad terminating at Charleston also greatly facilitate internal commerce. These railroads, indeed, are to 
 Charleston what the Erie, Central, and other roads in New York are to the sea-board in that quarter, and have done 
 more than all the natural facilities enjoyed by the country to swell the volume of its industry and wealth. These are 
 noticed at length in the Appendix. Except Georgia, no other Southern State has in operation such a successful system 
 of railroads, and it was in South Carolina that the American railroad system was first tested as an agent in commercial 
 movements. 
 
 Banks, etc. — On the 1st .January, 1850. there were 12 hanks and 2 branch banks in the State, the condition of which at 
 that date was as follows: /ta&j7i<ies— capital, $13,139,571 ; circulation, $8,741,705 ; deposits, $3,322,132 • due other banks, 
 259 
 
THE STATE OF SOUTH CAROLINA. 
 
 $2,047,777; and other liabilities, $642.231 ; and a.^mets— loans and discounts, $20,601,137; stocks, $1,849,463; real estate, 
 $377,571 ; other investments, $34S,530 ; due by other banks, $2,S50,942 ; notes of other banks, $715,093 ; specie funds, 
 $239,278; and specie, $1,711,902. 
 
 Government, etc. — Tiie first constitution of South Carolina was framed in 1775. The constitution adopted in 1790 is 
 the basis of the government as at present administered. 
 
 Every free white citizen of the Stale, 21 years of age, resident in the State two years, and owning a freehold of fifty 
 acres, or a town lot, six months before the election, may vote wherever he so resides or holds such property. The general 
 election is held on the second Monday of October annually. 
 
 The Legiahtture consists of a House of lieiiresentatives and a Senate. Representatives, 124 in nutrber, are chosen for 
 two years on a mixed basis of population .and taxation, and must be free white men, 21 years old, Citizens and residents 
 of the State for three years, and if resident in their election district, seized of a freehold estate of 500 acres and ten 
 negroes, or of unencumbered real estate worth £150, and if non-residents, of an unencumbered freehold worth £500. 
 Senators, 45 in number, shall be free white men, 30 years old, citizens and residents of the State for five years next before 
 the election; if residents of llieir districts, sliall own a freehold of the clear value of £300; if non-residents, of the clear 
 value of £1,000; and shall be chosen for four years, one-half the number of senators every two years. The Legislature 
 assembles at Columbia annually on the fourth Monday in November. 
 
 The Governor and Lieutenant-governor shall be 30 years of age, residents and citizens of the State for ten years, and 
 owners of a settled estate within the State of the clear value of £1.500 each ; and shall be chosen by joint ballot of both 
 houses of the Legislature for two years, and shall be ineligible during the succeeding four years. If the ofBee of governor 
 be vacant, it shall be filled by the lieutenant-governor, and after him by the president of the senate, until it is filled by the 
 General Assembly. 
 
 The aitminintrative officers of the State are, the Secretary of State, the Comptroller-general, two treasurers, the sur- 
 veyor-gener;d, attorney-general, and the President of the Bank of the State of South Carolina. 
 
 The judiciary comisls, of a Law Court of Appeals, and an Equity Court of Appeals, Courts for the Correction of Errors, 
 Courts of Common Pleas and General Sessions, etc. The Jjitr Court of Ajjpeah, consisting of all the law judges, for 
 hearing appeals from the Courts of Law, and the Eqirity Court of Appeah, consisting of all the chancellors, for hearing 
 appeals from the Courts of Equity, are held in the capital, in May and November, and at Charleston, for the determining 
 of facts from the districts of Georgetown, Horry, Beaufort, Colleton, and Charleston, in the month of January. Courts for 
 the Correction of Errorfs, consisting of all the judges in law an<i equity, to try constitutional questions, or questions where 
 the law and equity courts are divided, and which are referred thereto by either of the courts, are held at such times, during 
 the sitting of the Court of Appeals, as the chancellors and judges may appoint. Courts of Common Pleas and General 
 Sessions have original jurisdiction in all civil cases where legal rights are involved (except in matters of contract, where 
 the account is $20 or under), and in all criminal cases affecting free white men ; and appellate jurisdiction in all 
 appeals from the magistrates' courts, and in appeals from the Court of Ordinary in all cases except in matters of account. 
 They are held in each and every d istriet of the State twice in each year. Courts of Equity take cognizance of all matters 
 in equity, as contra-distinguished from law, and a term is held annually in each district, except in that of Charleston, in 
 which two are held. The City Court of Charleston is an inferior court of both civil and criminal jurisdiction, and is 
 presided over by a Recorder. An Ordiiun-y's Court is established in each district. The principal duties of the Ordinary 
 is to grant letters of administration, probate of wills, examining executors' and administrators' accounts, etc., and his 
 office is the proper depository of wills and other papers relative to the administration of estates. Appeal lies from this 
 court in matters of account to the Court of Equity, and in all other cases to the Common Pleas. Mtigistrutes' Courts have 
 exclusive jurisdiction in matters of contract and under $20. Courts of^/ngintrdtes and Freeholders are established for 
 the trial of slaves and free people of color for criminal offenses. The judges and chancellors are elected by joint ballot 
 of the Legislature, and hold office during good behavior. Sherifi's hold office for four years, and are ineligible for the 
 succeeding four years. 
 
 Ameuilments toOie constitution, if proposed by two-thirds of the members of each house of the Legislature, must be 
 published three months before the next election of representatives, and if agreed to by a voteof tw(Vthirdsof the members, 
 at the next session, shall be adopted. No convention of the people shall be called unless by a vote of two-thirds of both 
 house-s. 
 
 Federal liepresentatiaii.— South Carolina, in accordance with the law of 23d May, 1S50, is entitled to five representatives 
 in Congress. This State is the only one of the Union in which Presidential electors are chosen by the Legislature. 
 
 The militia force of the State, as reported by the Adjutant-general of the United States, in 1S50, consisted of 55,209 
 men of all arms, of which 2,591 were commissioned officers, and 52,618 non-commissioned officers, musicians, artificers, 
 and privates. Of the commissioned officers 19 were general officers, 96 general stalf-offlcers, 452 fieUl-offlcers, and 2,024 
 company-officers. The Governor is ece-qfficio Commander-in-chief in and over the State of South Carolina. 
 
 Public Finances, Debt, etc. — The whole amount of moneys received into the treasury, during the year ending .30th 
 September, 1850, was— from taxation $313,381 55, and from other sources $286,911 22 ; t«tal $600,292 87 ; and the whole 
 amount expended was $540,864 42 ; leaving in the treasury $69,428 45. 
 
 The debt of the State, according to the report of the Legislature, in 1850, is as follows: 5 per cents, issued for the cipital 
 of the Railroad Bank, $46,714 34 ; Randolph Stock, $1,250 ; Revolutionary debt, $78,810 60 ; 6 per cents, due 1850. $3,726 84; 
 6 per cents, duo 1S52, $175,426 55 ; 5 per cents. Fire Loan Foreign Debt due 1858, $471,111 12 ; 5 per cents, do. due 1868, 
 $4S2,222 21 ; 5 per cents, domestic debt due 1860, $482,222 23; 5 per cents, do. due 1870, $325,808 92— total debt, $2,061,292 81 . 
 
 Since the adjournment of the previous Legislature $193,437 30 of the domestic, and $23,250 80 of the foreign debt had 
 been cancelled by the bank, besides $8,750 of the Randolph Stock paid by the treasury. 
 
 The net i)rofits of the State Bank, for the past year, including $95,000 as arrears derived from business of former years, 
 were $3(i4,825 59. From this amount there has been transferred to the Sinking Fund $243.1.58 91, and been paid 
 $73,4,53 11 for interest on the d(d)t in Europe, and the balance that the bank was in advance for interest and expenses; 
 also the interest on the 6 iier cents, (fire loans), amounting to $48,179 99. The aggregate funds of the bank, on the Isl 
 October, were $6..3.53,660 06, and the total liabilities $2,770,934 86, leaving as surplus the sum of $3,582,725 20. 
 
 The property of the State consists of bank capital $2,933,611 10, sinking fund $6.').3,022 72, and balance due trea-surers 
 of State Bank $101,071 15; debt of railroad and c.inal companies, $523,396 69; shares in South Carolina Railroad Com- 
 pany and South-Western Railroad Bank, $.sOO,000; and sundries, $9,415 61— total $.5,020,517 32. 
 
 The Stale is possessed of several highly creditable charitable institutions, of which the Lunatic Asylum and the Deaf 
 26U 
 
THE STATE OF SOUTH CAROLINA. 
 
 and Dumb Asylum are the principal. The State Lunatic Asylum is located at Columbia. On the 5th November, 1850, it 
 had 121 inmates ; during the ensuing year 55 others were received, and 49 were discharged — 22 cured, 18 improved, and 
 9 died, leaving in the institution at the end of the year 127. Receipts during the year $26,501 43, and expenditures 
 $123,702 54. The Asylum for the Education of the Deaf and Dumb is situate at Cold Spring, and was instituted in 1S49. 
 In November, 1S51, it had 27 pupils. 
 
 Education. — The number of public schools in this State, in 1849, was 1,023, the number of teachers 1,019, and the 
 number of scholars 9,122. These schools are under the superintendence of Commissioners appointed by the Legislature. 
 In 1S4S, the amount expended from the public funds, on account of public education, was $40,561 53. Throughout the 
 State there are grammar schools, academies, and private establishments, at one class of which, in preference to the public 
 schools of the State, the great majority of young people are educated. The State also supports several military institutes 
 the curriculum of instruction at whicti is based on that of the West Point Academy. The principal colleges, theological 
 seminaries, and medical schools in the State, and the statistics of each, are as follows : 
 
 Names. Location. Founded. Professors. Students. Alumni. Vole, in libr. 
 
 Charleston College Charleston 1785 6 , 
 
 South Carolina College Columbia 1804 8 
 
 Southern Theological Seminary (Pres.). do 1831 6 
 
 Furman Theol. Seminary (Bapt) Fairfield District 1826 2 
 
 Theological Seminary (Lutheran) Lexingtcm 1835 2 
 
 Med. CoD. of State of S. Carolina Charleston 1S33 8 
 
 70 , 
 195 
 
 32 . 
 
 30 
 
 10 
 158 
 
 124 2,000 
 
 17,000 
 
 •42 4,600 
 
 30 1,000 
 
 20 1,800 
 
 Public Libraries. — According to the report of the Librarian of the Smithsonian Institute, in 1S51, there were in the 
 State the following libraries : 2 social — 28,500 volumes ; 2 college — 19,000 volumes ; 4 students — 1,900 volumes ; 5 academic 
 and professional — 10,264 volumes ; 1 public school— 250 volumes. Total 14 libraries, ami 59,914 volumes. 
 
 Periodical Press. — The whole number of periodicals and newspapers published in the State on the 1st June, 1S50, was 
 47, of which number 7 were published daily, 4 tri-weekly, 2 semi-weekly, 25 weekly, 5 monthly, and 1 quarterly. Of the 
 whole, 22 were democratic in politics, and 25 whig, or neutral, or devoted to religion, literature, etc. Of the dailies, the 
 aggregate circulation was 20,700 copies at each issue ; of the tri-weeklies, — ; of the semi-weeklies, 925 ; of the weeklies, 
 25,990 ; of the monthlies, 5,700 ; and of the quarterly, 1,600 copies. The number and character of periodicals in each dis- 
 trict, was as follows : Abbeville, 2 w. ; Anderson, 2 w. and 1 m. ; Beaufort, 1 w. ; Charleston, 4 d., 1 t.-w., 4 w., 3 m., 1 
 bi-ra., and 1 quarterly ; Chesterfield, 1 w. ; Chester, 1 w. ; Edgefield, 2 w. ; Fairfield, 1 w. and 1 m. ; Greenville, 1 w. and 
 1 t.-w. ; Georgetown, 1 s.-w. and 1 w. ; Kershaw, 1 s.-w. ; Laurens, Marion, Newberry, and Pickens, each 1 w. ; Kich- 
 land, 3 d., 2 t.-w., and 3 w. ; Spartansburg, 1 w. ; Sumter, 2 w. ; and York, 1 weekly. 
 
 Pauperism. — Whole number of paupers who received relief or support within the year ending Ist June, 1850, 1,642— 
 1,313 natives, and 329 foreigners ; and the whole number of paupers at that date, 1,293 — 1,113 natives, and 180 foreigners 
 annual cost of support, $48,337. 
 
 Pelii/ious Denominations. — ^The statistics of the several religious denominations in the State in 1850, were as follows : 
 
 No. of 
 Churches. 
 
 Denomina- No. of 
 
 Church 
 
 Value of 
 
 Denomina- 
 
 tions. Churches 
 
 accnm. 
 
 Property. 
 
 tions. 
 
 Baptist 413. 
 
 165.805.. 
 
 $293,863 
 
 Germ"nRe£ 
 
 Christian ... — . 
 
 — .. 
 
 — 
 
 Jewish .... 
 
 Congregat'l. 1 . 
 
 2,000.. 
 
 70,000 
 
 Lutheran.. . 
 
 Dutch Ref. . — . 
 
 — .. 
 
 — 
 
 Mennonite. . 
 
 Episcopal . . 71 . 
 
 28,540.. 
 
 615,450 
 
 Methodist. . 
 
 Free 5. 
 
 1,550.. 
 
 1,700 
 
 Moravian.. 
 
 Friends 1. 
 
 500.. 
 
 500 
 
 Presbyter'n. 
 
 Church 
 
 Value of 
 
 Denomina- No. of 
 
 Church 
 
 Value of 
 
 accom. 
 
 Property. 
 
 tions. Churches. 
 
 accnm. 
 
 Property. 
 
 — . 
 
 .$ - 
 
 R. Catholic. 14 .. 
 
 6,030 .. 
 
 $73,315 
 
 2,400 . 
 
 . 83,700 
 
 Swedenb'g .. — .. 
 
 — . 
 
 — 
 
 14,750 . 
 
 . 109,500 
 
 Tunker — .. 
 
 -T • 
 
 — 
 
 _ . 
 
 _ 
 
 Union — .. 
 
 — . 
 
 — 
 
 59,920 . 
 
 . 311,168 
 
 Unitarian... 1 .. 
 
 700 . 
 
 30,000 
 
 _ . 
 
 — 
 
 Uuiversalist. 2 . . 
 
 650 . 
 
 5,600 
 
 64,465 . 
 
 . 471,125 
 
 Minor Sects. 19 .. 
 
 6,620 . 
 
 69,425 
 
 125 
 
 — making a total of 1,163 churches, having accommodation for 453,930 persons, and valued at $2,140,346. South Carolina 
 is a diocese of the Protestant Episcopal Church, and also forms a part of the Roman Catholic diocese of Charleston. 
 
 Historical Sketch. — South Carolina, for many years after its settlement, was united under the same government as 
 North Carolina ; but as early as 1671 it had been set off as the " County of Carteret in Carolina," and in 1715 had a sep- 
 arate legislature. In 1727 it became a royal colony. 
 
 The general history of the colony, from its first settlement to the division of Carolina into North and South, is given in 
 connection with the description of North Carolina (which see). The germ of the population of South Carolina was 
 planted at Port Royal in 1670, but becoming dissatisfied with the locality, the colony removed the next year to the banks 
 of Ashley River, where they founded old Charleston. A second removal took place in 1680 to Oyster Point, at the con- 
 fluence of Ashley and Cooper rivers, where the present city of Charleston was commenced. 
 
 On the settlement of South Carolina, the proprietors engaged the celebrated -John Locke to frame for them a constitu- 
 tion and body of laws. The system of government proposed by the philosopher consisted of 120 articles, and was partly 
 aristocratic and partly feudal in its principles. Three classes of nobility were established, viz., barons, caciques, and 
 landgraves. The first were to possess 12,000, the second 24,000, and the third 48,000 acres of land, which was to remain 
 unalienable in their families. The legislature consisted of only one house, and was composed of the lords proprietors, the 
 nobility, and deputies chosen by the free inhabitants holding heritable property. This plan of government, ill suited to the 
 condition and views of the people, produced discord and anarchy. Its spirit was adverse to a democracy, and encour- 
 aged the proprietaries in arbitrary proceedings. Religious disputes, however, at this time, were the great causes of 
 disturbance. The Episcopalians being in a majority, attempted to exclude dissenters from the legislature, and the at- 
 tempt succeeding, the Church of England was established by law. A train of evil consequences followed ; and though 
 the obnoxious law was annulled by the British Parliament, tranquillity was not restored, and soon after (1729) the people 
 preferring a monarchy to an oligarchy, the colony became a royal government, the king purchasing the rights of the 
 proprietaries. 
 
 From this period the colony was governed on the same plan as the other royal governments, and its growth became 
 more rapid. Population began to pour in when discord subsided. The Dutch expelled from New York, the French 
 Protestants, on the revocation of the Edict of Nantz, and others fleeing from tyranny and opposition, sought asylum in 
 the young colony These generally settled themselves on the Santee River, and perhaps more by their respectability and 
 character than by their numbers, contributed to the future welfare of the State. The insurrections of 1715 and 1745 in 
 
 261 
 
THE STATE OF SOUTH CAROLINA. 
 
 England also sent numbers to the settlement; many arrived from Germany and Switzerland, and 1,500 French colonists 
 expatriated from Nova Scotia, found sanctuary in South Carolina. The cultivation of rice was commenced about the 
 end of the seventeenth century, and as is well known, to this event (which was purely accidental) the State has derived a 
 lasting source of wealth. 
 
 The wars of the Spaniards, French, and Indians, undertaken by each for the extermination of the settlers, greatly 
 impeded the progress of the country during the period commencing with the eighteenth century, and ending with the 
 general peace of 1763. The coasts were ravage<l, the frontier settlements broken up, and imrabers left the country in 
 despair, aud, to add to the misfortunes of this state of matters, the small-pox raged with violence during the latter portion 
 of this calamitous period. 
 
 During the thirteen years intervening to the breaking out of the Eevolution of 1776, the province enjoyed uninterrupted 
 peace and prosperity, and in that time nearly doubled its population ; and the Southern colonies were at that time little 
 inclined to disturb the peaceful order of things, then existing, by joining in the revolt against the mother country. But 
 though this feeling animated the inhabitants generally, there was also a minority favorable to the revolution ; and about 
 this time a revulsion was brought about even among the monarchical party, by orders having been given the governor to 
 use immediately and etfeotually the military in the subjugation of the dissentients. This circuinstanee seems to have 
 determined the conduct of the colonists. During the long struggle that followed, this State suffered nmch both from the 
 British and Indians, and the tory interest among themselves. The war in South Carolina was remarkable both for gene- 
 ral actions of great importance to the public cause, and for the display of individual bravery and patriotism. The battles 
 of Cowpens and Eutaw Springs may vie with any in the contest for skill and courage, and the names of Marion, Sumtor, 
 and Lee will ever live on the page of history. The city of Charleston was twice besieged — once in 1770, unsuccessfully, 
 and once in 1780, when after a determined resistance its inhabitants and garrison fell into the hands of the enemy. The 
 victory of Eutaw Springs in 17S1 relieved the State from the pressure of war, and contributed not a little to the successful 
 issue of the contest The scenes of the battles and sieges within South (Carolina occurred in the following chronological 
 order : Fort Moultrie, 2Sth June, 1776 ; Port Royal, 1779 ; St. John's, 1779 ; Monk's Corner, 141h April, 1780 ; Charlew- 
 ton. l'2th May, 1780; Camden, 16th August, 17S0 ; Broad River, October, 1780 ; Tyger River, October, 1780 ; Cowpens, 
 17Ui .January, 1781 ; Fort Watson, 14lh April, 1781 ; Hobkirk's Hill, 25 April, 17S1 ; Ninety-Six, ISth June, 17S1 ; Eataw 
 Sjiringn, 8th September, 1781, the scenes of American success being noted in italics. 
 
 The history of the State since this period has been one of interest. It notes many phases in politics which have startled 
 the public mind, and though comparatively a small State, its proceedings have occupied a large share of public attention. 
 Its attitude on several important federal questions has been peculiar and independent, and so tenacious of '• State rights" 
 have the people appeared, that on several occasions they have even gone so far as to threaten a separation from the 
 Union. In these manifestations of sovereignly, however, the patriotism of the people has not suffered in the general 
 esteem of the world; and it may be added that the influence of the conduct of South Carolina has not been without its 
 benefits to the Union, in restraining the federal aggressions and upholding the rights of States to the management of their 
 own internal affairs. South Carolina, too, has given to its sister States an example worthy of imitation, in its advocacy 
 of Southern industry and improvement. Among Southern States, this is second to none in its public works, and in many 
 of its industrial employments ranks superior to any other in which sl.ave labor is used as a producing power. 
 
 Succession of Gore/-7!0?x— Under the Proprietary : William Sayle, 1669 ; Joseph West, 1671 ; John Yeamans, 1671 ; 
 Joseph West, 1674; Joseph Morton, 16^2; Joseph West, 1684; Kichard Kirk, 1684; Robert Quarry, 1684; Joseph Mor- 
 ton, 1685; James Colleton, 1686; Seth Sothwell, 1690; Philip Ludwell, 1693; Thomas Smith, 1693; .Joseph Blake, 1694; 
 John Archdale, 1695 ; Joseph Blake, 1696; James Moore, 1700; Nathaniel Johnson, 1703; Edward Tynte, 1706 ; Robert 
 Gibbes, 1710; Charles Craven, 1712; Robert Daniel, 1716; Robert Johnson, 1719; James Moore, l'\9 i—Artriur 
 MixMleton, 1719-21, during which a temporary republic existed; — Under tife Royal Government: Francis Nicholson, 
 1721 ; Arthur Middleton, 1725 ; Robert Johnson, 1730 ; Thomas Broughton, 17.35 ; William Bull, 1737 ; James Glen, 1743 ; 
 William H. Littleton, 1756; William Bull, 17C0; Thomas Bo(me, 1762; William Bull, 1763; Charles Montague, 1766; 
 William Bull, 1769; — Under the First Constitution: John Rutlcdge, 1775; Rawlins Lowndes, 1778; John Rulledge, 
 1779; John Mathews, 1782; Benjamin Guerard, 1783; AVilliam Moultrie, 1785; Thomas Pinckney, 1787; Charles 
 Pinckney, 1789 ; — Under the Second Constitdtion : Charles Pinckney, 1790; Arnoldus Vanderhorst, 1792; William 
 Moultrie, 1794; Charles Pinckney, 1796; Edward Rutledge, 1798; John Drayton (acting), 1800; John Drayton, 1800; 
 James B. Richardson, 1802 ; Paul Hamilton, 1S04 ; Charles Pinckney, 1806 ; John Drayton, 1808 ; Henry Middleton, isio ; 
 Joseph Alston, 1812; David K. Williams, 1814; Andrew Pickens, 1816; John Geddes, 1818; Thomas Bennet, 1820; 
 John L. Wilson, 1822 ; Richard J. Manning, 1824 ; John Taylor, 1S26 ; Stephen D. Miller, 1828 ; James Hamilton, 1830; 
 Robert Y. Hayne, 1832 ; George M-Duffie, 1834 ; Pierce M. Butler, 1836 ; Patrick Noble, 1838 ; B. K. Hennegan (acting), 
 1840; John P. Richardson, 1840; James H. Hammond, 1S42; William Aiken, 1844; David Johnson, 1846; W. B. Sea- 
 brook, 1848 ; John H. Means, 1850 ; John L. Manning, 1852. 
 
 CoLUiiBiA, on the east side of Congaree River, is the political capital of the State. 
 262 
 
THE STATE OE TENNESSEE. 
 
 Tennessee lies in the form of a parallelogram, with Kentucky and Virginia on the north, North Carolina on the east, 
 Georgia, Alabama, and Mississippi on the south, and the Mississippi River on the west, which divides it from Missouri 
 and Arkansas, and extends east and west between 81° 37' and 90° 28' west from Greenwich, or 4° 35' and 13° 26' west 
 from Washington, and between the latitudes 35° and 36° 35' north. From North Carolina it is separated chiefly by the 
 AUeghanies. Its area is computed at 45,600 square miles. 
 
 Tennessee is perhaps more diversified in the character of its surface than any other of the central States. In the east, 
 mountain prevails, and in this section the country is traversed in a north and south direction by several ridges of the 
 Appalachian chain, and in its topography presents much picturesque and beautiful scenery. The middle portion of the 
 State is less bold in its outlines, and the surface imperceptibly deeUnes by gradations from a region overspread by hilla 
 and swells of ever-changing and varying elevation and character, to a rolling country of exquisite fertility, and watered 
 by innumerable streams, alfluents of its great rivers, the Cumberland and Tennessee. Between the Tennessee and the 
 Mississippi in the west, the surface is nearly level, the general evenness being interrupted only by the courses of the low 
 water-shed dividing the tributaries of the two rivers, or by alternations of woodland and prairie. In all the country, 
 however, there are but few portions so hilly and broken as to interfere with its agricultural capacities; the hills are 
 clothed with wood to their summits, and the soil is everywhere sufficiently fertile for profitable cultivation, or yields nour- 
 ishing grasses for pasturage to the hill-tops. The east abounds in minerals, the rich deposits of which are only now 
 being disclosed, and the spurs of the mountains contain in the various rocks materials useful for building purposes 
 and ornamental architecture. 
 
 The Kittatinny range, under the local name of Stone, Bald, Iron, Smoky, and Unika mountains, forms the dividing line 
 between Tennessee and North Carolina, while the prolongation of the Alleghany chain, of Chestnut Ridge and of Laurel 
 Ridge, traverse the State north and south. The latter, which here takes the name of Cumberland Mountains, spreads out 
 in this State to a breadth of about fifty miles, filling that section of the country which lies be. ween the Tennessee and the 
 Cumberland rivers, before they take a western course, with long regular ridges of no great elevation. Perhaps none of 
 their summits exceed 2,000 feet in height, but the chains are continuous, interrupted only at great intervals by gaps or 
 passes. In some places they are rocky and rugged, while in others, and generally, they swell gently from thefr elevated 
 bases and embosom numerous, delightful, and fertile valleys. The valleys of tbe small rivers are extremly beautiful, and 
 rich beyond any of the same description west of the AUeghanies. The valleys of the great streams — the Tennessee and 
 Cumberland — differ little from the alluvions of the other great rivers of the central region of the Union. In the small 
 valleys are many fine plantations, so lonely that they seem lost among the mountains. 
 
 I Nol)le rivers, open to navigation, and fine pure streams, furnishing ample power for economical purposes, are distin- 
 guishing features of Tennessee. The Mississippi washes the western border for 160 miles, and its banks within this 
 State afford some of the most valuable commercial sites to be found in its long course. The Cumberland has its sources 
 and its mouth in Kentucky, but runs for about 250 miles in Tennessee, through which is its most southern bend ; it enters 
 this State about longitude 85° 40', and leaves it about longitude 88° 12', and within 10 miles to the east of Tennessee 
 River. Steamboats have ascended to Burkesville, In Kentucky, but they rarely pass above Carthage, the point where 
 Caney Fork meets the principal stream. To Nashville, the capital of the State, steamboat navigation is easy and conve- 
 nient. The Tennessee also rises beyond the limits of the State. The Clinch and Holston have their sources in the 
 Alleghany ridge of Virginia, but the Watauga, a tributary of the Holston, the Nolichucky, and Big Pigeon, branches 
 of the French Broad River, the Little Tennessee, and the Hiwassee — all rise in the Blue Ridge. The Little Tennessee Is 
 often considered as the main river, but it is much inferior to the Holston, with which it unites, and the confluence of the 
 Holston and Clinch form the Tennessee River. Most of these rivers are navigable by boats, and they receive numerous 
 valuable mill-streams. The junction is effected at Kingston, whence the course of the Tennessee is south and south-west 
 until it enters Alabama, through which State its course is generally west to the Mississippi State line, on which it takes a 
 north direction, through Tennessee and Kentucky, to the Ohio. After re-entering Tennessee, it flows 200 miles within its 
 limits, and is navigable throughout that distance for steamboats. The Elk and Duck rivers are its only considerable 
 tributaries: rising in the same district, on the western slope of the Cumlierland Mountains, they reach their common 
 recipient at a distance of 200 miles from each other, and are both navigable for a considerable distance. The Sequatchee 
 is a smaller stream, flowing through a rich and beautiful valley in the Cumberland Mountains. Caney Fork, and Stone's 
 River, the principal tributaries of the Cumberland, are navigable streams: the former rises within the mountains, and the 
 latter on their western slope. Western Tennessee is almost entirely drained by affluents of the Mississippi. 
 
 The mineral resources of Teiinessee consist of valuable deposits of iron, copper, lead, etc., of which the ores are ex- 
 ceedingly rich; these are mostly located in the eastern and middle divisions of the State. Copper is of recent discovery, 
 and promises to become a rich acquisition to the known resources of the country. Iroii is extensively reduced along the 
 borders of Cumberland River. In December, 1852, there were in this region 19 furnaces, 9 forges, and 2 rolling-mills in 
 operation,* and producing in the aggregate 44,600 tons of metal annually. The lead-mines have been partially worked 
 
 ' The following Btatistics are from Hunt's " Merchants' Magazine" for May, 1853, 
 Number Produnts, 
 
 of Works. 1852. 
 
 Furnaces 19 29,200 tons pig metal 
 
 Forges 9 10,1300 " blooms 
 
 RollingMills 2 4,700 " bar iron 
 
 Value of 
 Products. 
 $667,1100 . 
 
 683,000 . 
 
 4-23,000 . 
 
 Capital Hands Employed. 
 
 Invested. Whites./ " ,Negroes, 
 
 $756,000 1,045 1,360 
 
 235,000 260 410 
 
 225,000 90 140 
 
 Total. 
 
 30 44,fi00 
 
 1,673,000 $1,216,000 
 
 1,395 1,910 
 
 263 
 
THE STATE OF. TENNESSEE. 
 
 The gold region extends into the north-eastern part of Tennessee, but the metal has not been found in any large quanti- 
 ties. Coal of excellent quality has been mined in the Cumberland Mountains, but, except for local purposes, can be of 
 little value, the means of transportation being inferior, and the coal-flelds of the Ohio basin being much more accessible 
 and more cheaply wrought. Formerly this coal was mined to a considerable extent, and carried from Crab Orchard 
 Mountain, near Emory's liiver, down the Tennessee to New Orleans. The supposed coal of Williamson, Davidson, and 
 Maury counties is, according to Professor Troost, aluminous slate. The State contains quarries of excellent marble and 
 other calcareous formations ; gypsum is also abundant; idtrous earths are found in the limestone caverns, and there are a 
 variety of other useful minerals throughout the country ; east of the Tennessee salt is abundant. In the eastern sectjon 
 there are numerous sulphur and other mineral springs. Many of ihe caverns are of great extent— some have been ex- 
 plored for a distance often mdes, and contain spacious apartments, and are traversed by considerable streams. 
 
 The climate of Tennessee is mild and genial, being free from the scorching heals of the South and the chilling blasts 
 of the North. Cattle may graze on the plains throughout the winter. Its salubrity is unquestionable; the low valleys 
 where the waters are stagnant, and the alluvions of the great rivers, being exceptions. The soil of East Tennessee, prin- 
 cipally calcareous, is eminently fertile. In the west the soils vary, and the strata descend from the mountains in the fol- 
 lowing order: first, loamy soil, or mixtures of clay and sand; next, yellow clay; next, a mixture of red sand and red 
 clay ; and lastly, white sand. In the southern parLs are immense beds of oyster shells, on high table-land, at a distance 
 from any stream. Nearly all the forest trees of the central country are found in this State ; juniper, red cedar, and savin 
 cover the mountains. The i)ine-foresls of the eastern section are valuable for their tar, turpentine, etc. The sugar-maple 
 is very abundant. Fruit in all its varieties is raised iu great perfection in every part of the State. The agricultural pro- 
 ductions are similar to those of the Ohio Valley generally, with the addition of cotton, which is grown chiefly in the south 
 and west. The east is chiefly engaged in cattle-raising, and exports largely to the south. Tobacco and hemp are also 
 staples of Tennessee, and in quality are excellent. 
 
 Tennessee is divided into 79 counties, the general statistics of which, and the capitals of each, in 1850, were as follows: 
 
 Eastern Tennessee — 28 counties. 
 
 Comities. Dwell. Pop. 
 
 Anderson .... 1,091 .. 6,9.38 . 
 
 Bledsoe 854.. 5,951 . 
 
 Blount 1,992 ..12,382 . 
 
 Bradley 1,955 . .12,259 . 
 
 Campbell 916 .. 6,068 . 
 
 Carter 1,002 .. 6.296 . 
 
 Claiborne 1,425 . . 9,369 . 
 
 Cooke 1,295.. 8,300 . 
 
 Granger 1.S94 ..12,370 . 
 
 Greene 2,938 ..17,824 . 
 
 Hamilton 1,.590 . .10,075 . 
 
 Hancock 939 .. 5,660 . 
 
 Hawkins 2.019 ..13,370 . 
 
 Jefferson 1,975 ..13,204 . 
 
 Farmn Mnnuf. 
 
 inri.lt. 
 698 
 
 825 . 
 , 976. 
 
 , 886 
 
 , 521 
 
 , 565 
 
 944 
 
 886 
 
 723 
 
 1,346 
 
 633 
 
 787 
 
 735 
 
 , 904 
 
 , 9.. Clinton 
 2 . . Pikeville 
 . Marysville 
 . Cleaveland 
 . Jacksboro' 
 . Elizabethtown 
 . Tazewell 
 . Newport 
 . Eutledge 
 . Greenville 
 . Harrison 
 . Sueedville 
 . Eogersville 
 
 . 38. 
 . 44. 
 . 14. 
 . 47. 
 . 24. 
 . 85. 
 . 34. 
 . 47. 
 . 10. 
 . 17. 
 . 21 . 
 
 Countiea. Dwell, 
 
 Johnson 565 , 
 
 Knox 2,804 
 
 Marion 957 . 
 
 Meigs 819 
 
 Pop. ,';";;,";j' 
 
 . 8,705 . . 325 . 
 .18.7.55 ..1,403 . 
 
 . 6,314 , 
 . 4,879 
 
 Monroe 
 
 1,816 . .11,874 . 
 
 .877.. 7 
 . 485 . . 19 
 .1,348.. 169 
 . 467 
 . 717 
 . 499 
 
 Counties DwelL Pop 
 
 Bedford 2,754 . . 21,512 
 
 Cannon 1.326 . . 9,982 . 
 
 Coffee 1,179.. 8,351 . 
 
 Davidson .... 4,257 . . 38,881 , 
 
 Dickson 1,080 . . 8,404 
 
 De Kalb 1,247 .. 8,016 
 
 Fentress 707 . . 4.454 , 
 
 Franklin 1,638 .. 1.3,763 ..1,015 
 
 Giles 2,a30 . . 25.949 . .2,075 
 
 Grundy 435.. 2,773.. 263 
 
 Hickman 1,296.. 9,397.. 778 
 
 Humphreys.. 919.. 6,422.. 679 
 
 Jackson 2,325 . . 15,673 . .1,211 
 
 Lawrence 1,364 . . 9,280 . . 993 
 
 Lewis 599.. 4,438.. 394 
 
 Lincoln 3,010 . . 23,492 . .1,926 
 
 72 . . Danbridge 
 
 Middle Tennessee— 32 counties, 
 
 Capitals. 
 
 Morgan 581 . . 3.430 
 
 M'MInn 2,040 . .13,9(16 
 
 Polk I,;il2 .. 6,3.3S .. 
 
 Rhea 681 .. 4.415 .. 
 
 Koane 1,812 . .12,185 . . 
 
 Scott 296 . . 1,905 . . 
 
 Sevier 1,071 .. 0,920.. 
 
 Sullivan 1,826 . .11,742 . . 
 
 Washington . . 2,155 . .13,861 . . 
 
 724. 
 598. 
 918 . 
 430. 
 1,688 . 
 561 . 
 305. 
 842. 
 290. 
 5:31 . 
 816 . 
 
 manm. « .,„,_ 
 
 . 42 . . Taylorsville 
 . 67 . . Knoxvillo 
 . 9 . . Jasper 
 . 1 . . Decatur 
 . 59 . . Madison villa 
 . 3 . . Montgomery 
 .115 . . Athens 
 Beutou 
 Washington 
 Kingston 
 
 11. 
 
 2. 
 
 21. 
 
 . . Sevier 
 . Blountvillo 
 , . Jonesboro' 
 
 Farms Manof. 
 inculL Estali. 
 
 986 .. 28..Shelbyville 
 . Woodbury 
 . Manchester 
 . Nashville 
 14 . . Charlotte 
 24 . . Smithville 
 5 . . Jamestown 
 67 .. Winchester 
 
 .189 
 . 2 
 . 46 
 
 ,. 40 
 . 4 
 . 43 
 
 ,. 18 
 .100 
 
 . Pulaski 
 . Altainont 
 . Centreville 
 . Waverly 
 . Gainesboro' 
 . Lawrenceburg 
 . Hampshire 
 . Fayetteville 
 
 Macon 1,044 . . 
 
 Marshall 2,001 . 
 
 Maury 2,961 . 
 
 Montgomery . 2,086 . 
 
 Overton 1,673 . 
 
 Robertson . . . 1,995 . 
 Kulherford . . . 2.S95 . 
 
 Smith 2,422 . 
 
 Stewart I,2'.i5 . 
 
 Sumner 2,555 . 
 
 Van Buren.. . 404 . 
 
 Warren 1,3S7 . 
 
 Wayne 1,216 
 
 Pop. 
 
 6,948 . 
 15.616 . 
 29,520 
 , 21,045 
 11.211 . 
 16,145 . 
 29,122 . 
 
 . 782 .. 
 .1,032 .. 
 .1.501 .. 
 .1,227 .. 
 . 929 . . 
 .1,063.. 
 .1.507 .. 
 
 18,412 ..1,310 
 
 9,719 . . 936 . 
 
 22,717 ..1,335 . 
 
 2,674 . . 192 . 
 
 10,179 . . 645 . 
 
 8.170 . . 689 . 
 
 White 1,706.. 11,444.. 1,.341 .. 22 .. Sparta 
 
 Williamson.. . 2,534 . . 27,201 . .1.355 . . 54 . . Franklin 
 27,444 . .1,983 . . 36 . . Lebanon 
 
 Capitals. 
 3 . . La Fayette 
 33 . . Lewisburg 
 112 . . Columbia 
 . Clarksvillo 
 . Monroe 
 . Springfield 
 Murfreesborcy 
 Carthage 
 Dover 
 103.. Gallatin 
 
 5 . . Spencer 
 
 6 .. M'Minnville 
 10 . . Waynesboro 
 
 59. 
 9. 
 63.. 
 41 .. 
 32.. 
 33.. 
 
 Farms 
 in cult. 
 
 706.. 
 1,404 . . 
 , 44:3 ., 
 
 515.. 
 
 Counties. Dwell. Pop. 
 
 Benton 984.. 6,-315. 
 
 Carroll 2,105 .. 15,967 . 
 
 Decatur 941 .. 6,003 . 
 
 Dyer 824.. 6,361. 
 
 Fayette 1,951 .. 26,719 . .1,172 . 
 
 Gibson 2,529 . . 19,543 . .2,160 . 
 
 Henderson. . . 1,798 . . 13,164 . . 973 . 
 Haywood .... 1,454 . . 17,2.'i9 . . 967 . 
 Hardeman .. . 1,735 . . 17,4.56 . .1,027 . 
 
 Hardin 1,503 . . 10,328 . . 690 . 
 
 264 
 
 2. 
 24. 
 15. 
 
 7. 
 29. 
 43. 
 25. 
 13. 
 64. 
 19. 
 
 1, Farms 
 
 ■^"P- in cult. 
 
 18,233.. 1,473.. 51 
 
 W^ilson 3,411 . 
 
 Western Tennessee — 19 counties. 
 
 Counties. Dwell. 
 
 Henry 2,245 . 
 
 Lai'derdale... 563. 
 
 Madison 2,282 . 
 
 M'Nairy 1,895 . . 12.814 . .1,379 
 
 Obion 1,131 . . 7,633 . . 653 
 
 Perry 927 . . 5,822 , . 458 
 
 Shelby 2,926 .. 31,157 . .1,115 . .129 
 
 Tipton 813 
 
 Weakley 1,948 
 
 EsTa"!'- Capitals. 
 . Camden 
 . Huntingdon 
 . Decalurville 
 . Dyersburg 
 . Somerville 
 . Trenton 
 . Lexington 
 . Brownsville 
 . Bolivar 
 . Savannah 
 
 Paris 
 
 5,169.. 287, 
 21,470.. 1,408, 
 
 , S,SS7 . . 631 
 ,14,603.. 1,467 
 
 4 . . Kipley 
 49 . . Jackson 
 33 . . Purdy 
 6 . . Troy 
 4 . . Linden 
 Raleigh 
 16 . . Covingtoa 
 13 . . Dresden 
 
THE STATE OF TENNESSEE. 
 
 The whole number of dwellings in the State was, at the above date, 129,420 ; of families, 130,005 ; and of inhabitants, 
 1,002,625; viz., whites 756,593— males 382,270, and females 374,623; fr. col. 6,271 -males 3,()T2, and females 3,199, and 
 b1. 239,461. Of the whole population there were, deaf and dumb — wh. 335, fr. col. 2, si. 40 — total 3T7; Uipd — wh. 385, 
 fr. col. 10, si. 73— total 46S; insane— ■vih. 453, fr. col. 4, si. 21 total 478; and idiotic— \vb. 789, fr. col. 4, si. 61— total 854. 
 The number of free persons born in the United States was (55,655, the number of foreign birth 5,740, and of birth un- 
 known 1.759. The native population originated as follows: Maine 97, N. Ilarap. 64, Verm. 179, Mass. 331, K. I. 33, 
 Conn. 261, N. York 1,019, N. Jer. 248, Penn. 2,146, Del. 95, Md. 1,554, Dist. of Col. 101, Virg. 46,631, N. Car. 72,027, 
 S.'Car. 15,197, Ga. 4,863, Flor. 369, Ala. 6,-39S, Miss. 2.137, La. 261, Te.K. 100, Ark. 496, Tenn-essee 585,084, Ky. 12.069, 
 Ohio 742, Mich. 7, Ind. 769, III. 872, Mo. 920, la. 30, Wise. 8, Calif. 0, Territories 2 ; and Ihe foreion population was com- 
 posed of persons from— England 706, Ireland 2.640, Scotland 327, Wales 17, Germany 1,168, France 245, Spain 3, Portugal 2, 
 Belgium 4, Holland 57, Italy 59, Austria 10, Switzerland 266, Eussia 9, Denmark S, Ni>rway 0, Sweden 8, Prussia 32, 
 Sardinia 2, Greece 2, China 0, Asia 3, Africa 5, British America 76, Mexico 12, Central America 0, South America 0, 
 West Indies 20, Sandwich Lslands 0, and other countries 59. 
 
 The following table will show the decennial progress of the population since the first census of the State : 
 
 Colored Persons. Decennial Increase. 
 Census Wliite , ' ^ Total ,_ ' . 
 
 Years. Persons. Free. Slave. Total. Population. Numerical. Percent, 
 
 1790 32,013 361 3,417 3.778 85,791 — — 
 
 1600 91,709 309 13,584 18,893 105,602. . ,. . 69,811 195.0 
 
 1810 215,875 1,317 44..535 45,852 261,727... ...156,125 147.8 
 
 1820 839.927 2,779 80,107 82,886 422,818 161,086 61.5 
 
 1830 535,646 4.655 141,603 146.258 681,904 259,091 61.2 
 
 1840 640,627 5,524 183,059 188,583. ....... 829,210 147.306 21.6 
 
 1850 756,893 6,271 239,461 245,732 1,002,725 173,615 20.9 
 
 The general statistics of the industry, products, W(!alth, and institutions of the State, according to the census returns of 
 1850, and other official documents referring to the same year, are as follows : 
 
 Occupied Landu, etc. — Improved farm lands, 5,175,172 acres, and unimproved attached lands, 18,808.849 acres — valued 
 together at $97,851,212. The whole number of farms under cultivation on the 1st Jime, 1850, was 72,710, of which 21,232 
 were in Eastern, 32.545 in Middle, and 18,933 in "VVesteni Tennessee. Value of farming implements, etc., $5,360,220. 
 
 Livestock. — Horses, 270,636 ; asses and mules, 75,303 ; milch cows, 250,456 ; workmg-oxen, 86,255 ; other cattle, 414,051 ; 
 sheep, 811,591 ; and swine, 8,114,111. These numbers, compared with the stock in 1840, exhibit the following results : 
 
 nesrri|ition. lS-10. 1850, Movement. 
 
 57^'^-V; [341,409 head \ 270,636 head ) .„^^_ 4,530 head, or 1.8 per cent. 
 
 Afules and Asses ) I 75,303 " ) > > i- 
 
 Alilch Cows ) ( 250,456 
 
 Workin' 
 Other Tattle. 
 
 Sheep 741,593 " 811,591 " incr. 69,998 « or 9.4 " 
 
 Swine 2,926,607 " 3,114,111 " wujr. 187,504 " or 6.4 " 
 
 —the live-stock in 1850 was valued in the aggregate at $29,978,016. 
 
 ProrfiJcf^()/'^mt;wn?«.— Wool, 1,.364.878 pounds; butter, 8,139,585 pounds; cheese, 177,681 pounds; and the value of ani- 
 mals slaughtered was $6,401,765. The wool crop according to the census of 1840 amounted to 1,060,3-32 pounds; and hence 
 the increase exhibited in 1850, is 304,046 pounds, or 19.2 per cent. The product per fleece in 1840, was 22.8 ounces, 
 and in 1850, 26.8 ounces— increase in production 4 ounces per fleece, or 17.6 per cent. 
 
 Grain Crajss.— Wheat. 1,619,386 bushels ; rye, 89,163 bushels; Indian corn, 52,279,228 bushels; oats, 7,708,086 bushels ; 
 barley, 2,737 bushels ; and buckwheat, 19,427 bushels. Comparatively, the crops returned in 1840 and 1850 were as follows : 
 
 Crops. 1S40. IS.W. 
 
 Wheat 4,509,692 bushels 1 619,386 bushels. 
 
 Rye 304,320 " 89.163 " 
 
 ws \ I 250,456 " \ 
 
 ;Oxen .-... V 822,851 « \ 86,255 " [• tfecn 72,089 « or 9.6 
 
 tile I I 414,051 " J 
 
 Movement. 
 
 
 deer. 2,950,806 bushels 
 
 or 
 
 64,5 per cent 
 
 deer. 225,157 
 
 " 
 
 or 
 
 73.9 » 
 
 incr. 7,293,035 
 
 
 or 
 
 16.2 « 
 
 incr. 667,408 
 
 (1 
 
 or 
 
 9.4 " 
 
 deer. 2,072 
 
 " 
 
 or 
 
 43.1 « 
 
 incr. 2,309 
 
 " 
 
 or 
 
 18.4 « 
 
 Indian corn 44,986,188 " 52,279,223 " 
 
 Oats 7,035.678 " 7,703,086 " 
 
 Barley 4,809 " 2,737 " 
 
 Buckwheat 17,118 " 19,427 " 
 
 OtJier Food Crops.— Vdce, 258,854 (in 1840, 7,977) pounds; peas and beans, 369,321 bushels; potatoes— Irish, 1,060,844 
 bushels, and sweet. 2,777,716 bushels. The potato crop of 1840 amounted to 1,904.370 bushels, and hence the increase in 
 1850 was 1,934,190 bushels, or 101.5 per cent. Rice culture may be said to have been commenced within the decade. 
 
 Miscellaneous Crops. — Tobacco, 20,148,932 pounds; cotton, 194,532 bales of 400 pounds; hay, 74,092 tons; clover-seed, 
 6,096 bushels ; other grass seed, 9,118 bushels; hops, 1,0."2 pounds; hemp — dew-rotted 3,913 tons, and water-rotted 1,183 
 tons : flax, 367,807 pounds ; flax-seed, 18,905 bushels ; silk cocoons, 1,923 pounds ; sugar — maple, 158,557 pounds, and cane, 
 248 hogsheads of 1,000 pounds; molasses, 7,223 gallons; beeswax and honey, 1,036,572 pounds; wine, 92 gallons, etc 
 The value of orchard products was $52,894, and of market-garden products $97,183. On comparison with the like pro- 
 ducts of 1840 the following are the results 
 
 Crops. 1S40. 1850. Movement, 
 
 Tobacco 29,550,432 pounds 20,148,932 pounds deer. 9,401,500 pounds, or 81.8 per cent 
 
 Cotton 27,701,277 " 77,812,800 " incr. 50,111,523 " or 180.9 " 
 
 Ilay 31,233tons 74,092 tons, incr. 43,849 tons or 140.4 " 
 
 Hemp— dew-rotted... 1 l 8,913 " \ 
 
 " water-roited . . . V 3,344Uon3 K 1,183 " >• incr. 4,291,167 pounds, or 57.2 « 
 
 Flax J ( 367.807 pounds ' 
 
 Sugar— maple \ (158,557 " i . -,„,„, . „ .. „ 
 
 .7 cane f 2,58,078 pounds -1248,000 " \ *"'"'• 148,434 pounds, or 57.5 « 
 
 Wine 653 gallons 92 gallons deer. 561 gallong, or 85.9 " 
 
 265 
 
THE STATE OF TENNESSEE. 
 
 Eome-m.ade Manufactures were produced in the year ending Ist June, 1S50, to the value of $3,137,710. The same class 
 of goods for the census year of 1840, were valued at $2,&S6,6C1. Increase $251,049, or 8.7 per cent. 
 
 Manufactures.— X^gre^aXe. capital invested, $7,044,144; value of all raw material, fuel, etc., used and consumed, 
 $4,7.57,257; hands employed — males ami lemales ; monthly cost of labor $ —male $ and 
 
 female $ ; value of the year's products, $9,443,701 The whole number of manufacturing establishments in opera- 
 
 tion on the 1st June, 1850, an<l producing to the value of $500 and upward annually, was 2,7S9— in the Eastern District 
 941, in the Middle District 1,297, and in the Western District 551, and distributed to the counties of each district as exhibit- 
 ed in the general table. Of the aggregate number 33 were cotton factories, 4 woolen factories, 81 iron works— 16 making 
 castings, 23 making pig iron, and 42 making wrought iron— and 394 were tanneries. The total capital employed in man- 
 ufactures, according to the returns of 1S40, amounted to $3,731,589. 
 
 Cotton vianufactures employ a capit.il of $009,600; consume annually 6,411 bales of cotton, and 3,010 tons of coal, 
 valued at $297,500 ; hands employed S91— males 310, and females 581 ; monthly cost of labor, $7,124— male $3,392, and fe- 
 male $3,730; products of the year— sheeting, etc., 363,250 yards, and yarn 2,326,250 pounds; value of entire products, 
 $510,644. In 1840 there were in the State 3S factories, with an aggregate capiml amounting to $462,240, employing 1,542 
 hands, and producing to the annual value of $325,719. 
 
 Woolen manufictiireM have a capital of $l(i,900 ; used 6,200 pounds of wool, valued at $1,675; hands employed 17— 
 males 15, and females 2 ; monthly cost of labor $277— male .$265, and female $12 ; hats manufactured 2,220, valued at 
 $6,310. There are probal>ly other woolen factories producing to a less amount than $500 annually. In 1S40. llie number 
 of factories was 26, and fulling-mills 4, with an aggregate capital of $25,600, employing 45 hands, and producing to the 
 value of $14,290. 
 
 Iron maivufactures enumerated in the census of 1850, exhibit the following statistical details : 
 
 Speciliiations. Pig Iron. Cast Iron. AVroiiglit Iron. Total. 
 
 Capital invested dollars.... 1,021,400 1,39,500 775,050 1,9.3.5,950 
 
 Iron ore used tons 88,810 5,0.'50 9,151 10.3,011 
 
 Piglronused " — 1,682 11,C96 13,378 
 
 Blooms used " — — 8'-5 325 
 
 Mineral Coal consumed « 177,167 24,690 6,2.38 208.095 
 
 Coke and Chareo.il consumed lushds.... 164,000 13,2o0 — 173,200 
 
 Value of all raw material, etc dollars... 254,900 90,035 885,616 730,551 
 
 Ilands employed— male number. . . 1,713 261 731 2,705 
 
 female " ... 109 S 55 172 
 
 Monthly cost of labor— male dollars . . . 21,958 4,687 11,111 87,756 
 
 " " female.... " ... 558 36 275 869 
 
 Iron produced tons 80,420 8,384 10,348 44,152 
 
 Value of all other products dollars. . . 41,900 — 38,800 80,700 
 
 Value of entire products " ... 676,100 264,325 670,618 1,611,048 
 
 —in 1840 there were in Tennessee 84 furnaces, producing 16,128i tons cast iron, and 99 bloomeries, forges, and rolling- 
 mills, producing 9,673 tons bar iron ; fuel consumed,187,453 tons ; hands employed 2,266, and aggregate capital invested 
 in the manufacture, $1,514,736. 
 
 Tanneries employ a capital of $490,820; value of hides and skins, $396,159 ; hands employed 921— males 916, and fa 
 males 6 ; monthly cost of labor $14,370— male $14,338, and female $32 ; sides of leather tanned a33,SSS, and skins tanned 
 4.3,429 ; v.ilue of annual products, $746,484. The number of tanneries in 1840 was 454, employing a capital of $484,114, 
 and 909 hands, and producing annually 133,547 sides of sole leather, and 171,324 sides of upper leather. 
 
 Mcdt and spiritous liquors employ in their manufacture $66,125 ; quantities and kinds of grain, etc., consumed— barley 
 3,000 bushels ; corn 258,400 bushels, and rye 5,4S0 bushels ; hands employed, 159 ; and whisky and high wines produced 
 657,000 gallons. In 1840 there were reported 1,426 distilleries, producing annually 1,109,107 gallons, and 6 breweries, pro- 
 ducing 1,835 gallons; hands employed 1,.341, and capital invested $218,082. 
 
 Tennessee has also large manufactories of machinery, hardware, and other metallic ware, brick-yards, tobacco factories, 
 saddlery manufactories, potteries, paper-mills, cordage factories, carriage factories, etc. Grist, saw, flour, and other mills 
 common to agricultural States, employ about one-third the whole capital invested in manufactures. The chief manufac- 
 turing centres are Nashville, Knoxville, Memphis, etc., but the great bulk of the manufactures are distributed among the 
 villages, and as yet there are no m.inulacturing towns such as exist in the Eastern States. 
 
 Commerce and inter^ial cammunicatioti.— Tennessee has no direct foreign commerce. The internal trade carried on 
 through its rivers, railroads, and other channels, however, is extensive, and a large amount of produce, goods, and mer- 
 chandise is carried ti> the seaboard at New Orleans, Savannah, and Charleston, and much of the produce of the State is 
 brought down the Tennessee and Cumberland rivers to the Ohio, and seeks a northern outlet by way of Pittsburg and the 
 lakes. The shipping owned in the district of Nashville in 1850 amounted to 3,776 tons, all of which was navigated by 
 steam-power. The system of railroads in Tennessee is as yet but partially completed, but great progress has been made, 
 and a magnificent system projected. The centres are Nashville and Knoxville. From Nashville, lines diverge toward 
 every direction— north toward Henderson, Louisville, Cincinnati, and Maysville, east toward Savannah and Charleston, 
 south toward Mobile and New Orleans, and west toward the Mississippi, at Memphis, etc. The great line from Mobile to 
 Cairo also passes through this State From Knoxville, lines also diverge to Louisville, on the Ohio, to Richmond on the 
 Atlantic, and to the southern Atlantic ports. The Charleston and Memphis Railroad is also in part within this State, but 
 chiefly in Mississippi and Alabama. Tennessee has no canals, but several of the rivers have been improved and rendered 
 navigable. The county roads, turnpikes, etc, are of ordinary construction, and hitherto have been the only available 
 channels of trade to and from the rivers. They are generally good, and, except in wet weather, answer the present de 
 mands of the country. The several lines of r.iilroad are detailed in the Appkndix. 
 
 Banl-s.— On the 1st January, 1851, there were in Tennessee 4 banks ami 19 branch banks. The Bank of Tennessee 
 (head quarters at Nashville) has branches at Athens, Clarksville, Columbia, Rogersville, Shelbyville, Somerville, Sparta, 
 and Trenton ; the Planters' bank of Tennessee (Nashville) has branches at Athens, Clarksville, Franklin, Memphis, and 
 Pulaski ; the Union Bank of Tennessee (Nashville) has branches at Columbus, Chattanooga, Jackson, Knoxville, and 
 Memphis ; and the Bank of East Tennessee is located at Knoxville. The condition of the reporting banks at the dat« 
 266 
 
THE STATE OF TENNESSEE. 
 
 specified was as follows: liabilities— ciii>\ta.\, $6,881,568: circulation, $6,814,376; deposits, $1,917,757; due other banks, 
 $61,638 ; and other liabilities, $10,000 ; and ossefe— loans and discounts, $10,992,139 ; stocks, $432,902 ; real estate, $662,520 ; 
 due by other banl<8. $1,559,418 ; notes of other banlcs, $729,186 ; and specie, $1,458,778. A free banking law has come 
 into operation since the above returns were made, and several banks have commenced under its provisions. 
 
 Government. — The first constitution of Tennessee was adopted at Knoxville in 1796, and amended at Nashville 
 in 1834. 
 
 The 7'ight of suffrage is secured to every free male white citizen, 21 years old, resident in the county where he offers 
 his vote six months next before the election. Every man is to be considered white who is a competent witness in court 
 against a white man. The general election is held every second year on the first Thursday of August 
 
 The Legislature consists of a House of Representatives and a Senate. Kcpresentatives, in number not exceeding 75, 
 until the population of the State is 500,000, and thereafter not exceeding 99 (now 75), shall have the same qualifications as 
 voters, and have resided in the State three years, and in the county one year next before the election. Senators, in num- 
 ber not exceeding one-third of the representatives, shall have the qualifications of representatives, and shall be 30 years 
 of age. Representatives and Senators are-chosen for two years. The sessions commence (every second year) on the first 
 Monday of October. " A census shall be taken and an apportionment made in 1841, and in every tenth year thereafter." 
 
 The Governor must be 30 years of age, a citizen of the United States, and a citizen of the State for seven years pre- 
 ceding the election, and is chosen by a plurality of votes for two years, but the same person is not eligible for more than 
 six out of every eight years. If the office of Governor become vacant, the Speaker of the Senate, and after him the 
 Speaker of the House ftf Representatives, shall act as Governor. 
 
 The adminUtratire ofllcers are, the Secretary of State, the Treasurer, Comptroller of the Treasury, Attorney-general, etc. 
 
 The judiciary is vested in a Supreme Court, a Court of Chancery, and Circuit Courts. The supreme court is constituted 
 of three judges, one of whom resides in each of the three grand divisions of the State. Judges of this court must be at 
 least 85 years of age, and are elected by joint ballot of the two houses of the General Assembly for 12 years. The court 
 of chancery is presided over by a chancellor, one in each of the four chancery districts of the State. There are fourteen 
 circuit courts, also a special criminal court in Davidson county (Nashville), and a commercial and criminal court of Shelby 
 county (Memphis). The judges of all inferior courts must be at least 30 years of age, and are chosen in the same way as 
 supreme court justices, but only for eight years. All judges receive a fixed compensation, and are removable on a vote 
 of two-thirds of both houses. Justices of the peace are elected in districta for six years; sheriffs in counties for two years, 
 and registrars for eight years. 
 
 Among the provisions of the constitution are the following : No person who denies the beirjg of a God or a future state 
 of rewards and punishments, can hold any office; any person directly or indirectly engaged in a duel shall be disquali- 
 fied for otBce; no fine exceeding $.10 sh.iU be laid on any citizen of the State, unless assessed by a jury ; lotteries and the 
 sale of lottery tickets are prohibited; tlie proportion and the proceeds of the sale of the public lands coming to the State 
 shall be applied to education and internal improvement; the General Assembly can not emancipate slaves without the 
 consent of tlie owners, etc. 
 
 Amendments to the constitution, if agreed to by a majority of the members of the two houses, shall be published six 
 months before the next general election, and if approved by a vote of two-thirds of the members of the next Legislature, 
 shall be submitted to the people, and if ratified by a majority of votes, shall be adopted. But the Legislature shall not 
 propose alterations oflener than ten years. 
 
 Federal Representation.— In accordance with the law of 28d May, 1850, Tennessee is entitled to ten representatives in 
 the Congress of the United Slates. 
 
 Finances. Debt, etc. — There had been paid into the treasury, during the biennial period ending on the first Monday in 
 October, 1851. the sum of $1,004,004 94, and there had been paid out within the same period for all purposes, $933.4-31 25. 
 Excess of receipts over disbursements for the two years, $70,573 69, which, added to balances li-om former years, amount- 
 ing to $152,198 11, makes the resources of the treasury in October, 1851, $222,771 SO. The receipts have increased within 
 the last two years from $790,605 53 to $1,004,004 94, and the disbursements from $862,436 66 to the sum of $933,431 25. 
 
 The State debt amounted at the date aforenamed to $3,651,856 66, and the annual interest on it to $195,626 37. The 
 amount of productive property held by the State in 1851 was $4,128,725 74; school fund, $1,321,655. Ordinary annual 
 expenditure, exclusive of debts and school fund, $290,000. 
 
 The principal benevolent institutions of Tennessee are, the Lunatic Asylum and Institution for the Blind at NashvUle, 
 and the Beaf and Dumb School at Knoxville. The State appropriates about $5,000 annually to each of these institutiona. 
 
 Tennessee has made no general returns of its militia Jorce to the United States Government since 1840. At that date 
 the ti^tal number enrolled was 71,252, of which 3,607 were commissioned officers, and 67,645 non-commissioned officers, 
 musicians, artificers, and privates. Of the commissioned officers 25 were general officers, 79 general staff-officers, 859 field- 
 officers, etc., and 2,644 company-officers. All white male persons between 18 and 45 years of age are subject to military 
 duty; but ail free colored men are exempt in time of peace, and exempt also from poll tax. 
 
 Education. — The only returns required of the District School Commissioners are of the scholastic population of their 
 several districts. The amount of school fund apportioned among the several counties in July, 1847, was $117,284 12 • 
 incre.ised by sums remaining undrawn, in treasury, and otherwise, to $191,241 84. Scholastic population at the same 
 time, 266,078. Amount apportioned in July, 1848, $114,227 IS. Scholastic population in 1848, 272,000 and a fraction. 
 There are academies in all the principal towns and villages which receive a portion of the school fund. The principal 
 colleges and professional schools within the State, and the statistics of each, as exhibited by their returns in 1850, are as 
 follows : 
 
 Names. Location. Founded. Professors. Alumni, Students. Vola. in libr. 
 
 East Tennessee College Knoxville 1792 5 122 57 4,500 
 
 Washington College Washington co 1795 3 116 22 1,800 
 
 University of NashviUe Nashville 1S06 7 398 75 10,207 
 
 Jackson College Columbia 1833 5 46 26 2,500 
 
 Tusculum College Near Greenville 1847 2 10 36 — 
 
 Cumberland University Lebanon 1844 5 30 63 5,000 
 
 Franklin College '. Near Nashville 1845 5 26 80 8,000 
 
 Union College Murfreesboro' 1848 5 6 100 1,300 
 
 south-western Theol. Sem. (Presb.) Maryville 1821 2 90 24 6,000 
 
 267 
 
—the Cumberland University has a Law Department, which in 1850 had 3 professors and 68 studenU, and the University 
 of Nashville has a Medical Department, wliich at the same time bad 7 professors. 
 
 Public libraries.— AccoTtlmg to the report of the Librarian of the Smithsonian Institute, in 1S51, there were in thu 
 Slate 21 libraries and 47,356 volumes; 1 State library— S,OU0 volumes; 9 college— 2(»,S44 volumes; 8 students'— 9,712 
 volumes ; 1 professional— 3.500 volumes, and 2 public school— 5,000 volumes. Total 21 libraries— 47,356 volumes. 
 
 Periodical Press.— The whole number of periodicals published in tlie State on the 1st June, 1S5U, was 61, and of these 
 24 were whig, 17 democratic, and 20 neutral in politics, the l:ist named including such as are devoted to literature, religion, 
 science, etc., and of which the political priiiciijRs were not ascertained. Of the aggregate number 8 were published daily, 
 2 semi-weelily, 46 weekly, and 4 nionllily ; and tlie aggregate circulation of each class was as follows: of the dailies, 
 14,082 copies ; of the semi-weeklies, 1,718 copies ; of the weeklies, 41,477 copies, and of the monthlies, 10,600 copies ateach 
 issue. Bedford County has 1 w. ; Davidson (Nashville), 5 d., 7 w., and 2 m. ; Franklin, Gibson, Greene, and Giles, each 
 1 w. ; Hamilton, 2 w. ; Henry and Hawkins, each 1 w. ; Knox, 1 s. w. and 5 w. ; Lawrence and Lincoln, each 1 w.; 
 Montgomery, 3 w. and 1 m. ; Marshall, 1 w. ; Maury, 2 w. and 1 m. ; M'Minn, 1 w. ; Eutherford. 2 w. ; Shelby, 4 d., 1 
 s. w., atid 6 w. ; Sumner, 1 w. ; Wilson. 2 w. ; White, 1 w. ; Weakley, 2 w. ; Williamson and Washington, each 1 w. 
 
 JiHigious Penomi?iatio>i.i.— The statistics of the several religious denominations la the State in 1850, as is shown by the 
 census of that year, were as follows : 
 
 Denomina- No. of 
 
 Cliiircli 
 
 Value of 
 
 Denomina- 
 
 linns. Cl.ur.I.es. 
 
 accc.m. 
 
 Pn.perty. 
 
 tidns. 
 
 Baptist 611.. 
 
 188.815.. 
 
 $269,424 
 
 Germ'n Kef. 
 
 Christian... 57.. 
 
 17,800.. 
 
 48,295 
 
 Jewish .... 
 
 Congregat'l. — . . 
 
 — .. 
 
 — 
 
 Lutheran... 
 
 Dutch Ref.. — .. 
 
 — .. 
 
 — 
 
 Mennonite.. 
 
 Episcopal.. 17.. 
 
 7,810.. 
 
 85,800 
 
 Methodist.. 
 
 Free 28.. 
 
 6,900.. 
 
 6,605 
 
 Moravian . . 
 
 Friends 4.. 
 
 1,600.. 
 
 1,300 
 
 Presbyter'n. 
 
 12 . . 3,400 
 
 Value of 
 Property. 
 
 2,600 
 
 Den.. 
 
 831 ..240,853 .. 378,511 
 357 ..1.32,717 .. 365,531 
 
 No. of Cliurrli 
 Churolies. aciom. 
 
 E. Catholic. 3 
 
 Swedenb"g.. — 
 
 Tunker 1 
 
 Union 15 
 
 Unitarian... — 
 
 Universalist. — 
 
 Minor Sects. 3 
 
 1,300 
 
 500 
 8,900 
 
 1,600 
 
 Value of 
 Property. 
 
 $45,000 
 
 300 
 3,800 
 
 2,150 
 
 —making a total of 1,939 churches, having accommodation for 606,695 persons, and valued as property at $1,208,876. 
 Tennessee forms a diocese of the Protestant Episcopal Church, and also the Roman Catholic diocese of Nashville. 
 
 Pauperism and Crime. — The whole number of paupers who received support within the year etnling 1st June, 1850, 
 was 1,005, of which 99 were native born, and 14 foreigners ; and the wliole numl>er of paupers at the date specified was 
 591, of which 577 were natives, and 14 foreigners. Annual cost of support, $80.9Sl. Of 195 convicts in the Tennessee 
 Penitentiary on the 30th September, 1847, 56 liad been convicted for crimes against life and person; 121 for crimes 
 against property, including larceny, forgery, counterfeiting, burglary, etc., 14 for negro stealing, harboring, etc., 2 for 
 incest, 8 for bigamy, 4 lor arson, and 1 for perjury. 
 
 Historical Sketch. — Tennessee derives its name from its principal river. On the division of Carolina into two provinces 
 this country fell to the lot of North Carolina. Between 1740 and 1750 the eastern parts of the country were explored, and 
 large grants of land awarded for the service. No settlements however were made at this time. At the commencement 
 of the French War in 1754, about fiay families were located on the Cumberland River, but these were driven off by the 
 Indians. About the same time the Shawnees, who had lived near the river Savannah, emigrated to the banks of the 
 Cuml)erland and settle<l near the present site of Nashville, but they also were driven away by the Cherokees. In 1755, a 
 number of persons settled themselves bey<md the present limits of North Carolina, and were tlie permanent colonists of 
 Tennessee. In 1773, population was found to have increased to a very considerable extent. In the succeediug year a 
 war broke out with the northern Indians residing across tlie Ohio, and terminated l)y their suing for peace. The year 
 1776 was rendered memorable by a formidable invasion of the Cherokees, whom tlie British liad incited to attack the infant 
 settlements. The British superintendent had previously made proposals to the Tennesseans to join the British standard, 
 and failing to lure them from the support of the colonies, thus directed against them the savage foe. A strong force from 
 Virginia and the Carolinas, however, soon dispersed tlie enemy, and peace was again restored. When the constilutiou of 
 North Carolina was formed in 1776, Tennessee (then the "District of Washington") sent deputies to the convention. 
 In 1780 the mountaineers of the borders of North Carolina and Tennessee distinguished themselves in the southern cam- 
 paign, at King's Mountain, Guilford, and other battle scenes, and soon after these events they penetrated the Indian 
 country and dispersed the savages. At tlic peace these brave men again sought their mountain homes, and devoted 
 tliemsel ves to the improvement of their settlements. About this time, a small colony of about forty families, under the direction 
 of James Koberts.m, crossed the mountains, and settled on the Cumberland River, where llu-y founded the town of N.ash- 
 ville. The nearest white neighbors were the settlers of Kentueky, and between them was a wilderness of 200 miles 
 In 17S8 the Legislature of North Carolina laid off a tract of land on the Cumberland River for the discharge of the military 
 bounties and the officers and soldiers of the Continental Line. The district set apart included the colony at Nashville, 
 a small tract liaving been allotted to the original settlers. After this period population began to increase rapidly. Many 
 to whom military lands had been granted repaired thither with tlieir families, while others sold their warrants to citizens 
 of different States. In 1785, the inhabitants, feeling sensilily the inconveniences of a government so remote as that at the 
 capital of North Carolina, endeavored to form an independent one, to which they gave the title of the '"State of Franklin," 
 or Frankland, but the scheme was ultimately abaiuhmed. In 17S9, the Legislature of the State of North Carolina passed 
 an act ceding the territory, on certain conditions, to the United States ; and in the following year Congress accepted the 
 cession, and by its act of 26th May, 1790, provided for its government under the title of "The Territory of the United 
 States South of the Ohio," wliich ineludeil the present States of Kentucky and Tennessee, the former having been ceded 
 by Virginia. In 1794 Tennessee was constituted a separate territory. Two years afterward Congress passed an act 
 enabling the people to form a State constitution, which, having been adopted, was approved by Congress 1st June, 1796, 
 and Tennessee w.is admitted as a sovereign State of the Union. 
 
 Succession of Governors. — Tekritoriai, Govkknoe : William Blount, 1790 ; and — Constitutional Governors : John 
 Sevier, 1796; Archibald Roane, 1801; John Sevier, 1803; Wilie Blount. 1S09; Joseph McMinn, 1S15; William Caroll 
 1821 ; Samuel Houston, 1827 ; William Caroll. 1829 ; Newton Cannon, 1835 ; James K. Polk. 1S39 ; James C. Jones, 1841 
 Aaron V. Brown, 1845; Neil 8. Brown, 1847; William Treusdale, 1S49; William B. Campbell, 1851. 
 
 Nashville, on the left bank of the Cumberland River, is the political capital of the State. 
 268 
 
'(^ 
 
THE STATE OE TEXAS. 
 
 Texas is bounded north by New Mexico and the Indian Territories, from tlie latter of which it is divided chiefly by 
 the Eed and Arkansas rivers ; east by Arlcansas and Louisiana, the Sabine River being its boundary toward Louisiana ; 
 south l)y the Gulf of Mexico, and west by Mexico, from which the Eio Grande separates it, and the Territory of New 
 Mexico. It lies between latitudes 2C0 and 30° 30' N., and longitudes 93° 30' and 110° west of Greenwich, or 16° 2S' and 
 32° 5S' from "Washington. Its greatest extent north and south is 700 miles, and east and west SOO miles ; but its average 
 extent is much less. The superficies is estimated at 237,321 square miles — an area more than equal to the whole of 
 France, and nearly four times the area of New England. 
 
 Texas may be divided into three physical districts or regions of country, each of which, in many respects, is entirely 
 different. These are the level, the undulating, and the mountainous or hilly; or the lower, middle, and upper districts, 
 or, as it may be more convenient, the country may be divided into Eastern, Middle, and Western Texas. Eastern Texas 
 extends from the Sabine to the Trinity ; Middle Texas from the Trinity to the Colorado, and Western Texas from the 
 Colorado to the Eio Grande del Norte. The level region occupies the entire coast, extending from 30 to 60 miles into 
 the interior. The undulating succeeds this, and embraces the whole of the interior and the north, and reaches westward 
 to the mountainous tract, which is distant 150 to 200 miles from the boundaries of the level lands. The alluvial lands of 
 the several rivers which make into the Gulf are from 3 to 20 miles in breadth, and are heavily timbered with live-oak, 
 red, black, and white, and other species of oak; with ash, cedar, peccan, elm, hickory, mulberry, and all other varieties 
 of forest trees and growths common in the rich alluvions of the Mississippi. The cane-brakes are of immense extent in 
 the low country, and on the Caney Creek may be seen 70 miles long and from 1 to 3 miles wide. Here may be grown 
 cotton, sugar, rice, etc. 
 
 In the second division are the high, rolling, verdant prairies, the narrow-wooded bottoms, the beautiful islands of 
 timber, the quick-running streams, the cool, refreshing springs, and the healthful clime of Texas. Here the soil, a little 
 broken, is n<it inferior to that of the alluvial country below, is more easily worked, the products are greater and more 
 varied, and though not so convenient to a foreign market, will have a market at home. This is destined to be the most 
 densely populated part of Texas, it not of America. In this region the planter may raise all the cotton, rice, and tobacco, 
 and the com and grain he requires, and stock to any extent, without labor and almost without care. The table-lands are 
 yet the home of the hunter and the range of the buffalo. Little is known of them, but they are represented by trarelers 
 to rival the table-lands of Mexico, to be rich in soil and climate, to be clothed in constant verdure, beautifully variegated 
 in surface, and watered by streams as clear as crystal — to be, in fine, a perfect paradise. Of the northern portion of Texas 
 still less is known than of the table-lands. This region is said to be intersected by many streams furnishing water-power, 
 and to be rich in the precious metals. 
 
 No part of the extensive coast of the Gulf of Mexico presents a greater number of commanding harbors, bays, and 
 Inlets, than that of Texas. The interior, intersected by numerous magnificent and navigable streams, in close vicinity to 
 the great western tributaries of the Mississippi, and holding easy communication with the mighty " Father of Waters," 
 furnishes a commercial position very desirable and seldom surpassed. Eed Eiver may be considered in part as belong- 
 ing to Texas. The vast region west of the mountains in which it rises and through which it rolls its turbid waters, has 
 been yet scarcely explored, but it is known to be of great fertility and of surpassing beauty. In this region has the 
 Texan emigrant reared his cottage and planted his cotton, and his corn, and his wheat, which are borne along the 
 current of Eed Eiver to the great mart of the South-west. The chief rivers, those which are more or less navigable for 
 steamboats, are the Sabine or Neches, Trinity, Brazos, Colorado, Guadalupe, San Antonio, and the Eio Grande. Besides 
 these, there are others of less note and magnitude, though navigable to a considerable extent— the Angelina, San Jacinto, 
 Buffalo Bayou, Oyster and Chocolate bayoux, San Bernard, Caney, Navidad, Lavacca, and Nueces. There are no lakes 
 of any importance to be found in the country. A few small ones near the sources of the Guadalupe, and on some of the 
 tributaries of Eed Eiver and the Trinity, are all that are worthy of the name, and they are inconsiderable. To a country 
 so well watered, intersected by rivers so numerous and important, and offering such valuable facilities for canal commu- 
 nication, they would be useless. Indeed, its vast water-courses might be united in one great navigable chain, which 
 would render transportation from any section of this wide-spread territory to a commercial emporium at any point on the 
 coast, a matter of the utmost ease and but very little expense. 
 
 Texas abounds with minerals, and is interesting in its geology. The silver mine of San Saba is among the richest in 
 the world, and under the dominion of Spain afforded considerable revenue to the crown. Gold has been found on the 
 Atoyac and other streams, especially toward the western hill country, and silver also on the Bedais. Iron ore pervades 
 the greater portion of the country. Lead, copper, alum, etc., are found in several parts, and bituminous coal on the 
 Trinity and Upper Brazos. Salt Is exceedingly abundant, and immense quantities are annually taken from a famous 
 salt lake near the Eio Grande. Salt springs and lagoons abound near the Trinity, and a branch of the Brazos has its 
 waters highly impregnated. Soda and potash are found near the salt lagoons in dry seasons. Lime can be plentifully 
 furnished from limestone existing in the undulating and northern sections. In the level districts oyster-shell lime can be 
 substituted. Asphaltura is sometimes found on the coast. Agate, chalcedony, jasper, and some singular petrifactions 
 are found near the mountains. The remains of whole forests are seen on the Trinity and Brazos rivers entirely petrified. 
 Extensive quarries of red and white sandstone, or freestone, abound throughout the country. At Austin there is a 
 quarry of white stone similar to that of the Paris basin, and of which the Louvre is built. It is soft and easily worked 
 with the knife, and may be reduced to any form ; but on exposure to the atmosphere it becomes a perfect freestone, and 
 is as hard and compact as granite and marble. The same kind of stone is found on the Trinity and in the vicinity of 
 San Antonio de Bexar. 
 
 269 
 
Mineral spritifrs are numerous. The Salinilla Springs, both white and salt sulphur, in Walker County, are very 
 remarkable. They rise near the salines, in a picturescjue valley, ami are highly appreciated fur their medicinal virtues. 
 Not far from these, and near the Bedais, is a white sulphur spring, supersaturated with magnesia, and possessing all the 
 healing properties of the celebrated Virginia springs. Thirty miles west, in the same county, is a blue sulphur spring. 
 Near Cibolo, and about thirty miles from Bexar, is a mineral spring, the waters of which are in high repute. Besides 
 these, there are others of great value. Near Carcjlina, in Montgomery County, is a white sulphur spring, the waters of 
 which are efficacious in many distempers. 
 
 All who have visited Texas concur in ascribing to it the most delightful of climates. Though varying with location 
 from tropical to temperate, it is remarkably pleasant and salubrious. The average notation of the thermometer in the 
 summer season is about 80° Fahr., and refreshing breezes from the south blow almost without interruption. During the 
 winter ice is seldom seen, except in the northern part of the State. From March to November but little rain falls. The 
 southerly winds are invigorating. In November the strong northers set in, and in the months of December and January 
 the cold north wind sweeps down the plains with near as much regularity as the south wind of the summer. These 
 periodical winds tend to purify the atiuosphero, and contribute much to the salubrity which distinguishes Texas from 
 other Gulf States. The climate, indeed, is modified by so many favorable circumstances, as to possess all the genial in- 
 fluences of Louisiana, while it escapes its attendant evils. In the river bottoms, which arc periodically overflowed, 
 however, fever prevails to a greater or less extent ; but elsewhere the danger of endemic disease is trifling. The prairies 
 are open and admit of a free circulation of air, and the forests, for the most part, are free from undergrowth. Miasmatic 
 marshes and stagnant pools, which so frequently originate endemics, are seldom found in any portion of the country. 
 
 Texas, in general, is a prairie country, having all the streams skirted with timber. The sublime and beautiful are 
 blended in these vast natural meadows — sublime in extent and beautiful in prospei^t. Leagues may be traveled over a 
 continuous plain, with nothing to interrupt the utmost stretch of vision upon the living green, save the beautiful groves 
 and islands of timber which are here and there interspersed, and flowers of every variety, hue, and fragrance, and 
 herds of cattle and deer — delighting the eye with the view of splendid lawns and magnificent parks tastefully laid out 
 by the hand of Nature, and presenting all the order and taste of civilization. Nothing in Nature can surpass the beauty 
 and loveliness of a Texan landscape. Nothing can surpass its beauty in the spring and summer seasons, neither is it 
 possible to form an estimate, even in imagination, of the number of useful domestic animals that are reared on them with- 
 out trouble or expense. Even in the winter season the pasturage is sufficiently verdant to dispense with feeding live-stock, 
 
 Texas in her forests has an infinite variety of timber suitable f )r building and ornamental purposes. Her forests of live- 
 oak and cedar are unrivaled. The whole coast nearly, including all the bayoux and river bottoms, from the Sabine to 
 the Nueces, is one entire belt of timber. The eastern section probably embraces more woodland than any other. It is 
 heavily timbered with pine, oak, ash, walnut, hickory, pecan, mulberry, cedar, cypress, and other forest trees which 
 extend quite to the Red Kiver, occasionally variegated with beautiful prairies containing from one hundred to several 
 thousand acres. The soil is admirably adapted to grasses and other agricultural staples, and the lumber trade will soon 
 become extensive and lucrative in this section. 
 
 Among the productions which may be regarded as naturally adapted to the soil, and which now form a chief and im- 
 portant article of commerce, cotton stands pre-eminent. This is the great crop of Texas, and the source of much of its 
 wealth and power. Its staple is uniformly good, and near the Gulf it equals in length and firmness the Sea Island cotton 
 of Georgia. It is an indigenous plant, and in the western region needs to be planted only once in three or four yc^ars to 
 yield an abundant crop. The climate is ever favorable, and the soil, whether upland or lowland, woodland or prairie, is 
 admirably adapted to its culture. The sugar-cane grows luxuriantly throughout the whole level region; but its culture, 
 for various reasons, will not be extensive, nor will the production of sugar, unless forced by unexpected circumstances, 
 probably compete with that of Louisiana for many years to come. Tobacco grows almost spontaneously throughout the 
 country. It is an important production, equal in quality to that of Cuba, and will soon become an article of commerce 
 and export. The indigenous imligo of Texas is greatly superior to the plant which is cultivated in the United States. It 
 is manufactured in families for domestic use, and is preferable to the imported article. 
 
 Breadstuffs of every description are produced easily and abundantly in every district. Two crops of Indian com an- 
 nually is a common thing— the first planted in February, and the last in .June. Whe.at, buckwheat, millet, rye, oats, bar- 
 ley, and other small grain yield plentiful crops throughout the undulating region. Flax and hemp are well adapted to 
 the soil. Eice is also produced in considerable quantities, and can be grown to any extent. 
 
 Fruits of all descriptions are profusely plentiful. The grape and mulberry are indigenous, and grow luxuriantly, 
 indicating that wine and silk, as well as tobacco and cotton, will one day become valuable staples. The vanilla plant 
 grows wild. It can be successfully cultivated as a commercial commodity. This delicious plant is highly esteemed in 
 medicine, as a perlume to flavor the cigar, and in various culinary arts, etc. The nopal, celebrated for the production of 
 the cochineal insect, grows luxuriantly. Its fruit, with the leaves, furnishes food for vast herds of cattle and horses; for 
 building purposes and fencing its timber is superior, and in Texas it also forms a principal article of fuel. The yaupau, 
 or tea-tree, furnishes an acceptable and cheap beverage in lieu of the China product, and is not at all inferior in flavor 
 to the common black tea of that country. Cayenne pepper, or the chiU of Mexico, grows exuberantly all over Texas. 
 Many other sources of wealth and enjoyment abound here, and will in all good time be realized by the citizens, who are 
 already industriously exploring the true springs of national greatness and individual prosperity. 
 
 The displays of vegetation in Texas are profuse, various, and valuable, presenting on the one hand the stately and 
 magnificent forest, and on the other delighting the eye with the rich and splendid scene of the luxuriant prairie, garnished 
 with an endless variety of fragrant flowers, and forming a landscape of surpassing loveliness. All the varieties of the 
 stellaria, yellow, blue, and purple, display their rich and gaudy tints. The fashionable dahlia, an exotic highly esteemed 
 and carefully raised in foreign hot-houses, is indigenous to the south-west. Geraniums adorn and perfume with their 
 fragrance the wild meadows, and the water lily, trumpet flower, and the cardinal, are common in the fields. The May 
 apple, bearing a delicate flower, is abundant, and violets form a common carpeting for the prairies. The passion flower 
 is frequent in its season, while the perpetual rose, multiflora, and chickasaws, and other varieties, grow without cultiva- 
 tion or care. The chaste and elegant primrose flowers everywhere ; while the jonquil and hyacinth, honeysuckle and 
 sweet seringa, form a variegated garland, or are thrown together in most admirable disorder throughout the paradise of 
 flowers. The shrinking mimosa, an object of so much interest to the naturalist and philosopher, is also a native of the 
 wilds, and the traveler, trampling over its drooping and apparently withered leaves, looks back in vain for the path hia 
 rude footsteps had marked out, but not a. vestige of the invasion remains, but all again is life and verdure. 
 27(1 
 
THE STATE OF TEXAS. 
 
 The total amount of shipping owned within this State, at the date specified, was 3,897 tons, of which 3,309 tons were 
 owned iu tlie district of Galveston, and 5SS tons in that of Saluria. The principal ports of the State are Sabine, Galveston, 
 La Salle, and Point Isabel. The serial statistics of the commerce of the State are as follows : 
 
 Exports, 
 
 1846, 
 184T. 
 
 Imports. 
 
 1T,266 
 29,826 
 
 1S4S, 
 1S49 
 
 Exports. 
 
 143,610 
 82,T91 . 
 
 Imports. 
 
 94,024 
 16,600 
 
 Year. 
 1S50. 
 1851 . 
 
 Exports. 
 
 24,953 . 
 75,422 . 
 
 Imports. 
 25,650 
 94,715 
 
 Coasting, inland, etc., trade. — In proportion as the direct foreign commerce of Texas is small, the coasting trade is 
 extensive. As before remarked, the great bulk of its commercial material is carried to the other States for export, and 
 hence a coasting trade commensurate with the staple and surplus products of the State is carried on. The interior ia 
 chiefly reached by the tine streams which in every direction penetrate it, the principal of which are the Ked River, on the 
 northeru boundary, and Sabine, Neelies, Trinity, Brazos, Colorado, Lavacca, Guadalupe, Nuecea, and the Rio Grande 
 emptying into the Gulf of Mexico. Most of these are navigable for light-draft steamers, which ply regularly on their 
 waters without interruption on account of season. The rivers are reached from the neighboring settlements by wagon 
 roads, which are good except in the wet season. The railroad is practically unknown in Texas, but many are now in progress 
 of construction, and a few miles of the Harrisburg railroad were brought into use in April, 1S53. Texas will be intersected 
 east and west by a Southern Pacific railroad, and many lines are projected between the principal ports and the interior, 
 with lateral lines diverging to the various centres of commerce. It would, however, be immature to mention definitely 
 any of the lines projected, as few are located, and fewer have made any advance toward construction. The great road 
 will probably pass from Providence, on the Mississippi, through Shreveport, La., and Marshall, Tex., and another from 
 New Orleans, via Opelousas, etc., westward. A road will also be extended from the Red River to the Gulf. With these 
 improvements the markets will be reached with facility, and immigration and settlement be rapidly directed to the fertile 
 Interior. Cotton and sugar are as yet the only available exports ol the State, the annual product of which articles has 
 been given on a former page. The imports consist of manufactures of all kinds, groceries, etc. 
 
 .B(()i/L-t;i(7.— With the exception of the Commercial and Agricultural Bank of Galveston, there would not appear to be 
 any other recognized banking institution in the State. 
 
 Government, efc.— The constitution of Texas was adopted at Austin City, 2Tth August, and ratified by the people 13th 
 October, 1845. 
 
 The right of suffrage is conceded to every free white male person, 21 years old, a citizen of the United States, or of 
 Texas, when resident in the State one year, and six months in the district, county, city, or town, where he offers to vote 
 The general election is held on the first Monday of August biennially. 
 
 The legislative authority is vested in a House of Representatives and a Senate. Representatives in number not less 
 than 45, nor more than 90 (now 06) arc chosen for two years, and they must be qualified voters who have lived two years 
 in the State, and one year in the place where they are chosen. Senators in number not less than 19, nor more than 33 
 (now 21), chosen for four years, one half leaving oflSce biennially, and they must be qualified voters, 30 years of age, who 
 have lived in Texas three years, and the last year thereof in their district. The sessions of the Legislature are biennial, and 
 commence on the lat Monday in November. The fifth biennial session commences in November, 1853. 
 
 The governor and lieutenant-governor are chosen, by a plurality of votes, for two years, and are not eligible for more 
 than four out of any six years. They must have the qualifications of Senators, and the lieutenant-governor is ex-offloio 
 president of the Senate. The governor's veto to a bill is negatived by a subsequent two-thirds vote of both houses. 
 
 The administrative officers of the Slate are a secretary, nominated by the governor, and confirmed by the Senate for 
 two years ; and a treasurer and a comptroller of accounts, chosen bieimially by joint vote of both houses. Other 
 officers are the attorney-general, auditor, adjutant-general, commissioner of the land office, and superintendent of peni- 
 tentiary. 
 
 The judiciary consists of the Supreme Court, District Courts, County Courts, etc. The Supreme Court consists of a 
 Chief Justice and two associates, who are chosen by the people for six years. Three sessions are held annually : one at 
 Austin, on the second Mnnilay of November; one at Galveston, on the first Monday of January, and one at Tyler, on the 
 first Monday of April. The Court has appellate jurisdiction only ; but in criminal cases, and appeals from interlocutory 
 judgments, it is under legislative regulations. The judges of the District Courts are elected for six years, and hold a 
 court twice a year in each county. District Courts have original jurisdiction in all commercial cases, and in all suits both 
 in law and equity, in which more than $100, exclusive of interest, is at stake. In criminal cases, if the punishment be 
 not specifically determined by law, the jury shall determine it. In equity causes, either party may demand a jury. The 
 judges of both courts may be removed by the governor on the address of two-thirds of each house ; or, upon impeach- 
 ment, to be tried by the Senate. There is also iu each county a County Court, silting once a month, as a Court of 
 Ordinary, and once in three months for the transaction of county business. Justices of the Peace, with jurisdiction to the 
 amount of .$100, are elected in precincts for two years. Among the provisions of the constitution, the following are the 
 most important: Any person concerned in a duel, sending or accepting a challenge, shall be ineligible to any public office; 
 grants of money for private purposes, or for internal improvement, must be made by two-thirds of both houses; a wife's 
 property, both real and personal, acquired before or after marriage, shall be her separate property ; a homestead of not 
 more than 20li acres, not included iu a town or city, or city and town lots, worth not more than $2,000, shall not be subject 
 to forced sale for any debt hereafter contracted ; no corporation shall be created, renewed, or extended, with banking 
 or discounting privileges: private corporations can only be created by a vote of two-thirds of both houses; the State 
 may not borrow money unless by a like vote, nor contract an aggregate amount of debt of more than $100,000, except in 
 case of war, invasion, or insurrection ; no law shall be passed to emancipate slaves, except by their owners' consent, and 
 after paying a full compensation for them ; emigrants to the State shall not be prevented from bringing their slaves with 
 them, but the importation of slaves as merchandise may be forbidden ; laws may be passed obliging masters to treat their 
 slaves with humanity, and to abstain from injuries to them, affecting life or limb. In case of disobedience of these l.iws, 
 the slaves may be taken away, and sold for the benefit of the owners; slaves accused of higher crimes than petit larceny 
 shall have a fair trial by jury ; and any one who maliciously dismembers or deprives a slave of life, shall be punished as 
 if he had committed the same crime on a white person, except in case of insurrection of such slave ; one-tenth of the 
 annual revenue derived from taxation shall be set aside as a permanent fund for the support of free public schools, and 
 all public lands granted for such schools shall not be alienated in fee, nor leased for more than 20 years. The constitution 
 may be amended on the proposal of two-thirds of both houses, which propositions shall then be published three mouths 
 
 R 273 
 
THE STATE OF TEXAS 
 
 before the next general eleclion ; and if approved of at that election by a majority of the voters, and then ratified by two- 
 thirds of botli houses, in the next Legislature, they shall be valid, and form part of the constitution. 
 
 Fituincen, Debt, eh. — According to the Comptroller's report, dated 12lh November, 1S51, the debt of the late Republic 
 of Texas, which has been recognized and a<iopted by the State, including interest, amounted ostensibly to $12,436,991, or 
 at par to $6,827,278. Of the debt, $9,647,253, or $4,SU7,T74, par, had been filed according to the act of 20th March, 1S4S, 
 and $2,7~^9,7oS, or $2,019,514, had not been filed, and would require further legislative action before its owners could beucflt 
 by the act of 1848. The debt is classified as follows : 
 
 Ostensible. 
 
 First class. — Audited and ascertained claims $8,587,1 32 92 
 
 Second class. — Sufficiently authenticated to be audited 962,445 12 
 
 Third class. — Not sufficiently authenticated to be audited 97,675 10 
 
 Par value. 
 $3,817,321 64 
 892,767 63 
 97,675 10 
 
 The first class embraoes all consolidated funds, funded debts, treastiry bonds, and audited paper, including the claims 
 for naval vessels, loans from United States bank, etc. 
 
 The second class embraces claims not audited, but for debts contracted by the government under the sanction of law. 
 
 The third class embraces claims not provided for by law. though many of them are highly meritorious. Among them 
 are many claims for losses sustained during the war, from the appropriation or destruction of property by the Texan array 
 or that of the enemy. 
 
 The act of Congress of 9th of September, 1S50, provided that, as an indemnity for lands ceded by that act, for public 
 property ceded by annexation, and for relinquishment for all claims upon the federal treasury, the United States should 
 pay to Texas $10,000,000 in 5 per cent, stock, redeemable at the end of fourteen years, with interest, payable half yearly ; 
 $5,000,000 of this stock was not to be issued "until the creditors of the State holding bonds and other certificates of stock 
 of Ti'xas,/o;' which duties on imports were speciallij jjledyed, shall first file in proper form, at the Treasury of the United 
 States, releases of all claims against the United States on account of said bonds or certificates." The executive of the 
 United States has decided " that all the public debt of Texas created prior to the act of Congress of that Republic of the 
 14th January, 1840, an<l all the debt of said Republic made receivable for all public dues, are debts of Texas, for which 
 the duties on imports are specially pledged, and that releases of all claims against the United States for or on account of 
 such debts, should be filed in the Treasury Department, before the President will be justified in issuing the second 
 $5,000,000 stock to Texas." 
 
 Besides this immense sum, the State owns nearly 200,000.000 acres of lands, and according to the census of the United 
 States, the value of real and personal estate liable to taxation was valued at $.52,740,473. 
 
 The average annual expenses of the State government are about $100,000, which is raised chiefly by a direct tax on 
 assessments, and a capitation tax. 
 
 The military force of Texas consists of 19,766 men of all arms, of which 1,248 are commissioned officers, and 18,518 
 non-commissioned officers, musicians, artificers, and privates. Of the ofliccrs, 15 are general officers, 45 general stafi'-offi- 
 cers, 248 field officers, etc., and 940 company oflScers. Every white male citizen between the ages of IS and 45 years, 
 unless exempt by law, is liable to military duty. 
 
 Federal Jieprese.ntatimi. — In accordance with the act of 23d May, 1850, apportioning representation, Texas is entitled 
 to two representatives in the Congress of the United States. 
 
 Fducntion. — Primary and common schools are established in the chief towns and counties, and education is becoming 
 universal and easy of attainment. The State has a considerable school fund, which is being constantly augmented by 
 grants and donations. The College of Euterville has been liberally endowed by the State, and is quite flourishing. Gal- 
 veston University is also in full operation, and is very popular. There are also theological institutions in various towns, 
 supported by the several denominations. Though in respect of educational means the Stiite may at present occupy a 
 secondary rank, the provisions made for its advancement insure the speedy enlargement of the sphere of their influence. 
 
 Iteligious Denominations.— "^he statistics of the several reUgious denominations in the State, in 1S50, according to the 
 census of that year, were as follows : 
 
 Denomina- No. of 
 
 Cliurcli 
 
 Vnhieof 
 
 Denomina- No. of 
 
 Cliurrh 
 
 Value of 
 
 Denomina- No. of 
 
 Churcl\ 
 
 V,->lue of 
 
 tions. Ctiurclies. 
 
 accum. 
 
 Propertv. 
 
 tions. Churches 
 
 accoin. 
 
 Property. 
 
 tiona. Cliurclies. 
 
 accom. 
 
 Property. 
 
 Baptist 30 .. 
 
 8,075 
 
 . $19,790 
 
 German Ref. — . 
 
 — . 
 
 $- 
 
 R. Catholic... 13 .. 
 
 6,760 . 
 
 . $79,700 
 
 Christian 1 . . 
 
 100 
 
 150 
 
 Jewish — . 
 
 — . 
 
 — 
 
 Swedenbo'n .. — .. 
 
 — . 
 
 — 
 
 Congregafl. . — .. 
 
 — . 
 
 — 
 
 Lutheran ... — . 
 
 — . 
 
 — 
 
 Tunker — .. 
 
 — . 
 
 — 
 
 Dutch Ref. . . — . . 
 
 _ . 
 
 — 
 
 Mennonite . . — . 
 
 — . 
 
 — 
 
 Union 2 . . 
 
 350 . 
 
 525 
 
 Episcopal ... 5 . . 
 
 1,025 . 
 
 . 15,100 
 
 Methodist... S3. 
 
 28,985 
 
 . 56,095 
 
 Unitarian — . . 
 
 — . 
 
 — ■ 
 
 Free 7 .. 
 
 1,600 . 
 
 7,100 
 
 Mor.avian ... — . 
 
 — . 
 
 — 
 
 Universalist... — .. 
 
 — . 
 
 — 
 
 Friends — .. 
 
 — . 
 
 — 
 
 Presbyterian 15 . 
 
 6,100 . 
 
 . 19,070 
 
 Minor Sects.. 3 .. 
 
 1,500 . 
 
 3,000 
 
 —making a total of 164 churches, having accommodation for 74,495 persons, and valued as property at $200,530. Texas 
 forms a missionary diocese of the Protestant Episcopal Church; and also the Roman Catholic diocese of Galveston, a 
 suffragan of the ecclesiastical province of New Orleans. 
 
 Puhlio Librarie.1.— According to the report of the librarian of the Smithsoni.in Institution, in 1S51, Texas contained but 
 4 public libraries, and 1,631 volumes— one State library, 1,001 volumes; one college library, SOO volumes; and two public 
 school libraries, 330 volumes. 
 
 Periodical Pre.-is.—lha whole number of periodicals published in the State, in 1850, according to the census, was S7, 
 of which the political principles of three were " whig," and of 11 " democratic," and 23 were neutral in politics, including 
 those devoted to literature, religion, science, etc. Of the whole number (37), 3 were issued tri-weekly, 2 semi-weekly, and 
 82 weekly. The aggregate circulation of the tri-weeklies was 2,500 copies at each issue, of the semi-weeklies 1,800 copies, 
 and of the weeklies 14,837 copies. There were published— in Anderson county, 1 weekly ; in Bexar (San Antonio), 2 week 
 lies ; in Bowie, 1 weekly ; in Cameron (Brownsville), 2 weeklies ; in Cherokee, Calhoun, Dallas, Fannin, and Fayette, each 
 1 weekly; in Galveston (Galveston City), 2 tri-weeklies, 1 semi-wecklyj and 1 weekly; in Harris (Houston), 1 tri-weekly 
 and 4 weeklies ; in Harrison (Marshall), 2 weeklies ; in Jasper, Lamar, and Matagorda, each 1 weekly ; in Rusk (Hender- 
 son), 3 weeklies ; in Red River and San Augustine, each 1 weekly ; in Travis (Austin), 2 weeklies ; in Victoria, 1 weekly ; 
 in Walker (Uuntaville), 2 weeklies; in Washington, 1 semi-weekly and 1 weekly. 
 274 
 
THE STATE OF TEXAS. 
 
 The fruits of the tropics and of the north alike flourish in Texan soil. The flg is common, the peach unrivaled the nectar- 
 ine, quince, and grape luxuriant, and these, side by side, grow in the same sun and soil with the plum, apple, and paw- 
 paw. The orange, lemon, and lime, the pine-apple, and olive ripen together. Berries are in great variety. The 
 mulberry, dewberry, whortleberry, and gooseberry grow wild and in the greatest profusion. Thepecan, walnut and 
 hickory nuts are very abundant. Garden vegetables of every description, and melons, are easily cultivated and yield in 
 the greatest abundance. 
 
 Wild animals, formerly numerous and formidable tenants of the forests, are now comparatively strangers to the country. 
 The black bear frequents the cane-brake, and is a favorite object of the hunt. Wolves abound. The peccary, or Mexican 
 hog, and the wild hog, run at large in the woods. These have degenerated from the domestic species, and are very fero- 
 cious. Mustangs roam in herds over the north and west Many of them are of fine figure and spirit, and are highly 
 prized for their fieetriess. When domesticated, they are hardy and active, and alike adapted to the saddle or stirrup. 
 Mingled with the herds of mustangs are found jacks, jennies, and mules. The buffalo or bison is found in Texas astonish- 
 ingly gregarious. Thousands and tens of thousands in a drove are yet seen in the interior roving over the prairies, the 
 luxuriant herbage affording them the means of subsistence. The deer is still more numerous than the buffalo, and the 
 moose, antelope, and mountain goat are also found ranging upon the frontier or far-west. The fox pcei)s from every 
 bush and brake. Kaccoons, opossums, rabbits, and squirrels are in great numbers; and a greater variety of smaller 
 animals serve to stock the forests of Texas with game, and supply the hunter with endless and animated sport 
 
 Wild fowl and game birds are everywhere plentiful, and one accustomed to the use of the fowling-piece may easily keep 
 a table well supplied. W' ild turkeys, prairie hens, geese, brant, teal, canvas-backs, partridges, quails, pheasants, grouse, 
 pigeon, plovers, snipes, woodcock, ortolans, cranes, swans, pelicans, king-fishers, crows, blackbirds, starlings, and hun- 
 dreds of other descriptions of the family " aves" are in endless numbers. The beautiful paroquet, the oriole, whip-poor- 
 will, and cardinal, and the sweet-toned mocking-bird, enliven the woods with the beauty of plumage and melody of voice 
 which belong to them. 
 
 The rivers and bays of Texas abound in fish of an excellent quality, in great variety, and some of them of peculiar 
 character. Eedfish Bar, in Galveston Bay, takes its name from the number of red fish which are caught there. This fish 
 is very delicious, and often weighs fifty pounds. Yellow, white, and blue codfish are found in the rivers and streams; 
 sheep-head, buffalo, perch, mullet, pike, trout, flounders, suckers, and other fish common in American waters, are found 
 not only in a^undance, but of rare size and flavor. The gar is a worthless fish, with a snout of immense length. The 
 alligator gar is very large— several yards in length ; its back is covered with scales, and it resembles the alligator, which 
 is very common in the rivers and bayoux, and of enormous size. Beds of oysters line the coasts ; crabs, clams, muscles, 
 and various marine animals may be had all along the shore, and turtles are common to all the rivers and bays. Ser- 
 pents, snakes, lizarbs, and many other curious, venomous, and vexatious species of crawling things of the earth are found 
 in Texas. But of these few are as dangerous as troublesome. Insects swarm in myriads, some useful, some dangerous, 
 some annoying, but most of them attractive on account of their beautiful forms and magnificent colors. The canlharides 
 and honey-bee are among the first; spiders and the tarantula represent the second ; mosquitoes, gad-flies^tieks, and sand- 
 flies the third, and the wonderful variety of beetles, bugs, butterflies, etc., fill up the fourth chapter of insect life. Many 
 of these, if not carefully guarded against, will spoil the beauty of the fairest face in creation beyond the redemption of 
 cosmetics for days to come. Their attachment to suflering humanity is a wonderful instinct of their nature. The traveler, 
 however, has a certain remedy against attacks in liquid ammonia, a small vial of which should at all times be accessible 
 when passing through the brake or river bottom. Its application immediately neutralizes the venom even of the tarantula 
 and renders it harmless. 
 Texas is divided mto 7T counties, the general statistics of which, and the capitals of each, in 1850, were as follows : 
 
 Counties. 
 
 Dwell. 
 
 Anderson 875 . 
 
 Angelina 166. 
 
 Austin 432. 
 
 Bastrop 3T7. 
 
 Bexar 1,204. 
 
 Bowie 250. 
 
 Brazoria 296. 
 
 Brazos 81 . 
 
 Burleson 224. 
 
 Caldwell 174. 
 
 Calhoun 182. 
 
 Cameron j 
 
 Starr V 1,554. 
 
 Webb ) 
 
 Cass 558. 
 
 Cherokee 891. 
 
 Collin 311. 
 
 Colorado 283. 
 
 Comal 367. 
 
 Cook 83. 
 
 Dallas 435. 
 
 Denton 109. 
 
 DeWitt 231. 
 
 Fannin 548. 
 
 Fayette 494., 
 
 Fort Bend 199. 
 
 Galveston 727. 
 
 Gillespie 274. 
 
 Goliad 88. 
 
 Pop. 
 2,834. 
 1,165. 
 3,841 . 
 3,099. 
 6,052. 
 2,912. 
 4,841. 
 614. 
 1,713. 
 1,329. 
 1,110. 
 
 .206. 
 . 88. 
 .230. 
 .219. 
 .117. 
 .157. 
 .134. 
 . 47. 
 .115. 
 . 51. 
 . 22. 
 
 8,541... 11. 
 
 4,991. 
 6,673. 
 1.950. 
 2.257. 
 1,723., 
 
 220.. 
 2,743., 
 
 641.. 
 1,712.. 
 2,788. 
 3,756.. 
 2,533.. 
 4,529., 
 1,240., 
 
 643., 
 
 .365. 
 .454. 
 .218. 
 .116. 
 . 55. 
 . 25. 
 .178. 
 . 81. 
 .100. 
 .331. 
 .209. 
 .109. 
 . 33. 
 . 40. 
 . SO. 
 
 , Esub! Capitals. 
 
 . 0... Palestine 
 . 0... Marion 
 . C.BelleviUe 
 . . 9... Bastrop 
 . .13. ..San Antonio 
 . . 5. . .Boston 
 . . 0. .Brazoria 
 .0.. .Boonevill 
 . 0... Caldwell 
 . 0.. .Lockhart 
 0. ..Port Lavacca 
 Brownsville 
 Kio Grande C. 
 Laredo 
 ..10...Jefi'erson 
 . . 8...Eusk 
 . . O...M-Kinney 
 ..2. ..Columbus 
 , . 8 . . . New Braunfela 
 . O...CookC. H. 
 . . 1... Dallas 
 . 0... Alton 
 . 8...Cuero 
 ..2. ..Bonham 
 .6.. .La Grange 
 . 0. . .Richmond 
 ..83. . .Galveston 
 . 7...Fredericksb'g 
 . 0... Goliad 
 
 / Brc 
 
 O.-JKio 
 
 ( Lai 
 
 Counties. Dwell. 
 
 Gonzales 188.. 
 
 Grayson 295.. 
 
 Grimes 405.. 
 
 Guadalupe 216.. 
 
 Harris 8.34.. 
 
 Harrison 972 . . 
 
 Hays 41.. 
 
 Henderson 192.. 
 
 Hopkins 435.. 
 
 Houston 857.. 
 
 Hunt 268.. 
 
 Jackson 114.. 
 
 Jasper 192 . . 
 
 Jefierson 259.. 
 
 Kaufman 170.. 
 
 Lamar 497.. 
 
 Lavacca 203.. 
 
 Leon 231.. 
 
 Liberty 312.. 
 
 Limestone 880.. 
 
 Matagorda 176.. 
 
 Medina 177.. 
 
 Milam 414. . 
 
 Montgomery .... 260 . , 
 
 Nacogdoches . . . 631 . . 
 
 Navarro 576.. 
 
 Newton 219. . 
 
 Nueces 151.. 
 
 Panola 456.. 
 
 Pop. 
 
 1,492. 
 
 2,008. 
 
 4,008. 
 
 1,511. 
 
 4,668. 
 
 11,822. 
 
 387. 
 
 1,237. 
 
 2,623. 
 
 2,721. 
 
 1,520. 
 996. 
 .1,767. 
 .1,836. 
 .1,047. 
 .3,978. 
 .1,571. 
 .1,946. 
 .2,522. 
 .2,608. 
 .2,124. 
 . 909. 
 .2,907. 
 .2.3S4. 
 .5,193. 
 .3,.843. 
 .1,689. 
 . 698. 
 .8,871. 
 
 Farms Manuf. r'™.,;..i. 
 Estab. Capitals. 
 
 lilt. 
 
 . .123- 
 ..171. 
 ..217. 
 ..101. 
 
 .197. 
 ..521. 
 .. 22. 
 ..106. 
 
 .121. 
 ..192. 
 .. 93. 
 
 . 73. 
 
 .123. 
 .. 91. 
 
 . 94. 
 
 .407. 
 
 .139. 
 
 .151. 
 ..149. 
 
 .279. 
 
 . 89.. 
 
 . 40. 
 
 .152. 
 ..ISO. 
 
 .287. 
 
 .304. 
 
 .145. 
 .. 8. 
 ..209. 
 
 .. 0... Gonzales 
 .. 0... Sherman 
 . . 0. ..Anderson 
 . . 8...Seguin 
 ..42. ..Houston 
 ..13... Marshall 
 . . 3... San Marcos 
 . . 0.. .Athens 
 . . 0... Tarrant 
 . . 0... Crockett 
 . . O...GreenTilIa 
 . . O...Texana 
 . . 6. ..Jasper 
 ..4. ..Beaumont 
 .. 0... Kaufman C.H. 
 . . 7... Paris 
 . . . . . Petersburg 
 . . 5. . .Leona 
 . . 1... Liberty 
 .. 0... Springfield 
 . 0... Matagorda 
 . . 0. . . Castroville 
 . . 1 . . . Cameron 
 . . 8. ..Montgomery 
 ..8. ..Nacogdoches 
 . .13.. .Corsicana 
 . . 5. ..Burkeville 
 . . 1 . . . Corpus Christ! 
 . . 0... Carthago I 
 271 
 
 54 
 
THE STATE OF TEXAS. 
 
 Counties. Dwell. Fop. f^l^'i_ ^JlIu!','. Capitals. 
 
 Polk 292...2,S49...172... 0.. .Livingston 
 
 Red River 420. ..3,9o6.. .166. .. T. ..Clarksville 
 
 Refiistio 56... 288. .. 21.. . 0.. .Refugio 
 
 Robertson 132... 934. ;. IS. .. 0. . .Franklin 
 
 Rusk 1,045. . .8,148. . .567. . . 15. . .Henderson 
 
 Sabine 288. . .2,498. . .171 . . .12. . .Milam 
 
 Sun Augustine.. 350.. .8,647.. .158.. .14. . .San Augustine 
 
 San Patricio ... . 88... 200. .. 10. .. 0.. .San Patricio 
 
 Shelby 560. ..4,239. . .3S0. .. 6. . .Shelt>yville 
 
 Smith 603. . .4,292. . .248. . . 1 . . .Tyler 
 
 Counties. Dwell. Pop. 
 Titus 5.18... 3.636. 
 
 Travis 423. . .8.138. . .146. . 
 
 Tyler 267. . .1.894. . .187. . 
 
 Upshur 484. . .3,394. . .240. . 
 
 Vanzaiits 246. . .1,348. . .138. . 
 
 Victoria 817 
 
 Walker 478. 
 
 Washington .... 600. . .5,983 
 
 Farms Manuf. Canitals 
 n .-.tit. Ksti<b. ^»P't»l9- 
 
 .269... 4... Mt. Pleasant 
 1. . .Austin City. 
 6.. .Woodville 
 0... Gilmer 
 4. ..Jordan's Saline 
 
 .2,019... 84... 9... Victoria 
 .3.964... 234... 0. . .lluntsvillo 
 
 806... O...Hrenham 
 
 Wharton 112. . .1,752. .. 55... 0... Wharton 
 
 Williamson 2.30. ..1,568. . .107. . . 1. . .Georgetown 
 
 The whole number of dwellings in the State at. the above date was 27.988; of families, 28.377; and of inhabitants, 
 212,59.'; viz., whites l.i4,100— males S4.S63. and f.males 69.237; fr. col. 831— males 171. and females 160; si. 5S.161. Of 
 the whole p<ipulal,ion there were, d/>af and dumb — wli. 49, fr. col. 0, si. 9— total 58 ; fdiiid — wh. 59, fr. col. 3, si. 14 — total 
 70; insane — wh. 89, fr. col. 1, si. — total 40. The number of free persons born in the United States was 137,070, the 
 number of foreign birth 16,774, and of birth unknown 604. The native population originated as follows: Maine 226, 
 N. Harap. 97, Verm. 144, Mass. 414, R. I. 56, Conn. 869, N. Y. 1,589, N. Jcr. 205, Penn. 1,005, Del. 61, Md. 521, Dist. of 
 Col. 36, Virg 3,.580, N. C;ir. 5.155. S. Car. 4,482, Ga. 7,639, Flor. 365, Ala. 12.040, Miss. 6.545, La. 4,472, Teavis 49.177, Ark. 
 4,693, Tenn. 17,092, Ky. 5,478, Oh. 947, Mieh. 125, Ind. 1,799, III. 2.S55, Mo. 5,139, la. 109, Wise. 42, Calif. 0, Territories 14; 
 and the foreign population was composed of persons from— England 1,002, Ireland 1,403, Scotland 261, Wales 17, Ger- 
 many 8,191. France 647, Spain 62, Portugal 5, Belgium 8, Holland 14, Italy 41, Austria 11, Switzerland 134, Russia 10, 
 Denmark 49, Norway 105, Swed<'n 48, Prussia 7.5, Greece 0, China 0, Africa 4, British America 137, Mexico 4,459, Central 
 America 3, South America 1, West Indies 22, Sandwich Islands 5, and other countries 60. 
 
 The general statistics* of the products, manufactures, wealth, institutions, etc., of the State, in accordance with the cen- 
 sus of 1S50 and other official returns referring to the same period, are as follows : 
 
 Occupied lAtndK. — Improved farm lands, 689,107 acres, and unimproved lands attached to farms, 14,454,669 acres — 
 valued together at $16,398,748. The whole number of farms under cultivation in the State is 12,198; and the value of 
 farming imj)lements and machinery, .$2,1.33,731. 
 
 Live-Stock. — Horses, 75,419 ; asses and mules, 12,364 ; milch cows, 214,758 ; working o.ven, 49,932 ; other cattle, 636,805 ; 
 sheep, 99,098, and swine, 683,914. Total value of live-stock, $10,266,880. 
 
 Animal Products. — Wool, 131,374 pounds; butter, 2,320,550 pounds; cheese, 91,619 pounds; and the value of animals 
 slaughtered, $1,106,082. 
 
 Grain (7/-o/?*.— Wheat, 41,689 bushels; rye, 3,108 bushels ; Indian corn, 5,926,611 bushels; oats, 178,883 bushels; bar- 
 ley, 4,776 bushels ; and buckwheat, .59 bushels. 
 
 Other Food Oi-ojn. — Rice, 87,916 pounds ; peas and beans, 179,332 bushels ; potatoes — Irish, 93,548 bushels, and sweet, 
 1,823,170 bushels. 
 
 MiHcellaneous Crops — Tobacco, 66,897 pounds ; ginned cotton, 57,596 bales of 400 pounds ; hay, 8,279 tons ; clover- 
 seed, 10 bushels; hops, 7 pounds; flax, 1,048 pounds; flax-seed, 26 bushels; silk cocoons, 22 pounds; cane sugar, 7,851 
 hogsheads of l.OliO pounds ; molasses, 441,638 g.illons ; beeswax and honey, 380,532 pounds ; wine, 99 gallons, etc. Value 
 of orchard products, $12,605, and value of market-garden products, $12,254. 
 
 Ho^ne-made Mamifactiires produced in the year ending 1st .June, 1850, were valued at $255,719. 
 
 3fanvfactures. — Total capit.il inves'ted $613,238 , value of all raw material, fuel, etc., consumed in the year, $399,784 ; 
 hands einployed, — males and females ; monthly cost of labor, $ — male$ and female $ ; value 
 
 of products in the year, $1,202,885. The whole number of manufacturing establishments in operation, on the 1st June, 
 1850, was 807, of which number 1 was a woolen factory, 2 iron works, and 22 tanneries. 
 
 In the woo?<?« manufacture the invested capital amounted to $8,000 ; wool used, 30,000 pounds; value of all raw material, 
 $10,000 ; hands employed, 8 — males 4, and females 4 ; monthly cost of labor, $160 — male $80, and female $80 ; annual 
 products — cloth 14,000 yards, and blankets 4,000 ; value of entire products $15,000. 
 
 The iro7i manufacture employed a capital amounting to $16,000 ; pig iron used. 250 tons; mineral coal consumed, 250 
 tons; value of all raw material, fuel, etc.. $8,400 ; hands employed, 85; entire monthly coat of labor, $1,520; castings made 
 200 tons ; other products valued at $15,000 ; value of entire products, $55,000. 
 
 The tanneries had a capital of $33,850; value of hides and skins used, $18,624; hands employed, 64 — males 68, and 
 females 1 ; monthly cost of labor, $1,017 — male $1,007, and female $10 ; skins tanned, 1,750, and sides of leather tanned, 
 18,700 ; value of products of the year, $52,050. 
 
 The manufactures of Texas, otherwise than those enumerated, consist chiefly of those incident to agricultural countries, 
 as carriages, harness, farming implements, and machinery, etc., and the great bulk of the capital is invested in milling and 
 other like occupations. 
 
 Commerce. — The exports direct to foreign cotmtries, for the year ending 30th June, 1850, were valued at $24,958, all 
 carried in foreign bottoms, and the imports were valued at $25,650, of which, to the value of $14,652 were carried in 
 American, and to that of $10,998 in foreign bottoms. The great bulk of the commercial material of the State is carried 
 coastwise to New Orleans, New York, etc., and is thence shipped to other countries. The shipping employed in the 
 foreign carrying trade was as follows : 
 
 Entered. Cleared. Total. 
 
 Nationality < ' , / ^ > / ' > 
 
 ofShipping. Vessels. Tons. Crews, Vessels. Tons. Crews. Vessels. 
 
 Vessels. 
 
 American 3 . . 
 
 Foreign 13 . . 
 
 Total 16 .. 
 
 Districts. 
 
 Galveston 10 . . 
 
 Brazos Santiago 6 . . 
 
 494 
 
 3,177 
 
 3,671 
 
 2,987 , 
 6S4 
 
 26 
 138 
 
 164 
 
 118 
 46 
 
 591 
 3,017 
 
 23 
 139 
 
 3,608 167 
 
 2,924 121 , 
 
 684 46 
 
 6 ... 
 
 , 1,08.5 
 
 25 ... 
 
 . 6,194 
 
 SI ... 
 
 . 7,279 
 
 19 ... 
 
 . 6,911 
 
 12 ... 
 
 . 1,363 
 
 54 
 27T 
 
 831 
 
 239 
 92 
 
THE TERRITORY OF UTAH. 
 
 incrustations of salt, and abound in salt springs, but are destitute of fresh water. All the streams that have their sources 
 in the eastern declivity of the Sierra Nevada for a distance of 500 miles, soon disappear beneath the surface, and none of 
 them are known to disembogue themselves either into the lakes of the basin or into the Pacific Ocean. There are several 
 small valleys and oases along the eastern base of the Sierra Nevada, but these are included within the limits of the State 
 of California. By far the most desirable portions of the Great Basin are the valleys on its eastern border, skirted by the 
 Wasatch Eange, which extend from near the mouth of Bear River to the Rio Virgin. 
 
 An analysis of the facts presented by Dr. Bernhisel and Mr. Snow, exhibits difficulties of signifieant importance. The 
 whole country is isolated from the States on either side, by mountains impassible except in a few gaps, and even through 
 those during a great portion of the year. Its seclusion in the middle of the continent, indeed, is more complete than if 
 surrounded by waters in the middle of the ocean ; and its distance from the settlements in Iowa, Missouri, and Arkansas, 
 is too great to allow of any commercial connection. As to the latter point, witness the following statement : from Inde- 
 pendence (on Missouri Eivcr) to Fort Kearny, is 400 miles; froi.-. the latter to Fort Laramie, 306 miles; thence to the 
 north fork of the Platte River, 127 miles ; thence to Rock Independence, 50 miles ; thence to South Pass, 100 miles; thence 
 to Fort Bridger, 11 S miles; and thence to Salt Lake City, 113 miles; making a total distance of 1,214 miles. To this 
 should be added, 400 miles between Independence and St. Louis, or in all 1,614 miles from the Great Salt Lake to the 
 first considerable market. In no part of this vast tract can the rains of heaven be relied upon to any great extent for 
 Vie cultivation of the soil. The earth is destitute of trees, and in great part also of any vegetation whatever. Should 
 the Great Pacific Railroad, however, be carried through this territory, the natural obstacles to intercourse would in a great 
 measure be overcome, but at best, Utah must ever remain a country within itself naturally and politically, and as a 
 member of the American Union, will ever be independent of that Union in all but in theory. Nor can the theological 
 system held by the inhabitants t)f Utah, have the sympathies of the more dogmatic sectaries of the old States. The 
 success of the State, then, depends on no external influences ; but on the intelligence and forces of the people within 
 
 Utah in 1850 was divided into seven counties,* the general statistics of which and the capitals of each were as follows : 
 
 Counties. Dwell. Pop. ?''^^;[]J ^Kl""b. Capitate. I Counties. Dwell. Pop. f^l^^t. Ksub! Capitals. 
 
 Davis 215 .. 1,134 .. 112 .. 1 .. Miller's Creek I Tooele 33.. 152.. 2T .. .. Tooele City 
 
 Utah 411 . . 2,000 . . 144 . . 4 . . Provo City 
 
 Weber 227 . . 1,186 . . 33 . . 2 . . Ogden City 
 
 Great Salt Lake 1,2S8 . . 6,157 . . 505 . . 6 . . Salt Lake City 
 
 Iron 86 . . 360 . . 54 . . 2 . . Cedar City 
 
 San Pete 62 . . 865 . . 51 . . 1 . . Manti City 
 
 The whole number of dwellings in the Territory was at the above date 2,322 ; of families, 2,322 ; and of inhabitants, 
 11,330 ; viz., whites 11,330— males 6,022, and females 5,308; fr. col. 24— males 13, and females 12; si. 26. Of the whole 
 population there were deaf and dumb, 0; blind, 2; insane, 3; and idiotic, 2. The number of free persons born iu 
 the United States was 9,.35o ; the number of foreign birth 1,990, and of birth unknown 9. The native population originated 
 as follows : Maine 1.51. N. llamp. 123. Verm. 232, Mass. 350, R. I. 21, Conn. 193, N. T. 1,430, N. Jer. 96, Penn. 553, Del. 
 17, Md. 27, Dist. of Col. 1, Virg. 99, N. Car. 92, S. Car. .53, Ga. 12, Flor. 4, Ala. 62, Miss. 119, La. 8, Tex. 7, Ark. 7, Tenn. 
 294, Ky. 256, Oh. 694, Mich. 121, Ind. 303, 111. 1,285, Mo. 519, la. 726, Wise. 30, Calif. 14, Territories 76, and ihe foreign 
 popul.ition was composed of persons from — England 1,056, Ireland 106, Scotland 232, Wales 125, Germany 50, France 13 
 Norway 32, Pntssia 6, British America 338, Mexico 7, West Indies 2, and other countries 23. 
 
 The statistics of the industry and wealth of the Territory, as derived from the census of 1850, are as follows: 
 
 Occupied Zand, etc. — Improved farm land, 16,333 acres, and unimproved, 30,516; valued in cash at $311,799. The 
 number of farms under cultivation on the 1st June, 1850, was 926. Value of farming implements and machinery, $34,288. 
 
 Live-StocJc. — Horses, 5,429 ; asses and mules, 325 ; milch cows, 4,861 ; working oxen, 5,266 ; other oattle, 2,489 ; sheep, 
 8,262, and swine, 914. Value of live-stock, $546,968. 
 
 Products of Animals. — Wool, 9,222 pounds; butter, 83,309 pounds; cheese, 30,998 pounds, and the value of animals 
 slaughtered during the year had been $67,985. 
 
 Grain Crops. — Wheat, 107,702 bushels; rye, 210 bushels; Indian corn, 9,899 bushels; oats, 10,900 bushels; barley, 
 1,799 bushels, and buckwheat, 332 bushels. 
 
 Other Food Crops. — Peas and beans, 289 bushels ; potatoes — Irish, 43,968 bushels, and sweet 60 bushels. 
 
 Miscellaneous Crops. — Tobacco, 70 pounds ; hay, 4,805 tons ; clover-seed, 2 bushels ; hops, 50 pounds ; flax, 560 pounds ; 
 3ax-seed, 5 bushels ; molasses, 58 gallons ; bees-wax and honey, 10 pounds, etc. Produce of market-gardens, $23,868. 
 
 JTmne-made Manufactures were produced to the value of $1,302. 
 
 Manufactures. — In 1850 there were 16 manufacturing establishments producing to the annual value of $500 and upward. 
 
 The ascertained value of all property, real and personal, assessed for taxation in 1850 amounted to $986,083. 
 
 Government. — The basis of the government of Utah is identical with that of New Mexico, except that in it there is no 
 provision that " no citizen of the United States shall be deprived of his life, liberty, or property, except by the judgment of 
 his peers or the laws of the land." {See Nkw Mexico, p. 552.) 
 
 Historical Sketch. — The territory, now called Utah, formerly constituted a portion of the Mexican province of California 
 Alta, and as such passed into the possession of the United States by the treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo, 2d February, 1848. 
 Previous to the Mexican War, few white men, except those engaged in scientific explorations, had entered the country. 
 About the period that the war had broken out, the Mormons were driven from their city of Nauvoo, in Illinois, by mob 
 violence, and shortly afterward emigrated to the borders of the Great Salt Lake. Their settlements became prosperous 
 and populous, and within two years after the first pioneers had entered the country their numbers had increased to about 
 five thousand. After the ratification of peace, they found themselves without a government, and without protection for 
 person or property. To remedy this anomalous condition of the body politic, a temporary government was organized 
 under the style of " The State of Deseret," and under its sanction the usual government offijriftls were elected. But the 
 ultimate destiny of the country belonged to Congress, and that body, during the session of 1849-50, remanded the State 
 back to a territorial condition under its present title. The increase of its population, however, continues to be so rapid, 
 that it must at no distant period be admitted as a State. 
 
 Fillmore City, in Millard County, is the political capital of the Territory. 
 
 * To tliese have since been added the counties of " Desert," extending from the Salt Lake to the Califomian boundary — *' Green River.'* ilv^he 
 N. E. part of the territory — " Millard," in the S. W.— " Washington." in width half a degree, and tunning along the whole length of the S. border 
 and " Yuab," lying immediately N. of Alillard County — in all twelve counties. 
 
 277 
 
THE STATE OF YERMOIT. 
 
 Vermont, so called from the verdant aspect of its mountains, lies between 42° 44' and 45^ latitudes north, and between 
 71° 36' and 73° 26' longitudes west from Greenwich, or between Z° 36' and 5° 24' east from Washington. It is bounded 
 on the north by Lower Canada, on the east by New Hampshire, on the south by Massachusetts, and on the west by 
 New York. Its eastern boundary is formed by tlie Connecticut River, and on the west it is separated from New York 
 chiefly by Lake Ghamplain. The length of the State from north to south is 157 miles, and its breadth from east to west 
 from 40 to 92 miles, its widest part being on the northern Suite line. The superficial area of the country is estimated to 
 contain 10,212 square miles. 
 
 The surface of Vermont, with some slight exceptions, is mountainous. The most striking feature in its topography is 
 the range called the Green Mountains, which traverses the State in a direction north and south. Southward it is contin- 
 ued into Massachusetts, where it is known under the name of the Iloosic Mountains. In the centre of the State this ridge 
 bifurcates: one branch, the Western, and principal, continuing in a northerly direction, sinks down gradually, and 
 terminates near the northern boundary ; and the other, or Eastern branch, called also the " Height of Land," strikes a 
 course to the north-east, and, passing into Canada, is lost on the shores of the St. Lawrence. The latter divides the streams 
 of lakes Champlain and Memphremagog from the tributaries of the Connecticut, while the former, though loftier, pre- 
 sents a more broken outline, and is cut through by several rivers. It is a curious fact that this immense barrier has a 
 passage through it, even without any high hills, and the southern branch of the Onion River, which passes through it and 
 flows into Lake Champlain, has its source very near to, if not in, the same swamp with the head waters of White River, 
 which flows into the Connecticut. The Vermont Central Railroad also passes along these streams without any consider- 
 able elevations or depressions, although near the base of Camel's Rump, one of the highest peaks of the range. The part 
 of the mountains which traverses the southern portion of the State forms the watershed between the Hudson and Con- 
 necticut rivers. The base of these mountains varies from ten to fifteen miles in width. Beautiful and fertile valleys 
 intersect them everywhere, and the slopes are covered with growths of small evergreen trees and shrubs, and the sum- 
 mits with green mosses and winter grasses. There are many fine farms among the hills, and much of the land upon 
 them is excellent for grazing. Before the mountain bifurcates, the highest summit is Killington Peak, 3,675 feet above 
 the level of the sea; but there are two higher culminations after it divides, and which are in the western range; these are 
 Camel's Rump, on the south side of Onion River, which is 4,1SS feet high; and Mansfield Mountain, the highest of all, 
 which is 4,279 feet high. Ascutney is an isolated mountain in the town of Windsor, near the Connecticut, the apex of 
 which is 3,320 feet above tide-water. In the neighborhoods of Lake Champlain and the Connecticut River the country 
 is only moderately uneven, and in many places extensive level tracts are found, which form a striking contrast to the gen- 
 eral features of the country. 
 
 The Connecticut River washes the eastern borders of the State, the watershed, or dividing ridge already mentioned 
 being nowhere more than thirty-five miles from the river, and throughout most of its course not more than half that 
 distance; its tributaries in this State, viz., the Deerfield, White, Black, and Passumpsic rivers are scarcely more than 
 mountain torrents. On the western side of the ridge the streams have chiefly a north-westerly course, and are consider- 
 ably longer ; but as they force their way through the westerly branch of the mountain ranges, their courses are also rapid 
 and much broken by falls. The MIssisquI, Lamoille, Onion, and other creeks flowing into Lake Champlain, are the prin- 
 cipal, and these afl<>rd navigation for lake craft to their lower cascades, from five to six miles up. The Battenkll and 
 Hoosic rivers have their rise in the S. part of the range, but soon pass into New York. The whole State is abundantly 
 watered by pure running brooks, many of which, as also the larger streams, are turned to use In oper.iting numerous mills. 
 
 Lake Champlain extends along the western border a distance of 140 miles, and varies in width from one to sixteen 
 miles, covering an area of 600 square miles. It is sufflclently deep for the largest class of shipping ; it is, however, usually 
 navigated by vessels of 80 or 100 tons, to which the rivers and canals are accessible, and several fine steamboats ply to 
 and from different points on its shores. It receives the surplus waters of Lake George, and discharges itself by the Sor- 
 relle or Richelieu, which, by means of some canals round its rapids, affords a navigable communication with the St. 
 Lawrence. At its southern base It Is connected by canal with the Hudson River and the New York and Erie Canal. 
 There are several large islands In the northern part of the lake, which, together with Alburg Peninsula, divide it In its 
 broadest part into two unequal proportions. There are also some fifty or sixty smaller islands. The aspect of its shores 
 is varied and pleasant; the peaks of the Green Mountains are visible in the distance, and well-cultivated farms line Its 
 shores. The harbors on the Vermont side of the lake are generally good, and the principal of these are Burlington, SL 
 Albans, and Vergennes. Lake Memphremagog is partly in this State, but mostly in Canada; it Is thirty miles long, and 
 discharges its waters into the St. Lawrence through the channel of the St. Francis River. Between the mountains and 
 New York State line there are several smaller lakes, which are known under the names of Bombazine Lake, Austin 
 Lake, Great Trout Pond, etc., which are remarkable for the purity and clearness of their waters and the bland scenery 
 that surrounds them. 
 
 The minerals produced In this State are iron, copper, zinc, and a great variety of rocks. Iron occurs in great abund- 
 ance. Sulphuret of iron, or pyrites, is found at Strafford and Shrewsbury, from which an Immense quantity of copperas is 
 annually manufactured. Copper has been discovered near Brandon, and a few miles south-east of that place a bed of 
 silver and copper. The ore of the latter is incorporated with milk quartz and argillaceous slate ; an average specimen, 
 analyzed by W. H. Shepherd, mineralogist, yielded 31.13 per cent, of pure silver and 17.09 of copper. Lead, zinc, and 
 manganese are also found. At Monckton, near Burlington, there Is also an extensive bed of kaolin, or porcelain earths 
 Granite, however, Is the great staple, and marbles of fine quality are extensively quarried at Middlebury, Swanton, Ben- 
 278 
 
THE STATE OF TEXAS. 
 
 Paicperi.9i7i.~Tb& whole number of paupers relieved or supported within the year ending Ist June, 1850, waa 7, all 
 natives, and the whole number of paupers at that date was 4. Cost of support, etc., $433. 
 
 Historical Sketch.— The first settlements in Texas were made by the French at Matagorda; but the settlers were soon 
 after expelled by the Spaniards, who, in 1690, extended their cordons from New Spain over the whole territory. Previous 
 to this time the Indians held undisputed sway over this fine country. Spanish forces were stationed at Goliad, Bexar, 
 Nacogdoches, etc., and held military possession until the revolution which overthrew the Spanish power in Mexico. 
 On the consummation of Mexican independence, Texas became, in connection with the adjoining State of Coahuila, a 
 province of the Eepublic. Soon after this period, several colonies of Americans, who had been invited into the territory 
 by the Mexicans, settled in the eastern section, and were for a long time secured from the onerous burdens of Mexico 
 Proper. Previous to 1S35, however, serious complaints against the central government, now a consolidated republic, 
 were uttered, and in the following year open reoellion was rife. The Mexican President invaded Texas with a large 
 army, and was successively victorious and defeated in numerous skirmishes. The American settlers declared their inde- 
 pendence in March, 1S36, and the defeat of the Mexicans and capture of Santa Anna, at San Jacinto, 21st April, 1836, 
 secured to the patriot party the acknowletlgment of their assumption by that leader, and the whole of the country east of 
 the Eio Grande was acceded to them. The acts of Santa Anna, however, were never confirmed by the Senate, and of 
 course their authority was, to say the least, equivocal. No serious attempts having been made by the Mexicans to regain 
 Texas for eight or nine years, the political nationality of the country was considered as consolidated, and in 1845, the 
 United States of America admitted the young republic as a State of the Union. The consequences of this act was war 
 with Mexico— a war which the United States virtually assumed by the annexation, at a time when Texas was in a state 
 of war with Mexico. The history of this war is recent and well know . The arms of the United States were every- 
 where \ ictorious ; and when peace returned, not Texas alone, but New I. exico and California Alta were parceled off to 
 the Americans, and forever lost to the Mexican Eepublic. The joint rest 'utions of Congress, admitting Texas into the 
 Union, were signed by the President of the United States, on the 1st Marcl 1845, and ratified by the Congress of Texas, 
 on the 4lh July of the same year. The State Government was organized on he 19th Feb., 1S46. The boundary between 
 New Mexico and Texas, the latter of which claimed the line of the Eio Grand. >, was adjusted by compromise in 1850. 
 
 Succession of President.'! and Goy«/'J!or«.— Presidents of the Eepublic: t.amuel Houston, 1836 ; Mirabeau Lamar, 
 1S38; Samuel Houston, 1841; Anson Jones, 1844; and— Governors op the Sta/k: J. Pinckney Henderson, from 19th 
 February, 1846, to 21st December, 1847; George T. Wood, to 21st December, 1849; P. Hansborough BeU, to 21st Decem- 
 ber, 1851; P. Hansborough Bell (re-elected), to 21st December, 1S53. 
 
 Austin City is the political capital of the State. 
 
 275 
 
THE TERRITORY OF UTAH. 
 
 Utah, originally a portion of California Alta, lies between latitudes 37° and 42°, and longitudes 106° and 120° wes» 
 from Gi-eenwich, or about 29° and 43° west from Waishington. It is bounded north by Oregon, east by Nebraska and 
 New Mexico, soulli by New Mexico, and south-west and west by California. In extreme length east and west 740 miles, 
 ami in breadth 340 miles, it contnins an area estimated at 187,923 square miles. 
 
 This territory occupies the great basin lying between the Eoeky Mountains on one hand, and the Sierra Nevada on the 
 other; and with the exception of its eastern portion, drained by the Colorado and its tributaries, forms a distinct geo- 
 graphical regicjn, having mountains, rivers, am' lakes all its own, and which originate and terminate within its natural 
 limits. It is one of the most peculiar counlri< fe of the world; and in many res-pects assimulates the topography of 
 Palestine, and like that country has its Dead S'ki, ils mountain borders, its peculiar people as Palestine of old, and on its 
 west the maritime Philistines of California. The characteristics, historical, geogr.aphical, and theocratical, of the two 
 might be compared indefinitely; nor is the r semblance less striking in form of government, in manners, and in customs. 
 The physical elements of the countries are fie same, and the moral and religious, modified, however, by external associa- 
 tions, only distinct in the perceptions of tl S sectarian. 
 
 The Great Basin, in which the larger r-ortion of Utah lies, says Dr. Bernhisel, is about 500 miles long east and west, 
 by 265 miles breadth. It has never bee-,1 fully explored ; but so far as it has been, a portion of it is found to consist of arid 
 and sterile plains, another of undulai ,ng table-lands, and a third of elevated mountains, a few of whose summits are 
 capped with perpetual snow. Some portions of the basin abound in rich and nutritious grasses. There are within its 
 limits many streams and lakes, a-,id of the latter, the most remarkable is the Great Salt Lake, which is about 70 miles in 
 length, and SO to 35 miles in b'dadlh. Its waters are a saturated solution of muriate of soda or common salt. Indeed, 
 they contain more salt thai\ iJiey are capable of holding in solution; and when low, considerable quantities of it are pre- 
 cipitated to the bottom.',,! tlie lake, or rather are there crystallized. No living creature can exist in this lake. A striking 
 feature in the topo'^raphy of this region is, that none of the streams or lakes have any visible outlet either to the Atlantic 
 or Pacific Ocear.. The sources of the Colorado are in the Eocky Mountains, lying in Oregon and New Mexico, and the 
 country ir. i.neir vicinity is unfit for cultivation. 
 
 No portion of that vast extent of country between the Great Basin and the Eocky Mountains is habitable excepting the 
 va'Jiey of the Uintah, and perhaps that of Green Eiver. The valleys known in the Great Basin are the Great Salt Lake 
 '"/alley, Bear Eiver Valley, Utah Valley, Yuab Valley, South Valley, Sevier Valley, and Sand Pitch Valley. The Great Salt 
 Lake Valley, which is much the largest, is about 115 to 120 miles long, and from 20 to 40 broad, but the Salt Lake occupies 
 the greater part of the northern portion of it. The surface of the centre of the valley is level, but ascends gently on either 
 Bide toward the mountains. There is in the immediate vicinity of the city bearing the name of this lake, a warm saline 
 mineral spring issuing from the base of a mountain, the temperature of which is 10S°, and two miles north of this is a 
 similar spring, whose temperature is 125° Fahr. The character of the best soil in the valleys that are inhabitable, is as 
 follows: one portion of jt. is a vegetable loam, another a marly loam, and the third a gravelly shale containing some 
 silica. The latitude of Great Salt Lake City is 40° 45' 44" north. The altitude is 4.300 feet. The climate is milder 
 and drier in general than it is in the same parallel on the Atlantic coast. The temperature in the Salt Lake Valley in the 
 winter seasou is more uniform than that of the Atlantic States in the same season, the thermometer rarely descending to 
 zero. There is but little rain except on the mountains between the 1st May and the 1st October, and hence the necessity 
 for irrigation in most places which are susceptible of it. The other valleys bear a general resemblance to the Salt Lake 
 Valley, except that they are much smaller ; South Valley being 30 miles long, by 20 broad ; Utah Valley about 60 long, by 
 20 broad, and Sand Pitch Valley some 40 or 50 long, and perhiips 20 wide. The only timber to be found in this region is 
 in the canons, on the banks of a few of the streams, and along the bases of some of the mountains. Wheat, rye, barley, 
 buckwheat, oats, and Indian corn are its chief agricultural products ; and all the garden vegetables peculiar to the Middle 
 and Western States are produced in great perfection. Cotton, sugar, and rice, are not susceptible of cultivatitra in the 
 region described ; tobacco and sweet potatoes can be produced in limited quantities. Only a few portions of the valleys 
 are well supplied with water, and upon the rest but limited crops can be raised, as artificial irrigation in agriculture is 
 indispensable to success. There are tracts of land of considerable extent in i \ch of these valleys which are not susceptible 
 of cultivation, because they can not be irrigated. 
 
 But limited portions, therefore, adds Erastus Snow, even of the most fertile and warmest valleys in this region, can ever 
 be made available for agricultural purposes, and only such as are adjacent to streams, and are well located for irrigation. 
 Small valleys, surrounded by high mountains, are the most abundantly supplied with water, the streams being fed by the 
 melting snow and summer showers. Broad extended plain.s, whether level or broken, are generally arid and unproduc- 
 tive. Such is the whole eastern portion of Utah, including the valley of Green Eiver, and those of its Iributaries, which 
 extend from the Sierra Madre on the cast, to the Bear Eiver divide on the west, and from the Wind Eiver Chain, and 
 Cascade mountains on the north, to a point at the south where Green Eiver passes through the mountains, descending 
 over rapids and cataracts, to the plains of the lower Colorado. Green Eiver Valley is about 150 miles square ; and though 
 larger than several States of the Union, yet its elevation is such, and it is so badly watered, that it is doubled whelher a 
 single spot in it is adapted to agriculture. There is, however, a small valley on the Uintah Eiver, about 60 miles south of 
 Fort Bridger, which is, perhaps, the warmest and most inviting in this portion of Utah. 
 
 The Great B.asin, although warmer than the eastern section, is, to a great extent, as arid and unproductive. A portion of 
 n large desert, extending through the centre of the basin from north to south, and from the western shore of the Great 
 Salt Lake toward the Sierra Nevada, was evidently once the bed of the lake, for various portions of it are covered with 
 276 
 
n 
 
 ft 
 
THE STATE OF VERMONT, 
 
 ninglon, etc. The novaculite, or oil-stone, sold under the name of magog oil-stone, is found on one of the islands in 
 Lake Memphremagog, and quarries of slate are wrought near Brattleboro'. Vermont has also several mineral springs, 
 containing iron and sulphur, which are nsorted to for relief in many cutaneous and chronic complaints. 
 
 The climate assimilates that of New Hampshire, and is variable and cold, but extremely salubrious. Snow lies on the 
 ground from the middle of November to the end of April, and on the hill-sides it is often six or eight feet deep. The 
 mean annual range of the thermometer is about 120°, the temperature in winter sinking sometimes to 25° or 30° below 
 zero, and in summer rising to 90° or 100°. Trees commence to bud early in April, and flowers unfold themselves in 
 May. The first frosts appear about the middle of September, but are light until November. The summer season is fair 
 and serene, and although the heat of the day is sometimes excessive, the nights are always coul. Through September 
 and October the finest weather prevails, with gentle winds and a blue sky. 
 
 The natural growths of Vermont are hemlock, spruce, and fir, which flourish on the mountain sides ; the lower tract, 
 abound with elm, oak, hickory, butternut, pine, beech, sugar-maple, and birch, and the cedar grows luxuriantly in the 
 swamps. The indigenous animals are wolves, foxes, and others, similar in a great measure to those which are spread 
 over Canada and the North-eastern States generally. The lakes and rivers abound with excellent fish. 
 
 The soils of Vermont are generally rich and loamy. On the borders of the rivers are fine tracts of valley land, 
 which consist of a deep black alluvial deposit — these are sometimes a mile in width, and very productive in grain, 
 grass, and garden vegetables. The uplands are in many places scarcely inferior to the intervales, and are in general 
 sufliciently free from stone to admit of easy cultivation. The hills and mountains, that are not arable on account of their 
 steepness or the rocks, yield the best of paslurage. There is hardly any part of the country better adapted to the rearing 
 of horses, horned cattle, and sheep, than the mountain regions of this State. Wheat is raised more abundantly on the 
 western than on the eastern side of the mountains. The soils and climate of all parts are favorable to the growth of the 
 apple and most other kinds of garden trees ; but the peach seldom comes to perfection anywhere. The greater part of the 
 State is better suited to grazing than to tillage. Springs and brooks are very numerous. 
 
 Vermont is divided into li counties, the general statistics of which, and the capitals of each, in 1S50, were as follows : 
 
 Counties. 
 
 Dwell. 
 
 Pop. 
 
 Farms 
 in cult. 
 
 Manuf. 
 Estiib. 
 
 Addison 
 
 . 4,679 . 
 
 . 26.549 . 
 
 . 2,292 . 
 
 . 157 . . 
 
 Bennington . 
 
 . 3,404 . 
 
 . 18,589 . 
 
 . 1,397 . 
 
 . 147 . . 
 
 Caledonia... 
 
 . 4,2.31 . 
 
 . 23,086 . 
 
 . 2,754 . 
 
 .245.. 
 
 Chittenden.. 
 
 . 4,S05 . 
 
 . 29,036 . 
 
 . 1,908 . 
 
 . 201 . . 
 
 Essex 
 
 . 846. 
 
 . 4,650 . 
 
 . 602 . 
 
 .32.. 
 
 Franklin 
 
 . 4,82T.- 
 
 ^28,586. 
 
 . 2,172 . 
 
 . 108 . . 
 
 Grand Isle.. 
 
 . 691, 
 
 . 4,145. 
 
 . 839. 
 
 . 8.. 
 
 Capitals. 
 
 Middleburg 
 Manchester 
 Danville 
 Burlington 
 Guildhall 
 St. Albans 
 8 . . North Hero 
 
 Counties. Dwell. Pop. 
 
 Lamoille 2,022 . . 10,872 
 
 Orange 5,192 . . 27,296 
 
 Orleans 2,780 . . 15,707 
 
 Rutland 6,661 
 
 Washington.. 4,442 
 
 Capitals, 
 
 Hyde Park 
 
 Farms MannI 
 
 in cult. £stab 
 
 1,082 . . 42 
 
 2,677 . . 86 . . Chelsea 
 
 2,055 . . 68 . . Irasburg 
 33,059 . . 2,668 . . 275 . . Paitland 
 24,654 . . 2,104 . . 77 . . Montpei.ibb 
 
 Windham .... 5,-374 . . 29,062 . . 3,363 . . 197 . . Fayetteville 
 Windsor 7,873 . . 38,320 . . 4,274 . . 192 . . Woodstock 
 
 The whole number of dwellings in the State at the above date was 56,327 ; of families, 58.475 ; and of inhabitants, 
 313,611; viz., whites 312,902— males 159.374, and females 153,528; fr. col. 709— males 366, and females 34.3. Of the whole 
 population there v/ere, deaf aiid dumb — wh. 143, fr. col. 1, — total 144; blind — wh. 133, fr. col. — total 138; insane — 
 wh. 552, fr. col. — total 552, and idiotic — wh. 280, fr. col. 1 — total 281. The number of free persons bom in the United 
 States was 280,966, the number of foreign birth 32,831, and of birth unknown 323. The native population originated as 
 follows : Maine 835, N. Hamp. 19,6ii9, rermmit 232,086, Mass. 15,059, E. I. 801, Conn. 4,551, N. Y. 7,218, N. Jer. 171, Penn, 
 138, Del. 1, Md. 23, Dist, of Col. 5, Virg. 21, N. Car. 7, S. Car. 5, Ga. IS, Flor. 9, Ala. 6, Miss. 5, La. 12, Tex. 1, Ark. 2, 
 Tenn. 6, Ky. 7, Oh. 166, Mich. 86, Ind. 15, III. 34, Mo. 10, la. 5, Wise. 32, Calif. 0, Territories 1 ; and the foreign popula- 
 tion was composed of persons from— England 1,546, Ireland 15,877, Scotland 1,045, Wales 57, Germany 218, France 40, 
 Spain 3, Portugal 5, Belgium 0, Holland 2, Italy 7, Austria 0, Switzerland 2, Russia 1, Denmark 1, Norway 8, Sweden 0, 
 Prussia 6, Greece 0, Asia 7, Africa 0, British America 14,470, Mexico 0, Central America 0, South America 3, West Indies 
 6, Sandwich Islands 4, and other countries 23. 
 
 The following table will show the decennial progress of the population since the first census of the State : 
 
 Colored Persons. Decennial Increase 
 
 Census White r— 
 
 Years, 
 
 1790 85,144 2.55 ... . 
 
 1800 153,908 557 ... . 
 
 1810 216,963 750 ... . 
 
 18-20 234.S46 918 ... . 
 
 1830 279,771 881 ... . 
 
 1840 291.218 7-30 ... . 
 
 1850 312,902 709 ... . 
 
 Slave. Total. Total. Numer. Percent 
 
 ...17 272 85,416 — — 
 
 ... — 557 154.465 69.049 80.8 
 
 ... — 750 217.713 63,248 40.S 
 
 ... — 918 235,764 18,051 8.2 
 
 , . . . — 881 280,652 44,888 19.0 
 
 , . . . — 730 291,948 11,296 4.0 
 
 ... — 709 813,611 21,563 7.4 
 
 The general statistics of the wealth, industry, productions, manufactures, and institutions of Vermont, as ascertained 
 by the census of 1850, and other ofHcial reports made in the same year, afford the following results: 
 
 Octiitpied Lands, ^'^c- Improved farm lands 2,591,379 acres, and unimproved lands 1,525,868 acres— together valued 
 in cash at .$59,727,731. The whole number of farms under cultivation on the 1st June, 1850, was 29,687. Value of 
 farming implements and machinery $2,790,237. 
 
 Xii)e-5toc/!-.— Horses, 61,057 ; asses and mules, 218 ; milch cows, 146.146 ; working oxen, 48,497 ; other cattle, 154,025; 
 sheep, 919,992, and swine, 66,278. Compared with the live-stock in the State in 1S40, the following movement is shown : 
 
 Live-stock. 
 
 Horses \ g2,402 
 
 Asses and mules ) 
 
 Milch cows J 
 
 Working oxen V 384,841 
 
 Other cattle ) 
 
 Sheep 1,681.819 
 
 Swine 203,800 
 
 IS.'iO. 
 
 Decrease. 
 
 ,.„„. ( 61,057 head 
 
 ^'"'^ 1 218 " 
 
 / 146.146 " , 
 
 " .? 48,497 " 
 
 I 154,025 « ) 
 
 " 919^,992 " 761,827 
 
 « 66.278 " 137,522 
 
 \ 1,127 head, or 1.8 per cent. 
 
 35.673. " or 9.3 
 
 or 45.3 
 or 67.4 
 
 —in 1850 the aggregate value of live-stock in cash was $12,640,248. 
 
 279 
 
 55 
 
THE STATE OF VERMONT. 
 
 Products of AniniaU. — Wool 3,410,993 pounrls, butter 11,871,451 pounds, cheese 8,729,S:}4 poiinda; and the value of 
 animals slaughtered during the year had been $1,ST1,40S. The quantity of wool returned in the census of 1S40 was 
 3,099,235 pounds, or 288,242 pounds more than in 1850, and hence the decrease shown in the latter year amounts 7.8 per 
 cent. The production in relation to the number of sheep, however, has been much larger at the latter than at the former 
 period ; in 1S40 it was 35.2 ounces per fleece, and in 18.50,59.3 ounces. In the production of butter only five Slates surpass 
 Vermont, and of cheese only two — New York and Ohio, and of the latter article it produces one-twellXh the quantity 
 made in the Union. 
 
 Gr<nii C/'ops.— Wheat 525,925 bushels, rye 170,207 bushels, Indian com 2.032,010 bushels, oats 2,307,714 bushels, barley 
 42.147 bushels, and buckwheat 20S,tJ99. The crops of 1S40 and their comparative quantities, with those of 1S50, are as 
 follows : 
 
 Crops, 1840. 1S.50. 
 
 Wheat. 495,800 bushels 525,925 bushels iner. 
 
 Rye 230,993 
 
 Indian corn 1,119,078 
 
 Oats 2,222,534 
 
 Barley 54,781 
 
 Buckwheat 228,416 
 
 . 176,207 
 .2,032,016 
 .2,307,714 
 . 42,147 
 . 208,699 
 
 
 
 Movement. 
 
 
 iner. 
 
 30,125 bushels 
 
 or 6.1 
 
 per cent. 
 
 deer. 
 
 54,7s6 
 
 " 
 
 or 23.7 
 
 
 incr. 
 
 912,.338 
 
 " 
 
 or 81.5 
 
 
 171 cr. 
 
 85,130 
 
 " 
 
 or 37.8 
 
 
 deer. 
 
 12,634 
 
 (( 
 
 or 23.1 
 
 
 deer 
 
 19,717 
 
 (1 
 
 or 8.6 
 
 
 Other Food Cropa. — Beans and peas 104 bushels ; potatoes, Irish, 4,947,3.')1 bushels. Tho potato crop reported in the 
 census of 1840 amounted to S.S09.751 bushels, and hence the decrease between the returns of 1840 and 1850 has been 
 8,922,400 bushels, or 44.2 per centum. 
 
 Miscelhtneous Crops. — Hay, 806,989 tons; clover-seed, 760 bushels; other grass-seed, 14.996 bushels; hops, 258,513 
 pounds; flax, 20,752 pounds-; flax-seed, 939 bushels ; silk cocoons, 268 pounds ; Maple sugar, 5,980,955 pounds; molasses, 
 5,997 gallons ; beeswax and honey, 249,432 pounds; wine 059 gallons, etc. Value of orchard products, .$315,045, and of 
 market-garden products, $18,853. A comparison of the principal productions of 1850 with those returned in 1840, gives 
 the following result : 
 
 Productions. 1810. 1850. Movement. 
 
 llay 830.739 tons 866,989 tons incr. 30,250 tons, or 3.6 per cent 
 
 Hops 48,137 pounds 258,513 pounds incr. 210,.370 pounds, or 434.9 " 
 
 Flax 60,OS0 " 20,752 " deer. 45,323 " or 68.6 " 
 
 Maple sugar 4,047,934 " 5,980,955 " mtT.1,333,021 " or 28.6 " 
 
 Wine 94 gallons 659 gallons iner. 565 gallons, or 601.1 " 
 
 Home-made mamifdctures were produced in the year ending 1st June, 1850, to the value of $278,331. The same class 
 of goods produced in the year represented in the census of 1S40, were valued at $074,548. 
 
 Mdniifdctures. — Aggregate capital invested, .$5,001,377; value of all raw material, fuel, etc., consumed in the year, 
 $4,172,552 ; average number of hands employed, ^males and females ; monthly cost of labor, $ — 
 
 male $ and female $ ; total value of manufactures for tlie year $8,570,920. The whole number of manufao- 
 
 ing establishments In operation on the 1st June, 1850, and producing to the annual valueof $500 and upwards, was 1,835, 
 and these were distributed among the counties in proportion, as shown in the general table before given. Of these 9 
 were cotton factories. 72 woolen factories, 37 iron factories — 3 making pig iron, 20 making castings, and 8 making wrought 
 iron ; and 1.52 were tanneries. The manufacturing establishments others than those named were various, but chiefly such 
 as are incident to an agricultural region, or such as the immediate wants of the people demand. The total capital 
 invested in manufactures, in 1840, amounted to $4..326,440. 
 
 In the cotinn manufacture, the capital employed is $202,500 ; cotton used, 2.243 bales ; value of all raw material, etc., 
 consumed, $114,415 ; hands employed, 231 — males 94, and females 147 ; entire wages per month, .$3,321 — to males $1,460, 
 and to females $1,801 ; products of the year— .sheeting, etc., 1,051,000 yards, and yarn 53.050 pounds, valued at $196,100. 
 In 1840, there were in the State 7 factories— capital $118,100 ; hands 202, and value of products $113,000. 
 
 In the manufacture of icoolen r/oodn, the capital employed is $880,300 ; annual consumption of wool. 2,328.100 pounds ; 
 value of all raw material, etc., consumed, $830,084 ; .ivera^e hands employed, 1,393— males 683. and females 710 ; entire 
 monthly wages, $25,100 — to males $16,712, and to females $5,383"; products for the year, 2,830,400 yards of cloth, valued 
 at $1,579,101. The number of factories in 1840 was 95, which, w;th^28b fulling mills, employed a capital of $1,406,950; 
 hands 1,450; annual value of products, $1,331,953. '^ ., 
 
 The statistics of the iro^i manufactures, in 1850, were in accordance with the annexed table : 
 
 Ppecificntmn.^. 
 
 Capital invested ..-. .... dollars 
 
 Ore used tons 
 
 Pig iron used " 
 
 Blooms used " 
 
 Old metal used " 
 
 Mineral coal consumed " 
 
 Plj Iron. 
 
 62,500 . 
 
 7,676 . 
 
 Cast Iron. Wroustjt Tron. Totiil. 
 
 . .290,720 62,700 415,920 
 
 . . — 2,625 10,301 
 
 5,279 
 
 750 
 525 
 
 150 
 
 274 — 
 
 . 1,066 — 
 
 .198,400 337,000 
 
 6,029 
 525 
 274 
 
 1,216 
 
 961,837 
 
 Coke and charcoal bushels.. .326,4.37 
 
 Value of raw material dollars. . . . 40,175 160,603 66,194 266,972 
 
 Hands employed number... 100 881 57 533 
 
 Monthly cost of labor doll.irs. . . . 2,208 10,771 1,719 14.748 
 
 Iron produced tons 3,200 5,000 2,045 10.245 
 
 Value of other products dollars — 87,770 — 87,770 
 
 Entire value of products " , . . . 68,000 460,831 168,986 692.81T 
 
 —in 1840, there were in the State 26 furnaces, producing annually 6,743 tons ca.st iron, and 14 bloomeries, forges, and rolling 
 mills, producing 055 tons bar iron ; fuel, etc., consumed, 388.407 tons ; hands, 788 ; cai)itiil invested, $004,150. 
 
 The tanneries employ a capital of $340,250 ; value of hides and skins, $3.''>7,946 ; hands employed 397 ; monthly wages, 
 $8,807 ; skins tanned, 44,330, and sides of leather tanned, $250,104 ; value of products $587,466. In 1840, there were 26J 
 280 
 
THE STATE OF VERMONT, 
 
 tanneries in the State, employins a capital of $i03,093, and 509 liands, and producing annually 102,763 sides of sole leather, 
 and 10'2,93T sides of upper leather. 
 
 The capital invested in the manufacture of malt and Kpirituous liquors is $7,000; quantities and kinds of grain, 
 etc., consumed — barley 2,500 busliels, and hops 1 ton ; hands employed, 2 ; ale maniilaetured, 800 barrels. No spirits are 
 returned, and pr(il)ably none is now manufactured as an article of commerce. In 1S40, there were two distilleries, pro- 
 ducing annually 3,500 gallons, and one brewery producing 12,S00 gallons — the whole employing 5 men, and a capital of 
 $8,850. 
 
 Internal Improvements, «fc.— The lines of railroad from Boston and the coast of New England, generally toward 
 Canada and the north-west, pass through Vermont, and the lines from New York also form connection with those of the 
 western districts (if the State. Locally these roads have tended greatly to the development of the resources of the towns 
 through which they i)ass, and have opened sea-board markets to the great body of the State. The bulk of the mer- 
 chandise and travel on the Vermont roads, however, is from and to places beyond the limits of the State, which has no 
 large manufacturing towns or aggregated populations, beyond a few thousands in number. The several lines are noted 
 in the " Appendix." On the 1st January. 1853, the railroads in operation had a total length of 427 miles, and there were 
 some 50 miles additional in course of construction. There are no canals in Vermont, with the exception of three short 
 cuts to overcome river falls, viz. : that around White River Falls, that at Bellows Valley, and that at Waterqueechy Falls. 
 The macadamized and ordinary roads of the State are generally well kept, and in sufficient number for all purposes. 
 
 Foreign Commerce. — Tlje commerce of Vermont is carried on chiefly at Burlington on Lake Champlain, and finds an 
 outlet by the Chambly river to Canada, and transmarine countries. The exports in this direction, in the year ending 
 80th June, 1S50, were valued at $430,906, of which $404,749 was the value of domestic products exported, and $26,15T 
 that of foreign re-exports, and the value of imports amounted to $463,002. The shipping employed in carrying the mer- 
 chandise above represented, was as follows : 
 
 Entered. Cleared. Total. 
 
 Nationality 
 of Shipping. 
 
 American . 
 
 Vessels. Tuns. Crews. Vessels. Tons. 
 
 ... 330 S6,S23 3,535 323 81,073 
 
 Foreign 174 12,607 716 20 1,783 
 
 3,201 
 97 
 
 652 167,901 6,736 
 
 194 14,390 813 
 
 nports. 
 
 Total 504 99,435 4,251 342 82,856 3,298 846 182,291 7,549 
 
 —the shipping owned in the State at the above period amounted to 4,530 tons, all of the class enrolled and licensed, and 
 of this, 8,097 tons was navigated by steam. The commercial movement for a series of years had been as follows : 
 
 Year. Exports. Imports. Year. 
 
 1817 913,201 1S34. 
 
 1818 240,069 1835 . . 
 
 1819 585,596 
 
 1S20 895,869 
 
 1821 263,330 . 
 
 1822 . . . 
 
 1823 . 
 1824. 
 
 1S25. 
 1826. 
 1827, 
 
 . . 15,987 
 
 . 257,694 60,897 
 
 ; $236,140 $62,242 
 
 . 208,258 161,854 
 
 . 896,166 109,021 
 
 . 834,202 228,650 
 
 .1,259,441 144,073 
 
 1S2S 239,610 177.539 
 
 1829 , 
 
 1830 , 
 
 1831 , 
 1832, 
 1833, 
 
 808,079 205,392 
 
 65S,-256 140.059 
 
 925,127 166,206 
 
 349,820 214,672 
 
 377,399 523,260 
 
 Exports. Imports, 
 
 334.372 822,806 
 
 $328,151 $217,853 
 
 188,165 456,846 
 
 138.693 842,449 
 
 132,650 258,417 
 
 193,886 413,513 
 
 805,150 404,617 
 
 1841 $277,987 $246,739 
 
 1342 557,509 209,368 
 
 1843 169,971 33,000 
 
 1844 413,367 97,183 
 
 1.845 542,607 81,997 
 
 1846 $403,820 $127,223 
 
 1836 . . . 
 
 1837 . . . 
 1833 . . . 
 1839... 
 
 1840 . . . 
 
 1847, 
 1848, 
 1849, 
 1350, 
 
 514,293 239,641 
 
 534,102 306,005 
 
 683,869 147,721 
 
 430,906 463,092 
 
 Ye^r. ICxports. 
 
 1799 $20,480 .... 
 
 1800 57.041 .... 
 
 ISOl 57,267 .... 
 
 1802 31,479 .... 
 
 1S03 117,450.... 
 
 1804 191,725.... 
 
 1805 169,402 .... 
 
 1806 193,775 .... 
 
 1807 204,285 .... 
 
 1808 103,772 .... 
 
 1809 175,782 .... 
 
 1310 432,631 .... 
 
 1311 $571,104 .... 
 
 1812 138,647.... 
 
 1813 0.... 
 
 1814 . . . . 
 
 1815 161,002 .... 
 
 1816 892,594 .... 
 
 Banks. — ^The returns of August, 1850, report 27 banks, and their condition as follows — Liabilities: capital, $2,197,249; 
 circulation. .$9,856,027; deposits, $546,703; and debts to banks, $32,934; and assets, loans and discounts, $4,423,719; 
 slocks, $40,500 ; real estate, $94,497 ; due by other banks, $1,001,739 ; notes of other banks, $127,637 ; specie fund, $2,376 ; 
 and specie, $127,325. 
 
 Government. — The first Constitution of this State was formed in 1777; the one now in operation was adopted on the 
 4th July, 1793, but has since been modified at various periods. It secures to every man on attaining his 21st year, the 
 right of suffrage, provided he has been a resident of the State for the next preceding year, and is of aquiet and peaceable 
 behavior. The annual elections are held on the first Tuesday of September. 
 
 The Legislature consists of a Senate (established in 1836), and a House of Representatives. The Senate consists of 30 
 members, chosen by a plurality of votes, apportioned in ratio of the population, but each county is entitled to at least one. 
 The House of Representatives, at present, consists of 230 members, one from each town. Representatives shall be persons 
 noted for wisdom and virtue, resident in the State for the last two years, and for one year in the town. Two-thirds of the 
 members elected are required to form a quorum, when a State tax is voted. The Legislature is renewed annually. The 
 Lieutenant-governor is ex^officio President of the Senate, otherwise the officers of both houses are chosen by the members 
 thereof respectively 
 
 The chief executive is vested in a Governor, chosen annually by a majority of votes. In case of no choice being made, 
 the three candidates having the highest poll numbers are presented to the Legislature, which in joint ballot elects one of 
 their number to be governor. The Lieutenant-governor and Treasurer are elected in like manner. No one is qualified 
 for these offices unless he has resided in the State for the preceding four years. Twelve Councilors, assistants to the 
 executive, are chosen annually by general ticket, and by a plurality of votes. The Governor and Council appoint to offices 
 and fill vacancies, and may grant purdons for all crimes excepting treason and murder, in which they may grant reprieves 
 until the end of the next session of the General Assembly, and excepting also impeachments, which can be reversed only 
 by act of the Assembly. The Governor presides in the Council and has a casting vote only. He may veto a bill, but two- 
 
 24 
 
THE STATE OF VERMONT. 
 
 thirds of both housps may pass it again, and it thus may become law notwithstanding. He is allowed a Secretary of civil 
 and military affairs, ohDsen Iiy himself and paid by the State. 
 
 JiicUcitinj powers arc vested in a Supreme Court, consisting of a chief and two assistant justices; in County Courts, or 
 Courts of Common Pleas comprising four circuits, each County Court being composed of one .Judge of Circuit, elected by 
 the Legislature, who is ex-officio chief justice of tlie County Courts of his Circuit, and two assistant judges for each county, 
 elected by the people ; and in Justices of the Peace. The Supreme Court sits in each county once, and the County Courts 
 twice in each year; an additional term of the Supreme Court is also held once a year in each district, at such time and 
 place as the court may order. Each Judge of the Supreme Court is Chancellor of a Circuit. The Court of Chancery has 
 two stilted sessions annually in each county, and is always in session for all purposes, except the finrd hearing of a cause. 
 An appeal from a decree of the Chancellor lies to the Supreme Court. Judges of the Supreme Court, county and probate 
 Courts, slierifTs, and justices of the peace, are elected by the General Assembly in joint ballot. 
 
 The Constitution prohibits slavery, and permits imprisonment for debt only in ca-ses of fraud. It abolishes perpetuities. 
 Every alien of good character coming to settle in the State, and swearing allegiance thereto, is permitted to hold land. 
 By a law of 1850, a homestead of the value of $500 is secured from attachment or execution. 
 
 Once in seven years, 13 censors are chosen on one ticket by the people, whose duty it is to inquire whether the Con- 
 stitution ha-s been observed in every particular, etc., and also to call a convention for amending the Constitution within 
 two years, six montlis' public notice being given of the amendments proposed. 
 
 T\\s fimtncial condition of this State is in an enviable condition — the expenses of government are small, and its lia- 
 bilities insignificant. For the year ending 31st August, 1S50, the receipts into the treasury, including a balance from 1S49 
 of $8.3.30, amounted to .$125,375, of which $94,.309 was raised from taxes. The disbursements for the same year amounted 
 to $122<253, leaving a balance of $3,122. The principal sums paid out, were the expenses of the Legislature, $36,043; 
 executive expenses, $2,618, and pay of judiciary and for prosecuting crime, $49,733. The minor items of expense were 
 those on account of elections, pauper relief, common schools, agricultural societies, militia, etc. The expenses of 1850 
 exceed those of 1849 by $7,767, but they embrace about .$1.5,000 of extraordinary expenditure. 
 
 Vermont has no public debt. It has some temporary liabilities, which at the above-named date amounted to .$58,036. 
 
 Among the heneKolent instittitioihs of the State, the Vermont Asylum for the Insane, at Brattleboro', is the most con- 
 spicuous. Since the opening of the asylum there have been admitted to August 1st, 1850, 1,609 patients, and 1,281 have 
 been discharged, and 323 remained in the institution. Of the discharged, 745, or 46.3 per cent, had been recovered. Of 
 those placed in the asylum within six months from the attack, nearly nine-tenths have recovered. During the year end- 
 ing as aboye, the whole number of patients was 463; admitted 150, and discharged 140. Of those discharged, 79 were 
 cured, 26 died, 16 were improved, and 19 not improved. Income $34,240 12, .and expenditures $.3-3,868 92. There ia 
 connected with the asylum a library of over 1,200 volumes, and a large number of periodicals and newspapers are taken. 
 The deaf and dumb and the blind are supported at institutions in other States, for which purpose the Legislature appro- 
 priates a large sum of money annually. 
 
 Feile.ral represenUition. — In accordance with the provisions of the law of 23d May, 1850, Vermont sends four repre- 
 sentatives to the federal Congress. 
 
 Education. — In 1850 there were 2,594 school districts in the State, and the whole number of scholars was 90,110 ; aver- 
 age length of schools 24 weeks ; average of scholars in each district, 39 ; expense of each scholar, $2 20; average wages 
 to teachers— male $1,355, and female $.554 per month ; whole wages— to males $65,7.59 16, and females $61,312 65; total 
 $127,071 81 ; cost of board, $70,492 87; cost of fuel, $19,8.37 64; cost of wages, board, fuel, etc., $217,402 33. Public 
 money divided for support of schools, $90,893 91. Vermont has no school fund. 
 
 The collegiate institutions of the State are — the University of Vermont at Burlington, founded 1791 ; Middlebury Col- 
 lege, founded in 1800 ; and Norwich University, founded in 1834. The University of Vermont in 1850 had 7 professors, 
 95 students, and 416 alumni, and a library of 10,000 volumes; Middlebury College, 6 professors, 63 students, 877 alumni, 
 and 5,000 volumes ; and Norwich University had 4 professors, 60 studcaits, and 133 alumni, and 1,400 volumes. Medical 
 schools are esiablished at Castleton and Woodstock. The Castleton Medical College was founded in ISIS, and in 1850 had 
 7 professors, 104 students, and 555 graduates, and the Vermont Medical College at Woodstock was founded in 18.35, and 
 in 1S50 had 7 professors, 90 student-s, and 332 graduates. 
 
 Academies are established in all the larger towns and villages, and throughout the State there are private schools of 
 high reputation. 
 
 J'uhlic Librariex, — According to a report of the librarian of the Smithsonian Institution in 1851, there were in Vermont 
 
 1 State library — 3.500 volumes; 3 college libraries — 13.032 volumes; 6 students' libraries — 8,607 volumes; and 13 public 
 school libraries— 9,100 volumes; total 23 libraries, and 34,299 volumes. 
 
 Peiioilicid PresK. — The whole number of periodicals published in Vermont in 18,50 was 36 — 14 whig, 7 democratic, and 
 15 neutral in politics. In the latter class are included religious, literary, and other general issues. Of the whole number 
 
 2 were published daily, 1 semi-weekly, 31 weekly, and 2 monthly. The dailies had an aggregate circulation of 550 copies, 
 the tri-weeklies of 2,200 copies, the weeklies of 41,206 copies, and the monthlies of 2,000 copies. The counties in which 
 i?sued are as follows: Addison, Bennington, and (laledonia, each 2 weeklies; Cliittenden (Burlington), 2 dailies and 3 
 weeklies; Franklin, 1 weekly and 1 monthly; Orange, 2 weekly and 1 monthly; Orleans,! weekly; Rutland, 4 weeklies; 
 Wa.shington, 6 weeklies; Windham, 5 weeklies; Windsor, 4 weeklies. 
 
 Religious Denominations. — The statistics of the several religious denominations in the State in 1850, will be found by 
 reference to the table annexed: 
 
 Dennmina- No. of Cli 
 
 Denninina- 
 
 No of 
 tioiis. Ciiurdiei 
 
 Baptist 88 . 
 
 Christian 7 . 
 
 Congregat'1..163 . 
 Duteli Kef. . . — . 
 Episcopal . . 25 . 
 
 Free 1 . 
 
 Friinds 7 . 
 
 Clnircli Vnluo of 
 accoiTi. Property.' 
 
 ..31,937... $15.3,842 
 .. 2.220.... 12,000 
 ..76,122.... 451 ,084 
 
 Valite of 
 Property. 
 
 German Eef. — — — 
 
 Jewish — — $ — 
 
 Lullieran... — — — 
 
 Mennonite. .. — — .... — 
 
 .10,525. . . . 81,500 Mclliodist.. . .123 . . . .45,010. . . .221,850 
 
 100.... 300 Moravian.... — .... — .... — 
 
 2,550.... 5.500 I Presbyteri.-in. 10 .... 4.100. ... 17,500 
 
 —making a total of 564 churches, with accommodation for 226,444 persons, and valued at $1,213,120. 
 
 Jiocese of the Protestant Episcopal Church, and is included in the Iloman Catholic diocese of Boston, 
 
 2S2 
 
 Denomina- N 
 tionn. Cli. 
 
 K. Catholic... 
 
 Swedenbo'n.. 
 
 Tunker 
 
 Union 
 
 Unitarian 
 
 Universalist . . 
 
 Minor Sects . . 
 
 riiurch Value of 
 . at.o.n. Pn.pprty. 
 
 ...4,305.... $42,200 
 
 ss .. 
 
 2 .. 
 34 . 
 
 3 ., 
 
 .34,550. 
 . 1,000. 
 .13.825. 
 
 . 700. 
 
 ..122,800 
 
 . . 32,000 
 
 .. 71,750 
 
 800 
 
 Vermont forms a 
 
THE STATE OF VERMONT. 
 
 Pauperism and Crime. — The whole number of paupers relieved and supported within the year ending 1st June, 1350 
 was 3,654, of which 2,043 were native, and 1,611 foreign born; and the whole number of paupers at the date specified 
 was 1,879, of which 1,565 were natives, and 314 foreigners. Cost of support, etc., .1120,462. The total number of convicta 
 sent to the State Prison in the jear ending Ist September, 1S50, was 33, and at that date 76 were undergoing sentence. 
 The convicts are chiefly employed in snath-making and shoe-making. 
 
 Hiiitorical Sketch. — The distance of Vermont from the coast prevented any settlement being made within its borders, 
 cither by the French or English, until the colonies of the latter extended themselves into its vicinity. The governments 
 of New York and Massachusetts made large grants in the direction of this State, but it was not until 1724 that any actual 
 possession was taken of lands witliin its present bounds. In that year Fort Durance, or Dummer, was built on the Connec- 
 ticut River. On the other end of the State, in 1731, the French built a fort at Crown Point, and began a settlement on the 
 eastern shore of Lake Champlain. Vermont, however, attracted little attention until the reduction of Quebec. After 
 that event. New Hampshire, supposing the territory to fall within its limits, made large grants to settlers; but New York 
 also claiming it, the matter became itivolved in serious controversy. Having been referred to the crown, a decision was 
 made confirmatory of the title of the latter to all the country west of the Connecticut, and in this determination New 
 Hampshire seems to have acquiesced, with the understanding, that the titles of the lauds purchased from her by the settlers 
 should not be disturbed. 
 
 Had New York contented itself with the possession of the unsold lands and jurisdiction over those which had been 
 fairly purchased from New Hampshire, Vermont would probably have been to this day an integral portion of that great 
 State : a violent and impolitic course, however, was pursued. The New Hampshire grants were declared invalid, and the 
 settlers were required to take out new patents. The refusal to do this was nearly general, and in consequence decrees of 
 ejectment were issued by the courts at Albany. At the head of the Vermonters was Ethan Allen, a bold and determined 
 man, without mental cultivation, but of great natural powers. Under his guidance and counsel they resolved to main- 
 taia what they conceived to be their rights, at the risk of being treated as outlaws. The militia of New York was called 
 out, but effected nothing. Appeal was now made by the inhabitants to the crown, and the government of New York was 
 forbidden to make any grant of the lands in question. The order was evaded, however, and the same state of affairs 
 continued as before. The battle of Lexington was fought, and more important objects then occupied the attention of the 
 government of New York. 
 
 The attempts of the British ministry upon the liberties of the colonies excited as much indignation in Vermont as in 
 those; provinces which were more Immediately obnoxious to the royal power. On the news that hostilities had com- 
 menced, Ethan Allen collected a body of about three hundred settlers, and, joined by some officers from Connecticut and 
 New Hampshire, surprised the British post at Ticonderoga. The fort at Crown Point was surrendered soon afterward. 
 These enterprises, executed with address, redounded greatly to the success of the revolutionary cause, and operated 
 strongly on the public mind in favor of the Vermontese. In a bold attempt on Montreal, Allen was shortly afterward 
 taken prisoner, and carried to England in irons. In the following year the British succeeded in defeating the colonial 
 n.ivy on Lake Champlain, and on the advance of Burgoyne's army in 1777, Ticonderoga fell again into their possession. 
 War now pressed heavily upon Vermont ; the northern settlements were broken up, and the whole frontier subjected 
 to savage incursion. Submission to the British, however, was never thought of. A force was raised and united with 
 that of General Starke. The battle of Bennington, where upward of one thousand regular troops were assaulted in their 
 intrenchments and compelled to surrender, will be long remembered as a proof of what an undisciplined militia are 
 capable, when warmed by patriotism and animated by hatred to the oppressor. The surrender of Burgoyne's army 
 restored the country to comparative tranquillity. 
 
 While thus fighting in favor of the general cause, the people of Vermont were placed, as regards their civil govern- 
 ment, in an anomalous situation. At the commencement of hostilities they found themselves even without a form of gov- 
 ernment. The jurisdiction of New York was disclaimed, and the authority of the crown was thrown off. In this state 
 of matters every thing was effected by voluntary agreement. Application was made to Congress for its interference, but 
 that body recommended submission to New York. Eesolute in their determination not to submit, the people saw no 
 alternative than to establish an independent State. In .January, 1777, a general convention met, and proclaimed that the 
 district of territory, previously known by the name of the New Hampshire grants, was of right a free and independent 
 jurisdiction, to be thenceforth called by the name of "New Connecticut, alias Vermont." The convention njw ad- 
 dressed Congress, and claimed admission into the confederation. 
 
 The petition for admission was met by a counter-memorial from New York, and Congress refused to recognize its 
 separate existence. Embarrassment increased, and other circumstances soon after involved the Vermontese in a contest 
 with the government of New Hampshire. The charter of the latter State circumscribed it by a line drawn at a distance 
 of sixty miles from the sea. All the lands west of this line to the Connecticut were derived from royal grants ; and the 
 inliabitants of the towns within this strip, conceiving that tlie royal authority expired with the Declaration of Independ- 
 ence, imagined they had a right to determine to what State they would be attached. Under this impression they applied 
 to the Vermontese requesting a union with them. The assembly of Vermont acceded to the application, but the vote 
 of union was subsequently rescinded on a representation that Congress would, on the connection with the revolted 
 towns of New Hampshire being dissolved, admit Vermont as a separate State. This action was followed by great dis- 
 content within the State. The inhabitants of that part which lies near the Connecticut Eiver determined to unite with 
 the New Hampshire towns, and to form a State government. Encouraged by these dissentions. New Hampshire now ad- 
 vanced a claim before Congress for the whole of Vermont. New York did the same, and Massachusetts endeavored to 
 obtain a part by reviving an antiquated title. ' 
 
 Menaced from so many quarters, the Vermontese gave up their local dissentions, and united in their own defense. 
 Ethan Allen, who had returned from captivity, was placed at the head of a body of militia, and made prisoners of the 
 officers who were acting under the authority of Nevv York. Complaint was made to Congress, but the discussion of the 
 subject was postponed from time to time, as the Vermontese refused to become parties to it, and no decision was pro- 
 nounced. The Britisli were naturally attentive to the progress of the contest, and flattered themselves that the people of 
 Vermont, exasperated and neglected by Congress, would place themselves under their protection. Negotiations were 
 actually opened for tliis purpose in 1780, and were continued without any open result until 1783. Whatever the inten- 
 tions of the leading men of Vermont were, there is no doubt but that the body of the people were still warmly attached to 
 the revolutionary cause. The consequences of the negotiation in one respect, however, were favorable to Vermont, as 
 she remained unmolested bv the British during the remainder of the war. 
 
 2S3 
 
THE STATE OF VERMONT. 
 
 Tlie peace of 17S3 found Vermont a sovereign and independent State de facto, and the Vermontese felt little desire tf 
 join in a confederation, the rulers of which had pursued such an evasive policy toward her during the war. New York 
 still claimed a jurisdiction over the State, but was unable to enforce it, and the State government was administered as 
 regularly as in any other part of the United Slates. Affairs remained in (his singular condition until after the formation 
 of the constitution in 17S7, the advantages of which, under the administration of Washington, inclined the people of Ver- 
 mont again to attempt an admission into the Union. The only obstacle arose from the opposition of New Vork, which 
 was finally withdrawn in 17S9. In that year commissioners from the two States met, and effected an amicable arrange- 
 ment. The sum of $30,000 was agreed to be paid to New York as a compensation for lands belonging to its citizens, 
 which had been re-granted by Vermont, and New York consented that her claims to jurisdiction should cease. A con- 
 vention was immediately called, by which it was resolved to join the Union. The consent of Congress was given, and 
 on the 4th of March, 1791, Vermont became one of the United Slates. 
 
 During the war of 1812-15 with England, the vicinity of this State was the seat of a warm contest. On th« invasion 
 of New York, volunteers poured from the mountains and valleys of Vermont, and by their patriotism and valor proved 
 that they had not degenerated from, or forgotten the prowess of, their fathers. The repulse of the Brillsh from Platts- 
 burg, and the capture of their squadron on Lake Champlain, delivered the soil of this district from the presence of an 
 enemy. Aside from this interruption the prosperity of the State has been onward, but its history furnishes no event of 
 sufHcient importance to require detail. 
 
 Succession of Governors. — Before Apmission into the Union: Thomas Chittenden, 177S; Moses Robinson, 17S9 ; 
 Thomas Chittenden, 1790 ; and — Since Ad.mission into the Union: Thomas Chittenden, 1791; Isaac Tichenors, 1797; 
 Israel Smith, 1S07 ; Isaac Tichenors, ISOS; Jonas Galusha, 1S09; Martin Chittenden, ISl:?; Jonas Galusha, 1S15; 
 Richard Skinner, 1S20; C. P. Van Ness, 1828; Ezra Butler, 1826; Samuel C. Crafts, 1S28 ; William A. Palmer, 1831; 
 Silas II. Jenison, 1S35 ; Charles Paine, 1841; John Mattocks, 1843; ■William Slade, 1844; Horace Eaton, 1846; Carlos 
 Coolidge, 1849 ; C. K. Williams, 1850 ; Erastus Fairbanks, 1852. 
 
 MoNTPELiEB is the political capital of the State. 
 284 
 
THE STATE OE VIRGIIIA. 
 
 Virginia, perhaps, ia natural resources, as well as in geographical position, one of the most important States of the 
 Jnion. lies generally between the latitudes 3G° 30' and 39° 43' north, and extends east and west between longitudes 75° 40' 
 nd 83° 33' west, and is bounded on the north by Pennsylvania and Maryland, on the east by the Atlantic Ocean and 
 ;hesapeake Bay, on the south by North Carolina andTennessee, and on the west by Kentucky and Ohio. "With the ex- 
 eption of the long tongue of land between Pennsylvania and the Ohio River, and the peninsular projection between the 
 Chesapeake Bay and the ocean, the State has an average length of 355 miles, and a breadth of 21S miles, and comprises 
 ,n area computed at 61,352 square miles. 
 
 Virginia is naturally divided into east and west by the Blue Ridge, a division which obtains also in the distribution of 
 tie federal judiciary ; but according to the State constitution, it is divided into four districts or sections— the Tide Witter, 
 elow the lower falls of the rivers ; the Piedmont, between those falls and the Blue Ridge ; the Valley, between the Blue 
 lidge and the Alleghany ; and the Trnnn-AllegJiany — the latter comprising all the country west of the mountain ranges, 
 'he first mountains are found in the Pied mont section, which is traversed by a low ridge, under the local names of W hite Oak, 
 outhern, etc., and running nearly parallel with the Blue Ridge, at a distance of 25 or 30 miles. The Blue Ridge, although 
 lierced by the Potomac, James, and Staunton rivers, constitutes a well-marked and continuous chain of more than 250 
 iiiles in length. In general, it forms rounded, swelling masses, but in several places, and especially the Peaks of Otter, 
 hoot up in projecting summits to the height of 4,260 feet. The Klttatiny, or Blue Mountain, enters the State farther 
 vest, under the name of Great North Mountain, and forming the centre of the great plateau or table-land of Virginia, is 
 ontinued, under various local names, until it takes the name of Iron Mountain, and enters Norlh Carolina. It is pierced 
 ly the Potomac and James rivers running eastwardly, and by the New River running westwardly. West of this great 
 idge lie several detached masses, bearing the local names of Sideling Hill, etc. Still farther west is the great Alleghany 
 hain, wliich is broken through by New River and other streams to the north. Powell's Mountain appears to be an out-lier 
 if this chain, and reaches to the height of 4,500 feet. Westward of the Alleghany there is a general slope toward the 
 )hio; but several other considerable chains traverse this section, the principal of which is Laurel Mountain, of which 
 Jreenbrier, Great Flat Top, and (he Cumberland Mountains appear to form a part. With the exception of Pennsylvania, 
 i''irginia is the only other State of the Union that has territory on both sides of the Alleghany Mountains. 
 
 Virginia has noble rivers and streams, useful as channels of commerce or for industrial purposes. With few excep- 
 ions, the Ohio River west, and Chesapeake Bay east of the mountains, arc the recipients of the waters of the whole State : 
 hose of Eastern Virginia flow, with an almost uniform south-easterly course, into the bay, carrying with them also the 
 yatera of the great valley, excepting only those of New River and the Holston, on the extreme southern part. 
 
 The Potomac rises in the Great Back Bone, but a few miles from the Youghiogeny, and pursuing a devious course, 
 brces its way through the several intermediate mountain chains to the Piedmont section, where it is broken by falls nine 
 niles above Georgetown, at which place it meets the tide-water, and about 100 miles below, after a course of .350 miles, it 
 ■eaches the Chesapeake. At Alexandria, 290 miles from the ocean, it is li miles wide, and below the city gradually ex- 
 sands, till at its mouth it forms a broad estuary, 10 miles in breadth. Ships-of-the-line ascend to the navy-yard at Wash- 
 ngton ; above this it is obstructed by numerous falls and rapids. The principal tributaries of the Potomac are its South 
 Branch, which rises near the head-streams of James River, the Great Cacupon, and the Shenandoah, the latter of which 
 Jows about 120 miles along the western base of the Blue Ridge, and joins the main river at Harper's Ferry. "The p.is- 
 iage of the Potomac through the Blue Ridge," says Mr. Jefferson, " is perhaps one of the most stupendous scenes in 
 nature." 
 
 The Rappahannock rises in the Blue Bidge, and receives the Rapid Ann from the same ridge, and falling over the 
 primary' ledge of Fredericksburg, 100 miles from its mouth, there reaches tide-water. Vessels of 140 tons ascend it to this 
 point. York River, formed by the unicm of the Pamunky and Mattapony, partakes rather of the character of a long nar- 
 row bay than of a river; to the junction, 40 miles from the bay, it is from two to four miles wide, and large vessels pass 
 to Yorktown — smaller ones ascend some distance above the bifurcation. 
 
 James River, the principal river of Virginia, rises in the Alleghany Mountains in several head streams, of which Jack- 
 son's River must be considered the main constituent; after h.iving received the Cow Pasture and the Calf Pasture rivers 
 from the north, it forces its way through the Blue Ridge, and falling over numerous pitches, meets the tide 100 miles from 
 its mouth at Richmond, which is accessible to vessels of 140 tons. The only considerable tributary of this river below the 
 Blue Ridge is the Appomattox, which carries seven feet of water to Petersburg, 12 miles. The James River and Kanawha 
 Canal, now complete to Balcony Falls, at the passage of the Blue Ridge, is constructed along the valley of the river, and. 
 is one of the most stupendous and important works in the United States. 
 
 The Meherrin and Nottmcay are small rivers, which unite in North Carolina, and form the Chowan. The Roanoke 
 is formed in Virginia by the junction of Dan River and Staunton River, two rapid mountain streams which rise, the 
 former in the Blue Ridge, and the latter in the North Mountain. The larger part of the Roanoke is through North Caro- 
 lina, which State it enters about 40 miles below the union of its constituent rivers. 
 
 The great rivers of Western Virginia, flowing to the Ohio River are — the Monongahela, one of the constituents of that 
 river; the Kanawha; the Guyandotte; the Big Sandy, etc. The Monongahela is formed in Virginia by the junction of 
 the West Branch and Tygart's Valley River, and beyond the Pennsylvania line it receives Cheat River, which descends 
 from Greenbrier Mountain, and which is navigable for boats for a considerable distance. Little Kanawha River rises in 
 the same district with the west branch of Monongahela Kiver, and enters the Ohio at Parkersburg. The Kanawha, the 
 
 2S5 
 
THE STATE OF VIRGINIA. 
 
 principal river of Western Virginia, rises in the Blue Ridfre, in Nortii Carolina, and bears the name of New Kiver until 
 it unites with Gauley Kiver, a small affluent from Greenbrier Mountain. The Greenbrier, above the latter, and the Elk 
 and Coal rivers below it, are its principal tributaries. It is navigated by steamboats to Charleston, CO miles from its mouth. 
 The Covington and Ohio It. E., and the James Uiver and Kanawha Canal traverse the valley of this river. The Guyan- 
 dotte and Big Sandy enter the Ohio below the Kanawha— the latter forming part of the boundary between Kentucky and 
 Virginia. The Ilolston and Clinch, which drain the south-western section of the Great Valley of Virginia, pass into Ten- 
 nessee, and uniting at Kingston in that State, form the Tennessee River. 
 
 Virginia is an almost boundless field of mineral wealth, and within its limits, not only the useful, bu*, also the precious 
 metals are found in one part or the other. Gold, copper, lead, iron, coal, salt, lime, marls, gypsum, magnesian and alum 
 earths, marbles, granites, soap-stones, and san<I-9tones are among the treasures, as yel for the 'most part lying unheeded 
 in the bowels of the earth. Mining industry, however, has been commenced, and within the past few years has been 
 ■Wonderfully developed. 
 
 The first coal-field is found at the junction of the Tide-Water and Piedmont sections, and this extends from the Pamunky 
 by Eichmond to the Appomattox, a distance of about thirty-flve miles, with a breadth of from one or twi to eight miles. 
 The coal is bituminous, in seams of enormous thickness, being 30, 40, and even CO feet thick, and of excellent quality. 
 Coal has also been found on both sides of the Upper A])pomaltox. The coal of the Eichm<md basin is now extensively 
 mined, and a railway to the principal mines has been built to facilitate its transportation to tide-water. Anthracite of 
 great purity is found in the valley from the Potomac to the James Eiver, south of which it contains a considerable portion 
 of bitumen. Beyond the AUcghanies there are some of the most extensive and valuable deposits of bituminous coal in 
 the United States, which derive additional value from theu: being associated with not less important beds of iron and salt. 
 At Wheeling, on the Ohio, and for fourteen miles down the river, the bank presents an uninterrupted bed of highly bitu- 
 minous coal, upward of 16 feet thick. The Wheeling basin, indeed, extends for 30 miles up and down the river in Ohio 
 and Virginia. Another vast field stretches above Clarksburg, on the Monongahila to Pittsburg, and far beyond to iho 
 north-east in Pennsylvania. There is also a valuable coal-field on the head-waters of the north branch of the Potomac. 
 Thus we have five tiers of coal seams, with an average thickness of from 30 to 35 feet. There are also coal seams asswi- 
 ated with salt springs on the Little Kanawha, and springs of petroleum, or rock oil, occur in the same tract. On the Great 
 Kanawha is also a very rich and extensive coal-field ; and on Coal, Gauley, and other rivers in this portion of Western 
 Virginia, the beds of this mineral are frequently brought to view, and in fact no better general description can be pre- 
 sented of its extent than that it is almost continuous with the vast beds of sandstone which spread iu nearly horizontal 
 planes over nearly the whole of this broad region. 
 
 The salines of Virginia are almost wholly in the west. Salt-springs occur on the Holston, on the New Kiver, and on 
 the Greenbrier; but the most important works are on the Great and Little Kanawha rivers. The brine is raised by 
 steam-power, and evaporated in large cast-iron pans over furnaces. The brine of the Kanawha wells contains very li'tle 
 gypsum or sulphuret of lime, and the process of crystalization is therefore attended with fewer difficulties than usual. The 
 average yield of salt is about one bushel from every 65 or 70 gallons of brine. 
 
 The mineral sjirings of Virginia have long been noted for their eJHciency in numerous chronic complaints, and as the 
 resort of the fashionable world in the summer sea.son. The State abounds with these, but the best known are the White 
 and Blue Sulphur Springs of Greenbrier county, the Salt and Red Sulphur, and the Sweet in Monroe county. Hot and 
 Warm in Bath, Berkley in Morgan, Fauquier White Sulphur in Fauquier, Shannondale in Frederick, Alum in Rockbridge, 
 Jordan's White Sulpnur in Frederick, Eed in Alleghany, Grayson iu Carroll, Botetourt in Eoanoke, Holston in Scott, Au- 
 gusta Springs and Daggus Springs in Botetourt. 
 
 Of the metalic products of Virgini.i, gold is at present perhaps the most important. It is found on both the North and 
 Rapid Ann rivers, of the North and South Anna near their sources, of the Rivaiina, in the lower part of its course, and 
 of James Eiver, above and below the mouth of the Rivanna. Within the past few years, several rich mines have been 
 opened and worked successfully in these and other sections of the State. We believe that Commodore Stockton was one 
 of the first who introduced into Virginia effective machinery for reducing on a large scale the quartz-rock, and demon- 
 strating that a profitable business could be done in this branch of mining. The Stockton mines are located in Fluvanna 
 county. Among other at present productive mines are those of William M. Mosely & Co., and of the Garnett Mining | 
 Company, in Buckingham county. There are also mines more or less productive in Spottsylvania, in Stafford, in Fauquier, 
 in Culpepper, in Orange, in Louisa, anil in Goochland counties. 
 
 " It is a matter of not less mortification," says a Eeport of the Manufacturers' Convention, 1851, " than astonishment, 
 that Virginia, with an area of coal measures covering not less than 21,000 square miles, very much of which lies on or 
 near navigable waters, and capable of yielding all the varieties of British coal, and of equal quality, should be reduced 
 to the actual production of less than 200,000 tons, of the value of .$650,000, while Great Britain with little more than half 
 the extent of coal measures, produces annually 37,000,000 tons, of about the value of $37,000,000 at the mines, and 
 $180,000,000 at the market of sale. And in regard to the iron-trade, while Virginia has an unlimited supply of the finest 
 ores, easily accessible for use and transportation, with the greatest abundance of coal, wood, and limestone for their nuin- 
 ufacture, yet under the operation of the present revenue laws of the country, her production, in spite of all the efforts of 
 the State to encourage it, has shrunk to an almost inconsiderable amount, and is in danger of utter ruin." 
 
 The soils of Virginia are naturally of a most fertile nature, but in the old settlements they have been exhausted by a 
 vicious system of tillage. In many parts, however, a renovation has been effected by the application of proper fertilizers, 
 and the adoption of a more scientific mode of culture. The Eastern and Piedmont sections are chiefly engaged in the 
 production of Indian corn and tobacco, the latter of which is one of the great staples of the Stale. Cotton is also pro- 
 duced in these sections. In the valley, the crops are much the same, excepting that wheat takes the place of cotton, and 
 the system of agriculture is superior to that followed in the lower country. Bej'ond the mountains, and westward to the 
 Ohio river, is a fine country, adapted in soil and climate to the successful culture of all the grains, roots, and products of 
 the Middle States, and equally propitious to the breeding and rearing of cattle and other domestic animals. It is not only 
 a great agricultural district, but it is alike rich in minerals and metals of the greatest importance and value, and will 
 eventually become the workshop of the State, as it is now the granary. 
 
 Bold scenery is one of the distinguishing features of Virginia ; and no other State presents so many or so m.ngniflcent 
 
 results of Nalure convulsed. At Harper's Ferry, where the Potomac breaks through the Blue Kidge, the disruption has 
 
 left behind it indelible marks of its force. The " Natural Bridge" below Lexington, according to Jefferson, is '• the most 
 
 sublime of Nature's works. It is an arch reaching across a. narrow ravine, which extends for K)me distance above and 
 
 2S6 
 
THE STATE OF VIRGINIA. 
 
 below, at the height of 215 feet above the stream which flows under it, 80 feet wide and 93 feet long ;" and again he says, 
 " so beautiful an arch, so elevated, so light, and springing as it were up to heaven ! the rapture of the spectator is really 
 indescribable." These are but a moiety of the magnificent scenes of the country ; everywhere in the Great Valley, and 
 among its mountain borders, are found spectacles of grandeur and sublimity. Virginia has also numerous caves and 
 caverns, of which Madison's Cave and Weir's Cave, both in the vicinity of Staunton, are those best known. Madison's 
 Cave extends about 800 feet into the earth, branching into subordinate caverns, and terminating in two basins of water, 
 of about 30 or 40 feet in depth. Weir's cave is much more extensive, and its numerous halls and chambers are pillared 
 with an astonishing profusion of stalactites, which in some places resemble stiffened water-falls, in others hanging in rich 
 festoons and folds like tapestry, or seem to rise from the floor like columns, thrones, towers, or statues; it extends 1,260 
 feet into the ground, and contains upward of 20 large rooms, besides numerous passages and galleries. One of these 
 halls is 260 feet in length, 83 feet high, and from 10 to 20 feet wide ; and another is 153 by 15 feet, with a height of 60 feet. 
 Virginia is divided into 13T counties, the general statistics of which, and the capitals of each, in 1850, were as follows : 
 
 Accomac 2,540, 
 
 Albemarle 2,022 
 
 Alexandria 1,4S4 
 
 Amelia 568. 
 
 Amherst 1,127. 
 
 Appomattox. . . . 7S5 , 
 
 Bedford 2,-396. 
 
 Brunswick 1,051, 
 
 Buckingham . . . 1,062 , 
 
 Campbell 2,208. 
 
 Caroline 1,451. 
 
 Charlotte 903. 
 
 Charles City .. . 486. 
 Chesterfield.... 1,75T. 
 
 Culpepper 1,034. 
 
 Cumberland... 640. 
 
 Dinwiddle 2,745. 
 
 Elizabeth City.. 456. 
 
 Essex 725^. 
 
 Fairfax 1,380. 
 
 Fauquier 1,8-39. 
 
 Fluvanna S7S. 
 
 Franklin 2,024. 
 
 Gloucester 1,000.. 
 
 Goochland 876. 
 
 Greene 494. 
 
 Greenville 385. 
 
 Halifax 2,152. 
 
 Hanover 1,327. 
 
 Henrico 5,317. 
 
 Henry 936. 
 
 Isle of Wight.. 1,200. 
 
 James City 396. 
 
 King George... 526. 
 King William.. 625. 
 
 Eastekn Vikginia — 69 counties. 
 
 ^°P- fn™t. Kstab! Capitals. I Counties. 
 
 ..17,890.. 1,007.. 17.. Accomac King & Queen. 
 
 ..25,800.. 935.. 102.. Charlottesville Lancaster 
 
 ..10,008.. 94.. 89.. Alexandria Loudon 
 
 .9,770.. 354.. 5. .Amelia Louisa 
 
 .12,699.. 728.. 0. .Amherst Lunenburg.... 
 
 ,. 9,193.. 502.. 10.. Appomattox M.adison 
 
 .24,080.. 1,364.. 16.. Liberty Mathews 
 
 ..13,894.. 655.. 4..Lawrenceville Mecklenburg.. 
 
 .1-3,887.. 616.. 5.. Buckingham Middlesex 
 
 .23,245.. 758. .119.. Campbell Nansemond... 
 
 .18,456.. 715.. 51.. Bowling Green Nelson 
 
 .18,955.. 563.. 6.. Charlotte New Kent 
 
 . 5,200.. 199.. 6.. Charles City 
 
 .17,489.. 564.. 30. .Chesterfield 
 
 .12.282 . . 504 . . 53 . . Culpepper Northampton . . 
 
 . 9,751.. 398.. 9.. Cumberland Northumberl'd. 
 
 .25,118.. 703.. 71..Dinwr<ldie Nottoway 
 
 . 4,586.. 178.. 12. .Hampton Orange 
 
 .10,206.. 828.. 17..Tappahannock Patrick 
 
 .10,682.. 610.. 8. .Fairfax Pittsylvania... 
 
 .20.868.. 889.. 62..Warrenton Powhatan 
 
 .9,487.. 454.. 51.. Palmyra Prince Edward. 
 
 .17,4.30.. 1,299.. 47.. Rocky Mount Prince George. 
 
 ,10,527.. 573.. 53..61oueester Princess Anne . 
 
 .10,352.. 405.. 49. .Goochland Prince William 
 
 .4.400.. 301.. 24..Stannard8vllle Eappahannock. 
 
 . 5,639.. 242.. 3. Hicksford Pachmond 
 
 .25,962.. 1,309.. 21. .Halifax Southampton... 
 
 .15,153.. 603.. 32.. Hanover Spottsylvania... 
 
 .43,572.. 454.. 2-30.. Richmond Stafford 
 
 . 8.872.. 52S.. 41.. Martinsville Surry 
 
 .9,353.. 629.. 13..Smithflold Sussex 
 
 . 4,020.. 129.. 0.. Williamsburg Warwick 
 
 . 5,971.. 279.. 8.. King George Westmoreland. 
 
 .8,779.. 388.. 10.. King William York 
 
 Western Vikginia— 68 counties. 
 
 Dwell, 
 
 892. 
 
 426. 
 2,834. 
 1,254. 
 
 820. 
 
 827. 
 
 711. 
 1,500. 
 
 401., 
 1,523. 
 1,217. 
 
 535.. 
 
 Pop. 
 
 .10,,319. 
 . 4,708 
 .22,079, 
 .16,691 
 .11,692, 
 . 9,331, 
 . 6,714. 
 .20,630 
 . 4,894. 
 .12,283. 
 .12,758. 
 . 6.064. 
 
 Farms 
 
 . 502. 
 . 299 
 .1,256 
 . 8-38, 
 . 548. 
 . 513, 
 . 293, 
 . 666 
 . 280. 
 . 731. 
 . 638. 
 . 813. 
 
 Norfolk 3,906.. 38,036.. 64». 
 
 6-39. 
 
 492, 
 
 756. 
 1,248. 
 2,804. 
 
 517. 
 
 8(15. 
 
 661. 
 
 893. 
 
 998. 
 
 990. 
 
 805. 
 1,572. 
 1,416. 
 
 922. 
 
 650. 
 
 T51. 
 
 132. 
 
 869. 
 
 442. 
 
 ,. 7,498. 
 . 7,846. 
 .. 8,437. 
 .10,067. 
 . 9,609. 
 .28,796. 
 . 8,178. 
 .11.857. 
 . 7,596. 
 . 7,669. 
 . 8,129. 
 . 9.782. 
 . 6,448. 
 .13.521. 
 .14,510. 
 . 8,044. 
 . 5.679. 
 . 9,820. 
 . 1.546.. 
 . 8,080.. 
 . 4,460. 
 
 . 371. 
 , 492. 
 . 342. 
 
 835. 
 , 748. 
 1,524. 
 , 312. 
 
 421. 
 
 312. 
 , 712. 
 
 579. 
 
 472. 
 
 886. 
 , 722. 
 , 429. 
 , 360. 
 
 301. 
 
 472. 
 
 91. 
 
 443. 
 
 161. 
 
 Estab.' Capitals. 
 
 . 6..King&Q.C.H 
 . 4.. Lancaster 
 , .139- .Leesburg 
 . 22.. Louisa 
 . 13. .Lunenburg 
 . 88.. Madison 
 . 3.. Mathews 
 . 25..Boydtown 
 . 14. .Urbanna 
 . 32.. Suffolk 
 . 70. .Lovingston 
 . 12.. New Kent 
 
 f Norfolk and 
 • '"• I Portsmouth 
 . IL.Eastville 
 . 3.. Northumberl'd 
 . 17.. Nottoway 
 . 48.. Orange 
 . 27.. Patrick 
 .109.. Competition 
 . CSftottsville 
 . 86. .Prince Edward 
 . 0.. Prince George 
 . 8. .Princess Anno 
 . 28.. Brents ville 
 . 34.. Washington 
 . 4. .Warsaw 
 . 6.. Jerusalem 
 . 16. .Spottsylvania 
 . 14..Staff'ord 
 . 6.. Surry 
 . 23.. Sussex 
 . 0.. Warwick 
 . 5. .Westmoreland 
 . CTorktown 
 
 Counties, 
 
 Dwell. 
 
 Alleghany 464 
 
 Augusta 3.207, 
 
 Barbour 1,467, 
 
 Bath 410 
 
 Berkeley 1,668 
 
 Boone 495, 
 
 Botetourt I,8(i3 
 
 Braxton 679 
 
 Brooke 839 
 
 Cabell 976, 
 
 Carroll 996, 
 
 Clarke 636 
 
 Doddridge 525 
 
 Fayette 593, 
 
 Floyd 987, 
 
 Frederick 2,325. 
 
 Giles 919. 
 
 Gilmer , 571. 
 
 Grayson 1,001. 
 
 56 
 
 Pop. 
 
 . 3,S15. 
 
 .24,610. 
 
 . 9,005. 
 
 . 3,426 
 . .11,771 
 
 . 3.237. 
 
 .14,908 
 
 . 4,212, 
 ,. 5,054, 
 
 , 6,299. 
 
 . 5.909. 
 
 . 7,3.')2, 
 
 . 2,750. 
 
 . 3.955. 
 
 . 6,458. 
 
 .15,975. 
 
 . 6,570. 
 
 . 3,475. 
 
 . 6,677. 
 
 Farms 
 
 in cult. 
 
 . 216. 
 .1,264. 
 .1,075. 
 . 261. 
 . 570. 
 . 361. 
 . 712. 
 . 408. 
 . 2S4. 
 . 498. 
 . 115. 
 . 271. 
 . 240. 
 . 428. 
 . 444. 
 .1,55. 
 . 539. 
 . 325. 
 . 604., 
 
 . 11 
 .181 
 . 0.. 
 . 17.. 
 . 81.. 
 . 3.. 
 . 38.. 
 . 10.. 
 . 29.. 
 . 33.. 
 . 11. 
 . 48. 
 . 2. 
 . 7. 
 . 16.. 
 . 89.. 
 . 0.. 
 . 2.. 
 . 
 
 Capitals, 
 Covington 
 Staunton 
 Philippa 
 Bath 
 
 Martinsburg 
 Boone 
 Fincastle 
 Braxton 
 Wellsburg 
 Cabell 
 
 Carroll C. H. 
 Berryville. 
 West Union 
 Fayetteville 
 Floyd 
 Winchester 
 Giles 
 Glenville 
 Gfeen ville 
 
 Greenbrier . . 
 Hampshire . . 
 
 Hancock 
 
 Hardy 
 
 Harrison .... 
 Highland. . .. 
 
 Jackson 
 
 Jefferson 
 
 Kanawha . . . 
 
 Lee 
 
 Lewis 
 
 Logan 
 
 Marion 
 
 Marshall 
 
 Mason 
 
 Mercer 
 
 Monongalia. . 
 
 Monroe 
 
 Montgomery. 
 
 Dwell. 
 
 . 1,419. 
 . 2,0.35. 
 . 690. 
 . 1.-327. 
 . 1,866. 
 . 651. 
 . 1,0.34. 
 . 1,960. 
 . 2,110. 
 . 1,536. 
 . 1,633. 
 . 572. 
 . 1,786. 
 . 1,668. 
 . 1,151. 
 . 655. 
 . 2,124. 
 . 1,576. 
 . 1,121. 
 
 Pop. 
 .10,022. 
 .14,0-36. 
 . 4,050. 
 . 9,543. 
 .11,728. 
 . 4,217. 
 . 6.544. 
 .15,357. 
 .15,353. 
 .10,267. 
 .10.031. 
 . 3,620. 
 .11,552. 
 .10,1.38. 
 . 7.539. 
 . 4.222. 
 .12,887. 
 .10,204. 
 . 8,359. 
 
 Farms Manuf. 
 in cult, 
 
 . 603. 
 .1,063. 
 . 306. 
 , 723. 
 .1,093. 
 
 389.. 
 , 602. 
 
 447., 
 
 777.. 
 
 595.. 
 
 878., 
 
 469.. 
 
 904. . 
 
 847.. 
 
 563.. 
 
 472.. 
 
 727.. 
 
 910.. 
 
 646.. 
 
 ;. Estab. C»Pi«»'». 
 . 0..Lewisbur5 
 . 57..Romney 
 . 26.. Hancock. 
 49..Moorefield 
 , 84..Clarkesburg 
 7. .Monterey 
 16.. Ripley 
 165..Charlestown 
 110. .Kanawha 
 5..Jonesville 
 27.. Weston 
 0. .Logan 
 44. .Fairmount 
 19.. Marshall 
 9.. Point Pleasant 
 2.. Princeton. 
 57..Morgantownr 
 30.. Union 
 O..Chpiflti3n8burg 
 287 
 
THE STATE OF VIRGINIA 
 
 Counlmii. Dwell. Pup. 
 
 Morg.in 606 . 3.557.. 
 
 Nidi. .las 602.. 3.963.. 
 
 Ohio 3.097.. 18.0(16.. 
 
 Page 1,089.. 7.600.. 
 
 Pendleton S91.. 5.795.. 
 
 Poeahontas 553.. 3,598.. 
 
 Preston 1,664.. 11.703.. 
 
 Piiliiski 585.. 5.11S.. 
 
 J'ulnnm 788.. 5.385.. 
 
 lialcigh 296.. 1,765.. 
 
 KaiKlolph S44.. 5,243.. 
 
 Eitohie 649.. 3.902.. 
 
 Roanoke 925 . . 8,477 . . 
 
 Eock bridge.... 1. 908.. 1 6,045. . 
 
 KHrrii'* M.)niif 
 
 lilt. K 
 
 C„|.it«le. 
 
 300.. 9..E.Tkl('ySpr'gs 
 
 418.. l..NK-liola8C. H. 
 .376..143..Wlie«'Iing 
 
 526.. 2S..I.uray 
 
 603.. 56.. Franklin 
 
 353.. 14..niinter9vine 
 
 1,019.. 5..Kingswood 
 
 801.. 19..Newl)crn 
 
 455.. 21..Pntnara 
 
 216.. CEidrigh 
 
 379.. 0.. Beverly 
 
 385.. 3..Ritchio 
 
 405.. e.. Salem 
 
 666.. 57. .Lexington 
 
 Dwfll. Pi.p. 
 
 .... 1,7S6.. 11.919.. 
 
 EnsMioll . 
 
 Scott 
 
 Shenandoah 
 
 Srnyih 
 
 Taylor 813. 
 
 Tazewell 1,449. 
 
 Tyler 949. 
 
 Warren S2S. 
 
 Wiishington . . 
 
 Wayne 
 
 W^'tzel 
 
 Wirt 
 
 Wood 
 
 1.523.. 9,s-29.. 
 2.14:3.. 13,763.. 
 1,146.. 8,162.. 
 
 5.367.. 
 
 9.942.. 
 
 5.493.. 
 
 6.607.. 
 
 ..rm- M.nuf. 
 
 . rult. ^■.^l.■lb. ' "I'l'xis, 
 
 942.. 14.. Lebanon 
 614.. 32..Kslillville 
 654.. 7. .Woodstock 
 22.. Marion 
 19. .Pruntytown 
 12. .Tazewell 
 15. .Middlelmume 
 
 460. 
 519. 
 726. 
 417. 
 
 Wyoming 243 
 
 Wythe . . 
 
 397.. 84.. Front Eojal 
 2,137. .14.612.. 1,148.. 112.. Abingdon 
 749.. 4,760.. 47S.. 9. .Wayne 
 4,234.. 423.. 8.. Wetzel 
 3.353.. 309,. 7.. Wirt 
 9,45!l . . 640 . . 24 . . Parkersburg 
 1,645.. 183.. 0.. Wyoming 
 1,631.. 12,024., 663.. 22. .WytheviUo 
 
 716.. 
 
 523.. 
 
 1,554.. 
 
 Eockingham .. 3,047. .20.294. .1,213.. 167. .Harrisonburg 
 
 The whole number of dwellings in the State, at the above date was, 165.815; of families, 167,530; and of inhabitants, 
 1,421.661 ; viz., whites 895..304— males 451,552, and females 443,752; fr. col. 53,829— males 25,843, and females 27,986, and 
 si. 472,528. or the whole populatiim there were, defif and dumfi—vrh. 5S1, fr. col. 18. si. 112— total 711 ; hU7i(J—vih. 536, 
 r. col. 121. si. 339— total 996 ; »(.««««— wh. 922. fr. col. 46, si. 58— total 1,026 ; and idiotic— y.'h. 945, fr. col. 120. si. 220— total 
 1,23.5. The number of free persons born in the ITnited States was 925,795, the number of foreign birth 22,394, and of 
 birlh unknown 535. The niitire population originated as follows: Maine 271, N. Ilamp. 239, Verm. 231, Mass. 1,193, 
 R. L 100, Conn. 556, N. York 2,934, N. .ler. 11,447, Penn. 6,823, Del. 542, Md. 10,328, Dist. of Col. 1.134, Virffinia 872,823, 
 N. Car. 7,343, S. Car. 281, Ga. 93, Flor. 26, Ala. 92, Miss. 73. La. 93, Tex. 7, Ark. 150, Tenn. 1,501, Ky. 2,029, Ohio 5,206, 
 Mich. S% Ind. 2-;8. III. 1'26, Mo. 223, Li. 37, Wise. 11, Calif. 4, Territories 3; and ih(^ foreign population was composed of 
 persons from— England 2.993. Ireland 11.64-3, Scotland 947, Wales 173, Germany 5,511, France 321, Spain 29, Porlug.il 51, 
 Belgium 7, Holland 6.5, Italy 6.5, Austria 15, Switzerland 83, Eussia 8, Denmark 15, Norway 5, Sweden 16, Prussia 86, 
 China 3, Asia 4, Africa 3, liritish America 235, Mexico 4, Central America 1, South America 7, West Indies 72, Sand- 
 wich Islanils 1, and other countries 76. 
 
 The following table will show the decennial progress of the population since the first census of the State, taken by the 
 United States authorities : 
 
 Ceilcired Persons. Decennial Increase 
 
 Cen.sus White , ■ ^ Total , ' , 
 
 Y'-ars. Persons. Frpp. .Slave Total. Popnialion. Numerical. Percent, 
 
 1790 442,115 12,766 29.3,427 806,193 748,308 — — 
 
 1800 514,280 20,124 345.796 365,920 880,200 131,892 17.6 
 
 1810 551.5,34 30,570 392,.518 423,088 974,622 94.422 10.7 
 
 1820 6ii3,087 37,1.39 425,153 462,292 1,065,379 90,757 9.3 
 
 1830 694..S00 47,-343 469,757 517,105 1,211,405 146,026 18.7 
 
 1840 740,953 49,852 448,937 498,839. 1,239.797 28,-392 2.3 
 
 1850 895,304 53.329 472,528 526,357 1,421,661 181,864 14.6 
 
 The aggregate statistics of the resources, wealth, productions, manufiictures, and institutions of the State, according to the 
 
 census of 1850, and other official returns referring to the same period of time, are as exhibited in the following summary: 
 Occupied Lands, etc. — Improved farm lands, 10,361,155 acres, and unimproved lands, 15,792,176 acres — valued in cash 
 
 at .$216,401,441. The whole number of farms under cultivation on the 1st -June, 1850, was 77,013 — in the Eastern District 
 
 ■37,741, and in the Western District 39,272. Value of farming implements and machinery, $7,021,772. 
 
 Zi);e-5<ot*.— Horses, 272,403 ; asses and mules, 21,430; milch cows, 317,619; working-oxen, 89,513; other cattle, 669,137 ; 
 
 sheep, 1,310,004; and swine, 1,830,743. The live-stock of 1840, and the comparison of that with the live-stock of 1350, 
 
 exhibit the following results : 
 
 r).'arri|ition. 
 
 Horses 
 
 Asses and Mules 
 
 Milch Cows 
 
 Working Oxen J-1,024,148 
 
 Other Cattle 
 
 Sheep 1,293.772 
 
 Swine 1,992,155 
 
 1840. 
 
 [ 826,438 head \ 272,403 head ) ^^^^ gg 555 ^^^^ ^^ g g ^g^j 
 
 ) I 21,430 " ) 
 
 [' 
 
 817,619 
 89,513 
 
 609.187 
 
 « 1,310,004 
 
 " 1,830,743 
 
 I 817,619 " \ 
 < 89,513 " V 
 I 609.187 « J 
 
 Aner. 52,121 
 
 Ancr. 16,232 
 .(iscr. 161,412 
 
 or 5.1 
 
 or 1.3 
 or 8.1 
 
 —in 1850, the total value of live-stock was estimated at $33,656,0.59. 
 
 Prorf«ctoo/'j4fltmrt?s.— Wool, 2,860,765 pounds; butter, 11,039,-359 pounds; cheese, 436,293 pounds; and the value of 
 animals slaughtered during the year was $7,503,006. The wool crop accounted for in the census of 1840 amounted to 
 2,.538,374 pounds; and hence the increase in the crop of 1850 was 322,391 pounds, or in the ratio of 12.7 per centum. In 
 1840, the average clip per fleece was 31.4 ounces, and in 1350, 34.9 ounces — making an increase in 1850 of 3.9 ounces per 
 fleece, or 12.4 per centum. 
 
 Grain Crops.— Wheat, 11,232,616 bushels ; rye, 453,930 bushels ; Indian com, 35,254,319 bushels ; oats, 10,179,045 bushels ; 
 barley, 25,437 bushels ; and buckwheat, 214,898 bushels. The several yields compared with those returned in the census 
 of 1840 give the following results : 
 
 Crops. lH4n. 1850. Movement. 
 
 Wheat 10,109,716 bushels 11,232,616 bushels incr. 1,122,900 bushels, or 11.1 per cent. 
 
 Rye 1,482.799 
 
 Indian com 34,.577,591 
 
 Oats 18,451,062 
 
 Barley 87,430 
 
 Buckwheat 243,822 
 
 288 
 
 " 453,930 
 
 " 35,254,319 
 
 " 10,179,045 
 
 " 25,4-37 
 
 « 214,898 
 
 deer. 1,023,869 
 iner. 676,728 
 deer. 8,272,017 
 deer. 61,993 
 deer. 28,924 
 
 or 69.7 
 or 1.9 
 or 24.3 
 or 70.9 
 or 11.8 
 
THE STATE OF VIRGINIA. 
 
 Other Fond Crops. — Rice, 17,154 (in 1840,2,596) pounds; peas and beans, 521,581 bushels; potatoes — Irish, 1,816.938 
 bushels, and sweet. 1,813,671 biisliels. The potato cmp of the census of 1840 amounted to 2,944,660 bushels, and hence 
 the increase in ISoO is 185,944 bushels, or at tlie rate of 6.3 per centum. 
 
 MisceUaneoua Oropx. — Tobacco, 56,803,218 pounds; cotton, 3,947 bales of 400 pounds; hay, 869,098 tons: clover-seed, 
 29,727 bushels; other grass seed, 23.428 bushels; hops, 11,506 pounds; hemp — dew-rotted 90 tons, and water-rotted 51 
 tons; flax. 999.450 pounds; flax-seed, 52,318 bushels ; silk cocoons, 517 pounds; maple-sugar, 1,227,665 pounds; molasses, 
 40,322 gallons; beeswax and honey, 880,767 pounds; wine, 5,408 gallons, etc. The value of orchard products .$177,187 
 and of market-garden products $183,047. The principal crops exhibited in the censuses of 1840 and 1S50 are comparatively 
 as follows : 
 
 Crops. 1S40. 1850. Mc.vement. 
 
 Tobacco 75.347,106 pounds 56,803,218 pounds <7ecr. 18,5.33,883 pounds, or 24.6 per cent. 
 
 Cotton 3,494,483 " 1,578.800 " deer. 1,915,683 " or 64.8 " 
 
 Hay 364,708} tons 369,098 tons inor. 4,390} tons or 1.2 « 
 
 Hops 10,597 pounds 11,506 pounds incr. 909 pounds, or 8.6 " 
 
 Hemp — dew-rotted ... \ / 90 tons \ 
 
 " water-rotted... V 25,594} tons < 5T " WecA 56,015,720 « or 97.7 « 
 
 Flax ) I 999,450 pounds ) 
 
 Silk cocoons 8.191 pounds 517 " dear. 2,674 " or 83.9 " 
 
 Maple-sugar 1,541,833 " 1,227,665 " deer. 314,168 « or 20.3 " 
 
 Wine 13,911 gallons 5,408 gallons dear. 8,503 gallons or 61.1 " 
 
 "The correctness of the returns as to hemp, in the seventh census, has not yet been perfectly verified. There has been 
 some doubt, whether, in a number of instances, the marshals have not written tons where they meant pounds. (Has 
 not the reporter in this instance written to7>s where he meant jyounds, and •vice versa? — Ed. of Gaz). If, however, the 
 returns are allowed to st;ind without reduction, it would appear that the cultivation of hemp or flax has materially changed 
 since 1840. In the returns of that year as stated above, both of these articles were included under the same head. In 
 1840, those of Virginia gave 25,1594 tons of hemp and flax together. In 1850, only 141 tons of hemp, and 500 tons of flax 
 were returned. Such a falling off would amount to almost an abandonment of the culture of hemp in that State, which 
 there is no reason to suppose lias taken p\!ice."—Iieport of Superintendent of the Census, Dec. \st, 1852. 
 
 Home-made Mdnufiictures wer^ produced in the year ending Ist June, 1850, to the value of .$2,156,312. The same 
 description of manufactures returned in the census of 1840 were valued at $2,441,672. 
 
 Uanuft(rtures. — Tolal capital invested, $18,108,793 ; value of all raw material, fuel, etc., consumed in the rear, 
 $18,103,433; average number of hands employed — males and females ; monthly cost of labor $ — 
 
 male $ and female $ ; value of manufactures produced in the year, .$29,592,019. The whole number of 
 
 manufacturing establishments in operation on the 1st June, 18.50, and producing to the value of $500 and upward annually, 
 was 4,4.33 — in the Eastern District 2.293, and in the Western District 2,140, and these were distributed to the several 
 counties as exhiliited in the general table. Of tbe whole number 27 were cotton factories; 121 woolen factories; 122 iron 
 manufactories — 29 making pig iron, 54 making castings, and 39 making wrought iron ; 341 tanneries, etc. The total 
 capital invested in manufactures, in the year represented in the census of 1840, amounted to $11,360,861. 
 
 In the manufucture of cotton goods, the capital employed is $1,908,900; cotton consumed 17,785 bales, and coal 4,805 
 tons; value of all raw material, fuel, etc., $82S,.375; hands employed 2,96.3 — males 1,275, and females 1,688; monlhly cos', 
 of labor, $24.774— male $12,933, and fem.-ile $11,791 : products of the year— sheeting, 15.640,107 yards, and yarn 1,755,915 
 pound.s, valued .at $1,4S6.3'^4. In 1840 ther" were in the Slate 22 cotton mills, and 1 dyeing and printing establishment 
 together employing 1,816 hands, and a capital of $1,299,020, and producing in the year, goods to the value of $446,063. 
 
 In the manufacture of icoolen goods, capital *.o the amount of $392,640 is invested ; wool consumed in the year, 1,554,110 
 pounds, and coal 357 tons, valued together at $488.899 ; hands employed 658 — males 478, and females 190 ; monthly cost 
 of labor $10.571— to males $S.6>8, and to females $1,SS3; products of the year— cloth 2.037.025 yards, and yarn 398.705 
 pounds, valued at $841,013. The capital invested in the woolen manufacture in 1840, was $112,350, hands employed 222; 
 value of yearly manufactures $147,792 ; which statements include also the statistics of fulling-mills. 
 
 The condition of the iron manufacture is exhibited in the following statistical aggregates : 
 
 specifications. Pig Iron. Cast Iron. Wrouglit Iron. Total. 
 
 Capital invested dollars... 513,800 471,160 791,211 1,776,171 
 
 Oreused tons 67,319 — — 67.319 
 
 Piglronused " — 7,114 17,296 24,410 
 
 Blooms used " — — 2,500 2,500 
 
 Old metal used " — 2(15 — 205 
 
 Mineral Co.il consumed " 39,982 7,878 66,515 114,375 
 
 Coke and Charcoal consumed.... ^imM«.... 1,311.000 71.600 103,000 l,4S.o.6nO 
 
 Value of all raw material, etc doUnrs . . . 158.307 297,014 591 ,448 .• . . . 1,046.769 
 
 Hands employed— male number... 1,115 810 1,295 3,220 
 
 " " female . " ... 14 9 — 23 
 
 Monthly cost of labor dollars... 14,.328 16.312 30,469 61.109 
 
 Iron produced tons 22,163 5.577 15.328 43,068 
 
 Value of year's products dollars . . . 521,924 674,416 1,254.995 2,451,835 
 
 — in 1840, Virginia had in operation 42 furnaces, that in the preceding year had produced 18,810} tons of cast iron, and 
 52 bloomeries. forges, and rolling-mills, which had produced 5,886 Ions of bar iron. 
 
 The tanneries employ a capital of $076,983; hands employed 0U6 — males 900, and females 6; mojitl^ly cost of labor 
 $13.705— male $13,643, and female $62; sides of leather tanned 378,400, and skins tanned 74.573, Ipgether valued at 
 $894,876. In 1810 there were in the State, 6G0 tanneries employing 1.422 hands, and a capital amounting to $8.38,141 ; and 
 which had produced during the preceding year, 135,782 sides of sole lea lier, and 206,216 sides of «pper leather. 
 
 The capital invested in the m:iiuifaotare t>{ malt and spirituous liquors amounts to $100,915. Quantities and kinds of 
 grain, etc., consumed — barley 20,000 bushels, corn 250,700 bushels, rye 62,680 bushels, oats 450 huijhels. and hops 14 tons; 
 
 8 289 
 
THE STATE OF VIRGINIA. 
 
 bands employed 123; quantities of liquor produced — ale, etc., 5,500 barrels, and whisky, etc., 879,440 gallons. In the 
 census yar l'^40, Virginia had 1,454 distilleries, producinsj in the year 865,725 gallons ; and 5 breweries, producing 82,960 
 gallons; hands implnyed 1,631, anil capital iuvesti^d .$187,212. 
 
 The manufaclures, others than the above specified, consist of a great variety of important productions, as machinery 
 of all kinds, carriages, harness, etc., and Virginia has also a large number of merchant and other mills. As a flour-pro- 
 ducing State it stands first in its brands, and is only behind one or two other States in the extent of production. It has 
 also large and valuable tobacco manufactories. 
 
 Foreign Commerce. — Virginia, in respect of foreign commerce, holds a seventh or eighth rank among the States of 
 the Union. According to the official returns for the year ending 30th June, 1850, the value of its exports to foreign 
 countries amounted to $3,415,646, and of its imports to $426,599. This would indicate that the great bulk of its com- 
 mercial mat('rial is carried to the ports of other States for exportation, and the foreign merchandise consumed wilhin the 
 Stale is brought through the same channels. That such is the case is well known, and hence we find that the coasting trade 
 is unusually extensive, chiefly carried on by the shipping of northern ports. This was not always so, for at one time 
 Virginia stood at the head of the commercial States, and its shipping held the same rank in foreign ports as that now 
 occupied by the mercantile marine of New York. Of the total exports in 1S50, .$3,413,158 was the value of domestic 
 products, and of these to the value of $2,.365.241 was shipped in American and $1,047,917 in foreign vessels— the re- 
 mainder of the aggregate value ($2,488) was foreign produce re-shipped in American vessels. Of the imports $172,878 
 was the value of merchandise lantled from American and $253,721 from foreign vessels. The shipping employed in the 
 carrying trade consisted as follows : 
 
 Entered. Cleared. 
 
 Total. 
 
 Nationalitv of / > 
 
 sl.ii.|..n{;. Vessels. Tons. Crews. 
 
 American 69 12,190 564. 
 
 Foreign 88 18,775 828 . 
 
 Vessels 
 .. 187 . 
 
 42,091 1,710 
 
 . 23,367 956 
 
 Tons. Crews. 
 
 . . 54.281 2,274 
 
 . . 42,142 1,784 
 
 256 
 186 
 
 Total 
 
 Alexandria 
 
 Norfolk 
 
 Petersburg 
 
 Kiohmond 
 
 Tappuhannock. .. 
 
 157 30,965 . 
 
 59 10.638 
 
 74 14,281 
 
 9 8,517 . 
 
 8 1.811 , 
 
 7 718 , 
 
 1,392 . 
 
 . 442 , 
 
 , 684 
 
 131 . 
 
 76 . 
 
 42 . 
 
 285 65,458 2,664 , 
 
 64 11.534 474 
 
 .140 26.765 1,163 
 
 5 1,946 63 , 
 
 69 24,321 908 
 
 7 892 44 
 
 442 96,423 4,058 
 
 ,123 22.172 916 
 
 ,214 41,046 1,847 
 
 , 14 5,463 194 
 
 . 77 26,132 984 
 
 . 14 1,610 86 
 
 The shipping owned in the several districts of the State in 1850, amounted to 74,071 tons; of this 18.048 tons was 
 "registered" shipping— 7,092 permanent, and 10,591 temporary; 52,535 tons was "enrolled and licensed" — 51,514 tons 
 permanent, and 1,021 temporary; and 3,493 tons was "licensed under 20 tons." The tonnage of the districts was as 
 follows— Alexandria, 8,738 tons; Norfolk, 24,1-35 tons; Petersburg, 2,708 tons; Richmond, 8,458 tons; Torktown, 4,807 
 tons; Tappahannock, 5,824 tons; Accomac, 4,083 tons; East River, 4,869 tons; Yeocomico, 3,284 tons; Cherrj'stone 
 1,232 tons, and Wheeling, 5,934 tons. Of the enrolled and licensed tonnage, all of which is employed in the coasting 
 and river trade, 8.726 tons are navigated by steam-power— in the Atlantic districts, 2,792 tons, and in Wheeling district, 
 on Ohio Kiver, 5.934 tons. Within the year specified there were built in the State— 1 ship. 1 brig. 27 schooners, and 5 
 steamers — total, 84 vessels, of an aggregate burden of 8,584 tons. The serial statistics of the foreign commerce from 1791 
 to 1850, are comprised In the following table 
 
 year. 
 
 Exports. 
 
 1791 ... 
 
 . . . 13.130,865 
 
 1792 . . . 
 
 . . 3,552,825 
 
 1793 ... 
 
 . . . 2,987.098 
 
 1794 ... 
 
 . . . 3,3?1,630 
 
 1795 ... 
 
 .. 3,490,041 
 
 1796 ... 
 
 . . . 5,268,055 
 
 1797 ... 
 
 . . . 4.908.T13 
 
 1798 ... 
 
 ... 6,11.3,451 
 
 1799 . . . 
 
 . . . 6,292,986 
 
 1800 . . . 
 
 . . . 4,430,689 
 
 1801 ... 
 
 . . . 5.655.574 
 
 1802 . . . 
 
 . . . 3.978,363 
 
 1803 . . . 
 
 . . . 6,100,71)8 
 
 1804 . . . 
 
 . . . 5,790,001 
 
 1805 ... 
 
 . . . 5,606.020 
 
 1806 ... 
 
 . . . $5,055,396 
 
 1807 . . . 
 
 ... 4,761,234 
 
 1808 . . . 
 
 ... 526,473 
 
 1809 ... 
 
 ... 2,894,125 
 
 1810 ... 
 
 ... 4,822,611 
 
 Imports. I Year. Exports, 
 
 1811 4,822,307 
 
 1812 3,091,112 
 
 1813 1,819,722 
 
 1814 17.581 
 
 1815 6,676.976 
 
 1816 8,212,800 
 
 1817 5.628,442 
 
 1818 7,016,246 
 
 1819 4,.392,321 
 
 1820 4,557.957 
 
 1821 . 
 
 1822 . 
 
 1823 . 
 
 1824 . 
 
 1825 . 
 
 1826 . 
 
 Imports, 
 
 $3,079,209 $1,078,490 
 
 , 3,217,389 804,162 
 
 4,006,788 681,810 
 
 3.277,564 689,787 
 
 4,129.520 553,562 
 
 4,590,732 635,438 
 
 1827 4,657,938 431.765 
 
 1828 3,340,185 375,288 
 
 1829 3.787,431 395,352 
 
 1830 4,791,644 405,739 
 
 Year. Exports, Imports. 
 
 18.31 4,151,475 488.522 
 
 1832 4,510.650 553,639 
 
 1833 4,467,587 090,891 
 
 1834 5,469.240 837,325 
 
 1835 6,064,063 691.255 
 
 1836 $6,192,040 $1,106,814 
 
 1887 3,702,714 81 3,862 
 
 1838 3,986,228 577,142 
 
 1839 — — 
 
 1840 4.778.220 545,655 
 
 1841 $5,030,286 $377,237 
 
 1842 3,750,3.-0 81 6,705 
 
 1S43 1,957,165 187,062 
 
 1844 
 1845 
 1846 
 1847 
 1848 
 1849 
 1850 
 
 2.942.279 207.654 
 
 2,104.581 267,053 
 
 $3,529,299 $209,004 
 
 5,658,374 38G.127 
 
 8,081,412 215,081 
 
 3,873,738 241,935 
 
 3,415,646 426,599 
 
 Internal Communicntion, etc. — The railroads and c.inals of Virginia, which are among the most magnificent works 
 of the kind in the Union, extend gener.illy from the Atlantic ports to the West, and are continued through Ohio, Ken- 
 tucky, and Tennessee, lo all the chief places in the north-west, west, and south-west. Alex.indria. Kichinond, and 
 Norfolk are the initial points on the Atlantic ; from Alexandria diverge the Orange and Alexandria Railroad and the 
 Manassas Gap R. R.— the one directed toward Gordonville, where it joins the Central road, and the other crossing tho 
 first mountains, and passing down the valley to llarrisburg and Staunton, there unites with the same line ; the Central 
 liailroad, starling at Richmond, passes through GordonsviUe, Staunton, etc., to Covington, and there unites with the 
 Covington and Ohio Railroad, extending westward to Point Pleasant, on the Ohio, there uniting wilh the Ohio system, 
 anil to the mouth of Rig Sandy River, where it joins the Kentucky lines to Maysville. Lexington, and Louisville, and 
 through them connects with the lines stretching to the north and toward Nashville and New Orleans, and from N<;rfoik 
 29U 
 
THE STATE OF VIRGINIA. 
 
 and Petersburg a line extends through the sf)Uthem counties to the Tennessee line, whence it is continued to KnoxvUle, 
 connecting: at that point with numerous lines directed to every important central station in the south-west, etc. These 
 railroads furnish to the State ample means of transportation, and will carry to and from the seaboard an immense com- 
 mercial material. They will also be the means of reviving: the general commerce of the State, and of furnishing an 
 outlet at Virginian ports for much of the produce of Ohio, Kentucky, and Tennessee, which now finds its way to more 
 northern markets. In the north-west several lines are being built to connect the systems of Pennsylvania and Maryland 
 with those of Ohio and the West, and of these the North-western Eailroad is, perhaps, the most important, as it will 
 furnish the shortest route from Cincinnati to Baltimore. In the south-east the Seaboard and Roanoke Kailroad furnishes 
 an important route from the seaboard into North Carolina. The great southern line of railroads also passes thri)ugh 
 Virginia, having Fredericksburg, Richmond, and Petersburg in its route, and being continued south and south-west to 
 Wilmington, Columbia, etc. This is the route of the great southern mail. There are, besides these, numerous short lines, 
 branches, etc., diverging from the main lines to several important points. The whole extent of completed railroad in 
 the State on the 1st January, 1S53, was 624 miles, and about SOO miles more were in course of construction. 
 
 The canals of Virginia are — the James River and Kanawha Canal, the Dismal Swamp Canal. 'and the Alexandria 
 Canal. The Baltimore and Ohio Canal, though in Maryland, is to all intents and purposes as much a canal cf Virginia 
 as of that State, being only separated from it by the channel of the Potomac River. The Alexandria Canal, which is a 
 continuation of the Baltimore and Ohio Canal, from Georgetown to Alexandria, is 7i miles long, and is carried over the 
 Potomac on a splendid aqueduct. The James River and Kanawha Canal, second only in extent and importance to the 
 Erie Canal of New York, is carried through the valley of James River, and is now complete to Balcony Falls, from 
 which point it will be continued along the valley of Kanawha River to the Ohio. This great work has been of vast 
 advant:ige to the interior of Virginia, and on an average transports about $12,000,000 valuation of merchandise. 
 " Without the Erie Canal," s.'iys Governor Floyd, " the city of New York would have been second still to Philadelphia. 
 Great as the advantages of this work unquestionably are, those of the James River and Kanawha Canal are undoubtedly 
 superior. It possesses the striking advantage of lying Ave degrees south of the great northern work, and is therefore 
 free from the ice which obstructs the navigation there for so large a portion of the year. It touches the Ohio River far 
 south of any water communication from the Atlantic whatever, and at a point south of which there can be across the 
 country no other water connection. It will command all the trade of a great part of Ohio, Kentucky, Indiana, Illinois, 
 and Missouri, and most probably those regions lying still higher up toward the sources of the Missouri after that period 
 it is unsafe to send produce north. We will see," says the governor, " canal boats laden at the Falls of St. Anthony or 
 Council Blufi" discharging their cargoes at Lynchburg, Richmond, and Norfolk," etc. This work is now rapidly pro- 
 gressing to completion. The Dismal Swamp Canal connects Chesapeake Bay with Albemarle Sound, extending from 
 Deep Creek to Joyce's Creek, 23 miles. At present it is chiefly valuable as an avenue for the transportation of the 
 lumber, naval stores, etc., of the region through which it passes. With such works as the above, who can not but foresee 
 that Virginia will, at no distant day, be one of the most successful commercial States of the Union, and its ports, so long 
 forsaken, the marts of a trade not surpassed by that of the present great emporia of the country. 
 
 Banls. — In October, 1S50, Virginia had 6 banks and 31 branch banks. The condition of these establishments, at that 
 date, was as follows : liabUitief:— capital, $9,S14,M5 ; circulation, $10,256,967 ; deposits, $4,717,7.32 ; due other banks, 
 $33S,S41; and assets— \uaT\s and discounts, $19,646,777; stocks, .$269,914; real estate, $764,2s2 ; other investments, 
 $210,493; due by other banks, $1,925,652; notes of other banks, $552,153; and specie, $2,928,174. Since the date of 
 these returns several banks have been established in accordance with the new banking law, depositing security for the 
 redemption of their notes. The returns above given are those of the old chartered banks, which enjoy a high credit at 
 home and abroad. These are — the Bank of the Valley, at Winchester, with branches !\t Charlestown, Leesburg, Rom- 
 ney, Staunton, and Christianburg; the Bank of Virginia, at Richmond, with branches at Buchanan, Charlestown, 
 Danville, Fredericksburg, Lynchburg, Norfolk, Petersburg, and Portsmouth ; the Exchange Bank of Virginia, at Nor- 
 folk, with branches at Abington, Alexandria, Clarkesville, Petersburg, Richmond, Salem, and Weston; the Farmers' 
 Bank of Virginia, at Richmond, with branches at Alex.indria, Charlottesville, Danville, Farmville, Fredericksburg, 
 Lynchburg, Norfolk, Petersburg, Winchester, and Wythesville; the Merchants' and Mechanics' Bank, at Wheeling, with 
 branch at Morgantown ; and the North-western Bank of Virginia, at Wheeling, with branches at Jeffersonville, Park- 
 ersburg, and Wellsburg. 
 
 Government, etc. — The present constitution of Virginia was adopted in convention on the 1st of August and ratified 
 by the people on the 25th of October, 1851. It superseded the constitution of 1776 and the amendments of 1831. 
 
 The right to vote is given to every white male citizen 21 years old, resident of the State two years, and of the county, 
 city, or town one year next preceding an election. The exceptions are those common to other States. Votes are given 
 vivA voce, and not by ballot ; but dumb persons may so vote. The general election is held on the fourth Thursday of 
 October biennially. 
 
 The Legislature is styled the General Assembly, and consists of a Ilouse of Delegates and a Senate. The house con- 
 sists of 152 members, chosen biennially, apportioned on the basis of the white population. The Senate is based on 
 population and taxation combined, and consists of 50 members, elected in districts by the voters therein for the term of 
 four years, one-half the number being chosen biennially. Delegates must have attained the age of 21 and senators that 
 of 25 years, and none but qualified voters are eligible for election. Persons holding lucrative offices, ministers of the 
 Gospel, salaried officers of banks, and attorneys of the Commonwealth are ineligible. Any elective officer removing 
 from his district vacates his office. In 1S65, and decennially thereafter, there shall be a re-apportionment. The sessions 
 of the Legislature commence on the second Monday of January biennially, and continue not more than 90 days, unless 
 a prolongation be concurred in by three-fifths of all the members, nor in any case shall a session be extended beyond the 
 ordinary term for more than 30 days. Bills may originate or be amended in either house. 
 
 The ea-ecutive power is vested in a Governor, elected by the jieople for four years, commencing from the 1st January 
 succeeding election. The governor is ineligible for any other office during his term, and can be elected for two succes- 
 sive terms. He must be 30 years of age, a native citizen of the United States, and for 5 years a citizen of the State. He 
 must reside at the seat of government. A Lieutenant-governor, with like qualifications, etc., is elected for a like term, 
 and is the constitutional successor of the governor in case of death or disability ; he is also ex-offioio president of the 
 fcknaie. 
 
 The principal administrative officers are— a Secretary of the Commonwealth, a Treasurer, and an Auditor of Public 
 Accounts. These are elected bv joint vote of the General Assembly for two years. For the purpose of electing the 
 
 291 
 
THE STATE OF VIRGINIA. 
 
 Board of Public Works, the State is divided into three districts, each of which shall elect one commissioner. Their 
 term is six years, and they are so classified that one of their number shall retire every two years. The General Assembly 
 by a three-finhs vote may abolish the board. 
 
 The judiciary is vested in a Supreme Court of Appeals, District Courts, and Circuit Courts. In each circuit (21 in 
 number), a judge is elected by the voters for the term of eight years, and who holds two circuit courts in the countifS of 
 his circuit annually. In each district (10 in number), a district court is held by the judges of the circuits constituting the 
 District, and the Judge of the Supreme Court for the Section, any three of whom may hold a court Judges of the 
 Supreme Court of Appeals are also elected by the voters lor 12 years, each section (5 in number), electing 1 Judge. The 
 5 judges so elected constitute the Supreme Court, any three of whom may hold a circuit. It has jurisdiction only where 
 the matter in controversy is not less in value than $500, except in certain specified cases. Special Courts of Appeal may 
 be organized. Circuit Judges must not be less than 30, nor Supreme Court Judges less than 85 years of age, and no 
 election lor judges shall be held within 30 days of the time of hol<ling the election for President, for Congressmen, or 
 for members of the State Legislature. Officers of the Supreme and District Courts are appointed by the Judges thereof; 
 but Clerks of Circuits are elected by the voters for six years. When a Governor is elected, an Attorney-general is also 
 elected for the term of four years. 
 
 County Courts are held monthly by not less than three, nor more than five Justices. Each county is divided into dis- 
 tricts, and each diHtriot elects 4 Justices for the term of 4 years. The Justices so elected choose one of their own body to 
 attend eacii term of the Court, and classify the rest for the performance of their duties. The voters of each county elect 
 also a Clerk of the County Court, and a Surveyor, for 6 years, an Attorney of the Commonwealth lor 4 years, and a Sheriff, 
 and Commissioner of the Revenue, for 2 years. Constables and overseers of the poor are elected by the voters. 
 
 Among the miscellaneous provUtians of the constitution are the following : the writ of liaJieaa corpus shall not be sus- 
 pended, nor shall any bill of attainder be passed, nor any ex-post-facto law, nor any law impairing the obligation of 
 contracts, or taking private property without just compensation, or abridging the freedom of speech, or of the press, or 
 establishing any religion, or prescribing any religious test, or conferring any privileges or advantages on any one sect or 
 denomination; no law shall embrace more than one object, and when amended, shall be rei?nacted at length; provision 
 may be made, rendering ineligible for office those who fig'it or are engaged in a duel; the Senate shall try impeachments 
 made by the House, and may sit for this purpose during recess ; slaves hereafter emancipated shall forfeit their freedom by 
 remaining in the Commonwealth moie than 12 months ; restrictions may be imposed upon emancipation, but the General 
 Assembly shall not emancipate ; it may relieve the State from the free negroes by removal or otherwise ; yeas and nays 
 shall be taken on all tax and appropriation bills ; no incorporated company shall be released from its liability to the State, 
 nor shall the faith of the State be pledged for the debts of any company ; seven per cent, of the State debt existing, Ist 
 January, 1S52, shall be annually set apart as a sinking fund to redeem said debt ; no loans shall be contracted fir a longer 
 period than 34 years ; whenever a debt is C(mtracted, there shall be set apart annually for 34 years, a sum exceeding by one 
 per cent, the aggregate amount of the annu:d interest agreed to be paid thereon at the time of its contraction, which sum 
 shall be a part of the sinking fund ; stocks held by the Commonwealth may be sold, but the proceeds must be applied to 
 the payment of the public debt ; no charter shall be granted to any church, but title to church properly may be granted 
 to a limited extent; no lottery shall be authorized, and tlie buying and selling of tickets shall be prohibited; no new 
 county shall be formed with an area less than 600 square miles; powers shall be conferred on the Courts exclusively to 
 grant divorces, to change the names of persons, and direct the sale of infants' estates; there shall be a periodical regis- 
 tration of voters, and of births, marriages, and deatlis, annually ; a census shall be taken every five years after the national 
 census. 
 
 Federal Representation. — In accordance with the act of 23d May, 1853, Virginia elects thirteen representatives to the 
 Congress of the United States. 
 
 The 7uilitia force of the State, in 1851, consisted of 125,128 men of all arms, of which number 6,494 were commissioned 
 officers, and 118,034 non-commissioned officers, musicians, artificers, and privates. Of the commissioned officers 32 were 
 general officers, GO general staff-officers, 1.423 field-officers, etc., and 4,973 company officers. All white persons between 
 the ages of IS and 45 are suiyect to military duty. 
 
 The j/r/ncij/al benevolent institutions of the State are the Lunatic Asylum, at Staunton, and the Institution for the Deaf 
 and Dumb and the Blind, iit the same place. These institutions are liberally supported by annual legislative appropriations. 
 Public Finances, etc. — The aggregate debt of Virginia, on the Isl April, 1851, was as follows: llevolutionary War delit 
 (G p. c), $24,(l.39 17; war debt of 1812 (7 p. c), $319,000; internal improvement debt (6 p. c), $9,364,916 04; internal 
 hnprovement debt (5 p. c), $1,065,GOO ; internal improvement debt (5J p. c), .$25,300; debt for subscription to banks, 
 $450,107— total debt, $11,248,962 21 ; but of this there was held by State agents, under the control of the Legislature— by 
 Literary Fund $1,125,606 50, and by Board of Public Works $375,912 41, or in all $1,501,518 91, leaving an actual out- 
 sl.inding debt of $9,747,443 30. The Stale is also liable conditionally for guaranteed bonds for internal improvements 
 $3.947,S94. The State holds assets, consisting of stocks and debts due — productive of $7,060,565 48, and — not now pro- 
 ductive, $6,052,206 53 : total $13,112,832 11. The valuation of jiroperty, real and personal, assessed for taxation, in 1S.50, 
 amounted to $381,376,600. The valuation of the same, according to the U. S. census of that year, was $4.30.701,082. The 
 valuation for taxes In May, 1S.52, amounted to $415,542,189 70, being an increase of over $34,000,000 in two years, and it 
 was estimated that there was other property not taxed to the value of $50,000,000. 
 
 The chief sources of income {or the year were as follows : ordinary revenue and taxation, $676,256 09; dividends on 
 bank stock, $286,542 94; bonus on bank dividends, $46,093 36; internal improvements, $01,029; interest on loans to 
 internal improvement companies, $90,771 61 ; militia fines $13,509 76; annuity from Old James Itiver Company, $21,000; 
 loans obtained to pay subscriptions to joint-stock companies, etc., $1,238,895 19 ; temporary loans, $100,000; Washington 
 Monument Fund, $22,115 69 ; and sales of articles made at the Penitentiary $11, (00. The es-penditures were as follow: 
 expenses of General Assembly, $103,867 25; officers of government, $93,647 45; criminal charges, $89,554 82; con- 
 tingent expenses of Courts, $82,931 65; militia, $19,-344 55; Virginia Military Institute, $20,710; public gu.-ird at Rich- 
 mond, $21,340 IS : comm. of revenue, $32,106 90 ; lunatics and lunatic .-usylums, $100,.>90 71 ; deaf and dumb, and blind 
 asylums, $18,901 29; interest on puldic del>t, $559,6:34 47; contingent fund, $16,672 4" ; public roads, $5,601 50; general 
 appropriations, $27,162 02; revision of laws, $28,801; penitentiary, $27,502 84; redemption of public del)t, $239,500; 
 advance to Hoard of Pulilic Works, $197,000; Wasliington monument, $29,800 25; dividen<ls to stockliolders of Old 
 James River Company, $20,895; surveys, $3,500; subscriptions to internal improvement companies out of loans received, 
 $1,185,527 28 ; primary schools, $45,674 03 ; and annuity to University of Virginia, $150,000. 
 292 
 
THE STATE OF VIRGINIA. 
 
 Educational Statistics. — The number of schools reported in 126 counties and towns, for the year 1850-51, was 8,904, 
 and the number of poor children 72,876, of which 31,655 had attended schools duruig the year. Amount expended for 
 tuition, including books, compensation of officers, and all other expenses $68,135 93. Average actual attendance of tach 
 chilli at common schools, 52J days. Average cost per annum of each scholar, $2 15. The permanent capital of the 
 Literary Fund amounted, on the Ist October, ISoO, to $1,533,710 82; and the revenue derived therefrom, for the year, 
 amounted to $97,883 66. Academies, seminaries, and private schools, are numerous in all the cities and towns, and many 
 of these are institutions of favorable reputation. The statistics of the collegiate establishments and professional schools, 
 in 1851, are as follow : 
 
 CoLegiale Institutions. Location, Founded. Professors. Alumn 
 
 ■William and Mary Coll. (Episc.) Williamsburg 1692 7 — 
 
 Hampden-Sidney College t Prince Edward's co 1783 6 1,500 
 
 600. 
 
 3,500. 
 
 147. 
 
 5. 
 
 65. 
 
 107. 
 80. 
 
 229. 
 175. 
 
 Students. 
 
 ... 36..., 
 ... 25.... 
 ... 50.... 
 
 VoIs.inlibr, 
 
 ... 5,000 
 ... 8,000 
 ... 4,950 
 
 40. 
 
 .383 16,000 
 
 . SO 8,000 
 
 . 50 1,209 
 
 .100 7.807 
 
 . 50 2,500 
 
 .120 2,000 
 
 .141 3,500 
 
 . 38 5,009 
 
 . 20 4,000 
 
 . 67 1,000 
 
 . 70 — 
 
 .82 — 
 
 .95 — 
 
 .90 — 
 
 Washington College Lexington 17S9 6.. 
 
 University of Virginia Charlottesville 1819 10.. 
 
 Eandolph-Macon College (Meth.) Boydton 1832 7.. 
 
 Richmond College (Baptist) Eichmond 1832 5.. 
 
 Emory and Henry College (Meth.) . .Emory 1838 5. . 
 
 Rector College (Baptist) Pruntytown 1839 8. . 
 
 Virginia Military Institute Lexington 1839 6. . 
 
 Bethany College Bethany 1841 6. . 
 
 Profesnimial Schools : 
 
 Episcopal Theol. School of Virginia. .Fairfax county 1822 4.. 
 
 Union Theol. Seminary (Presb.) Prince Edward co 1824 8.. 
 
 Virginia Baptist Seminary Eichmond 1832 8.. 
 
 Law Department, Univ. of Virginia .Charlottesville — 1.. 
 
 " " Will, and M. ColLWilhamsburg — 1.. 
 
 Medical School, Univ. of Virginia . . .Charlottesville 1825 3.. 
 
 Medical Depart., Hamp.-Sidney Coll.. Richmond 1838 7.. 
 
 Winchester Medical College Winchester — 6 — — — 
 
 William and Mary College is, with the exception of Harvard University, the oldest literary institution in the country, 
 and is distinguished for its large proportion of graduates who have risen to eminence, some of whom have held the 
 highest stations in the nation. Thomas .Jefferson was a graduate of this college. It was founded on a donation of land, 
 20,000 acres, granted in the reign of William and Marj'. The buildings are of briclc, and sufficient to accommodate lOO 
 students. It was formerly allowed a representative in the General Assembly. Hampden-Sidney College was established 
 in 1774, and named after those martyrs, who perished in the good old cause — John Hampden, and Algernon Sidney. It 
 was chartered in 1783. More instructors have emanated from this college than from any other Southern institution. Con- 
 nected with the college is a Literary and Philosophic Society, and an Institute of Education. There are also several 
 societies among the students. The university owes its origin and peculiar organization to Mr. Jefferson. It possesses 
 philosophical and chemical apparatus, together with a fine cabinet of minerals and fossils, and an anatomical and miscel- 
 laneous museum. The observatory, a short distance from the university, is furnished with the requisite astronomical 
 instruments. The organization of the university differs materially from that of any other institution in the Union. The 
 students are not divided into four classes, with a course of studies embracing four years, but the different branches are 
 styled " schools," and the student is at liberty to attend which he pleases, and graduate in each when prepared. In order 
 to attain the degree of M. A., the student must graduate in the several schools of mathematics, ancient languages, moral 
 philosophy, natural philosophy, chemistry, and in some two of the modem languages. This institution is in every respect 
 orgai\ized, and justly regarded as a university of the first class. The Virginia Military Institute is conducted on the plan 
 of instruction observed at West Point, and is a highly valued institution, and has been liberally encouraged by State 
 appropriations. 
 
 Seligicms Denominations. — The statistics of the several religious denominations in the State in 1850 were as follows : 
 
 Denomiua- No. of 
 
 Church 
 
 Value of 
 
 Denomina- 
 
 No. of Church 
 
 Value of 
 
 Denomina- No. of Church 
 
 Value of 
 
 tions. Churches 
 
 accom. 
 
 Property. 
 
 tions. 
 
 Churches, accom. 
 
 Property. 
 
 tious. Churches, accom. 
 
 Property. 
 
 Baptist 639. 
 
 241,689.. 
 
 $687,918 
 
 Germ'n Eef. 
 
 9 . . 8,800 
 
 . $16,200 
 
 E. Catholic. 17 .. 7,930 . 
 
 $126,100 
 
 Christian... 16. 
 
 4,900.. 
 
 7,595 
 
 Jewish 
 
 1 . . 600 . 
 
 . 4,000 
 
 Swedenb'g.. — .. — . 
 
 — 
 
 Congregat'l. — . 
 
 — .. 
 
 — 
 
 Lutheran.. . 
 
 50 . . 18,750 
 
 . 52,445 
 
 Tunlier 8 .. 4,400 . 
 
 8,200 
 
 Dutch Eef. . — . 
 
 — .. 
 
 — 
 
 Mennonite. . 
 
 6 . . 2,250 
 
 . 5,550 
 
 Union 47 ..13,250 . 
 
 24,025 
 
 Episcopal.. 167. 
 
 73.884.. 
 
 527,150 
 
 Methodist. . 
 
 1,002 . .315,763 
 
 . 721,003 
 
 Unitarian... — .. — . 
 
 — 
 
 Free 107. 
 
 85,025.. 
 
 61,900 
 
 Moravian.. 
 
 8 . . 1,500 
 
 . 2,550 
 
 Universalist. 1 .. 200 . 
 
 500 
 
 Friends.... 14. 
 
 6,300.. 
 
 18,825 
 
 Presbyter'n. 
 
 236 ..101,625 
 
 . 567,165 
 
 Minor Sects. 8 .. 2,825 . 
 
 . 18,050 
 
 —making a total of 2,336 churches, with accommodation for 8-34,691 persons, and valued at $2,849,176. 
 
 Virginia forms a diocese of the Protestant Episcopal Church, and comprises the Eoman Catholic Dioceses of Eich- 
 mond and Wheeling, and also a porti<m of the Archdiocese of Baltimore, the liist being that portion of the District of 
 Columbia retroceded in 1846. 
 
 FiMia Libraries.— T\\e Eeport of the Librarian of the Smithsonian Institution made in 1851, states the public libraries 
 of Virginia as follows : one State library— 14,000 volumes ; 4 social— 3,313 volumes ; 9 college — 45,790 volumes ; 8 students'— 
 10,466 volumes ; 5 academic and professional— 12,951 volumes ; 1 scientific and historical— 1,200 volumes ; 2 public— 1,460 
 volumes. Total— 30 libraries, and 89,180 volumes. 
 
 Periodical Prew.— Virginia, on the 1st June, 1850, had 100 periodical issues— in politics 31 were whig, 22 democrat, 
 and 47 neutral, the latter including those devoted to literature, science, religion, and all the character of which had not 
 been ascertained. Of the whole number 20 were published daily, 6 tri-weekly, 7 semi-weekly, 60 weekly, 4 monthly, and 
 1 quarterly ; and the circulation of the dailies was 32,750 copies at each issue ; of the tri-weeklies, 700 copies ; of the semi- 
 weeklies, 6.500 copies; of the weeklies, 41,936 copies; of the monthlies, 13,150 copies; and of the quarterly, 1,000 copies. 
 There were published in Augusta County (Staunton), 3 weekly ; Albemarle (3 in Charlottesville), 3 w. and Ira.; in 
 Alexandria, 1 d. 1 t.-w., and 1 w. ; in Botetourt, Berkeley, and Brooke, each 2 w.; in Campbell (Lynchburg), 3 s.-w.; in 
 
 293 
 
THE STATE OF VIRGINIA. 
 
 Dinwiddie (Petersburg), 2 d. and 1 t.-w. ; in Fauquk-r, 2 w. ; in Fairfax, 1 w. ; in Frederick (Winchester). 2 w. ; in 
 Greenbrier, 1 w. ; in Harrison, 2 w. ; in Hardy, 1 w. ; in Hampshire, 2 w. ; in Henrico (Richmond), 6 d., 1 s.-w., 2 w., 5 
 m., and 1 quarterly; in Jefferson, 3 w. ; in Kanawha, 1 w. ; in Loudon, 2 w. ; in Lewis, Marshall, and Monroe, each 
 1 w. ; in Monongalia, 3 w. ; in Marion and Nansemond, each 1 w. ; in Norfolk (Portsmouth 6, and Norfolk 7), 7 d., 
 4 t.-w., and 2 w. ; in Ohio (Wheeling), 3 <i. and 2 w. ; in Preston. Prince Edward, and Pittsylvania, each 1 w. ; in Rock- 
 bridge, Rockingham, and Shenandoah, each 2 w. ; in Spottsylvania (Fredericksburg), 1 d., 2 s.-w., and 3 w. ; in Tazewell, 
 1 w. ; in Washington, 2 w. ; and in Wood and Wythe, each 1 weekly. 
 
 Pauperism. — The whole number of paupers relieved and supported within the year ending Ist June, 1S50, was 5,118, 
 of whom 4.933 were native born and 185 foreigners ; and the whole number of paupers at the date specified was 4,458, 
 of whom 4,356 were natives and 102 foreigners. Cost of support, etc., during the year .$151,722. 
 
 Historical Sketch. — The name of Virginia, though now belonging only to the present State of that name, was origin- 
 ally given to the whole extent of country afterward divided into the thirteen colonies. It was bestowed upon the 
 country, which he attempted to colonize, by Sir Walter Raleigh, in honor of Elizabeth, England's virgin queen. The 
 settlement within the limits of the present State were not, however, etfected until April, 16ii7, and this was the first per- 
 manent settlement by the English in America. Previous to this many ineffectual efforts had been made to plant colonies 
 on the Atlantic coast. At length the matter was undertaken by a company, to which a patent was granted by James L, 
 and which was called the Loudon Company, to distinguish it from the Plymouth Company, which subsequently settled 
 New England. Three ships, with 1(I5 persons, sailed from London in December, 1606, and after a tedious and circuitous 
 passage entered the Bay of Chesapeake in April, 16U7. On a peninsula a little distance up James River, a settlement 
 called Jamestown was begun. The colonists soon experienced the dilHculties of their new position, and to the great 
 exertions of Captain John Smith, distinguished among the adventurers of the age, the colony was indebted to its pres- 
 ervation. An incident which occurred at this period has lent to his history the attractions of romance. While on a 
 foraging expedition he was taken prisoner by the Indians, who determined to put him to death ; his head was placed 
 on a stone, and the savages were about to dispatch him with clubs, when Pocahontas, the daughter of the principal 
 chief, Powhatan, after in vain imploring mercy for him, rushed forward, and resting her head upon that of the captive, 
 appeared determined to share his fate. Powhatan relented, and soon afterward permitted Smith to return home. Two 
 years after, when the Indians had plotted the destruction of the colony, Pocahontas, faithful to the attachment she had 
 formed, disclosed the plot to the English, and the Indians finding them on their guard, abandoned the project. Stich 
 was the distress of the colonists in 1610, that the survivors had actually embarked to return to England, when Lord 
 Delaware, who had been appointed governor, arrived with supplies and 150 men, and persuaded the colonists to remain. 
 Under this governor and his successor the settlement prospered ; useful industry succeeded to their previous habits, and, 
 aided by a fertile soil, they were enabled to raise large stocks of provisions. In 1619 the first legislature was convened, 
 and about this period 1,200 additional emigrants arrived, among whom were 150 young women, who were sold to the 
 planters for wives. Negro slaves were first brought into the country at this time. In 1622 the Indians surprised the 
 settlements and massacred some 347 of the colonists ; and the whole colony would have shared the same fate, but that 
 timely information had been given the inhabitants of Jamestown of the conspiracy. To this famine succeeded, which 
 was, however, alleviated by the arrival of provisions from England. A reinforcement arriving at the same time, war 
 was levied against the Indians, and in a short time most of the neighboring tribes were subdued or slain. Two years 
 afterward the company was dissolved and the charter resumed by the king. All power was vestefl in commissioners, 
 and under their rule the colony suffered grievously. Sir John Harvey, the royal governor appointed in 1629, was seized 
 by tJie people and sent home a prisoner. He was succeeded by Sir William Berkeley, who called an assembly of 
 burgesses, and governed the province with mildness and prudence. 
 
 On the revolution in England, the Virginians ailhercd to the cause of the monarch, and even after the death of 
 Charles I. refused to acknowledge the commonwealth. Submission was forced by sending against them an armament; 
 but the sentiments of the c<donists were again declared, for even before the restoration in England the authority of 
 Charles II. had been acknowledged in Virginia. In 1661, an assembly was called by the governor, and in the succeeding 
 year the Church of England was established by law. Notwithstanding this remarkable loyalty of the Virginians, they 
 were made to suffer grievously from the arbitrary and monopolizing system of the home government. The navigation 
 act, and other measures of a similar nature adopted to this time, weighed heavily on the people, and in addition to these 
 grievances, the king, regardless of the rights of the landed proprietors, granted to his courtiers large tracts of land, to 
 which the settlers were legally entitled. From these causes arose an insurrection, memorable in the history of Virginia, 
 and known as Bacon's Rebellion. Colonel Bacon, an eloquent and ambitious man, put himself at the head of the people, 
 who had assembled with the ostensible object of a foray against the Indians. The governor, by advice of the legislature, 
 issued a proclamation of rebellion against them, and so exasperated the leaders of the expedition as to direct its object 
 from hostilities against the Indians to war against the government. They marched to Jamestown, and after dispersing 
 the assembly. Bacon called a convention, and assumed the reins of government. Civil War with all its horrors now en- 
 sued. Jamestown was burnt, and the colony given up to pillage. After several months' bloodshed and confusion, Bacon 
 died suddenly, and for want of a leader his party dispersed. It was long, however, before prosperity revived in the 
 colony. Soon after these events, Berkeley returned to England, and was succeeded by Lord Culpepper, who brought 
 with him several bills drawn up by the ministry of England, to which he required the assent of the legislature, on pain 
 of being treated as rebels. The object of.these acts was the increase of his emoluments. During the reigns of Charles II. 
 and James the colony suffered much, and rejoiced greatly in the change of government that drove the Stuarts from the 
 thnme. The Revolution, indeed, brought to Virginia internal tranquillity, and a long succession of prosperous years. 
 Nothing occurred to interrupt its growth in wealth and power. In 1782, she gave birth to the most illustrious of her sons, 
 the great statesman and warrior, who was destined afterward to achieve and consolidate the independence of all the 
 colonics. During the war between France and England, prior to 1754. her local situation exempted her from hostilities. 
 From 1754 to 1758, when the French began to put in operation their scheme to unite Canada and Louisiana, the frontiers 
 of Virginia were harassed by incursions of French and Indian parties; to repel which a regiment was raised, in which 
 Washington first distinguished himself. On the conclusion of peace, when the British attempted to raise a revenue 
 within the colonies, the statesmen of Virginia were among the first to raise the voice of opposition. The eloquence and 
 talents of her orators contributed greatly to excite public feeling on this occasion. The services and sufferings of Virginia 
 in the war of the Revolution were at least as great as those of any other State, and in Virginia the last important measure 
 of the war took place, in the surrender of Cornwallis. Since the peace of 17S3, Virginia has retained an elevated rank 
 294 
 
THE STATE OF VIRGINIA. 
 
 In the family of States. Fruitful of illustrious men, that State has given seven presidents to the Union. During the war 
 of 1S12, her citizens displayed great patriotism in opposing; the common enemy, and her maritime frontier suffered 
 severely from predatory incursions. Within the last few years the progress of the State in population and material 
 greatness has been wonderfully rapid ; and her territory beyond the mountains— a wilderness to the last generation, has 
 become equal to the old settlements in alt that constitutes national wealth. In 1S50 the constitution of the State was ad- 
 justed to its present condition and circumstances. 
 
 Succea-sioii of tfoperaors.— Presidents op Coitncil: Edward Maria "Wingfleld, 1607; John Kadcliffe, 1607; John 
 Smith, 1608; George Percy, 160? ;— Company's Governors: Lord de la War, 1610; Sir Thomas Dale, 1611 ; Sir Thomas 
 Gates, 1611 ; Sir Thomas Dale, 1614 ; Captain George Yeardley, 1616 ; Samuel Argal, 1617 {to the year 1618, Sir Thomas 
 Smith presided over tJie council and company in England, tchile the alove-named actually governed in Virginia); 
 Sir George Yeardley, 1618 ; Sir Francis Wyatt, 1621; Sir George Yeardley (acting), 1626; Sir George Yeardley, 1626; 
 Francis West, 1627; John Pott, 1628; Sir John Harvey, 1629; John West, 1635; Sir John Harvey, 1636; Sir Francis 
 Wyatt, 1639 ; Sir William Berkeley, 1641 ; Richard Kerope, 1644; Sir William Berkeley, 1645 ; Richard Bennett (elected), 
 1652; Edward Digges, 1655; Samuel Mathews. 1656; Sir William Berkeley, 1659; Francis Morrison (appointed); 
 Sff William Berkeley, 1662 ; Herbert Jeffreys (Lt.-Gov.), 1677 ; Sir Henry Chicheley (Dep.-Gov.), 167S ; Lord Culpepper, 
 1680; Nicholas Spencer (Pres. of Council), 16S0; Lord Howard (Gov.), 10S4; Nathaniel Bacon (Pres. of Council), 16S8; 
 Francis Nicholson (Lt.-Gov.), 1690 ; Sir Edmund Andros (Gov.), 1692 ; Francis Nicholson, 1698 ; Edward Nott, 17U5 ; 
 Edmund Jennings, 1706; Alexander Spolswood, 1710; Hugh Drysdale, 1722; Robert Carter (Pres. of Council), 1726; 
 William Gouch (Gov.), 1727; Thomas Lee (Pres. of Council), 1749; Lewis Burwell, 1749; Robert Dinwiddle (Gov.), 
 1752; Francis Fauquier, 1758; John Blair (Pres. of Council), 1767; Lord Botetourt (Gov.), 1768; William Nelson (Pres. 
 of Council), 1770; Lord Dunmore, 1772;— Presidents op Convention (Provisional Government): Peyton Randolph, 
 1775, and Edmund Pendleton, 1775 ;— Constitutional Governors: Patrick Henry, 1776; Thomas Jefferson, 1779; 
 Thomas Nelson, 1781 ; Benjamin Harrison, 1781 ; Patrick Henry, 1784; Edmund Randolph, 1786; Beverley Randolph, 
 1788 ; Henry Lee, 1791 ; Robert Brooke. 1794 ; James Wood, 1796 ; James Monroe, 1799 ; John Page, 1802 ; William IL 
 Cabell, 1805 ; John Tyler, 1808 ; James Monroe, 1811 ; George W. Smith, 1811 ; James Barbour, 1812 ; Wilson C. Nicholas, 
 1814 ; James P. Preston, 1816 ; Thomas M. Randolph, 1819 ; James Pleasants, 1822 ; John Tyler, 1825 ; William B. Giles, 
 1826; John Floyd, 1829; Littleton U. Tazewell, 1833; Windham Robertson (acting), 1836; David Campbell, 1836; 
 Thomas W. Gilmer, 1839; John Rutherford (acting), 1841 ; John M. Gregory (acting), 1842; James McDowell, 1842; 
 William Smith, 1845 ; William Smith, 1S47 ; John B. Floyd, 1849 ; Joseph John.son, 1852. 
 
 Richmond, on the bank of James Elver, 130 miles above its entrance into Chesapeake Bay, is the political capital of 
 Ute State. 
 
 S95 
 
 67 
 
THE TERRITORY OF ¥ASHINGTOI. 
 
 This Territory, until 1853 a portion of Oregon Territory, occupies all the country lying generally between the parallels 
 of 46° and 49° of north hitituJe, ami exteniiing from the Roeky Mountains on the east to tlie Paelilc Ocean on the west. 
 The Columbia Uiver forms the southern boundary below the line of 4l3° to the sea. It comprises somewhat more than 
 one-third the original territory, or about 13(1.000 square miles. 
 
 Of the physical characteristics of ihis Territory much has yet to be learned. It Includes the waters of Puget's Sound, 
 equal in the magnificence of their scenery ami in their secure and spacious harbors to the waters of San Francisco Bay. 
 Vancouver's Island ana the Gulf of Georgia indent its north-western extremity. The Columbia Kiver is its great interior 
 water-course, and there are numerous other important slrcams which empty either into the sound above named, or into 
 the Pacific, through bays which may hereafter become valuable to commerce. The Columbia Eiver has been thoroughly 
 surveyed by Belcher, K. N., and Wilkes, U. S. N., and the Coast Survey has twice examined its mouth. Shoal-Water 
 Bay, Grey's Harbor, and Chickacs River have al.so been surveyed by the United Slates officers, and the English Ailmiralty 
 charts cover the Straits of Fuca, and many harbors on the mainland and Vancouver's Island. The surveys of Captain 
 Wilkes give full information of all ihe group of islands in the Gulf of Georgia, and th(! channels leading to and making 
 up Puget's Souml. The shores of Ihis wonderful network of channels are so favorable in soil and location, that they must 
 soon possess great vah.e. Through a surprising extent of line they are direclly accessible for ocean vessels, an<l form, as i-t 
 were, an immense network of harbor. They present the foundation for a kind of agricultural Venice far into the heart 
 of the west half of Washington, the resources of which they will greatly aid in developing. Fort Nesqually and Olym- 
 pia, at the southern extremity of Puget's S<iund, must rapidly advance with the growth of the Territory, and in fact are 
 already important places. The interior is but impert'ectly known. The laud-otfice surveys north of the Columbia have 
 as yet made but little progress. On penetrating further toward the Rockv Mountains, the country is essentially unknown. 
 The narrative of Lewis an<l Clarke, the book on Oregon Missions by Father De Smet, and Irving's Astoria, are the chief 
 publications of value on this gromid. These serve merely to show that the country bordering the Rocky Mountains, 
 between 46° and 49° on both sides, is still a fine field for exploration. Much may be expected from Dr. Evans, who is 
 engaged in a geological recoimoissance of the old Oregon Territory, which has taken him much among the Kocky 
 Mountains, and over their basaltic plains. 
 
 There are several important geographical problems connected with the establishment of this new Territory. The 
 boundary, initial points, an<l parallels will have to be determined, and it must soon be decided where the crest of the 
 Rocky Mountains really is. This latter problem may not be easy of solution, for Lewis and Clarke. De Smet, the Irving 
 Astoria map, and the Indian Bureau and Topographical Bureau maps all represent these mountains differently. Lewis 
 and Clarke exhibit four distinct ranges, with which the best recent explorations essentially agree, and indicate at least 
 three parallel ranges running nearly north-west, inste.id of the more prevalent indication of a single north and south 
 range. Exploration may show the necessity of a more definite eastern boundary. On the north the mouth of Frazer'a 
 River is so near to Inlilude 49°, that a portion of it may be found to fall in the United States, though this is improbable. 
 Thus, with a field every way so requiring examination, it is fortunate that the newly-nppointed governor of Washington 
 po.ssesses so many peculiar qualifications for his station, and especially a thorough training in geographical science. Col. 
 Isaac I. Stevens has been assistant in charge of the Coast Survey office for over three years. A hcail graduate of West 
 Point, a highly efficient constructing officer of engineers, distinguished in General Scott's staff in Mexico, he has dis- 
 charged the laborious and difficult administrative duties of his recent positions in so excellent a manner, as to afford 
 every guarantee that he will make himself most usefully felt in Ihe sphere <vu which he is entering. It is expected, and 
 that expectation will not be without its fruits, that he will not permit his term to expire without presenting to the public 
 a complete map of the Territory, an<l such reports as will give a clear conception of the surface, soil, resources, products, 
 and peculiarities of a region so soon to become a State, with a voice in our national councils. Those who best know the 
 governor are confident he will be able to accomplish this and much more, in addition to those important and laborious 
 duties which will devolve upon him in organizing and putting into thorougli operation the machinery of a new territorial 
 government. 
 
 Since the appointment of Col. Stevens as governor of this Territory, the President has further honored him by placing 
 him at the head of a party to explore what is termed the Northern Pacific Railroad line, under a recent act of Congress, 
 making an appropriation to explore the different projjosed routes to the Pacific. The first thing to be ascertained in the 
 survey of this route is the practic.ibility of the undertaking, .and the labors of the governor and his associates will relate 
 only to the route upon which they are to be engaged, and their reports will be of those things alone that are sought for liy 
 the department under which they are to act. The officers of the army appointed to assist Gov. Stevens are Capt. John 
 W. T. Gardiner, 1st Dragoons ; Bvt. Capt. George B. M-Clellan ; 2d Lieut. J. K. Duncan, 3d Artillery ; 2d Lieut. Rufus 
 Saxton, Jr., 4th Artillery; 2d Lieut. Cuvier G rover, 4th Artillery; 2d Lieut. A. J. Donelson, Corps of Engineers; Bvt. 
 2d Lieut. John Mullan, Jr., 1st Artillery ; and Drs. Luckley and Cooper, Surgeons and Naturalists. The scientific corps 
 will consist of some 12 or 14 persons, among whom are named John Evans, geologist ; J. M. Stanley, artist ; G. W. Ste- 
 vens and A. Remenyi, astronomers ; A.W. Tenkliara and F. W. Lander, civil engineers ; and John Lambert draughtsman. 
 The escort consists of 10 non-commissioned officers, artificers, and privates of the engineer company, under command of 
 Lieut. Donelson, and one sergeant, two corpor.ils, one musici.an, and 16 privates of Co. D, 1st Dragoons, under command 
 of Capt. Gardiner. Capt. M-Clellan will depart from Puget's Sound for the purpose of exploring the Cascade range, 
 with two officers furnished him by the brigadier-general in command on the Pacific, and thirty men, and proceed caat- 
 290 
 
THE TERRITORY OF WASHINGTON. 
 
 ward. A portion of the main party, under Lieut. Donelson, will leave St. Louis and ascend the Missouri River to Fort 
 Union, at the mouth of the Yellowstone, the place of rendezvous on the east, where they will be joined by the remainder 
 of the party, under the immediate command of Gov. Stevens. 
 
 A topographical survey, says the Wiishiiigion (D. C.) HepuhUc of 7th May, 1S5.3, will be made of the Rocky and Cas- 
 cade mountains, between the 46th iind 49th parallels, and of the intervening country, to determine the general course of 
 the railroad, and to guide the civil engineers in estalilishing its precise route. This reconnoisance will embrace the prom- 
 inent features of the country, the mountain ranges and passes, the windings of rivers and streams, and (heir dividin" 
 ridges, the prairies, and every thing necessary lor the constructicm of a map of the country. This will comprehend the 
 imporlant points of the Missouri and Columbia rivers, the c/il/ouc/ies of the Cascade and Rocky mountain ranges, the 
 fixing of the latitude and longitude of all important points, and all the fads bearing upon the construction of the road 
 including the natural facilities for Ihe transportation of iron, supplies, etc., required for the road. In crossing rivers the 
 height of the banks will b-- noted, the depth of the water, the apparent highest water, the nalure of the bottom on which 
 abutments and piers must rest, the width between the banks, and all information leading to correct estimates of the means 
 and cost of carrying a road over the stream. 
 
 It is not doubled that the controlling points will prove to be the passes of the Cascade and Rocky mountains, and the 
 opinion is entertained that the location of a road between the two ranges, and for a long distance east of the Rocky 
 Mountains, may be suspended until these passes shall be thoroughly examined, and a practical avenue discovered. 
 
 It is proposed to conslruct a general map from the head waters of the Mississippi River to the Pacific Ocean, a map of 
 Washington Territory, and thence eastward to the head waters of the Mississippi; maps of the Cascade range, Rocky 
 Mountains, and other critical points of the route an<l of the mountain passes. 
 
 As it will be necessary to determine the capacity of the adjacent country to supply materials for the construction of the 
 road, and of the Columbia and Missouri rivers and their tributaries to transport them, attention will be given to the ge- 
 ography and meteorology of the whole intermediate region; to ihe seasons and the characters of the freshets; to the 
 quantities and continuance of its rains and snows, especially in the mountain ranges ; to its geology in arid ranges, 
 keeping in view the bringing of water to the surface by means of artesian wells; to the botany, natural history, and 
 agricullural and mineral resources; to the location, numbers, lii.story, traditions, and customs of the Indian tribes; and 
 such other facts as may tend to the solution of the railroad problem. 
 
 We learn, further, that after the completion of the survey of the moimtain passes, probably in October or November 
 next, such portions of the escort and scientific corps as will not be needed in the operations toward the Pacific, will be 
 dispatched homeward by new routes, in order to obtain still further knowledge of the geography of the country ; and it 
 is hoped that a satisfactory report may be made to Congress in February next. 
 
 The preparation and equipment of this expedition have been well considered, and every man, from the principal to 
 the humblest subaltern, lias been selected with reference to his peculiar fitness for the duty assigned him. The most 
 effective means have already been employed to ccmciliate and secure the good will of the various Indian tribes inhab- 
 iting the region to be traversed ; but for any demonstration of an opposite feeling, the party will be v.ell prepared. 
 
 The Hudson's Bay Company has manifested a laudable disposition to render every aid in its power to facilitate the 
 operations of the expedition, and the hospitality of its posts, and the friendly ofHces of its agents, may be depended upon. 
 
 Though some of the Indian tribes of this territory are reputed to be ferocious and malignant in character, they are 
 generally superior to those of Jieir race with whom we are better acquainted. In industry, thrift, and intelligence, they 
 far excel the eastern tribes. To act justly toward them, and to merit their respect and confidence, will be the policy of 
 Governor Stevens and his companions, in commendation of whom we might say much, did we not know that they 
 possess the entire confidence of the administration and of the country. Their duty is one of some peril, and will be 
 attended with great privations and hardships. Often, we doubt not, apparent impossibilities will arise before them in 
 such form as would deter irresolute men from the consummation of the task assigned them. But the reality of such 
 appearances will undoubtedly in each instance be fully tested by this chosen band, in whose safety and welfare, and in 
 the triumph and success of whose enterprise, their whole country will feel the deepest interest. 
 
 29T 
 
THE STATE OF WISCONSIN. 
 
 "Wisconsin embraces all of that portion of the North "West Territory lying north of the parallel of 42° 30' north latitude, 
 and west of Liike Michigan, excepting the Upper Peninsula of Michigan, and that part of Minnesota lying east of the 
 Mississippi liiver. It is bounded north by Minnesota atid Michigan; northeast and east by Lalce Michigan; south by 
 Illinois, and west by Iowa and Minnesota; or, according to the constitution, as follows, to wit : "Beginning at the north- 
 cast corner of the State of Illinois, that is to say, at a point iu the centre of Lake Michigan, where the line of 4i° 30' of 
 north latitude crosses the same ; thence running with the boundary line of the State of Michigan, through Lake Michigan 
 and Green Bay, to the moulli of the Menomonee River ; thence up the channel of the said river to the Bnile River ; thence 
 up said liist-raenlioned rivor to Lake Bnlle ; thence along the southern shore of Lake Bnlle, in a direct line to the centre 
 of the channel between Middle and South islands, in the Lake of the Desert: thence in a direct line to the head waters 
 of the Montreal River, as marked upon the survey made by Captain Cram ; thence down the main channel of the Montreal 
 River to the middle of Lake Superior ; thence through the centre of Lake Superior to the mouth of the St. Louis River ; 
 thence up the main channel of said river to the first rapids in the same, above the Indian village, according to Nicollet's 
 map ; thence due south to the main branch of the river St. Croix ; thence down the main channel of said river to the 
 Mississippi ; thence down the centre of the main channel of that river to the northwest corner of the State of Illinois; 
 thence due east with the northern boundary of the State of Illinois, to the pl.ice of beginning." Its greatest extent north 
 and south is 2S5 miles, and east and west 255 miles. Its land area is 53,924 square miles. 
 
 The natural feature peculiar to Wisconsin, s.iys J. "W. Hunt, Esq., in his Gazetteer of the State, published 1S5.3, is the 
 nniforinity of its elevation, and shape of its surface, which is neither mountainous, hilly, nor flat, but gently undulating. 
 The country west of Sugar River and south of the Wisconsin is somewhat broken, principally by the dividing ridge upon 
 which the road from Madison to Prairie du Chien passes. In this section, known as the Mines, are several peculiar 
 elevations called Mounds. West of the Wisconsin River is a range of high hills, being the only elevations in the State 
 either deserving or assuming the dignity of mountains. The south-eastern portion of the State is marked by ravines at 
 the streams, but little depressed below the surrounding level. Its prominent features are the prairie, destitute of tree or 
 shrub, covered only by a luxuriant growth of grass, interspersed with flowers of every hue ; the oak opening, the lake, 
 the woodland on the border of streams, and the natural meadow. Proceeding north, to the Fox and Wisconsin rivere, 
 and Green Bay, the timber inere.ises, and the soil gradu.iUy changes from the vegetable mold of the prairie to a sandy 
 loam. The surface also becomes somewhat depressed and uneven, diversified with timber, rolling prairie, large marshes 
 and extensive swamps, having an abundant growth of cranberries and wild rice. Still, north and west the surface be- 
 comes more uneven, and the streams rapid, afl'ording an abundance of water-power for the manufacture of lumber from 
 the immense forests of evergreen, scarcely surpassed on the Western Continent. . 
 
 The soil of the prairie consists of a dark brown vegetable mold, from one to two feet in depth, very mellow, and 
 entirely destitute of stone or gravel, and, for fertility and agricultural properties, can not be surpassed. The subsoil is a 
 clayish loam, similar to the soil of the timbered lands, and is also suitable for cultivation. The soil of the timbered land 
 is less rich than the prairie, not so deep, and contains less carbonate of lime, which enters into the composition of the 
 latter in the proportion of from 20 to 40 per cent. The mining region, unlike that of any other mineral district, promises 
 a liberal reward, as well to the farmer as to the miner. The soil of the evergreen district is mostly sandy, and not so rich 
 as in other portions of the State. It is nevertheless well adapted to agriculture and grazing. The prairies of Wisconsin 
 are not so extensive as those of other States, and are so skirted and belted by timber, that they are well adapted to imme- 
 diate and profitable occupation. The opcninr/s. which comprise a large portion of the finest land of the Slate, owe their 
 present condition to the action of the annual fires which have kept under all other forest growth, except those varieties 
 of oak which can withstand the sweep of that element. This annual burning of an exuberant growth of grasses and of 
 uiider-brush. has been adding, perhaps for ages, to the productive power of the soil, and preparing it for the plow- 
 share. It is the great fact, nature has thus " cleared up" Wisconsin to the hand of the settler, and enriched it by yearly 
 burnings, and has at the same time left sutficient timber on the ground for fence and Are wood, that explains, in a great 
 measure, the capjicity it has exhibited, and is now exhibiting, for rapid settlement and early maturity. There is another 
 fact important to be notied in this connection. The low level prairie, or natural mea<low, of moderate extent, is so 
 gener.illy distributed over the face of the country, that the settler on a fine section of arable land finds on his own farm, 
 or in his immediate neighborhood, abundant pasturage for his stock in summer, on the open range; and hay for the 
 winter for the cutting — the boimty of Nature supplying his need in this behalf till the cultivated grasses may be introduced 
 and become sufficient for his use. 
 
 The limestone underlying the coal fields of Illinois forms the immediate basis of the alluvion of Southern Wisconsin. 
 This geological district, in addition to that portion of the State which lies southerly of the valley of the Wisconsin 
 River, comprises the whole of the slope toward Lake Michig.in. In many portions of this district the lime rock dis- 
 appears, and the out-cropping standstone furnishes a fine materi,'il for building. The lead-bearing rock of the mineral 
 region is a porous limestone, prevailing throughout Grant. Lafayette, and Iowa counties, comprising four-fifths of the 
 "lead district" of the ITppcr Mississippi, the remaining one-fifth being in the States of Illinois and Iowa. DeposiU of 
 iron ore, water limestone, and beds of gypsum, together with other varieties of minerals, are found in localities more 
 or less numerous throughout the limestone region. All of that section of the State which lies between Lake Superior on 
 the north and the Falls of St. Anthony on the Mississippi, and the falls of the other rivers flowing southerly, is primitive 
 in its prevailing geological character; and it is within this primitive region that the copper mines of Lake Superior are 
 
THE STATE OF WISCONSIN. 
 
 found— probably the richest in the world, and apparently inexhaustible. In all that portion of the State lying between 
 the primitive region just described and the limestone formation of the south and east, the transition sandstone prevails, 
 interspersed with limestone and more sparsely with rock of a primitive character. This formation comprises that section 
 of the counlry drained by the Wisconsin and other rivers tributary to the Upper Mississippi and below the falls of those 
 streams. Within this geological district are found quarries of white marble, which promise to be abundant and valuable. 
 
 Wisconsin, says J. A. Lapham, Esq., does not fall behind the other portions of the Western country in the monu- 
 ments it aflfords of the existence of an ancient people who once inhabited North America, but of whom nothing is known 
 except what can be gathered from some of the results of their labors. The works at Aztalan, in Jefferson County, are 
 m(jst known and visited, but there are many other localities which are said to equal them in interest and importance. 
 The substance called brick at this place is evidently burned clay, showing marks of having been mixed with straw, but 
 they were not molded into regular forms. There is a class of ancient earth-works in Wisconsin, not before found in 
 any other country, being made to represent quadrupeds, birds, reptiles, and even the human form. These representa- 
 tions are rather rude, and it is often ditficult to decide for what species of animal they are intended ; but the effects of 
 time may have modified their appearance very much since they were originally formed. Some have a resemblance to 
 the buffalo, the eagle or crane, or to the turtle or lizard. One representing the human form, near the Blue Mounds, is, 
 according to E. C. Taylor, Esq., 120 feet in length; it lies in an east and west direction, the head toward the west, with 
 the arms and legs extended. The body or trunk is 30 feet in breadth, the head 25, and its elevation above the general 
 surface of the prairie is about 6 feet. Its conformation is so distinct that there can be no possibility of mistake in assign- 
 ing it to the human figure.* A mound at Prairieville, representing a turtle, is about 5 feet high, the body is 56 feet in length ; 
 it represents the animal with its legs extended and its feet turned backward. It is to be regretted that this interesting 
 mound is now nearly destroyed. The ancient works are found in all parts of the territory, but are most abundant at 
 Aztalan, on Rock Elver, near the Blue Mounds, along the Wisconsin, the Neenah, and the Pishtaka rivers, and near 
 Lake Winnebago. The mounds are generally scattered about without any apparent order or arrangement, but are 
 occasionally arranged in irregular rows, the animals appearing as if drawn up in a line of march. An instance of this 
 kind is seen near the road, seven miles east from the Blue Mounds, in Iowa County. At one place near the Four Lakes 
 it is said that one hundred tumuli, of various shapes and dimensions, may be counted — those representing animals being 
 among others that are round or oblong. Fragments of ancient pottery of a very rude kind are often found in various 
 localities. They were furmed by hand, or molded, as their appearance shows evidently that these vessels were not 
 turned on a " potter's wheel." Parts of the rim of vessels, usually ornamented with small notches or figures, are most 
 abundant. A mound is said to have been discovered near Cassville, on the Mississippi, which is supposed to represent 
 an animal having a trunk like the elephant, or the now extinct mastodon. Should this prove true, it will show that the 
 people who made these animal earth-works, were cotemporaries with that huge monster whose bones are still occasion- 
 ally found ; or that they had then but recently emigrated from Asia, and had not lost their knowledge of the elephant. 
 
 The salubrity of the climate (Mr. Lapham is again quoted), the purity of the atmosphere and of the water, which is 
 usually obtained from copious living springs, the coolness and short duration of summer, and the dryness of the air dur- 
 ing winter, all conspire to render Wisconsin one of the most healthy portions of the United States. The wet meadows, 
 marshes, and swamps are constantly supplied with pure water from springs; and as they are not exposed during summer 
 to a burning heat, they do not send forth those noxious and deleterious qualities so much dreaded in more southern and 
 less favored latitudes. Many of our most flourishing towns and settlements are in the immediate vicinity of large swamps 
 and partially overflown meadows, yet no injurious effects upon the general health are produced by them. It has usually 
 been found, in making new settlements in the Western wilderness, that as the forests are cleared away, and the surface 
 thereby exposed to the direct influence of the sun and winds, a deleterious effect is produced on the general health — the 
 decayins vegetable matter being thus suddenly made to send forth its malarious qualities. But in Wisconsin no such 
 result is apprehended, or can be produced, for a large proportion of the counlry consists of oak-opening and prairie, and 
 may therefore be considered as already cleared. The removal of the few remaining " burr oaks'' can not have the same 
 effect upon the soil as the cutting down of the dense forests of the other States. And besides this, the fires that have an- 
 nually raged over the surface, often kindled purposely by the Indians, on their hunting excursions, have prevented that 
 rapid accumulation of vegetable matter which is always found in deep shady woods, where the fires do not so often pene- 
 trate. It is believed that the facts here stated will be sufficient to satisfy the reader of the truth of the opinion expressed 
 by our most intelligent physicians, that Wisconsin is, and will continue to be, one of the most healthy places in the world. 
 
 The amount of lead shipped from Galena during the last year was 40,000,000 pcands, nine-tenths of which was raised 
 in Wisconsin. Considerable more than the remaining one-tenth of the amount above stated has been shipped from ports 
 in this State, from which it will be seen that this estimate is small. To the practical miner, as capitalist or operative, the 
 lead region of the Upper Mis.sissippi offers the most substantial inducements to settlement. The exceeding abundance 
 and richness of the mineral, the comparative ease with which it may be mined, and the high price it commands the mo- 
 ment it is brought to the surface, open to the industrious and prudent operator a highway to wealth. New leads of the 
 richest promise have been recently discovered in the mineral district, and an increasing emigration to that section of the 
 State promises to replace the California draff, and to meet the growing demand for the mineral. 
 
 The copper mines of Lake Superior are of established celebrity throughout the world, and open an inviting field for 
 enterprise. The mining interest in that region is fast losing its character of adventure, and is attracting the attention of 
 the prudent capitalist and the practical miner, as a remunerative branch of business. 
 
 The iron mines of Wisconsin have not yet been opened to any extent, but are worthy the attention of the immigrant. 
 There are rich localities of ore near the head-waters of the Eock, and on the Upper Mississippi and its branches. 
 
 The following statement exhibits the shipment of lead from Galena from the year 1S41 to 1S52 inclusive, and the value 
 of the same at four dollars per hundred weight: 
 
 Years. No.nf P,„iii.l3. 
 
 1S41 29.749,909 
 
 1S42 29,424.329 
 
 1843 36,ST8,797 
 
 1S44 41.036,293.... 
 
 Value 
 
 Years. 
 
 $1,189,996 
 
 1S45. . 
 
 1.176.973 
 
 1S4G.. 
 
 1,475,151 
 
 1847.. 
 
 1,641,451 
 
 1848.. 
 
 No. of Pounds, ValiiR. 
 
 . . .51.144.822 $2,04,5.792 
 
 ...48.007.9.38 1.920,317 
 
 ...50.999.303 2.039.972 
 
 ...49,783,737 1,991.349 
 
 Years, No. of Pounds. Value. 
 
 1849 45,985.8.39 $1,839,433 
 
 1850 41,485.900 1,659,436 
 
 1851 34,500,334 1 ,380,015 
 
 1S52 40,000,000 1,600,000 
 
 * Tlie reader is referred to the '• Notice of Indian Mounds, etc.. in Wisconsin."' in Silliman's Journal, vol. .Txxiv. p. 8>i, l>y R. C. Taylor, : 
 to the "Description of Ancient Remains in Wisconsin," by S. T.aylor, vol. xUv. p. 21, uf the same work, for mote detailed descriptions 
 drawings of tliese interesting animal mounds. 
 
 299 
 
THE STATE OF WISCONSIN. 
 
 There are also large quantities of lead shipped at different points along the Wisconsin and Mississii)pi rivers, the precise 
 amount of which no data has been furnished upon ivhich an intelligent estimate can be made. In reviewing the forego- 
 ing statement, it should be recollected that Wisconsin is rapidly increasing, not only in population and wealth, but in the 
 amount and quality of its resources, manufactures, and products. 
 
 The richness of the soil of Wisconsin, and ils ability to produce in abundance all kinds of grain, as well as the facility 
 by which the lands are brought under subjection, create a permanent demawl for all kinds of agricultural implements 
 and mechanical labor. Architectural elegance in public and private buildings, and elaborate perfection in complicated 
 machinery is not to be expected in new seltlements ; but many of them in Wisconsin compare favorably with those of the 
 older States. The rapid growth of towns, and the great influx of farmers with their families, create a necessity for tem- 
 porary buildings, soon to be superseded by comfortable dwellings and out-houses, and give constant employ for the mason, 
 the carpenter, and all other mechanics. The immense flimriiig-mills of the State already in operation, as well as those in 
 progress of erection, provide labor for the millwright and machinist, and furnish not only their respective vicinities with 
 all kinds of mill stuff, but more than 100,000 barrels of flour annually for exportation. 
 
 To the lumberman, the pineries of Wisconsin present inducements for investment and settlement, which can be hardly 
 overrated. That of the Upper Wisconsin and its tril)utarie8 is the most extensive ; and distinguished still more for the 
 fine quality than the inexhaustible quantities of its timber. The other localities of the white pine and other evergreens 
 are mainly on the Wolf, the great northern affluent of the Fox, the tributaries of Green Bay, and on the La Crosse, the 
 Black, Chippewa, and the St. Croix, branches of the Upper Mississippi. The rapids of these streams furnish abundant 
 water-power for Ihe manufaolure of lumber, and on the annual spring rise, and occasional freshets at other seasons of the 
 year, the yielil of the mills is floated from the Wolf into Lake Winnebago and the Lower Fox, and from most of the other 
 streams into the Mississippi. Scarcely ten years have elapsed since the Alleghany pine of Western New York and Penn- 
 sylvania had undisputed possession of the market, not only of the Ohio Valley, but of the Mississippi and its tributaries 
 above New Orlearis, at which point it competed with the lumber of Maine and New Brunswick. The course of the 
 lumber trade may now be considered as permanently changed. The pineries of Wisconsin now control, and will hold 
 exclusive possession of the market of the valleys of the Mississippi and its great western affluents. The amount of pine 
 lumber estimated to be sawed in Wisconsin annually, is as follows: Black River, 15.0 0,000; Chippewa, 28,.500,000 ; 
 Green Bay, 21,000,000; Manitouwoc, 24,500,000 ", St. Croix, 20,000,000; Wisconsin, 58,500,000; Wolf, 25,500,000— total 
 number of feet, 193,000,000. 
 
 Aside from the manufacture of pine lumber, reaching as it does nearly 200,000,000 feet per year, saw-mills, driven 
 by both steam and hydraulic power, are now in operation in every section of the State where timber is found, and large 
 quantities of oak .scantling and plank, and basswood siding and lath, are yearly manufactured. 
 
 Wisconsin is divided into 31 counties, the general statistics of which, and the capitals of each, in 1S50, were as follows : 
 
 Fh 
 
 Ma 
 
 uf. 
 
 Adams 40.. 187. 
 
 Brown 1,003.. 6.215. 
 
 Calumet 383.. 1,74:?. 
 
 Chippewa 94.. 614. 
 
 Columbia 1,85.T 
 
 Crawford 571 
 
 i,>,:ult. E»t;,b. Capitals. 
 
 C. O..Ad.imsC. H. 
 190.. 27..DePere 
 125.. 4..Stockbridge 
 0.. 3..ChippewaC.H 
 
 9,565.. 8.33.. 24.. Ft. Winnebago : Portage 204.. 1,250 
 
 2.49S 80.. 11.. Prair. du Chien ! Racine 2,578. .14,973 
 
 Counties. nwell. 
 
 Manitouwoc 715. 
 
 Marathon 76. 
 
 Marquette 1,778. 
 
 Milwaukie 
 
 Pop. 
 
 3,702.. 
 
 503.. 
 
 8,642.. 
 
 Ma 
 
 ■if. 
 
 Capitals, 
 
 35 . . 22 . . Matiitouwoc E. 
 7.. 15. .Wausau 
 327.. 7.. Marquette 
 5,630. .81,077. . 935. .236. .Milwaukie 
 
 5.. 15.. Plover Portage 
 971.. 104.. Racine 
 
 Dane 3.203. .16,641 . .1,501. . 87. .Madison 
 
 Dodge 3.600.. 19,1.38.. 2,182.. 28.. Juneau 
 
 Fond du Lac... 2,721.. 14,463.. 921.. 16.. Fond du Lac 
 
 704. 
 
 78 
 
 .Lancaster 
 
 763. 
 
 45. 
 
 .Monroe 
 
 470. 
 
 24. 
 
 .Mineral Point 
 
 982. 
 
 74. 
 
 .Jefferson 
 
 914. 
 
 51. 
 
 .Kenosha 
 
 S99. 
 
 21. 
 
 .Shullsburg. 
 
 5. 
 
 1. 
 
 . La Pointe 
 
 Richland 178.. 90S.. 58.. 4. .Richland Cent, 
 
 Rock 3,618. .20,708. .1,965. .125. . Jaiiesville 
 
 Saint Croix 181.. 624.. 4.. 2.. Willow River 
 
 Sauk 844.. 4,.371.. 245.. 7..Baraboo 
 
 Sheboygan 1 ,7s3 . . 8,378 . . 328 . . 29 . . Sheboygan 
 
 Walworth 8.112. .17,861.. 1.8S4. . 81..Elkboru 
 
 Wa.shington . ...8,770. .19,484. .1.3E3. . 22.. Ozaukee 
 
 Waukesha 3,4(i8 . .19,174. .1,703. . 73. .Waukesha 
 
 Winnebago . ...1,889.. 10,125.. 338.. 32..0shkosh 
 
 Grant 2,S61. .16,170. . 
 
 Grecno 1.4S1.. 8.563.. 
 
 Iowa 1,846 . . 9,530. . 
 
 Jefferson 2,9.34. .15,317. . 
 
 Kenosha 1.S12.. 10.732. . 
 
 Lafityette 2,076. .11,541. . 
 
 La Pointe 74.. 489.. 
 
 The whole number of dwellings in the State was, at the above date, 56,316; of femilies, 57,603; and of inhabitants, 
 805.191 ; viz., whites 304,565— mules 164,221, and females 140,344; fr. col. 626— males 365, and females 201. Of the whole 
 population there were, deaf and dumb—y/\\. 65, fV. col. — total 65; Mind—wh. 50, fr. col. 0— total 50; riiMine—v/h. 43, 
 fr. col. — total 48; and idiotic — wh. 76, fr. col. 1 — total 77. The number of free persons born in the United States was 
 197,912, the number of foreign birth 106,695. and of birth unknown 784. The itative population originated as Ibllows: 
 Maine 3,2.'32, N. Ilamp. 2,.520, Verm. 10,157, Mass. 6,28.5, R. I. 690, Conn. 4,125, N. York 68,595, N. Jer. 1,506. Penn. 9,571, 
 Del. 141, Mil. 462. Dist. of Col. 88. Virg. 1,611, N. Car. 822, S. Car. 107, Ga. 495, Flor. 4, Ala. 49, Miss. 85, La. 78, Tex. 4« 
 Ark. 67, Tenii. 449, Ky. 1,429, Ohio 11,402, Mich. 1.900, Ind. 2.7T3, 111. 5.292, Mo. 1,012, la. 445, Wi^cmifiin 63,015, Calif. 0, 
 Territories 26 ; and the foreign i)opulation was composed of persons from — England 18.952, Ireland 21,043, Scotland 3,527, 
 Wales 4,819, Germany 34.519, France 775, Spain 4, Portugal 4, Belgium 45, Holland 1,157, Italy 9. Austria 61, Switzcrlan<i 
 1,244, Russia 71, Denmark 146, Norway 8.651, Sweden 88, Prussia .3,545, Sardinia 1, Greece 1, Asia 17, Africa 1, British 
 America S,277, Mexico 9, Central America 11, South America 6, West Indies 20, and other countries 191. 
 
 The following table will show the decennial progress of the population since the first general census of the State : 
 
 ColnreJ Persons. Decennial Im-rease. 
 
 Census ■Wl.ite , ^ , T.'tal , — ^-. ■■ , 
 
 Years. Persons. Free. Slave. Total. Population. Numerical. Percent, 
 
 1840 80.749 185 11 196 30,945 — — 
 
 1850 804,565 626 — 626 805,191 274,246 886.2 
 
 The general statistics of the resources, productions, manufactures, wealth, and institutions of Wisconsin, in accordance 
 with the census of 1850, and other authentic reports referring to the same period of time, are as follows: 
 
 Occiipied Landtt, cte.— Improved farm lands, 1,045,499 acres, and unimproved lands. 1,931.1.59 acres— together valued 
 at $28,528,503. The total number of furivm in operation on the 1st June, 1850, was 20,177. Value of farming implemeuta 
 and machinery $1,641,508 
 300 
 
THE STATE OF WISCONSIN. 
 
 Live-Stock. — Horses, 30,179; asses and mules, 156; milch cows, 64,339 ; working-oxen, 42,801; othercattle, 76,293; sheep, 
 124,892 ; and swine, 159,276. The live-stock of 1S40 and of 1350 compared, give the following results : 
 
 Live-stock. IWO. IKSO. 
 
 H"""^^'-;-;-, \ 5.TS5head \ ^^'l^f ^^f^ \ 24,600 head, or 42S.9perceut 
 
 Asses and Mules ' < 156 " ) 
 
 Milch Cows ^ i 64,339 " \ 
 
 Working Oxen V 80,269 " < 42,801 " V 153,164 « or 506.0 « 
 
 Other Cattle ) I 70,293 " > 
 
 Sheep 34,624 « 124,892 " 121,430 « or 3,507.5 '< 
 
 Swine 51,383 " 159,276 " 107,893 " or 209.8 " 
 
 — in 1850, the value of live-stock amounted to $4,879,385. 
 
 Products nf Animals. — Wool, 253,963 pounds; butter, 3,633,750 pounds; cheese, 400,283 pounds; and the value of 
 animals slaughtered in the year had been $920,178. The wool crop of the census year of 1840 amounted to 6,777 pounds ; 
 and hence that of 1850 exhibits an increase of 247,186 pounds, or of 3,499.8 per centum. The clip per fleece, in 1S40, 
 was 31.3 ounces, and in 1S50, 32.5 ounces — being an average increase of 1.2 ounces per fleece. 
 
 6rai?i Crops.— Vfheat, 4,286,131 bushels ; rye, 81,253 bushels ; Indian corn, 1,988,779 bushels ; oats, 3,414,672 bushels ; 
 barley, 209,692 bushels ; and buckwheat, 79,878 bushels. These crops, compared with the crops of 1840, result as follows : 
 
 Cnips, 1840. 1850. Increase. 
 
 Wheat 212,116 bushels 4,286,131 bushels 4,074,015 bushels, or 1,920.6 per cent. 
 
 Rye 1.965 " 81,253 " 79,288 " or 4,0-35.1 " 
 
 Indian corn 379,359 " 1,988,979 " 1,609,620 « or 426.0 " 
 
 Oats 406,514 " 3,414,672 " 3,008,153 " or 739.8 " 
 
 Barley 11,062 " 209,692 " 198,6.30 " orl,795.6 " 
 
 Buckwheat 10,654 " T9,S78 « 69,224 " or 649.8 " 
 
 Other Food Crops. — Peas and beans, 20,657 bushels ; potatoes, Irish, 1,402,077 bushels, and sweet 879 bushels. The 
 potato crop of 1840 amounted to 419,608 bushels ; and hence the crop of 1850 exhibits an increase of 983,348 bushels, or 
 234.3 per centum. 
 
 ilisceUctneom Crops.— ToUacco, 1,268 pounds; hay, 275,662 tons; clover-seed, 483, and other grass-seed, 342 bushels; 
 hops, 15,9-30 pounds ; hemp— dew-rotted, 300 tons, and — water-rotted, 2 tons ; flax, 68,-393 pounds ; flax-.seed, 1,191 bushels ; 
 maple sugar, 610,976 pounds; molasses, 9,874 gallons; beeswax and honey, 131,005 pounds; wine, 113 gallons, etc, etc. 
 Value of orchard products, $4,823, and of market-garden products, $32,142. The principal crops, compared with similar 
 crops of 1840, exhibit the results appended : 
 
 Crops, IB-10. 185(1. Increase. 
 
 Hay 30,938 tons 275.662 tons 244,724 tons or 802.6 percent. 
 
 Hops 133pounds 15,9-30 pounds 15,797 pounds, or 11,125,5 " 
 
 Horap — dew-rotted ... \ t 300 tons j 
 
 " water-rotted... V 2 tons ■< 2 " (-..744,392 " or 16,526.6 " 
 
 Flax J I 68,893 pounds ' 
 
 Maple-sugar 135,288 pounds 610,976 " 475,688 " or 851.6 " 
 
 Wine gallons 113 gallons 113 gallons or 11,300.0 " 
 
 ITome-made manufactures were produced, in the year ending 1st June, 1850, to the value of $43,621. The same class 
 of goods made in the census year of 1840, was valued at $12,567. 
 
 Miiniifactures. — Aggregate capital invested, $ ; value of all raw material, fuel, etc., consumed, $ ; average 
 
 number of hands employed, — males , and females ; monthly cost of labor, $ —to males $ 
 
 and to females $ ; value of products of the year, $ The whole number of manufacturing establishments in 
 
 operation on the 1st June, 1850, and manufacturing to the value of $500 and upward annually, was 1,273, the great 
 portion of them being mills of various descriptions, and other agricultural manufactories, and of the strictly national man- 
 ufactures the following : 9 woolen factories, 16 iron works — one making pig iron, and 15 making castings ; and 8 tanneries. 
 The total capital invested in manufactures, in 1840, amounted to $035,926. 
 
 In the woolen manufacture there is a capital of $31,225 invested; wool consumed, 1-34,200 pounds ; value of all raw 
 material, etc., $32,630; hands employed, 25 ; monthly wages paid, $562; products of the year — cloth 36,000 yards, and 
 yarn 94,350 pounds ; value of products $87,992. This interest has risen to its present condition since 1840. 
 
 The capital invested in the manufacture of pig iron is $15,000 ; ore used, 3,000 tons ; coke and charcoal consumed, 
 150,000 bushels ; hands employed, 60 ; monthly wages $1,800 ; pig iron produced in the year, 1,000 tons ; value of entire 
 products, -$27,000. 
 
 In the manufacture of iron castings, a capital of $116,350 is invested ; pig iron used, 1,371 tons: old metal, 15 tons; 
 coal 595 tons; and coke and charcoal, 2,700 bushels; value of all raw material, etc., used in the year, $86,930 ; hands 
 employed, 228 ; average monthly wages, $26 73 ; products of the year — castings 1,342 tons, and, including $64,025, the 
 value of other products, these were valued at $216,195, In 1840, there was but one furnace in the State, which produced 
 only 3 tons cast iron, and employed 3 hands, and a capital of $800. 
 
 In tanneries, the capital invested amounts to $78,950 ; value of hides and skins used, $93,380 ; hands employed, 75 ; 
 monthly cost of labor, $1,710 ; tanned during the year, 14,900 skins, and 59,600 sides of leather, valued at $175,710. In 
 1840, but owe tannery was reported, employing 3 hands and $2,000, and producing annually 150 sides of sole leather, and 
 150 sides of upper leather. 
 
 The capital invested in the manufacture of malt and spirituous liquors amounts to $98,700; quantities and kinds of 
 grain, etc., consumed— barley, 91,020 bushels; corn, 29,900 bushels; rye, 9,200 bushels; hops, 28 tons; hands employed, 
 98 ; quantities of liquors produced— ale, etc., 31,320 barrels ; whisky, 127,000 gallons. In 1840, there were 3 breweries, 
 producing 14,200 gallons ale, etc., and 3 distilleries, producing 8,800 gallons spirits, etc., together employing 11 hands, and 
 a capital of $14,400. 
 
 Commerce and Litemal Improvements. — The commerce of Wisconsin, chiefly carried on at its lake ports, is very 
 valuable and extensive. The statistics of its foreign trade with Canada are embraced in those of the districts of Mich- 
 
 SOl 
 
THE STATE OF WISCONSIN. 
 
 illimackinac and Chicago, and hence can not be stated separately. The trade in that direction, however, is not large. 
 The coasliiig trade is relatively of immense importance, both on the lake and on the Mississippi. The exports and im- 
 ports at the lake ports are shown under the head of Lake Michigan. The chief ports of the Mississippi are Prairie du 
 Chien, Cassville, etc., and the exports from those are chiefly mineral. The internal commerce of the Slate is carried on 
 with great activity, ra<liating from the principal commercial towns to every portion, and large supplies are needed in the 
 northern pineries, which supply so valuable a material to general commerce. The internal improvements of Wisconsin 
 are more prospective than existing, but great progress has been maile in building railroads, one of which will exten<l along 
 the lake shore Ironr Chicago to Fond du Lac, and other roads diverge from Chicago, Milwaukie, etc., toward the Mis- 
 sissippi, centering at Madison. A line will also extend from the latter point to Portage City on the north, and to Beloit 
 and Janesville on the south, and these will be carried to a junction with the Galena and Chicago Union K. K. The only 
 line yet complete is that from Milwaukie to Madison, which, under the name of Milwaukie and Mississippi R. K., will 
 stretch across the State. The improvement of Fox and Wisconsin rivers is in progress, with the intention ultimately of 
 connecting the rivers by a canal, and thus giving uninterrupted navigation from the lake to the Mississippi. 
 
 Banks. — The only banking institutions of the State, of which the names are known in the markets are, the Milwaukie 
 Bank, Kichmond's Exchange Bank, and the Wisconsin Marine and Fire Insurance Company, all at Milwaukie. The 
 Slate constitution does not recognize banks of any description. 
 
 Government. — The constitution now in force was adopted in convention on the 1st February, ISiS, and approved by 
 the people at the election held in April following. 
 
 All males 21 years old, residents of the State for one year next before the election, who are white citizens of the United 
 States, or white foreigners who have declared their intention to become such citizens, or persons of Indian blood once 
 declared by the laws of the United States to be citizens, subsequent laws to the contrary notwithstanding, or "civilized 
 persons of Indian descent'' not members of a tribe, are entitled to vote at all elections ; and the right of suffrage may 
 be extended by a law approved by a majority of votes at a general election. The exceptions refer to incompetent persons 
 and those convicted of treason or crime. The general elections are held ou the Tuesday after the first Monday in 
 November annually. 
 
 The Legidature consists of an Assembly and Senate. Members of the Assembly (in number between 54 and 100) are 
 chosen aimually, and Senators (not more than one-third nor less than one-fourth the number of Assemblymen) are chosen 
 for two years, one-half each year. Both must be qualified voters in their districts. An apportionment is made after 
 each federal census and after each decennial State census, the first of which will be taken in 1S55. The Legislature 
 meets at Madison on the first Monday of January annually. 
 
 The Governor shall be a qualified voter and citizen of the United States, and is chosen for two years by a plurality of 
 votes, and if there be no choice the Legislature shall, by joint ballot, choose one of the persons having the highest equal 
 number of votes. In default of the governor, his duties are discharged by the Lieutenant-governor, who is chosen with 
 the same qualification and for the same term as the governor. He is eas-officio President of the Senate. If the Lieutenant- 
 governor defaults, then the Secretary of State fills the office. The governor's veto may be defeated by a vole of two- 
 thirds of the members present in each house. 
 
 The Judiciary is comprised in a Supreme Court, Circuit Courts, County Courts, and Justices of the Peace. Justices 
 of the Peace are elected in the several towns, hold office two years, and h.ive jurisdiction throughout their counties in 
 civil matters when the debt or damages claimed do not exceed $100. A county court is established in each county, and 
 the judge is elected by the voters of the county for the term of four years; his court has jurisdiction concurrent with the 
 circuit courts in all civil actions arising within the county, and in civil actions originating out of the county, when the 
 damages claimed are not more than .$.500, and exclusive appellate jurisdiction in all cases of appeal or certiorari from 
 justices of the peace, also probate powers and jurisdiction. The State is divided into six judicial circuits, the voters of 
 each of -which elect a judge for six years. The circuit courts have general original jurisdiction in actions civil and 
 criminal at law and equity within their circuits. The supreme court is composed of the judges of the circuits, one of 
 •whom is elected by the other judges Chief Justice. Except the power to issue writs of mandamus, quo warranto, 
 and the like, this court has appellate jurisdiction only, and is the court of last resort. There can bo no trial by jury in 
 this court. Tribunals of conciliation may be established, and in every organized county the Legislature may appoint 
 one or more persons with powers not exceeding those of a circuit judge at chambers. Sherifls, coroners, registrars of 
 deeds, and district attorneys arc chosen by the people for two years. 
 
 Among the miscellaneous provisions of the constitution are the following : no lottery or divorce can be granted by the 
 Legislature ; laws shall be passed providing a way for suing the State ; the credit of the State shall never be lent, nor 
 shall any debt be contracted nor money paid for internal improvements, unless the State hold trust property dedicated to 
 such uses ; except in cases of war, invasion, or insurrection, no debt exceeding $100,000 shall be contracted ; a university 
 without " sectarian instruction" shall be established ; the Legislature shall prevent towns and cities from contracting 
 debts ; no general or special law to create a bank or banks shall be passed till a majority of Ihe votes at a general elec- 
 tion shall have been in favor of a bank, and until such a majority have afterward api)roved the act as passed ; any 
 person implicated in a duel loses the right of suffrage and of holding office ; no public defaulter shall hold office ; in 
 criminal prosecutions for libel the jury are judges of law and fact; all lands are allodial, and leases of agricultural lands, 
 with rent or service reserved for more than fifteen years, are void ; resident aliens have all the property rights of 
 citizens ; imprisonment for debt on contract is prohibited ; no religious opinions shall disqualify a witness, etc. 
 
 Amendments to the constitution, agreed to by a majority of members of both houses, shall be published for three 
 months before the next election, and referred to the Legislature then chosen ; and if again approved by such majority, 
 shall be submitted to the people. A convention may be called in like mjinner. 
 
 Federal Itepresentation. — Wisconsin, in accordance with the apportionment act of the 23rd May, 1850, has three rep- 
 resentatives in the United States Congress. 
 
 The militia force of the State as reported to the Adjutant-General of the United States army consists of 32,203 men of 
 all arms, of which 1,804 are commissioned officers, and 30,399 non-commissioned officers, musicians, artificers, and pri- 
 vates. Of the commissioned officers, 9 are general officers, 31 general staff officers, 212 field officers, etc., and 1,552 com- 
 pany officers. 
 
 The principal benevolent institution of the State is the Asylum for the Education of the Blind at Janesville, a tax ol 
 one-fifteenth of a mill ou every dollar of taxable property in the State is levied for its aid. It was opened 1st August, 
 1S50, and on the 18th December, 1S51, had 8 pupils — 6 boys and 2 girls. Annual cost of support, $1,830. 
 
THE STATE OF WISCONSIN. 
 
 Finances, Debt, etc. — The total receipts for the year ending Slst December, 1850, amounted to $93,8S9 53, and 
 the expenditures to $62,746 20. The total receipts since the organization of the State government had been to date, 
 $160,218 53, and the total expenditures, $152,969 61 — excess of receipts, $7,248 92. The chief sources of revenue are 
 taxes and the sales of lands. The principal expenditures are those— for salaries of executive and judicial officers, 
 13,592 33 ; ligislative expenses, $14,309 58 ; printing, $8,793 44 ; State convicts (there being no prison), $3,093 52 ; mis- 
 cellaneous (including revision of statutes in 1S49), $16,856 59. There is a territorial deM of $12,892 75, which would be 
 due in June, 1851. 
 
 Stdtistics of Education. — The superintendent of public instruction reported the capital of the school fund as amount- 
 ing on the 1st June, 1851, to $538,094 41, which at 7 per cent, interest yielded an annual revenue of $37,666 61. This had 
 been derived from sales of school-lands in 1849 and 1850, from the 5 per cents., and from fines. It is expected that 
 $5,301,943 44 will be eventually realized from the sales of the school-lands. The sum of $47,416 77 was, Jan. 1st., 1851, 
 in the treasury, to be apportioned among the several towns, which would give about 50 cents for each child attending 
 school. For the year ending August Ist, 1850, out of 2,105 districts. 1,700, and out of 764 part districts, 650 had reiwirted 
 schools. In the districts reported, each school had been taught on an average 4.96 months, and all received $65,604 26 
 of public money. Out of 92,047 children between the ages of 4 and 20, 61,597 attended schools, and 1,020 under 4, and 
 6S8over 20, also attended. Average wages to teachers — male $17 14, and female $9 02. There were at the date indicated 
 38 school-houses of brick, 51 of stone, 568 of logs, and 540 framed, and all valued at $173,246 67. The highest valuation 
 of any school-house was $5,000, and the lowest, 5 cents. There were also in the State 87 private or select schools, with 
 an average of 75 pupils. The State University is located at Madison ; it was founded in 1848, and is well endowed. The 
 Beloit College was founded in 1846, and in 1850 had 6 professors, and 25 students ; and its library contained about 2,000 
 volumes. These institutions promise to be of essential utility when their organization is perfected. 
 
 Public Librarieji. — One State library — 4,000 volumes; 1 social — 1,000 volumes; 33 public school — 2,163; total, 35 
 libraries and 7,163 volumes. — Report of Lib/: of Smithsonian Iiustitution, 1851. 
 
 Periodical Pretii: — The whole number of periodicals published in Wisconsin in 1850 was 49, of which 11 were con- 
 ducted on whig principles, 29 on democratic principles, and 9 were neutral in politics, including literary, religious, and all 
 Issues, the character of which had not been ascertained. Of the whole number, 6 were daily newsjxipers, 5 tri-weeklies, 
 36 weeklies, and 1 monthly. The circulation of the dailies amounted to 3,365 copies at each issue, the tri-weeklies to 
 1,525 copies, the weeklies to 25,624 copies, and the monthly to 1,500 copies. There was published in Brown county, in 
 Columbus and in Crawford cfmnty, each 1 w. ; in Dane, 3 w. ; in Fond du Lac, 2 w. ; in Greene and Grant, each 1 w. ; 
 in Jefferson, 2 w. ; in Kenosha, 2 w. ; in Milwaukie, 6 d., 5 1.- w., 6 w. ; in Eacine, 4 w. and 1 m. ; in Rock, 3 w. ; in Sauk, 
 1 w. ; in Sheboygan, 3 w. ; in St. Croix and Washington, each 1 w. ; in Winnebago, 2 w. ; and in Walworth and Wauke- 
 sha, each 1 weekly. 
 
 Religious Denominations. — The statistics of the several religious denominations in the State in 1850 were as follows • 
 
 Denornina- No of 
 
 Church 
 
 Value of 
 
 Deriomina- No, of 
 
 Church 
 
 Vahieof 
 
 Denornina- N 
 
 o. of 
 
 Church 
 
 Value of 
 
 tiois. Churclies 
 
 accom. 
 
 Property. 
 
 tions. Churches. 
 
 accom. 
 
 Property. 
 
 tions. Ch 
 
 irches. 
 
 .iccom. 
 
 Property 
 
 Baptist 28 . . 
 
 . 9,505.. 
 
 ..$52,500 
 
 German Ref. — . . 
 
 . — .. 
 
 ..$ - 
 
 E. Catholic... 
 
 57.. 
 
 . .23,717. 
 
 .$66,085 
 
 Christian 2 .. 
 
 . 700.. 
 
 . . 1,200 
 
 Jewish — . . 
 
 . — .. 
 
 .. — 
 
 Swedenbo'n.. 
 
 — - .. 
 
 .. — .. 
 
 .. — 
 
 Congregat'l.. 33 .. 
 
 ..10,585. 
 
 .. 61,260 
 
 Lutheran ... IS . . . 
 
 . 5,000.. 
 
 .. 13,650 
 
 Tunker 
 
 — .. 
 
 . — .. 
 
 .. — 
 
 Dutch Ref... 2... 
 
 . 550.. 
 
 750 
 
 Mennonite. . . — . . 
 
 . — .. 
 
 .. — 
 
 Union 
 
 1 .. 
 
 . 400.. 
 
 .. 800 
 
 Episcopal . . 19 . . 
 
 . 5,140. 
 
 .. 46,750 
 
 Methodist.... &4 .. 
 
 .15,008. 
 
 .. 62,430 
 
 Unitarian 
 
 — .. 
 
 - — .. 
 
 .. — 
 
 Free 2.. 
 
 . 275.. 
 
 250 
 
 Moravian — . . . 
 
 . — .. 
 
 .. — 
 
 Universalist.. 
 
 1 .. 
 
 . 300.. 
 
 .. 8,000 
 
 Friends — . . 
 
 . — .. 
 
 — 
 
 Presbyterian. 21 .. 
 
 ..6,000.. 
 
 .. 35,800 
 
 Minor Sects . . 
 
 — .. 
 
 . — .. 
 
 .. — 
 
 — making a total of 244 churches, having accommodation for 78,450 persons, and valued at $350,600. Wisconsin forms 
 a missionary diocese of the Protestant Episcopal Church, and comprises the Roman Catholic diocese of Milwaukie. 
 
 Pauperism and Crime. — The whole immber of paupers who received support within the year ending 1st June, 1850, 
 was 666, of which number 169 were native, and 497 foreign born; and the whole number of paupers at the date specified 
 was 338, of which 72 were natives, and 166 foreigners. Cost of support within the year, $14,743. A State prison has 
 just been erected at Waupun,in Fond du Lac County. 
 
 HiHtorical Sketch.* — Wisconsin was first visited by French missionaries in 1660, in October of which year Mesnard 
 reached Che-goi-me-gon, on Lake Superior. In 1672, Aloues and Dablon visited Green Bay, and the country between 
 the Fox River and the south end of Lake Michigan. In the year following, on the 13th of May, Marquette, a Jesuit mis- 
 sionary, and Joliet, an agent of the government of France, with five other Frenchmen, embarked from their mission, nea 
 Mackinac, and arrived at Green Bay, where they found an Indian village and procured guides to accompany them up 
 Fox River to the Portage with the Wisconsin. They descended this river to its mouth, where they arrived on the 17th 
 of June, 1673, and made the first discovery of the Upper Mississippi River. The Territory remained under the govern- 
 ment of the French, who claimed it, until 1763, when, at the treaty of Paris, it was ceded to Great Britain, who retained 
 it until the Independence of the United States was acknowledged by that country in 1783, when it was claimed by Vir- 
 ginia, as a part of the Illinois country conquered by Col. George Rogers Clark. It, however, remained in the possession 
 of Great Britain until 1796, when it was surrendered in accordance with Jay's treaty, ratified the previous year. On the 
 first day of March, 1784, it was ceded by Virginia to the United States. By the celebrated ordinance passed the 13th of 
 July, 1787, a government was provided for the Territory north-west of the Ohio River, which territory was divided into 
 two separate governments, the western called Indiana, by an act passed May 7th, 1800. An act dividing the Indiana 
 Territory and organizing Illinois, was passed and approved February 8d, 1S09. By the act of Congress to enable the 
 people of Illinois to form a State government, approved April 18th, 1818, all that portion of said territory north of the 
 parallel of latitude 42° 30' west of the middle of Lake Michigan, was attached to the Territory of Michigan, which had 
 been set off from Indiana in 1805. 
 
 In 1835, Michigan having assumed a State government, John 8. Homer, Secretary and Acting Governor, convened a 
 session of the Legislature, at Green Bay, from the remainder of said Territory. No business was transacted, except the 
 
 • This sketch of the history of Wisconsin is taken from " Hunt's Gazetteer" of that State, advance sheets of which were kindly furnished to the 
 Editor of the S, G. of U. S. It is a work of great Talue, and reflects high credit on the industry and ability of the learned author. 
 
 303 
 
 58 
 
THE STATE OF WISCONSIN. 
 
 passage of several memorials to Congress, among which was one askiug for the organization of the Territory of ■Wiscon- 
 sin, with the scat of government at Casisville, on the Mississippi. 
 
 An act establisliing the Territorial government of Wisconsin, was passed and approved April 20th, 18S6, and the Terri- 
 tor)' fully organizeil July 4th, 1S36. 
 
 On the 12th of June, 1S.3S, an act was passed dividing the Territory of Wisconsin, and establishing that portion on the 
 west side of the Mississippi (which had been attached to Michigan iu 1SS4) into a separate government, under the name 
 of Iowa. 
 
 In 1S36, Governor Dodge, by proclamation dated Sept. 9th, convened the Legislature at Belmont, now in Lafayette 
 County, on the 25th day of October in that year. The second session was held at Burlington, now in the State of Iowa, 
 November 6th, 1S37. at which session the seat of government was located at Madison, where the first session of the 2d 
 Legislative Assembly of Wisconsin was held November 26th, 1S3S. 
 
 A Convention was held at Madison, Oetol)er 5th, 1S46, for the purpose of drafting a State constitution, which wag 
 adopted in convention, December IGth, 1840, but rejected by the people at the election held on the first Tuesday in April, 
 1847. A second convention was held December 16th, 1S47. and a constitution agreed to February 1st, 1S48, which was 
 approved of by the electors at the election held April, 1S48, and Wisconsin was admitted into the Union, on an equal 
 footing with the other States, on the 29lh day of May, 1848. 
 
 Succe^ision of Governorn.—TEHKiTORixi. Govkrnoks: Henry Dodge, 1836; James D. Doty, 1842; Nathaniel P. 
 Tallmadge, 1844; Henry Dodge, 1845 ; and — Constitutional Goveknoks: Nelson Dewey, 1848; Nelson Dewey, 1850; 
 Leonard J. Farwell, 1852. 
 
 Madison, on the isthmus between Third and Fourth Lake, is the political capital. 
 804 
 

 
 ^^i;liliiliilliillllillii;l:!il, 
 
ACCOUNT OF THE CHIEF PLACES 
 
 UNITED STATES OF AMERICA. 
 
 Aberdeen, p. v., and cap. Monroe co., 3fiss. : on the W. 
 bank of the Tombigbee r., 830 m. from its mouth, and 142 m. 
 N. E. Jackson. Steamboats ascend the r. from Mobile for 7 
 months in the j'ear, and during high flood have gone 40 
 miles above. It is a village of recent date, but is already 
 the most thriving place in the N. E. part of the State, and 
 the depOt of a large portion of the prairie section, the staple 
 of which is and ever will be cotton. Between 35,000 and 
 40,000 bags of this article are annually sent down the river 
 to Mobile for exportation. Its trade with the neighboring 
 counties is very heavy. The route of the New Orleans, 
 Jackson, and Northern R. R. passes near or through Aber- 
 deen, and that of the Mobile and Ohio E. R. a few miles 
 W. of it, both of which will add greatly to its importance as 
 a commercial depOt. The village is pleasantly situate, and 
 contains the court-house, extensive warehouses and stores, 
 several churches, and two academies ; and here are pub- 
 lished two weekly newspapers, the ''Monroe Democrat," 
 and the " Independent." Pop. about 4,000. 
 
 Akron, p. v., and cap. Summit county, Ohio : on Little 
 Cuyahoga r., 108 m. N. E. Columbus, and on the route of 
 the Cleveland, Zanesville, .and Cincinnati E. R., 40 m. from 
 Cleveland. At this point is also formed the junction of the 
 Ohio and the Pennsylvania canals. Akron is chiefly in- 
 debted to these great works for its prosperity, and is the 
 dep6t of a large country rich in agricultural produets, which 
 are here shipped in immen.se quantities. The canals, in 
 connection with the river, also furnish a large water-power, 
 which has been improved by the establishment of various 
 manufactures. In 1S50 the village contained two woolen 
 factories, Ave or six flouring mills, a furnace, a machine- 
 shop, etc. ; and flre-proof paint is manufactured largely 
 from a mineral deposit in the vicinity. There is also an 
 extensive stove and hoUow-ware manufactory in the place. 
 The principal buildings are the court-house, churches, and 
 schools. Two newspapers, the " Summit Beacon," and the 
 "Free Democratic Standard" are issued weekly. Akron 
 ■was founded in 1824. In 1840 it contained 1,065, and in 
 1850 3,226 inhabitants. 
 
 Albany, p. v.. Baker co., Ga. : on the W. side of Flint 
 river, and at the mouth of Kinchafoonce cr., 118 m. S. S.W. 
 Milled geville. This is an active business place, and large 
 amounts of cotton are annually shipped by steamboat to 
 Appalaohicola, Plot'., and its trade with the neighboring 
 plantations is considerable. In 1S50 it contained three 
 churches, twenty stores, and about 1,000 inhabitants. The 
 "Albany Patriot" (dera.) is issued weekly. This village is 
 destined to become a great railroad centre ; the Savannah 
 and Albany R. E. will connect it with the Atlantic coast, 
 and already the South-western R. R. is being extended to 
 this point, and the Brunswick and Florida R. R. Company 
 propose to build a branch of their lino from Troupsville. 
 
 Albany, p. city, port of entry, and cap. Albany co., and 
 
 T 
 
 cap. of the State of Neto York : on the W. bank of the Hud- 
 son r., in lat. 42° 39 43" N., and long. 73° 44' 49" W., 376 m. 
 N. N. E. Washington, and 145 m. N. New York city. The 
 portion of the city near the river is built on a low flat, but 
 beyond this the surface rises rapidly to an elevation of 
 about 200 feet. The older portions are irregularly laid out, 
 and several of the streets are narrow. The newer parts, 
 however, are spacious and handsome, and contain many 
 fine public buildings, stores, and dwellings. The public 
 buildings, except the Exchange, are principally located on 
 the heights, and have a commanding position, overlooking 
 a wide, beautiful, and fertile country. Among these the 
 Capitol, the State House, and the City Hall are the most 
 conspicuous. The Capitol is a large freestone building, 115 
 feet long and 90 broad, fronting east on a fine park. It 
 contains accommodations for the Senate and Assembly, the 
 State library, and numerous apartments for the State gov- 
 ernment. The State House, a handsome marble edifice, is 
 situate on the E. side of Park Square, and accommodates 
 the executive and administrative oflScers of the State; and 
 the City Hall, an edifice of similar materials, also on the 
 same side of the Park, contains the municipal offices. The 
 Exchange is a large granite building at the foot of State 
 Street, and contains the post-office, lecture-room and library 
 of the Young Men"s Association, the Rotunda, in which the 
 Board of Trade meet, and numerous mercantile and pro- 
 fessional offices. The other public buildings are — the Al- 
 bany Academy, the Medical College, the State Normal 
 School, and numerous benevolent and literary institutions. 
 The old State House, on the south side of State Street, is 
 now used as a depository for the geological collection made 
 by the State surveyors. The Penitentiary is a large build- 
 ing in the Norman-Gothic style of architecture, and cost 
 between .$80,000 and $100,000. The city contains about 60 
 or 70 churches of various denominations, many of which 
 are substantial and elegant structures. Among these the 
 new Catholic Cathedral is pre-eminent. Many of the ho- 
 tels are Large and convenient. 
 
 The government of the city is exercised by a mayor and 
 common council, the latter consistingof an alderman and au 
 assistant alderman from each ward. Its pclice is excellent — 
 a plentiful supply of water and well-lighted streets being 
 distinguishing features in its economy. For the purposes 
 of government, it is divided into ten wards. By the assess- 
 ment-rolls, completed 26th December, 1852, the total valua- 
 tion of property was as follows : 
 
 Personal 
 Property. 
 
 Wards. 
 
 1st. 
 
 2d . 
 8d . 
 
 4th. 
 5th. 
 
 Real 
 
 K-'tate. 
 
 $778,235.. 
 921. 5SS.. 
 1501,188.. 
 8.034,182.. 
 2,925.367.. 
 
 $22,000 
 
 55,000 
 
 139,000 
 
 918,580 
 
 2,302,341 
 
 Wards 
 
 6th. 
 7th. 
 8lh. 
 9th. 
 lOlh. 
 
 BenI Persoral 
 
 Estate. Property. 
 
 $1,701,190.. $255,450 
 
 1,114,125.. 85,200 
 
 820.100.. 20.000 
 
 1.398,400.. 128.200 
 
 1,637,295.. 77,900 
 
 305 
 
 J 
 
CHIEF PLACES OF THE UNITED STATES, 
 
 —making a total of |1 5,831,630 as the value of real estate, 
 ami $4,073,671 as that of personal property. The equalized 
 valuation of real and personal estate was fixed at |18,322,13S. 
 Taxes for city expenses were levied for $152,000, and to- 
 ward joint city and county taxes a furtlier sum of $62,582, 
 or a total of $216,055 94, the rate being about $1.08i per 
 cent. Albany was originally a trading port of the Dutch, 
 and dates as such from 1623. It Wiis successively known 
 as Beaverwyk and Wilhelmstadt ; but after the capitula- 
 tion in 1664 it obtained the name of Albany in honor of the 
 Duke of York and Albany, the proprietary of the colony. 
 In 16S6 it was chartered as a city, and in 1797 it became 
 the seat of government. The following table shows the 
 population of Albany at several periods: 
 
 1755 :l,800 
 
 1790 3,506 
 
 ISOO 5,349 
 
 1810 10,762 
 
 1820 12,541 
 
 1930 24,216 
 
 1S40 33,721 
 
 1845 41,1.39 
 
 1850 50,763 
 
 1853 about 70,000 
 
 It will be seen from the above table that the increase of 
 the population has been uniform, with the exception of the 
 decade from 1810. This period included the last war with 
 Great Britain, and the years of commercial depression 
 which immediately succeeded it. The Erie Canal was 
 opened in 1825. From that year the population began 
 again to increase, and nearly doubled in the ten years from 
 1820. The subsequent completion of the great railroads 
 centering at this city has also exercised a very marked in- 
 fluence on the population. The stationary population of the 
 city, however, is not the true index of its prosperity, for 
 during the year from 2,000.000 to 2,500,000 persons pass 
 Uirough, or stay a longer or shorter time witliin its limits, 
 and in a great measure enhance the value of its local 
 trade. 
 
 Albany is the gateway of a vast commerce and travel be- 
 tween the East and West. One of the longest canals of the 
 country here meets tide-water, and extends W. to Lake Erie, 
 and by means of lateral canals the commerce of a great 
 portion of the State is brought to this main trunk; vast 
 lines of railroad also traverse in almost the same parallels ; 
 and here also railroads from every direction form .junction. 
 It is impri>bal)lc that any other internal town of the world 
 has greater or more perfect facilities for intercourse, and its 
 commerce is commensurate. 
 
 The commerce of Albany is almost as ancient as its set- 
 tlement, though it was first made a port of entry In 18:33. 
 No reliable records of its river commerce were kept previous 
 to that date. As early as 1770, Albany sloops visited the 
 West Indies in large numbers, and in 17S5 the " Experi- 
 ment," a sloop of SO Ions was fitted out here for China, 
 being the second adventure from this country to Canton. 
 The application of steam as a propelling power nearly rev- 
 olutionized the commerce of the ports on the Hudson, and 
 the ancient foreign trade of the river ports is now extinct. 
 In 1791 no less than 42 sail arrived at or passed Albany to 
 places above in a single day. After Albany was erected 
 into a port of entry, Congres.s made an appropriation for 
 the removal of the obstructions to navigation about six 
 miles below the city, known as the Overslaugh. Although 
 much was done to clear the channel, the passage is still dif- 
 ficult at low water, and requires further and more efficient 
 improvements. No detailed statements of the river com- 
 merce are attainable, but much may be learned from the 
 reports of the canal officers with regard to the articles 
 arriving at and going from tide-water. This will give 
 nearly all the commerce of the river at Albany ami points 
 above. The number of vessels arriving and departing at 
 Albany, consisting of schooners, sloops, brigs, steamers, 
 propellers, and scows, was, in 1848,788; in 1849,785; in 
 1850, 845; and in 1851, 814; and the tonnage of the same 
 class of vessels for a scries of years, was as follows : 
 806 
 
 1S8S 36,721 tons 
 
 1S39 40,.369 » 
 
 1840 39.416 " 
 
 1841 50,797 " 
 
 1842 49,356 " 
 
 1&43 55,354 " 
 
 1S44 65,507 " 
 
 1S45 70,985 tone 
 
 1&16 71,011 " 
 
 1S47 97,019 " 
 
 1843 77.9S3 " 
 
 1S49 79,122 " 
 
 1850 80,548 « 
 
 1851 80,810 " 
 
 — much of this tonnage trades to Boston, New York, and 
 Philadelphia. The following table shows something of the 
 value of the commerce of all the tide-water ports for a series 
 of years, as given in the canal returns : 
 
 Going from Tide water. 
 
 ' at Ti(Je-w.'»tef. 
 
 Years. Tons. 
 
 1837 122,130.. 
 
 18.38 142.802... 
 
 18.39 142,035... 
 
 1840 129,580... 
 
 1841 162,715... 
 
 1842 123.294... 
 
 184;? 14.3,595... 
 
 1844 176,737... 
 
 1845 195,000... 
 
 1S46 213,795... 
 
 1847 288,267... 
 
 1S4S 329,557... 
 
 lUQ 315,550... 
 
 1850 418,370... 
 
 1851 467,961... 
 
 1852 531,527... 
 
 Value. 
 
 .$25,784,147.. 
 
 . 33,062,858.. 
 
 . 40.094,.302.. 
 
 . 36,.398.039.. 
 
 . 56,798.447 . 
 
 . 32,314.993.. 
 
 . 42,258,488.. 
 
 . 53,142,403.. 
 
 . 65.453.998.. 
 
 . 64,628.474.. 
 
 . 77,878.766.. 
 
 . 77,477,781.. 
 
 . 78,481,941.. 
 
 . 74,526,999.. 
 
 . 80,739,899.. 
 .118,896,444.. 
 
 .. 611,781. 
 .. 640,481. 
 .. 602,128. 
 .. 669,012. 
 .. 774,334. 
 .. 666,626. 
 .. 836,861. 
 ..1,019,094. 
 ..1.204,943. 
 ..1,362,319. 
 ..1,744.283. 
 ..1,447,905. 
 ..1,579,946. 
 ..2,03.3,863. 
 ..1,977,161. 
 ..2,234,822. 
 
 Value. 
 
 ..$21,822,354 
 
 .. 23,038.510 
 
 .. 20,163,199 
 
 .. 23,21.3.573 
 
 .. 27,225,-322 
 
 .. 22,751,013 
 
 .. 28,453,408 
 
 .. 34,183,167 
 
 .. 46.452.321 
 
 .. 61,105,256 
 
 ,. 73.092.414 
 
 .. 50,88:5,907 
 
 .. 52.375,521 
 
 .. 55,474.637 
 
 .. 53,927,508 
 
 .. 66,893,102 
 
 The proportions of each class of property coming to tide- 
 water in the years 1849, '50, '51, and '52, were as follows : 
 
 Produce of. 1849. laW. 18,il. 18S2. 
 
 Tons. Tons. Tona. T ns. 
 
 The Forest 665,547 .... 947,768 .... 913,267 . . . .1,064,677 
 
 Agriculture 769,600. . . .743,232. . . .891,418. . . . 989,268 
 
 Manufactures... 44,288 ... 39.669.... 52,.302.... 47.512 
 Merchandise.. . 5.873.... 7,105.... 4,580.... 10,005 
 Other articles .. . 94,6:38. .. .113,273. . ..115,581. . .. 122,760 
 
 The tonnage going west from tide-water consists chiefly of 
 merchandise. 
 
 Of the receipts, the principal are lumber of various de- 
 scriptions: in the form of timber, boards and scantling, 
 shingles, staves, etc. ; products of the dairy and salted 
 meats ; flour and grain ; domestic spirits, leather, iron, etc 
 The value of these articles is immense, as before shown. 
 Next to the flour and grain interest, Albany is second to no 
 other pl.ice in the Union as a lumber market. The quan- 
 tity of the principal articles under this bead received in 
 1850, '51, and '52, were as in the annexed table : 
 Year. Srantlinj. SliinRles. Timber, Staves. 
 
 1850.. 216,786,390 ft... 34,226M .. 28,8.32 eft.. 150,517,280 lbs. 
 18.51.. 260,238,0118 "..34,136 " ..110.200 " ..115.087,299 " 
 1852,. 217,135,020 " ..29,334 " ..291,714 « ..109,961,289 " 
 
 Besides this array of tonnage arriving at and leaving tide- 
 water on the canals, there was in 1851 of the same classes 
 of property to the value of $8,332,441 landed at Troy and 
 Albany by railway from the west. There also went from 
 the east by railway 29,112 tons of merchandise, furniture, and 
 other property. 
 
 From the foregoing statements U may be seen that all the 
 property from the Canadas, via Lake Champlain, and all 
 that from the Western States, via the canals and central 
 line of railroads destined for New York or Boston, must 
 pa.ss through these tide-water ports, which it rarely does 
 without being either transhipped or handled sufficiently to 
 pay a tribute to the commerce of some one of them. 
 
 Thus advantageously situated, connectexi by railroad or 
 canal with Canada and the Great West, and with Boston 
 and New York, Albany must continue to increase in wealth 
 and importance, so long as the East on the one hand, and 
 
CHIEF PLACES OF THE UNITED STATES. 
 
 the West on the other, maintain and multiply their present 
 traffic with each other. 
 
 The local trade of Albany — though the city owes most to 
 the commerce passing through it — is also extensive, and 
 makes no mean item in its wealth. Stores of every descrip- 
 tion, wholesale and retail, are found here, and an extensive 
 country is dependent on its .supplies. Many of the stores 
 are equal in their assortment, extent, and splendor to those 
 of New York, Philadelphia, or Boston. Broadway and 
 State Street have numbers of the best class of stores. The 
 river front is devoted chiefly to the wholesale trade, while 
 in the northern districts are extensive lumber-yards. The 
 freighting business is immense, and in the forwarding of 
 emigrants to the West it more than equals New York. 
 From these sources Albany has become a very wealthy 
 city, and many of her citizens hold princely fortunes. 
 
 The manufacturing interests of the city have rapidly ex- 
 panded, and within the past few years it has become one of 
 the first industrial places in the State. The capital invested 
 in this branch is estimated at not less than seven million 
 dollars. The principal manufacture is that of iron, which 
 is made into stoves, steam-engines, and castings of every 
 description, and gives emi)loyment to large numbers. The 
 business of malting and brewing is carried on to a great ex- 
 tent in Albany ; more than twenty of such establishments 
 are now in operation, an<l Albany ale is found in every city 
 of the Union, and not unfrcquently in the cities of South 
 America and the West Indies. The annual product is up- 
 ward of 100,000 barrels of beer and ale. The manufacture 
 of hats, fur caps, etc., is also a large interest. Among other 
 branches, large and small, may be enumerated the argillo 
 manufacture, soap and candles, tobacco, carriages, and rail- 
 way cars, fire-brick, and pottery, etc. Argillo is a clay 
 which is fashioned into door-knobs, table-tops, tiles for 
 floors, and a variety of other articles, and has the hardness 
 and beauty of marble. In the manufacture of railway-cars. 
 Albany is now famous, and in the establishment of Goold & 
 Company has one of the largest in the Union. There are 
 six banks in the city, viz., the Albany Exchange Bank, cap- 
 ital *300.000; the Commercial B.-mk of Albany, $300,000; 
 the New York State Bank, $'250,000; the Bank of Albany, 
 $240,000; the Albany City Bank, $500,000; ami the Me- 
 chanics' and Farmers' Bank, $300,000— total cap.. $1,901,100. 
 The press of AUiany is one of the most talented and best 
 conducted in the country. Its annals form an important 
 feature in its history and in that of the country from its 
 active participation in the political affiiirs of the State and 
 Union. In 1771 the "Albany Gazette," the first newspaper 
 publishe<l in the city, was issued, but was discontinued in 
 1775 or 1776. In 1782 the " New York Gazetteer" appeared, 
 and in 1784 the " Albany Gazette." The latter, which was a 
 continuation of the " Gazetteer," was published until 1845. 
 The "Balance" was published from ISOS to 1811. Cotem- 
 poraneous with the " Balance" was published the " Political 
 Register." The one was the organ of the Federalists, and 
 the other of the Republicans, and both were very ably con- 
 ducted. In 1S07 the " Gazette" began to publish the proceed- 
 ings of the Lesrislature. The "Albany Argus"' was com- 
 menced in 1S13; it was the organ of Gov. Tompkins. The 
 first daily was the "Advertiser," commenced in 1815, and af- 
 terward united with the " Gazette." The " Evening Journal" 
 first appeared in 1829, and the " Atla.s" in 1841. At present 
 there are five daily papers published in Albany, viz , the "Ar- 
 gus" (dem.), the " Ev. -Tournal" (whig), the " Atlas" (dem.), 
 the " State Register" (whig), and the " Express" (neutral), 
 and the first four of these i.isue also weekly editions. The 
 "Knickerbocker," the "Dutchman." and the "Freeholder" 
 are issued weekly ; these are neutral in politics, and devoted 
 chiefly to general news and literature. Many of the print- 
 ing offices attached to these are very extensive, and those 
 of the "Argus" and "Journal" have successively had the 
 State printing, by which their proprietors have amassed 
 good fortunes. 
 
 •■""■' ^ - ^ '' ... 
 
 Alton, p. city and port, Madison co., JU. : on the left 
 bank of the Mississippi, 2J m. above the mouth of the Mis- 
 souri, and at the pla.ce where the Mississippi bends most 
 into Illinois, 18 m. below the mouth of the Illinois r., 20 m. 
 above St. Louis, and 72 m. 8. W. Springfield. The town 
 of Alton is divided into three portions— Alton City, Middle 
 Alton, and Upper Alton. The corporate bounds of the city 
 extend 2 m. along the river, and 1 m. back. Portions of 
 the site are very uneven with bluff's and ravines. Other 
 portions will need little grading. It has the best landing 
 for steamboats on the E. bank of the river, having a natural 
 wharf of rock. The plan of the city is on a liberal scale. 
 There are several public squares, a large reservation on the 
 river for public purposes, and the streets are 100, 80, and 60 
 feet wide, according to their situation and public accommo- 
 dation. Market Street is 150 feet wide. This city has 
 already attained a progress that places it among the most 
 important of the Great West, and its prospects for the future 
 are of the most cheering description. It contains large 
 warehouses, numerous wholesale and retail stores, slaugh- 
 tering and packing establishments, and is the largest city 
 on the river above St. Louis. Its manufactures are also 
 various, and in a flourishing condition. Its steamers ply 
 constantly both up and down the river to St. Louis and Ga- 
 lena, and connect with the railroads and stage-routes di- 
 verging to the east and north-east. The railroads are 
 rapidly progressing to completion, and will connect Alton 
 directly with Springfield, Chicago, and all the principal 
 towns of the State, and indirectly with the great lines of In- 
 diana, Ohio, etc., leading to the seaboard. Thus it becomes 
 a leading thoroughfare, and as such, and from its position 
 on the river, where freight must be transhipped, the city 
 will reap tribute of the vast commerce passing between the 
 East and West. Middle Alton is situate in the rear of the 
 city on high ground, and has many elegant mansions. A 
 portion of its population are within the city bounds. Upper 
 Alton, 2i m. back, is also a pleasant town, and is the seat 
 of Shurtliff College. The railroads coming in at Alton are 
 the Chicago and Mississippi R. R., 257 m. to Chicago; the 
 Terre Haute and Alton R. R., 165 m. from Terre Haute, 
 etc. The " Telegraph and Review" (whig), is issued week- 
 ly, and circulates about 4,000 copies. There are here several 
 literary societies, and schools and academies are numerous. 
 The religious denominations are Baptist, Presbyterian, 
 Methodist, Episcopalian, Roman Catholic, and other prin- 
 cipal sects, each of which have commodious and substan- 
 tial places of worship. Alton has every accommodatiim for 
 travelers in its hotels, some of which are large and sub- 
 stantial. With regard to the immediate site and neighbor- 
 hood of this city, it may be said that it has ample resources 
 in wood, stone, coal, etc. For several miles around it, one 
 of the finest bodies of timber in the State originally existed, 
 and still does to a great extent. Bituminous coal is abun- 
 dant but a short distance from it, and inexhaustible beds 
 of limestone, suitable for building purposes, are within its 
 precincts. Freestone, water-lime, etc., are abundant in the 
 vicinity. 
 
 The city proper, in 1S50, contained 3,585 inhabitants ; it 
 is now (1853) estimated that there is at least a population 
 of 12,000 in the city and sftburbs. There is every prospect 
 that in 1860 the city will contain 30,000. 
 
 Aj*napolis CiTT, port of entry, p. o., and capital Anno 
 Arundel co., and capital of the State of 3fd. : on W. side of 
 Severn r., 3 m. from its entrance into Chesapeake Bay, and 
 distant 38 m. E. N. E. of Washington, D. C. Lat. 38° 58' 
 50" N., long. 76° 29' 26" W. from Greenwich, or 32' 34" E. 
 from Washington. In 1830 the population was 2,623, in 
 1840 2,792, and in 1850 3,011— wh. 1,774, fr. col. 585, and si. 
 652. The government removed from St. Mary's, the old 
 capital, to Annapolis, then called Providence, 1689. An- 
 napolis is regularly laid out. its streets diverging from the 
 State House and Episcopal church, as from two principal 
 centres. The State House is a substantial building ; in this 
 
 307 
 
CHIEF PLACES OF THE UNITED STATES. 
 
 the old Congress held some of its sessions, and the Senate 
 Chamber, in which Washington resigned his commission 
 to that august body, has been preserved unaltered. Tlie 
 State library contains about 25,U00 volumes. The city has 
 a market-house, a bank (the Farmer's Bank of Maryland), 
 and about 4'2U dwellings, many of which are elegant and 
 spacious. St. John's College, formerly a branch of the 
 University, is located here; it was founded in 17S4. and in 
 1S50 had 6 professors, .30 studenls, 150 alumni, S of whom 
 were ministers, and a library containing 3,'292 volumes. The 
 public press consists of two newspapers, the " Maryland Ue- 
 publioan," and the " Free Press," issued weekly, together 
 circulating 1,200 copies. Shipping owned in the cnllectiou 
 district of Annapolis, on the 1st June, 1S50, was 2,823 tons, 
 of which 3;36 was navigated by steam-power. Some small 
 manufactures are carried on, and the co;isting trade hence 
 is on a liberal scale. The city communicates with the in- 
 terior lines of travel by the Annapolis and Eldridge K. R., 
 21 m. in length, diverging from it in a N. "W. direction to a 
 Junction with the Washington Branch E. K., at a point 18 
 m. from Baltimore, 22 m. from Washington. 
 
 Appalacuicola, p. v., port, and cap. Franklin co., Flor. : 
 on a bluff at the W. side of the entrance to Appalachicola r., 
 62 m. S. W. Tallahassee. The harbor is deep enough for 
 hirge vessels, and the port has considerable coasting trade. 
 The tonnage in 1S50 was 2,050 tons, all navigated by steam, 
 and chiefly employed on the river. In the foreign trade 
 17,132 tons cleared, and 12,196 tons entered in the same 
 year. A newsi)aper, the " Commercial Advertiser," is is- 
 sued weekly. The village occupies a plot one mile square, 
 and is regularly laid out. It contains the county buildings, 
 and has numerous substantial warehouses and dwellings. 
 
 Astoria, p. city, port, and cap. Clatsop co., Oreg. Ter. : 
 on S. side Columbia r., 8 m. from its mouth. It is a port of 
 entry, and was formerly a noted trading post, founded in 
 ISU by John J. Astor, the modern CroBsus, and even at the 
 present lime is little more. There are many more eligible 
 places than this for both foreign and internal commerce 
 near the mouth of the river. 
 
 AuciLSTA, p. city, and capital Richmond co., Ga.: on 
 Savannah r., and at the intersection of the South Carolina, 
 the Georgia, and the Burke County railroads. It is au im- 
 portant commercial point, and the dep6t of an extensive 
 and fertile country, the produce of which, cotton, tobacco, 
 etc., is sent sent down to Charleston, 137 m., by railroad, 
 and to Savannah by the Savannah r. The city is well laid 
 out, and has many spacious stores and dwellings. The 
 public buildings are a City Hall, county court-house aud 
 jail, a theatre, arsenal, hospital, and numerous churches. 
 The "Sentinel"' and •* Constitutionalist" are published daily, 
 and have also tri-weekly and weekly editions; the "E<- 
 l)ul)lic" is issued tri-weekly and weekly, and there arc two 
 monthly publications issued — the '"Southern Medical Jour- 
 nal" and the "Southern Cultivator." Populati(jn iu 1S30, 
 4,200; in 1340, 6,430; and in 1S50, 9,559. 
 
 AuuLSTA, t., p. city, and cap. Kennebec co., J/i'., aud 
 cap. of the Slate of Maine : on both sides of Kennebec r., at 
 the head of steamboat navigation, 43 m. from the ocean. 
 L:it. 440 1S'43"N., and long. 69° 50' W. from Greenwich, 
 or 7° 12' E. from Washington, and distant 595 m. N. K. 
 Washington. A fine bridge, 520 feet long, connects the two 
 parts of the village, which is regularly laid out, and rises 
 gradually Irom the shores of the river. It contains the 
 Slate House, Insane Hospital, the county buildings, a U. S. 
 Arsenal, aud numerous churches and school-houses, many 
 of which are elegant structures. The Slate House is located 
 half a mile S. of the village. The building is of white 
 granite, and has spacious halls for the legislature and ex- 
 ecutive officers. Four n(^wspapfrs are puhlishiMl weekly, 
 the " Ketwu^bec Journal" (whig), Ihe "Age" (ilem.), the 
 "Maine Farmer" (agric), and the "Gospel Banner." The 
 Kennebec and Portland R. R. terminates here, connecting 
 the village with Portland and other New England cities, 
 3U8 
 
 and steamboats ply regularly between this place and the 
 principal North Atlantic ports. Pop. 8,225. 
 
 Austin, p. city, and cap. Travis co., Tex. : on the N. 
 bank of Colorado r., 200 m. from the Gulf of Mexico, and 
 about 160 m. N. W. Houston. In 1S39 this place contained 
 only 3 or 4 cabins; it is now capital of the State, and con- 
 tains at least 1,000 inhabitants. The government buildings 
 are of respectable construction, and there are several good 
 warehouses, stores, and dwellings, although the greater 
 number are built of wood, and many are log-houses. The 
 site is olevateii and remarkably beautiful, and the surround, 
 ing country presents some of the most picturesque scenery 
 in America. Considerable commerce centres here, and 
 railroads are projected in various directions diverging from 
 this point. Its prospects, indeed, are better than its pres- 
 ent condition. There are published here two weekly news- 
 papers, viz., the " State Gazette," and the " South-western 
 American." It has a college, and several other schools. 
 
 Baltimore City, sea-port, p. city, and cap. Baltimore 
 CO., Md. : on the N. side Patapsco r., 14 m. from its en- 
 trance into Chesapeake Bay, and 204 m. from the Atlantic 
 Ocean by ship-channel, and 2S m. N. Annapolis ; lat. 89° 
 17' 23", and long. 0° 24' E. Washington. 
 
 The city is pleasantly situated on a slightly undulating 
 ground, and some of the elevations in the vicinity com- 
 mand fine views. As laid out, it includes four miles square, 
 and is built around the bay. The streets are regular and 
 spacious, the buildings mostly of brick, and some of them 
 exhibiting beautiful architectural combinations. Jones' 
 Flails, a small stream from the N., divides the city into two 
 parts, and over it are erected several handsome stone and 
 wooden bridges. 
 
 The harbor of Baltimore is capacious and safe, and con- 
 sists of an inner basin and an outer harbor — the latter at 
 Fell's Point, and accessible to the largest ships. The en- 
 trance is commanded by Fort M'llenry. 
 
 The principal public buildings are the City Ilall, the 
 County Court-house, the State Penitentiary, County Prison, 
 and House of Refuge, the Roman Catholic Cathedral, the 
 finest in the Union, and numerous buildings devoted to 
 collegiate, academic, and other literary and educational 
 purposes. The monuments of Baltimore, and its numerous 
 Ibuntains, are distinguishing features in the adornments 
 of the city. 
 
 The population, in 1850, amounted to 169.054 souls, of 
 which 140,666 were white, 25,442 fr. col., and 2,946 si. The 
 total value of real and i)ersonal estate was $80,237,960, and 
 the taxes raised, $617,994, of which $3S1.509 was city tax. 
 Baltimore lias 4 colleges, 67 academies and private schools, 
 and 71 primary and public schools. The University, St. 
 Mary's ColUge, and Washington Medical College, are the 
 princli)al collegiate instituticms. There are 99 churches of 
 all denominations, of which 6 are Baptist, 10 Episcopal, 8 
 German Reformed, 8 Lutheran, 42 Methodist, 4 Presbyte- 
 rian, 8 Roman Catholic, and 8 others not specified. The 
 public press consists of 6 daily, 4 tri-weekly, 10 weekly, 1 
 senxi-monthly, and 2 monthly periodicals and newspa|)ors; 
 and of these 6 are religious, 1 agricultural, 1 musical, and 1 
 colonization ; the remainder are devoted to politics and 
 general news. 
 
 The industrial employmenia of the citizens are various 
 and extensive. There are 2,243 establishments; the man- 
 ufacturing capital invested, $6,541,922 ; males employed, 
 15.442; females employed, 5,044 ; raw material consumed, 
 $9,144,244; monthly cost of labor, $459,441; annual prod- 
 ucts, $20,416,511 ; of these establishments, 71 are black- 
 smith, 356 boot and shoe. 111 cabinet ware, 120 cigar, 238 
 clothing, 26 coach ami carriage, 10 brass founding, 13 iron 
 founding, 10 gunsmith, 12 machine, 10 piano-l'orte. 17 print- 
 ing and publishing. 24 sail-making, 21 ship-liull.ling, 13 
 ship-joiner, 16 ship-smith, 31 silver-smith, etc., 19 stove, 15 
 Weavers, 21 wheelwright, and 10 whitesmith — the remain- 
 der various, and of common interest. j 
 
CHIEF PLACES OF THE UNITED STATES. 
 
 As a commercial city, Baltimore ranks next to New Or- 
 leans among the Southern ports. It has an immense inland 
 trade, which will be greatly increased when the lines of 
 communication are completed to a junction with those of 
 Ohio and other Western States. In 1S50, the principal re- 
 ceipts from the interior for consumption and export, were : 
 Cumberland coal, 146,645 tons, and anthracite, 160,000 tons ; 
 wheat, 2,600.000 bushels (about 1,750,000 bushels taken by 
 millers, and 850,000 bushels shipped) ; Indian corn, 3,000.000 
 busliels; onts, 450,000 bushels, and considerable lots of rye, 
 barley, peas, and beans ; beef, pork, and bacon ; tobacco, 
 41,833 hhds.; wool, 500,000 lbs., etc.; the inspections of 
 flour amounted to 896,592 barrels ; of corn meal, to 46,000 
 barrels ; and of rye flour, to 5,441 barrels ; of leather, to 
 413.974 sides. Flour and tobacco, however, are the two 
 great staples of Baltimore, and well has it been designated 
 as " the greatest market for tobacco in the United States, 
 and the principal flour market in the world." Its coastwise 
 trade is also very extensive, and the shipping of Baltimore 
 is found in every port from Passamaquoddy Bay to the Eio 
 Grande ; the lumber of Maine, and the cotton and sugar of 
 the Gulf States are brought here in vast quantities, as are 
 also the various manufactures and merchandises of the in- 
 termediate Atlantic ports ; in 1850, 25,000 cotton bales were 
 landed from Southern ports, and 63,000,000 feet of lumber 
 from Bangor and other ports of Maine. The shipping 
 owned in the collection district, of which Baltimore is the 
 port, amounted on the 1st of June, 1S50, to 140,019 tons, of 
 which was registered 90,670 tons; enrolled and licensed, 
 57,612 tons, and licensed under 20 tons, 737 tons ; and of 
 the enrolled and licensed tonnage, 13,115 tons, navigated by 
 steam-power. In 1S49-50, 66 vessels, of an aggregate bur- 
 den of 11,683 tons, were built in the port district. The Bal- 
 timore clippers are pronounced to be the perfection of 
 naval architecture ; and they are no less fitted for trade 
 than for privateering, in which capacity they made a great 
 figure in the last war with England. 
 
 Boston, New York, and New Orleans are the only sea- 
 board ports of the Union the foreign commerce of which 
 exceeds that of Baltimore In 1849-50, the entrances 
 amounted to 488 vessels and 99,588 tons, and the clear- 
 ances to 521 vessels and 126,819 tons ; and the value of 
 merchandise imported was $6,124,201, and of that export- 
 ed, $6,967,353. The great bulk of the foreign commerce of 
 Baltimore is carried on with the States of South America 
 and the West India colonies, and the continent of Europe. 
 With the British ports in Europe the connection is very 
 limited. 
 
 There are 10 banks in Baltimore, with an aggregate 
 capital of $7,101,051. The circulation in 1850 amounted 
 to $2,073,578, discounts to $10,925,106, and deposits to 
 $3,648,819, and the amount of specie on hand to $2,113,758. 
 There are also a number of insurance companies and sav- 
 ings' institutions. 
 
 The city is bountifully supplied with pure and wholesome 
 water from public springs and fountains ; these are inclosed 
 by circular railings, and covered by small, open templets, 
 consisting of columns supporting a dome, which are highly 
 ornamental. The city, however, derives its great supply 
 from an elevated part of Jones' Falls, from which the water 
 is conducted through an aqueduct to a reservoir on Calvert 
 Street, whence it is distributed in pipes. 
 
 The lines of travel diverging from Baltimore, are : the 
 Baltimore and Philadelphia E. E., 97 m. long; the Balti- 
 more and Susquehanna E. E., extending to Ilarrisburg, 
 Penn. ; and the Baltimore and Ohio E. E., with a branch 
 E. E. to Washington ; and lines of steamships or sail-vessels 
 ply to Philadelphia, Norfolk, and other Atlantic ports. 
 These great routes of communication unite the city with 
 every part of the Union, and insure a rapid and certain 
 transit to its ever-increasing trade. 
 
 Baltimore was first laid out as a town in 1729, and in 1765 
 it contained only 50 houses. It was chartered as a city in 
 
 1797. Since this period its increase has been constant, and 
 its prosperity material. 
 
 Baton Eouge, p. v., and cap. East Baton Eonge par, 
 La„ and cap. of the State of Louisi.ina : on E.bank of Mis- 
 sissippi r., 245 m. from its mouth, and 1,120 S.W. Washing- 
 ton. It is the site of a U. S. barracks, and contains the 
 State House, the Louisiana Penitentiary, county offices, and 
 other handsome public and private dwellings. It is mostly 
 built upon an elevated plain, some 25 or Sfl feet above the 
 river, the business portion being at the foot of the bluli: The 
 " Baton Eouge Gazette," and " Democratic Advocate" are 
 published weekly. Pop. 3,905, 
 
 Beloit, t. and p. v^ Eock co.. Wise. : at the junction of Tur- 
 tle cr, with Eock r., 45 m. S. by E. Madison. Drained prin- 
 cipally by Eock r. and its tributaries. Surface varied ; soils 
 rich and productive. The r. lies on both sides of Eock r., 
 and has commercial and manufacturing facilities of a su- 
 perior character. In 1850 it contained 6 churches and 3 ho- 
 tels, 18 dry goods, 10 groceries, 2 hardware, and 3 drug 
 stores ; 3 stove and tin, 2 shoe, 4 clothing, and 2 book stores ; 
 2 cabinet, 2 jewelers, 4 market, and 2 paint shops ; 3 saddle 
 and harness, 4 blacksmiths, and 2 coopers; 1 tobacco fac- 
 tory ; S flouring, i oil, and 1 saw mill ; 1 flax factory, 1 foun- 
 dry, 1 machine-shop, 1 agricultural-implement factory, 2 
 carriage factories, 1 scale, 1 woolen, and soap and candle 
 factory. The " Beloit Journal" is issued weekly, and schools 
 are numerous. Beloit is destined to become a great rail- 
 road centre ; branches extend hence to the Galena and 
 Chicago Union E. E., and the Beloit and Madison E. E. is 
 being constructed. These will connect it with the interior 
 of the State, and also with the late port of Illinois. Pop. of 
 t. in 1850, 2,13^. The pop. of the v. in 1853 was estimated 
 at 3,000. 
 
 Boston, p. city, sea-port, and cap. SulTolk co., and cap. 
 of the State of Mass. : at the head of Massachusetts Bay, 
 near the confluence of Charles" and Mystic rivers. These 
 streams are navigable only for a few miles, but uniting with 
 Neponset and Weymouth rivers, form one of the noblest 
 harbors of the world — land-locked, accessible to ships of the 
 line, easily defended, and rarely obstructed by ice. It ex- 
 tends 14 m. from Point Alderton to Medford, and from 
 Chelsea to Hingbam is at least 8 m. wide, covering 75 sq. 
 m., and would hold all the shipping of the Union. The en- 
 trance for large Teasels is very narrow, barely sufficient for 
 two to sail abreast. It is defended by three fortresses, two 
 of which, on George's and Castle islands, are on the largest 
 scale, and constructed with all the improvements of modem 
 science. The third, or Citadel, on Governor's island, is not 
 yet completed. These will effectually command the en- 
 trance, and, when finished, make it impregnable. The har- 
 bor is well adapted to commerce. The peninsula and island 
 of Boston is literally fringed with wharves and docks, while 
 around the harbor and its affluents are clustered many 
 cities and villages, into which Boston overflows, all of which 
 have piers and landing-places, viz., Hingham, Hull, Quin- 
 cy, Milton, Dorchester, Eoxbury, Brookline, Brighton, New- 
 ton, Watertown, Cambridge, Charlestown, Chelsea, Maiden, 
 Medford, and Somerville. Lat. 42° 21' 23" N., and long. 
 710 04' 09" W., 432 m. N. E. Washington City. 
 
 The early settlers chose for their residence, in 1630, a 
 peninsula, connected with the main by a narrow isthmus, 
 occasionally overflowed, and divided at high tide into two 
 islands. The entire tract contained 600 acres. It was called 
 Shawmut or Trimountain, and derived its name from its 
 springs and three lofty hills. The spot was undoubtedly 
 selected for pure water, facilities for commerce, and security 
 from wolves and Indians. Boston soon became an import- 
 ant sea-port, and at an early period became distinguished 
 for her enterprise and commerce, and was peculiarly noted 
 for her ship-building and fisheries. In 1740 the population 
 was 17,000. For more than half a century from this period 
 the growth of the city was checked by wars and the re- 
 strictive policy of England, and hence in 1790 the city con- 
 
 309 
 
CHIEF PLACES OF THE UNITED STATES. 
 
 tained only 18,03S inhabitanU. Before the Eevolution she 
 was the flrst commercial city on the coast ; her reputation 
 was identifled with the country, ami the colonists were gen- 
 erally known as Bostonians among the French and Cana- 
 dians. But during that eventful struggle her citizens were 
 compelled to abandon their firesides, and their commerce 
 was literally ruined. Her sacrifice for the common cause 
 was severe, and her recovery slow. New York and Phila- 
 delphia consequen'ly outstripped her. But since 1790 the 
 city has advanced rapidly. She embarked largely in the 
 trade to India and China ; in voyages to the North-west 
 Coast, and in the fisheries, carrying trade, etc. ; and opened 
 an extensive business with Russia, the Mediterranean, 
 South America, Liverpool, and the British Colonies. When 
 commerce was paralyzed by the embargo and war of 1S12, 
 she commenced manufactures, which have since expanded 
 into every variety of form. More recently her citizens have 
 taken a deep interest in railroads, and opened to the city an 
 interior to which nature gave her no access. 
 
 A peninsula, less than one mile square, was soon found 
 insufficient for Boston, and the State annexed to her Dor- 
 chester Point, a peninsula of GOO acres. To this, now called 
 South Boston, she is united by four bridges. At a later 
 period ferries were established to Noddles Island (060 acres), 
 and this now forma a ward of the city. Some hundred acres 
 have also been reclaimed from the sea; but these narrow 
 limits, about 3 sq. m. in extent, proved inadequate, and 
 have long been exceeded, and the population outside the 
 chartered limits of Boston already equals (he population 
 within. As a metropolitan district, Boston, indeed, may be 
 said to extend a circuit of nine miles round the Exchange, 
 within which limits the population in 1850 was 269,874. 
 
 The population of Boston proper, at successive decennial 
 periods, has been as follows: in 1790, it was 18,038; in ISOO, 
 24,937 ; in 1810, 33,260; in 1820, 43,298; in 1830, 61,391; in 
 1840, 93,383 ; and in 1850, 1.36,881. 
 
 As Boston grew in population and manufactures, the nat- 
 ural spring, which gave it the Indiau name of Shawmut, 
 gradually failed; and the water deteriorated, and the cit- 
 izens were obliged to deepen the ancient wells from year to 
 year. It was at length necessary to resort to a foreign sup- 
 ply. In 1795 wooden pipes were laid by a company from 
 Jamaica Pond, and as the demand increased, 10-inch iron 
 pipes were substituted. This source having proved insufH- 
 cient, a new aqueduct was constructed from Cochituate 
 Lake, 20 m. from the Exchange, and was opened in 1S49. 
 The mean elevation of the lake is 120 feet above the marsh 
 level. The water is carried 14f m. by a brick conduit of an 
 elliptical form, 6 feet 4 in. by 5 feel, with a regular descent 
 of 3 1-6 inches per mile, to a large reservoir in Brookline. 
 Here a pond of 22 acres, and holding 100,000,000 gallons, 
 has been formed by closing the outlet of a valley. The res- 
 ervoir is 123 feet above the sea. The water is carried over 
 Charles r. by two parallel pipes 30 in. diameter. From 
 Brookline, large iron pipes carry the water to a granite 
 reservoir on the summit of Beacon Ilill, holding 2,500,000 
 gallons, and to another on Dorchester Heights, holding 
 6,000,000 gallons. These are 120 feet above the sea, and 
 the water is hence conducted through 70 m. of pipe through 
 the streets, and has generally been introduced into dwell- 
 ings and stores. The head is sufficient to throw a 8 in. jet 
 92 feet high from the fountain on the Common. The aque- 
 duct is competent to supply 14,000,000 gallons daily. East 
 Boston is also supplied from this source, pipes being con- 
 ducted over Charles and Mystic rivers. 
 
 The city proper now is, and the suburbs soon will be, 
 lighted with gas. 
 
 The principal public buildings in Boston and its vicinity, 
 are Quincy Market, a granite structure, 500 by 33 feet ; the 
 State House, a large and commodious building ; Faneuil 
 Hall, an ancient brick edifice ; the Massachusetts General 
 Hospital, a large stone structure, at West Boston ; the old 
 State House; the Massachusetts Eye and Ear Infirmary; 
 310 
 
 the Institute for the Blind at South Boston; the Orphan 
 Asylum ; the Farm School ; the City Hall, and Suffolk 
 Court-house, large granite buildings ; the Registry of Deeds' 
 Offices ; the Merchants' Exchange, of granite, also ; the 
 Athenaeum, of freestone ; the Custom-house ; a Club House, 
 of freestone ; 23 large School-houses, costing |703,000 ; 41 
 Primary School-houses; 3 Theatres; a Museum: and 2 
 large buildings of granite, used for concerts and lectures. 
 Boston has also erected an extensive .Tail, of Quincy granite, 
 and a spacious Alms-house, at Deer island. At Rainsfonrs 
 island she has also the Quarantine Hospital, and the build- 
 ings hitherto used for jails and alms-honscs at West and 
 South Boston. The citizens of Boston have rarely been 
 wanting in the cause of benevolence, and many of their in- 
 stitutions are richly endowed. Previous to 1845, a single 
 institution, the General Hospital and M'Lcan Asylum, had 
 received $040,942; and the entire amount of donations to 
 such public objects was ascertained to have been, prior to 
 1846, $4,992,659. 
 
 Very few of the ancient burial-grounds are now used for 
 interments ; several have been planted, and coniributo 
 much to the ornament of the city. In 1831, Mount Auburn, 
 in Cambridge, a spot remarkable for its natural beauties, 
 was selected as a rural cemetery. It contains 118 acres, 
 and during the last 18 years 1,756 lots have been sold, real- 
 izing $175,000. Roads and paths have been opened, a 
 granite gateway and chapel built, and iron railing set round 
 it; many tasteful monuments of marble have been erected, 
 and it has become a place of frequent resort for the living 
 as for the dead. At Forest Hill, Roxbury, is another beau- 
 tiful cemetery, and others at Brighton and Wood Lawn. 
 The cemetery of Mount Auburn is the flrst instance in 
 America of a large tract having been chosen for its natural 
 beauties, and improved by landscape gardening, to prepare 
 it for the reception of the dead. 
 
 Boston is the commercial emporium of New England, 
 and next to New York among the commercial cities of the 
 Union. In 1S50, the shipping owned in the district amount- 
 ed to 320,687 tons. The foreign arrivals amounted to 2,877 
 vessels, of an aggregate burden of 478,8.59 tons ; and the 
 foreign clearances, 2,839 vessels, of 437,760 tons. The ship- 
 ping built in the year 1849-50, was 23,480 tons. The value 
 of imports in 1849 was $24,117,175 ; and of exports, $8,84.3,974. 
 Boston enjoys, also, a large local and coast-wise trade. 
 Within the borders of Massachusetts are two cities with 
 over 30,000 inhabitants, ten with 10,000 to 20,000, ten towns 
 with 6,000 to 10,000, twenty with 4,000 to 6,000. Between 
 these and Boston an active commerce exists ; and by her 
 iron arms she reaches through this populous interior to the 
 north and west, to Canada and the Mississippi. The coast- 
 wise importations in 1849 consisted in part of 269,813 bales 
 of cotton, 262,632 tons anthracite, 987,988 barrels of fiour, 
 30,002,593 bushels of corn, 621,513 bushels of oats, rye, and 
 shorts, 38,199 barrels of turpentine, 663,530 sides of leather, 
 156,556 barrels of pork, 200,560 pigs of lead, etc. Large im- 
 portations are also made, particularly from New Orleans, 
 of beef, hemp, sugar, molasses, tobacco, and other articles. 
 Vessels of all sizes, from 50 to 1,000 tons, are engaged in 
 the coasting trade. The arrivals in 1849 were 6,100 vessels, 
 which number does not include sloops and schooners, laden 
 with wood, stone, and sundries, some thousands annually, 
 that do not report at the custom-house. By railroad the ton- 
 nage transported amounted to 1,167,129 tons. 
 
 The tr.ide of Boston with the West and South is immense ; 
 her manufactures and imports are sent by railway and 
 packets to the farthest limits of the country. Lines of pack- 
 ets run to all the sea-board cities, freighted with the cottons, 
 boots, shoes, and other domestic goods, the produce of the 
 State's industry. With California, also, Boston has had 
 large dealings ; at least one-flflh of the shipping that saUs 
 from Atlantic ports for " El Dorado," hails from Boston. 
 
 In 1850, there were 29 banks In the city, and the banking 
 capital amounted to $21,460,000. The amount deposited in 
 
CHIEF PLACES OF THE UNITED STATES. 
 
 savings' banks was $3,977,799, owned by 29,799 depositors. 
 The stock capital of Boston insurance companies was 
 15,488,000. There were also in the city numerous mutual, 
 and several foreign insurance companies. 
 
 The assessed value of property in Boston Is $179,525,000, 
 and the city debt about $7,000,000, chiefly owing on account 
 of the water-works. This debt is small compared with 
 the wealth and resources of the city. The property of 
 the city consists of the '• Common," a beautiful park of 4S 
 acres, eneircle<i by an iron fence ; the Public Garden, con- 
 taining 14 acres, and several public squares and areas, em- 
 bellished by fountains. These are all devoted to the health 
 and recreation of the citizens. She owns also valuable 
 property that may be sold ; the whole is valued at .$5,071,000, 
 and at the present time yields a revenue of $o00,000 annual- 
 ly. The expenses of the city are chiefly for her schools, 
 street improvements, watch, and the support of correctional 
 and humane institutions. 
 
 Some of the artificial structures which connect Boston 
 with the main deserve notice. The Western Avenue, 7,000 
 feet long, leads from the old peninsula to Brookline, 
 Eoxbury, and Brighton; it is a solid structure of granite, 
 filled in with earth, and cost $700,000. Besides forming a 
 wide carriage road, it creates a large water-power, and has 
 redeemed many acres from the harbor. West Boston 
 Bridge and Causeway, 6,190 feet long, connects Boston with 
 Cambridge ; Canal Bridge is 2,796 feet long ; Warren 
 Bridge, 1,390 feet ; Long Wharf, 1,800 feet long and 200 feet 
 wide ; Central Wharf, 1.379 feet long and 150 feet wide ; 
 India Wharf, 9S0 feet long. Along these wharves are con- 
 tinuous blocks of warehouses, 4 or 5 stories high, and from 
 50 to 80 feet deep. Granite, Connecticut, and Lewis's 
 wharves are of like size, and have ranges of large stone 
 warehouses. 
 
 The schools of Boston are frequently referred to as mod- 
 els of perfection. Their number and excellence, with her 
 liberal patronage of education, have given the city the title 
 of the Modern Athens, and their merit and importance 
 can not be overrated. In 1S50 her primary schools had 
 11,376 scholars, her grammar schools 9,154, and other 
 schools 471 scholars. Boston has also a Latin and High 
 School, in which the higher branches are taught with sig- 
 nal ability. All these schools are open free of charge to all. 
 Without the chartered limits of the city are Harvard Uni- 
 versity, with its Law and Theological Schools, a Baptist 
 college, and many excellent schools and academies. 
 
 There are several public libraries in the city. The Athe- 
 neum Library, the Boston and Mercantile libraries, the 
 Law Library, the State Library, and several libraries of 
 Harvard University. These together contain upward of 
 150,000 volumes. 
 
 There are 80 periodicals and newspapers published in 
 Boston, several of which are worked by steam presses, and 
 have large circulations. These refer to almost every de- 
 partment of literature, religion, science, agriculture, banks, 
 railroads, belles-letters, statistics, history, medicine, law, 
 education, etc. 
 
 The religious and charitable institutions of the city are 
 also numerous. It has nearly 200 churches and places of 
 worship. There is also a General Hospital, two Insane 
 Hospitals, an Asylum for the Blind, an Eye and Ear In- 
 firmary, a Lying-in-Hospital, an Asylum for Orphan Girls, 
 and a Farm-school for Boys. Most of these are liberally 
 endowed. 
 
 The United States have expended large sums in and 
 around Boston on their fortresses and arsenal, extensive 
 navj'-yard, dry dock, and rope-walks, and stores of cannon, 
 arms, and material, and Custom-house, and hospitals for 
 sick and infirm seamen. All these are situated in Boston 
 Harbor, and are valued at $8,000,000. The navy-yard is 
 second only to that of Norfolk. 
 
 Should Boston and her suburbs increase for 25 years at 
 its present rate, its population will exceed 1,500,000. If we 
 
 59 
 
 would seek for a solution of the growth of Boston in com- 
 merce, wealth, and population, we may have it not only in 
 its central position and admirable harbor, but in the enter- 
 prise, intelligence, and frugality of her people. Her enter- 
 prise descends lineally from those bold ancestors who 
 planted an empire in the wilderness. Their spirit and their 
 love of letters are inherited ; these have guided its enter- 
 prise. But it is one thing to acquire and another to retam. 
 The frugality of the people is the great secret of accumula- 
 tion, and hence Boston has risen to ils presL'nt glorious po- 
 sition, which is every day becoming more and more enviable 
 and unapproachable. 
 
 Brooklyn, p. city, and capital Kings co., X. Y. : on the 
 W. end of Long Island, opposite New York city, 1 15 m. S. 
 Albany. Pop. in ISIO, 4.402 ; in 1820, 7,175 ; in 1&30, 15,396 ; 
 in 1840, 36.233 ; and in 1850, 96,S8S. It is now the eighth, 
 in regard to population, in the Union, and the second in 
 the State. Dwell, in 18.50, 10,197. Value of real estate, 
 $32,010.711 ; and of personal property, $3,950,589. 
 
 Brooklyn was originally built on very uneven ground, 
 and still — although the grades have been greatly leveled — 
 retains many of the natural beauties for which it was so 
 pre-eminent. The Heights of Brooklyn, seen from the 
 New York side of the East river, are unrivaled as city 
 scenery, and there are also, farther back, eminences which 
 afliird fine localities for residences. The streets are regu- 
 larly laid out, and are from CO to 100 feet wide ; and on the 
 whole, no other city of the Union has so many substanlial 
 and handsome public builiiings. The City Hall is a fine 
 marble structure, at the head of Fulton Street, and the 
 banking-houses, school-houses, and churches are elegant 
 and commodious. It is the city of churches. The city is 
 divided into eleven wards, and governed by a mayor and 
 common council, and in its police arrangements is much 
 superior to the neighboring city of New York. It is lighted 
 throughout with gas, which has also been generally intro- 
 duced into the dwellings of the rich; and there is a project 
 on foot for introducing into the city a supply of water from 
 the S. side of Long Island. At present, water is supplied 
 from the public pumps or cisterns ; and in case of an ex- 
 tensive flre, there is not a sufficiency. The charter officers 
 of the city are the mayor, controller, street commissioner, 
 commissioner of repairs and supplies, collector of taxes, and 
 chief of poUce ; and for each ward an alderman and assist- 
 ant alderman, a supervisor, an assessor, a commissioner of 
 excise, and constable. These are elected by the citizens, 
 and form respectively boards intrusted with the city gov- 
 ernment. The city clerk, the attorney and counselor, the 
 health officer, the city treasurer, the sealer of weights and 
 measures, the clerk of police and justices courts, the city 
 surveyors, etc., are appointed by the common council. For 
 police purposes, the city is divided into four districts, each, 
 except the first district (which has 48), having 32 poiice- 
 men, under a captain and two assistant captains. 
 
 The commerce of Brooklyn is relatively large ; but as the 
 city is within the collection district of New York, no sep- 
 arate returns are made in the published accounts. The river 
 front of the city is literally fringed with wharves, and backed 
 by extensive warehouses, while the Atlantic Dock and its 
 immense stores enhance the importance of its shipping fa- 
 cihties. The dock contains 42J acres, and the pier front, 
 facing on ButtermUk Channel, has a length of 8,000 feet. 
 Ships of the largest size enter it, and unload into the ad- 
 joining stores by means of patent cranes, worked by steam- 
 power. Other dock facilities are about to be built beyond 
 Ked Hook. There are four banks in the city, two savings' 
 institutions, and four flre insurance companies, with nume- 
 rous other associations for commercial and economical pur- 
 poses. Its churches number 63, of which 11 are Episcopal, 
 7 Roman Catholic, 6 Baptist, 6 German Reformed, 5 Congre- 
 gational, 7 Presbyterian, 11 Methodist Episcopal, and each 
 one. African Methodist Episcopal, Universalist, Unitarian, 
 Friends, Sailors' Bethel, Congregational Methodist, Ameri- 
 
 3n 
 
CHIEF PLACES OF THE UNITED STATES. 
 
 can Primitive Mi'tliodiat, Protostiint Mi-ttiodist, Second Ad- 
 vent, and Ilelormed Prpsbytfri:m. The oily contains 13 
 school districLs, which are under the snperintendence of 
 the Board of Education. It also constitutes one colored 
 school district. The puhlic schools are entirely free to 
 cliildren residing within the respective districts in which 
 the schools are located. Each district contains a valuable 
 district library, the use of the books being free to all the 
 inhabitants of the district, both male and female. In the 
 larger district's the libraries number between .3,0(10 and 
 4,000 volumes each. Academies and high schools for 
 youth of both sexes are also very numerous, and are gen- 
 erally well and ably conducteil. The Urooklyn Institute, 
 ■Washington Street, is one of its highest institutions, and has 
 connected wilh it a Youths' Free Library, and free lectures 
 and concerts are given during the winter. Among the 
 benevolent institutions of the city, the most conspicuous 
 are the City Hospital, Raymond Street, and the Dispensary 
 in Pineapple StreiH. 
 
 In the east part of Brooklyn is the United States Na^-y- 
 yard, situate on the Wallabont. It covers some 40 acres, 
 and contiguous thereto are mooring grounds, etc. The 
 yard is inclosed on the land side by a high brick wall, and 
 within are large ship-houses, timber sheds, store-houses, 
 work-shops, etc. ; and an immense Pry Dock, the greatest 
 work of ihe kind within the United States, has been lately 
 completed. The Naval Hospital, half a mile east of the 
 yard, occupies a commanding eminence, and is surrounded 
 by a fine park and grounds, about 33 acres in extent. 
 
 The Greenwood Cemetery, on Gowanus Heights, in the 
 S. part of the city, is one of the most picturesque and beau- 
 tiful burial-plots anywhere to be found. It occupies nearly 
 300 acres of land, and is laid out in avenues, embellished 
 by shade trees and shrubbery. The surface is of every v.i- 
 idety, interspersed with ponds and lakelets, and from its 
 higher parts commands an extensive view of the harbor, 
 and the scenery of the lower Hudson. Its monuments, 
 erected in memory of the dead, some at the expense of the 
 public or societies, and others in commemoration of private 
 friendships or relations, are of every description, but chiefly 
 of white marble, and finely sculptured. Altogether, it is 
 the most extensive and most beautiful cemetery within the 
 borders of the Union, and is an establishment of which the 
 city may well be proud. 
 
 For so large a city, Brooklyn is but poorly represented by 
 its press, a fact accounted for by its proximity to New York 
 city, the literary as well as the commercial emporium of 
 America. Four papers are published daily, the "Brooklyn 
 Star," and the " Brooklyn Advertiser" (whig), the " Daily 
 Freeman" (indep't.). and the "Brooklyn Eagle" (dem.); 
 and the papers published weekly are the "Long Island 
 Star" (whig), and the "Independent" (temperance), and 
 there is also a weekly edition of the " Eagle." The New 
 York papers are delivered here to citizens at the same time 
 as in New York ; and as these generally contain more ex- 
 tended accounts of, and comments on current affairs, and 
 are conducted with more skill and talent, they have a 
 much larger circulation than the Brooklyn papers. The 
 nearness of New York, indeed, affects every grade and 
 profession in the same manner ; few of the richer classes 
 purchase Uieir goods or provisious in Brooklyn ; and hence 
 no department of life has the same vitality as it would 
 have if the wealthy could be induced to purchase of tlieir 
 neighbor, instead of giving the profit of their custom to 
 the traders of the neighboring city. In many respects, 
 however, Brooklyn is only a suburb of the metropolis — a 
 residence for business men, and not a mart of commerce. 
 
 Brooklyn is connected with New York by five ferries : 
 Hamilton Avenue Ferry and South Ferry (Atlantic Street), 
 rim to Whitehall, in New York ; Fulton Ferry, from foot 
 of Fulton Street, Brooklyn, to Fulton Street, New York ; 
 Catharine Ferry, from foot of Main Street, Brooklyn, to 
 Catharine Street, New York; and Jackson Ferry, from 
 312 
 
 foot of Jackson Street, Brooklyn, to foot of Governeur 
 Street. New York. The steamboats on these ferries are all 
 of the first cla.ss, and commodious for carriages and wagons 
 as well as passengers. The fare on the three first is one 
 cent for each passenger. 
 
 Brooklyn was the scene of stirring events at an early 
 stage of the Revolutionary War. In August, 1776, this part 
 of Long Island became the seat of strife, and the fortifica- 
 tions then thrown up by the patriots may still be seen, but 
 are now undergoing the process of demolition to extend 
 city improvements. The principal of these is Fort Green, 
 which will hence be known as Washington Park, and 
 which will be devoted to recreation and health. Near the 
 Navy-yard is the tomb in which are deposited the remains 
 of 11,000 Americans who perished in the prison-ships 
 moored in the bay during the Revolution. At Ihe conclu- 
 sion of peace, in 17S.3, Brooklyn contained only .56 hou.ses; 
 nor was it until the period between IS'20 and 1880 that it 
 began to receive the overflowing populatiim of New York. 
 Since then it has rapidly increased, and in all probability 
 the census of 1S60 will find it a city of 200.000 souls. The 
 only drawback, indeed, to its unlimited settlement, seems 
 to be the want of a suflicient supply of water for so large a 
 population as circumstances would indicate to be its destiny 
 to contain. 
 
 ButTNSwioK, p. v., port, and cap. Glynn co.. Go. : on the 
 E. side of Turtle r., 168 m. S. E. Milledgeville. Its harbor is 
 spacious, safe, and is accounted the best S. of Mason and 
 Dixon's line. Ships drawing not more than 13 feet can 
 pa.ss the bar at low tide. The v. is 13^ m. above the bar 
 and 8 m. above the light-house on St. Simon's island. The 
 shipping of the district in 18.50 was 533 tons. The Bruns- 
 wick Canal extends to the Alatamaha r. 12 m., and it is pro- 
 posed to build a railroad from Brunswick to Tliomasville, 
 with a branch to Tallahassee, and other branches from 
 Troupville to Albany, and from Thomasville to Bainbridge 
 on Flint r. These, when completed, will raise Brunswick 
 to a high rank as a Southern port. 
 
 Buffalo, post city, port of entry, and cap. Erie co., N.T. : 
 at the outlet of Lake Erie, and the head of Niagara r., 254 
 miles W. Albany. The city lies on Buffalo cr., which falls 
 into the lake, and constitutes its harbor. The distamce to 
 Albany by railroad is 328 m., and by canal 364 m. Lat 42'' 
 53' N., and long. 78° 55' W. Pop. in 1840, 18,213, and iu 
 1850, 42,261. 
 
 Buffalo is the great entrepflt between the north-west and 
 the States of the Atlantic seaboard — the gate through which 
 the bulk of commercial material must pass for a market. 
 Its position is unrivaled on the lakes, and from the advan- 
 tages possessed by its port it has become the rendezvous for 
 a vast tonnage employed on these western waters. The 
 harbor is spacious and safe, the creek having a depth of 13 
 or 14 feet for a mile up, and being from 12 to 16 rods wide. 
 Its only obstruction is the sand and gravel at its mouth, 
 driven in by gales of wind ; but this defect has been ob- 
 viated by the extension of a pier 1,500 feet long from the 
 8. side of the entrance. This pier, which has a light-house 
 at its end, operates as a breakwater, and, by confining tho 
 creek, has cleared its chaimel, so that vessels drawing eight 
 feet pass in without difficulty. The increasing commerce 
 of the port, however, demands greater accommodations, 
 and several valuable improvements are projected in the 
 harbor. 
 
 The land on which the city is built rises by a very gentle 
 ascent two miles from the water, and from its higher parts 
 affords fine views of the neighboring scenery, the lake, the 
 Niagara river, and Canada shore being within tho view. 
 The city is laid out in broad and regular streets, which 
 contain numerous elegant stores, large warehouses, depOts 
 of railroads, etc., and most of the dwellings are substantial 
 and neat There are three public squares, which add much 
 to the salubrity and beauty of the city. The public build- 
 ings are a Court-house, Jail, and other county offices, two 
 
CHIEF PLACES OF THE UNITED STATES 
 
 markets, the city offices, churches, banks, etc. The Roman 
 Catholic Cathedral, a new edifice, is one of the finest tem- 
 ples in America. 
 
 The city is divided into five wards, and is governed by a 
 mayor and common council. The charter officers are a 
 controller, treasurer, surveyor, etc., and in each ward are 
 health inspectors, and other officers. The courts are the 
 County Court, the Recorder's Court, and the Police and 
 Justices' Courts. In the Fire Department there are nine 
 ensrine companies, two hook and ladder, and a liose com- 
 pany. Water is supplied to the citizens through pipes, and 
 the streets are lighted with gas. Among the benevolent 
 institutions of the city, the most conspicuous are the Orphan 
 Asylum, the City Hospital, the Hospital of the Sisters of 
 Charity, the Female Orphan Asylum, and the Association 
 for the Relief of the Poor. The city is well supplied with 
 common schools, open to all children, and has many highly 
 efficient academies and private schools. 
 
 The University of Bufialo was chartered in 1S46, and has 
 a medical department. The Young Men's Association, 
 established in 1S85. is one of the best literary societies in the 
 State, and has a fine library of 6,000 or 7,000 volumes, and 
 a select cabinet of mineral and zoological specimens. 
 During the winter, a series of lectures on literary and sci- 
 entific subjects are delivered by eminent professors. The 
 German Young Men's Association is a similar institution, 
 and has in its library nearly 2,000 volumes, chiefly valuable 
 works in the German language. The rooms of both these 
 are amply supplied with periodicals and newspapers. 
 
 The press of Buffalo consists of the ''Buffalo Commercial 
 Advertiser,"' the oldest daily paper in the city : a tri-weekly 
 edition is also issued ; the " Patriot and Journal," weekly ; 
 the '• Western Literary Messensrer," monthly; the " Buffalo 
 Medical Journal and Montlily Review ;" the " Buffalo Daily 
 Courier," of which tri-weekly and weekly editions are also 
 published ; the " Morning Express," daily, tri-weekly, and 
 weekly; the ''Buffalo Republic," daily and weekly; the 
 "Daily Queen City;" the "Evangelical Christian," semi- 
 monthly; the "Buffalo Christian Advocate;" the "Wool- 
 Grower and Magazine of Agriculture and Horticulture," 
 monthly ; the " Buffalo Pathfinder," weekly ; and the fol- 
 lowing, which are German publications: "Der Weltbur- 
 ger," semi-weekly and weekly; the "Buffalo Telegraph," 
 weekly; and the "Buffalo Democrat," daily and weekly. 
 
 There are in the city about 40 churches : 3 are Episeop.nl, 
 4 Presbyterian, 1 Associate Reformed Presbyterian (Scotch), 
 1 Reformed Presbyterian, 1 colored Presbyterian, 5 Meth- 
 odist Episcopal, 4 Baptist, 1 Unitarian, 1 Universalist, T 
 Roman Catholic, 1 Lutheran, and 7 or S German churches of 
 various denominations. 
 
 The commerce carried on between Buffalo and Canada, 
 in 1850, amounted to 4(527.270, of which .^220,196 was the 
 value of exports, and .$307,074 of imports ; and the ship- 
 ping employed in the transit of the merchandise represent- 
 ed l)y these values, was — American vessels cleared, 282 
 (29,696 tons), and entered, 246 (26.352 tons) ; and British 
 vessels cleared. 466 (73,897 tons), and entered, 473 (75,640 
 tons). Total clearances, 748 vessels (103.593 tons), and total 
 entrances, 719 vessels (101,992 tons). The value of imports 
 from domestic lake ports, was $22,5'25,7Sl, and of exports, 
 $44,501,737. The arrivals, coastwise, numbered 3,558 ves- 
 sels (1.255,430 tons), and the clearances, 3,599 vessels 
 (1,263,907 tons). The v.ilue of merchandise delivered by 
 the Erie Canal, was $41,859,270, besides which the railroad 
 from Albany delivered goods to the value of $6,1)41.4.56. 
 Forming the material of this commerce, we find the sugars 
 of Louisiana, the cottons of Tennessee and Mississippi, the 
 hemp of Kentucky, the furs of Missouri and the distjmt 
 West, the copper of Lake Superior, the lead of Wisconsin, 
 the agricultural and forest products of all the States border- 
 ing on the lakes, the manufactures of New England and 
 New York, and a small amount in bond and otherwise of 
 Canadian products. The imports into Buffalo, in 1850, from 
 
 the Western States, consisted in part of 1,103,039 barrels ot 
 flour, 8,681,346 bushels of wheat, 2,593,378 bushels of Indian 
 corn, 52,124,275 feet boards and scantling, 19,988,962 staves, 
 4,568,000 shingles, 161,110 boxes and 3,158 casks of cheese, 
 4,1.35 kegs and 2,203 barrels of butter, 53,867 bales of wool, 
 10,180 sheep, 46,448 live, and 7,420 slaughtered hogs, etc. 
 The exports consisted of the property landed at Buffalo from 
 the Erie Canal, the Albany and Buffalo Railroad, and the 
 manufactures and productions of the city itself; of these, 
 castings, agricultural implements, furniture, dry goods, gro- 
 ceries, etc., formed the great bulk, but included was almost 
 every thing that is known to commerce. {For a full ac- 
 comit of the cmwinerce of Buffalo, consult Andrews'' Report 
 of the Trade and Cominerce of the British Korth Amerv- 
 can Colonies with the United States, etc., presented to tlie 
 U. S. Senate [Dec. 28] in 1851.) 
 
 The shipping owned in the collection district of Buffalo, 
 on the 30th June, 1850, amounted to 39,679 tons, all of the 
 class " permanent, enrolled, and licensed," of which 23.083 
 tons were propelled by steam, and the whole engaged in 
 the coasting trade. The number of vessels built in the year 
 ending at the same date, was 7 (1,780 tons) — 1 brig, 2 
 schooners, and 4 steamers. 
 
 Buffalo has 10 banks, and one savings' institution ; also, 
 including agencies, 44 fire, marine, and life insurance com- 
 panies. 
 
 The railroads uniting Buffalo with Canada, the Great 
 West, and the States eastward, are magnificent works. 
 Those pointing east, are the great line terminating at Al- 
 bany, and there connecting with the New England and 
 Southern New York roads, and the navigation of the Hud- 
 son; and the several lines uniting with the New York and 
 Erie R. R,, known as the Buffalo and New York City R. R., 
 and the Buffalo, Corning, and New York R. R. The West 
 is reached by the Buffalo and State Line R. R., which con- 
 nects with the system of roads in Ohio and the other lake 
 States, and extends to the Mississippi river ; and Canada 
 will be reached by the Buffalo and Brandtford R. R., the 
 Great Western R. R., and others now being constructed. 
 Railroads also run to Niagara. Lewistown, etc. There are 
 also several plank roads centering in Buffalo, and reaching 
 back to the principal villages in the county. 
 
 Buffalo was founded in 1801 by the Holland Land Com- 
 pany, but for a long period it made little progress, since in 
 1S14, when burned by the British, it did not contain more 
 than 200 houses; nor was it until the Erie Canal opened a 
 navigable passage from the lake to the Hud.son river, that 
 it exhibited any uncommon rapidity of growth. Since that 
 period, however, its prosperity has been unbounded, and 
 its rise in the scale of importance as a commercial city has 
 been such as its original founders could never have dreamed 
 of It now ranks as the fourth city of the State, and the 
 twelfth of the United Stales, in respect of population, and in 
 a commercial point of view is surpassed by only tliree or 
 four of our seaboard ports. 
 
 Burlington, p. city, and cap. Des Moines co., la. : on 
 the W. bank of the Mississippi r,, 24S m. above St. Louis, 
 and 62 m. S. S. E. Iowa City. The land on which the city 
 is built rises gradually from the river to hills, which form 
 an amphitheatre around it. It has many fine public edi- 
 fices, several mechanical and manufacturing establish- 
 ments, and a large commerce. Three newspapers are pub- 
 lished, the "Telegraph," tri-weekly and weekly; and the 
 " Burlington Hawk-eye" (whig), and the " State Gazette" 
 (dera.), weekly. One of the Pacific lines of railroad will 
 probably have its E. terminus at this point. Burlington 
 was formerly the State capital ; it was laid out in 183-3, and 
 in 1850 contained a population of 5,301, being the largest 
 city of the State. 
 
 Burlington, t., p. city, port of entry, and cap. Chitten- 
 den CO., Verm. : on Lake Champlain, -31 m. W. N. W 
 Montpelior. Lat. 44° 17', and long. 72° 36' W. The village 
 is situate on 4 bay, which, in the form of a regular curve, 
 
 313 
 
CHIEF PLACES OF THE UNITED STATES. 
 
 sets up a little on the E. side of the lake ; on the S. the 
 level is low, but on the N. rises to a high blufiF, which, 
 during thfl war of 1S12, was strongly fortified. The streets 
 cross each other E. and W. and N. and S., forming regular 
 squares. Near the centre is a fine area on which the C. H. 
 is located. Many of the houses are handsome structures, 
 generally surrounded by shrubbery, with gardens in the 
 rear ; and there are commodious stores and warehouses. 
 It is the largest and most convenient place in the State, and 
 has a constant connection with the railroads leading through 
 New England to Canada and the Great "West. Tlie lake is 
 here 10 m. wide, and the harbor is protected from W. winds 
 by a breakwater. The scenery on all sides is magnificent, 
 combining lake and mountain views of great beauty and 
 sublimity. The public buildings are the University of Ver- 
 mont ; it is an efficient and well-endowed institution, and 
 has a medical department; the county buildings, banks, 
 churches, and several academic edifices. In the neighbor- 
 hood are several flourishing manufacturing villages, chiefly 
 on Winooski or Onion r. Three newspapers are published 
 here, the " Burlington Sentinel" and " Burlington Free 
 Press," daily and weekly, and the " Courier," weekly. The 
 shipping owned in the district in 1850 amounted to 4,530 
 tons, of which 3,096 tons was navigated by steam. The clear- 
 ances in the foreign trade in 1849-50, amounted to 342 ves- 
 sels, measuring 82,856 tons, and the entrances to 404 ves- 
 sels, measuring 99,435 tons. The collection district of 
 Burlington comprises the whole lake shore of Vermont. 
 Pop. ofLT,85o. 
 
 Cairo, p. city, Alexander co., HI. . on the extreme S. 
 point of the State, at the confluence of the Ohio and Mis- 
 sissippi rivers, 176 m. S. Springfield. It is destined to be- 
 come an important commercial centre. The ground on 
 wliieli it is planned is low and liuble to inundation, but by 
 building levees round the river fronts this may be prevent- 
 ed. The city is the property of a company, and great pains 
 have been taken to improve its natural facilities. The 
 Central E. E. to Galena and Chic.igo commences here, and 
 on the opposite side of the river the Mobile and Ohio E. E. 
 will terminate ; both these great works are in progress. 
 Pop. in 1850, 242. 
 
 Camden, p. v., and cap. Kershaw dist., ;& Car. : on the 
 E. side of Wateree r., .".l m. N. E. Columbia. The river is 
 navigable to this point for 70 tons flat boats; but since the 
 completion of llie Camden Branch of the South Carolina 
 E. E., the bulk of its commercial material has been con- 
 veyed by land. The village has some manufactures, and 
 its public buildings are commodious and substantial. A 
 newspaper, the " Camden Journal," is issued semi-weekly. 
 Camden is noted as the scene of two battles of the Eevolu- 
 tion — the one fought 16th August, 1780, and the other 23d 
 April, 17S1. A monument, erected in honor of Baron Do 
 Kail), and the foundation of which was laid by Lafayette in 
 1825, stands at the end of De Kalb Street; it is of white 
 marble, and the chief ornament of the village. Population 
 in 1850,1,133. 
 
 Canandaigua, t., p. v., and cap. Ontario co., N. T. : on 
 the W. side of Canandaigua lake, 177 m. W. Albany. The 
 village is pleasantly situate at the outlet of the lake, and 
 contains, besides the county buildings, a number of sub- 
 stantial and elegant churches, stnres, and dwellings. The 
 " Ontarii) llepository" (whig), and the " Ontario Messenger" 
 (dera.), are published weekly. The Eochester and Syra- 
 cuse E. 11. passes through the village 29 m. from Eochester, 
 and it is the N. terminus of the Canandaigua and Klmira 
 E. E., and the E. terminus of the Canandaigua and Niagara 
 Falls E. E. Pop. 6,148. 
 
 Caulisi-k, p. city, and cap. Cumberland co.. Pfnn. : on 
 the Cumberland Valley E. E., 22 m. frnm llarrisburg. Lat. 
 40° 12' N., and long. 77° 10' W. Dickinson College is lo- 
 cated here, and half a mile from the village the U. States 
 Barracks and Cavalry School. The v. has several manu- 
 factures, and a considerable trade with the neighboring 
 314 
 
 districts. The periodical press consists of the " American 
 Volunteer" (dem.), the " American Democrat" (dem.), and 
 the "Carlisle Herald" (whig), published weekly, and the 
 " Monthly Friend." Pop. 4,581. 
 
 Chaeleston, p. city, port of entry, and cap. Charleston 
 dist., S. Car. : on a tongue of land formed by the meeting 
 of Cooper and Ashley rivers in Charleston Harbor, 101 m. 
 S. E. Columbia. Lat. 32° 46' 33" N., and Long. 79° 57' 27" 
 W. from Greenwich, or 2^ 55' 57" TV. from Washington. 
 
 The bay, or Charleston Harbor, is a large estuary, with 
 an average width of 2 m., and extends about 7 m. S. E. from 
 Charleston to the Atlantic Ocean, which it enters between 
 Sullivan's and Morrison's islands. Cooper and Ashley 
 rivers are from 30 to 40 feet deep, the former being 1,400, 
 and the latter 2,100 yards wide opposite the city, and both 
 are capable of accommodating the largest class of vessels. 
 A sand-bar extends across the mouth of the harbor, but it 
 has several channel entrances, the deepest of which, pass- 
 ing very close to Sullivan's island, admits vessels drawing 
 16 feet water at high tide. The harbor is open to easterly 
 winds, and vessels are much exposed during storms from 
 that quarter — so much so, indeed, that they were at one 
 time prohibited by law from lying at the wharves from the 
 last of July to the middle of September. The fortifications 
 protecting Charleston are Fort Moultrie, on Sullivan's island, 
 Castle Pinckney, 2 m. below the city, and Fort Johnson, 
 about 4 m. below. 
 
 The ground upon which Charleston is built is low, only 
 elevated 8 or 9 feet above the level of the harbor at high 
 tide, which here rises about 6 feet, flowing by the city with 
 a strong current, and thus contributing to the salubrity of a 
 location naturally unhealthy. The city has several times 
 been inundated by the waters driven up the harbor by vio- 
 lent winds, and has from this cause at various times suffered 
 considerable damage. The years 1699, 1728, 1752, and 1797 
 are noted in the history of the city as periods of these 
 devastating occurrences. The streets are laid out recti- 
 lineally, running east and west, from the rivers north and 
 south, forming nearly square blocks. The width of the 
 streets varies from 35 to 70 feet. Most of the buildings of 
 the city are of brick, and the dwellings are in general of 
 elegant construction. The streets are lined with the pride 
 of India, while elegant villas, adorned with verandahs 
 reaching from the ground to the tops of the houses, sur- 
 roun<ied by green edges, and buried in the rich foliage of 
 orange trees, magnolias, and palmettoes, give an air of 
 wealth and elegance to the city. Charleston is divided into 
 four wards, and is governed by a mayor and twelve alder- 
 men. Among the public buildings are the City Hall, the 
 Exchange, the District Court-house, the Jail, two arsenals, 
 a theatre, the U. S. Custom-house, the Halls of the College 
 of Charleston, between 30 .^nd 40 churches, several high 
 schools, and buildings devoted to benevolent purposes, as 
 the alms-houses, the orphan asylum, etc. The Literary and 
 Philosophical Society has a fine collection of objects of nat- 
 ural history, etc. ; the Academy of Fine Arts possesses some 
 valuable paintings, and the City Library contains about 
 24,000 volumes. The College of Charleston is one of the 
 most flourisliing institutions of the Southern Slates, and has 
 an eflicient staff, consisting of a president and 6 professors; 
 it was founded in 178.5, and in 1850 had 70 students. The 
 Medical College of the State of South Carolina was founded 
 in 1833; in 1850 it had 8 professors and 158 students. The 
 list of free-school pupils is 394, and the average cost of in- 
 struction $10 per annum ; these are valuable schools, but 
 are inadequate for so large a city. There Is also a High 
 School, founded in 1839, which averages from 130 to 150 pu- 
 pils. It is endowed with $1,000 a year for 100 years by the 
 council. The number of grammar schools and academies, 
 which are open only to p;iy scholars, are pretty numerous, 
 and these .are usually efficient institutions, at which the best 
 clas.sical and mathemiilicHl education can bo had. 
 
 The public press of Charleston consists of four daily 
 
CHIEF PLACES OP THE UNITED STATES. 
 
 papers : the " Sun" (neutral), the " Charleston News" (dem.), 
 the " Charleston Mercury" (dem.), and the " Charleston 
 Courier" (neutral) : of the latter a tri-weekly edition is also 
 Issued ; four weekly papers : the " Southern Literary Ga- 
 zette," the "Southern Baptist," the "Catholic Miscellany," 
 and the "Southern Christian Advocate;" three monthly 
 periodicals: the "Gospel Messenger," the " School- fellow" 
 (educational), and the " Masonic Miscellany ;" and one bi- 
 monthly, the " Medical Journal." Many of these are pub- 
 lications exhibiting a high order of talent, and have circula- 
 tions beyond the locality. The "Medical Journal" is a 
 work of world-wide renown, and has among its contrib- 
 utors the highest names among Southern physicians. 
 
 The city of Charleston is one of the most ancient in the 
 Union. Its foundations were laid in 1672. In 1677 it was 
 called Oyster Point Town ; in 16S0 New Charlestown, and 
 in 16S2 New Charleston. It was chartered as a city in 17S3. 
 At an early period of its history it attracted a considerable 
 population from Barbadoes, and received large acces- 
 sions of French Huguenots. " On the spot," says Bancroft, 
 "where opulence now crowds the wharves of the most 
 prosperous mart on our Southern sea-board, among ancient 
 groves that swept down the river's banks, and were cov- 
 ered with yellow jasmine which burdened the verdant 
 zephyrs with its perfumes, the city was begun." Two 
 ceutBries have nearly been completed since its foundation, 
 and momentous have been the events and changes within 
 that lapse of time. In 1731 — we have it on the authority of 
 an old historian — there were 690 houses in Charleston, 5 
 handsome churches, and that out of the city were to be 
 found courtly, stately buildings, noble castles, etc. The ad- 
 vantages of the location were early appreciated, and it soon 
 became a place of considerable trade. Its first exports 
 were staves, lumber, furs, peltries, and rice (first planted 
 1693), to which were added in 1747 indigo, in 17S2 to- 
 bacco, and in 1790 cotton. At the present time its great 
 exports are rice and cotton. Of cotton, the receipts from 
 the interior in 1S50 were 400,714 bales, and of sea- 
 island, 17 994 bales, and the exports were 30.'),.327 bales up- 
 land, and 16,437 bales sea-island ; and the receipts of rice 
 amounted to 147,690 barrels, and the exports to 134.417 
 barrels. The foreign commerce of Charleston, however, 
 has not progressed equally with its coasting trade; and 
 many reasons might be assigned for this, but none so 
 weighty as the fault of its own inhabitants in preferring the 
 employment of the shipping of other States, and neglectiog 
 Its own facilities for ship-building. It has consequently be- 
 come a tributary to Northern ports, and instead of reaping 
 the benefits of a foreign navigation of its own, has been 
 constantly heaping up the coffers of its Northern neighbors. 
 At present, indeed, the great bulk of its staples are carrie<l 
 coastwise to New York, and thence shipped to foreign 
 countries. In the year 1849-50, ending SOth June, the 
 clearances to foreign ports amounted only to 851 vessels 
 (121.367 tons), and its direct entrances to only 303 vessels 
 (96,619 tons), a proportion quite inadequate for the trans- 
 portation of so large a commercial material as that supplied 
 from the back country, of which the port is the only outlet. 
 The registered shipping of the port at this period consisted 
 of 15,877 tons, and the shipping employed in the coasting 
 trade, of 17,916 tons. The coastwise trade of Charleston in 
 comparison with this is immensely greater. In 1S4S the 
 arrivals were 63 steamships, 228 ships, 196 brigs, 39S schoon- 
 ers, 8 sloops, and 73n steamboats ; and the clearances were 
 61 steamships, 163 ships, 177 brigs, 3C9 schooners, 7 sloops, 
 and 731 steamboats. At the same period, and of the above 
 amount, the following were regular packets plying between 
 Charleston an<l other pons of the Union : Boston, 6 ves- 
 sels (1,371 tons); New York, 23 vessels (11,027 tons); Phila- 
 delphia, 13 vessels (2,950 tons) ; Providence, 2 vessels (346 
 tons) ; Bal'imore, 6 vessels (600 tons) ; Wilmington, 4 ves- 
 sels (1.538 tons) ; Savannah, 4 vessels C1.070 tons) ; and New 
 Orleans, 7 vessels (1,027 tous) ; the remainder being made 
 
 up of transient traders. Of this number 5 were steam- 
 ships, 11 ships, 9 barks, 24 brigs, 1 ketch, 26 schooners, and 
 8 steamboats. There are also engaged in the pilotage of the 
 bar IS full branch pUots and S second branch pilots, em- 
 ploying 9 pilot-boats, with an aggregate of about 400 tons. 
 
 There is at Charleston a floating dry-dock — one of the 
 best of its kind in the Union; it is the balance-dock of Gil- 
 bert, and was built in 1845 by James Marsh. Its length is 
 160 feet, its width 52 feet, and its depth 20 feet, and its ca- 
 pacity 1,500 tons. The operations of the dock are performed 
 by a steam-engine. 
 
 The South Carolina E. E. is the great conduit of the 
 commerce of Charleston to and from the interior. It ex- 
 tends from Charleston to Augusta, 136 miles, and has nu- 
 merous connections (feeders), westward and northward, 
 through which an immense amount of merchandise is car- 
 ried to and fro. It has also the advantages of a canal, 22 
 miles long, which connects the harbor with the Santee 
 river, and by means of the railroads now building it will 
 have access to the Mississippi and Ohio rivers. Already its 
 railroad facilities extend from Charleston to Nashville, 
 Tenn., 598 miles, and to Montgomery, Ala., 482 miles. 
 
 Charleston has seven banks, with an aggregate capital 
 of $9,500,000, and five insurance companies, with capitals 
 in the aggregate amounting to $4,500,000 ; also a provident 
 institution for savings. The Bank of the State of South 
 Carolina is the fiscal agent of the State, and holds, besides 
 its capital of $1,123,357, the deposits of the State funds. 
 
 The population of Charieston in 1790 was 16,.359 ; in 1800, 
 18,711 ; in ISIO, 24,711 ; in 1820, 24,7S0 ; in 1830, 30,289 ; in 
 1840, 29,261, and 1850, 42,985. This is exclusive of St. 
 Philip's parish, or the Neck, which is, however, virtually a 
 part of Charleston, and contains about 16,000 inhabitants. 
 
 Chicago, p. city, port of entry, and cap. Cook co.. III. : 
 at the mouth of Chicago r., where it enters Lake Michigan, 
 183 m. N. N. E. Springfield. Lat. 41° 52' 20" N., and loug. 
 87° 85' W. from Greenwich. It is the inmost port of the 
 lake, and farthest advanced into the country which sup- 
 plies its exports and consumes its imports. On this account 
 it is most favorably selected for a commercial dep6t. The 
 river within a mile of its mouth being made up into two af- 
 fluents, the northern and southern, the city lies on both 
 banks of the river, and to the west of both its tributaries, 
 with floating bridges whereby to facilitate communication. 
 Four miles south of the city the Illinois and Michigan Canal 
 falls into the South Branch at a place called Bridgeport, and 
 up to this point this stream is navigable for the largest lake 
 craft. This canal, the first level of which is fed from the 
 river by means of huge steam-pumps, is 98 m. long from 
 Bridgeport to Peru, on the Illinois r., and by means of it 
 the waters of the Mississippi and the lakes are united, so 
 that canal-boats can readily pass from Chicago to St. Louis, 
 and vice versa, or, indeed, to any point on the Illinois, with- 
 out detention or transhipment of goods. 
 
 The railroads diverging from Chicago are, however, the 
 groat source of its prosperity. They connect it with the 
 great interior and with the sea-board, and may be divided 
 into two classes, viz., those running directly into the city, 
 and those branching or extending beyond these. 
 
 The first class, or trunk roads, consist of the Galena and 
 Chicago Union E. R., open 120 m. to Freeport, where it 
 connects with the Galena Branch of the Central R. E. ; the 
 Chicago and Rock Island R. E., 180 m. (open to Peru 8^ 
 m.) ; the Chicago Branch of the Central R. R., 353 m. to 
 Cairo (open to the Kankakee r.) ; the Michigan Southern 
 and Indiana Northern E. E., open through to Toledo 2.55 
 m. and to Monroe 247 m. ; the Michigan Central E. E., open 
 to Detroit 278 m. ; the Chicago and Milwaukie E. R., 02 m.; 
 the Illinois and Wisconsin E. R., 175 m. to Fond du Lac ; 
 the Chicago. St. Charles, and Mississippi Air Line E. E., 
 135 m. ; the Chicago and Aurora E. E. (to meet the Cen- 
 tr.ll) S6 ra. ; the Chicago and Mississippi R. R., open 2.57 m. 
 to Alton ; the Chicago and Cincinnati E. E., via Logans. 
 
 815 
 
CHIEF PLACES OF THE UNITED STATES. 
 
 port, 2S1 m. ; and the Chicago and Fort Wayne E. R., 180 
 m. — making a total of trunk line of railroad 2,416 m. in 
 length, which in less than three years will all be in success- 
 ful operation. 
 
 The second class, or those branching from or being ex- 
 tensions of the trunk lines, are principally as follows : the 
 Beloit Branch R. R., 21 m., and its extension to Madison, 53 
 na., and to Portage, 87 m. ; the Dubuque and Galena R. R. 
 —to Janesville 86 m., and to Freeport 6T m. ; the Savannah 
 and Freeport Branch R. R., 35 ra. ; the Galena Branch of 
 the Central R. R., from Freeport to junction with Aurora 
 E. R., 60 m. ; the Mississippi and Rock River Junction 
 R. R., from Fulton City to Sycamore Branch of the Air 
 Line R. R., 80 m. ; the Northern Cross and Central Military 
 Tract R. R., from Quincy to connection with Aurora road, 
 180 m. ; St. Charles Branch R. R., 7 m. ; Fox River Valley 
 R. E., 40 m. ; Mineral Point Branch R. R., 32 m. ; Janes- 
 ville and Madison R. R., 34 m. ; Milwaukie and Fond du 
 Lac, 60 m. ; Madison and Ontonagon R. R., about 200 m., 
 and the Madison and La Crosse R. R., 150 m.— making a 
 total of branches, etc., 1,130 m. In length. 
 
 Thus the city has tributary to it 12 trunk roads and 16 
 branches and extensions. In this summary no account is 
 taken of the Burlington, Peoria, and Oquawka R. R., which 
 will feed the Military Tract R. R. from two points on the 
 Mississippi, and from Peoria on the Illinois ; nor of the 
 New Albany and Salem R. R., which runs from the eastern 
 roads at Michigan City to New Albany on the Ohio. Nei- 
 ther is the Mobile and Ohio R. R. considered, which will 
 continue the Central R. R. to Mobile, on the Gulf of Mex- 
 ico; nor yet the various lines extending from the Missis- 
 sippi, through Iowa and Missouri, to their western fron- 
 tiers. These will be no unimportant contributors to the 
 prosperity of the city, and in estimating the extent of coun- 
 try for which Chicago will be the market, ought not to be 
 overlooked. 
 
 To illustrate the change wrought by the railroad and 
 canal, in connection with lake navigation by steam, on the 
 condition of the country, the following statements are ad- 
 vanced : 
 
 " Eighteen years ago there were not 5,000 white inhab- 
 itants in all the vast region of beautiful country lying be- 
 tween Lake Michigan and the Pacific Ocean. Now (1853) 
 tlie number is over a million ! Twelve years ago Chicago 
 was esteemed by capitalists and business men in the East 
 but little more sul)stantial than a fiction. Now they admit 
 it is on the eve of becoming the largest inland city in the 
 Union — the commercial metropolis of the Mississippi Val- 
 ley I Ten years ago. six or eight days were occupied in 
 passing from Chicago to New Turk. Now it only requires 
 forty-eight hours ! Rival lines will soon reduce the distance 
 several hours more. Five years ago, Chicago had not a 
 single fool of railroad in any direction. Now she has over 
 400 miles completed within the State, and free iiccess, at all 
 times, to every city on the sea-board, from Portland to 
 Savannah ! There are no circumstances connected with 
 the history of the nation that are more calculated to excito 
 astonishment and heartfelt gratitude than these." They 
 are connected with the commercial position of the city, and 
 the prosecution of those grand enterprises which, when 
 complete<i, will make it the great storehouse of the East 
 and the West — the central exchange of the nation. It is 
 doubtless to the advantageous situation of the city, aided 
 by these accessories, the railroad, canal, and steamboat, 
 that is owing its rapid growth during the few past years — 
 its enviable commercial advancement for the present, and 
 its brilliant prospects for the future. 
 
 In 183t) Chicago was a mere trading post, and in 1840 it 
 had only 4.479 inhabitants. In 185i) its population amount- 
 ed to 2'.'.'.t03, being an increase of 2.'>.^84 within the decade, 
 or at the rate of 570.:;l per cent. The increase of Milwaukie 
 within the same period was 1071.78 per cent. ; of SI. Louis, 
 372.76 ; and of Cincinnati, 149.11 per cent. The present 
 SIO 
 
 (1858) population is estimated at 50,000. Such facts are 
 sufficient to show that its future is one of grand prospects. 
 Fronting on the lake, it has direct shipping connection with 
 all the ports of those great waters, and by the St. Lawrence 
 with those of the whole Union ; and by means of the ex- 
 tensive lines of internal railroads, before recounted, its com- 
 merce reaches from the Atlantic sea-board to the heart of 
 the Valley of the Mississippi. In 1839 the total value of 
 property in Chicago was assessed at $1,829,420 ; in 1S50 it 
 was valued for taxation at $8,562,717, of which $6,804,262 
 represented the value of real estate. In 1852 the value of 
 real and personal property was $12,035,0-37. The following 
 table will show the actual progress of population'and as- 
 sessments from 1839 : 
 
 Year. 
 
 ropuIatloQ, 
 
 Valuntion. 
 
 Year. 
 
 Populatioa 
 
 Valuation, 
 
 1839.. 
 
 .. — .. 
 
 .$1,829,420 
 
 1846. 
 
 .. 14,169... 
 
 .$5,071,423 
 
 1840.. 
 
 .. 4,479.. 
 
 . 1,864,21)5 
 
 1847. 
 
 ..16,859... 
 
 . 6,1S9,3S5 
 
 1S41.. 
 
 . — .. 
 
 . 1,888,160 
 
 1848.. 
 
 ..20.023... 
 
 . 9,986,000 
 
 1842.. 
 
 . — .. 
 
 . 2.325,240 
 
 1849.. 
 
 ..23,047... 
 
 . 7,617,102 
 
 1S43.. 
 
 . 7,580.. 
 
 . 2,250,735 
 
 1850.. 
 
 ..29,963... 
 
 . 8,562,717 
 
 1844.. 
 
 . — .. 
 
 . 3.166,945 
 
 1851.. 
 
 .. — ... 
 
 . 9,431,826 
 
 1845.... 12,088.... 3,669,124 
 
 1862 .... 38,733 . . . .12,035,037 
 
 Chicago is now, indeed, one of the most substantial cities 
 of the West. The limits of the inhabited parts have been 
 constantly extended, until now it stretches beyond the 
 bifurcation of the river, and is rapidly filling up north and 
 south of the main stream. Elegant residences are found in 
 every part, splendid blocks of stores line the principal 
 streets, and gigantic warehouses frown over the wharves 
 and receive and distribute the material of an ever-increas- 
 ing commerce. The city borders on a wide, rich, and 
 beautiful prairie, extending in different directions lor miles, 
 and which is handsomely diversified by groves and strips 
 of limber springing up at intervals, exhibiting a rich fea- 
 ture, the beauty of which is greatly enhanced by garden 
 plats and villas, which, mixing with the scene, make it one 
 of enchanting loveliness. Though the site is very low and 
 level, scarcely five feet above the lake, there are no marshes 
 or wet lands about the place, and the lake winds, by con- 
 stantly agitating the waters, much like the tidal perturba- 
 tions of sea-board rivers, have a good effect in promoting 
 cleanliness and health to so large a city. 
 
 The harbor is made tip of the main river and its branches, 
 along the quays of which shipping lies in safety, and piers 
 have been extended into the lake to prevent accumulations 
 of sand and drift. The depth is pretty uniform, from 12 to 15 
 feet, and sufficient for any craft navigating the lakes. 
 
 The collection district of which Chicago is the port of 
 entry, has about 80 miles of co.ast line, t>om Michigan City, 
 in Indiana, to Waukegaii, in Illinois, embracing the coast of 
 Lake Michigan, bordering on the two States. Michigan City, 
 Chicago, and Waukegan are the only ports, the total com- 
 merce of the first and last of which is comparatively small, 
 and not exceeding $1,400,000 in the year. The jtrogressivo 
 value of the imports and exports of (hii'ago will be found 
 to be the best exponent of the actual progression of the 
 place, and has been as follows: 
 
 Teur. Imports. Exports. 
 
 $1,000 64 
 
 10,065 00 
 
 16.044 75 
 
 .38.843 00 
 
 . . 228,635 74 
 
 . . 84'<,862 24 
 
 659.3(15 20 
 
 .. 6>2,210 85 
 
 785,504 28 
 
 .. 1,. 543.51 9 85 
 
 .. 1.81.3.46S 00 
 
 .. 2.2fl6.2;<9 00 
 
 . . lli,709,3".3 40 
 
 1836 $.325,203 90 
 
 1^37 873,677 12 
 
 1838 679,174 61 
 
 1839 63(1,980 26 
 
 1840 56-',106 20 
 
 1841 564,347 88 
 
 1842 664,347 8S 
 
 1843 971,^49 75 
 
 1844 l,t;8(;,416 00 
 
 1845 2.e43 445 73 
 
 1S46 2.027,150 00 
 
 1317 2,641,8.52 hi 
 
 1S4S S,;«s,(;39 86 
 
 18."il 24,410,400 00 5,:W5.471 40 
 
 » C«naue, Jan , 1S54 — eo.iili'.;. f Kciuiun evicleiitly eiToiieous. 
 
CHIEF PLACES OF THE UNITED STATES^ 
 
 "Twenty years ag:o," says Governor Matteson, in his 
 Inaugural Message to the Legislature of 1853, " the com- 
 merce of Chicago was but a feW thousand dollars, and her 
 population but a few hundred souls. Her commerce now, 
 through the aid of commercial advantages, has increased 
 to over $20,000,000, and her population to over 50,000 ! 
 Then, Waukegan, Elgin, Belvidere, Rockford, Freeport, 
 and Galena were almost wholly unknown. Now, by the 
 influence of the lake commerce and the Chicago and 
 Galena Railroad, with the influence the Mississippi has 
 upon Galena, they have become large and flourishing 
 cities and towns, growing with a rapidity almost incred- 
 ible. The canal going into operation has made lively 
 and flourishing towns of Lockport, Joliet, Morris, Ottawa, 
 La Salle, and Peru, and greatly added to the growth of all 
 the towns along the Illinois r. These again have thrown 
 back their wealth, and forced Chicago into a growth which 
 challenges a parallel in any city, unless except those of Cal- 
 ifornia. She has nearly two millions of dollars invested in 
 manufactures, the most substantial and reliable of all city 
 improvements. Among the most important of them are her 
 foundries, her milling, and manufactories of agricultural 
 implements. Without these the farmers would never be 
 able to send forward such amounts of produce. 
 
 " The following table of some of the leading articles of her 
 local trade, will give us some idea of her prosperity. For 
 the last year there has been received from all sources : 
 
 By raiirn.id. 
 
 By team. 
 
 Wheat, bush. . 475,425 .. lo8,597 .. 131.403 .. 715,425 
 
 Corn. 
 
 673,621 .. 2,044,29S .. 287,791 .. 8,005,710 
 
 Oats, « . 665.491 .. 83.3.703 .. 499,731 .. 1,998,925 
 
 Barley, " . 85,434,. 8,785.. 24,054.. 118,273 
 
 Rye, " . — .. 617.. 25,000.. 25.617 
 
 Flour, bbls 45.254.. 1,846.. 70,000.. 117,100 
 
 Wool, lbs 243,662 .. 525,632 .. 356,896 .. 1,126,190 
 
 " Her lumber trade will not fell short of 140.000,000 of 
 feet, and her capital invested in that article about $2,000,000. 
 Her beef packing in 1S52 was 24,163 head of cattle slaugh- 
 tered, making a total weight of 13.2S4,150 pounds, and her 
 pork 6,000,000 pounds. The capital invested in this busi- 
 ness is between one and two millions of dollars. In goods 
 she has two hundred and eleven houses engaged in whole- 
 sale business, besides a very large number of retail estab- 
 lishments. Many import their goods directly from Europe. 
 She has twenty-six houses engaged in forwarding and com- 
 mission, generally doing a heavy business. While these 
 numbers look incredible, I hazard nothing in the opinion, 
 that many years to come will witness a growth equally rapid. 
 The same has been the history of the region of country pen- 
 etrated by the Illinois river. Since the opening of the canal, 
 flourishing towns are lining its banks at every few miles 
 distance, and are furnishing producers a ready and profitable 
 market. This river being the connecting link between the 
 Mississippi and the great chain of lakes, much care has been 
 taken to ascertain its commerce as near as may be. The 
 following table is believed to contain as near an approxi- 
 mate as can be obtained ; still I am satisfied it is below the 
 true amount: 
 
 Towns on Canal Amount of 
 
 and Illnoi3 River. commeri:e. 
 
 Chicago $20,000,000 
 
 Lockport . . . 
 
 Joliet 
 
 Channahon 
 
 Dresden 
 
 Morris 
 
 Marseilles . . . 
 
 Ottawa 
 
 Utica 
 
 La Salle 1 .200,000 I Li verpool , 
 
 Teru 1,100,000 Bath 
 
 Hennepin 625,000 | Havana . . . 
 
 Hall's Landing.. 150,000 
 
 Henry 850,000 
 
 Lacon 650,000 
 
 Chillicothe 220,000 
 
 Spring Bay 150,000 
 
 Peoria 2,600,000 
 
 Pekin 1,500,000 
 
 150,000 
 150,000 
 175,000 
 200,000 
 200,000 
 
 400,000 
 550,000 
 
 75,000 
 
 30,000 
 400,000 
 
 30,000 
 650,000 I Wesley City 
 
 50,000 Copperas Creek.. 
 
 Tow 
 
 1 Canal 
 
 lint of 
 
 imonnt of 
 
 40,000 
 60,000 
 50.000 
 40,000 
 200.000 
 175,000 
 75,000 
 Alton 2,500,000 
 
 Montezuma... 
 Bridgeport. .. 
 
 Newport 
 
 Hardin 
 
 Apple Creek 
 Columbiana., 
 Grafton 
 
 and 111. 
 
 Sharp's Landing 1.50,000 
 
 Irvingston 100,000 
 
 Frederick 800,000 
 
 Beardstown 1,550,000 
 
 Perry's Landing. 50,000 
 
 Meredosia 300,000 
 
 Naples 4,000.000 
 
 Florence 350,000 
 
 Griggsville 800,000 Total $4'2,345,000 
 
 "Total amount of commerce on Illinois River and cinal 
 for the year ending Nov. 30, 1852, $42,345,000. Number 
 of steamboat arrivals from St. Louis and other points as 
 high up as Peoria, in same time, 1,608. A large amount 
 of trade on this route is carried on by canal-boats and 
 barges, towed by steamboats. Coiinected with this, I may 
 mention the fact that the arrivals of steamboats at St. Louis 
 during the past year have been between three and four 
 thousand, and it is estimated by reliable judges that at least 
 one-third are employed in carrying the products of Illi- 
 nois." 
 
 The following table shows the amount of shipments and 
 receipts by lake, canal, and railroad for the year 1852 : 
 
 Lake. 
 
 Ashes, tons. ... 3. 
 
 Agr. impl., tons — . 
 
 Ale, bbls 50. 
 
 Barley, bush... 70,818. 
 
 Beef, bbls 49.856. 
 
 " tierces... 1.546. 
 Butter, pkgs. . . 
 Beeswax, casks 
 Br'm corn.bales 
 Brooms, dozen. 
 
 SHIPMENTS. 
 Canal. 
 141.. 
 274.. 
 
 9,062. 
 
 3. 
 
 855. 
 
 270. 
 
 Brick, no 49,000.. 
 
 Barrels, no 136.. 
 
 Bones, casks .. 56.. 
 
 Bark mills, no., 3.. 
 
 Boilers, no 2.. 
 
 Bacon, lbs — . . 
 
 Bran, lbs — .. 
 
 Bark, tons — .. 
 
 Cider, bbls — . . 
 
 Corn, bush. ...2,737,011.. 
 
 Candles, boxes. 1,300 . . 
 
 Cattle, no 77.. 
 
 Castings, pieces 41 . . 
 
 Com meal, bis. 850 . . 
 
 Coffee, lbs — . . 
 
 Cheese, lbs. ... — . . 
 
 Carp, work, tons — . . 
 
 Clocks, lbs — . . 
 
 Coal, tons — .. 
 
 Crackers, lbs.. — .. 
 
 Crockery, tons. — .. 
 
 Eggs, bbls 723.. 
 
 Flour, bbls 61,196.. 
 
 Fish, bbls 464.. 
 
 Flaxseed, bbls.. 408.. 
 
 Flax, bdls 18.. 
 
 Fruit, lbs 36,200.. 
 
 Furs, pkgs 269.. 
 
 Grindstones,tns 
 Gun. bags,bale3 
 Ginseng, bales. 
 Groceries,pkgs. 
 Highwines, bis. 
 
 Hams, no 
 
 Hams&sh's,cks 
 
 Hides, no 47,875 
 
 Horses, no 17 
 
 18., 
 
 4.. 
 
 4,076.. 
 
 13,374.. 
 
 128.. 
 
 5,560.. 
 
 508.. 
 175.. 
 
 90.. 
 
 1,040.. 
 
 194,900.. 
 
 1,920.. 
 
 5,357.. 
 
 2,106.. 
 
 329.. 
 
 87.. 
 
 197,182.. 
 
 51,238.. 
 
 53.. 
 
 53,286.. 
 
 196.. 
 
 1,227.. 
 
 122.. 
 
 2.901.. 
 8,106.. 
 
 583,070. 
 
 2,868. 
 67. 
 
 G. and C. R, R. Total 
 
 — .. 144 
 
 — . . 274 
 
 — .. 143 
 
 — . . 71,326 
 
 — . . 50,031 
 
 — . . 1,546 
 
 — . . 9,152 
 
 — .. 3 
 
 — . . 855 
 
 — . . 1,310 
 
 — . . 243,000 
 
 — . . 2,056 
 
 — .. 56 
 
 — .. 3 
 
 — .. 2 
 
 — .. 5,357 
 
 — .. 2,106 
 
 — . . 329 
 
 — .. 87 
 
 — .. 2,737,011 
 
 — . . 1,300 
 
 — .. 77 
 
 — .. 41 
 
 — . . 850 
 
 — .. 197,182 
 
 — . . 51,238 
 
 — .. 53 
 
 — .. 53,286 
 1,441 
 1,227 
 
 122 
 
 723 
 
 62,097 
 
 8,570 
 
 403 
 
 13 
 
 619,270 
 
 269 
 
 18 
 
 4 
 
 4.076 
 
 16,242 
 
 195 
 
 5,560 
 
 47,925 
 
 IT 
 
 1,245. 
 
 40.. — 
 
 31 T 
 

 CHIEF PLACES OF THE UNITED STATES 
 
 
 1 
 
 
 Lilke. 
 
 Canal. 
 
 G. and C. F 
 
 E. Total. 
 
 
 Lake. 
 
 Canal. 
 
 G. and C. 
 
 K. K. T<.tal. 
 
 Hemp, bales. . . 
 
 4.140. 
 
 — . 
 
 — 
 
 4.140 
 
 Wood-ware,lbs.. 
 
 _ . 
 
 1,.597. 
 
 — 
 
 1,597 
 
 Hardware,pkgs 
 
 9,123. 
 
 — . 
 
 — 
 
 9,123 
 
 Wagon.s, tons.. . 
 
 _ . 
 
 206 
 
 _ 
 
 206 
 
 " tons 
 
 79. 
 
 — . 
 
 — 
 
 79 
 
 White Lead,lbs.. 
 
 — . 
 
 . 7,640. 
 
 — 
 
 7,640 
 
 Hay. tons 
 
 57S. 
 
 — . 
 
 — 
 
 578 
 
 Wood, cords . . . 
 
 _ . 
 
 19. 
 
 — 
 
 19 
 
 Horns, caska . . 
 
 117. 
 
 — . 
 
 — . 
 
 117 
 
 
 EECEIPTS. 
 
 
 ! 
 1 
 
 Hogs, no 
 
 4,508. 
 
 — . 
 
 — 
 
 4,508 
 
 
 Lake. 
 
 Canal. 
 
 G. i C. U. R. R, Total. || 
 
 Hair, lbs 
 
 — . 
 
 . 53.426. 
 
 — 
 
 . 63.426 
 
 Ashes, tons 
 
 22. 
 
 — . 
 
 — 
 
 22 
 
 Hops, lbs 
 
 — . 
 
 23,149. 
 
 — 
 
 23,149 
 
 Apples, bbls. . . . 
 
 21.318. 
 
 — 
 
 _ 
 
 21,318 ! 
 
 Iron, Ions 
 
 69. 
 
 426. 
 
 1,969. 
 
 2.463 
 
 Ale, " ... 
 
 209. 
 
 21. 
 
 — 
 
 230 \ 
 
 " E. R., tons 
 
 — . 
 
 9,647. 
 
 — 
 
 9.647 
 
 Ag. imp'ts, tons. 
 
 — . 
 
 72. 
 
 . 
 
 72 
 
 " tools, lbs. . 
 
 — . 
 
 1,453. 
 
 — 
 
 1,453 
 
 Beef, bbls 
 
 11. 
 
 1,178. 
 
 — 
 
 1.189 
 
 Leather, lbs 
 
 99,291. 
 
 . 354,386. 
 
 — 
 
 . 453,677 
 
 Bark, cords 
 
 2,646. 
 
 — . 
 
 — 
 
 2.646 
 
 Lead, ton.s 
 
 1,018. 
 
 1. 
 
 — 
 
 1,019 
 
 Brick, no 
 
 361.200. 
 
 — . 
 
 — 
 
 861.200 
 
 Lard, blsAkegs 
 
 4,638. 
 
 — . 
 
 — 
 
 4,638 
 
 Butter, pkgs. . . . 
 
 866. 
 
 2,818. 
 
 9,587. 
 
 13.271 
 
 Liquor, casks.. 
 
 5. 
 
 — . 
 
 — 
 
 5 
 
 Barley, bushels. 
 
 1,687. 
 
 8,785. 
 
 . 90,248. 
 
 100,7J5 
 
 Lime, bbis 
 
 1.605. 
 
 — . 
 
 — 
 
 1,605 
 
 Beer-bot's, hds. . 
 
 13. 
 
 — . 
 
 — 
 
 13 
 
 Lumber, feet.. 
 
 — . 
 
 49.095.181. 
 
 .21.64.5,090. 
 
 .70,740.271 
 
 Baskets, no 
 
 460. 
 
 — . 
 
 — 
 
 460 
 
 Lath, pieces. .. 
 
 — . 
 
 10,659,245. 
 
 4,589,200. 
 
 .15,248,445 
 
 Bedsteads, no . . 
 
 147. 
 
 — . 
 
 — 
 
 147 
 
 Mdse., pkgs. . . 
 
 4,450. 
 
 — . 
 
 — 
 
 4,450 
 
 Beans, bushels. . 
 
 — . 
 
 89. 
 
 — 
 
 89 
 
 lbs 
 
 — . 
 
 .14,359,564. 
 
 34,061,600. 
 
 .48,420.164 
 
 Buckwheat, " .. 
 
 — . 
 
 5.740. 
 
 — 
 
 5,740 
 
 Molasses, tons . 
 
 — . 
 
 127. 
 
 — 
 
 127 
 
 Bacon, lbs 
 
 — . 
 
 201 ,.500. 
 
 — 
 
 201.500 
 
 Marble, tons. . . 
 
 — . 
 
 277. 
 
 . — 
 
 277 
 
 Beeswa.\,lb8 
 
 _ . 
 
 48.457. 
 
 _ 
 
 48,407 
 
 Millstones, tons 
 
 — . 
 
 22. 
 
 — 
 
 22 
 
 Br'm Corn, tons. 
 
 — . 
 
 184. 
 
 — 
 
 184 
 
 Machinery, " 
 
 — . 
 
 276. 
 
 — . 
 
 276 
 
 Bran, bushels. . . 
 
 — . 
 
 7,827. 
 
 — . 
 
 7,827 
 
 Malt, " 
 
 — . 
 
 21. 
 
 — 
 
 21 
 
 Corn, " ...1,810,830. 
 
 671.901. 
 
 — 
 
 . 2,482.791 
 
 Mech's tools, lbs 
 
 — . 
 
 2,264. 
 
 — . 
 
 2,264 
 
 Coffee, lbs 
 
 ~ . 
 
 60,524. 
 
 — . 
 
 60,524 
 
 Nails & sp's.tons 
 
 11. 
 
 374. 
 
 — 
 
 385 
 
 Charcoal, bush.. 
 
 _ . 
 
 240. 
 
 _ 
 
 240 
 
 Nuts, tons 
 
 — . 
 
 22. 
 
 — 
 
 22 
 
 Clocks, lbs 
 
 _ . 
 
 1,320. 
 
 — 
 
 1,320 
 
 Oats, bush 2,030,31T. 
 
 — . 
 
 — 
 
 . 2,030,317 
 
 Candles, boxes.. 
 
 941. 
 
 84. 
 
 _ 
 
 1,025 
 
 Oils, bbls 
 
 173. 
 
 170. 
 
 — 
 
 343 
 
 Coal, tons 
 
 42,933. 
 
 8,310. 
 
 — 
 
 46,233 
 
 Pork, bbls 
 
 9,938. 
 
 38. 
 
 — 
 
 9,976 
 
 Cider, bbls 
 
 420. 
 
 — . 
 
 — 
 
 420 
 
 " tierces . . 
 
 640. 
 
 — . 
 
 — 
 
 640 
 
 Ced. Posts, no. . 
 
 199,221 . 
 
 — . 
 
 — 
 
 199,221 
 
 Powder, lbs. . . 
 
 2.370. 
 
 191,339. 
 
 — 
 
 . 193.799 
 
 Chairs, no 
 
 615. 
 
 _ . 
 
 . 
 
 615 
 
 Potatoes, bush. 
 
 2,614. 
 
 386. 
 
 — 
 
 2,900 
 
 Churns, <iozen. . 
 
 32. 
 
 — . 
 
 _ 
 
 32 
 
 Pumps, tons . . . 
 
 — . 
 
 78. 
 
 — 
 
 78 
 
 Ch. Stuffs, rolls. 
 
 497. 
 
 — . 
 
 — 
 
 497 
 
 Pott's ware, lbs. 
 
 — . 
 
 1.200. 
 
 — 
 
 1,200 
 
 Crockery ,crates. 
 
 2i5. 
 
 — . 
 
 — 
 
 215 
 
 Posts, no 
 
 — . 
 
 . 16,350. 
 
 1,113. 
 
 . 17,463 
 
 Castings, tons.. . 
 
 41. 
 
 — . 
 
 — 
 
 41 ; 
 
 Peas, bush 
 
 — . 
 
 20. 
 
 — 
 
 20 
 
 Castings, pieces. 
 
 2,653. 
 
 — . 
 
 — 
 
 2,653 
 
 Paper, reams . . 
 
 — . 
 
 — . 
 
 4,308. 
 
 4.308 
 
 Car-wheels, no.. 
 
 594. 
 
 — . 
 
 — 
 
 594 
 
 Eye, bush 
 
 17,015. 
 
 300. 
 
 — 
 
 . 17,315 
 
 " tons . 
 
 68. 
 
 — . 
 
 _ 
 
 53 
 
 Eeapers, no. . . . 
 
 479. 
 
 — . 
 
 — 
 
 479 
 
 Car Axles, no.. 
 
 450. 
 
 — . 
 
 — 
 
 450 ' 
 
 Eice, lbs 
 
 — . 
 
 15,019. 
 
 _ 
 
 . 15,019 
 
 Car Trunks 
 
 23. 
 
 _ . 
 
 _ 
 
 23 
 
 Saleratus, lbs... 
 
 1,300. 
 
 . 110,000. 
 
 _ 
 
 . 111,300 
 
 Cars 
 
 2. 
 
 — . 
 
 . • — 
 
 2 
 
 Soap, kegs 
 
 20. 
 
 7. 
 
 — 
 
 27 
 
 Eggs, bbls 
 
 10. 
 
 99. 
 
 — 
 
 109 
 
 Skins, bundles. 
 
 426. 
 
 — . 
 
 — 
 
 426 
 
 Empty Barrels.. 
 
 2,773. 
 
 6,000. 
 
 — 
 
 8,773 i 
 
 Salt, bbls 
 
 4,259. 
 
 27.457. 
 
 22.248. 
 
 . 53.964 
 
 Engs. &B'ils.,no. 
 
 4. 
 
 — . 
 
 — 
 
 * 1 
 
 " sacks 
 
 — . 
 
 402,746. 
 
 — 
 
 . 402,746 
 
 Fish, bbls 
 
 5.249. 
 
 2. 
 
 _ 
 
 6,251 1 
 
 Sheep, no 
 
 10. 
 
 — . 
 
 — 
 
 10 
 
 Flour, bbls 
 
 2,857. 
 
 . 1,846. 
 
 . 44,316 
 
 49,019 ! 
 
 Shin. Machines 
 
 1. 
 
 — . 
 
 — 
 
 1 
 
 Furniture, lbs. . . 
 
 20,700. 
 
 139,218. 
 
 — 
 
 . 159.913 
 
 Steam-engines. 
 
 2. 
 
 — . 
 
 — 
 
 2 
 
 Flaxseed, bush.. 
 
 300. 
 
 — . 
 
 — 
 
 800 
 
 Seeds, lbs 
 
 12,853. 
 
 — . 
 
 — 
 
 12,853 
 
 Flax, lbs 
 
 — . 
 
 . 11,200, 
 
 — 
 
 11.200 
 
 Sugar, " 
 
 — . 
 
 768,871. 
 
 — 
 
 . 768.871 
 
 Fruit, lbs 
 
 — . 
 
 . 63,984. 
 
 — 
 
 68,984 
 
 Steel, " 
 
 — . 
 
 84,559. 
 
 — 
 
 34.559 
 
 " boxes 
 
 4,909. 
 
 — , 
 
 — 
 
 4.900 
 
 Stoves, " .... 
 
 — . 
 
 25,849. 
 
 — 
 
 25,349 
 
 Feathers, lbs 
 
 — . 
 
 . 6,424. 
 
 — 
 
 6,424 
 
 Sand, " .... 
 
 — . 
 
 2,200. 
 
 — 
 
 2,200 
 
 Furs and Pelts.. 
 
 — . 
 
 80,804, 
 
 — 
 
 30,804 
 
 Starch, " .... 
 
 — . 
 
 1,137. 
 
 — 
 
 1,137 
 
 Grindstones, no. 
 
 9,051. 
 
 — . 
 
 — 
 
 9,051 
 
 Stoves, tons . . . 
 
 — . 
 
 747. 
 
 — 
 
 747 
 
 " tons 
 
 64. 
 
 — . 
 
 — 
 
 64 
 
 Sundries, pkgs. 
 
 2,078. 
 
 — . 
 
 — 
 
 2,078 
 
 Glass, boxes 
 
 20,781. 
 
 _ . 
 
 — 
 
 20,781 
 
 " tons . 
 
 — . 
 
 59. 
 
 — 
 
 59 
 
 Glassware, casks 
 
 71. 
 
 — . 
 
 — 
 
 71 
 
 Shingles, no. .-. 
 
 — . 
 
 41,920,538. 
 
 13,930,500. 
 
 .55,851,038 
 
 Grease, lbs 
 
 _ . 
 
 71,396. 
 
 _ 
 
 71,396 
 
 Stone, cub. y'ds 
 
 — . 
 
 24. 
 
 — 
 
 24 
 
 Hogs, live, no. . . 
 
 280. 
 
 — . 
 
 _ 
 
 280 
 
 Tallow, bbls. . . 
 
 831. 
 
 14. 
 
 — 
 
 845 
 
 " dressed, lbs. 
 
 — . 
 
 86,800. 
 
 .10,881,510. 
 
 . 10,968.310 
 
 Tobacco, hhds. 
 
 127. 
 
 — . 
 
 — 
 
 . . 127 
 
 HoU. ware galls. 
 
 4,796. 
 
 — . 
 
 — 
 
 4,796 i 
 
 " tons. . 
 
 — . 
 
 59. 
 
 — 
 
 59 
 
 " tons.. 
 
 662. 
 
 — . 
 
 — 
 
 662 , 
 
 Turpentine, lbs. 
 
 — . 
 
 5,017. 
 
 — 
 
 5,017 
 
 Hardware, pkgs. 
 
 2,119. 
 
 
 
 
 
 2,119 1 
 
 Timber, cub. ft. 
 
 — .. 
 
 100,001. 
 
 — 
 
 . 100,001 
 
 Hoops, no 
 
 16,000. 
 
 _ . 
 
 _ 
 
 16,000 
 
 Vinegar, bbls. . 
 
 80. 
 
 — . 
 
 — 
 
 80 
 
 " lbs 
 
 — . 
 
 486,510. 
 
 — 
 
 . 436,510 
 
 Varnish, lbs. . . 
 
 — . 
 
 8,792. 
 
 — 
 
 8,792 
 
 Horses, no 
 
 29. 
 
 _ . 
 
 — 
 
 29 
 
 Wheat, bush... 
 
 635.196. 
 
 8U7. 
 
 — 
 
 636,003 
 
 Half Bushels, no. 
 
 200. 
 
 
 
 _ 
 
 200 
 
 Whisky, bbls... 
 
 647. 
 
 — . 
 
 — 
 
 647 
 
 Hides, lbs 
 
 11,000. 
 
 887,318. 
 
 . 896,312. 
 
 . 1,294,6.30 
 
 Wool, lbs 
 
 920,113. 
 
 — . 
 
 — 
 
 . 920.113 
 
 Hams, lbs 
 
 
 
 4,22^ 
 
 _ 
 
 4,228 
 
 Wat, Lime, bis.. 
 
 95 
 
 75.. 
 
 — 
 
 170 
 
 Hops, lbs 
 
 _ . 
 
 4,878. 
 
 
 
 4,878 
 
 813 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
CHIEF PLACES OF THE UNITED STATES. 
 
 Hemp, lbs. ... — . 
 
 Hay, tons, .... — . 
 
 Iron,b(ils.&brs 40,.'i()0. 
 
 " tons .... 1,446. 
 
 " E.R.,tons 11,'22T. 
 
 " " bars 81.00.5. 
 
 '• Pig, terns 3.405. 
 Lumber, feet.. 147,81 6.232. 
 Lath, pieces.. 19,759,670. 
 
 Locomofs, no. 16. 
 
 Leail, kegs .. . 5,147. 
 
 " rolls 364. 
 
 " lbs — . 
 
 L'd Pipe, tons 60. 
 
 Lime, bbls 765. 
 
 " pkgs... 660. 
 
 Liquor, casks . 121 . 
 
 Lar(i,lbs — . 
 
 M<!se, pkgs... 805.696. 
 
 " tons.... 4.446. 
 
 Malt. bush. .. . 650. 
 
 Mills, no 1. 
 
 Marble, pieces 4,250. 
 
 " tons.. 374. 
 
 Mahogany, pes 111. 
 
 Molasses, lbs. . — . 
 
 Meal, lbs — . 
 
 Nails, kegs... 10,685. 
 
 Nuts, lbs — . 
 
 Oils, bbls. ... 838. 
 
 Oats, bush .... — . 
 
 Powder, tons.. 189. 
 
 Plaster, bbls.. 909. 
 
 Potatoes,bu.sh. 6,772 . 
 
 Paper, reams . 3.100 . 
 
 Provisions,Ibs. 8.300 . 
 
 Pickets, no 52.000 . 
 
 Pumps, no 7,32. 
 
 Pork, bbls.... 960. 
 
 Pails, no 39.772. 
 
 Pot. Ware, lbs. — . 
 
 Posts, no — . 
 
 Eye, bush — . 
 
 Rags, lbs — . 
 
 Eice, lbs — . 
 
 E.E.Tie8,no. 60,282. 
 
 " Ch's, bdls. 2,374. 
 
 " " bbls. 257. 
 
 « " lbs.. 6,470. 
 
 Rosin, bbls... 1,239., 
 Shingles, no.. 77,080,500. 
 
 Staves, no 1,258.802. 
 
 Spokes, no. .. . 24.000. 
 
 Spiles, no 4,322. 
 
 Spars, no 98. 
 
 Stone, pieces. . 2,750.. 
 
 " tons... 1,053. 
 
 " c. yards — . 
 
 Salt, bbls 91,674. 
 
 " tons 185. 
 
 Spikes, tons. . . 198. 
 
 Stoves, tons . . 386 . 
 
 " no.... 2,324. 
 
 1,500. 
 
 1,450. 
 
 368. 
 
 Stove-pi pe,pc3 
 Saleratus.pkgs 
 Stucco, bbls. . . 
 
 Skins, no 
 
 Soap, lbs 
 
 Sofas, no 
 
 Snaths, no. . . . 
 
 Safes, no 
 
 Starch, boxes.. 
 
 600. 
 
 44. 
 253. 
 
 42. 
 600. 
 
 Canal 
 
 G, & C, U. R 
 
 871,028. 
 
 — .. 
 
 180. 
 
 — 
 
 5,100. 
 
 ." - '.. 
 
 76-148. 
 
 . 759,894.. 
 
 1,000. 
 
 - 
 
 642,027. 
 
 . 715,300.. 
 
 232. 
 
 — 
 
 625. 
 
 — .. 
 
 67,793. 
 
 - .. 
 
 204. 
 
 
 
 846. 
 
 . - .. 
 
 7411,564. 
 
 . - .. 
 
 83,728. 
 
 — .. 
 
 750. 
 
 
 
 140. 
 
 — 
 
 833.703. 
 
 . 674,941 . . 
 
 17,552. 
 
 6.286.. 
 
 — . 
 
 12.807.. 
 
 97,853. 
 
 . 1,836,084.. 
 
 2,310. 
 
 
 6,232. 
 
 
 
 500. 
 
 — 
 
 617, 
 
 — 
 
 57,830. 
 
 — .. 
 
 6,089. 
 
 .' - '.'. 
 
 35,649. 
 
 '. - '.'. 
 
 1. 
 
 '. - .'.' 
 
 112,148. 
 
 .' - '.'. 
 
 - ■ 
 
 . - .. 
 
 Total. 
 
 871, 02 S 
 
 180 
 
 45,660 
 
 1,446 
 
 11,227 
 
 81.995 
 
 3.495 
 
 148.652,274 
 
 19,859,670 
 
 16 
 
 5.147 
 
 364 
 
 1,357.327 
 
 292 
 
 1,390 
 
 660 
 
 121 
 
 67.793 
 
 305 696 
 
 4.650 
 
 1,496 
 
 1 
 
 4.2.50 
 
 374 
 
 111 
 
 746.564 
 
 83,728 
 
 10,685 
 
 750 
 
 978 
 
 1,508,644 
 
 189 
 
 999 
 
 30,610 
 
 15.907 
 
 1,9.37,2.37 
 
 52,000 
 
 732 
 
 3,270 
 
 89,772 
 
 6,232 
 
 500 
 
 617 
 
 57,830 
 
 6,089 
 
 60,232 
 
 2,374 
 
 257 
 
 6,470 
 
 1,239 
 
 77,080,500 
 
 1,258,302 
 
 24,000 
 
 4,322 
 
 98 
 
 2,750 
 
 1,053 
 
 35,649 
 
 91,674 
 
 185 
 
 198 
 
 387 
 
 2,324 
 
 1,500 
 
 1,450 
 
 868 
 
 8 
 
 112,748 
 
 44 
 
 253 
 
 42 
 
 600 
 
 I.iil,e. Canal. G. & C. U. R. R. Total. 
 
 Sundries, bbls. 907.. — .. .. 907 
 
 tons — .. — .. 981.. 9S1 
 
 Shot, tons 5.. 146.. — .. ]5i 
 
 Seeds, tons ... — . . 309 . . — . . 309 
 
 Sugar, tons... — .. 1.604.. — .. 1,604 
 
 Sand, tons ,. , — .. 735,. — .. 735 
 Spirits, not ) 
 
 whisky, bbls. ^ ~ •• ^'^^•- ~ •• ^®* 
 
 Tobacco, tons. 27.. 222.. — ., 247 
 
 " boxes 617.. — .. — .. 617 
 
 Tin, pigs 127.. — .. — .. 127 
 
 " tons 112.. — .. — .. 112 
 
 " boxes.... 105.. — .. — .. 105 
 
 Tin-ware. gals. 19,640.. — .. — .. 10 640 
 
 Tar, bbls 491 . . — . . — . . 491 
 
 Tubs.no 3,763.. — .. — .. 3.768 
 
 Trees, no 2,972.. 6,471.. — .. 9,44;5 
 
 Tallow, lbs.... — .. 74,723.. — .. 74.723 
 
 Lumber, feet.. 1,60.3,250.. 87,400.. — .. 1,690,650 
 
 Vinegar, bbls. 4.. — .. — .. 4 
 
 Wheat, bush. . 129,251 . . 108,597 . . 504,996 . . 742,844 
 
 Wat. Lime.bls. 6,532.. — .. — .. 6,532 
 
 " Pipe, tns 1,125.. — .. — .. 1,125 
 
 " " pes 432.. — .. — .. 432 
 
 Whisky, bbls.. 1,7.S3.. — .. 5,658.. 7.441 
 
 Wheelliarrows 865.. — .. — .. 865 
 
 W.-igon Hubbs 4.2S6.. — .. — .. 4 286 
 
 Wood, cords.. 22,319.. 2S..322.. 859,. 51,500 
 
 Wood-ware.ps 1,160.. — .. — .. 1,160 
 
 " tons 23.. — .. — .. 23 
 
 Wagons, no... 46.. 56.. — .. 102 
 
 Wool, lbs — ..525,6.32.. 244,662.. 770.294 
 
 Wh. Lead, lbs. — ..138,712.. — .. 138,712 
 
 The following, relating to nianufaotures, is copied from a 
 pamphlet published in January, 185.3, entitled " Chicago, 
 her Commerce and Eailroads," containing a review of the 
 progress and business of the city during the year 1852 : 
 
 " During the past few months, two extensive car manufac- 
 turing establishments have been put in operation. One is lo- 
 cated near the Rock Island Depflt, and is owned by two 
 distinct companies. G.W. Sizer & Co. cast the wheels and do 
 all the iron work connected with the manufacture of cars ; 
 they have a large establishment, and are doing a heavy busi- 
 ness. They are now using S tons of iron per day, brought 
 mostly from Ohio and New York. A. B. Stone & Co. do 
 the wood-work and the upholstery and finishing of the cars. 
 The two companies are building ten cars per week, and 
 employ nearly two hundred men. The buildings were 
 commenced on the 22d of last September, and in the short 
 space of six months the whole establishment has been built 
 and put in active operation. 
 
 "The American Car Company have erected their works 
 about half a mile north of Myrick's, on the lake shore, and 
 will have, when completed in all respects, one of the most 
 perfectly-appointed manufactories that can be found in the 
 Western States. They have in their inclosure thirteen 
 acres. The buildings now completed have an aggregate 
 length of 1,250 by an average width of 60 feet. The capital 
 of the company is $200,000, and they have already expend- 
 ed some $130,000 ; 3,500 tons of pig-iron are used per year 
 in the manufacture of car-wheels and the other car cast- 
 ings, and 2,000 tons of coal are consumed. The buildings 
 were commenced in August, 1852, and at that time much 
 of the timber used in the buildings was growing in the 
 forests of Michigan and Illinois. The company have al- 
 ready completed seventy-four freight and ten elegant pas- 
 senger cars. When all their arrangements are perfected, 
 they intend to finish three freight cars per day and a pas- 
 senger car per week. 
 
 " The completion of these extensive manufactories in the 
 short space of a few months is a fair specimen of Western 
 
 319 
 
 60 
 
CHIEF PLACES OP THE UNITED STATES. 
 
 enterprise. At the W«st, whatever we take hol<l of, ' is 
 hounil to yo ahead,^ not at an old fogy j^nce, but with rail- 
 road speed. 
 
 " Iti addition to these car maniifnctories, we learn that 
 Messrs. Stevens, of Concord, New Hampshire, are about to 
 establish an extensive locomotive maniifaotory. This is 
 iiiU('h needed, and will do, if properly managed, an im- 
 mense business. Two faelories, i( now completed, would 
 have all they eouM do to fill the orders for railroads now 
 bndt and in process of construction. So far as we can learn, 
 the site for the factory is not deHnitely determined. 
 
 "The new Hydraulic Works arc pro<;ressin]s: as fast as 
 cireumstanees will ])ennit. Nearly nine miles of the main 
 pipes were laid last fall, the well is completed, and we may 
 hope in a few monlhs to have an abundant supply of pure 
 water in all parts of the city. This will add immensely to 
 the health and comfirt of our citizens. The amount ex- 
 pended on the ditferent contracts up to January Sd was 
 $1.54.001 8S. The amount necessary to complete the work 
 according to estimate of the chief engineer, W. .T. M'AI- 
 pinc, Ksq., is $-207,162 11. This has all been provided for 
 on terms very favorable to the city. 
 
 " One of the most extensive establishments in the city is 
 that lor the manufacture of M'Cormiek's Reapers. This 
 factory einploys a large number of hanils, and in various 
 ways adds to the prosperity of our citizens. Mr. M'Cor- 
 mick tnanufactured during the last year 1,000 reapers, and 
 reapers and mowers combined. The amount realized, at 
 an average of $140 each, would be $224,000. 
 
 "During the past season. John S. Wright, Ksq., has put 
 in operation an extensive factory for the manufacture of 
 llussey's Reapers, .•Vtkin's Automaton Keapers, and other 
 agricultural implements. Mr. Wright has In process of 
 construction 45 llussey's reapers, 6.5 Atkin's automaton 
 reapers, 2o seed-drills, 100 plows, and several other minor 
 agricultural implements. 
 
 AlUin's automaton reaper is a recent invention, and 
 proii.ises to be a most valuable, as it certainly is one of the 
 most ingenious, agricultural implements. It has recently 
 been brought to notice by Mr. W^riglit in England. By a 
 recent article in the London TimcH, we learn that it was 
 commanding the attention of the best informed and most 
 extensive English agriculturists. In this country it has also 
 secured the aduiiration of all who have witnessed its truly 
 wonderful movements. 
 
 " Among the various branches of manufacturing carried 
 on in Chicago, nime stands out more prominent than the 
 carriage and wagon-maUing business; and yet but few of 
 our citizens generally are aware of the extent that this 
 branch of trade is being carried on in our midst. 
 
 " A business that is employing so many m<'n and so large 
 an amount of capital as this, must necessarily make some 
 outside .show; and hardly any one can fail to notice the 
 sure manifest-ttions of a wagon-shop by the vehicles which 
 usually stand about the doors of such establishments — a sure 
 indication of the industry pervading within. Especially 
 does this apply to Ran<lolph Street, which by far eclipses 
 all other streets in the city, in the number of vehicles manu- 
 factured, from the costly barouche to a truckman's dray. 
 Mori' than half of the carriage-manufacturing establish- 
 ments in the city are on this street, and they comprise 
 nearly all of the heaviest business firms. 
 
 "The total number of these establishments is 25, of which 
 14 are in the south division, and the remainder in the west 
 division. The following shows the number of men em- 
 ployed, the number of vehicles manufactured during the 
 year, their average value, and the capital used in the 
 business: 
 
 No.of men 32-3 | Aggregate value. . . $210,445 
 
 No. of vehicles 2,625 I Capital employed. . 127,000 
 
 " In the list of vehicles are included farmers' wagons, 
 buggies, barouches, and coaches. Of this number a very 
 prominent portion supplies the demand in our own State, 
 320 
 
 while large numbers are being continually sent to Michigan, 
 Indiana, Wisconsin, Iowa, .-iiid .Minnesota ; and not a few 
 to St. Louis, to supply the State of Missouri. Add to this 
 the number that have been taken to Oregon and California, 
 and the reader can form (juile an adequate idea of the de- 
 mand for Ciiicago manufactures. And we are informed by 
 some of our most extensive builders that during the past 
 season the deriiiiiid has been so great that they have for 
 Several months sold only to those who had ord' red in ail- 
 vauce, and frequently have been obliged to turn away cus- 
 tomers, being unable to supply them. This slate of the trade 
 has induced many to go into the business during the past 
 year, and those who have been long established are extend- 
 ing their facilities in order to meet the increasing ilemaml. 
 
 '■Mo<t of the timber used comes from our neighboring 
 State, Michigan — especially ash, hickory, and white-wood. 
 The latter is represented to be of a qu.atily superior to that 
 which grows in the Eastern States. Northern Indiana, and, 
 in fact, the whol<- length of the St. Josepli Valley, furnishes 
 also a large supply of the wagon timber used here. North- 
 ern Wisconsin, and the vicinity near Sheboygan, .also sends 
 her oak ; and even our own Illinois furnishes a share of the 
 material, though not in comparison with the before-men- 
 tioned localities. Asmall supply of timber for felloes, bubs, 
 and shafts for fine carriages is brought from New Jersey ; 
 and one firm has introduced some from Cincinnati ; but .as 
 a general thing, our own western ff)rest9 are abun<lantly 
 capable of supplying all the timber that is requisite for the 
 manufacture of wagons and carriages in Chicago. 
 
 "The plow business is a very important and extensive 
 branch of Chicago manufactures. Plows made in this city 
 have been sent to California and Oregon, and give univer- 
 sal satisfaction. There is an immense extent of country 
 that depends on this city for this essential agricultural im- 
 plement. We have not been able to collect the precise sta- 
 tistics, but the amount of the business done can not be less 
 than $100,000. 
 
 " We have four tanning establishments. The firms en- 
 gaged in this busine.ss are W. S. Gurnee & Co., Charles F. 
 Grey & Co., Osborn & Cobb, and C. C. Wallin & Son. Some 
 of them are doing an immense business. The amount paid 
 for labor and the raw material in these different establislt- 
 ments, is as follows: 
 Cost of .38,785 hides and skins tanned in Chicago, 
 
 in the year 1852 $96,342 
 
 130 hands employed at a cost of 26,560 
 
 3,450 cords of bark consumed in manufacturing the 
 
 above 19.,525 
 
 Cost of oil, tallow, etc 6,800 
 
 Total cost of raw material and labor $149,247 
 
 "What the value of the manufactured articles would 
 amount to we have not been able to learn, but it must t)e 
 large. The great advantage which this city affords for the 
 successful prosecution of this business, is the number of 
 hides that our beef-packing houses afford, and the wide ex- 
 tent of country that is dependent on this city for its leather. 
 The opening of so many lines of railroads will afford a 
 much wider field for the enterprise of our leather manu- 
 facturers. 
 
 " Raymond, Ward & Co. are the only firm that have 
 manufactured stoves. The materials used and the amount 
 paid for labor, are as follows: 
 
 350 tons Scotch Iron, cost say $25 $8,750 00 
 
 814 " Am. " " 25 7,8,50 00 
 
 60 " Scrap " " 20 1,200 00 
 
 165 " Hard Coal, " 8 1,820 00 
 
 204 " Erie & III. Coal, cost 5 1,020 00 
 
 120 " Moulding Sand, " 3i 420 00 
 
 1,000 bushels Charcoal, " 8ct 80 00 
 
 Lumber, and other et ceteras 1,000 00 
 
 Cash i)aid for Labor 18,000 00 
 
 Total amount $39,640 00 
 
CHIEF PLACES OF THE UNITED STA.TES, 
 
 MANCFAOTUBED. 
 
 2,126 Cooking Stoves. 
 
 1,543 Parlor, Box, and OBBce Stoves. 
 
 8,000 sets Pump Reels. 
 
 253i tons M'Cormick's Reaper Castings. 
 
 60 tons various other Castings. 
 "These stoves were shipped to the towns on the Illinois 
 and Upper Mississippi rivers, and had a very extensive 
 sale. The establishment is near M'Cormick's reaper fac- 
 tory, and Mr. M'Cormick has purchased it, and intends 
 to use it exclusively in manufacturing castings for his 
 reapers. 
 
 " The watch and jewelry business is becoming a very im- 
 portant branch of trade. One firm has manufactured nearly 
 twenty thousand dollars' worth of these goods, and the busi- 
 ness of a number of our houses ranges from thirty to one 
 hundred thousand dollars. 
 
 " We intended to have obtained the statistics of our ex- 
 tensive engine builders and machinists on the west side, 
 but time has failed us. We hope to do better next year. 
 Messrs. Gates & M'Knight, Scoville & Sons, A. Moses, 
 Messrs. Cobb, Alderman Granger, and a number of others, 
 are doing a very large amount of business. A great variety 
 of other establishments and manufactories ought to be no- 
 ticed, but time and space will not permit. 
 
 " The facts above given, we think, will convince the most 
 skeptical that the march of improvement at the West is 
 onward. They show an increase in population, wealth, 
 and resources which must prove exceedingly gratifying to 
 all our citizens. They will serve to extend the conviction, 
 now almost universal, that Chicago is destined to become 
 the great commercial centre of the North-west, and among 
 the first, if not tJiefirfit, city in the Mississippi Valley. Her 
 position at the head of a thousand miles of lake navigation, 
 gives her a commanding influence. She has no levee to be 
 inundated, causing the destruction of millions of property; 
 neither is she situated upon a river whose navigable ca- 
 pacity the clearing up of the country will be liable to aflTect. 
 She is subject to no floods nor inundations. To the north, 
 west, and south, almost boundless prairies and groves are 
 inviting Ihe toil of the husbandman to develop their treas- 
 ures and yield a rich reward to honest industry. In all the 
 elements of wealth their resources are exhaustless. The 
 mineral treasures of Lake Superior will soon pay tribute to 
 Chicago, and our railroads in a few months will have 
 reached the lead regions of the Galena district. The Rock 
 Island and the Illinois Centml railroads will soon penetrate 
 the most extensive coal-field in the United States, and in 
 fact in the world, and our commerce, and more especially 
 our manufactures, must increase in a ratio far beyond what 
 has hitherto been realized. 
 
 "Within the next five years the railroads that will be 
 completed and centre in this city will extend more than 
 three thousand miles. If we should add the extensions of 
 these trunk lines to their ultimate limits, their aggregate 
 lengths would amount to tens of thousands. Within five 
 years we expect to be in railroad connection with Milwau- 
 kie and Madison, Wise, with Dubuque and Council Bluffs, 
 Rock Island, St. Louis, Cairo, New Orleans, Moliile, Savan- 
 nah, Ga,, Charleston, S. C, Richmond, Va., Washington, 
 Baltimore, Philadelphia, Ni^w York, Boston, Portland, and 
 'the rest of mankind.' A bright future is therefore before 
 the ' Garden City,' Let our merchants and mechanics, our 
 artisans and businessmen generally, understand the advan- 
 tages which our commanding commercial position affords. 
 Let them with becoming prudence, but with far-seeing, in- 
 telligent views as to what the spirit of the age and the stir- 
 ring times in which we live d<mnnd, gird themselves for 
 the work of making Chicago the great commercial em- 
 porium of the Mississippi Valley. The prize is within their 
 grasp; let them show the world that they are worthy, and 
 the rich commerce of the prairies and of the lakes will most 
 certainly crown their efforts with success." 
 
 U 
 
 Chicago has five daily newspapers: the "C. Tribune" 
 (indep't.), the " C. Democrat" (dem.), the " C. Journal ' 
 (whig), the " Commercial Advertiser" (whig), and the 
 " Argus," all of which also issue weekly editions ; six week- 
 ly newspapers, the " New Covenant," and the " Western 
 Citizen" (both Universalist), the "Gem of the Prairie" (lib.), 
 the " Prairie Herald" (Presbyterian), the " Watchman of 
 the Prairie" (Baptist), and the " Commercial Reporter ;" 
 one tri-weekly, the " IHinois State Gazette ;" one semi- 
 monthly, the " North-western Medical .lournal ;" and three 
 monthly periodicals, the " Eclectic Review" (educat.), the 
 " Prairie Farmer" (agric), and the " North-western Jour- 
 nal of Homoeopathy." 
 
 Latrobe, an intelligent traveler, who visited Chicago in 
 1833. thus describes it: "This little mushroom town is sit- 
 uated on the verge of a level tract of country, for the greater 
 part consisting of open prairie lands, at a point where a 
 small river, whose sources interlock — in the wet season — 
 with those of the Illinois river, enters Lake Michigan. It, 
 however, forms no harbor, and vessels must anchor in the 
 open lake, which spreads to the horizon, on the north and 
 east, in a sheet of uniform extent. The contrast between 
 Chicago of 1S33 and Chicago of the present day, is truly 
 starUing ; and the writer of twenty years ago, had he been 
 told that his 'mushroom town' was so soon to become the 
 focus of a commerce equal to that enjoyed by many of the 
 States of Europe, would he have credited so unprecedented 
 a fact, or would he not have considered the prognostication 
 the emanation of a crazy brain ?" 
 
 From a census of the city taken in the latter part of 1853, 
 it appears that the population amounted at that time to 
 60,662 souls comprised in 9,435 families,' and that the num- 
 ber of dwellings was 7,672. There were in the city 1,184 
 stores' of all kinds, and 196 manufacturing establishments; 
 also 54 schools and 61 churches. From these statistics it 
 appears that the population of the city has duplicated in less 
 than three years ! 
 
 CiNcrNNATi, city, port of entry, and capital of Hamilton 
 county, Ohio : situated on the right bank of the Ohio river, 
 opposite the mouth of Licking river, and distant by river 
 from Pittsburg 465 m., from Louisville 182 m., from Cairo 
 494 m., and from New Orleans 1,447 m., and in a direct 
 line 100 m. south-west of Columbus. Lat. 39° 6' N., and 
 long. 84° 27' W. from Greenwich, or 7° 25' from Washing- 
 ton. It covers an area of 4.127 acres, and is the largest in- 
 land city in America, and in population is only exceeded by 
 New York, Philadelphia, and Baltimore. In 1795 it had 
 500 inhabitants. 
 
 Years. Fop- 
 
 1800 750 
 
 1805 960 
 
 1810 2,540 
 
 1815 6,070 
 
 1820 9,602 
 
 1825 13,778 
 
 Years. Pop, 
 
 1830 24,831 
 
 1835 29,400 
 
 1840 46,3.38 
 
 1845 74,699 
 
 1850 115,4:36 
 
 1853 153,643 
 
 The constituent proportions of the population are as 
 follows : 
 
 Americans 57 per cent. 
 
 Germans 26 " " 
 
 British 15 " " 
 
 French and Italians 1 " " 
 
 Other Foreigners 1 " " 
 
 100 
 
 " The following," says Mr. Frazer in a letter to the editor, 
 " is a tal)le of the population of Cincinnati, from a writer 
 who is generally correct, which gives a greater number for 
 1850 and 1853 than I do. He supposes that nearly 5,000 
 were absent in the former ye.ar, owing to the prevalence of 
 the cholera. You will also perceive that the number for 
 1833 is less than that of the preceding year, which was our 
 first cholera year." 
 
 821 
 
CHIEF PLACES OF THE UNITED STATES. 
 
 Years. Pop. 
 
 1833 27,645 
 
 1S34 28,600 
 
 1835 29,400 
 
 1836 81,900 
 
 183T 35,090 
 
 1838 38.699 
 
 1839 42,S00 
 
 1840 46,333 
 
 1841 51,020 
 
 1842 56,122 
 
 1843 61,T34 
 
 1844 67,90T 
 
 1845 74,699 
 
 1846 82,167 
 
 1847 90,384 
 
 1843 99,422 
 
 1849 109,314 
 
 1850 120,300 
 
 1851 132,330 
 
 1852 145,563 
 
 1853 160,119 
 
 Years. Pop. 
 
 1789 80 
 
 1790 100 
 
 1795 500 
 
 1800 750 
 
 1803 870 
 
 1805 960 
 
 1807 1,350 
 
 1808 1,900 
 
 1810 2,540 
 
 1812 8,500 
 
 1813 4,000 
 
 1815 6,000 
 
 1818 8.100 
 
 1820 . . 9,602 
 
 1822 10,809 
 
 1824 12,016 
 
 1826 15,540 
 
 1829 22,148 
 
 18.30 24,831 
 
 1831 26,071 
 
 1332 28,014 
 
 Immediately ntljacent are the cities of Covington and 
 Newport, anii the villages of Brooklyn, Jamestown, and 
 Ludlow, in Kentucky ; and on the Ohio side, Pendleton, 
 Fulton, Walnut Ililla, Clinton, Clifton, Fairmont, and 
 Storrs, containing an aggregate population in the suburbs 
 of 60,000 more. Pioneers still living, more than sixty years 
 since, with arms in their hands, disputed with the aborig- 
 ines the title to the ground upon which now dwells this 
 population of nearly a quarter of a million. It was first set- 
 tled on the 26th December, ITSS, by a party of men sent out 
 under Matthias Denman and Robert Paterson, to improve a 
 portion of the purchase m.ide by the Hon. John Clevcs 
 Symmes. This purchase embraced a tract of 311,682 acres, 
 lying between the Great and Little Miami rivers, and ex- 
 tending along the Ohio river a distance of 37 miles. One 
 square mile in each township, section 16, was reserved for 
 school purposes, and section 29 in each for the support of 
 religious societies. 
 
 This party landed opposite the mouth of Licking river, 
 and laid out a village called Losatitiville, a name shortly 
 afterward abandoned for that of Cincinnati. In Feb., 17S9, 
 auofherparty,under Judge Symmes himself, landed at North 
 Bend, and there laid out what was intended to be a large 
 city, to which they gave the name of Symmes. The village 
 of Cleves now occupies a portion of the site of the intended 
 city. Soldiers were now sent out to protect the settlers at 
 the Bend; but Fort Washington having been established, 
 they were removed to Cincinnati subsequently, and the 
 rivalry of the two places succumbed in favor of Cincinnati 
 as the chief seat of business. The fort stood on what is now 
 Arch Street, between Third and Fourth streets, and east of 
 Broadway. In 1790 General Harrison marched hence 
 against the Indians, and in the next year General St. Clair 
 started for the same place on his ill-fated expedition. The 
 fort was successively commanded by Ziegler, Wilkinson, 
 and Harrison, the latter of whom became subsequently 
 President of the ITnited Stales. In 1792 the first church was 
 «recte<l on what is now corner of Main and Fourlh streets, 
 and occupied by the First Presbyterian Church. In the rear 
 of it are many graves of the pioneers. In 1703, the first 
 paper, called the "Sentinel of the North-west Territory," 
 north of the Ohio river, was estal)lished at Cincinnati by 
 William Maxwell. On the lllh January, 1794, a line of 
 two keel-boats, with biiUel-proof covers and port-holes, and 
 provided widi cannon and small-arms, was established be- 
 tween Cincinnati and Pill.sburg, each making a trip (mce in 
 four weeks. During this period the town progressed but 
 slowly, while iclleness, <lrinking. and g.unbling pr>vailed in 
 the army, and was In some extent participated in by the 
 citizens. The population at various periods is shown above. 
 From 1800 to 1810 it progres-sed pretty rapidly, and consider- 
 822 
 
 able trade was carried on with New Orleans in keel-boats, 
 which returned laden with foreign goods. The passage to 
 New Orleans then occupied about 25 days, and the return 65 
 days. In 1819 the city was incorporated, since which pe- 
 riod its progress in population and material wealth has 
 been uninterrupted and rapid in an astonishing degree, 
 considering the difficulties it had to contend with before the 
 establishment of steam navigation on the rivers and rail- 
 roads throughout the country. It would be invidious to 
 compare the early career of Cincinnati with that of Chicago, 
 Milwaukie, and some others; they were founded under 
 quite different auspices ; the one in the midst of a country, 
 surrounded by hostile savages, bare of population, without 
 a road, and scant of river facilities; and the others with 
 every facility of travel perfected, and a tide of immigration 
 unceasingly pouring upon them. 
 
 The position of Cincinnati is admirable. It is in the cen- 
 tre of a beautiful valley, surrounded by hills. It occupies 
 the whole of the first and second planes above the Ohio r., 
 and extends a mile over the third, or still higher elevations 
 of Mount Adams, Mount Auburn, Mount Washington, etc.; 
 these comprise the greater portions of the first, eleventh, 
 and twelfth wards. The first of these planes or tables, called 
 the bottom, is at an elevation of 50 feet above low-water 
 mark ; the second, called the hill, about 60 feet higher, and 
 is densely built upon, and more populous than the other 
 two ; it is elevated 541 feet above tide-water and 23 feet be- 
 low the level of Lake Erie. Above this table are the hills 
 of Mount Auburn, etc., 200 feet higher. To an eye placed 
 on these highest elevations, the city appears to occupy the 
 centre and base of an immense basin, the view being in 
 every direction terminated by swelling hills. The grade 
 of these planes or terraces has for years been changing to 
 conform to the general improvement of the city, and now 
 affords the regular and facile ascent and descent required 
 by heavy draughts, as well as to permit the safe drainage 
 of water from the upper tables of the city. Many of the 
 streets are ornamented with elegant edifices and beautiful 
 shade trees. 
 
 The city is regularly laid out in streets and alleys, cross- 
 ing each other at right angles. The streets running E. and 
 W. are denominated Water, Front, Columbia, Pearl, Third, 
 Fourth, etc., while those running N. and S. are named 
 Broadway, Sycamore, Main, Walnut, Western Kow, etc. 
 Main Street extends from the steamboat landing, on the 
 river, northwardly to the northern bounds of the second 
 plane. The streets are generally paved, and the foot-paths 
 bricked. The city contained, in 1853, 19,904 houses, 91 
 churches, many of them very fine edifices ; 3 colleges, 5 
 medical schools, a law school, a female college, several 
 female seminaries, 6 classical schools, a large number of 
 finely-built public schools, the Mechanic's Institute, 6 char- 
 tered and 14 private banks, and 17 insurance comp.anies, etc. ; 
 a great number of public halls, the county and city courts; 
 the new court-house, a massive and elegant edifice, covering 
 an area of 41,2i)9 feet ; a mercantile exchange, and numerous 
 libraries — one of these, the Young Men's Mercantile Library, 
 contains 14,000 vols., and has connected with it one of the 
 best reading rooms in the United States; and literary, phi- 
 losophical, and charitable institutions, an observatory, 4 thea- 
 tres, a nuiseum, gas-works, water-works, custom-house, etc. 
 In fact, it has all the appliances necessary for the physical, in- 
 tellectual, and moral enjoyment of a large population; and 
 in ita manufacture!*, commerce, and general wealth, is pre- 
 eminent among the cities of the worM. 
 
 The manufactures of Cincinnati embrace almost every 
 department of industrial employment. It would be impos- 
 sible to enumerate them in the compass allowed to this 
 article; but there are some industries that so distinguish 
 the city, that their enumeration is necessary. It has 6 dis- 
 tilleries; 140 bakerie.x; 12 bell and brjtss founderies; 82 
 blacksmith shops : 10 boiler yards ; 15 booU-liiiideries ; 374 
 boot and shoe factories; 31 breweries; 6:l brick yards; 203 
 
CHIEF PLACES OF THE UNITED STATEI 
 
 mason shops ; 121 butchers' shops ; 2S4 carpenter and builder 
 shops ; 24 carriage factories ; 63 coopers' shops ; 42 copper- 
 plate printing establishments; 13 beef and tongue curing 
 establishments; 4 cutleries; 32 daguerreotype establish- 
 ments ; 16 domestic liquor manufactories ; 15 dye houses ; 
 19 edge-tool factories; 14 engraving establishments; 14 
 feed and flour mills; 44 founderies and engine shops; 136 
 furniture factories ; 10 gilding establishments ; 2 glass works ; 
 6 gunsmith shops ; 40 hat factories ; 14 ice-packing establish- 
 ments ; 5 iron rolling-mills ; 3 iron safe factories ; 5 iron 
 railing factories ; 10 lever lock factories ; 4 lithographic es- 
 tablishments ; 7 looking-glass factories ; 22 machinist shops ; 
 5 marble works; 6 mathematical and optical instrument 
 factories ; 10 upholsteries ; 60 millineries ; 7 morocco leather 
 factories; 6 musical instrument factories; 1 castor oil fac- 
 tory ; 34 oil, lard, and stearine factories ; 3 linseed oil mills ; 
 72 paint and glazing shops ; 9 paper mills ; 14 patent med- 
 icine factories ; 7 plane factories ; 1 planing machine fac- 
 tory ; 6 platform scale factories ; 6 plow factories ; IG plumb- 
 ing shops ; 14 potteries ; 33 pork, beef, and ham-curing 
 factories (employing 2,450 hands, and producing annually 
 15,760,000); 12 publishing houses; 40 saddleries; 25 sash, 
 blind, etc., factories; 22 sausage factories; 15 saw mills; 2 
 saw factories ; 5 sheeting, etc., factories ; 15 shirt and stock 
 factories; 38 soap and candle factories; 7 steamboat build- 
 ing yards; 3 stereotype founderies; 23 stonecutting yards; 
 86 stone mason yards; 157 tailor establishments; 30 tan- 
 neries ; 62 tobacco, cigar, and snuff factories ; 30 turners' 
 shops ; 2 type founderies ; 26 vinegar factories ; 42 wagon 
 factories ; 40 wine manufactories ; 5 wire-working establish- 
 ments ; 4 locomotive manufactories, etc. There are 180 sev- 
 eral industries pursued, and the total number of all manufac- 
 turing and industrial establishments in the city was about 
 3,400. The total number of hands employed, about 32,S50, 
 and the annual value of products, if 55,000,0(10. 
 
 There are few cities of the Union so well furnished with 
 facilities of locomotion. It has one of the finest rivers in 
 the world fronting it. Its river commerce is commensurate 
 with the immense internal trade centering at this point, 
 and with the daily increasing manufacturing industry of 
 the city. It is carried on chiefly in steamboats plying hence 
 to Pittsburg, St. Louis, New Orleans, and intermediate 
 places. Its steamers also penetrate all the great navigable 
 rivers of the West — tributaries of the great Father of Waters 
 — an inland navigation of 45 000 miles, unsurpussed by any 
 other internal navigation on the globe. The steamboat ar- 
 rivals for the year ending August 31, 1S53, numbered 4,05S; 
 of these, 619 were from Pittsburg, 233 from St. Louis, 254 
 from New Orleans, 2,052 from other pons ; and the depart- 
 ures were 4,146, namely, for Pittsburg 567, for St. Louis 2SS, 
 for New Orleans 250, other ports 3,041. Two hundred and 
 ninety-eight different boats arrived during the year, with 
 an aggregate tonnage of 76,647 tons custom-house measure- 
 ment. The actual toiniage of the entire number of arrivals 
 was 1,390,541. 
 
 The commerce of the city is greatly aided by the canals 
 I'Xtcnding North and West. The Miami Canal, commenc- 
 ing at Cinciniiali, extends up the valley of the Great Mi- 
 nini, pa.sses tlie summit at St. Mary's, thence down the 
 Maumee Valley, and terminates at Toledo, on Lake Erie. 
 Connecting with this, at Junction, is the Wabash Canal, 
 making an aggregate canal navigation through the valleys 
 of the Miami, Maumee, and Wabash, of 600 miles. The 
 amount of freight transmitted on these canals from these 
 great and productive valleys is immense, especially their 
 neavy products. The Whitewater Canal connects the city 
 with the eastern and central parts of Indiana, and is an 
 Important avenue of trade. 
 
 Fifteen macadamized turnpike roads lead from Cincin- 
 oati to various points in Ohio and the neighboring Stales. 
 
 The table-land between the Ohio r. and Lake Erie is the 
 grand gateway over which must pass the railways from the 
 Mississippi Valley to the Atlantic cities. Most of these con- 
 
 nect with Cincinnati, making it the principal centre of the 
 railway system of the West. These works, rivaling Roman 
 grandeur, are gradually and almost imperceptibly extend- 
 ing the commercial enterprise of this vigorous and growing 
 city to the remotest plains and valleys of the luxuriant 
 West. Twenty-six railroads will bring to this mart of com- 
 merce the trade of great portions of the States of Ohio, 
 Kentucky, Indiana, Illinois, etc.. and bear within her grasp 
 the products of more than 300,000 square miles of territory 
 unsurpassed for productiveness. The limits of this article 
 forbid detail further than to say here, that railroad connec- 
 tions are now completed with New York and the principal 
 cities of the sea-board, via Cleveland, and also via San- 
 dusky City, with Philadelphia, with Chicago, and every 
 lake port from thence to Niagara, with Albany, Indianap- 
 olis, and soon will be with Baltimore, St. Louis, Lexington, 
 Charleston, Savannah, Mobile, and New Orleans. A sec- 
 ond railroad is being built to Xenia, although a portion of 
 the present railway has a double track ; and a second road 
 is also being constructed to Dayton, which passes out of the 
 city through a tunnel 10,000 feet long, part of the way at 
 a depth of 160 feet. Railroads are being constructed in all 
 these directions, and when completed will build up Cincin- 
 nati, and make it a competitor for the wealth of commerce 
 second to no other city of the world. It has already had 
 the foretaste of its future, and is now stretching out its arms 
 to gather in the vast, illimitable wealth with which nature 
 has surrounded it. It has also telegraphs, giving it instan- 
 taneous communication with every large city from Maine 
 to Florida, and from the Atl.antic to beyond the Mississippi. 
 
 It is the great pork market of the West. During the 
 year ending August 81, 1S53, there were received here 
 packed the products of 325,000 hogs ; packed here 861,000, 
 of the value of $8,250,000. 
 
 Her commerce has increased with unprecedented rapidity. 
 From a supply of goods furnished by the two keel-boata 
 named above, and a few pack-horses, a little more than 
 half a century since, its imports have increased for the 
 year last named to $51,230,641, and its exports for the same 
 period, $36,266,108. 
 
 In the immediate vicinity the culture of the grape is car- 
 ried on to a greater extent than in any other place in the 
 Union. In the centre of a large extent of lower Silurian 
 formation, the fertile loamy and argillaceous soil ou the 
 slopes of the higher table-lands are admirably adapted to 
 vineyards. They form a most delightful portion of the 
 scenery on the graceful declivities of the hills. The mean 
 annual temperature is 54.6° ; of winter, .34 5° ; spring, 64.6° ; 
 summer, 73.9° ; autumn, 54.8°. Annual mean quantity of 
 rain 48.33 inches, snow 19.70 inches, showing an exceed- 
 ingly favorable climate for the vine. Although the culture 
 of the vine is in its infancy here, the vintage of 1853 is esti- 
 mated at 500,000 gallons, which, when bottled in the wine 
 cellars, will be worth $2,01)0,000. The wines produced are 
 chiefly the still and sparkling Catawba, and are said to be 
 equal to the wines of France in flavor and body, and are 
 now manufactured for commerce, and the demand exceeds 
 the supply. 
 
 The city of Cincinnati is governed by a mayor and a city 
 council, composed of two councilmen from each of the six- 
 teen wards into which it is divided. Three judges of the 
 court of common pleas of the county, each hold three terms 
 of court here annually. A State district court is held twice 
 a year. The city has also a separate police court The 
 amount of taxes collected for city purposes for the year 
 1S52, was $464.324 ; to wit, for general purposes, $139,S0S ; 
 interest on city debt, $46,603 ; sinking fund, $11.651 ; House 
 of Refuge, $46,603 ; Poor Hou'^e, $81,555 ; city watch, 
 $58,253 ; common schools, $79,851. 
 
 Debt of the city, $1,800,000; value of city property, 
 $2,230,543. 
 
 The newspaper and periodical press of Cincinnati consists 
 of 12 daily papers, all of which issue weekly editions, and 
 
 S23 
 
CHIEF PLACES OF THE UNITED STATES. 
 
 1 a tri-weekly edition; of 22 weekly papers ; of 1 semi- 
 Dionlhly, and 14 monthly periodicals. The litiili/ papers are 
 the '' C. Gazette" (whig), the " C. Commercial" (indep't), the 
 " C. Enquirer" (dem.), the '' Chronicle and Atlas" (whig), the 
 " C. Times" (indep't), the " Dispatch and Democrat" (dem.), 
 the " Democratic Journal" (dem.), " Columbian' (indep't), 
 " Volksblat" (Germ.), " Eepublikaner" (Germ.), " Tags- 
 blatt" (Germ.), " Volksfreund" (Germ.), and the " Nonpa- 
 reil." These circulate a weekly average of 2,000 to 22,000 
 copies each. The wecklij papers are, " Cist's Weekly Ad- 
 vertiser" (commer'l), the " Pictorial A<lvertiser," the " Co- 
 lumbian" (lit.), the ''Price Current" (commer'l), the " West- 
 ern Police Giizctte," " Life in Cincinnati," the " Warning 
 Bell" (fireman's), the " Proclamation Reformer," the " Pho- 
 netic Advocate," the " Star of the West," the " Presbyterian 
 of the West," the " Journal and Messenger" (relig.), the 
 " Youth's Friend," " the " Catholic Telegraph," the " Chris- 
 tian Age," the "Western Christian Advocate," the " Chris- 
 tian Apologist," the " Western Fountain" (temperance), the 
 " Central Christian Herald," the " Wahreet's Freund" 
 (Germ.), the " United Presbyterian." the " ZiUblatter" (ra- 
 tionalist), the " Hochwaechter" (socialist), and the " Demo- 
 cratiches Wochenblatt" (Germ.). The "Sunday School Ad- 
 vocate" is published semi-monMij. The moiMilij periodi' 
 calH are, the " Ladies' Repository ," the " Templar's Maga- 
 zine," " Lord's Counterfeit Detector," " Dye's Bank Mirror,'' 
 U\e " Masonic Pieview," the '• Western Lancet"' (med.), the 
 " Dental Kegister," the " Law Journal," the " Crisis" (lib- 
 crly), the " Congress Halle" (Germ.), the " School Friend" 
 (education), the " Genius of Liberty" (lit.), the " Genius of 
 Taste," the " West American Review," "Journal of Man," 
 " Western Horticultural Review," the Eclectic Medical 
 Journal," the '• Golden Rule," the " L'nitcd Presbyterian," 
 '•Goodman's Counterfeit Detector," the "Railroad Jour- 
 nal," the '• Young Reaper" (3. School), the " Pliysico-Medi- 
 cal and Surgical Journal," the " Pulpit" (Presb.), and the 
 " Parlor Magazine." Thus it would appear that politics, 
 religion, science, literature, etc., have their special advo- 
 cates, and that all the great interests of the people have a 
 special organ to herald their peculiarities to the world. 
 Many of the above are conducted with great energy and 
 talent, and have a circulation beyond their own locality. 
 
 Adjoining the city, on the east, is the large village of 
 Fulton, and on the north the beautiful village of Walnut 
 Hills, which is mostly occupied as country seats by persons 
 doing business in Cincinnati. Walnut Hills is the seat of 
 Lane Seminary, a theological institution owned by the New 
 School Presbyterians. Four miles N. W. of Ihe city are 
 two fine cemeteries — "Spring Grove Cemetery," containing 
 about 220 acres, and the " Wesleyan Cemetery," containing 
 about 40 acres, the former is tastefully laid out in landscape 
 style, with numerous avenues 20 feet wide, and made to 
 conform to the undulating features of the ground. A more 
 beautiful and appropriate spot for this "rural city of the 
 dead'' could scarci'ly have been 8electe<I. 
 
 In the centre of an immense region unsurpassed for pro- 
 ductiveness, daily being augmented by the aid of scientific 
 agriculture; with an increasing and energetic population; 
 with her liiindre<l avenues of commerce, by land and by 
 water; with her thousands of skillful artisans, manufactur- 
 ers, and other producers; with her many merchants and 
 their immense e:ipital usefully and profitably employed; 
 with the victorious industry and untiring enterprise of her 
 citizens ; with the rapid strides of her past .as a guaranty 
 for her future, we place on record a pre<liction, made years 
 since, without indorsing it, but with the remark, that the 
 probabilily of its being verified is much greater now than 
 when it was written. 
 
 '• Nut having before my eyes the fear of men, ' who with 
 loo much pride to study and too much wit to think, under- 
 value what they do not understand and condemn what 
 they do not coinprehen<l,' I venture the ])r('diction, that 
 \\ilhin one hundred years from this time Cincinnati will be 
 324 
 
 the greatest city in America, and by the year of our Lord 
 2000, the greatest city in the world." 
 
 {Communicated hy John Frazer, Esq. 
 Cleveland, p. city, port of entry, and cap. Cuyahoga co., 
 Ohio: on Cuyahoga river, where it discharges into Lake 
 Erie, 126 m. N. N. E. Columbus. Lat 41° 31' 07" N., and 
 long. 81° 45' 57' W. Cleveland Is the commercial empo- 
 rium of northern Ohio, and second only to Cincinnati in 
 population and general progress. It possesses great facil- 
 ities for the transit of goods and passengers : the Ohio Canal, 
 extending to the Ohio river at Portsmouth, 309 ra., has its 
 northern terminus here, and another canal, branching off 
 from it at Akron, connects it with Pittsburg. It is con- 
 nected with all the porls of Lake Erie by the lake-shore 
 chain of railroads extending from Niagara Falls to Mil- 
 waukie; with Pittsburg, by the Ohio and Pennsylvania 
 R. R., and the Cleveland and Pittsburg E. E. ; and with 
 Cincinnati by the Cleveland, Columbus, and Cincinnati 
 R. E. ; these, running to the seaboard at Boston, New York, 
 Philadelphia, uniting with the various railroads, Baltimore, 
 etc., to the southward into Kentucky, Tennessee, etc., to 
 Charleston, Savannah, Mobile, and New Orleans, and to the 
 westward to and beyond the Mississippi river, give it access 
 to every part of the settled portion of the Union, and serve 
 as conduits of the vast commerce which centres at this point. 
 And besides these great avenues, it has numerous plank and 
 macadamized roads leading from it in all directions; and 
 its telegraphic connections extend to every important city 
 from the British Provinces to New Orleans, and from the 
 Atlantic to the utmost western bounds of civilization. Regu- 
 lar lines of steamboats ply to Dunkirk, to Buffalo, to Detroit, 
 to Toledo and Sandusky, and to the upper lake country. 
 
 Cleveland is one of those great cities of the West that 
 have risen up as if by magic within the past twenty years. 
 In 1S30 the place contained less than 1,000 inhabitants; in 
 1S40 it had 6,071, and in 1S50 its population amounted to 
 17,041.* It derives its name from General Moses Cleveland, 
 an agent of the Connecticut Land Company, who accom- 
 panied the first surveying party upon the Connecticut 
 Western Reserve. The place on which the city now stands 
 was surveyed under his direction in 1796. In 1799 there 
 was but one family residing here, and even in 1S25 tliere 
 were under 500 persons within its limits. In 1S14 Cleve- 
 land was incorporated as a village, and in 1S36 it received 
 a city charter. 
 
 The city, except a small portion of it immediately on the 
 river, is built on a gravelly plain, 80 feet above Lake Erie, 
 of which it has a commanding prospect. The location is 
 dry and healthy, and the view of the meanderings of the 
 Cuyahoga river, and of the steamboat and lake craft ever 
 entering or leaving the harbor, or on the waters of Ihe lake 
 to the horizon, presents a fine picture of commercial activ- 
 ity. The country around is replete with rich scenery, and 
 for miles around is under a high state of cultivation. 
 
 The plan of the cily is rectangular, the streets being 
 usually 80 feet wide, except Main Street, running through 
 the middle of the city, which is 120 feet wide. Near the 
 centre there is a public square of 10 acres, divided into four 
 equal parts by intersecting slre<'ts. neatly incloseil and 
 adorned with shade trees. The (Jourl-house fronts on this 
 square. The city contains numerous well-built churches 
 
 * In tlie Intter pnrt of IS'iS, a census 
 
 of 1S50, olmweil the Collowhig resultn : 
 
 Is.iO. 
 
 l«tw.irJ 7.R37 
 
 of th 
 
 5 city, com 
 
 IKKS. 
 
 10,277 
 
 4,3;l9 
 
 1 0,203 
 
 405 
 
 31, hi 9 
 
 9,*2 
 
 pared 
 
 witli tltat 
 
 
 6 :H0 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Incr-n^ 
 
 Ohio City 
 
 17. on 
 
 .... 6,;i76 
 
 ye;.rs. 
 H.ft78 
 3,617 
 
 1S,19<1 
 
CHIEF PLACES OF THE UNITED STATES. 
 
 of all denominations, public institutions, schools, etc. Many 
 of the private dwellings are expensive and tasteful. The 
 harbor is one of the best on the lake ; it Is formed by the 
 mouth of the Cuyahoga, and improved by a pier on each 
 side, extending 425 yards into the lake, 200 feet apart, and 
 faced with substantial masonry. The natural advantages 
 of the harbor are unsurpassed in the West. There is a 
 light-house on the high bank of the lake, and another at the 
 entrance to the harbor. The coast-wise commerce of Cleve- 
 land, in the year 1850, amounted in value to .$1.3,S86,.^.31, 
 of which -?7,030,957 represented the imports, and $6,855,556 
 that of the exports. The shipping owned in the district 
 was 35,.315 tons, of which 9.994 tons were navigated by 
 steam power. The shipping built within the year was 686 
 tons. Cleveland has also considerable commerce with Can- 
 ada. The great bulk of its commercial material, however, 
 is now conveyed on the railroads and canals, to and from 
 the seaboard, etc., but the exact amount can not be ascer- 
 tained. 
 
 Manufacturing, though in its infancy, is carried on to 
 some extent. Most of the engines, and other equipments 
 for the steamboats and railroads of the neighborhood, are 
 manufactured at the Cuyahoga Steam Furnace ; and there 
 are also two large flouring mills here, one worked by steam, 
 and the other by the surplus water of the Ohio Canal. Of 
 the ordinary mechanical trades there is a fair representa- 
 tion, and among them are severiil extensive establishments. 
 The public schools of the city are numerous, and are un- 
 der efficient management. The buildings are generally of 
 brick: that on St. Clair Street is an ornament to the city. 
 Tlie course of instruction is graduated, and when the schol- 
 ars are sufficiently advanced, they are promoted to the high 
 school, in which they are instructed in several branches of 
 natural science. There are also many highly efficient pri- 
 vate schools and semin:iries, and the city has several literary 
 associations and reading-rooms. At the Lyceum lectures 
 are delivered during the winter evenings. There are three 
 musical halls in the city. The public press of the city con- 
 sists of three daily newspapers (which issue, also, weekly 
 editions), and two weekly newspapers. The dailies are, 
 the " C. Herald" (whig), the '' C. Plaindealer" (dem.), and 
 the " True Democrat" (free soil) ; and the weeklies are, the 
 " C. Advertiser" (neutral), and the " 0. Germania" (Germ, 
 dem.). 
 
 Ohio City, on the opposite side of the Cuyahoga river, is 
 virtually a part of Cleveland ; but it has a separate incorpo- 
 ration. It is in the same position as New York city and 
 Brooklyn, distinct corporations, with interests alike. The 
 municipal authorities of Cleveland consist of a mayor, and 
 one alderman and three councilmen for each ward. The 
 police arrangements of the city are excellent, and the clean- 
 liness and order of the place are remarkable. 
 
 Columbia, p. city, and cap. Richland dist., S. Car., and 
 capital of the State : on the E. side of Congaree river, im- 
 mediately below the confluence of its constituents. Broad 
 and Saluda rivers, in lat. 33° 5T', and long. 81° 07' "W., 500 
 miles S. by W.Washington. The river is here open to light 
 draft navigation. The city is built on an elevated plane of 
 about three or four miles in extent, the descent sloping in 
 all directions gr.adually. It was founded in 1787, and is 
 laid out on the rectangular plan, the streets crossing each 
 other at right angles, and 100 feet wide. The principal 
 buildings are the State House, the county buildings, market- 
 house, banking houses, academies, and churches. The 
 State House, in the central part of the city, is 170 feet long 
 and 60 feet wide, two stories high. Columbia is also the 
 seat of the South Carolina College, founded in 1804, and 
 which, in 1850, had 8 professors and 195 students, and a 
 library of 17,000 volumes. The college buildings are very 
 extensive and of brick, surmounting one of which is a fine 
 observatory, which possesses apparatus of great value. 
 This institution is under the patronage of the State. The 
 Southern Theological Seminary is also located here ; it is a 
 
 Presbyterian institution, and in 1850 it had 6 professors and 
 32 students, with a library of 4,600 volumes. The dwelling- 
 houses are chiefly of wood, but there are several built of 
 brick in a style of elegance becoming the capital of the 
 Slate. The city is supplied with pure water from springs, 
 raised by steam power, and distributed through iron pipes. 
 The high situation the city occupies contributes greatly to 
 the health of the inhal)itants, and also alTords an extensive 
 view of the surrounding scenery, which is chiefly a cotton 
 and corn region, in the highest state of culture. 
 
 Columbia has three daily and two weekly newspapers ; 
 the dailies are, the " State Rights Republican" (dem.), the 
 "South Carolinian" (dem.), and the '-Telegraph" (indep.), 
 the last two of which issue also tri-weekly and weekly edi- 
 tions ; and the weeklies are the •' Palmetto State Banner" 
 (dem.), and the "South Carolina Temperance Advocate." 
 The city has also considerable manufactures, which have 
 been altogether initiated within the past decade, and its 
 trade and commercial connection has greatly advanced 
 since the completion of the lines of railroad diverging in 
 all directions from this the chief railroad centre of the State; 
 and when the system proposed for South Carolina shall 
 have formed junctions with the lines of the surrounding 
 States, the commercial prosperity of this city will be indef- 
 initely enhanced. The railroads now centering in Colum- 
 bia are, the Columbia Branch of the South Carolina R. R. ; 
 the Charlotte and South Carolina R. R. ; and the Green- 
 ville and Columbia R. R., with their branches and con- 
 nections west and north. The design is to continue the last 
 through Rabun G.ip to Chattanooga, thus connecting this 
 place directly with the Ohio Valley railroads, and those ex- 
 tending to and beyond the Mississippi river. Pop. 6,059. 
 
 Columbus, p. city, and cap. Muscogee co., Ga. : on the 
 E. side of Chattahoochee river, at the head of steam navi- 
 gation, and immediately below the falls of the river, which 
 have a descent of 111 feet in 3 miles, 118 m. W. by S. Mil- 
 ledgeville. It is 175 miles above the junction with Flint r., 
 and 275 miles above Appalachicola Bay. Immediately be- 
 low the falls the river has a width of only 118 yards, but 
 soon expands to 250 yards wide. The site of the city is 60 
 feet above the ordinary height of the river, and covers 1,200 
 acres. Two streets running parallel with the river, N. and 
 S., are 165 feet wide, and six others have a width of 132 
 feet ; these are intersected at right angles by twelve other 
 streets, which are 99 feet wide. It contains a court-house, 
 jail, several banks, a market-house, numerous churches, 
 and about 2,400 dwellings; and it also has several large 
 cotton mills, and woolen factories, and flouring mills. It is 
 one of the great commercial centres of Georgia, and a de- 
 p6t of a large extent of rich cotton country. The Muscogee 
 R. R. terminates here, .ind extends hence to Macon, con- 
 necting with the Central R. R. to Savannah, and the Macon 
 and Western R. R., etc., to Nashville and Knoxville, Tenn. ; 
 from Gerard, on the opposite side of the river, a railroad is 
 about to built to Mobile. The bridge over the river at this 
 point cost $30,000. A large number of steamboats ply on 
 the river, carrying cotton, etc., to the seaboard and New 
 Orleans ; at all seasons, boats drawing five feet of water, can 
 come up to this place. Columbus is a city of modern date, 
 having been laid out in 1828 ; its growth has been rapid. 
 In 1840 it had 3,114 inhabitants, and in 1S50 about 5,942. 
 It has three newspapers, the "C. Times," published tri 
 weekly and weekly, and the " C. Enquirer" and the " South 
 em Sentinel," published woekly. 
 
 Columbus, p. city, and cap. Franklin co., Ohio, and cap. 
 of the State of Ohio : on the E. side of the Scioto river, just 
 below the confluence of the Whetstone river, in lat. 39° 57' 
 N., and long. 83° 03' W., 896 m. from Washington. 
 
 The land on which the city is built rises gradually from 
 the river, and the streets are laid out at right angles. Broad 
 Street extends from the river along the National Road to the 
 E. of the city, and is 120 feet wide ; and High Street, 100 
 feet wide, crosses Broad at the N. W. corner of the Fublio 
 
 325 
 
CHIEF PLACES OF THE UNITED STATES. 
 
 Square, of 10 acres, running N. and S. This is the princi- 
 pal business street. All other streets are 8S feet wide, and 
 the alleys 33 ft- et wide. The public buildings are the Cap- 
 itol or State House, the Penitentiary, asylums severally for 
 the insane, the deaf and dumb, and the blind , several col- 
 leges, seminaries, and numerous churches of all denomina- 
 tions. The old State House was destroyed by fire on the 
 1st Feb., Is52, and in consequence a great number of docu- 
 ments illustrating the history of the State were lost, never 
 to be restored. The new State House is one of the most 
 magnificent buildings in the Union. It is 304 feet long and 
 18-1 feet wide, covering an area of 55,936 square feet. The 
 basement Is 16 feet above the common surface ; the height 
 of blocking course is 62 feet, and to the top of the rotunda 
 157 feet, its diameter being 64 feet. The first floor contains 
 2S fire-proof rooms for the public offices ; and the second 
 floor contains the Hall of Representatives, which is 84 feet 
 long and 72J feet wide, the Senate Chamber 56 feet by 72J; 
 the libr.iry, the U. S. Court-room, and 26 committee rooms. 
 The Stale Penitentiary is also a spacious and elegant edifice 
 on the Scioto river, N.W. of the State House. It is a splen- 
 did building, of hewn limestone ; the centre is 56 feet long, 
 4 stories high, and the two wings each 200 feet long and 3 
 stories high. The private dwellings are generally neat, 
 substantial, and many of them elegant. 
 
 The avenues of travel and commerce connecting Colum- 
 bus with other parts of the State and Union, are the Na- 
 tional Eoad, a branch of the Ohio Canal, the Columbus and 
 Xenia R. R., the Cleveland, Columbus, and Cincinnati 
 R. R., the Central Ohio R. R., etc. The railroads are the 
 creations of the last ten years, and have been the cause of 
 the extraordinary triplication of the population in that pe- 
 riod. As a commercial dcp6t, the city has eminent f;icili- 
 ties — as a central position, in regard to every portion of the 
 State, its location on one of the largest rivers, and its grand 
 works of internal improvement. It has numerous and ex- 
 tensive manufactures, and, on the whole, is one of the most 
 prosperous among Western cities. There are published 
 within the city two daily newspapers, both of which also 
 issue tri-weekly and weekly editions ; four weekly, one 
 semi-monthly, two monthly, and one occasional. The dai- 
 lies are the " Ohio State Journal" (whig), and the " Ohio 
 Statesman" (dem.). The weeklies are the " Ohio Standard" 
 (whig), the "Dollar," and " Swan's Elevator" (neutral), and 
 " Der Westbote" (Germ.). The semi-monthly is the " Ohio 
 Cultivator" (agric). The monthlies are the " Western Lit- 
 erary Magazine," and the " Ark ;" and the " Conventional 
 Reporter" is published occasionally. 
 
 Previous to 1812, when it was fixed on for the State cap- 
 ital, the site of the city was in the wilderness. In 1820 it 
 contained 1,400 inhabitants; in 1830, 2,439; in 1840, 6,048; 
 and in 1850, 17,833. 
 
 CoNcoKD, t., p. v., and cap. Merrimac co., K. ITamp., 
 and cap. of the State: it lies on both sides of the Merrimac 
 river, in lat. 43° 12' 29" N., and long. 71° 29' W., 474 m. 
 N. E. Washington. There are five ponds in the town, the 
 largest of which are Turkey Pond in the S. W., and Long 
 Pond in the N. W. sections, the outlet streams of which fur- 
 nish extensive hydraulic power. The Contoocook river 
 joins the Merrimac on the N. line of the town, and forms 
 at the junction the celebrated "Duston's Island." The in- 
 tervale lands of the Merrimac are very fertile, and highly 
 cultivated. Soon after entering Concord the river passes 
 over Sewell's Falls, and thence has no natural obstruction 
 until it reaches the falls at the S. E. extremity of the town, 
 where is a vast water-power. Locks are here constructed, 
 and boat navigation secured. The river is here about 100 
 yards wide, but during freshets the water rises 20 feet above 
 the ordinary level, presenting to the eye a body of water a 
 mile wide. There are handsome bridges spanning the 
 river. There are three villages in the town, the princi- 
 pal of which, and the seat of its chief business, is on the W. 
 side of the river, extending along it about 2 miles. Tho 
 326 
 
 State House. Court-house, State Prison, and other public 
 buildings are in this village. The State House occupies a 
 beautiful site in the centre, aud is constructed of hewn 
 granite. It is 126 feet in length, 49 feet in width, and with 
 a projection in the centre of 4 feet on each front. The cost 
 of the building was $30,000. The State Prison is also a 
 massive granite building, 70 by 36 feet, surrounded by a 
 high stone wall. The second principal village is at Sewell's 
 Falls, and the other in the W. part of the town. 
 
 Concord, originally called Peuacook^ was granted by Mas- 
 sachusetts to a company of settlers, 17th Jan., 1725. and the 
 settlement was begun in tho following year. In 1733 it was 
 incorporated under the name of Rumford, which name 
 was changed in 1765 to Concord. The population in 1775 
 was 1,0.52; in 1790, 1,747; in ISUO, 2,052; in 1810, 2,393; in 
 1820, 2,838; in 1330, 3,727; in 1340, 4,897; and in 1350, 
 8,5S4, its progress during the last decade having been stim- 
 ulated by the development of its manufacturing facilities 
 and the extension of the railroad system centering within 
 it. Concord is now, indeed, one of the chief seats of New 
 England industry. It has numerous large cotton factories, 
 paper mills, boot and shoe shops, and a variety of other in- 
 dustrial establishments. Its neighborhood also abounds in 
 granite, which is exported. In the t. are also potteries, 
 fulling mills, etc. ; and in the publishing business Concord 
 has long been remarkably successful. In 1850 four news- 
 papers were published weekly, and one semi-monthly ; the 
 weekly papers were, the "N. H. Patriot and State Ga- 
 zette" (dem.) ; the " N. H. Statesman" (whig) ; the " In- 
 dependent Democrat" (free soil) ; and the " Congregational 
 Journal" (relig.) ; and the semi-monthly, was the " Under- 
 current," a paper devoted to temperance. 
 
 Concord lies on the route of travel and commerce between 
 Boston and Montreal, and Boston and the far West, and 
 hence has become a principal centre of the New England 
 system of railroads. It has also a railroad connection with 
 Portsmouth. The railroads centering here are, the Con- 
 cord R. R., extending to Nashua and Boston ; the Boston, 
 Concord, and Montreal R. R., extending to Haverhill on 
 the Connecticut, and to Montreal; the Concord and Clare- 
 mont R. R. ; the Portsmouth and Concord R. R. ; the North- 
 ern New Hampshire R. R., extending to West Lebanon, on 
 the Connecticut, and continued by the Vermont, New York, 
 and Canada railroads to Rouse's Point, Montreal, Ogdens- 
 burg, Kingston, etc. 
 
 Covington, p. city, Kenton co., Ky. : on the W. side of 
 Licking r., on the Ohio, opposite Cincinnati, 60 m. N. N. E. 
 Frankfort It is built on a beautiful plain, most of which 
 is above high-water mark ; and the streets are so arranged 
 as to appear from the hills back of Cincinnati as a continual 
 tion of that city. Newport lies on the opposite side of the 
 Licking. It is connected with Cincinnati by a steam ferry. 
 Covington is a highly flourishing place, and is destined to 
 become a large city. It cimtains a city hall, 8 churches, a 
 theological seminary, belonging to the Baptists ; 70 or SO 
 stores, 35 tobacco factories, 8 ropewalks, a rolling-mill, and 
 numerous other manufacturing establishments. About a 
 mile back from the city is Linden Grove, a beautiful rural 
 cemetery, and 4 m. in the interior are Latonian Springs, a 
 very fashionable and pleasant resort in the summer season. 
 Two weekly newspapers are pabMshea here; and also a 
 monthly literary paper. Pop. in 1850, 9,403. In 1S53 it 
 had risen to 12,151. Valuation, $5,359,630. From Cov- 
 ington, railroads are in course of construction to Louis- 
 ville, Lexington, etc., which will form the connecting links 
 between the systems of railroads already built, or being 
 built on all sides S. of the Ohio, and those of Ohio and tho 
 other Western States. 
 
 Cumberland, p. v., and cap. Alleghany co., Md. : on the 
 N. bank of the Potomac river, at the mouth of Wills' cr., 146 
 ra. W. N. W. Annapolis, and by railroad from Baltimore, 
 179 m. It is the centre of the vast mining region of Alle- 
 ghany county, and an entrepot on the great line of travel 
 
CHIEF PLACES OF THE UNITED STATES 
 
 from the Atlantic to the Westiro States. The Baltimore and 
 Ohio R. U. passes throuc;h it, and here commences the 
 great National Eoad leading to the Mississippi river. The 
 Chesapeake and Ohio Canal also terminates here. Besides 
 these great works of internal improvement, there are di- 
 verging from Cumherland several lines of railroads con- 
 necting with the various mines of the Cumberland coal and 
 iron companies. The village contains a court-house, the 
 county prison, a market-hou^e, two banks, and several fine 
 buildings, workshops, etc., connected with the public works; 
 aLso several handsome church cdifiees. Three newspapers 
 are published here weekly : the " 0. Civilian" (whig), the 
 " Alieghanian" (dem.), and the " Unionist" (neutral) — each 
 circulating from 400 to 5!)0 copies of each issue, In IS.^o 
 the population of Cumberland was 6,0GT, of which 5,.576 
 were white persons, 267 free colored persons, and 224 
 slaves, and hence it is the second town of Maryland in re- 
 spect of population. In 1840 the population was only 2,428. 
 the increase in the subsequent decade having been 149.8 
 per centum. The coal of this region is semi-bituminous, of 
 excellent quality, and suitable for ocean steamships and a 
 varieiy of other purposes to which the anthracite has hith- 
 erto been applied; it is brought to the markets of the East 
 on the railroad and canal to Baltimore, and thence is tug- 
 ged through the Chesapeake and Delaware Canal, and the 
 Delaware and Uaritan Canal, to the harbor of New York. 
 The quantity of this mineral, delivered in Baltimore in 1S50, 
 was 146,645 tons, and about 80,000 tons were deposited at 
 Alexandria. The delivery at Baltimore in 1845 was only 
 16,000 tons ; in 1846, 18,.393 tons ; in 1847, 50,259 tons ; 1848, 
 66,289 tons; in 1849, 71,699 tons ; and in 1850, as above re- 
 lated. In 1851 the delivery amounted to 163,8.55 tons, and 
 is now increasing in a rapid ratio.. The Coal Company 
 have loaned money to the Baltimore and Ohio R. E. to fur- 
 nish increased means of transportation, the want of which 
 has alone been the cause of limiting the deposits. Cumber- 
 land coal contains 77 parts of carbon, 16 parts of volatile 
 matter, and 7 parts of ashes. The Cumberland Coal and 
 Iron Company is an amalgamation of the several compa- 
 nies before existing in that vicinity under various names ; 
 it was organized by the Legislature of the State in 1852, and 
 now holds about 12,000 acres of mineral lands, and has a 
 working capital of about $5,000,000. 
 
 Dayton, t., p. city, and cap. Montgomery co., Ohio : at 
 the confluence of the Mad and Miami rivers, in lat. 39" 44' 
 N., and long. 84° 11' W., 66 m. W. S. W. Columbus. It is 
 one of those new centres of trade and commerce which have 
 sprung up in the great West with the progress of internal 
 improvements, and which, during the decade ending with 
 1850, have been so wonderfully developed. The ground 
 on which the city is built was originally purchased by John 
 Cleve Syrames about the year 1795, and afterward it ap- 
 pears that Governor St. Clair and Jonathan Dayton, with 
 several associates, contracted with Symmes for the purchase 
 and settlement of so much of the original purchase as was 
 included in the corporate limits of the present city. The 
 embryo town received the name of Dayton. Symmes being 
 unable to meet his payment, the land reverted to the gov- 
 ernment, and afterward (in 1799), Daniel C. Cooper, of New 
 Jersey, succeeded to the proprietorship. The town was 
 then laid out upon a plan originally furnished by St. Clair, 
 with streets 100 feet wide, crossing each other at right an- 
 gles. The town plot was divided into 280 lots, 100 feet 
 front by 200 feet in depth, and upward of 50 out-lots of 10 
 acres each were laid off at the same time. But it was not 
 till within the present century that the town had a tangible 
 existence. In 1805 it was incorporated by the Legislature, 
 and in 1806 the flrst brick dwelling was erected ; and in 
 1810 it had only 3S3 inhabitants. Its progress, indeed, 
 seems to have been quite slow until the completion of the 
 internal improvements connecting it with the commercial 
 centres of the West were completed. Population in 1820, 
 1 "&9 in 1830, 2,954; in 1840, 6,067; in 1850, 10,977; and 
 
 6i 
 
 in 1853, 16.562. In 1829 the Miami Canal, between Cincin- 
 nati and Dayton, was completed, and on the 25th January 
 of that year a canal boat traversed the ilistance (60 miles) 
 between the two places. From this date the prosperity of 
 Dayton commences. At a later period the canal was 
 opened to Lake lorie. The amount of tolls collected at the 
 port of Dayton, in 1841, was $27,0,58 ; in 1S50. $32,876. 
 There are also now upward of 250 miles of macadamized 
 roads radiating from the city in all directions ; and it is now 
 connected, through the following railroails, with all the 
 principal points of the Union: the Mad liiver and Krle 
 R. R.. 156 m., terminating at Sandusky ; the Cincinnati, 
 Hamilton, and Dayton R. R., 60 m., terminating at Cincin- 
 nati ; the Little Miami R. E., 84 m., at Si>ringfl('ld ; the 
 Dayton and Western R. R., 40 m., at the State line ; the 
 Greenville and Miami R. R., 36 m., at Greenville and 
 Union; the Dayton and Michigan E. R., 140 ra.,at Toledo; 
 and the Dayton and Xenia E. R., 16 m., at Xenia. These 
 connect with lines reaching the length and breadth of tlio 
 United States; and a continuous line of railroad is under 
 contract from a point on the Ohio r., connecting with the 
 Baltimore and Ohio R. R. to lUinoislown, opposite St. Louis. 
 The principal points on this road will be Columbus, Day- 
 ton. Indianapolis, Terre Haute, and St. Louis. The com- 
 merce on all the completed railroads is immense, but there 
 is no immediate means of ascertaining its tonnage, descrip- 
 tion, or value. The commerce of Dayton by canal, was in 
 1850, as exhibited in the following table, which gives the 
 amount of the principal articles received and shipped at 
 the port in the year referred to. 
 
 Article,'!. Arrived. Cleared. 
 
 Ale and beer bbls. 31.... 2.013 
 
 Flour " 381 ... . 64,434 
 
 Fish, fresh-water " 2,047 .... 203 
 
 Oil,linseed " 4.... 4,522 
 
 Oil,lard " 47.... 580 
 
 Pork " — .... 472 
 
 Salt " 9,331.... 89 
 
 Whisky " 88 ... . 36,23T 
 
 Rye, barley, and malt bush. 1,831 14,789 
 
 Corn " 10,765.... 184,269 
 
 CoaI,mineral " 89,953.... 938 
 
 Coke " 18,359.... — 
 
 Oats " 340.... 17,149 
 
 Seeds, grass, etc " — 2,521 
 
 Seed,flax " 9,568.... 11,174 
 
 Wheat " 5,014 .... 16,377 
 
 Butter lbs. 392.... 34,541 
 
 Burrblocks " 98,053.... — 
 
 Furniture and baggage " 107,586 404,473 
 
 Bacon and pork " 11,022.... 723,799 
 
 Coffee " 279,170.... 33,939 
 
 Cotton.raw " 294,962.... — 
 
 Cotton yarns " .2,056.... 192,864 
 
 Candles " 795.... 28,541 
 
 Cutstone " 16,387.... 13,126 
 
 Crockery, foreign " 116,662 .... 2,700 
 
 Eggs " — .... 53,477 
 
 Fruit, green " 11,729.... 150,632 
 
 Feathers " 337.... 2,014 
 
 Grindstones " 62,066.... 676 
 
 Gypsum " 55,395.... 1,400 
 
 Glass-ware " 163,113.... 8,963 
 
 Hemp " 11,933.... — 
 
 Hides and skins " 9,105.... 78,433 
 
 Ice " 78,705 .... 1,696,000 
 
 Iron, pig, etc " 1.774.712.... 59,073 
 
 Iron,cast " 2,396,715.... 43,069 
 
 Lard " 1.653.... 498,805 
 
 Leather " 45,776.... 38,059 
 
 Machinery " 89,333 .... 106,322 
 
 Merchandise " 1.9S5.092 .... 830,744 
 
 Molasses " 357,352 .... 13,000 
 
 32T 
 
CHIEF PLACES OF THE UNITED STATES. 
 
 Artii-lps. Arriveil. Cli-iired. 
 
 Nsiils and spikes lbs. 3S8,3C9 .... S.V.W 
 
 Oilcake " — .... 8,1G7.1T6 
 
 Piiper.Ohia " 21.111.... 531.5:10 
 
 Powder. Oiiio " fi.CSl .... 15.22i2 
 
 Pi (t and pearl ashes " 7.T 1 7 3S,087 
 
 Sugar " 673,448 9.562 
 
 Tailow » 3,03.... 121,713 
 
 Tobacco " 16,311 27.161 
 
 Tobacco, manufactured " 9i,S31 14,200 
 
 Wool " _ .... 5S,4SG 
 
 White lead " 47.394.... 1,015 
 
 Sundries " 2,066.495 1,219,938 
 
 iroop poles num. 851.110 72,974 
 
 Hogs " — .... 3,497 
 
 Slaves', etc " 1.657.7.')S 5,4ll0 
 
 Shingles " 3,120.2.50.... 116.250 
 
 Luth " 1,140,200.... 57.000 
 
 Lumber feet 4,-395.273 298,466 
 
 Timber " 117,741.... 4,226 
 
 The several locks of the canal afford conaidenihle motive 
 power within the limits of the city ; and in 1S45 the Dayton 
 Hydraulic Company constructed a hydraulic canal from a 
 point at .Mad r., 4 m. above the cily, by means of which 
 Ihe waters of a large and unfailing stream are brought 
 through the pljiee, the surplus water being discharged into 
 the canal, and Ihence into the Miami river, below the city. 
 The whole of the power thus obtained is leased to manu- 
 facturers, and this addition of motive force is justly ranked 
 as one of the chief sources of the prosperity now enjoyed 
 by the city. A further increase of hydraulic facilities is 
 projected by conducting the waters of the Miami above Ihe 
 city, through a canal, and discharging them into the same 
 river below. Dayton surpasses all other AVestern cities of 
 its size in the variety and extent of its manufactories. 
 Among the mo.st notable and extensive are those for the 
 niamifacture of railroad cars on the largest scale; paper 
 mills, which supply no small part of the West with wrap- 
 ping, news, and book paper ; founderies for stoves, hollow- 
 ware, etc., the annual value of these branches alone being 
 at least ^500,000. There is no city in the West so largely 
 engaged in Ihe manufacture and export of linseed oil and 
 oil cake as Dayton. In 1S50 1.34,000 bushels of seed, valued 
 at .$163,349, produced 294.500 gallons of oil, worth at 72 c. 
 per gallon, $212,040 ; and 8,680 tons of oil-cake, worth at 
 $10 per ton, $26,800, the difference between the raw seed 
 and manufactured articles being $75,492, which represents 
 the gross earnings of labor and capit.il employed. The 
 amount of superfine dour manufactured annually in the city 
 1b equal to 125,000 barrels. 
 
 There are three chartered banks in the city: one a branch 
 of the State Bank, one an independent bank, and one a free 
 bank under the new law. The aggregate capital of these 
 is $350,000. Besides these, there are several private banks 
 which employ capital amounting to $200,000, making the 
 banking capital of the place .$5.50,000, a sum inadequate to 
 the increasing wants of the manufacturing and commercial 
 interests of the community. 
 
 The charter for a city government was granted by the 
 Legislature in 1841. The city, for municipal purposes, is 
 divided into six wards, and its affairs are managed by 12 
 councilmen, representing the several wards in a single 
 body. The present revenue of the city from taxes, licenses, 
 etc., amounts to $20,000, one-third of which is devoted to 
 educational purposes. The public buildings, though nei- 
 ther so co.stly nor so perfect in architectural detail as those 
 of the old an<l wealthy cities of the country, are neat and 
 substantial. The Court-house is one of the most elegant in 
 the valley of the Ohio ; its dimensions are 127 feet in length 
 by 62 feet in breadth. It is built of hewn blocks of coarse 
 but compact white marble, which abounds in the vicinity ; 
 the roof is of stone and the doors of solid iron, and the style 
 82S 
 
 of architecture thai of the Parthenon, with slight improve" 
 menls. The plan seems to be faultless, and the effect of the 
 building imposing : its whole cost exceeded somewhat 
 $100,000. The streets of the city are lighted with gas, sup- 
 plied by a company chartereii fur that purpose, as are the 
 public builditigs, and, as a general thing, also the stores. 
 the gas is made from the bituminous coal found about the 
 head waters of the Ohio, and affords a cheap and excellent 
 light. Coke and tar are also obtained from the coal used in 
 supplying the works. 
 
 There are two market-houses in the city. The principal 
 one is 400 feet long, and paved with blocks of limestone ; 
 and a part r)f the second story of the buiMius is occupied as 
 a City Ilall and (Council ('hamber. The markets exhibit 
 the overflowing abundance of the valley, and prices are 
 here about 20 per cent, below those of Cincintuiti, and 40 or 
 50 per cent, below those of Boston and Ni'W York. As the 
 population of the city increases, however, this disproportion 
 in prices will of course be less. 
 
 Besides an excellent female academy and several private 
 schools, there are six free schools in the city, which are 
 conducted in the most admirable manner. Five of these 
 are '•common schools;" the sixth is called the "High 
 School," a popular college, into which the pupils from the 
 other schools are admitted when they have attained a pre- 
 scribed advancement in the usual English studies, and sus- 
 tain a good character. The principsd literary institution is 
 the Library Association, which has laid the foundation of a 
 valuable library, having now upward of 2,000 volumes of 
 selected works. The library is open to minors, under cer- 
 tain restrictions, and a course of lectures is usually deliv- 
 ered before the association during the winter months, which 
 is free to the citizens generally. 
 
 The periodical press of Dayton consists of four daily 
 newspapers (all issuing, likewise, weekly e<iitions), and one 
 weekly paper : the dailies are, the "Western Empire" (whig), 
 the "Transcript" (neutral), the " D. Journal" (dem.), and 
 the " D. Gazette" (whig) ; and the weekly newspaper is the 
 " D. Advertiser" (whig). In point of energy and talent, the 
 Dayton press is not surpassed by the press of older and 
 more wealthy cities. 
 
 Detroit, p. city, and cap. Wayne co., 3fich. : on the 
 N.W. bank of Detroit strait or river, 82 ra. E. S. E. Lansing ; 
 42° 24' N., and long. 82° 58' W., .526 m. from Washington. 
 The city extends along the river more than a mile and a 
 half, the centre of it being about 7 m. from Lake St. Clair 
 and 18 m. from Lake Erie. The original bed of the river 
 opposite Detroit, and for a mile above and about three 
 miles below, varies from 48 to 52 chains in width, averaging 
 five-eighths of a mile, the width from the docks of Detroit 
 to the opposite docks of Sandwich being about half a mile. 
 The depth between the docks varies from 12 to 48 feet, 
 averaging 32 feet ; the descent from Lake St. Clair to Lake 
 Erie is about 6 feet, or 3 inches per mile ; and the velocity 
 of the current in the deepest part of the channel opposite 
 the city is 2i m. an hour. The stream is so deep and its 
 current so strong and uniform, that it keeps itself clear, and 
 its navigation is not affected as is that of the Mississippi, 
 with either rocks, sand-bars, trees, or sawyers. Its current 
 also carries along the ice with a slow and uniform motion, 
 so that it is never dammed up in winter, while the St. Law- 
 rence, at Mcmtreal, is shallow and full of rocks, ag.ainst 
 which the ice lodges, and often forms a dam across the 
 river and raises the water from 20 to 25 feet, overflowing 
 its low banks for miles, and sweeping olf and destroying 
 large amounts of property. These peculiarities of the river 
 make Detroit a secure and accessible harbor in all .seasons. 
 
 The plan of the city is rather uncouth, and labored with 
 much mathematical ingemiity, better suited, it is acknowl- 
 edged, to flatter the fancy than to promote practical utility. 
 Upon the river, and for 1,200 feet back, it is rectangular — 
 in Ihe rear of this triangular. The streets are spacious; 
 among the more noted are the eight avenues — MadisoD, 
 
CHIEF PLACES OF THE UNITED STATES! 
 
 Michigan Grand, and Washinotton Grand avenues, each 200 
 feet wide; Woodward, Monroe, Miami, Macomb, and Jef- 
 ferson avenues, each 120 feet wide, and all, except Mich- 
 igan, Monroe, and Jefferson, terminating atone point, called 
 the Grand Circus. The other streets are sixty feet wide, 
 and generally cross at right angies. Atwater Street, upon 
 the river, and Woodbridge Street, running parallel with it 
 upon the declivity, are mostly occupied by stores and deal- 
 ers in heavy merchandise. Woodward Avenue, leading 
 from the river at right angles with Jefferson Avenue, 
 through Campus Martius ami the central part of the city, 
 ranljs as amon".; the first business streets. The principal 
 street running with the course of the river upon the summit 
 of the declivity, and through the central and most densely 
 populated part of the city, is Jefferson Avenue. Upon this 
 are most of thft public and private offices located, as well 
 as tlie dry goods and fancy stores generally. The Campus 
 Martius is one of the most noted of the public squares ; 
 there are several others. The argillaceous nature of the 
 soil renders the streets unpleasant in wet weather, but much 
 has already been effected to abate this drawback by paving 
 aand sewerage. 
 
 The city is supplied with water from the Detroit river by 
 means of a hydraulic establishment in the upper part of the 
 city. The reservoir which contains the water is of cast iron, 
 60 feet diameter and 20 feet deep, secured by strong iron 
 bolts and rivets; supported by a circular brick building, 62 
 feet in diameter, at an elevation of 47 fret from its founda- 
 tion. It is inclosed with a frame buildjng, standing on a 
 brick foundation, 65 feet in diameter and 24 feet high, with 
 a conical roof. The reservoir is supplied by means of a 
 steam-engine, which works a forcing pump that is fixed 
 several feet below the surface of the river, and is found fully 
 adequate to furnish an abundant supply of good and whole- 
 some water to the whole city. Connected with these works 
 there are said to be about 4 miles of iron pipe and 10 miles 
 of tamarack logs, and 50 hydrants or fire-plugs, all of which 
 cost the city some $150,000. 
 
 Detroit, although one of the most ancient settlements In 
 North America, is, to every appearance, and in reality, of 
 reoent growth. Of the ancient style of the French build- 
 ings scarcely a vestige remains. The city is mostly built 
 of wood, although there are a goodly number of substantial 
 brick buildings. The most interesting of the public build- 
 ings are the old S'ate House; the United States buildings 
 (of polished limestone) ; the Stale buildings for the Su- 
 preme Court and public offices; the County Court-house; 
 the County Jail ; the City Hall and market ; and the Fire- 
 mens' Hall. There are also 16 churches in the city, many 
 of which are worthy of special notice; of these 4 are I!o- 
 man Catholic, 2 Episcopalian, 1 Presbyterian, 1 Scotch 
 Presbyterian, 1 Congregational, 3 Methodist, 2 Baptist, 1 
 German Lutheran, and 1 Sailors' Bethel. The new Catho- 
 lic Cathedral, or St. Peter's Church, is a large and substan- 
 tial edifice, and being high, massive, and of good propor- 
 tions, it has an imposing appearance. It is built of brick, 
 and is 160 feet long and SI feet wide. The corner stone was 
 laid 29tli June, 1S45, and it was consecrated 29th June, 1S4S. 
 The Cathedral of St. Anne, known as the French Church, 
 is 116 feet long by 60 feet wide. The First Presbyterian 
 Church is also a good, substantial, and well-appearing brick 
 edifice, with a portico and colonnade in front, including 
 which its U-nglh is 100 feet and its breadth 60 feet. In ad- 
 dition to these churches there are several religious societies 
 which meet in other public buildings. 
 
 Detroit has several extensive manufactories. It has five 
 large steam saw-mills, which annually turn out upward of 
 9,000.000 feet of lumber and 4,000,000 laths. These are sit- 
 uated directly on the river, and receive, without the trouble 
 of land-carriage, the lumber chiefly brought down from the 
 northern pans of the State. Ship and boat building is also 
 a very large and important branch of business. There are 
 also three large founderies, witli machine-shops connected 
 
 with them, which manufjicture steam-engines, mill-irons, 
 machinery of various kinds, stoves, plows, etc. These em- 
 ploy about 200 hands. There are also two boiler factories 
 for the manufacture of boilers for steam-engines, and sev- 
 eral machine-shops for working in iron and some in brass. 
 There are likewise two pail factories, a sash factory, a steam 
 flouring mill, two tanneries, and five breweries. Cabinet- 
 making, and most other kinds of mechanical employments, 
 i}re pursued to a considerable extent, and something is done 
 at shoeraaking; but much the largest portion of the boots 
 and shoes worn in Michigan are made in Massachusetts, 
 and most of the cabinet-ware and coarse clothing comes 
 from New York. 
 
 In a<ldition to the retail trade there is a heavy wholesale 
 business done in Detroit, and the amount of it is annually 
 increasing. Nearly all the merchants of the interior depend 
 on Detroit to replenish their stock, and a large portion of 
 them buy all their goods there. 
 
 The export and import trade of Detroit is immense. The 
 imports coastwise, for 184S, are estimated at .$3,502,666, and 
 the exports at $2,781,192, and the port has also a consider- 
 able trade with Canada, much of it illicit. The greater 
 portion of the agricultural products of the State are shipped 
 from this port. The shipping belonging to or owned in the 
 collection district are 39 steamers, 4 propellers, 1 barge, 8 
 brigs, 109 schooners, and 36 sloops — in the aggregat(!, 
 23,619 tons. Regular lines of steamers sail and arrive daily . 
 to and from all parts, connecting here with the Michigan 
 Central E. R., and with it forming a direct line from the 
 north and east to Chicago and the Mississippi, and the 
 Great Western E. R. also terminates here, and completes 
 the line to the sea-board, via Hamilton, Niagara Falls, Ca- 
 nandaigua, Albany, and New York. 
 
 There are several charitable institutions in the city, and 
 much attention has been paid to education. Among the 
 charitable institutions, the orphan asylums stand pre-emi- 
 nent, and reflect much credit on the inhabitants. There 
 are also several scientific and literary societies, as the His- 
 torical Society, the State Literary Institute, the Medical So- 
 ciety, etc. Here, also, is one of the branches of the Univer- 
 sity, and 3 m. above the city is St. Philip's College ; primary 
 and public schools are numerous, and there are a sufficient 
 number of classical schools to supply all exigencies. 
 
 The periodical press of Detroit consists of 3 daily news- 
 papers, 1 tri-weekly, 7 weeklies, and £ monthlies ; the 
 dailies are. the " D. Free Press" (dem.), which has also a 
 tri-weekly and weekly issue ; the " D. Advertiser" (whig), 
 which has also a weekly issue ; and the " Daily Tribune ;" 
 the weeklies are the " Peninsular Freeman" (free soil) ; '' Le 
 Citoyen" (French); the "Western Advocate" (whig); the 
 "New Covenant" (religious) ; and the "Michigan Christian 
 Herald" (Baptist) ; and the monthlies are " Wellman's Mis- 
 cellany" (lit.) ; and the " Michigan Farmer" (agric). All 
 these are conducted with an energy and talent surpassed 
 only by the metropolitan press. 
 
 Detroit has 4 banks, the condition of which, on the 26th 
 Dec, 1851, vvas as follows : liabilities — capital, $761,228 ; de- 
 posits, $705,692; circulation, $607,588; due banks, $22,853; 
 an<l profits, $375,084 : and resources— loans, $1,202,648 ; spe- 
 cie, $150,244 ; bank balances, $275,933 ; real estate, $193,025 ; 
 and stocks, mortgages, etc., $ti50,000. The Michigan State 
 Bank had a capital of $151,578; the Farmers and Mechan- 
 ics' Bank, $327,580 ; the Peninsular Bank, $100,000 ; and 
 the Michigan Insurance Bank, $182,070. 
 
 The present site of the city of Detroit seems to have been 
 visited by the French as early as 1610. In 1720 the Fort 
 Pontchartrain had been previously located here. In 17.59 
 the country fell into the hands of the English, and in 1783 
 became a part of the United Slates. In 1802 the village 
 was incorporated ; in 1805 it was destroyed by fire ; in 1810 
 the act of incorporation was repealed ; in 1812 the fort and 
 town surrendered to the British, but were reoccupied iu 
 1813 ; in 1815 it was reincorporated. Such is the chronol- 
 329 
 
CHIEF PLACES OF THE UNITED STATES. 
 
 Ofry of its history. In 1810 it contained T70 inhabitants; in 
 1820, 1,442; in 1830, 2.222 ; in 1840, 9,192 ; in lS4o, 13.065 ; 
 and in 1850, 21,019. In Oct., 1868, the pop. was 34,486. 
 
 Dubuque, p. v., and cap. Dubuque co., la. : on the W. 
 bank of the Mississippi river, 424 m. above St Louis, and "2 
 miles N. E. by N. Iowa City. It is built on a table area, or 
 terrace, wliich extends along the river for several miles, 
 and the streets are laid out at rif;ht angles witli each other. 
 Dubuque was settled by Canadian French as early as 1686, 
 for the purpose of tradinz with the Indians. Besides being 
 the great mineral dep6t of the Iowa lead region, it is a place 
 of much traflSe, and interchanges largely with the vast in- 
 terior, of which it is the chief outlet. Its chief export is 
 lead, which is sent down the river in vast quantities. In 
 the village are several wholesale stores, and one of the 
 largest hotels of the West. The U. S. Land-office for the 
 northern district of Iowa, and the office of the Surveyor- 
 general of Iowa and "Wisconsin, are located here. The 
 population is now 4,071, and is rapidly increasing. There 
 are four newspapers published in the village, the "Miner's 
 Express" (dcm.), the " D. Tribune" (whig), the " D. Tele- 
 graph" (whig), and the " Norwestliche Democrat" (Ger- 
 man). Leail ore is found in abundance within the corpo- 
 rate limits of the village, and for miles around on every side. 
 Easton, p. b., and cap. Northampton co., Penn. : on the 
 W. side of Delaware r., where it receives the Lehigh r., 93 
 niiles E. N. E. llarrisburg. It is built on a point of land 
 formed by the Delaware and Lehigh rivers and Bushkill cr. 
 The streets are laid out along the cardinal points, crossing 
 each other at right angles, and forming in the centre of the 
 borough a square area, on which stands the court-house. 
 The pari of the village on the Delaware is level, but con- 
 siderably elevated above the river, and the ground rises 
 gradually toward the W. to a considerable height. There are 
 fine bridges and viaducts over the streams above mentioned. 
 Easton is the etitrepSt of a vast internal commerce be- 
 tween the coal and iron fields of Pennsylvania and the 
 Eastern markets, and will in time become an important 
 point in the line of travel from East to West, being situated 
 at the most eligible pass between the two sections. Al- 
 ready it is the terminus of several lines of railroad, and of 
 three canals, viz., the Morris Canal, the Lehigh Canal, and 
 the Delaware Canal. Here terminates the New Jersey 
 Central K. II., and also railroads coming from the western 
 borders of Pennsylvania on Lake Erie, and from Pittsburg; 
 and others are projected to Lake Ontario. The distance 
 from New York to Erie via Easton, when the lines contem- 
 plated are completed, will be 462 miles, and to Pittsburg 423. 
 As a business place, Easton is one of the most prosper- 
 ous towns of Pennsylvania. It will give some idea of the 
 magnitude of its various interests, to st;ite that there an' 
 within a radius of ihree miles of the place IS merchant an<I 
 grist mills, 6 saw-mills, 3 oil-mills, 3 tanneries, 5 fuunderies, 
 7 distilleries, 1 planing-mill and wire factory, 3 large blast 
 furnaces, 2 cotton factories, and other smaller factories, all 
 in full operation. At South Easton there is a vast water- 
 power, sufficient for a great incre.-i.se of manufactures ; be- 
 si'les which the Lehigh river has a fall of 200 feet between 
 the Lehigh Water Gap and Easton, a distance of 25 miles, 
 which would afford any additional water-power required. 
 
 The surrounding country is remarkable for the exquisite 
 beauty of its natural scenery and its uncommon healthiness, 
 as well as for its exceeding fertility and great advantages 
 for manufactures, trade, and business. The excess of 
 flour over and above the home consumption that is annu- 
 ally sent to market from Easton and its vicinity, exceeds 
 110.000 barrels, and 50.000 barrels of corn meal. At Easton 
 alone, during 18.51, there were manufactured 90,000 barrels 
 of flour, 14,0110 barrels of whisky, 3,000 tf)ns of pig metal, 
 and 800 tons refined iron. Immen.se deposits of the finest 
 kinds of iron ore have been found in the vicinity, and no 
 section of the Ilnited States is more favorably adapted to 
 the successful manufacture of iron. In short, the position 
 830 
 
 and resources of Easton are so favorable, and its growth so 
 rapid, that nothing but the opening of the lines of railroad 
 now projected is wanting to enable it to take a position 
 among the most prosperous of our inland cities. 
 
 The borough is well supplied with the means of educa- 
 tion and religious instruction. It has numerous Sabbath 
 schools and churches, and several primary and public 
 schools, academies, etc. ; and here is located Lafayette Col- 
 lego, one of the best institutions of the State, manual labor 
 forming a branch of its curriculum. This institution was 
 founded in 1832 ; in 1850 it had a president, 7 professors, 
 and 82 students ; its alumni counted 101, of which 30 were 
 in the ministry, and its library contained 5,000 volumes. 
 
 The press of Easton consists of 8 weekly newspapers, 
 viz., the " Northampton Correspondent" (dem.), " Der Dem- 
 ocrat" (Germ, dem.), the " E. Whig," the " E. Sentinel" 
 (dem.), the " Independent Democrat," the " Eastonian" 
 (whig), the " Northampton Courier" (dem.), and the " Dem- 
 ocrat and Argus" (dem.), all issued weekly. 
 
 The population of Easton in 1820 was 2,370; in 1830, 
 3,529; in 1840, 4,865; and in 1850,7,250. 
 
 Elmira, t., p. v., and cap. Chemung co., K Y. : 158 m. 
 W. by S. Albany. Drained by creeks of Chemung river. 
 Surface uneven; soil in the valleys and flats very fertile 
 The V. is located on the left side of Chemung river, at the 
 entrance of Newton's cr., where is extensive water-power. 
 It contains a court-house and other county offices, and has 
 a number of manufacturing establishments, stores, ware- 
 houses, etc. It is also a great lumber market, and has a 
 considerable trade. The Chemung Canal has its southern 
 terminus at this point, and the New York and Erie E. R, 
 passes through the v., and 4 m. W. of the v. is tapped by 
 the Canandaigua and Elmira R. E. Three newspapers are 
 published here, the "E. Republican" (whig), the "E. Ga- 
 zette" (free soil), and the " E. Courier" (whig) — all issued 
 weekly. Two bridges cross the Chemung river, over one 
 of which the R. E. passes, and over the other the turnpike. 
 Pop. 6,212. The original name of the t. was Con-e-wa-ieaJi. 
 It was settled in 178S, and called " Newton," and in 1791, 
 the V. having been located by Moses De Witt, its name 
 was changed to " Dewittsburg." In the last year the first 
 frame-house was built, and the lands were sold to settlers 
 at 18 pence per acre. The t finally received its present 
 title from some gentleman who named it after his wife. 
 Pop. oft. 8,166. 
 
 Erie, p. b., port of entry, and cap. Erie co., Penn. : on 
 Presque Isle Bay of Lake Erie, 218 m. N. W. by W. Har- 
 risburg. Lat. 42° 10' N., and long. 80O 08' W. The bor- 
 ough extends along the bay for 3 m., and from it 1 ra. The 
 harbor of Erie Is one of the best and safest on the lake, with 
 8 or 10 feet of water on the bar, and the depth within it 
 averages 20 feet. In extent it is about 6 sq. m. The borough 
 contains the county cotirt-house, .a jail, and other offices, 
 a bank, churches of all denominations, schools, and acad- 
 emies, numerous wholesale stores, commission and forward- 
 ing houses, an<l lumber-yards; also founderies, mechanic 
 shops, and manufacturing establishments of various kinds 
 Its population in 1S40 was 3.412; in 1850 it contained 5,858; 
 and in 18.'i2, by estimate, 8,.50O. At the first period it h.id 
 few facilities of internal communication — at the last, the 
 line of railroads from Buffalo was oonipleted. and also the 
 line to Cleveland, thus extending its commercial highways 
 to the extreme West and East of the Union. As yet, how- 
 ever, the prosperity of the borough is only in its first grade 
 of development. Its harbor is being improved ; the Ime of 
 canal from Pittsburg is progressing to completion ; a rail- 
 road is being built to connect it with the Erie K. R. and 
 New York city; another from Erie, via Sunbury to Phila- 
 delphia, in Pennsylvania; and still another to Pittsburg. 
 These lines of travel and transportation will place it on a 
 par with Buffalo, Dunkirk, Cleveland. Sandusky, etc., and 
 make it, in a commercial point of view, one of the most 
 important ports of Lake Erie. The lake commerce center- 
 
CHIEF PLACES OF THE UNITED STATES, 
 
 ing at this port is as yet comparatively small, and the ship- 
 ping owned by the inhabitants in 1S50 was only 7,870 tons, 
 of which 5,350 tons were navigated by steam-power. Fa- 
 voring circumstances now compel the fortunes of the place, 
 and its rise will be rapid; and it is not improbable that 
 when the census enumeration of 1S60 is taken that Erie 
 ■will count a population of nearly 20,000 inhabitants. The 
 newspaper press of Erie consists of a tri-weekly paper and 
 four weekly papers : the tri-weekly is the " Erie Observer" 
 (dem.), of which also is issued a weekly edition ; the " E. 
 Chronicle" (whig), the " E. Gazette" (whig), and the " Com- 
 mercial Advertiser" (whig). Erie has long been a port, the 
 position and local advantages of which were appreciated 
 by the lake navigator, and it has as long been a harbor of 
 refuge to the national vessels in war or storm. It was here 
 that Perry, in the last war with Great Britain, fitted up his 
 fleet ; and In case of war again ensuing, no port on the lake 
 has the same advantages for defense and safe harbor, 
 Presque Isle being a natural breast-work, easily defended 
 against the enemy. 
 
 Fall Rivbk, t., p. v., and port of entry, Bristol co., 3fass. : 
 46 m. S. Boston. Drained by streams falling into Taunton 
 river and Mount Hope bay, a branch of Narraganset bay. 
 Surface elevated, rough, and uneven. The town takes its 
 name from Fall river, the outlet of Watuppa Pond, at the 
 union of which with Taunton river the great manufacturing 
 village of Fall River is located. This town is without a 
 parallel on the American continent in regard to its com- 
 bined facilities for navigation and hydraulic power. Fall 
 river rises 2 m. E. of the village, in Watuppa Pond, which 
 is 11 m. long and 1 mile broad, originating in perennial 
 springs. The descent of the river to Taunton river is 186 
 feet, and the volume of water constant and of sufficient 
 power for the largest manufactures. The harbor on Taun- 
 ton river is safe and easy of access, and of depth sufficient 
 for the largest ships. It is one of the great manufacturing 
 centres of the State, and has extensive cotton mills, woolen 
 factories, print-works, bleacheries, boot and shoe factories, 
 foundcries, etc. ; it has also several banks and insurance 
 offices. In 1849-50 the foreign entrances were 78 vessels 
 (12,739 tons) ; and clearances, 37 vessels (5,479 tons). It has 
 also a large coasting trade, and is eng;iged in the whale 
 and other fisheries. The tonnage owned in the district in 
 1850 was 13,1(^12 tons, of which 2,%1 tons were registered, 
 10,748 enrolled and licensed, and 1113 licensed (under 20 
 tons). In the whale fisheries there were 928 tons employed ; 
 in coasting, 10,701 tons ; and in the cod fishery, 47 tons ; 
 and the shipping propelled by steam amounted to 4,784 
 tons ; and 1 ship, 3 schooners, and 1 steamer (in the aggre- 
 gate 1,254 tons), were built in the year next preceding. 
 The port is connected with New York by a regular steam 
 line, and with Boston by the Fall Itiver K. R., etc. Two 
 newspirpers, the " Weekly News" (dem.), and the " F. R. 
 Monitor," are issued weekly, circulating 700 to 800 copies 
 each. Pop. in 1S20, 1,594; in 1830, 4,159 ; in 1840, 6,738; 
 and in lS5ii, 11,522. 
 
 Fatf.ttevii.lk, p. v., and cap. Cumberland co., J\r. Car, : 
 on the W. side of, and 1 m. from. Cape Fear r., and at the 
 head of uninterrupted boat navigation, 49 m. S. Raleigh. 
 Lat. 35° 03' N., and long. 79° 58' W. It is one of the large 
 towns of the Slate, is regularly laid out with streets 100 feet 
 wide, and has a court-house and other county buildings, 
 three banks, and a United States arsenal of construction. 
 Its trade in flour, tobacco, and naval stores is considerable. 
 Three newspapers, the '' North Carolinian" (dem.), the " F. 
 Observer" (whig), and the " Communicator" (temperance), 
 are published weekly, and have respectable circulations. 
 Its manufactures are extensive, consisting of cotton mills, 
 and flour, grist, saw, and oil mills, etc. Pop. in 1820, 3,532 ; 
 in 1S.30, 3.S6S ; in 1840, 4,285 ; and in 1850, 4,648. 
 
 FiTCHBCKG. t. and p. v., Worcester county, 3f<i>ix. : 42 m. 
 W. N. W. Boston. Drained by a large branch of Nashua 
 river and two smaller streams, which furnish immense wa- 
 
 ter-power, and on which are numerous large manufacturing 
 establishments. Surface diversified and somewhat hilly ; 
 soil of average fertility. In the immediate vicinity of the 
 village of Fitchburg is an immense quarry of excellent 
 granite. The manufactures embrace woolen and cotton 
 goods, paper, boots, etc. It is one of those towns of New 
 England that have forced themselves into prosperity by 
 local advantages, and is now one of the chief centres of the 
 railroad network of the country : hence diverge the Fitch- 
 burg R. R. to Boston, the Worcester and Fitchburg R. R. 
 to Worcester, and the Vermont and Massachusetts R. R. to 
 Greenfield — these, with their connections, extending to 
 every part of the Union and the Canadas. The " Fitch- 
 burg Sentinel" is issued weekly. Population in 1830, 2,169 ; 
 in 1840, 2,604; and in 1850, 5,120. 
 
 Florence, p. v., and cap. Lauderdale co., Ala: on tho 
 N. bank of Tennessee r., immediately below Muscle Shoals, 
 197 m. N. W. Montgomery. Its site is a plain, 100 feet 
 above the river, which is here navigable, when full, for 
 steamboats. The streets are 100 feet wide, and laid o£f at 
 right angles. It contains a court-house, jail, a United 
 States Surveyor-general's office, etc., several mechanic 
 Rhops and factories, numerous stores, and in 1850 had 802 in- 
 habitants. A newspaper, the " F. Gazette," is published 
 ■weekly. It is eligibly situated for commerce, having a fine 
 agricultural country around it, of which it is the natural 
 market, being at the head of steamboat navigation. It 
 will also become a great railroad centre between the N. 
 and S., and E. and W., lines in those directions being in 
 progress. 
 
 FoKT Wayne, p. v., and cap. Allen co., Ind. : on a high 
 bank, opposite to which, on the N., the St. Mary's and tho 
 St. Joseph unite and form the Maumee river, in lat. 41° 05' 
 N., and long. 85° 09' W., 103 m. N. N. E. Indianapolis. 
 Here was the " Twightwee Village," or principal sect of the 
 Miami, in their language called Ke-ki^o-que, and here, too, 
 was old Fort Wayne, built by General Wayne, September, 
 1794, and just below, on the opposite side of the Maumee, 
 was fought the disastrous battle of 22d October, 1790. At 
 one time it was called French Stores, as it was for a long 
 time a trading post of that nation. Fort Wayne continued 
 as a military post until 1819, and until the removal of the 
 Miamis and Pottowatloraees in 1841, was resorted to by 
 them for the disposal of their furs and to spend their annu- 
 ities. It is now one of the most flourishing towns in the 
 State, and in 1850 had 4 2S2 inhabitants. In 1840 it did 
 not contain more than 1,600 inhabitants. The Wabash and 
 Erie Canal gives it access to the Wabash Valley and the 
 Ohio river on the one hand, and the Maumee Valley and 
 Lake Erie on the other. Railroads, also, are being con- 
 structed to Lake Erie and central Ohio ; also to Chicago, on 
 Lake Michigan, and southward to the Ohio river. Several 
 plank-roads also extend into the interior. The surrounding 
 country is one of the best farming sections, and produces 
 abundance of grain and provisions. With these advan- 
 tages of travel and transport, it must become a centre of a 
 vast commerce, and in time a populous city, through which 
 the products of a wide territory must pass for a market. It 
 already contains extensive warehouses, stores, etc., the 
 county buildings, a United States Land Office, a branch of 
 the State Bank, etc., and has many substantial brick dwell- 
 ings. All the principal religious denominations have 
 churches in the place, and there are several first-rate acad- 
 emies and schools, among which may be mentioned the 
 Methodist Female College, and a Catholic institution under 
 the Sisters of Providence. Two newspapers, the " F. W. 
 Sentinel" (dem.), and the " F. W. Times" (dem.), are issued 
 weekly. 
 
 Feankfobt, p. city, and cap. Franklin co., Ky., and cap. 
 of the State: on the E. side of Kentucky river, 02 m. above 
 its confluence with the Ohio river, in lat. 38° 14' N.. and 
 long. 84° 40' W., 551 m. W. by S. Washincton, D. C. The 
 river, here eighty yards wide, winds through a deep Ume- 
 
 8S1 
 
CHIEF PLACES OF THE UNITED STATES. 
 
 Bloae valley, on a plateau of which the city is built, and op- 
 posite to and connected with it by a chain bridge is South 
 Frankfort, ita suburb. Behind the city the land rises ab- 
 ruptly 150 to 200 feet to the general level cf the country, 
 from which elevation the valley scene is extensive, and full 
 of picture. Heavy rains frequently cause the river to rise 
 50 or 60 feet above its ordinary level. The river, the nav- 
 igation of which has been improved by locks and dams, is 
 regularly navigated to Frankfort by steamboats of consid- 
 erable burden, and an extensive commerce, supported by a 
 fine country neighboring on the banks of the Kentucky, 
 centres at this point. The city is also connected with the 
 Ohio by a railroad to Louisville, and there is a railroad to 
 Lexington, at which place other railroads diverge to the N. 
 and N. E., and also to the S., whence they are continued to 
 the Atlantic cities, and to those of the Mississippi and Gulf 
 of Mexico. Frankfort is a well-built and compact place ; 
 the streets are regular and wide, and many of the houses 
 and public buildings of brick and white marble. Of the 
 latter material, which is found abundantly in all this re- 
 gion, the State House is built; it is a splendid edifice, 86 by 
 54 feet, with an Iimic portico in front, and a lighted cupola 
 on the top. The State Feniteiitiary is also located here, 
 and among its other buildings are the rourt-house, the 
 county jail, a market, etc. Its public press consists of 1 
 daily, 4 weekly, 1 semi-monthly, and 1 monthly publica- 
 tions, viz., the " Commonwealth" (whig), daily and weekly ; 
 the "Old Guard." the "Kentucky Yeoman" (dem.), and 
 the " Champion of Eeform" — all weekly ; the " Ecclesias- 
 tical Reformer," semi-monthly ; and the " Methodist Month- 
 ly Magazine," monthly. The manufactures of the city are 
 various and extensive, and ships of considerable burden 
 have been built here, and floated down the river to New 
 Orleans. The city was founded in 1786, and was made 
 the seat of government in 1792. In 1810 it had 1,099 in- 
 habitants ; in 1820, 1,G79; in 1830, 1,680; in 1840, 1,917; 
 and in 1850, 4,-372. 
 
 Frederick Citv, p. v., and cap. Frederick co., Md. : on 
 Carroll's cr., a tributary of Monocacy r., 63 m. W. N. W. 
 Annapolis. Lat. 39= 24' N., and long. 77° 18' W. It is a 
 well-built town, with regular, wide streets, and contains a 
 court-house, a substantial building, the county jail, and 
 other public offices; 17 churches, some of them spacious 
 and of fine architecture; several literary and scientific in- 
 stitutions, and about 1,000 dwellings, mostly of brick or 
 stone, and many of them elegant ; and 6,028 inhabitants, 
 of which 4,736 .ire white, 822 free colored, and 420 slaves. 
 In regard of population, it is the third town of the State, 
 Baltimore and Cumberland only having more inhabitants ; 
 in wealth and elegance it is second only to Baltimore. St. 
 John's College, chartered in 1850, and several other Roman 
 Catholic institutions are located in Frederick. The news- 
 papers published Iktc are the "Star" (literary), the "Ban- 
 ner of Liberty" (whig), the " Examiner" (whig), the "F. 
 Iler.ild" whig), and the " Republican Citizen" (dem.), all 
 issued weekly. The highway from Baltimore to Wheel- 
 ing passes through Frederick, and a branch road connects 
 it with the BaltiuKire and Ohio R. R. The valley of Mono- 
 cacy river is equally remarkable for its beauty, its rich agri- 
 cultural resources, atid its mineral wealth. Frederick is the 
 dep6t of this district, and has a large commerce. Numerous 
 manufactures are carried on, and also a large wholesale 
 and retail trade. 
 
 Gai,f.>j.\. p. city, and cap. Jo Daviess co., III. ; on both 
 sides of l'\'ver (properly Feve or Bean, or, as some have it, 
 Fevre. frum a settler named Le Fevrc) river, 6 m. from the 
 Mississippi river, and 183 m. N. by W. Springfield. It is 
 tlie metropolis of the great lead region of northern Illinois 
 and the commercial dei)6t of an extensive and fine country, 
 the river being navigable to this point for the largest river 
 feteamers at all seasons. Its trade extends to all the towns 
 on the Mississippi and Ohio rivers. The two parts of the 
 city (the most densely populated part being on the W. aide 
 
 of the river), are connected by bridges ; it contains a court- 
 house, jail, and other county buildings, several churches 
 and schools, and has extensive manufactures, chiefly con- 
 sisting of such as are incident to the peculiar business of the 
 place. Large quantities of copper are also smelted here, 
 and there are numerous flour and saw mills. In 1S51 it 
 exported 33,082,190 lbs. of had, valued at $1,417,851.* and 
 among its other principal exports were flour, .39,335 bar- 
 rels ; barley, 42,731 bushels ; pork, 3,185 barrels ; lard, 
 125,000 pounds ; bacon, 312.568 pounds ; butter, 87,613 
 pounds ; eggs, 22,880 dozen ; hides and skins, 9,326 ; horses, 
 800; cattle, 1,500. etc., etc. It is also a great lumber mar- 
 ket ; in the same year it received 5,085,684 feet lumber, 
 2,470,500 shingles, and timber and wood of other descrip- 
 tions. Galena has two daily papers, the " North-western 
 Gazette" (whig), and the " G. Jeffersonian" (dem.) ; the first 
 named has also tri-weekly and weekly issues, and the latter 
 a weekly edition. The city was first settled in 1826, and 
 was then an outpost of the wilderness, 300 miles from the 
 settlements. In 1840 it had 1,843 inhabitants; and in 1850 
 its population numbered about 6.004, with a densely set- 
 tled vicinity. The Galena Branch of the Illinois Central 
 E. E. passes through the city, and the Galena and Chicago 
 Union R. E. gives it access to the lake porls and roads 
 leading eastward. 
 
 Galveston, p. city, port of entry, and cap. Galveston co., 
 Tex. : near the E. end of Galveston island, 200 m. E. S. E. 
 Austin City. Lat. 29° 16' 37' N., and 9i° 49' 41" W. It is 
 the commercial emporium of Texas, and has the best and 
 least difficult harbor on the whole coast. The clearances 
 for foreign ports in 1850 were 9 vessels (2.924 tons), and Iho 
 entrances, 10 vessels (2,987 tons). The tonnage of the dis- 
 trict w.as 3.309 tons, of which 416 tons were registered, and 
 874 tons sailed by steam-power. The great bulk of its com- 
 merce is coastwise with New Orleans and New York, and 
 the former port is connected with it by regular steamship 
 lines. Eailroads are now being built into the N. and N.W. 
 interior, which will open up the country to settlement and 
 a market. The city contains the court-house, a jail, and 
 other county buildings, several handsome churches, and 
 many of the dwellings are elegant structures. It has nu- 
 merous warehouses, wholesale and retail stores, and ho- 
 tels ; and here are published four newspapers, the "G. 
 News" (neutral), and the "Civilian and Gazette" (dem.), 
 tri-weekly issues ; the " G. Journal" (whig), a semi-week- 
 ly ; and the " G. Zeitung" (dem,), a weekly German paper. 
 Galveston island, on which the city stands, is about 36 m. 
 long, with an average width of 2 m. The soil is good, being 
 a black mold, about a foot deep, resting on sand and shells, 
 and it has several ponds of good water. The air is cool and 
 refreshing, and hence it has become a summer resort for 
 invalids. Immense beds of oysters are found near its W. 
 
 • III connection witli tills interest, tlie following from an authentic 
 
 source will be interesting. It la ft coiTect abstrAct of the statistics of the 
 
 lead trade of the Upper Mississippi mines, from 1842 to tlie end of 1K53 : 
 
 17 i5-~- T>»..„.i. Min'I per Lend per Val. of Lead 
 
 Years. Pigs. Pounds. loo,,,',,,, loo ll's. in Galena. 
 
 1S42 ... 447,909... 31,353,630 ... $12 85 ... $2 24 ... 1702,321 31 
 
 1843... 659,261 ... 39,148,270 ... 12 60,., 234... 916,06951 
 
 1844... 624,672 ... 43,727,040 ... 16 83... 282... 1,220,35712 
 
 1845... 778,408 ... 64,491,660 ... 17 67... 3 96... 1,613,24783 
 
 1646... 732,403 ... 61, 26h,2 10 ,,. 17 33... 288... 1,481, 6M 26 
 
 1S47 ... 772,6,->6 ... 64,035.920 ,,. 19 16... 3 17... 1,714,623 68 
 
 1848... 681,969 ... 47.737,830 ,.. 19 S2 , . . 3 21... 1,546,70."> 09 
 
 18-19... 628,934 ... 44.025,580 ,, . 2218... 367... 1,615,731+1 
 
 1850... 668,589 ... 39,801,230 ... 2410,,. 420,.. 1,671,65166 
 
 1851... 474,115 ... 33,18S,0.iO ,.. 2531... 408... 1,3,54,06244 
 
 18S2 ,,. 488,626 ... 28,603,960 ... 2587... 412... 1,178,48305 
 
 1853... 425,814 ... 29,806,980 ... 3441... 660... 1,639,38390 
 
 Total... 7,103,448 ...497,241,360 ... ... ...$16,657,988 49 
 
 The above statements show the Importance of the lead trade of the 
 G:iU-na mines, their product amounting in twelve years to nearly 
 $17,000,000. The opening of the ratliomls, now nearly roni|iIeted, and 
 tilt; iiilroduction of machinery and capital in working the mines, is 
 destined to add greatly to th; amount of this trade, and to render 
 Galena od« of the most importiut cities of the West. 
 
CHIEF PLACES OF THE UNITED STA.TES, 
 
 shore, and large quantities of flsh are caught on all sides ; 
 wild geese, teal, Lrant, and other birds flock here to winter. 
 This island was formerly a resort for pirates ; the celebrated 
 Lafitte had a fort here, the ruins of which are still seen 
 about 2 miles from its E. extremity on the ^y. shore. It is 
 now in a state of excellent cultivation, and the residence of 
 many wealthy farmers. The pcpulatiou of the city in the 
 year 1S50 was 4,177. 
 
 Gbukgetow.n, p. city and port of entry, W.ishington co., 
 D.C. : a suburb of Washington, it is divided from that city by 
 Rock cr. It is beautifully located on a range of hills rising 
 above the Potomac, and stretching in undulating beauty 
 along its borders. The heights of Georgetown are lofty 
 eminences, overlooking the city from the N.and W. Along 
 these are many splendid villas and extensive gardens in the 
 highest state of cultivation. Below reposes the city, and as 
 far as the eye can reach, the silvery Potomac courses through 
 a scene of exquisite beauty. The city presents many ob- 
 jects of attraction : ILs ancient college, a Catholic institution ; 
 its imnnery ; its various literary institutions; its splendid 
 aqueduct, and other noted edifices, are worthy of attention. 
 The college is situate on the N. bank of the Potomac ; it 
 was originally an academy, founded in 17S9 by the first 
 Catholic bishop of the United States, and in 1799 it was 
 chartered as a college. In 1S15 Congress raised it to the 
 dignity of a university, and in 1S51 a medical department 
 was opened at Washington. The college buildings are 
 spacious, and contain a fine library of 25,000 volumes, an 
 extensive philosophical apparatus, and a museum of nat- 
 ural history. The curriculum of studies occupies seven 
 years. The nunnery, or Convent of the Visitation, is situate 
 on the heights, contiguous to the E. margin of the river. 
 The building appropriated for the ladies' academy is of 
 brick, between 2U0 and 300 feet long, and 40 feet in breadth. 
 These buildings occupy part of the side of an oblong square 
 of five acres, a portion of which is laid out as a botanic 
 garden. There are other edifices on the square, as the 
 bishop's residence, an elegant chapel, the convent, and 
 charity schools. The whole is under the direction of the 
 Sisters of the Visitation. The aqueduct which conveys the 
 Chesapeake and Ohio Canal over the Potomac is a stu- 
 pendous work ; the piers, nine in number, and 36 feet 
 above high water, are of granite, and embedded 17 feet in 
 the bottom of the river upon solid rock ; its length is 1,146 
 feet, and the cost of construction was $2,000,000. This aque- 
 duct carries the canal to Alexandria. Oak Hill Cemetery, 
 on the heights, is also worthy of note; it was laid out in 
 1S49 at the expense of W. W. Corcoran, Esq., the eminent 
 banker, and is surrounded by a massive iron railing, with a 
 gate-keeper's lodge in the Norman style, and an elegant 
 Gothic chapel. Georgetown was formerly a port of some 
 note, and had considerable trade, and is even now a thriving 
 and busy place. It is connected by canal and railroad with 
 all ^arts of the Union. Of late years iBany improvements 
 have been made in its streets, and many new buildings 
 nave been erected. The city is also engaged in manufac- 
 tures. In 1850 it had 59 establishments in operation, among 
 which was a rolling mill, a cotton factory, and numerous 
 flouring mills. Two newspapers are published here, the 
 " G. Advocate," tri-weekly, and the " Potomac Advocate," 
 weekly. lis foreign commerce in 1849-50 employed 3,184 
 tons of shipping, viz. : clearances, 10 vessels (1,720 tons), 
 and entrances, 9 vessels (1.414 tons). The shipping owned 
 in the district amounted to 17,010 tons, of which 2.796 was 
 registered tonnage, 12,763 enrolled and licensed tonnnge, 
 and 1,451 licensed. The steam shipping amounted to 1,949 
 tons ; and eight vessels (2SS tons) were built during the 
 year. The general statistics of the city are as follows: 
 dwellings 1,174, families 1,215, and population 8,366, of 
 which 6,081 were white persons, 1,.560 free persons of color, 
 and 725 slaves. The population in 1810 was 4,988 : in 1820, 
 7,360 ; in 1830, 8,441 ; in 1840, 7,312 ; and in 1850, 8,366. 
 GEOEeETow^N, p. v., port of entrv, and cap. Georgetown 
 
 dist., S. Car. : on the W. side of Winyaw bay, at the con- 
 fluence of Sawpit creek. 106 m. S. E. Columbia, Lat. 33" 
 21' N., and long. 79° 17' W. It contains a court-house, jail, 
 6 churches, a large number of stores and niechanic shops, 
 and about 1.628 inhabitants. Two newspapers are pub- 
 lished here, the "Winyaw Observer" (dem.), semi-weekly, 
 and the "True Republican" (dem.), weekly. Its harbor is 
 deep enough for vessels drawing 11 feet water, and the 
 rivers flowing into Winyaw bay open to the port an exten- 
 sive and fertile back country. It has an extensive coast- 
 ing trade, and regular steamers ply to and from Charleston 
 and on the Great Pedee river. The entrances in 1850 from 
 foreign countries were 2 vessels (297 tons), and the clear- 
 ances to foreign countries. 24 vessels (3.6S5 tons). Tonnage 
 of the district, 2.779 tons, of which 1,749 was registered, and 
 1,030 enrolled and licensed. 
 
 Gloucester, t., p. v., and port of entry, Essex co., 3f(iss. : 
 27 m. N. by E. Boston. This is a maritime town, occupy- 
 ing the greater portion of Cape Ann, the N. boundary of 
 Massachusetts bay, and the inhabitants are chiefly em- 
 ployed in navigation, commerce, and the fisheries. It haa 
 a fine harbor, open at all seasons, and accessible to vessels 
 of great burden. Lat. 42° 36' 44" N., and long. 70° 40' 19" 
 W. The harbor and principal settlement lie on the S. side 
 of'the peninsula. Sandy and Squam bays lie on the N. side, 
 and afi'ord harbors for small vessels. On Thrasher's island 
 are two light-houses. Gloucester has three newspapers, the 
 " G. News" (indep.), and the " G. Telegraph" (whig), issued 
 semi-weekly ; and the " Cape Ann Liglrt" (whig), issued 
 weekly. Pop. of t. 7,786. The statistics of the foreign com- 
 merce of the district, of which Gloucester is port of entry, 
 for the year ending 30th June, 1850, are as follows : clear- 
 ances, 177 (11,138 tons), of which 161 (8,259 tons) were for- 
 eign bottoms; and entrances, 178 (11,667 tons), of which 
 159 (8,180 tons) were foreign. The shipping owned in the 
 district amounted to 22,474 tons, of which 2,873 tons were 
 registered and engaged in foreign trade ; 18.881 tons en- 
 rolled and licensed, of which 13,982 tons were employed in 
 the cod fishery, and 4,899 tons in the mackerel fishery ; and 
 720 tons licensed under 20 tons, of which 68 tons were era- 
 ployed in coasting, and 652 tons in the cod fisheries ; and 
 the shipping built during the year was 26 schooners, of an 
 aggregate burden of 1,996 tons. 
 
 Habrisburg. p. city, and cap. Dauphin co., Penn., and 
 capital of the State of Pennsylvania : on the E. bank of 
 Susquehanna river, in lat. 40° 16' N., and long. 76'^ 50' W., 
 110 m. N. Washington. The river, though voluminous, is 
 not navigable here, except for rafts, which descend the 
 current; but it is accessible from all parts by canal or rail- 
 road, and is a very flourishing interior market. The city is 
 built on elevated ground, and commands a varied and 
 pleasant prospect of the surrounding country. The public 
 buildings are the State Capitol, the court-house, the county 
 prison, a Masonic Hall, the Lancasterian school ; churches 
 of all denominations, some built at great expense ; school- 
 houses, etc. The Capitol, or State House, is an imposing 
 structure, consisting of a main building and two wings, 
 each adorned with a portico and Ionic pillars ; the central 
 edifice is 180 feet wide, 80 feet deep, and 108 feet from the 
 ground to the top of the dome, and the whole is surrounded 
 by an open area, adorned with two walks and an iron rail- 
 ing. Harrisburg has considerable manufactures and most 
 of the mechanic arts ; its commerce is extensive. The 
 press of Harrisburg consists of 1 daily newspaper and T 
 published weekly ; the daily is the " H. American" (whig), 
 of which there is also a weekly edition : and the weeklies 
 are the " Vaterland Vechter" (whig), the "Democratic 
 Union" (dem.). the "Pennsylvania Telegraph" (whig), the 
 "Keystone" (dem.), the "Church Advocate" (relig.), and 
 the " Pennsylvania Inteligencer" (whig). Water is sup- 
 plied to the city through iron pripes from a reservoir on 
 Mount Airy, into which It is elevated from the Susque- 
 hanna. The city is lighted with gas, and in its general 
 
CHIEF PLACES OF THE UNITED STATES. 
 
 police is one of the best oonducled communities in the 
 Union. Population in 1S20, about 3.000 ; in 1830, 4.307 ; in 
 1S40, 5,9S0; and in 1S50, 7,834. Ilarrisburg bri<ige, over 
 the Susquehanna, is a fine covered structure, extendinj; to 
 an island and thence to the opposite bank, 2,S76 leet Ions, 
 40 feet wide, and bO feet above the river, and below is the 
 bridge of the Cumberland Valley K. E., also a substantial 
 structure. 
 
 Hartford, p. city, and cap. Hartford co.. Conn., and one 
 of the capitals of the State : on the W. side of Connecticut 
 river, at the head of ship navigation, 50 m. from its mouth, 
 in lat. 41° 45' 59" N., and long. 72° 40' 45" W., 335 ni. N. E 
 of Washington. The site of the city rises gradually from 
 the river, and on the S. and W. is consi<ierably elevated. 
 The compact part is more than a mile in length and about 
 three-fourths of a mile wide; and the streets arc arranged 
 with great regularity. Little river, which crosses the city 
 in its S. part, furnishes a valuable water-power : bridges 
 cross this, and also the Connecticut river, those over the 
 latter connecting it with East Hartford. The most conspic- 
 uous public buildings are the State House, the City Hall, 
 Trinity College, the American Asylum, the Retreat for the 
 Insane, the Wadsworth Atheni'um, numerous elegant 
 churches, an arsenal, the market-houses, etc. There are 5 
 Congregational churches, 3 Episcopalian, 2 Baptist, 8 Epis- 
 copal Methodist, 1 Protestant Methodist, 1 Eoman Catholic, 
 2 Second Advent, 1 Presbyterian, 1 Unitarian, 1 Univcrsal- 
 ist, and 1 Jews' Synagogue— in all 24 churches. Trinity 
 (formerly Washington) College, was founded in 1S24, and 
 in 1850 had a president, S professors, .300 alumni, of which 
 1.30 were in the ministry, and SO students, and a library of 
 12,000 volumes. It i« under the control of the Episcopa- 
 lians. The American Asylum for the Deaf and Dumb was 
 established by the late Eev. Thomas H. Gallaudet, and was 
 the first institution of the kind in the United States. It has 
 extensive buildings in the W. part of the city, and is the 
 most flourishing and valuable asylum in the Union. The 
 Eetreat for the Insane is a little S. of the city, and like the 
 asylum, is a well-conducted and successi'ul institution. 
 Hartford has numerous academies and schools, which re- 
 flect great credit on the city ; and it has a public press not 
 surpassed for morality and intelligence. It has 2 daily pa- 
 pers, of which weekly editions are also published, 6 week- 
 lies, and 2 monthlies. The dailies are the " H. Couranl" 
 (whig), and the " II. Times" (dem.) ; the weeklies, the " H. 
 Courier" (whig), the " Eepublicau" (free soil), the "New 
 England Fountain" (temperance), and the " Christian Sec- 
 retary" (Baptist), the " Calendar" (Episc), and the " Re- 
 ligious Herald" (Congr.), devoted to religious subjects. 
 Hartford is also celebrated for its extensive book business. 
 As a manufacturing city, Hartford stands high, and con- 
 tains numerous lumber-yards, machine-shops, fire-arm man- 
 ufactories, boot and shoe factories, and a variety of handi- 
 crafts ; and as a place of commerce, it has many advantages, 
 its natural market being the valley of the Connecticut. It 
 has also a dep6t of interior trade and railroad traffic, being 
 in the centre of the State, and intersected by railroads from 
 every direction. Steamboats also ply regularly to New 
 York. Population in 1810,3,955; in 1820, 4,726; in 1830, 
 7,076 ; in 1S40, 9,468 ; and in 1850, 17,966. The Indian 
 name of the site of Hartford was Siickeag. In 1633 the 
 Dutch built a fort here, and in 16.35, the Dutch having re- 
 linquished their claims to the English, Hartford was per- 
 manently settled by emigrants from Massachusetts, under 
 charge of Eev. Mr. Hooker. It was incorporated as a city 
 in 1784, and is now governed by a mayor and municipal 
 officers. 
 
 Houston, p. v., and .cap. Harris co., 7'«r. .• on BuflTalo 
 Bayou, at the head of steam navigation, and directly op- 
 posite White Oak Bayou, 15S m. E. S. E. Austin City. It 
 was commenced in October, 1836, and in November the old 
 capitol was founded, and in the May following Congress 
 held its first session in that building. In front of the city is 
 884 
 
 a fine wharf, 500 feet long. aflVirding ample accommodation 
 for its business. This wharf is flanked by two cotton presses, 
 erected by individual enterprise. The public buildings are 
 Episcopal, Presbyterian, Baptist, Catholic, and Methodist 
 churches, each denomination one; a good market-house, 
 and a jail. Regular stages run twice a week for Austin 
 and San Antonio, and for Nacogdoches and the Sabine. 
 There is a very large country business transacted, and sev- 
 eral of its merchants have acquired large fortunes. The 
 heavy business is done chiefly on Main Street, which faces 
 the wharves yn the bayou. There are in the city 16 large 
 firms that advance capital to planters, and are reimbursed 
 by the next crops. There are also many engaged in the 
 grocery and provision business, and several extensive com- 
 mission merchants, druggists, warehousemen, etc. Houston 
 pos.sesses superior advantages for manufacturing, and may 
 at some future time become important in that branch of in- 
 dustry. At present all hef manufactured articles are pur- 
 chased from the North and carried in steamboats up the 
 bayou. There are five newspapers published here, the 
 "Morning Star" (dem.), tri-weekly, and the ''Telegraph 
 and Texas Register" (dem.), the " Houston Gazette" (dem.), 
 the " Commercial Advertiser" (whig), and the " Wesleyan 
 Banner" (relig.), all weekly issues. It is proposed to build 
 a branch railroad, 60 m. long, from this point to the Brazos 
 Valley, where it will form a junction with the Eed Elver 
 and Galveston E. E. Population, 2,396. Houston takes its 
 name from Gen. Sam Houston, leader of the Texan army 
 during the Eevolution — her first president as an independ- 
 ent State, and one of her present senators — a m.an,a soldier, 
 and a statesman, worthy of the highest honors that the peo- 
 ple can confer, 
 
 Hudson, p. city, port, and cap. Columbia co., N. Y. : at 
 the head of ship navigation, and on tlie E. side of Hudson 
 river, 29 m. S. Albany. Lat. 42° 14' N., and long. 73° 46' 
 W., 345 m. N. E. Washington. Fronting on the river, op- 
 posite Athens, is a promontory, rising 60 feet above the 
 water, which has been formed into a promenade, com- 
 manding an extensive view, and on either side of this is a 
 spacious bay, with sufficient depth of water for the largest 
 shipping. The city is regularly laid out, and the streets, 
 with the exception of those near the shore, cross each other 
 at right angles. The main street extends S. E. for more 
 than a mile to Prospect Hill, 200 feet high, to which the 
 ground rises. On the N. side of this street, toward its up- 
 per end, is a public square, and there is another, on which 
 the court-house stands, in the S. part of the city ; this build- 
 ing is 116 feet long, the central part 40 by 60 feet, and the 
 height 60 feet, surmounted by a dome, and entered by a 
 portico of 6 Ionic columns, and the wings are 34 feet front, 
 40 feet deep, and two stories high. There are numerous 
 churches in the city, many of them handsome and substan- 
 tial structures, and also several highly efficient institutions 
 of learning. The Hudson Lunatic Asylum is situate on 
 State Street, facing the court-house on the S., and is a very 
 useful and flourishing institution. Hudson is supplied with 
 water by a company from a spring at the foot of Becrafl's 
 Mountain. Formerly the city had a large West India trade, 
 but this has been superseded by the whale-fishing business, 
 in which it has several ships engaged. Its river trade is 
 very considerable, and it is the market for a large back 
 country. It has several steamboats, barges, etc., employed, 
 and the New York and Albany steamers usually make this 
 a stopping-place; a steam ferry connects it with Athens. 
 The Hudscm Eiver E. E. passes through it, and the Hudson 
 and Berkshire E. E. connects it with the Western E. E., 
 and thence with New England. With regard to its manu- 
 factures, Hudson has great facilities from the water-power 
 in its neighborhood ; some of its manufacturing establish- 
 ments — numbering 77 in all — are extensive and valuable. 
 It has 1 daily paper, 5 weeklies, and 1 semi-monthly ; the 
 " Morning Star" (neutral), is issued daily ; the " Columbia 
 Republican" (whig), the " H. Gazette" (dem.), the " Dem- 
 
CHIEF PLACES OF THE UNITED STATES. 
 
 ocratic Freeman" (free soil), the " Washinsrtonian" (temp.), 
 and the "Columbia County Journal" (whig), are week- 
 lies ; and the semi-monthly is the " Kural Eepubliean" 
 (literary). The number of houses in the city in 1850 was 
 832, and the inhabitants 6,286, Hudson was settled in 
 17S3 by Thomas .Jenkins and others, chiefly Quakers, from 
 Massachusetts and Rhode Island. In 1785 it was chartered 
 as a city. 
 
 Indianapolis, p. city, and cap. Marion co., Ind., and cip. 
 of the State of Indiana : near the geographical centre of the 
 State, and on the E. side of the W. fork of White river, in 
 lat. 39° 55' N., and long. 86° 05' W., 5T3 m. W. by N. 
 Washington. The city is located on a beautiful, fertile, and 
 extensive plain just below the mouth of Fall cr. In the or- 
 dinance of Congress, authorizing the formation of a State 
 constitution, 4 sections, or 2,560 acres of land, were donated 
 for the permanent seat of government : commissioners were 
 appointed in 1820 to make the selection, and in 1821 the 
 city was laid out — in the October of which year 314 lots, 
 central in the old plot of the city, were sold for $35,596 ; 
 lots which then sold for $200 or $300, now readily realize 
 from $8,000 to $10,000. At the period referred to, the site 
 was covered by dense forests, and for 40 or 50 miles around 
 the country still remained in its pristine condition of an un- 
 touched wilderness. The original town plot was a mile 
 square, but like all progressive cities, Indianapolis has over- 
 stepped its artifleial limits, and extended itself on all sides. 
 The streets are at right angles with each other. Washing- 
 ton, through which the National Road passes, the principal 
 street of the city, is 120 feet wide ; Circle Street 80 feet, 
 and others 90 feet; the alleys, E. and W., are 80 feet wide ; 
 those N. and S., 15 feet. The lots in the full lots are 97^ 
 feet by 195, but on the diagonal streets and in the central 
 blocks, touching Circle Street, the lots contain about a fourth 
 of an acre each. On the 1st January, 1825, the public offices 
 of the State were removed from Corydon, the former cap- 
 ital, to Indianapolis, and the permanent seat of govern- 
 ment established here ; but the Legislature held its sessions 
 in the county court-house until December, 1834, when the 
 State House, an elegant building, ISO feet by 80, was com- 
 pleted at a cost of about $60,000 ; it is on the model of the 
 Parthenon at Athens. The Governor's House is near the 
 centre of the city, and is a fine four-fronted building, stand- 
 ing on a natural mound 60 feet high, and circumscribed by 
 Circle Street; and from this also diverge four diagonal 
 streets in the direction of the several corners of the city 
 plot. The State House, governor's residence, and the State 
 offices, were built by the proceeds of the sales of lots in the 
 donation, as the Congressional grant was called. The other 
 public buildings are its spacious market-houses, its many ele- 
 gant and substantial churches, its fine hotels, its dep6ts, bridg- 
 es, etc. No city of its size in the Union, indeed, has so many 
 public accommodations ; it is also a place of considerable 
 manufactures, trade, and general business, being the centre 
 of a vast system of railroads from every direction. From 
 the Ohio river comes the Lawrenceburg and Upper Missis- 
 sippi E. R., the Madison and Indianapolis E. R., the Jeffer- 
 Bonville E. R., and a branch from the Evansville and Illinois 
 E. R. From the Wabash river the Terre Haute and Rich- 
 mond E. E., the Lafayette E. R.,the Peru and Indianapolis 
 E. E., and the Fort Wayne and Southern E. E. ; and from 
 the State of Ohio, the Indianapolis and Bellefontaine E. E., 
 the Indiana Central E. E., etc. All these roads centering 
 in the "railroad city of the West," bring to it an immense 
 amount of business and travel, and will ultimately make 
 this one of the most prosperous cities of the north middle 
 section of the Union ; most, if not all of these, connect with 
 each other on the ITnion Track and Depflt, constructed at 
 the joint expense of the several companies, and are but as so 
 many links in the chain of intercommunication between the 
 North and South, and the East and West, connecting as 
 they do, at their exterior termini, with the railroads of the 
 Union generally. 
 
 The newspapers published in Indianapolis are the " In- 
 diana State Journal" (whig), daily and weekly ; the " In- 
 diana State Sentinel" (dera.), tri-weekly ; the " Indiana 
 Statesman," weekly ; the "Family Visitor" (temp.), week- 
 ly ; the " Locomotive" (neutral), weekly ; the " Home Mis- 
 cellany" Oiterary), weekly ; the " Volkblatt," and " Suabia 
 P. Organ" (Germ, dem.), both weekly. In reference to 
 education, Indianapolis has made ample provision ; it has 
 14 public schools, open to all, and nunuerous academies, 
 seminaries, and classical schools. The Indiana Central 
 Medical College was founded in 1849, and in 1851 had 49 
 students, and 10 had graduated : the lectures commenced 
 2Slh October, 1850. There is a United States Land Office 
 at Indianapolis. The general statislies of the city embrace 
 about 95 dry-goods stores, 30 groceries, 22 warehouses. 120 
 mechanic shops, 4 breweries, and about two-fifths of the 
 dwellings are of more than one story in height, and about 
 one-sixth are of brick, the others being frame dwellings. 
 In 18-30 the inhabitants numbered 1,085; in 1840, 2,692 ; and 
 in 1850, 8,091. Pop. in 1854, about 15,000. 
 
 Iowa City, p. v., and cap. Johnson co., la., and cap. of 
 the State of Iowa : on the E. bank of Iowa r., 52 m. from 
 the Mississippi r., 63 m. from Burlington, 51 m. from D.aven- 
 port, and 70 m. from Dubuque — from Washington, D. C, 
 1,485 m. The river is navigable to this place at all stages 
 of the water, and regular steamboats from the Mississippi 
 ascend it daily. The surface consists of a succession of pla 
 teaux rising from the margin of the river, the first plain, 
 about 100 yards wide, being devoted to a public prome- 
 nade ; the second plateau is about 12 feet, and the third 
 about 30 feet above the promenade, and on these the city is 
 built. The principal avenues run along the brows of these 
 eminences, and are intersected centrally by Iowa Avenue, a 
 magnificent street, on which stands the State House, an 
 elegant building of bird's-eye marble, a richly variegated 
 species of limestone ; it is 100 feet long and 60 feet wide, 
 and is built in the Greco-doric style, surmounted by a dome 
 resting on 22 Corinthian columns. The avenues are 160 
 feet wide. Iowa City, as the capital of a wealthy State, is 
 well situated, being easy of access from all points, and is 
 capable of every species of improvement for manufacturing, 
 mechanical operations, trade, and commerce. Already it 
 is being made the centre of communication from all the 
 principal ports of the Mississippi toward Council Bluffs and 
 the Pacific — in which direction railroads will soon be built. 
 Above the city the river affords immense water-power, and 
 has been improved by the erection of several extensive 
 mills. It is the seat of a United States Land Office ; and 
 here, also, is an elegant county court-house, a jail, several 
 substantial church buildings ; and here will be located the 
 State University recently chartered by the General Assem- 
 bly of the State. The newspapers published here are the 
 " Iowa Eepubliean" (whig), and the " Iowa Capital Ee- 
 porter" (dem.), both weekly issues. The site of the city 
 previous to 1839 was in the wilderness : in that year it was 
 selected by the Legislature as the seat of government 
 Population, 2,832. 
 
 Ithaca, t., p. v., and capital Tompkins co., N.Y.: 133 m. 
 W. Albany. Drained by Fall, Six Mile, and Cascadilla 
 creeks, which fall into Cayuga lake. The village is situ- 
 ated on a plain, IJ m. S. of the lake, and on both sides of 
 Cayuga inlet, which is navigable for large canal boats. The 
 alluvial flat, on which the city is chiefly located, is inclosed 
 on three sides by hills which rise gradually to the height 
 of 500 feet, and a part of the village lies on the hill over- 
 looking the beautiful lake in its front. The streets are at 
 right angles, forming square blocks; its buildings are usu- 
 ally neat and commodious, and most of the thoroughfares 
 are ornamented with shade trees. In available hydraulic 
 power applicable to manufactures, Ithaca is second to no 
 other Tillage in the State, and it is already engaged largely 
 in industrial pursuits. The streams before named, in de- 
 scending from the hills, have numerous £alls. Fall creek 
 
 335 
 
 62 
 
CHIEF PLACES Of THE UNITED STATES, 
 
 descends 4'58 fi-et in the coiirsi? of a mile, having three suc- 
 cessive falls of TO, 50. and 116 feet, Ihe liiUer a grand cat- 
 aract, and in an unbroken sheet, and olher falls in the 
 vieiniiy of llie r)lace are almost eonqiial in extent and grand- 
 eur with thise. The niaiuifaeturcs of the place comprise 
 extensive cotton and woolen mills, flouring mills, iron works, 
 machine shops, plaster mills, paper mills, and a variety of 
 olhiT industrial '.stablishments. Its commercial advantages 
 are also great. South wtu-O, the Cayuga and Susqnehaiitia 
 K. E. gives it access to the iron and coal fields of Pennsyl- 
 vania, and at Owego it unites with the New York and Erie 
 E. E.. forming a direct route to New York cily ; and north- 
 «)rtrrf, through Cayuga lake and Seneca Canal, it communi- 
 cates with the Erie Canal and the central chain of railroads 
 extending between Albany .ind UufTalo. The principal 
 exports south are plaster, flour, etc., which are exchanged 
 for the coal, iron. etc.. of that region. Ithaca has two news- 
 papers, the " I. Chronicle" (whig), issued daily and weekly, 
 and the " I. Journal" (dem.), issued weekly. The village 
 was planned in 1800 by Simeon De Witt, and in 1S21 It was 
 incorpor.ited. Pop. in 1830, 3,324; in 1840, 5,650 ; and in 
 1850. 6.9119. 
 
 Jackson, p. v., and cap. Hinds co., Miss., and capital of 
 the State of Mississippi : on the "W. bank of Pearl river, in 
 lat. 320 23' N., and long. 90° 08' W., 1,035 m. W. S. "W. 
 Washington. The site is level, and about a quarter of a 
 mile from the river. The village, regularly laid off, con- 
 tains a handsome State House, the Governor's House, the 
 Slate Penitentiary, a United States Land Office, etc., sev- 
 eral mechanic shops, about 40 stores of various descrip- 
 tions, and 1,872 inhabitants. Three newspapers are pub- 
 lished here, viz., the " Mississippian" (dem.), the " Flag of 
 the Union" (whig), and the " Hinds Gazette" (whig), all 
 weekly issues. The Vicksburg, Jackson, and Brandon 
 E. E. passes through Jackson, as will also the New Orleans, 
 Jackson, and Northern E. E., etc. 
 
 Jefferson City, p. o., and cap. Cole co., 3[o., and cap. 
 of the State of Mi-ssouri: on the 8. bank of Missouri river, 
 opposite the mouth of Cedar creek, and 137 m. from its 
 entrance into the Mississippi river — lat. 38° 36' N., and 
 long. 92° 08' W.— 980 ra. W. Washington. The site is ele- 
 vated and uneven, and furnishes many beautiful building 
 locations. It contains the State House, Governor's House, 
 a large and elegant mansion ; the State Penitentiary, etc., 
 and has several extensive mercantile houses, stores, and 
 mechanic shops, equal to the demands of the locality. Two 
 newspapers are published here, the " Metropolitan," and 
 " Jefl'erson Enquirer" (dem.), both weekly issues. Popula- 
 tion about 2.600. 
 
 Jersey City, p. city, and port of entry, Hudson co., N.J.; 
 on the W. bank of Hudson river, opposite the city of New 
 York, and connected with it by steam ferries. Incorporated 
 in 1820, and in 1851 the villages of Harsimus, Pavonia, etc., 
 were annexed. The streets run at right angles along and 
 from the river front. There are several important manu- 
 factories here, as soap, glass, iron, pottery, ropes, starch, 
 and ship-building, and it has good wharves. The Cunard 
 Steamships' Dock is here, and much business is created by 
 the Morris Canal and the railroads terminating at this 
 point. Southern and Western travel from New York city 
 proper/y commences at Jersey City. Pop. in 1S50 of the city 
 proper, 6,S56, or with its accessions, 11,473; in 1853, 18.457. 
 
 Kaskaskia, p. v., and cap. Eandolph co., III. ; on Kas- 
 kaskia river, 10 m. above its confluence with the Mississippi 
 river, and on a neck of land between the two, 127 m.S.S.W. 
 Springfield. This town is one of the oldest in the Valley 
 of the Mississippi, having been s(!ttled by the French in 
 1683, and in 1763, when ceded to the English, had some 
 130 families. It is beautifully situated in a lovely country. 
 It contains a brick court-house and county jail, and also a 
 nunnery and Catholic church, and a United States Land 
 OflSce. Pop. about 1,000. 
 
 Keokitk, city, Lee co., la. : on W. bank of Mississippi 
 886 
 
 river (at the foot of the Lower Enpids). 3 miles above the 
 confluence of Des Moines river, 86 m. S. by E. Iowa City. 
 It has a good landing an<l levee. The main bo<ly of the 
 town is built back upon the bluff, which is nearly level. 
 It stands upon a basis of limestone rock, of the finest qual- 
 ity, affording inexhaustible supplies for building. The set- 
 tlement of this place was originally owing to the existence 
 of the " Lower Eapids" of the Mississippi river, at the foot 
 of which it is situated. These are eleven miles in length, 
 running over a limestone bed. The fall in that distance is 
 24 feet. Hence, at low w;iter, steamboats are compelled to 
 here discharge their freight, towing it over the rapids witii 
 lighters. A company has been incorporated to build a 
 canal around these rapids sufficient to pass large steamers. 
 The water of the canal will also be used for machinery. 
 The locality of Keokuk, at the confluence of the Des Moines 
 river, makes it the dep6t and entrep6t of the fertile valley 
 of the Des Moines, which contains more than half the pop- 
 ulation and agricultural wealth of the State. Pop. in 1840, 
 was about 150 : in 1S45. 460 ; 1850, 2,773 ; 1852. 3.963. The 
 town contains 2 steam flour-mills, 3 steam saw-mills, 2 large 
 founderies, between 80 and 90 stores, several hotels, a good 
 market, and steam-ferry. The number of steamboat ar- 
 rivals in 1S51 and 1852, was 1.590. Here is the Medical 
 Department of the State University, which is well endowed, 
 and has 7 professorships. There are 6 churches.! hospital, 
 3 academies, 3 public schools, 3 select schools. The news- 
 papers are "The Keokuk Dispatch" (dem.), "Whig and 
 Eegister" (whig), a medical journal, and a temperance 
 newspaper. 
 
 Key West, p. v., port of entry, and cap. Monroe co., 
 Flor: : on the island so called, about 480 miles in a direct 
 S. S. W. line from Tallahassee. Lat. 24° 32' N., and long. 
 81° 47' 30" W. The island is 4 miles long by 1 mile in its 
 widest part, and, including the salt pond, contains 197 
 acres. It is of coral formation, with little available soil, and 
 very low and fiat, nowhere 20 feet above the sea. Dog- 
 wood, Madeira wood, mangrove, and some other species, 
 cover the unoccupied parts, and the cocoa-nut, orange, and 
 guava flourish luxuriantly where they can flnd soil suffi- 
 cient. The key was granted by the Spanish crown, some 
 forty years ago, to John P Salas, and in December, 1821, 
 it was purchased of him by Colonel Simonlon, who took 
 possession in person on the 22d January, 1822, and in the 
 fiillowiug April he erected thereon the first small house. 
 In April, 1S23, a custom-house was established here, and it 
 was made a station for the Gulf squadron. In 1832 it was 
 made a military post, but the barracks were not completed 
 until 1845. The buildings are large, airy, and commodious, 
 and are placed on three sides of a quadrangle, the open side 
 being toward the sea. Mrs. Mallory, mother of Senator 
 Mallory, was the first white female that settled on the island. 
 This was in 1823, and for a long time she was without a 
 single companitm of her sex. As pioneer matron of the 
 place, she was presented with a choice lot of land, on which 
 she has erected a mansion, and now occupies it .is a board- 
 ing-house. John Halleck, now a printer in Washington 
 city, was the first white child born on the key ; this was in 
 August, 1829. From these small and recent beginnings. 
 Key West has grown to be an important and prosperous 
 place of about 2,307 inhabitants. It is the largest town in 
 Florida, and in 1850 contained a court-house, jail, the latter 
 a substantial stone building, thirty feet square, the United 
 States District Court, which has cognizance of all wrecks 
 and disasters, the State Circuit Court, the Marine Hospi- 
 tal, etc., and had 26 stores, 10 warehouses, 4 look-out cupo- 
 las, 4 churches, 11 wharves, and 650 dwellings. The Marine 
 Hospital is 100 feet by 45, in the shape of the letter H ; it is 
 a handsome building, well ventilated, and commodious. 
 The churches are Episcopal, Baptist, Methodist, and Eoman 
 Catholic — small but neat buildings. There are 4 private 
 schools, and 1 cou7ity school — the latter open free to the 
 fatherless only. Fort Taylor is situate at the N. W. angle 
 
CHIEF PLACES OF THE UNITED STATES. 
 
 of the island, ■within the main entrance to the harbor ; it is 
 built on an artificial island, made by the deposit of many 
 thousand tons of stone. It stands about 1,000 feet from the 
 shore, and is 700 feet long in the rear, and 250 deep. 
 The front fagade is 253 feet within the bastions, the curtains 
 being of the same length as the front. It is very substan- 
 tially built, and has cost about $1,500,000. The harbor is 
 capacious, safe, and easy of access. It may be enlarged by 
 several different channels, the principal one being at the 
 N. W. angle of the island ; ships of 22 feet draft, can enter 
 there with safety. It is the only port admitting such be- 
 tween Pensaeola and Hampton Roads. The principal 
 business of Key West is wrecking, but numbers are em- 
 ployed in fishing, sponging, salt-making, and other similar 
 occupations. Wrecking is a business peculiar to the reefs, 
 and a matter of the highest importance. (On this suli.jeet, 
 see " Hunt's Merchant's Magazine" for January, 1S52.) 
 Sponges abound on the reefs, and the people are making a 
 profitable business in gathering them. A large portion of 
 the population comes from the Bahama Islands, and are 
 called couch-men, from their skill in diving, and the part 
 of the city this class inhabits is called Couchtown. Many 
 of the leading merchants are from New England. The po- 
 sition of Key West is important ; it is the Key of the United 
 States to the Florida Pass and the Gulf of Mexico ; and 
 hence it has been strongly forlifled. The light-house stands 
 on the highest ground of the island, and can be seen 16 
 miles at sea ; and there is a light-ship anchored on the 
 reef at the W. entrance of the harbor. There is also a sub- 
 stantial iron light-house on Sandy Key. 11 m. S. S. W. At 
 the E. part of the island there is a natural salt pond, from 
 which .30,000 bushels of salt are annually manufactured. 
 The steamers to Havana and the Isthmus (ouch here regu- 
 larly, and afford an opportunity for visiting it, and convey- 
 ing to its sunny shores and fine climate the invalid of the 
 North. Tn 1^50, 66 vessels (3,72.3 tons) cleared, and 6S ves- 
 sels (.5,379 tons) entered the port. Shipping owned by res- 
 idents, 6.766 tons, of which 4.415 was regi-^tered tonnage. 
 Of the remaining tonnage, 27 vessels (1.539 tons) were 
 wreckers, and 6 vessels (720 tons) were engaged in coasting 
 and the fi-sheries. 
 
 KiTTEEY, t. and p. v., York co.. Me. : 104 m. S. 8. W. 
 Augusta, On the N. E. side of Piscataqua river, opposite 
 Portsmouth, and having its E. front on the Atlantic. It is 
 the S. W. extremity of the Slate. Its coasts are deeply in- 
 dented, and Spruce creek, or inlet, affords convenient har- 
 bors for the coasters and Ashing vessels frequenting them. 
 Ship-building is carried on at Kittery to some extent, and 
 on Badger's island, with which connection is made by a 
 bridge, is located a United States Navy-yard. A bridge 
 also connects it with Portsmouth. This town was settled 
 at an early date, and formerly enjoyed considerable trade 
 with the West Indies. The Portsmouth, Saco, and Port- 
 land Railroad crosses the river here. Pop. of town, 2,706. 
 
 Knoxvillk, p. city, and cap. Knox co., Tenn. : on the 
 N. bank of Holston river, at the head of navigation, and 
 about four miles below the confluence of French Broad 
 river, 157 miles E. Na.'^hville. Lai. 315° 59' N., and l.mg. 
 83° 54' W. The city is most eligibly situate for an e.xten- 
 give inland trade, being at the navigable head of a great 
 river, and on the line of intercommunication E. and W. 
 nearly through the middle zone of the Union, and at a 
 point whence will diverge N. and S. lines of railroad ex- 
 tendinc on the on»' hand to Cincinnati, and on the other to 
 the chief porls of the Southern Atlantic States and Gulf of 
 Mexico. Here, indeed, a junction is formed by three great 
 railroads — the East Tennessee and Georgia R. R., con- 
 necting S. with lines to Charleston and Savannah, and 
 8. W. with those to Memphis and the Gulf cilies ; the 
 Knoxville and Ohio II. R. terminating at Covinglon on the 
 Ohio; and the I'^.ast Tennessee and Vir'jinia R. R., which, 
 connecting with the Virginia and Tennessee R. R. on the 
 Stale line, and the latter uniting at Lynchburg with the 
 
 V 
 
 railroads to Petersburg and Norfolk, Richmond, and Alex- 
 andria, reaches directly to the great seaboard marls, which 
 will take the vast productions of the interior, and return in 
 exchange the manufactures and products of the outer world. 
 The city itself is regularly laid out, and handsomely built. 
 It contains a fine court-house, a jail, and other county 
 buildings. It is also the seat of East Tennessee College, 
 founded 1792. This is a very efficient and flourishing in- 
 stitution. In 1S50 it had a president, 5 professors, 122 
 alumni, and 57 students; and its library contained 4,.50O 
 volumes. A preparatory department is attached to the col- 
 lege, which has usually from 70 to SO scholars. The public 
 press of Knoxville consists of 5 periodicals, viz., 1 semi- 
 weekly and 4 weekly papers: the semi-weekly is the " K. 
 Register" (whig), of which also a weekly edition is issued ; 
 and the weeklies are the "K. Whig" (whig), the " Plebe- 
 ian" (dem.), the " Methodist Episcopalian" (religious), and 
 the " Holston Christian Advocate" (religious). The city has 
 already a good trade with the neighborhood, and contains 
 wholesale and retail stores, churches of several denomina- 
 tions, two academies, and several primary schools. The 
 present population is 2,076. 
 
 KoKOMo, p. v., and cap. Howard co., Ind. : on Wild-cat 
 creek, 53 m. N. Indianapolis. The site of an Indian v. by 
 the same name. The Indianapolis and Peru R. R. and the 
 Newcastle and Logansport R. R. intersect each other at this 
 point. It is the centre of a fine farming region, and must 
 become the dep9t of a considerable internal traffic. Pop. 
 about 600. 
 
 Lafayette, p. v., and cap. Tippecanoe co., Tnd. : on the 
 E. bank of Wabash river, at the head of steamboat naviga- 
 tion, 58 miles N. W. Indianapolis. Lat. 40° 25' N., and 
 long. 86° 49' W. ; it is the centre of railroad, canal, and 
 plank-road traffic of great amount, and has several im- 
 portant manufactures. It contains about 40 dry goods 
 stores, 13 clothing stores, 26 groceries, etc. About a dozen 
 warehouses, and a variety of minor sales stores ; also found- 
 eries, packing-houses, p.iper-mills. printing establ'ishmeots, 
 etc. It h.as also a large flouring business. Three newspa- 
 pers are published here, the •' L. Courier" (whig), daily and 
 weekly, the " L. Journal" (whig), daily and weekly, and 
 the " Wabash Atlas, weekly. The means of education are 
 ample, and there are churches of all the leading denom- 
 inations. A branch of the State bank is located at Lafay- 
 ette, and two other banks have been established under the 
 new law of the State. The Wabash and Erie Can.il pnsses 
 through the village, and intersecting it the New Albany 
 and Salem Extension R. R. ; and here, also, the Lafayette 
 and Indianapolis R. R. forms a connection with the fore- 
 going. Plank-roads extend hence to Oxford, Frankfort, 
 Crawfordsville, etc. The .situation of Lafayette is a very 
 fine one, the ground rising gradually fmm the river, and 
 the neighboring hills presenting much delightful scenery. 
 It is also surrounded by an extensive body of land, which 
 can not be excelled in fertility, and it abounds with streams 
 which afford much valuable water-power. Population, 
 about 6,199. 
 
 Lafatettk City, p. o , and cap. JefTerson par., La. : on 
 the left bank of the Mississippi, 71 m. 8. E. by E. Baton 
 Rouge. It is a continuation of New Orleans, and was c<->n- 
 solidated under the same municipal government in 1852. 
 The New Orleans and Carrolton R. R. passes through it, 
 and several ferries cross the river. In 1850 four papers were 
 published, the " State Republican" (whig), and '■ Statesman" 
 (dem.), semi-weekly; the '-Spectator" (whig), weekly ; and 
 and " German Courier" (dem.), daily. Pop. 14,190. 
 
 La Grange, p. v., and cap. Troup co., Ga. : on a small 
 branch of Chatrahoochie river, 109 m. W. Milledireville. 
 The V. contains a court-house, jail, 2 academies, and sev- 
 eral stores. It is on the Atlanta and La Grange R. R., 15 
 miles from West Point. The ''Citizens' Reporter" is pub- 
 lished weekly. The population of the village in 8150 
 was 1,523. 
 
 8S7 
 
CHIEF PLACES OF THE UNITED STATES. 
 
 Lancaster, t, p. city, and cap. Lancaster co., Penn. : on 
 the right side of, and \\ m. from, Coiiestoga or., IS m. from 
 its confluence with the Sus<iuehanna, and !i4 miles E. S. E. 
 Harrisburg. Lat. 40° 02' 86" N., and long. 70° 2(V 8:3" W. 
 109 m. N. N. E. Washington. It is a comfortable city, with 
 wide streets crossing each other at right angles, well paved 
 and lighted with gas. The city is divided into four wards. 
 Many of the dwellings have an antique appearance, but 
 generally are well built of brick and stone ; and the inhab- 
 itants are supplied with water by means of an artificial 
 basin and conducting pipes. The court-house is a hand- 
 some structure. Pt)p. in ISIO, 5,407; in 1S20, 6,663; in 15-30, 
 7,704; in 1^0, S,417 ; and in ISoO, 12,365. Previous to 1S12 
 it was the capital of the State; it was originally chartered as 
 a borough in 1754, and was incorporated as a city in 1S18. 
 Lancasti-r is venerable on account of its associations with the 
 past, and remarkable for its modern progress. It has ever 
 been a place of trade, and a main entrep6t of the commerce 
 between the sea-board and interior. The rapid increase of 
 the city in later days is owing chiefly to its railroad con- 
 nections, and the consequent development of the vicinity 
 on account of the increased facilities of travel and transporta- 
 tion. The lines connecting at this jM)int, 70 miles from 
 Philadelphia, and 37 from Harrisburg by route, are the 
 Philadelphia and Columbia K. 11., and the Lancaster and 
 Harrisburg E. E. ; forming portions of the great east and 
 west line across the State. The improvements of Coneitoga 
 cr. are also available to Lancaster. Numerous manufactures 
 are carried on in the town and city ; it has two large cotton 
 mills, 1 steam furnace, 1 rolling mill, and three forges — the 
 latter using water-power— and a large variety of mechanic 
 shops. Stores of every description are numerous, and have 
 a large wholesale and retail trade ; and the large number of 
 hotels and taverns are evidence of the prosperous condition 
 of the coimtry trade, which requires such accommodation. 
 There are four banks in Lancaster ; and there are, besides 
 the manufactures above-named, numerous distilleries, brew- 
 cries, potteries, printing establishments, binderies, etc. It 
 is also well suppUed with churches and schools — one of 
 the latter, a well-endowed institution, and formerly known as 
 Franklin College, founded chiefly by Germans iu 17S7; and 
 has several libraries, and other literary histitutions. The 
 public press of the city consists of nine weekly newspapers 
 and one monthly; the latter being the "American Law 
 Journal." The newspapers are, the " Union and Tribune," 
 the " Folks' Friend,"* the " E.xaminer and Herald," the " L. 
 Gazette," and the " American Press and Eepublican" (all 
 whig); the " Lancasterian" and "L. Intelligencer" (both 
 dem.), the " Saturday Express" (temperance), and the " Co- 
 lumbia Spy." The city is surrounded by a very fertile, highly 
 culti>ated, and populous country. 
 
 L.VNSiNG, t., p. city, and cap. Ingham co., Mich., and cap. 
 of the State of Michigan : on the right or N. bank of Grand 
 river, in a direct line, 4S3 m. N. W. by W. Washington. 
 Lat. 420 43' N., and long. S4° 29' W. The t. is drained by 
 Grand river, which in the centre receives Cedar r. from the 
 E., and has also several minor streams, all affording an im- 
 mense hydraulic power. Grand r. is here navigable for 
 batteaux ; the surface is level, atid the soils rich and jjro 
 ductive, yielding the grains an<l esculent vegetables abund- 
 antly. The city was commenced in 1S47, and on the 25th 
 December of that year became the permanent seat of the 
 State government; previous to that it was a wilderness, 
 without an inhabitant. It is now a place of considerable 
 pretension, and its future is predestined to be one of pros- 
 perity. The streets and squares are well arr.inged, and its 
 public buildings projected on a scale of more than ordinary 
 elegance. The State House, a large and handsome edifice, 
 surrounded by an inclosed park, is situate on an eminence 
 50 feet above the ri\'er, and overlooking a beautiful region 
 of woodland and intervale. It contains, besides, several 
 steam and water mills for flouring and sawing, and has two 
 fine hotels, about 250 dwellings, and 10 or 12 wholesale and 
 83S 
 
 retail stores. Two newsj^apers, the "Michigan State Jour- 
 nal" (dem.), issued weekly, and the " Primitive Expounder" 
 (whig), semi-weekly. Pop. of t. 1,229. 
 
 Lawkence, t. and p. v., Essex co., Jfitss. : 26 m. N. by W. 
 Boston. The Merrimac r., which passes through the t, fur- 
 nishes an inmiense water-power, by means of a stone dam 
 900 feet long, with wings 324 and 405 feet, affording a head 
 and fall of 23 feet for the whole river, and a water-power 
 equal to that enjoyed by Lowell. This dam was erect<.'d by 
 the Es-sex Company, organized, with Hon. Abbot Lawrence 
 at its head, in 1S45. For manufacturing purjioses a canal 
 5,330 feet long, 100 feet wide at its head, and 60 at its tail, 
 and 12 feet deep, and running parallel with the river 400 
 feet distance, has been excavated, and between the canal 
 and river the space is occupied by the factory buildings. 
 With these facilities, the progress of manufactures and general 
 industry has been rapid and sustained; and numerous mills 
 for the manufacture of cotton and woolen goods, etc., ha>c 
 sprung into existence, chiefly belonging to companies ; the 
 Atlantic Cotton Mills employ 1,000 hands, and consume an- 
 nually 14,000 to 15,000 bales in the manufactm-e of coarse 
 sheeting and shirting. The Bay State Mills employ about 
 2,000 hands in the manufacture of woolen goods, and con- 
 sume between three and four million pounds of wool annu- 
 ally. The Plymouth Company, manufacturing ducks, and the 
 Pacific Mills for the manufacture of bareges, lawns, etc., are 
 also large establishments. The Essex Company, the original 
 owTiers of the property, have a large machine shop here, at 
 which are manufactured steam-engines, machinery, locomo- 
 tives, anil employ 700 or SOO hands. Paper-hangings are 
 also manufactured by the Charter Paper Company. Besides 
 these, there are various smaller establishments, among which 
 may be named a steam saw-mill, a piano-forte factory, a 
 carriage factory, a steam planing mill, etc. The city is well 
 planned, and contains a town hall, a handsome brick build- 
 ing, 120 feet by 62, containing the town offices, and a hall 
 capable of containing 1,600 persons ; and a common of 18 
 acres in the centre of the t. has been planted and laid out in 
 walks for the benefit of the inhabitants. There is also a bank 
 in the village. The public buildings and factories are lighted 
 with gas, supplied by the Lawrence Gas Light Company ; 
 and water is supplied from a rcsen'oir 150 feet above the 
 canal, and of 1,400,000 gallons capacity, into which water is 
 pumped by the force pumps of the several m41ls. Such is the 
 material of the v. or future city. Its religious and educa- 
 tional welfare is equally well attended to ; it has 7 church 
 edifices, and 10 religious societies of various denominations ; 
 and its school dei)artinent consists of a high school, 2 gram- 
 mar schools, and 15 others, with an aggregate of 2S teachers, 
 and 1,S00 schoKars. Provision is also made for public lectures, 
 and a pubUc library. Two newspapers are published in the 
 tillage, the " L. Courier" (whig), and the " L. Sentinel" 
 (dem.), both weekly issues, and circulating upward of 1,000 
 copies each. There are 5 railroads centering here, viz., the 
 Lowell and Lawrence E. E., the Boston and Maine E. 11., 
 the Essex County E. E., the Ne^vburJ•port E. E., and the 
 Manchester and Lawrence E. E. Lawrence was taken from 
 Methuen and Andover in 1S47, and contains 2,030 aTes, of 
 which area 1.9-iO acres belonged to the latter, and 2,050 to 
 the former. It took its name from the Lawrence family, the 
 great manufacturing heroes of Massachusetts, and the liberal 
 and enlight<>ned patrons of literature and education. Pop. 
 of t in 1850, 8,2S2; in 1S52, 12,186; increased .3,902, or 47 
 per cent, in two years. 
 
 LiTTi.E EocK. p. v., and cap. Pul.aski county, Ark.: and 
 capital of the State of Arkansas ; on the S. side of Arkaiis.is 
 river. 300 miles above its mouth — lat. 34° 40' N. and I'.ng. 
 920 12' W.— 1,086 m. W. by S. Washington. It w;is first 
 settled in 1S29. The v., as its name implies, is situate on a 
 high rocky bluff; 150 to 200 feet above the r., and is the 
 first place where rocks a[)pear above its mouth. It is regu- 
 larly laid out, the streets intersecting at right angles, and 
 contains the State House and the State Penitentiary, the 
 
CHIEF PLACES OF THE UNITED STATES. 
 
 County Court-house, jail, etc., and a United States arsenal, 
 the offices of the Surveyor General of Public Lands for the 
 district of Arkansas, and a Kegister and Receiver's Office. 
 It has also numerous stores and warehouses, and several 
 flour and saw mills, both steam and water. It has a 
 large trade with the interior, and may be considered as the 
 dep6t of all the region extending far into the Indian 
 Territory. Many of the churches are well built, and even 
 elegant, and number some dozen, including the Catholic 
 Cathedral of St. Andrew. The Catholic Bishop of the 
 diocese of Little Eock, and the Protestant Episcopal Bishop 
 of the diocese of Arkansas reside in the village. There are 
 several academies and schools, and in this connection it 
 may be stated that the Catholics have charge of the most 
 efficient and flourishing. At Little Rock is the head of 
 ordinary steam navigation; during high flood, however, 
 steamboats ascend the river to Fort Gibson, 1,000 m. further 
 up. Population 2,167. 
 
 Louisville, p. city, port of entry, and cap. Jefferson co., 
 Ky. : on the S. or left bank of the Ohio r., at the head of 
 the rapids, 51 m. "W. Frankfort. Lat. 38° 03' N., and long. 
 85° 30' W.— 590 m. W. by S. Washington ; and by the course 
 of the river 625 m. below Pittsburg, and 394 m. above the 
 mouth of the Ohio. Jeffersonville, the terminus of the 
 Jeffersonville E. E. from Indianapolis, lies on the opposite 
 side of the river. The navigation of the Ohio is here inter- 
 rupted by rapids, and except in the time of flood Louisville 
 IS the natural head of steam navigation, but the navigation 
 is continued around this obstruction by means of the Louis- 
 ville and Portland Canal, which is capacious enough to 
 admit the passage of the largest river craft. It is 50 feet 
 wide, 10 feet deep, and 2^ m. in length. Its influence in 
 directing trade to the upper ports, however, is supposed to 
 be prejudicial to Louisville. 
 
 This city is the commercial and manufacturing metropolis 
 of the State, and is the natural entrep6t of a large country, 
 reached by several railroads and turnpikes. The lines of 
 railroad diverging from this point (including those in 
 progress) are the Louisville and Lexington R. E., which at 
 Lexington connects with railroads to the Gulf and Southern 
 Atlantic ports, the Louisville and Covington R. E., which 
 r.t the latter place meets the railroads of Ohio and those 
 pointing to Boston, New York, Philadelphia, Baltimore, 
 Eichmond, etc., and the Louisville and Nashville E. R., 
 pointing to the South, and the Jeffersonville E. E. gives it 
 access to the N. and N. W., via Indianapolis. A company 
 has also been organized for the purpose of bridging the Ohio 
 at Louisville. Hitherto the railroads have had comparatively 
 little influence on its trade; their benefits are in the future. 
 Louisville was laid out as early as 1773, but no settlement 
 was made for the subsequent five years, nor until afler the 
 expulsion of the British from their posts on the Wabash. 
 The first block house was built in 177S, but this was subse- 
 quently removed to make way for Fort Nelson, erected in 
 17S2. In 17S0 the town was established by an act of the 
 Legislature of Virginia. At this period the inhabitants 
 numbered only thirty. In ISOO the population amounted to 
 600; in ISIO to 1,300; in 1S20 to 4,000; in 1830 to 10,341 ; in 
 1S40 to 21,210 ; and in 1S50 to 43.194. 
 
 The city is built on a spacious sloping plane 70 feet above 
 low water mark, and is laid out with regularity, the streets 
 intersecting at right angles, in a direction with and from 
 the river, on which are extensive wharves. Ten streets run 
 parallel with the river, and thirty streets intersect them. It 
 contains the County Court-house and a City Hall, both ex- 
 tensive and handsome edifices, the county jail, the city 
 prison, a marine hospital, and numerous benevolent institu- 
 tions, the University of Louisville, a School of Medicine, 
 and a Law School, departments of the University, and two 
 banks and one branch bank, two savings banks, several 
 insurance companies, etc. It is liberally supplied with 
 churches and schools, some of the church buildings being 
 fine specimens of architecture. Louisville may proudly 
 
 claim a pre-eminence both as to the early foundation, the 
 progress and the jjresent condition of its public schools, and 
 within the limits of the city there are besides many private 
 and church schools, which would compare well with tho 
 best eastward of the mountains. It has orphan asylums 
 and a Magdalen retreat, a school for the blind, a public hos- 
 pital, and many other liberally supported establishments, 
 designed to relieve the unfortunate of the city. The streets 
 are lighted with gas, and it is supplied with excellent water: 
 both accommodations by companies. Its hotels are spa- 
 cious and fitted with every convenience, and its markets 
 abound in all esculent products, for which the vicinity is 
 famed. Among the literary and scientific institutions of 
 the city the most prominent are the Mercantile Library 
 Association, the Kentucky Historical Society, the Agricul- 
 tural and Horticultural Society, etc. The whole number of 
 church buildings is 46, capable of accommodating 19,610 
 persons, and valued as property at $590,900. Of these 5 are 
 Baptist, 3 Episcopal, 17 Methodist, 5 Presbyterian, 4 German 
 Evangelical, 1 German Lutheran, 1 German Reformed, 
 2 Disciples, 1 Unitarian, 4 Roman Catholic, and 2 Jewish. 
 The public press of Louisville is conducted with great 
 talent, and several of the papers are rich in statistical 
 information. The daily papers are the " Democrat" (dem.), 
 " Journal'' (dem.), the " Advertiser" (neut.), the " Courier" 
 (whig), the " Journal of Commerce" (whig), and the " Beo- 
 bachter am Ohio" (Germ.), and of these the Democrat and 
 the Journal have tri-weekly and weekly editions, the Adver- 
 tiser and Beobachter semi-weekly and weekly editions, and 
 the Courier and Journal ol Commerce weekly editions. 
 The weekly papers, others than those above named, are the 
 " Presbyterian Herald" and the " Baptist Banner" (relig.), 
 and the " Indian Advocate," and the monthly periodicals 
 are the "Baptist Eeview" (rehg.), the " Ciceronian Maga- 
 zine" (liter.), the "Medical Journal" (med.), and the 
 " Examiner," devoted to the cause of negro emancipation. 
 The papers having the largest circulation are the Democrat, 
 Journal, and Courier. 
 
 The manufactures of Louisville are very extensive, and 
 embrace a great variety of objects. It has several founde- 
 ries and machine-shops, at which a vast amount of ma- 
 chinery, etc., is annually turned out; several large steam 
 bagging factories and ropewalks, cotton and woolen facto- 
 ries, tobacco factories, flouring mills, distilleries, breweries, 
 agricultural implement factories, and numerous other estab- 
 lishments, small and large, which in the aggregate con- 
 stitute a vast industry. Louisville is also extensively engaged 
 in ship-building, and in the year ending 30th June, 1850, 
 no less than 34 steamers, of 6,460 tons, were built in the 
 district. The shipping owned at the period specified amount- 
 ed to 14,820 tons, all navigated by steam and employed in 
 the river trade. 
 
 As a commercial and shipping point, Louisville is the 
 third in importance on the Ohio. Its immediate trade ex- 
 tends into all the surrounding country, and embraces, 
 within the State of Kentucky, a circuit of the most pro- 
 ductive region in the world. Its wharves are at all times 
 thronged by steamboats and other river craft, carrying to 
 and fro a merchandise in amount inferior only to that com- 
 ing to and going from Cincinnati and Pittsburg. The value 
 of its commerce has been estimated at $70,000,000 per an- 
 num. Its exports consist chiefly of tobacco, bagging, rope 
 and cordage, spirits, pork, flax and hemp, live-stock, ma- 
 chinery for steamboats and railroads, factories, mills, and 
 farms, and a great amount of groceries and assorted goods, 
 which are carried to every river-town, or to the sea-board 
 for exportation ; and its exports comprise every article and 
 product needed in its interior commercial range. In the 
 year 1S50 its chief imports were as follows : Sugar, 13,320 
 hhds.. 9,200 bis., and 755 boxes ; molasses, 13,010 bis. ; coffee, 
 34,572 bags; rice, 752 tierces ; bagging, 65,250 pieces ; rope, 
 56,300 coils; twine, 2,056 bales; hemp, 15,3.54 bales; cotton, 
 7,857 bales ; cheese, 20,378 boxes ; flour, 75,.350 bis. ; whisky 
 
 339 
 
CHIEF PLACES OF THE UNITED STATES. 
 
 89,897 bis. ; liquors and wines, 5,9SS casks ; nails, 45,261 
 kcsrs ; tobacco, 7,42.5 hhOs. and C,.530 boxes ; salt— Kanawha, 
 112,250 bis. ; Turks Island, 40,.525 bags ; and Liverpool, 
 10,350 bags; merchan<li8e, 105,750 bo.xes, bales, and pkgs. ; 
 dmgs, dyes, etc., 14,378 pkgs. ; hides, 18,891 dozen ; mer- 
 chandise, 5,132 crates and casks ; hogs for slaughter, 197,750 ; 
 pork, 75,500 bis., etc. In addition to this quantity of pork, 
 there are annually received thousands of tons of bacon by 
 wagon, etc., which is packed in this city in casks, and largely 
 exported. Tlie detail of the exports can not well be ascer- 
 tained, as no record whatever has bi-en kept of them ; but 
 some estimate may he formed as to their amount from the 
 foregoing. Steam-packets, carrying the mail and passen- 
 gers, come and go several times daily. It is estimated that 
 at k\»9t 10 steamboats leave the port daily, and also from 6 
 to 7 packets. 
 
 The following statistical information is from Mr. Casse- 
 day's History of Louisville: "Louisville contains 25 exclu- 
 sively wholesale dry goods houses, whose sales are made 
 only to dealers, and whose market reaches from Northern 
 Louisiana to Northern Kentucky, and embraces a large part 
 of the States of Kentucky, Indiana, Tennessee, Alabama, 
 Illinois, Mississippi, and Arkansas. The aggregate amount 
 of annual sales by these houses is $5,853,000, or an average 
 of J(234,000 to each house. The sales of three of the largest 
 of these houses amount in the aggregate to $1,789,000, Nei- 
 ther this statement nor those which follow include any auc- 
 tion sales. In boots and shoes, the sales of eight houses of 
 the above description reach $1,184,000, or $184,000 to each 
 house. The sales of the three largest houses in this business 
 reach $030,000. The aggregate amount of eight houses in 
 drugs, etc., is $1,123,000, or $140,375 to each house ; and the 
 sales of the three largest houses amount to $7.53.000. The 
 sales of hardware by nine houses amount annually to 
 $590,000, being an average of $65..')55 to each house. The 
 sales of .saddlery reach $980,000, of which nearly one-half 
 Is of domestic manufacture. The sales of hats and caps, 
 necessarily including sales at retail, amount to $083,000. 
 The sales of queens-ware, less reliably taken, reach $265,000. 
 There are thirty-nine wholesale grocery houses, whose ag- 
 gregate sales reach $10,623,400, which gives an average of 
 $272,400 each." The amount of imports, before given, will 
 perhaps afford a better idea of this business than these 
 figures, and hence are referred to. The following recapitu- 
 latory t.ablc will eViable the reader to see at a glance all that 
 Las just been stated : 
 
 Descijpttdn of Number " A^gre^ate Annua! Avera£;e Salefl 
 
 liiisiness. of Houses. S:iles. of eiuli House. 
 
 Groceries 39 $10,623,400 $272,400 
 
 Dry Goods 25 5,8.53,000 2:34,000 
 
 Boots and Shoes. . 8 
 
 Drugs S 
 
 Hardware 9 
 
 Queens-ware 6 
 
 Hat3,Caps,F's,etc. 8 , 
 
 1.184,000 148,000 
 
 1.12.3,0110 140,375 
 
 590,000 6.5,.5r)5 
 
 205,000 44,160 
 
 683,000 85,375 
 
 Total 103 $20,-321,400 $197,295 
 
 Lowell, t., p. city, and one of the caps. Middlesex co., 
 Mann. : 24 m. N. W. Boston. Drained by Concord r., which 
 falls into the Mcrrimac in the N. E. part of the town. Low- 
 ell was tal;en from Chelmsford in 1826, and embraces also 
 some territory and the v. of Belviderc, K. of Concord r., 
 formerly belonging to Tewksbury. The city lies at the con- 
 fluence of the Concord, in lat. 42° 38' 46" N., and long. 
 71° 19' 02" W. It is this city which, from tlie amount, va- 
 riety, and character of its manufactures, hits l)een appro- 
 priately designated the "Manchester of America." Few 
 other i)laces in the Union have sustained so rapiil a growth. 
 In 1820 scarely 200 inhabitants were found within its limits, 
 nor was it until 1821 that the site was chosen whereon to 
 establish a manufacturing community. In the next suc- 
 ceeding ye:ir the Merrimac Manufacturing (,'oinpany. with 
 a capital of $1,500,000, was established, and their first mill 
 340 
 
 went into operation in 1823. From these small beginnings 
 the city has ri.sen to its present eminence and world-wide 
 celebrity. In thirty years what a change ! 
 
 In 1850 it had ten manufacturing companies making cot- 
 ton or woolen goods, and two other companies — one bleach- 
 ing and the other owning the machine shop, and the 
 aggregate condition of the establishments of each at that 
 period was as follows : 
 
 ^ _ Wlien Company No. No. of No, of Hands Emp, 
 
 Companies. Com'd. Capital. M.lls. Spirui'a. Looms. M. F. 
 
 Mer. Manf. Co. 1823 $2,500,000 6 69,440 2,108 645 1,614 
 
 Ham. Mat". Co. 1825 1,200,000 4 88,416 1,124 325 840 
 
 Applet<jn Co. 1828 600,000 2 17,920 600 120 400 
 
 Low. Manf. Co. 1828 1,500,000 8 11,362 154 225 550 
 
 Middlesex Co. 1832 1,000,000 4 16,340 403 575 730 
 
 Suf. Manf. Co. 1832 600,000 8 17.528 590 100 400 
 
 Treraont Mills 1832 600,000 2 14.560 557 100 400 
 
 Law. Manf. Co. 1833 1,500,000 5 44,800 1,382 200 1,200 
 
 Low. Bleaeh'y ls32 262,400 - — — 200 20 
 
 BoottCot.Millsl836 1,200,000 5 49,4-34 1,4.32 262 870 
 
 Mass. CotMills 1840 1,800,000 6 45,720 1,556 250 1,250 
 
 Low. Mach.Sh. 1845 600,000 - — — 700 — 
 
 Total $13,362,400 40 325,520 9,906 3,702 8,274 
 
 In the ten cotton and woolen establishments, consisting 
 of forty mills, the weekly consumption of cotton was 705,400 
 pounds, and of wool 69,000 pounds ; and the number of 
 yards of fabric produced was 2,135,477, of which 1,190,000 
 yards were cotton, 20.477 woolen, 15,000 carpeting, and 40 
 rugs. In the dyeing and bleach works the goods finished 
 per week amounted to 9,889,000 yards. In these nianufao- 
 tures the consumption of eoal was annually 28,520 tons, of 
 charcoal 34,993 bushels, of wood 2,270 cords, of oil 107,577 
 gallons, of starch 1,390,000 pounds, and of flour 1,040 bar- 
 rels. The whole of these establishments are wanned by 
 steam and lighted with gas. The average wages of fem.-des, 
 clear of board, is $2 per week, and the average wages of 
 men, clear of board, 80 cents a day. Medium produce of a 
 loom. No. 14 yarn, is 45 yards a day, and of No. SO yarn, 33 
 yards— average per spindle, li yard a day. The Middlesex 
 Company also own the Waraeset Carpet Mill on Concord 
 Kiver, where are consumed annually 93,600 pounds coarse 
 wool and 86,400 pounds of worsted yarn, producing annu- 
 ally 91,000 yards of ingrain carpeting. Other manutactures 
 are produeeil in the city than those specified aliove, of a 
 value of $1,500,000, employing a capital of $-400,000, and 
 about 1.500 hands, and embracing several dilferent handi- 
 craft — powder-mills, paper-mills, batting-mills, a foundery, 
 a planing-mill, etc., owned by individuals. The Lowell 
 Machine Shop, included among the estalilishments noted in 
 the table, can furnish machinery complete for a mill of 
 6,000 spindles in three months, and a mill can be built in 
 the same time. 
 
 The association called "The Proprietors of the Locks and 
 Canals on the Merrimac River," are the principal owners 
 of the water-power at Lowell. This company was organ- 
 izcd 1792, for the construction of a canal from the head of 
 Pawtucket F.alls, in Merrimac Uiver, to Concord Iliver, and 
 open a p.issage for boats ami raft.«. This canal is IJ m. 
 long. 60 feet wide, and 6 or 8 deep, and is still used to Some 
 extent for its original purpose ; but the company's revenue 
 chiefly consists of rents for supplying water-power to the 
 several mills. In 1847 Ihis canal was found to be insufli- 
 cient for the increasing wants of the community, and the 
 company constructed a new canal of greater capacity ; this 
 is a mile long, and 100 feet wide, and 15 feet deep, and for 
 solidity of workmanship and completeness in its arrange- 
 nu'jils, is unsurpassed by any like work in the I'nion. The 
 facilities thus created have been the means of building up 
 the important manufactures which distinguish the place, 
 and place it so fur ahead of all other manufacturing 
 centres. 
 Lowell, as 8 city, is regularly planned, and has many im- 
 
CHIEF PLACES OF THE UNITED ST ATES. 
 
 portant public buildings and institutions. The Court-house, 
 City Hall, Market-house, Hospital, Mechanics' H.dl, etc., 
 are edifices worthy the greatness of tlie place. The Me- 
 chanics' Uall was erected by an association of mechanics 
 in l'>4o, and is a splendid building, with philosophical ap- 
 paratus and a mineralogical museum, and lectures on sci- 
 entilic and literary subjects are delivered in it at stated 
 periods. The library, containing about 7,000 volumes, is 
 open to all at a charge of 50 cents a year. The Hospital 
 was erected in 1839 by the several companies, for the con- 
 venience and comfort of persons employed by them re- 
 spectively when sick, and is under the superintendence of 
 an able surgeon and physician. 
 
 Among the institutions of Lowell, perhaps none speak 
 more loudly of a moral community than its two savings in- 
 stitutions — the Lowell and the City. The Lowell had on 
 deposit the tirst Saturiiay of November, 1S.50, from 4.609 
 depositors .t!7ol5,62s 1'^ ; and the City, from 615 depositors 
 $75,970 5L The oi)eralives in the mills are the ])rincipal 
 depositors in these institutions. For business purposes 
 Lowell has four banks. 
 
 The churches of the city are many of them neat and sub- 
 stantial edifices, and are twenty-three in number, including 
 sectaries of every denomination. These arc well attended 
 by the young jieople employed in the mills. Schools are 
 also amply provided for. The appropriation for the pur- 
 poses of education in 1S50 was .$43,000, which goes toward 
 the support of the City High School, 10 grammar schools, 
 and 46 primary schools. The total expenditure of the city 
 in the same year was $178,614 The public press of Lowell 
 consists of one daily, two tri-weekly, three weeklies, and 
 two monthly publications. The daily is the "L. Journal" 
 (whig), which has alsoa weekly edition ; the tri-weeklies are 
 the •' L. Advortiser" (whig), and "'L. American" (dem.), the 
 latter of which issues also a weekly edition; the weeklies 
 are the "Patriot and llepublican" (dem.), the "Vox Pop- 
 uli," and the "Business Directory;" and the monthlies, the 
 " New England OtTering," and the " Insurance Intelli- 
 gencer." The " Ofllring" was originally written and edited 
 by the ladies attached to the factories, and was one of the 
 best edited periodicals of the State, reflecting credit alike 
 on the fair editors themselves and the institutions which 
 could furnish education sufficiently extended to fit them for 
 such occupations. 
 
 A reservoir of great capacity has been built on the high 
 ground in Belvidere, east of the city, for the purpose of 
 furnishing a ready supply of water to any part of the city 
 in cases of fire. The water is conveyed into the reservoir 
 by force-pumps from the Lowell Machine Shop. Pipes are 
 laid from the reservoir to various parts of the city, at which 
 points hose can be attached to the hydrants without delay, 
 when necessary. 
 
 The railroads diverging from Lowell are the Salem and 
 Lowell E. K., the Boston and Lowell R. E., the Nashua 
 and Lowell E. E., and the Lowell and Lawrence R. E. ; 
 and these connect it with the sea-board and interior, and 
 make it a great centre of transportation and local trade. 
 
 The population of Lowell in 18.30, was 6,474; in 1840, 
 20,796, and in 1850, 33,383, being an increase from 1S30 to 
 1S40 of 221.22 per cent., and from 1S40 to 1850, 60.52 per 
 cent. The present (1853) population can not be less than 
 40,000. 
 
 Lynchburg, p. v., Campbell co., Virg. : on the S. side 
 of James r., 22 ra. below Balcony Falls, and 91 m. W. by S. 
 Eichmond. Lat. 37° 80' N., and long. 79° 22' W. The 
 James Eiver and Kanawha Canal, now finished AV. to the 
 mouth of North r., is at present the great channel of its 
 commerce with the sea-board ; but it is soon to be connected 
 E. and W. by a magnificent line of railroads — the South 
 Side E. E. to Petersburg, 120 m., and Eichmond, 122 m., 
 and the Virginia and Tennessee U. E., and connecticms to 
 and beyond the Ohio r. and the Mississippi, passing through 
 the principal commercial centres of the great interior basin ; 
 
 these lines are rapidly being completed, and before the ex- 
 piration of ttie year 1855 the whole will be in operation. 
 The V. is well located for business and health, on groimd 
 rising gently from the river, and on every side environed by 
 magnifloent scenery, overlooked on the W. by Ihc^ lofty 
 peaks of the Blue Eidge mountains, rising in one place— 
 the Peaks of Ottea— to an elevation of 4,260 feet above the 
 sea level. In 1793 Lynchburg contained but five dwellings, 
 and it is now one of the largest, most wealthy, and busy 
 places of the State, and has an amount of trade surpassed 
 by no other place between the Ohio Eiver and the Atlantic 
 sea-board. Its buildings, public and private, are substan- 
 tial, and in many instances handsome structures; anil its 
 warehouses are large and filled with the pro<luce of a wide 
 tributary country. It luis 6 or 7 extensive tobacco ware- 
 houses, in which from 10,000 to 12,000 hogsheads of tobacco 
 are annually inspected, and there are some 25 or 80 tobacco 
 factories, each of which on an average turn out 1,500 boxes 
 annually. Cotton and iron are also manufactured here to a 
 considerable extent, and there are several extensive flouring 
 and otlier mills. Lynchburg has three banks; and there 
 are publi.shed in the v. three newspapers, the " L. Virgin- 
 ian" (whig), the " Virginia Patriot" (whig), and the " L. Ee- 
 publican" (dem.) ; the water-power applicable to manufac- 
 tures is large and v.iluable, and has been greatly increastKl 
 by a dam above the v., which latter ;ilso creates the reser- 
 voir or source of the water supplied to the inhabitants, which 
 is raised to an elevation by means of pumps and distributed 
 through pipes. Below this, and connecting the city with 
 the opposite bank, a bridge crosses the river, over which is 
 the road to Charlottesville. Population 8.071. 
 
 Manchester, t., p. city, and one of the capitals Hillsbor- 
 ough CO., K llamp. : IS m. S. i E. Concord. Drained 
 by a number of small streams which discharge themselves 
 into the Merrimac r., which forms the W. boundary, and 
 affords excellent water-power. Massabesick Pond is on the 
 E. border of the t., from which Cohas brook issues and 
 flows into the Merrimac river. Surface undulating; soil 
 varied, that along the river being easy of cultivation and 
 very productive. The canal by Araoskeag Falls, 1 m. in 
 length, is in this town. These are the largest falls on the 
 Merrimac, having a descent, in the course of a mile, of 
 from 50 to 60 feet. There are now in operation at this place 
 several large cotton-mills, owned and operated by the 
 Anioskeag Manufacturing Company, and three by the Stark 
 Mills Corporation, consuming annually 86,000 bales of cot- 
 ton, 63.5,000 jMunds of potato starch, 31,000 gallons sperm 
 oil, 6,700 cords wood, 1,200 tons anthracite coal, and pro- 
 ducing 39,500,000 yards of sheeting, shirting, ticking, denims, 
 merino stripes, and cotton flannel. There is a blue-dyeing 
 establishment, cotton warehouses, repair s-hops, counting- 
 houses, and numerous blocks of dwelling-houses used for 
 boarding-houses for the operatives, all built of brick, and neat 
 in appearance. There is an extensive machine-shop and 
 foundry owned by the Amoskeag Company, with houses 
 adjoining for the accommodation of the hands employed. 
 The Mousselin De Laine Works, owned by the Manchester 
 Print Works Corporation, produce 10,000,000 yards of 
 mousselin de laine and flne prints annually, which are cele- 
 brated for their superior quality. There is quite a large village 
 near the mills, having a good town-house, two stories high, 
 with a spacious hall, cupola, clock, etc., and the usual num- 
 ber of other public buildings, a large number of neat dwell- 
 ings and stores, and several hotels and schools. The city 
 of Manchester is situate on a plain about 95 feet above the 
 river ; it is neatly laid out with wide streets, the principal one 
 being 100 feet wide, extending more than a mile N. and S. ; 
 the chief part of the other streets intersect it at nearly right 
 angles, while four run parallel with it. There are extensive 
 public squares, ornamented with trees. A public cemetery, 
 called the Valley, containing some 20 acres, laid out with 
 winding paths and avenues, is situate near the v. by the 
 side of a beautiful stream. The t. is connected by bridges 
 
 341 
 
CHIEF PLACES OF THE UNITED STATES. 
 
 ■with Goffstowa iind Bedford. The villages of Piscata- 
 quog and Aiiioskeajx, fti the W. fide (if the r., arc connected 
 by these bridges with Manchester, and constitute with it 
 but one place of business. The growth of the city is rapid 
 and unrivaled by any other in the country except Lowell. 
 The Manchester and Lawrence 11. It., Concord II. E., and 
 the New Hanipsliire Central K. K., all diverge from this 
 point, IS m. distant from Concord. The city is lighted with 
 gas. There are 10 churches in the town — 2 Congreirational, 
 1 Episcopalian, 3 ]5aptist, 2 Methodist, 1 Uuiversalist. and 1 
 Unitarian; 2 banks, the Manchester Bank, capital $125,000, 
 and the Amoskeag Bank, capital .$150,000. The "Granite 
 Farmer" (weekly, agric), " Manchester Messenger" (week- 
 ly), '-Manchester .\meriean" (weekly, whig). "Manchester 
 Mirror" (daily), and "The Democrat" (weekly, dem.), are 
 published liere. Pop. of t. 13,9.32. 
 
 Massilon, p. v.. Stark co., 0/uo: on the left bank of Tus- 
 carawas r., 9-3 m. N. E. Columbus. At this point also the 
 Ohio Canal and the Ohio and Pennsylvania K. R. intersect, 
 furnishing avenues of travel and transportation in every di- 
 rection. Massilon w-as founded in 1826 — in 1840 it c<intaiu- 
 ed 1,422 inhabitants, and in 1350 upward of 3,500 inhabitants. 
 It is one of the most flourishing interior towns of the State, 
 and is the depfit of a rich and extensive agricultural vicinity. 
 It has been called, and not inaptly, the " wheat city," its trade 
 in that staple being enormous. The v. is neatly and substan- 
 tially built, and many of the dwellings and warehouses are 
 of stone, which is abundant in the neighborhood, and the 
 bridge over the Tuscarawas is also an elegant stone struc- 
 ture. Iho manufactures of Massilon are in a flourishing 
 condition, and comprise a considerable variety of liandi 
 crafts — iron-ware and flour being the principal products. 
 Bituminous coal ot an excellent quality is abundant, and has 
 been mined for several years. The aggregate exports and 
 imports of this place are estimated at nearly $5,000,000 an- 
 nually. A bank is located here. The newspapers publish- 
 ed here are, the " M. News" (indep.), the " Wheat City 
 Mercury" (dem.), and the "Missionary Messenger" (Luth.), 
 all published weekly. The v. lias several good schools, 
 among which the Union School stands pre-eminent, and 
 also churches of the principal Christian denominations. The 
 location of Massilon is well chosen, and is one abounding 
 in rich and warm scenery; its vicinity is thickly settled, 
 and villages have sprung up on all sides. On the west side 
 of the river is a suburb of the v., called West Massilon, 
 which will probably become a large place, having equal 
 facilities with the original village. 
 
 MAirrii CniTNK, t., p. b., and cap. Carbon co., Penn.: 
 71 m. N. E. llarrisburg. Surface mountainous; soil gravelly. 
 Drained by Beaver, Mauch Chunk, and other creeks which 
 empty into the Lehigh r. The v. is situate at the head of 
 the Lehigh Canal, on whieli the great bulk of the coal is 
 carried to market, and on the W. bank of Lehigh r., in a 
 beautiful ravine, walled in on either side by rocky mount- 
 ains of a great height, forming a very picturesque appear- 
 ance. This being an important coal region, the inhabitants 
 are chiefly employed in mining and shipping coal. There 
 is but little of the t. under culture, provisions being brought 
 from a distance. There are two anthracite blast furnaces 
 here, each having an annual capacity of 2,000 tone. The great 
 coal mine is reache<l by an inclined plane some 700 feel in 
 length with a 200 feet rise. A railway extends to the mine. 
 The Mauch Chunk and Summit lliU K. K. verges from 
 here and connects with the Philadelphia and Reading K. R. 
 by stage from Summit llill to Tamaqiia, distance by stage 
 6 m. Besides the court-house and u.sual public buildings, 
 there are some fine stores, dwellings, and a number of mills 
 and workshops in the t. There are two weekly newspapers 
 published here, the " Carbon Democrat" (<lem.), and " Car- 
 bon County Gazette" (whig). Pop. of t. 3,727,and b 2.557. 
 
 Maysvillk, p. v.. Mason co., Ki/. : on the S. side of Ohio 
 river, 73 m. N. E. Frankfort. It is situate on a high bank, 
 and is backed by hills which rise to a considerable height. 
 .3t2 
 
 For many years it was known as " Limestone," from the 
 creek of that name, which here enters the Ohio. It is 
 regularly laid out, the streets crossing each other at right 
 angles, and most of its stores and dwellings are substantially 
 built. The principal buildings are the city hall, 7 or S 
 churches, 12 schools and seminaries, a hospital, a bank, 2 
 steam cotton factories, a bagiring factory, 2 foundries, 5 or 6 
 rope-walks, several saw and flour mills, and other factories, 
 about 50 groceries, wholesale and retail. 27 dry goods stores, 
 several pork-packing estat>lishmeuts, 4 lumber yards, and 
 numerous other manufacturing and trading establisiinients. 
 The newspapers published here are the "Post Boy" (indep.) 
 and the " M. Eagle" (whig), both issued tri-weekly and 
 weekly, and the "M. Flag" (dem.) and the " M. Herald" 
 (whig), both weekly i.ssues. Maysville is one of the most 
 imi>ortant places in Kentucky ; it has a good harbor, and is 
 the port of a large and productive section of the Stale, and 
 when the railroads now in progress — the Maysville and 
 Lexington K. P., and the Maysville and Big Sandy R. R. — 
 are completed, its commercial field will be immeasurably 
 enlarged, and the prospects of it.s becoming a first-rate 
 mart greatly favored. The great road leading from Chilli- 
 cothe, in Ohio, to Lexington, passes through this place. 
 The V. was first settled in 17S4, under the auspices of Simon 
 Kenton; in 1786 it was the residence of Daniel Bwrne, the 
 famous pioneer; until 1815 it made little progress; in 1S.33 
 it was incorporated ; in 1S40 it contained 2,741 inhabitants, 
 and in 1S50, 4,2.56 inhabitants. Its population within the 
 past two years since 1S.50 is supposed to have gained 50 per 
 cent, in numbers, an increase <lependant on the great facili- 
 ties its railroad connections will give to its trade. 
 
 Memphis, p. v., and cap. Shelby co., 7en?i. : on the E. 
 liank of the Mississippi r., beautifully situated on the fourth 
 Chickasaw bluff, just below the mouth of Wolf r., 191 m. 
 W. S. W. Nashville. This spot was formerly the site of Fort 
 Assumption, used for the purpose of protecting the country 
 against the Chickasaws. The bluff on which it stands is 
 tbirty feet above the highest floods, and its base is washed 
 by the river for a distance of 8 m., while a bed of sandstone, 
 the only known stratum of rocks below the Ohio, juts into 
 the stream, and forms a convenient landing. From the 
 mouth of the Ohio to Vicksburg, 650 m., it is the only site 
 for a commercial mart on either side of the Mississippi. 
 Some distance from the brow of the bluff, a handsome range 
 of fine buildings exten<ls for several squares. Every day 
 gives additional evidence of tlie increasing prosperity of 
 this already prosperous city ; and .although the commerce is 
 great, yet the citizens do not intend to rely on that alone. 
 Manufactories will soon claim a part in adding to her 
 wealtli. Preparations are making for building a boat yard 
 on as extensive a scale as any in the west. The gentleman 
 who opens the yard is said to bo one of the most experienced 
 boat builders in the Union. In addition to this, there is an 
 extensive flour-mill just completed, capable of making OiOOO 
 barrels of flour annually ; also a large cotton manufactory, 
 employing a large number of operatives. There is a fine, 
 well laid out navy yard situate here, wtth facilities to build 
 the largest size vessels, at which a commander and usual 
 complement of officers are stationed. It bids fair to be one 
 of the flnest n.avy yards in the United States. The public 
 spirit is such in Memidiis, that it will soon be one of the 
 flnest cities in the West. The Memphis and Charleston 
 R. R. is now partially in operation, and other public works 
 are in contemplation. There are a large number of fine 
 dwellings, stores, workshops, etc. The "Inquirer," daily 
 and weekly (dem.), "Eagle," daily and weekly (whig), "Ap- 
 peal," weekly and semi-weekly (dem.), "Express," daily 
 and weekly (dem.), " Christian Advocate," weekly (Metli.), 
 "The Southerner," weekly (Indepen.), and " Daily Dime," 
 daily (neut.), are the names of the newspapers i)ublishcd 
 here. Poj). S,S41. 
 
 Mii.i.r.i)»;BviLLK, p. city, and cap. Baldwin co., Ga. : and 
 capital oi' the State : at the head of na'-igation of Oconee r., 
 
CHIEF PLACES OF THE UNITED STATES. 
 
 and at the confluenco of Fishing cr., in lat. 33° 7' 20" N., 
 and long. 83° 19' 45" "W.— 042 m. S. W. Washington. The 
 city is liuilt on an elevated and somewhat vmeven site in the 
 midst of a rieh and populous cotton-growing region, and is 
 the centre of a con»ideral>le commerce. It is laid out regu- 
 larly, having ten streets running parallel with the river, and 
 ten others intersecting tliem at right angles, all of which are 
 100 feet wide, except "Washington Street, which is 120 feet. 
 There are tliree pul)lic squares, named resiiectively. State- 
 House Square, Governor's Square, and Penitentijiry Square, 
 the sides of each of which are 4.J0 feet long. State-House 
 Square is near the centre of the city, and on elevated ground, 
 and on this is built the State House, a fine Gothic edifice, 
 surmounted by a cupola, and containing in its h.alls portraits 
 of Gen. Oglethorpe and other eminent men of olden times. 
 The building cost about $120,000. On this square are also 
 the State arsenal and a powder magazine. tJther prominent 
 buildings arc the i)enitentiary and the governor's house, 
 which give names to two of the squares, a market-house, 4 
 or 5 churches, etc. Five periodicals are published here; 
 the "Federal Union" (whig), the "Southern Presbyterian'' 
 (rolig.), and the "Southern Recorder," all weekly issues; 
 and the "Starof Truth" (literary), and the "Gem" (literary), 
 monthly issues. The Milledgeville and Gordon R. li. ex- 
 tends hence 17 m. to a connection with the Georgia Cenlral 
 R. R. at Gordon, 170 m.from Savannah, and 11 from Macon. 
 A railroad is also completed to Eatonton. The Oconee r. 
 is here spanned by atoll-bridge. Milledgeville was founded 
 in 1S03— in ISIO it had 1,256 inhabitants; in 1820, 1.411; in 
 1S30, 1,599 ; in 1840, 2,095 ; and in 1850, 2,216 inhab. In the 
 V. of Medway, near Milledgeville, is located Oglethorpe 
 College, founded 18-36— in 1S50 it had a president, 6 profes- 
 sors, 83 alunmi, and 85 students, and its library contained 
 4,500 v<ilumes. 
 
 MiLVVAUKiK, t,, p. city, and cap. Milwaukie co., Wine. : 
 on the W. shore of Lake Michigan, 75 m. E. Madison. 
 Lat. 48° 04', long. 87° 57'. Drained by Milwaukie r. and 
 branch, which former, running parallel with the Like, 
 divides the t. Surface uneven, along the banks of the river 
 and lake hilly ; soil rich and very productive. The shore 
 on Lake Michigan consists of a bank of clay from 20 to 100 
 feet high, and as nearly perpendicular as the nature of the 
 material will admit of. The country rises gradually to the 
 TV. The city is the most important town ou Lake Micliigan 
 (except Chicago, which is some 90 miles farther S.), and is 
 of some twenty years' growth. The inhabitants, of whom a 
 large number are Dutch, Swiss, Norwegians, and Irish, are 
 of a quiet, industrious turn. It is noted for its splendid 
 blocks of buildingsv and its superior bricl; which probably 
 surpass those of any part of our nation. They have become 
 a valuable article of export, being hard, smooth, and of a 
 beautiflil straw color. The Milwaukie and Mississippi 
 R. R. extends from here as far as Janesville, a distance of 
 70 miles, and, when completed, will extend to Dubuque, 
 thus connecting the lake with the Mississippi river. The 
 city is situate on the river of same name, near its mouth, on 
 an elevation, 90 m. from Chicago, and 78 m. due E. from 
 Madison. It was laid out as a village in 1835, and such 
 was the rapidity of its increase, that in June of the succeed- 
 ing year it numbered 1,206 inhabitants. The bay is a semi- 
 circular indentation of Lake Michigan, about 6 m. across, 
 and 3 m. deep. The N. and S. points, or capes, protect the 
 shipping from the effects of all storms and gales of wind, 
 except from the E., which seldom occur. The bottom is 
 composed of clay, affording eiccellent anchorage ground. 
 There are 39 sail vessels owned in and sailing out of this 
 port, of which the total tonnage is 5,542; also stock in 
 steamboats and propellers of 3,000 tons, making the total 
 tonnage owned in the port 8,542. Sixteen sail of vessels are 
 engaged exclusively in the lumber trade, and the remainder 
 In freighting produce and merchandise. The arrivals dur- 
 ing the season of 1S4S were, steamboats, 49S ; propellers, 
 248 ; barks and brigs, 119 ; schooners, 511 ; making a total 
 
 of 1,176. The exports of wheat from 1845 to 1819 inclusive, 
 was 4,372,400 bushels, as follows: 1845, 133,310; 1S46, 
 292,228; 1847, 602,211; 1848, 1,070,134; 1849, 2,208,517 
 bushels, being an increase at the rate of more than 100 per 
 cent, per annum. There are invested in mamifactories 
 over two million of dollars, the products of which consist 
 of woolen g<^ods, machinery, castings, carriages, wagons, 
 leather, lumber, cabinet-ware, tin, sheet iron, antl eopijcr 
 manufactories, saddles and harness, soap and candles, burr 
 mill-stones, steam-boilers, sails, rigging, plows, fanning 
 mills, paper, clothings, smithings, tobacco, and segars, book- 
 binding, coopers' wares, brick, etc. In addition to this, 
 there are 5 flouring mills, propelled by water-power, and 1 
 by steam containing 17 runs of slones, each run capable of 
 turning out SO to lt!0 barrels of flour per day, and consum- 
 ing in all 7,000 bushels of wheat daily. The irai)orts 
 amount to near four million dollars annually, consisting 
 chiefly of merchandise, salt, furniture, coal, lime, plaister, 
 fruits, lumber, etc. The exports, amounting to two and a half 
 million dollars annually, consist of wheat, barrels of flour, 
 pork, beef, lead, shot, hides, and sundry manufactured arti- 
 cles. There is a United States land office situate here. 
 The "Wisconsin Banner," daily, tri-weekly, and weekly 
 (dem.), "Taglicher Volksfrcund," daily and weekly (dem.), 
 "Commercial Advertiser," daily, tri-weekly, and weekly 
 (dem.), " Milwaukie Sentinel," daUy, tri-weekly, and weekly 
 (whig), '• Free Democrat," daily, tri-weekly, and weekly 
 (free soil), tri-weekly, and weekly " AVisconsin," daily 
 (dem.), are the names of newspapers published here. The 
 progress of the city has been most remarkable. In 1834 it 
 was surrounded by a wilderness, and contained only two 
 log-houses, since which time it has increased rapidly. In 
 1840, there were 1,700 inhabitants; iS42. 2,700: 1S4G, June 
 1, 9.655; 1849, December 15, 15,071; 1S50, the city, 20,061, 
 but including the town, 21,402. 
 
 Mobile, p. city, port of entry, and cap. Mobile co., Ala. : 
 on the W. bank Mobile river, just above its entrance into 
 Mobile bay, 163 m. S. W. Montgomery. Lat. 30° 41' 48" N., 
 and long. 87° 59' 04" W. The site is but very little elevated 
 above the water, but sufficiently so for all purposes of con- 
 venient drainage. The soil is dry and sandy. Immediately 
 fipposite the city, on the E., is a large low island, covered 
 with high grass and rushes, and known as " the marsh ;" 
 above on the N. is a large swamp, extending along the 
 banks of the r. ; and back of the city on the N. W., W. and 
 S., the dry sandy pine hills commence, affording delightful 
 and healthy retreats from the heat, sickness, and annoyances 
 of the city during the summer ; and here have sprung up 
 the pleasant villages of Toulminville, Spring Hill, Cottage 
 Hill, Summerville, and Fulton. South from the city, the 
 shores of the bay are dotted for many miles with elegant 
 residences, and these spots have been usually exempt from 
 epidemic diseases. 
 
 The city is not compactly built, except in the portions 
 occupied by the commercial and business houses. Tho 
 streets generally are wide, and run mostly north and south, 
 and east and west. Much attention has been paid of late 
 years to planting shade trees along the pavements, and the 
 comfort and probably the health of the place has been much 
 improved thereby. The prevailing winds during the winter 
 months are the N. and N. E. ; from the middle of April (at 
 which time the warm spring weather begins), the S. 
 winds, cool, refreshing, and laden with moisture, make the 
 heat quite bearable, and these, being also the prevailing 
 summer winds, even in that hot season, negative in a great 
 measure the climatic extreme. The climate, however, is 
 warm and relaxing to the energies, and even in the winter 
 months is trying to the constitution, from the many and 
 sudden changes that occur. During the coldest weather 
 the ground is but seldom frozen. Most rain falls in Decem- 
 ber, January, June, and July. 
 
 No system of underground drainage has ever been at- 
 tempted at Mobile ; tho light, porous character of the soil 
 
 343 
 
 63 
 
CHIEF PLACES OF THE UxNITED STATES. 
 
 answerina; the »iime purpose, and makins the streets dry 
 liiimediftlely ;if,er llic lieiivie!>t fall uf ruin. Tlie city is sup- 
 plied Willi good wholesome water through the water-works 
 ttom a .stream some tew miles distant 
 
 The sanit;iry eondition of Mol>ile has greatly improved of 
 hite years; for a lonj; period it enjoyed the unenviable 
 reputation of being a very unhealthy place, and the ilevas- 
 Uitini; eiiideinicsof lS19-2r>--ii)-37-8y, and •4.'!. in truth gave 
 a eolnring to the accusation. Since the last-named ye.ir 
 there has l)een no severe visitation of sickness, which may 
 be accounted for in some measure by the fact, that the wet, 
 muddy morasses that until then had occupied the northern 
 part of the city have been tilled in, and their places are now 
 the sites of large cotton prissesand war(•lloll^es. The deaths 
 in 1849-50 numbered only 611, or one to every .Soi living. 
 A better system of drainage hiis also been ado])ted, and 
 more exertion has been used in cleansing and purifying the 
 Btreet.s lliaii luretolnre. 
 
 Mobile contains the county court-house, several United 
 Stales courts, the municipal court-s, the city hall, a jail, and 
 other public buildings; a si)lendid lloniaii Catholic cathedral, 
 numerous churches of various denominations, hospitals, 
 schools, markets, a theatre and circus, several first-class 
 hotels, etc. The hospitals — the United States Marine Hos- 
 pit;d an<l the City Hospital — are large and conmiodious 
 buildings, each capable of accommodating from 250 to 300 
 patients: and there are other charitable institutions worthy 
 of notice, among which stand pre-eminent the Catholic and 
 Protestant Orphan Asylums, the Benevolent Society, whicl^ 
 among other functions, has charge of destitute widows, and 
 the Samaritan Society. A blind asylum has also been 
 founded, and an asylum for the deaf and dumb provided 
 for. There are three cemeteries belonging to the city. 
 
 Mobile was originally a Spanish settlement, and at a later 
 period a portion of Louisiana. It was surrende^d to the 
 Americans in 1S13. In 1814 it was chartered as a town, and 
 in 1S19 became a city. In 1814 the total valuation of prop- 
 erly in the town was only $S50.i)50 ; in 1819, !j!764,510; in 
 1824, •ILlO^.'ioO; in 1829, 12,719,148; in 1834, .$0,75(;,(i25; in 
 1S;59, $24,480,315 ; in 1844. $18,098,877 ; in 1849, .$12,629,700 ; 
 and in 1S50, $11,985,790. The population of the city in 1830 
 was 3,194; in 1840, 12,672 ; and in 1850, 20,.515, 
 
 The cammerviiil ,it<itintics of the city will be found under 
 the head of Ai.AnAM.\. Mobile is the only se.i-port of the 
 State open to foreign commerce, and from this point is 
 shipped the great bulk of the cotton of Eastern Mississippi 
 and Western Alabama. The total quantity shi))pcd for the 
 year ending 31st August, 1^52, was 575,104 bales, or one- 
 sixth of all the cotton produced in the Union. Of this amount 
 307.513 bales were sent to Kngland, 95,917 to France, and 
 27,048 to other foreign States ; and 144,620 coastwise to 
 domestic ports. Staves, lumber, and naval stores, are also 
 shipped in large quantities. There are two commercial 
 banks in the city — the Bank of Mobile and the Southern 
 Bank of Alabama. The Planters' and Merchants' Bank has 
 lalx-ly closed its business. Mobile has four newspapers— the 
 " Aianama Tribune" (indep.), daily ; the " M. Advertiser" 
 (whig), daily and semi-weekly ; the " Itegister and Journal" 
 (dem.), daily and weekly; and the "Alabama Planter" 
 (agric), weekly. The local trade of Mobile is very extens- 
 ive and valuable. The Mobile and Ohio K. IX. will connect 
 the city with the whole north-west; the Girard and Mobile 
 IJ. II. will connect it with the Atlantic ports, and a railroad 
 to Madisonville will connect it with New Orleans. None 
 of these are built except a portion of the first named. 
 
 As a commercial mart of the Gulf, Mobile is second only 
 to New Orleans in its facilities and available position. 
 Immense rivers connect it with an extensive and highly 
 productive interior, and a fine bay gives it access to the 
 sea. Mobile Bay sets up from the Gulf, and is 30 m. long, 
 and on an average 12 ni. broad ; it communicates with the 
 Gulf by two straits, one on each side of Dauphin Island. 
 The strait on the "W. aide will not admit of veaaels of more 
 344 
 
 than 5 feet draft ; but that on the K. side, between the island 
 and Mobile Point, has 13 feet water, the channel passing 
 within a few yards of the point There is a bar across the 
 bay near its uj)per end, which has only eleven feet water. 
 Mobile river, which tails inti> the bay immediately below the 
 city, is formed by the junction of the Alabama and Tom- 
 bigbee rivers 50 m. above the city. A few miles below tlie 
 junction it divides into several channels. 1 he main W. 
 channel is called Mobile, and the main K. channel, which is 
 the deepest and widest is called IheTeiisaw. It is navigable 
 for vessels drawing less than six feet water by the Tonibig- 
 bce branch to St Slephen's, and by the Alabama branch lo 
 ClailKirne. In times o| Hood it soiiietiiueji rises 50 or tJO feet 
 The entrance to the harbor is <lel'cndt-(l by port Morgan, 
 situated on along, low, sandy point, at the mouth of the bay, 
 30 m. below the city, opposite to I)aui)hin Island. 
 
 MoxTO'iMKiiv, p. city, and cap. Montgomery co., Alo., 
 and capital of the Stale: on the left bank of the Alabama r., 
 and at the head of steamboat navigation thereof, in lat 
 320 22' N., and long. 863 26' W'., 118 m. S. E. by K. Tusca- 
 loosa, the old capital, which it succeeded in 1847. The city 
 is built on a high bluff, and contains the capitol and other 
 State buildings, and the usual county offices, iilso churches 
 of the principal denominations, and is the location of the 
 U. S. land office of the Montgomery land district The sur- 
 rounding country is one of the most productive cotton re- 
 gions of the State, and from this point that staple is shipped 
 down the river to Mobile, or carried east to the Chattahoo- 
 chee by the Montgomery and West Point R. P., 88 m. to West 
 Point ""J shii)ped to Appalachicola, in Florida. When 
 the La Grange K. It. is finished there will be a continuous 
 railroad route from Montgomery to Savannah, 407 miles, 
 and to Charleston. 483 miles. A railroad is also projected 
 from Montgomery ria Greenville to Mobile. The news- 
 papers published here are, the " State Gazette" (dem.), daily 
 and weekly; the " Atlas" (dem), and the " Aialiama Jour- 
 nal" (whig), both daily, tri-weekly, and weekly; and the 
 " Alabama State Pegister" (whig), tri-weekly and weekly. 
 It is one of the most progressive cities of the South-west ; it 
 was laid out in 1817— in 1840 had 2,170 inhabitants, aud in 
 1850, 8,728. Pop. in 1854 (State census) 6 095. 
 
 MoNTPELiER, t, p. v., and cap. Washington co., Verm., 
 and caiiilal of the State: on Wiiiooski r., in lat 44° 17' N. 
 and long. 72° 36' W., .524 m. N. N. K.Washingt<m. Drained 
 by tributaries of the Winooski, which afford line water- 
 power and numerous mill-seats. Surface uneven and hilly ; 
 soil various — on the hills lurnishing fine pastures. The v. is 
 the centre of a largo commerce and of roads diverging in 
 erery direction. The Vermont Central K. It. touches Mont- 
 pelier, 77 m. from Windsor, and 40 m. from Burlington. 
 The public buildings are the State House, court-house, jail, 
 etc. The State House is an elegant granite structure, 150 
 feet long— the centre, including portico, 100 feet deep, and 
 the wings 72 feet deep ; the centre front has a fine Doric 
 portico of 6 columns, e.icli 6 feet diameter and 30 feet high, 
 and the whole edifice is surmounted by a dome 100 feet 
 from the ground. In the interior are convenient State offi- 
 ces and spacious and eli"gant rooms for the Senate and 
 Kepresentatives. Mi>ntpelier became capital in 1805. It 
 has several workshops and factories, a bank, and numerous 
 wholesale and retiil stores; and five newspapers, the " Ver- 
 mont Patriot" (dem.), the " Verm. Watchman" (whig), the 
 "Green Mountain Freeman" (free soil), the " Christian lio- 
 pository," and the " Christian Messenger"- all weekly pul> 
 lications. Pop. in 1830, 1,792 ; in 1840, 3,7-25; and in 1850, 
 2,310. The t. of ICast Montpelier was taken from the orig- 
 inal t in 1848, and in 18,50 contained 1,447 inhabitants. 
 
 Nantucket, port of entry, t, p. v., and cap. Nantucket 
 CO., Mass. : on N. side of Nantucket island, 90 m. S. S. E. 
 Boston. Lat. N. 41° 16' 56"; long. W. 7(i° 6' 12". The v. 
 is sitn.ited at the bottom of the bay, which is 6 m. long, and 
 almost entirely land-locked, being divided from the ocean 
 by a narrow beach. The projecting poinU of beach, which 
 
CHIEF PLACES OF THE UNITED STATES 
 
 thus lock in the harbor, ore J m. apart, and furnished with 
 light-hduses, as is also the harbor. The liarbor is good. Two 
 miles N. of the harbor is a bar, with 7i ft. of water at low tide. 
 The shore on which the v. is built is more inclined to the 
 water than the rest of the island. It is built very compactly, 
 wiih narrow streets. In 1S4G, July 13th, it suffired most 
 severely by a conflagration, which destroyed in a few hours 
 360 buildings; amount of loss, $1,000,000; amount Insured, 
 $320,0011; number of families who suflered, 450: contribu- 
 tions received from Boston and other places, $65,000. This 
 place was the first to engage in the whale fisheries, and is 
 still more largely engaged than any other town in the Un ited 
 States, except New liedford, where this business was estab- 
 lished by persons from Nantucket. On 30tli June, 1850, 
 Nantucket had an aggregate permanent toim;ige of 29,012 
 tons ; of which 25,S37 were registered, and 3,175 enrolled 
 and licensed. Eegislered in the whale fishery, 19,055 tons ; 
 enrolled and licensed in cod fishery, 403 t<ms ; in inaekeral 
 fishery, 592 tons; in coasting trade, 2,180 tons; in steam 
 navigation, 479 tons. Tlie receipts from the whale fishery 
 in 1849 were 17,SS7 barrels sperm oil, and 6,461 barrels whale 
 oil, and 68,200 pounds whale-bone. The Alhenieum has a 
 good building, 2,500 volumes in library, and a valuable col- 
 lection of curiosities. A steamboat plies daily to New Bed- 
 ford. The I'aciflc Bank has a capital of $200,000. The 
 "N. Inquirer" is published tri-weekly and weeklj; the 
 "N. Mirror" (neut.), weekly. Pop. of t. 8,452. 
 
 Nashua, t. and p. v., HiUsboro' co., il'". [lamp.; on W. 
 side of Merrimac r., at confluence of Nashua r., 31 m. S. by E. 
 Concord. The t. is l)ounded on the N. and W. by Nashua 
 river, separating it from tlie town of Nashville, which, until 
 1842, with it formed the town of Nashua. Surface of town is 
 level on the E., uneven on tlie W. ; soil on the streams fer- 
 tile. This town, formerly called Dunstable, was the first 
 one settled in the S. part of New Hampshire, and suffered 
 mueli by attacks from Indians. The v. is in the N. E. corner 
 of the town, and is now a very important manufacturing 
 village, deriving a great water-power from Niishua river, 
 which in two miles falls 65 feet. In 1822-8 the greater por- 
 tion of the lands in the village and on the river up %> the 
 falls was purchased by the "Nashua Manufacturing Com- 
 pany," which, with a capital of $3n0,(i00, commenced build- 
 ing a dam, canal, and other works for factories. This com- 
 pany now has a capital of $1,000,000, and 4 large mills man- 
 ufacturing shirting and drills, printing cloths, and jeans, and 
 sheetings. Wliole number of spindles is 37,450; looms, 
 1,089 ; male operatives, 150 ; females, 850. These mills 
 manufacture 13,000,000 yards of cloth yearly, using 10,000 
 bales of cotton, or 4,000,000 lbs., 150,000 lbs. starch, S,li00 
 gallons of sperm oil, $4,000 worth of leather, 800 cords wood. 
 The "Jackson Company" have 2 mills manufacturing sheet- 
 ings and shirtings, using yearly 4,500 bales of cotton, or 
 1,800,000 lbs., 50,000 lbs. starch, etc. The macliine-shop, 
 built by the Nashua Company in 1845, is occupied by man- 
 ufacturers of steam-engines, machinists' tools. locks, guns, 
 axes, etc., and here several hundred men are employed. 
 The "Nasliua Iron Company," establislied in 1848, have a 
 capital of $100,000, and emiiloy 60 men ; they use 3,500 tons 
 coal yearly ; tlieir sales are $175,000. Baldwin's factory of 
 shuttles and spool bolibins employs 120 men ; yearly sales, 
 $100,000. There are other large factories, foundries of 
 stoves, large iron castings, etc. Summary of N. cotton man- 
 ufactures: no. of spindles, 49,994; loom.s, 1,483; male ope- 
 ratives, 240 : females, 1,200 ; yards mamifactured, 18,000,000 ; 
 capital invested, $1,480,000. The total capital invested in 
 factories in N. is about $2,000,000 ; male operatives, 1,000; 
 fen)ales, 1,300. The Nashua and Jackson companies each 
 have a savings institution for their employees. Four railroads 
 connect N. witli the large towns adjacent, viz., Lowell and 
 Nashua,'Woreester and Nashua.Nashua and Wilton. and Con- 
 cord U. It. There are 2 lianks, cap. $22."),O0O, and 7 churclies. 
 
 Nashvillk, p. city, port of entry, and cap. Davidson co., 
 Tenn., and cap. of the State of Tennessee : on the left bank 
 of the Cumberland river, 120 m. above its entrance into the 
 Ohio, and at the head of steamboat navigation thereof. 
 Lat. 36° 09' 33", and long. 86° 49' 03"— 714 m. W. by S. 
 Washington. The city is built on an elevated bluff of lime- 
 stone, and on every side presents to tlie approaching trav- 
 eler an imposing appearance. From Capitol Hill, within 
 the city, a more interesting scene is seldom witnessed. 
 Covering the base of the hill, and crowding to the extremes! 
 margin of the business-laden Cumberland, is the city itself, 
 its streets alive with the bustle of an active commerce, and 
 its suburbs literally growing under the eye of the spectator. 
 Surrounding it with a border of beautiful cultivation, lie 
 extensive and valuable farms, intersected by numerous turn- 
 pikes, which, centering in tlie city, radiate to opposite neigh- 
 borhoods; and in every direction is seen the railroad, com- 
 plete and incomplete, which will open outlets to one of the 
 richest agricultural and mining regions of the great West; 
 and girding in all to a quiet security, rise a range of low 
 and pleasant hills, partly covered with native cedars, and 
 adorned with graceful dwellings. But it is not altogether 
 the natural beauties of the locality that attract the traveler's 
 attention ; the country for miles around is rich in soil and 
 aljounding in minerals, yielding to industry a compensatory 
 reward, and to commerce material of no mean v.aluation. 
 
 Nashville was laid out at the latter part at the last century, 
 but although always a place of some consideration, the tide 
 of its prosperity rose slowly until within the last half the 
 term of its existence. In 1830 it contained only 5,.566 inhab- 
 itants, and even in 1840 only 6,929. In 1850 its population 
 had increased to 10,165, or in the ratio of 51.2 per cent, in 
 the decade between 1840 and 1850. Its commerce has 
 increased in even a larger proportion, owing to the extent 
 of roads having Ijeen multiplied, and to the improvements 
 in the navigation of the river. The tonnage owned in the 
 district of which Nashville is the port amounted in 1S50 to 
 3,797 tons, all comprised in steamers, some of them magnifi- 
 cent passenger boats, navigating the Cumberland and its 
 tributaries, or sailing between Nashville and the ports of the 
 Olilo river. The railroads centering here are the Nashville 
 and Chattanooga K. E., extending in a S. E. direction to 
 Chattanoog.a, on the Tennessee river, where it connects with 
 the railroads to Charleston and Savannah, the distance from 
 Nashville to the first being 599 m., and to the latter 583 m. ; 
 the New Orleans and Nashville E. E., extending S. W. in 
 the direction of the first named place; the Memphis and 
 Nashville E. E. ; the Nashville and Paris E. E. ; the Nasli- 
 ville and Henderson E. E. ; the Louisville and Nashville 
 Eailroad, and tlie Lexington and Nashville E. E. Of these 
 several lines only the first is completed, but most of the 
 others are progressing, or under contract to be built forth- 
 with, and the whole system will probably be in operation in 
 three or four years from the 1st Jan., 1853. These, wlien 
 completed, will connect this commercial centre with every 
 part of the I'nion — with the Gulf, the Ohio and Mississippi, 
 the great lakes, and the Atlantic, from Maine to Florida — 
 and make it one of the most important receiving and dis- 
 tributing dep6ts of the internal commerce of the central 
 valley. 
 
 The city was originally laid out on a plot of 200 acres, but 
 it has long since overstepped the limits its projectors assigned 
 to it, and hence suburbs almost equal in extent and popula- 
 tion to the city proper have grown up around it. The city 
 has a handsome public square, on which stands the county 
 court-house, market-house, etc. The court-house is a 
 splendid building, 105 feet in front by 63 feet deep, with 
 basement and two stories, surmounted by a dome, the top 
 of which is 90 feet from the ground, and supported by eight 
 Ionic columns ; the market-house is also a spacious and 
 substantial edifice, a portion of whicli is occupied as a city 
 
 Three newspapersare published weekly, " N. It. Telegraph" j hall and clerk's office. The other public buildings are the 
 [whig), " N. Gazette" (dera.), "The Oasis" (lit.) Pop. 5,820. | State-house, the University, the Lunatic Asylum, the State 
 845 
 
CHIEF PLACES OF THE UNITED STATES. 
 
 Prison, 12 or 14 churches of various denominations, numer- 
 ous scliools and academies, 3 banlis (capital $3,658,500), etc. 
 The Slate-house is located on one of the highest eminences of 
 the city. It was built about 10 years ago, on a four acre plot, 
 presented by the city to the State, and is a noble edifice, 
 towering above the place, and serving as a landmark for 
 miles around, being the first object descried by the ap- 
 proaching traveler. It has spacious halls for the legislature, 
 an<l other convenient oflices. The Lunatic Asylum is a 
 large and comnuxlious building, three stories high, and will 
 accommodate 100 patients. The Penitentiary or State 
 Prison is located in the western suburbs, and has a front of 
 310 feet, .-md is 850 feet deep. It has apartments for the 
 keeper, an hospital, guard-room, and cells for 200 convicts. 
 The Halls of the University were founded in 1806. The 
 main buil.iing is 200 feet long and 50 feet deep, three stories 
 high, with wings, and an extensive building used as a 
 chemical laboratory. All the college buildings, except the 
 president's house, are within the college campus, an area 
 of 8 acres. In ISoO it had 7 professors and 75 students, and 
 its library contained 10,207 volumes. The number of its 
 alumni at that date was 398. The medical department had 
 7 professors. Near Nashville is also Franklin College, 
 founded in 1S45, and which, in 1850, had 5 professors, 26 
 alumni, 80 students, and a library of 3,000 volumes. Many 
 of the churches are large and elegant structures ; the Epis- 
 copal church is a magnificent Gothic building, and the 
 school-houses, of which there are many, are in general neat 
 and commodious. Nashville is the see of a Roman Catholic 
 diocese of the same name, and there are within the city 
 efficient CatlK>lic schools for both boys and girls. 
 
 The newsyjaper and periodical press of the city consists 
 of 5 daily and 7 weekly ])apcrs, and 2 monthly periodicals. 
 The dailies are the " American" (dem.), the " Gazette"' 
 (neutral), the " Kepublican Banner" (whig), the " Evening 
 Keporter" (neutral), and lhe"N. Union" (dem.); the week- 
 )ies, the "Western Christian Advocate" (Meth.), tlie "Ten- 
 nessee Organ" (temp.), the " Presbyterian Keeord'' (relig.), 
 the "Gazette," an edition of the daily, the "Tennessee 
 Baptist" (relig.), the "True Whig," and the " West Tennes- 
 see Whig;" and the monthlies are the "Christian ilaga- 
 zine" (Campbellite) and the "Sunday School Companion." 
 
 No town in the great \alley of the West enjoys in a greater 
 degree the blessings of health. Situate in about 36° N. lat., 
 it possesses a temperate climate, and from its local position 
 it is free from fevers which characterize many of the western 
 cities, particularly such as are situated upon water courses. 
 It is true that a small portion of Nashville, at the ujtper and 
 lower ends, are in times of high flood inundated ; but these 
 inundations continue but a few day.s, and sometimes at 
 intervals of several years, and produce no injurious effect 
 upon the salubrity of the town. Although the summer heats 
 are occasionally oppressive, the winters are mild and mod- 
 erate, with none of the severe cold of the northern and 
 eastern states, nor the relaxing heaLs of the south. It is a 
 climate, indeed, prefi'rable in many respects to all others, 
 and here and in the vicinity it is seldom necessary to house 
 cattle, even in the coldest winters. In summer thousands 
 flock to the city to escape from the malarial influences of 
 the lower regions of the country. 
 
 About 13 or l-l m. to the N. E. of the city is the Hermit- 
 age, the homestead of the late x\ndrew dackson, President 
 of the United States. In this secluded rural abode the last 
 days of that great patriot were jiassed, and here, on the 8th 
 June, 1S45, at the patriarchal age of 79, died the illustrious 
 statesman and warrior. 
 
 Natoitez, p. city, port, and cap. Adams CO., 3fi9S. : on E. 
 bank of Mississippi r., 87 m. S. W. by W. Jackson. Lat. N. 
 31° 84'. long. W. 91° 24' 42". This is the principal city in 
 Mississippi, its importance arising from its being tlie dep6t 
 of cotton from the fine lands around it and in the interior, 
 and being also the main entrep6t of the internal commerce? 
 of the Stale. By the river it is 309 m. from New-Orleans, 
 346 
 
 but in a direct line 127 m. N. W. by N. A part of the city 
 is built at the landing on the margin of the river, but this 
 chiefly consists of warehouses, stores, etc.. while the larger 
 and more agreeable portion is on a bluff, 200 feet above the 
 level of the river. This part, though uneven in surface, is 
 regularly laid out with l)road streets, crossing at right angles. 
 Many of the houses, though built plainly of wood, presen* 
 an elegant appearance, having piazzas and balconies, sur 
 rounded with trees, beautiful shrubbery, etc. Its elevated 
 site affords a fine view of the river and vicinity. It contains 
 the court-house and jail, a hospital, orphan asylum, acado- 
 mies. several churches, etc. Here are oil-mills, manufac- 
 turing oil from cotton-seed. Two newspapers, the " N. 
 Courier" (whig), and "N. Free Trader" (dem.), are each 
 published semi-weekly and weekly. Pop. 4,48.3. 
 
 Nauvoo, t. and p. v., Hancock co.. III. : on E. bank of 
 Mississippi r., 103 m. N. W. by W. Springfield. Surface of t. 
 is elevated, and commands a fine view of the r. and vicinity. 
 This t. is famous as having been for several years (from 1840 
 to June, 1S44) the settlement of the " Latter Day Saints," or 
 " Mormons," who liere erected some fine buildings. This 
 property is now occupied by a colony of French Com- 
 munists or Icarians, under the direction of Mons. CabeU 
 The large temple was burned in Oct., 1S4S, set on fire by an 
 incendiary. Population 1,130. 
 
 New Albany, p. city, and c.ip. Floyd co., Ind. : on Ohio 
 r., 100 m. S. by E. Indianapolis, 4 m. N. W. Louisville. 
 This city, which is now the largest in the State, was laid 
 out in l5l3. It is beautifully situated, has wide streets, 
 parallel to the r., which are crossed at right angles by others. 
 The largest business is that of building and repairing steam- 
 boats and other vessels, which employ several hundred 
 men. There are large iron foundries, machine shops, and 
 factories. The New Albany and Salem P. II. is now com- 
 pleted to Michigan city, and thence continued to Chicago. 
 A brisk trade is carried on with the interior and the valleys 
 of the Ohio and Mississippi. The Slate Bank of Indiana 
 has here a branch. 1'here are 9 churches and a lyceum. 
 The academies and schools are well conducted, and much 
 attention is generally given to education. Two newspapers 
 are published, each ilaily and weekly— the "Ledger" (dem.) 
 and " Bulletin" (whig). Pop. 9,895. 
 
 Newark, t, p. city, port of entry, and cap. Essex co,, .A'". J. ; 
 on W. bank of Passaic r,, 3 m. above its entrance into New- 
 ark Bay, 47 m. N, E. Trenton, 9 m. W, New York, Lat, 4iiO 45' 
 N,, long, 74° 10' W. This is the most populous and flour- 
 ishing i>lace in the State. It is pleasantly located on a fer- 
 tile plain, somewhat elevated above the river. In its W 
 part the ground rises, affonling fine sites for residences. It 
 is regularly laid out with very broad and straight streets, 
 many of which are bordered with very large and lofly elms, 
 presenting a most beautiful appearance. Two spacious 
 public parks are also well shaded by fine trees. It is light- 
 ed with gas, and supplied by a company with pure water 
 from a spring 2 m. distant, conveyed through iron pipes. 
 The court-house, which occupies a commanding pf>sition in 
 the W. part of the city, is a large and elegant building of 
 brown freest<me, in the Egyptian style of architecture. The 
 railroad dcp6t is also a splendid structure of freestone. 
 There are 30 churches, of which several are very flue speci- 
 mens of architecture ; and 3 literary associations— 1 has a li- 
 brary of 3,000 volumes. The N. Wesleyan Institute is the 
 principal seminary. Newark is very extensively engaged 
 in manufactures. The principal articles made arc the va- 
 rious fabrics of leather and India rubber, carriages, wagons, 
 railroad cars, macliinery. jewelry, paper hangings, cutlery, 
 soap, candles, etc. The extensive pamt factory of the N. J. 
 Zinc Company daily manufactures ten tons of paint. The 
 commerce of N. is considerable and steadily increasing. The 
 river is navigable to this place for vessels of light draft. A 
 fine passenger steamboat j)lies twice daily to New York. 
 On June 80th, 1S50. the total tonnage of N. district was 
 6,629 tons, of which 7S tons were registered, and 6,551 tons 
 
CHIEF PLACES OF THE UNITED STATES. 
 
 enrolled and licensed ; 1,'22T tons were employed in steam 
 navigation ; 6,406 tons were in the coasting trade. During 
 the year ending June 30th, 1S50, tliere were 11 clearances 
 for foreign countries, having 1,131 tons, 62 men; number of 
 entrances from foreign countries (all foreign vessels), was 
 17, having 1,601 tons, 95 men. There are 4 banks with 
 $1,800,000 capital. Three newspapers are published daily, 
 "Advertiser" (whig), " Mercury" (whig), "Eagle" (dem.) ; 
 two weekly, '■ Sentinel of Freedom" (whig), " Eagle" (dem.) 
 The New Jersey E. E. affords constant communication with 
 New York, the trains running each way every half hour. 
 Very many persons doing business in New York have here 
 their permanent residences. The Morris Canal passes 
 through the city. The Morris and Essex E. E. here termi- 
 nates, connecting with New Jersey E. E. Pop. in 1S30 
 10,953; in 1840, 17,290; in 1850, 38,894. 
 
 New Bedford, p. city, port of entry, and semi-cap. 
 Bristol CO., Mass. : on W. bank of Acushnet r., 4 m. from its 
 entrance into Buzzard's bay, 51 m. S. by E. Boston. Lat. N. 
 41° 3S' 7" ; long. W. 70° 55' 49". The harbor is spacious, 
 safe and deep. The site of the city rises rapidly from the 
 river, and being thus built upon a bold elevation, regularly 
 laid out, and having many fine buildings, it presents a very 
 commanding and beautiful appearance. The principal 
 public buildings are the town hall, eustom-house, court- 
 house, and some handsome churches. The town hall, built 
 of granite, 100 feet long, 61 feet wide, 3 stories high, at a 
 cost of $60,000, is justly regarded as one of the handsomest 
 town halls in New England. The custom-house, also of 
 granite, presents a very fine appearance. Much attention 
 is given to general education in the public schools. The 
 Friends' academy for young ladies is a handsome structure, 
 with beautiful grounds. The Social Library contains over 
 4,000 volumes. Two newspapers are published daily: 
 "Mercury" (whig) and "Evening Standard;" 3 weekly: 
 " Mercury," " Standard," and " Whaleman's Shipping List ;" 
 1 monthly: "Golden Age" (lit.). The New Bedford and 
 Taunton E. E. runs hence, 31 m. to Mansfield sta., on Bos- 
 ton and Providence E. E. A steamboat plies daily to 
 Nantucket. There are 4 banks (capital $1,900,000.) This 
 is one of the wealthiest cities in America in proportion to its 
 population, and has derived its wealth mainly from the 
 whale fishery. At present two-thirds of the total tonnage 
 of U. S. vessels in the whale fishery belong to this port. 
 The principal business in the cily is connected with the 
 whale fisheries, in receiving the oil and bone, and preparing 
 them for market. The quantity of sperm oil brought to the 
 port in 1849, was 46,333 barrels, whale oil 72,961 barrels, and 
 whalebone 797,300 lbs. About 30 manufactories of oil and 
 candles are in constant operation. The cooperage business 
 employs a great number of hands. A very large steam 
 cordage factory (capital $60,000), manufactures 400 tons of 
 cordage annually. Other large manufactories are devoted 
 to making iron hoops, copper and iron rivets, butt hinges, 
 etc. Here also is a manufactory of Prussian-blue, and some 
 print-works. Sliip-bnilding and repairing is carried on ex- 
 tensively. The N. B. Eailway and Wharf Co. (cap. $50,000) 
 use a marine railway at their ship-yard, which is of much 
 service in speedily raising small vessels to be repaired. On 
 30th June, 1850, the total tonnage of New Bedlnrd district 
 was 127,960 tons, of which 119.026 were registered, and 
 8,934 enrolled and licensed. Of the registered tonnage, 
 116,882 tons were permanent, 2,144 temporary ; 96,420 tons 
 were in the whale fishery. Of the enrolled and licensed 
 tonnage, 8,444 tons were permanent, 7,949 tons were in the 
 coasting trade, 151 in the cod fishery, 344 in the mackerel 
 fishery, 53 tons propelled by steam. The tonnage lii-ensed 
 (under 20 tons) in the coasting trade was 258 tons ; in tlie cod 
 fiishiTV, 232 tons. During the year ending June 30th, 1850, 
 the immber of clearances for foreign countries was 118 — 
 82,027 tons ; entrances from do. 134 — 33,154 tons. Vessels 
 built, 2 ships and 2 schooners — 781 tons. Pop. in 1830, 
 7,592 ; in 1840, 12,087 ; in 1850, 16,443. 
 
 New Brunswick, p. city, port, and cap. Middlesex co.j 
 Jf. Jer. : on Earitan r., 26 m. N. E. Trenton, 31 m. by New 
 Jersey E. E. from New York, 55 m. from Philadelphia. 
 This flourishing city is at the head of navigation on the 
 Earitan, 14 m. from its mouth, and is accessible for vessels 
 drawing eight feet of water. Here terminates the Delaware 
 and Earitan Canal, which connects with these rivers here 
 and at Bordentown. It is 43 m. long, 75 feet wide, and 7 
 feet deep ; admitting the passage of vessels of 100 tons. It 
 has a rise and fall of 116 feet by 14 locks. New Brunswick 
 was incorporated as a city in 1784. It is the dep6t of a fer- 
 tile district, and has considerable trade and manufactures. 
 The oldest portion of the city is built upon the river, on low 
 ground, having narrow and crooked streets, but the rest is 
 built upon a declivity, with regular and broad streets, pre- 
 senting a handsome appearance, and commanding fine 
 prospects. Many houses are elegantly surrounded by gar- 
 dens. Upon the highest part of the city is Eutger's College, 
 founded in 1770. In 1350 it had 7 instructors, 66 students, 
 513 ainmni, and 10,000 vols, in library. In the vicinity is 
 the Theol. Seminary of the Dutch Eeformed Church, estab- 
 lished in 1784, having 3 professors, 34 students, 179 alumni, 
 and 7,000 vols, in library. The city contains the court-house 
 and jail, 9 churches, etc. ; 2 banks, cap. $200,000, and several 
 large factories. Three newspapers are issued weekly — " N. 
 Jersey Union" (dem.), " N. B. Times" (dem.), " Fredonian" 
 (whig.) The constant communication of New Brunswick 
 with New York for the last few years has greatly increased 
 its business and population. Pop. in 1830, 7,831 ; in l^U), 
 8,663; in 1850, 10,019. 
 
 NEWBtiRG, t., p. v., and semi-cap. Orange co., N'. Y. : on 
 W. bank Hudson r., 84 m. S. by W. Albany, 54 m. N. New 
 York. Lat. 41° 31' N., long. 74° 1' W. Surface of t. ele- 
 vated, somewhat broken, and hilly. Drained by the Hud- 
 son and small creeks. Soil clay and gravelly loam, fertile, 
 but best adapted to grazing. This vicinity, with the rest of 
 Orange co.. is celebrated for its superior dairy products and 
 excellent live-stock. The v. is handsomely situated on an 
 acclivity rising from the shore to an elevation of 300 feet, 
 where is afforded a most delightful and extensive prospect 
 of the river, which here widens into Newburg Bay, fertile 
 and beautiful valleys, the Highlands, and the villages of 
 West Point and Fishkill. This v. was settled in 1701 by 
 Germans, and incorporated in 1800. General W^ashington 
 had here his head-quarters during the winter of 1782-3, at 
 which period the celebrated Newburg letters were writterL 
 The old stone-house in which he resided is still standing in 
 good preservation. On 23tl June, 17^3, the troops here sta- 
 tioned were disbanded. The v. contains a court-house and 
 jail, numerous churches, seminaries, etc. The Theological 
 Seminary of Assoc. Eef. Church, established in 1836, lias 1 
 professor, 11 students, 143 alumni, 3,200 vols, in library. 
 There are large factories of carriages, machinery, chairs, 
 cordage, plaster, fiour, candles, etc., iron foundries, brew- 
 eries, tanneries, stone and lumber yards, etc. ; 4 banks have 
 a capital of $700,000. A steam ferry connects the v. with 
 Fishkill and Hudson Eiver E. R. The Newburg branch 
 E. E. connects with Erie E. E. at Chester junction, 19 m. 
 The immenso quantities of agricultural products, etc., of the 
 vicinity and interior, which are here received for the New 
 York markets, with the other commerce of the v., constantly 
 employ many freight barges, sloops, and steamboats. Four 
 newspapers are issued weekly, " N. Gazette" (whig), " Tele- 
 graph" (dem.), "Excelsior" (dem.), "Highland Courier" 
 (dem.) Pop. in 1830, 6,424; in 1840, 8,933 ; in 1850, 11,415. 
 
 Newbueyport, p. city, port of entry, and one of the caps, 
 Esse-x CO., Mass. : on the S. bank of Merrimac r., 4 m. from 
 the ocean, 34 m. N. N. E. Boston. Lat. 42° 48' 32" N., long. 
 70° 52' 47" W. The harbor is safe and spacious, and pro- 
 tected by a break-water, but its entrance is obstructed by a 
 sand-bar. The city is beautifully situated on a gentle ac- 
 clivity, and very regularly laid out, with wide streets, those 
 parallel with the river rising like terraces. This place has 
 
 847 
 
CHIEF PLACES OF THE UNITED STATES. 
 
 suffered severely by fires, commercial losses, and otherwise, 
 but for tile last few years it has been steadily increasing in 
 wealth and importance. A U. S. naval officer is stationed 
 here. It is .still lar<i;ely engaged in the mackerel and cod 
 fisheries, coasting trade, and foreign commerce. Fixe large 
 cotton nianufactnritig companies have a cai)it!il of $1,1S0,000. 
 Sliiji-building is extensively carried on. There are 3 lianks ; 
 capital 1570.000. The principal buildings are, custom- 
 house, of rongh granite, with fine wrought Doric portico; 
 court-house, of liriek ; stone jail. 10 eluirclies, a fine academy, 
 lyceum, etc. Much attention is given to education. The 
 Putnam High School is endowed with iJiTO.OOO. Another in- 
 stitution, chiefly for classical studies, has a hirge fund, given 
 by Mr. Moses Brown, llev. George Whitefield, the celebra- 
 ted divine, died in this town, Sept. 21, 1770; his tomb and 
 monument are in tlie First Presbyterian Church. The Eastern 
 K K. passes through the city. .34 m. from IJoston. The Ncw- 
 buryport R. R. branches off to Bradford, connecting with 
 the Boston and Maine R. E. Two daily papers are issued, 
 *' Herald" (whig), " Union" (dem.) ; 1 semi-weekly, " N. 
 Herald" (whig). On 30th June, 1S50, the total tonnage of 
 N. district was 23,262 tons, of which 16,214 tons were re- 
 gistered, and 7,048 tons enrolled and licensed. Of register- 
 ed tonnage, 14,018 were permanent, and 2,196 temiiorary. 
 Of the enrolled and licensed tonnage, 7,04S were permanent, 
 494 tons were employed in the coasting trade, 3,739 tons 
 weri" in the cod fishery, and 2,815 tons in the mackerel 
 fishery. During the year previous the number of clearances 
 for foreign ports was 140 — 9,703 tons; number of entrances 
 12S — 8,605 tons. Vessels built, 10 (S ships, 2 schooners), 
 4,657 ton-s. Pop. in 1S30, 6,375 ; in 1840, 7,161 ; in 1S50, 
 9,572. 
 
 New Haven, t., p. city, port of entry, and cap. New Haven 
 CO., Conn. : one of the capitals of ('onnecticut, is situated at 
 the head of New Haven Bay, which sets up N. 4 m. from 
 Long Island Sound. Lat. N. 41° 18' 23", long. "VY. from 
 Greenwich 72° 56' 45", and E. from Washington 4° 5' 15". 
 It is 36 m. S. S. W. Hartford, the other capital of the State ; 
 from Boston by R. R. 160 m. ; from New York 76 m. ; from 
 Washington 223 m. New Haven colony was settled in 
 April, 1638; the city incorporated in 17'''. The city is on 
 a large and beautiful plain, slightly inclined to the water, 
 surrounded on three sides by hills, the termination of the 
 western trap range, of which the extreme points, called 
 East and West Rocks, are very bold, rocky eminences — the 
 former 870, the latter 400 feet high ; these are rude, bare 
 trap rocks, of lightered color, with nearly perpendicular 
 fronts, the most notable natural objects in the vicinity, and 
 much visited in summer by citizens and strangers to enjoy 
 the d<'lightliil prospect which they afford of the city, bay, 
 and Sound. New Haven (city) occupies about 6 sq. m., and 
 is very regularly laid out. The streets are so generally lined 
 with noble elms that the city is called "the City of Elms." 
 The central square, a public park, is bordered and crossed 
 with mnnerous rows of elms, and is considered the finest 
 public ground in the United States. The ''Temple-street 
 row of elms" is not surpassed for beauty in the world. In 
 this square are 3 fine churches, the State House, an elegant 
 edifices of Grecian architecture, built of brick, painted white, 
 and the monument to Colonel Dixwell, one of the regicides, 
 erected in 1S49. The profusion of foliage, the fine and 
 cleanly streets, with the rural appearance of many houses, 
 surro\mded by trees, shrubbery, ami gar<lens, which char- 
 acterize this city, combine in it the attractions of both city 
 and country. The churches, 22 in number, are handsome 
 structures. Of these, 8 are Congregational, 4 ICpiscopal, 4 
 Methodist, 2 Baptist. 2 Catholic, 1 Universalist, 1 Jewish 
 Synagogue. The cemetery, in the N. E. part of city, is beau- 
 tifully laid out, has an imposing entrance of freestone, in 
 Egyptian architecture, and snrronnclcd by high anil massive 
 iron fence and stone w.all. Here are internd the remains 
 of Kli Whitney, Noah Webster, Rev. J. Ashmun, Colonel 
 Humphrey, and many other eminent men. The new ceni- 
 84^ 
 
 etery, and Wooster Square, are fine grounds, well laid out 
 The State Hospital, founded in 1S32, is a substantial stone 
 edifice, on elevated ground. The new R. R. Station-house 
 is one of the finest structures of the kind in the United 
 States. A few of the manufactories are very extensive, par- 
 ticularly those of carriages and clocks. There are 4 banks, 
 wllh a capital of $1,9S7,C25. The tax.able pro])erty in 1S51 
 was assessed at .$12,720,911. Three newspapers are pub- 
 lished daily, publishing, also, tri-weekly and weekly e<U- 
 tions: "Journal and Courier" (whig), "Palladium" (whig), 
 "Columbian Register" (dem.), two quarterlies, "NewEu- 
 glandcr" (Cong.), and " Church Review" (Episc.) The 
 "Amerieim Journal of Science," commenced in 1819 by 
 Professor Silliman, now published bi-monthly, ranks with 
 the ablest scientific journals in Europe. " The Yale Literary 
 Mag;i7.ine" is published by the students motithly. 
 
 Yule Co/leye.—This noble institution (the third college 
 established in United States), founded in 1700, and removed 
 here in 1717, is, next to Harvard College, the principal uni- 
 versity in America. At present, and for a number of ye.ars 
 past, it has had a larger number of students in the collegiate 
 course than any other. Total number of .ilumni in 1850, 
 5,932, of whom 1.587 had entered the mini.stry; instructors, 
 22; students, 4;52 ; volumes in library, 51,000; commence- 
 ment, last Thursday in July. The edifices present a fine 
 appearance, fronting the public green. In the front range 
 are five large brick edifices, four stories high, occupied by 
 students ; three buildings, having cupolas, between the col- 
 lege halls, are used as chapel, recitatiim rooms, etc. In 
 the rear arc the library buildings, mineralogical cabinet, 
 Trumbull Gallery, etc. ; the former are fine edifices of brown 
 freestone, of Gothic architecture, divided into five separate 
 fire-proof com partinxMits. The central edifice, 151 feet long, 
 contains the college library ; the others contain libraries of 
 societies of students. The cabinet of minerals and geolog- 
 ical specimens is the most valuable in the Unite<i States, 
 and surpassed by only two in Europe. The Trumbull Galle- 
 ry, erected 1831, contains the splendid collection of paintings 
 of Col. John Trumbull, consisting of eight historical paintings 
 from subjects founded on the American Revolution, and 
 about250 portraits of distinguished persons. With the college 
 proper are associated four professional schools, viz., of med- 
 icine, law, theology, and scientific department. The Med- 
 ical College, founded in 1S1.3, has a fine edifice, valuable 
 anatomical museum, 6 professors, 38 students, 595 graduates. 
 The Theological Department, established 1S22, has 3 pro- 
 fessors, 38 stu<lents, 621 graduates, 900 volumes in library. 
 Law School, 2 professors, 26 stu<lents. Scientific School, 2 
 professors, 80 students. Besides Yale College, New Haven 
 h.'is many seminaries, male and female, of liigh reputation, 
 various learned societies, and two popular lyceuuis, having 
 libraries, reading-rooms, etc. 
 
 Ccnnmerce. — The harbor is spacious but .shallow, and 
 gradually filling up. It receives three rivers, IJuinnipiac 
 and Mill r. on the E., and West r. on the W. To accom- 
 modate large vessels, a wharf, called " Long Wharf," was 
 constructed many years since. The filling up of the harbor 
 has several times required its extension; it is now nearly a 
 mile in length, the longest in the United St.ites. New 
 Haven has a larger commerce with foreign countries than 
 any other port in the State, and an extensive coasting trade. 
 Its fisheries in oysters, clams, etc., are extensive and valua- 
 ble. The total toimagi^ of New Haven district, on SOth 
 June, 1850, was 15,731 tons, of which 4,995 tons were regis- 
 tered "permanent," and 10.736 tons were enrolled and 
 licensed. Of the latter 10,440 tons were employed in the 
 coasting trade, and 2,56s tons were propelled by steam. 
 During the year ending .30th June, 1S,50, the total of clear- 
 ances was 72 — 13,400 tons, men in crews. .591 ; number of 
 entrances, 89 — 16,177 tons, men in crews, 695. Vessels built 
 during the year, 12 — 1.110 tons. A pas-seng'T stcaml)oat 
 \>\\t>s daily to New York. Four inii)ortant railroails now 
 terminate at New Haven, and connect at the main station : 
 
CHIEF PLACES OF THE UNITED STATES. 
 
 to New York, 76 ni. ; to Springfield, 62 m. ; to New London, 
 50 m. ; to TarifTvillf, 45 m., wliich will be continued to North- 
 ampton. To these will be aUledthe directlinetoBoston, ria 
 Middletown. Pop. of cily in 1S30, 10,180 ; in 1S40, 12,960 ; in 
 1850, 20,345. Pop. of cily and t. in 1840, 14,890 ; in 1850, 22,539. 
 New London, t., p. city, port of entry, and semi-cap. 
 New London co., Coiui. : on W. banli of Thames r., 3 m. 
 from its entrance into Long Island Sound, 4=5 m. S. E. 
 Hartford, 43 m. E. New Haven. Lat. N. 41° 22', long. 
 W. 72° 9'. The harbor is the best in the State, and one of 
 the best in the United States. It has a depth of 30 feet, is 
 spacious and safe. Its entrance is narrow and defended by 
 forts Trumbull and Griswold; the former is garrisoned by 
 a company of U. S. Artillery. It is one fif the whaling ports 
 of New England. In 1849 it received 1,949 barrels of sperm 
 oil, .38,030 barrels of whale oil, and .301,100 pounds of 
 whalebone. The city is built upon an acclivity, rising from 
 the r. toward the W. and N. Back of the city is a summit 
 of high ground, where the observer has a fine view of the 
 harbor and surrounding country. The surface is uneven, 
 lying on granite rocks, on which account the city was laid 
 out irregularly ; but lately various improvements have been 
 made. This t. was settled in 1646, and a large portion of it 
 burnt by the British under Arnold, Sept. 6, 1781. It contains 
 the county buildings, 7 churches, academies, etc. There 
 are 3 banks with capital of 1^414,625. New London is con- 
 nected by railroad with New Haven, 50 m. ; with Willimantic, 
 30 m. ; and with Worcester from Allyn's Point, 66 m. There 
 is also a daily line of steamboats from New York. Two 
 newspapers are published daily, " Chronicle" (whig), and 
 "Moniing Star" (dem.); two weekly, "Chronicle," and 
 '"Democrat." This is the principal port in the State; and 
 the inhabitants are extensively engaged in the coasting 
 trade and the fisheries. On the 30th June, 1850, the total 
 tonnage of this district was 40,485 tons. The registered 
 tonnage was 23,364 tons, of which 22,504 were permanent 
 and 860 temporary; 2,622 tons were in the whale fishery. 
 The enrolled and licensed tonnage was 17,121 tons, of which 
 16,178 tons were permanent, 3,879 propelled by steam, 11,577 
 Were in the coasting trade, 3,594 in cod fishery, 1,007 iu 
 mackerel fishery ; of tonnage licensed under 20 tons, ISl tons 
 Were in the coasting trade, and 762 in cod fishery. During 
 the year preceding, the clearances for foreign countries were 
 IS — 4.943 tons ; number of entrances, do., 26 — 7,876 tons ; 
 number of vessels built, 8 (schooners) — 606 tons. Pop. in 
 1830, 4,356 ; in 1840, 5,519 ; in 1850, 8,991. 
 
 New Orleans, p. city, port of entry, and cap. Orleans 
 par.. La. : on the E. or left bank of the Mississippi river, 
 105 m. above its mouth, and in a direct line 78 m. S. E. 
 Baton Rouge. Lat. 29° 57' 30" N., and long. 90° W. 
 
 A traveler is struck on entering the city "with the old 
 and narrow streets, the high houses ornamented with taste- 
 ful cornices, iron balconies, and many other circumstances 
 peculiar to towns in France and Spain, and pointing out 
 the past history of this city, fated to change its masters so 
 often." The newer parts of the city are, however, built 
 more in the American style, the streets being wide and 
 regularly laid out. Many of the dwellings are built in a 
 style of magnificence and beauty that will rival those of any 
 other city, while the beautiful grounds attached to them, 
 filled with the luxuriant foliage of the south, give to them an 
 air of comfort and ease which are seldom enjoyed by the 
 city resident. There are in the city six public squares, laid 
 out with taste, inclosed with handsome fencing, and 
 adorned with a variety of trees and shrubbery. These 
 afford a i)lcasant retreat from the heat and glare of the 
 streets, and tend also to improve the health of the city. 
 The old city is built in the form of a parallelogram. The 
 present city consists of this part, the suburbs of St. Marj's, 
 Anunciation. and La Course, called Faubourgs, and the City 
 of Lafayette above, and the suburbs of Maugney, Dournoisi 
 and Declouet below, and Treme and St. John in the rear. 
 Including these, it extends about 5 miles along the river, and 
 
 is rapidly being extended back tow.ird Lake Pontchartr.iin, 
 with which it communicates by means of the Basin, Canal, 
 and Bayou St. John, with Mobile, Pensaccrfa, and the 
 whole Gulf shiire. It also communicates by moans of the 
 bayoux Plaquemine and Lafourche with the Attakapas 
 country, and has many other communications by means of 
 the numerous bayoux and lakes with the lower part of 
 Louisiana. 
 
 The charter of this now opulent city was granted in 1805. 
 In 1836 it was thought advisable to divide the city into 
 three separate municipalities, each with distinct municipal 
 powers. These municipalities extended backward six miles 
 to Lake Pontchartrain. The first municipality was divided 
 into Ave wards, and the second and third into four wards 
 each. Each had a recorder and twelve aldermen, except 
 the third, which had only seven aldermen. A mayor and 
 twelve aldermen, four aldermen from each municipality, 
 elected by general ticket, and called the general council, 
 presi<ied over the whole city. This system was altered in 
 1S52, when the city was organized into one community, 
 embracing also the city of Lafayette, under a single admin- 
 istration. 
 
 The Mississippi opposite the city is half a mile wide, and 
 from 100 to 160 feet deep, and continues of this depth to 
 near the Gulf, where there are bars, having only from 13 to 
 16 feet of water. The city is built on an inclined plane, the 
 declivity falling gently from the river to the swamps in the 
 rear. At high water it is from three to nine feet below the 
 water surface, and, to protect it from inundation, an em- 
 bankment called the Zeree is raised on its border. " Levee" 
 is a French W(jrd of primary importance within the State of 
 Louisiana ; it pervades its statute books, and is heard daily 
 within its halls of justice. There is little or no land on the 
 banks of the river in this State, if we except an inconsider- 
 able quantity in the neighborhood of Baton liouge, which 
 would not be covered with the waters of the Mississippi in 
 the spring months, were it not for the artificial embank- 
 ment which the industry of man has raised to exclude 
 them. The Levee of New Orleans is one continuous land- 
 ing-place or quay, four miles in extent, and of au average 
 width of 100 feet. It is 15 feet above low water mark, and 
 6 feet above the level of the city, to which it is graduated by 
 an easy descent. Like the river it margins, it holds a ser- 
 pentine course, advancing or receding as the Mississippi 
 encroaches upon the city, or falls off toward the opposite 
 bank. It is constructed of deposit, a rich alluvion swept 
 from the N., and held in suspension by the waters until 
 their rapidity is checked by a sudden change of direction, or 
 swollen to overflowing, they spread over the adjacent swamps 
 again to retire and again to bless the land they have visited 
 by an increase of soil. The deposit is so great, and the con- 
 sequent formation of new land so rapid immediately in 
 front of that portion of the quay, which is most used for the 
 purposes of commerce, that it has within a few years be- 
 come necessary to build piled wharves, jutting out from 50 
 to 100 feet into the river. The new formation which is 
 governed as to its locality by what may well be termed thu 
 freaks of the Mississippi, is called " batture," and when it 
 litis progressed to such an extent as to be left bare by the 
 returning water at its lowest stage, is held capable of own- 
 ership. Here may be seen what New Orleans was before 
 the application of steam to navigation. Hundreds of long, 
 narrow, blacJc, dirty-looking, crocodile-like rafts lie slug- 
 gishly without moorings upon the soft batture, and pour out 
 their contents upon the quay — a heterogenous compound of 
 the products of the Upper Mississippi and its tributaries. 
 These are rafts, or fiat-boats, as they are technically called, 
 each frequently carrying cargoes valued at from $3,000 to 
 $15,000. Twenty years ago, and these were the only craft 
 on the river! nor has their number been dcore.ised since 
 the introduction of the steamboat. Not less characteristic 
 of New Orleans is the landing of the latter class of craft. 
 The quay is here all action, and the very water is covered 
 
 349 
 
CHIEF PLACES OF THE UNITED STATES. 
 
 with life. Huge vessels float upon its bosom which ac- 
 knowledge none ol'tlie powers ot air and wait no tide. One 
 is weighed down to the guards with cotton, a fn'ight of 
 3,000 bales— .$180,000 ! Twenty more lie side by si«ie laden 
 with the same commodity. Huge piles, bale upon bale, 
 story above story, cover the levee. Pork without end, as if 
 the Ohio had emptied its lap at the door of New Orleans; 
 and flour by the thousand barrels rolled out \ipon the quay 
 and heaped up— a large area is covered with these two 
 products of the up-country, and still appears seemingly un- 
 diminished, although the sfller, the buyer, and drayman 
 are busy in the midst of it. Here is a boat freighted with 
 lead from Galena ; and another brings furs and peltry 
 from the head waters of the Missouri, 8,o00 miles to the 
 north-west! The Illinois, the Ohio, the Missouri, the Ark- 
 ansas, and Red lUver, all are tributaries to this commercial 
 dep6t, and send down to its wharves merchantable material 
 of the annual value oi one hundred million of dollars more 
 or less. Nearly 20,000 miles of inland navigation is tribu- 
 tary to this city. Tlie quay appropriated to the foreign and 
 coastwise shipi)ing presents another and a different scene. 
 Here the cotton bale, tobacco hogshead, pork and flour bar- 
 rel, and the whisky cask yield to bales of foreign and do- 
 mestic manufactures, jjipes of wine, and crates of wares. 
 The shipping stretches away as far as the eye can reach, 
 two miles or more in extent three tiers deep, with their 
 heads to the current cun-ing with the river — a beautiful 
 crescent. The English, the French, the Spanish, the Dane, 
 the Russian, the Swede, the Hollander, etc., are here com- 
 mingled, and compete for the commerce of the teeming 
 West. 
 
 The following statistics will exhibit the extent and value 
 of the trade of New Orleans, in 1S50-51 : 
 
 1.— Receipts down the Mississippi, from the interior: 
 
 Apples bris. . 54,S0S 
 
 Bacon cks. . 4S,Cii2 
 
 Bacon brls.. 9,274 
 
 Bacon, hams. " . . 44,478 
 
 Bacon in blk. lbs. . 2^5,000 
 
 Bagging pes.. 72.804 
 
 Bale rope coils . 107.224 
 
 Beans brls.. 4.23G 
 
 Butter kegs. 54.907 
 
 Butter brls.. 2,720 
 
 Beeswax brls. . 2-30 
 
 Beef ........ bl.&tc 4-8,006 
 
 Beef, dried... lbs. . 15,300 
 
 Buff, robes. . .nks.. 155 
 
 Cot.,La.& Mi. bales 618,156 
 
 Cot., Lake " .. 
 
 " N. Ala. & 
 Ten " .. 
 
 " Ark " .. 
 
 " Montg. .. " .. 
 
 " Mobile... " .. 
 
 " Florida . " .. 
 
 " Texas... " .. 
 Corn meal . . . brls. . 
 Corn in ears . " .. 
 Com shelled. sks. . 
 
 Cheese bxs. , 
 
 Can<lles " . 
 
 Cider brls.. 
 
 Coal, westcrn.bsh. , 
 
 14,399 
 
 236,821 
 
 62,793 
 
 18,051 
 
 24,473 
 
 11,091 
 
 9,252 
 
 3,662 
 
 42,526 
 
 1,298,932 
 
 78,894 
 
 80,"4S 
 
 245 
 
 700,000 
 
 Drd. peaches 
 
 . " . 
 
 2,685 
 
 Dried apples 
 
 . " . 
 
 4,108 
 
 Flax-seed . . 
 
 .tcs... 
 
 204 
 
 Flour 
 
 .brls.. 
 
 941,106 
 
 Furs 
 
 .pkgs. 
 
 1,2S9 
 
 
 
 3,645 
 25.116 
 
 Hemp 
 
 .bis. . 
 
 Hides 
 
 -No. . 
 
 140,338 
 
 Hay 
 
 .bis. . 
 
 4S.2S1 
 
 Iron, pig ... 
 
 . tons . 
 
 152 
 
 Lar.l 
 
 . tcs. . . 
 
 115.570 
 
 Lar.l 
 
 .kas . 
 
 157,931 
 
 Lime 
 
 .brls.. 
 
 87.733 
 
 Lead 
 
 .pigs. 
 
 825,51(5 
 
 Lead 
 
 . bars . 
 
 029 
 
 Lead, white . 
 
 .kegs. 
 
 1,930 
 
 Molasses 
 
 .brls.. 
 
 184,483 
 
 Oats 
 
 . " .. 
 
 479.741 
 
 Onions 
 
 . " .. 
 
 14,297 
 
 Oil, linseed . 
 
 . " .. 
 
 478 
 
 Oil, castor . . . 
 
 . " .. 
 
 4.145 
 
 Oil, lard 
 
 . " .. 
 
 17,1.57 
 
 Pickles 
 
 . " .. 
 
 893 
 
 Potatoes " .. 192.922 
 
 Pork " .. 73G.0S4 
 
 Pork bxs.. 1,980 
 
 Pork hhds. 1,231 
 
 Pork in bulk. lbs. .10,518,895 
 
 Porter »fc ale.. brls.. 
 Packing yarn.rls... 
 Skins, deer ..pks. . 
 
 Shot kgs . 
 
 Sugar hhds. 
 
 Sugar brls. . 
 
 Soap bxs. . 
 
 Shingles 
 
 3S4 
 
 4,190 
 
 1,119 
 
 2.044 
 
 125,755 
 
 18.075 
 
 9,4->4 
 
 5u,000 
 
 Staves 9,000,000 
 
 kgs. 
 
 Tallow brls.. 
 
 Tobacco, leaf. hhds. 
 Tobacco, 
 chewing. 
 
 Tobacco bis... 
 
 Twine bdls.. 
 
 Whisky brls. . 
 
 Window glassbxs. . 
 Wheat, brls. »fe sks.. 
 
 6,164 
 
 64,080 
 
 4,115 
 
 220 
 
 3,156 
 
 157,741 
 
 16,423 
 
 88,797 
 
 Value in 1S50-51,$106,924.083 
 " 1849-50, 96,817,873 
 
 Value in 1848-19, $81,989,692 
 " 1847-^, 79,779,151 
 
 2. — Receipts by Lake Pontchartrain and the New Canal : 
 
 Cotton bis. . 40.329 
 
 Timber feet .33,107,000 
 
 Wood crds. 27,820 
 
 Bricks No. .24,000,000 
 
 Sand brls. 
 
 Shells " ., 
 
 Charcoal " .. 
 
 Tar " .. 
 
 Shingles No. . 
 
 Laths " . 
 
 Staves " . 
 
 Sash and doorprs.. 
 
 Sp.Turp brls., 
 
 Rosin " . . 
 
 Salt sk,s. . 
 
 Cotton gins. . . No. . 
 
 Hides " .. 
 
 Com mills. .. " .. 
 Domestics.. ..bis. . 
 Sheepskins . . " . 
 
 Hay " . 
 
 Buckets doz. . 
 
 197,000 
 
 52,200 
 
 110.6110 
 
 2.289 
 
 2,392,000 
 
 8,160,000 
 
 632,000 
 
 7,800 
 
 8,094 
 
 10,250 
 
 15,799 
 
 549 
 
 3,955 
 
 70 
 
 959 
 
 8 
 
 35 
 
 632 
 
 Tobacco, leaf. bxs. 
 Merchandise. bxs. . 
 
 Moss bis. . 
 
 Cotton 8eed..bgs.. 
 
 Wool " . 
 
 Sugar hhds. 
 
 Mola.sses brls.. 
 
 Fish " .. 
 
 Knees No.. 
 
 Pickets " .. 
 
 Clapboards... " .. 
 Gunny bags.. bis. . 
 lloop poles ..No. . 
 Horned cattle. " .. 
 
 Pork brls. . 
 
 Paper bdls. 
 
 Castor oil cans. 
 
 Lime brls.. 
 
 Lime cks. . 
 
 Hemp bis.. . 
 
 Cement brls.. 
 
 Plaster hhds. 
 
 758 
 22 
 
 205 
 95 
 30 
 
 970 
 
 772 
 
 no 
 
 1,4S0 
 
 24,900 
 
 43,900 
 
 l;35 
 
 40,000 
 
 200 
 
 95 
 
 61 
 
 81 
 
 1,002 
 
 129 
 
 20 
 
 150 
 
 12 
 
 8. — Principal exports, coastwise, including exports via Pontchartrain Railroad and New Canal, to Mobile, etc. : 
 
 Cntton. 
 
 Ports. Bales. 
 
 New York 52,.S9S .. 
 
 Boston 82,540 . . 
 
 Philadelphia. . . 14,867 . . 
 
 Baltimore 2,511 .. 
 
 Charleston — 
 
 Savannah — 
 
 Norfolk, etc. ... — 
 
 Alexandria — 
 
 Mobile — 
 
 Appalac, etc. . . — 
 
 Other ports 501 . . 
 
 4, 
 
 10,087 
 1,594 , 
 1,118 
 754 , 
 
 1.8,595 , 
 
 738 . 
 
 10,264 , 
 
 3,670 . 
 
 3,517 , 
 
 4,072 , 
 552 , 
 8,840 
 1,071 
 2,833 . 
 
 Sugar. 
 Barrels. 
 
 655 . 
 
 27 ., 
 867 ., 
 237 ., 
 660 ., 
 
 89 . 
 120 . 
 
 2,266 . 
 
 254 . 
 
 3,469 . 
 
 . 72,584 
 
 . 88,925 
 
 . 418 
 
 . 6,175 
 
 Pork. 
 Barrels. 
 
 55,849 
 77,806 , 
 
 5,533 
 13,421 
 
 1,003 
 
 ISa 
 
 T.ard. 
 
 Hl.ds. 
 
 9,856 ..209^825 
 6,503 ..224,888 
 
 Beef. Whigky. 
 
 2,763 
 1,843 
 2,872 
 
 . 41,045 .. 
 . 32,5S5 . . 
 . 2,769 . . 
 
 Barrets. 
 
 8,055 . . 
 
 13,4;35 . . 
 
 421 .. 
 
 955 .. 
 
 119 .. 
 
 Ba 
 
 1,.3S1.. 160,723 
 2,242 . . 32,461 
 
 268 , 
 
 1,542, 
 
 11,514 . 
 
 9,477 
 23,978 
 
 Principal exports to foreign countries, in 1849-50 : 
 
 Cntton. Tob; 
 
 Great Britain, 582,872 
 
 France 130,-802 
 
 North of Europe 47,786 
 
 South of Europe, etc 84,120 
 
 Flour, 264,856 b;irrels; pork, 16,2.30 bris.; lard, 188,.353 
 kegs ; beef, 20.645 barrels ; corn, 158,613 sacks. 
 850 
 
 150,960 .. 22,890 .. 19,972 .. 40,046 .. 3,785 .. 50,383 ..150,125 
 
 The arrivals at New Orleans from the interior, etc., in 1849- 
 50 Vicrc: flat hoaU 941— from Ohio 218, from Kentucky 58,' 
 from Indiana 298, from Virginia 12, ft-om Pennsylvania 222, 
 from Illinois 19, from Tennessee 104, and from Mississippi 
 10 ; and the river steamboats 2,918. 
 
 The tot.ll value of domestic merchandise exported from 
 New Orleans to foreign countries from the 1st July, 1850, to 
 80th June, 1.851, amounted to .$53,988,01.3, of which to the 
 value of $33,022,609 was carried in American, and $15,965,404 
 
 13,223 
 4,182 
 9,393 
 
 18,859 
 
CHIEF PLACES OF THE UNITED STATES. 
 
 in foreign bottoms ; and the total value of foreign merchan- 
 dise re-exported was $44.'),9o0, of which to the value of 
 Ji?SS,26o was carried in American, and $57,685 in foreign 
 bottoms. The following are the entrances and clearances 
 in the foreign trade in the year above named : 
 Cleakances : 
 
 Foreign 
 
 Quarter ending 
 
 80th September, 1S50, 
 31st December, " . 
 31st March, 1=51. 
 
 SOtliJune, " 
 
 Vessels. 
 
 Tonnaje.' 
 
 Vensela. 
 
 Tdnnage. 
 
 ...1C9.. 
 
 .. 44.549. 
 
 .. 52.. 
 
 . 19,867 
 
 ...lU.. 
 
 . 53.946.. 
 
 .. 66... 
 
 . 20.937 
 
 ...18S.. 
 
 . 85,747.. 
 
 ..119... 
 
 . 53.762 
 
 ...234.. 
 
 .108.716.. 
 
 .. 83... 
 
 . 84,383 
 
 Total 045. . . .292,953. . . .325. . . .123,949 
 
 Enteakces : 
 
 Quarter ending 
 
 80th September, 1S60. 
 31st December, " . 
 81st March, 1851. 
 
 30th June, '• . 
 
 Vessels, Tonnage, Vessels. 'lonuage. 
 
 ... 61.... 16,177.... 42.... 14,347 
 ...158.... 61,487.... 106.... 40,827 
 ..178.... 64.104.... 97.... 45,208 
 ...146.... 53.368.... 88.... 36,618 
 
 Total 543. . . .195,136. . . .333. . . .137,000 
 
 The total number of entrances in the coastwise trade in 
 1S5U-51 was 1,227 vessels, of the aggregate burden of 353,175 
 tons, and the total number of clearances was 1,178, of the 
 aggregate burden of 4-35,892 tons. 
 
 The manufactures of New Orleans are not extensive. 
 There are several furnaces, machine shops, distilleries, 
 sugar refineries, lumber yards, steam saw-mills, tobacco 
 factories, etc. — in all using a capital of some three mdlions 
 
 Cash I.i-il)ilities 
 Banks— Specie paying. Cirrn!ati<m. Total. 
 
 Louisiana Bank $S31,'i.39 ....$.3,939,406 ... 
 
 Canal and Banking Co l,3iil,595 .... 2,761,022 . . . 
 
 Louisiana State Bank 1,712,975 .... 4,448.714 . . . 
 
 Mechanics' andTraders'Bank 9o2.So5 .... 3,153,043 ... 
 Union Bank 25,810.... 69,892 .. 
 
 Non .Specie paying. 
 
 Citizens' Bank 11,061 .... 13,608 ... 
 
 Consolidated Association .... 2ti,295 .... 21,047 . . 
 
 Total $4,835,831 . . . $14,407,538 . . . 
 
 A branch of the United States mint is located here ; also 
 the U. S. land office for the land district of New Orleans ; 
 the U. 8. custom-house, and other federal establishments. 
 The mint has extensive buildings on the Esplanade; the 
 main edifice is 282 feet long and IdS feet deep, and its two 
 wings are 81 feet by 29 feet, the whole of three stories. The 
 coinage at this branch is only gold an<l silver. For tlie year 
 eniling 1st July, 1851, the value of gold deposits was 
 $8,285,637, and of gold money coined, $8,994,000; of the de- 
 posits, $8,152,879 was California gold, and of tlie coinage, 
 $6,670,000 were double eagles, $1,495,000 eagles, $165,000 
 half eagles, $510,000 quarter eagles, and $154,000 dollar 
 pieces ; and the value of silver deposits was $822,085, of 
 which $57,572 was silver extracted from California gold, and 
 of the coinage $3,000 were dollar pieces, $856,000 half dol- 
 lars, $69,000 quarter dollars, $53,(100 dimes, $51,500 half 
 dimes, and $18,000 three cent pieces. Total deposits, 
 $9,107.722— coinage, $10,044,500. The custom-house at this 
 place, when completed, will be one of the most ex-pensive 
 buildings in the Union, and a great ornament to the city. It 
 is situate on the Levee at the c<5rner of Canal Street. The 
 building will also contain apartments for the U. S. Courts, 
 and other accommodations for the general government. It 
 will be almost as large as the Capitol at Washington with 
 the additions now being made. The material is to come 
 from the celebrated Quincy quarries. On the right and 
 left of the cathedr.al on the Place d'Armes are the district 
 and city oflBces — one in the Tuscan and the other in the 
 
 64 
 
 of dollars ; and besides these there are the handicrafts com- 
 mon to all large cities, whicli in the aggregate make up a 
 respectable list of occupations. The must extensive foundry 
 and machine shop of the south-west is that of Jolin Leeds 
 & Co. in this city ; it employs 175 men, and from 4 to 5 tons 
 of metal are daily melted down and run off into the tliou- 
 sand-,ind-one things f jr which iron and brass nmy be used 
 — a steam-engine and sugar-mill down to a nut and screw. 
 This establishment has grown up from a litlle shop owned 
 by the father of one of the principals 20 years ago, and is a 
 fair illustration of what, from small beginnings, American 
 energy, perseverance, ami enterprise, can accomplish. Its 
 cotton presses are among the largest in the Union, and cover 
 an immense area. The New Orleans Cotton I'ress occupies 
 an area of 194,056 square feet, most of which is covered by 
 the buildings. On an average, 160,01)0 bales of cotton are 
 annually pressed at this establishment. Tlie market houses 
 of New Orleans are in general substantial and expensive 
 buihlings; the meat market on the Levee is a conspicuous 
 building, and is one of the principal objects seen fnjm the 
 river; St. Mary's Market is 436 feet long, and 42 feet in 
 width; and Washington Market is also an extensive build- 
 ing. These are well supplied with all kinds of south-west- 
 em produce, and abound in tropical fruits and esculents. 
 The retail trade of New Orleans is extravagantly provided 
 for ; its stores and sales-rooms are magnificent, and their pa- 
 tronage beyond precedent large. The dress, habits, and 
 customs of the inhabitants require this lavish exhibition of 
 merchandise, and they willingly support it at an immense 
 cost to individual revenue. The New Orleans banks are 
 seven in number, and their condition on the 30th Nov., 
 1S50, was as follows : 
 
 Cash Assets. 
 
 Specie. 
 
 fil,354,0S8 ... 
 
 1,126,140 ... 
 
 1.649,045 ... 
 
 1,526,957 ... 
 
 81,717 .-. 
 
 14,448 ... 
 
 7,694 ... 
 
 ^ Total I.iahilities, 
 
 Total. e.xclusive of Capital. 
 
 $5,701 ,.'551 .... $.3,939,406 .. 
 
 3.895,059 .... 2.761,028 .. 
 
 4,971,969 .... 4,448,714 .. 
 
 4,177.313 .... 8,153,843 .. 
 
 . 408,668 .... 69,892 .. 
 
 245,008 
 14,767 
 
 6,943,496 
 1,033,491 
 
 Total 
 Assets. 
 
 $8,802,741 
 7,010,966 
 
 , 6,745,741 
 5,228,457 
 
 . 4,459,931 
 
 6,457.779 
 1,281,139 
 
 $5,700,089 ...$19,409,335 ...$22,954,871 ....$39,845,904 
 
 Doric style, and both two stories high. These accommodate 
 the city council, the courts of the district and parish, the 
 police, city guard, etc. New Orleans was capital of tho 
 State until 1849, in which year the State records were re- 
 moved to Baton Rouge. The old State-house, formerly tho 
 Charity Hospital, is a good building, occupies a square be- 
 tween Common and Canal streets, and consists of a main 
 building and two detached wings. 
 
 New Orleans is magnificent in its church buildings 
 though there are complaints that there is not sufficient ac- 
 commodation for the large population it contains. Includ- 
 ing chapels, there are 19 Catholic places of worship. The 
 Cathedral of St. Louis, on the Place d'.\rmes, is a venerable 
 and imposing structure. It was founded in 1792 by Don 
 Audr6 on the condition that masses be offered every Satur- 
 day evening for the repose of his soul, and the tolling of the 
 bell at sunset on that day still proclaims the observance of 
 the custom. The Episcopalians, Presbyterians, Methodists, 
 etc., have also churches. The Methodist church on the cor- 
 ner of Poydras and Carondolct streets is a splendid copy 
 of the temple of Theseus, with a steeple 170 feet in height. 
 The Second Presbyterian church in Lafayette Square, is also 
 a handsome structure, and has a fine portico of Groeco-Doric 
 architecture. The Episcopal churches, of which there are 
 3, are substiintial, without any distinguishing features. 
 
 The newspaper press of New Orleans is world-renowned, 
 and its issues are among the most talented in the Union 
 There are 9 daily newspapers, the " Crescent" (neuL), the 
 
 351 
 
CHIEF PLACES OF THE UNITED STATES. 
 
 "Dcltii" (di'in.). the - P.cayuiif." (wliifr), the "True Delta" 
 (neut.), all of which alsoi88U<; week lyeJilions, the " Uullulin" 
 (whift), whicli has also a semi-Wfokly edition, the " Orlean- 
 ean" (neut.), the -'Slate (ja/.i-tte" (<leni.), the "Bee"' (whi"), 
 and the " (Joiirier" (ileni.) 'I'he " Franco-American" is issued 
 tri-weekly, and the " I'riccs Currenl" semi-weekly. Tlie 
 weeklies are "La Propagateur Catholique" (relig.), and 
 "La Patria" (wlii^). In- IJow's " lievii-w of the Southern 
 and We.stern St^ites" (.statistical), is published monthly. The 
 last-named is one of the most usrt'ul and complete works of 
 the kind in the Union, and ouf;lu to he in llie library of 
 every person wishing to keep up with the progress of the 
 country. The "lU-sourcis of the Soutlurn ami Westirn 
 suites'' lately piihlislu-d by I'rofis*or De Kow, isalsi> a work 
 of great and lasting value, more exact and detailed in its 
 subjects llijin any work hillier[i> issued from the Anurican 
 press, and has luen of essential service iu the Comijilation 
 of tills Gazetteer. 
 
 The means jirovidcd for education are ample. Besides 
 the public schools and academics, Ihe city contains several 
 collegiate establishments ami literary iiisliliitions. The Uni- 
 versity was founded in ISIS). The buildings consist of a 
 central edifice lUO feet front and lll4 feet deep, with two de- 
 tached wings. The main building is occupied by the medi- 
 cal department, and contains three large lecture-rooms, 
 each of which will contain more than 000 persons, a large 
 museum of anatomy, dissecting-rooms, etc., and the other 
 buildings are appropriated to the academic, law, and other 
 departments. There are 7 professors in the academic de- 
 partment, 8 in the law department, and 7 in the medical 
 department. There is also a chair of political economy, at 
 present ably filled by Professor J. D. 15. De Bow, head of the 
 Census Bureau at Washington. The students in the medi- 
 cal department enjoy clinics in the (hurily Hospital, an insti- 
 tution which surpasses all others in the United States as a 
 school of practical instruction. This hospital is situate on 
 Common Street, between St. Mary and Girond streets, and is 
 290 feet long, and three stories high. There are generally 
 1,000 patients in the wards. In 1S51 the whole number of 
 patients admitted was l'-t,476, discharged 1,5,989, and died 
 1,SS4, leaving 1,603. The surgical cases numbereil about 
 2,600; and about one-half the medical cases were intermit- 
 tent and remittent fevers — of the first 6,871 cases, and of the 
 latter 2..366 cases are reported. From the cupola of the 
 building the view is magnificent. This institution is the 
 rcfnge alike of the citizen and stranger in times of sickness, 
 anil is attended chiefly by those exemplary women who.se 
 deeds of charity reflect so great an honor on the Catholic 
 Church. 
 
 New Orleans has nine cemeteries: the Protestant, the 
 Catholic, Cypress Grove, the Odd Fellows', St. Vincent de 
 Paul, St. Patrick's, Potter's Field, the Charity Hospital, and 
 Lafayette. These are all conspicuous appendages of the 
 city. The Catholic and Protestant cemeteries are unique in 
 place and method of interment. Each is inclosed in a brick 
 ■wall of arched cavities, or ovens, as they are here called, 
 made just large enough to admit a single coflBn, and raised 
 tier upon tier to the height of about 12 feet, with a thickness 
 of 10. The whole inclosure is divided into plats, with gravel 
 paths intersecting each other ;it right angles, and is densely 
 covered with tombs built wholly above ground, and from 
 one to three stories in height. This method of sepulchre is 
 adopted from necessity, and burial underground is never 
 attempted excepting in Ihe Potter's Field, where the stranger 
 ■without friends, and the poor without money find an uncer- 
 tain rest, the water with which the soil is always saturated 
 often forcing the coflin and its contents out of its narrow 
 and shallow cell, to rot with no other covering than the arch 
 of heaven. The cemeteries here indeed look as if modeled 
 after a growing city. The tombs have an air of freshness 
 about them; the peculiarity of their structure, their close 
 juxtaposition, filling plats like blocks of buildings, the well- 
 graveled walks between, the walls about the whole, ■with 
 852 
 
 their numerous receptacles ot the dead, rising story above 
 story, almost jx-rsuade the visitor that he stands in the midst 
 of a panorama of the great mart of commerce, the former 
 inhabitants of which now inhabit these cities of the dead. 
 The total number of burials in the several cemeteries in 
 1849 was 9,S0'J. of which ;3,r)G9 were of foreigners, 1,30S of 
 the United Slates, of which number only 774 Were natives 
 of Xew Orleans, and 4,9so of birih unknown. These facts 
 speak volumes — one lialf the deaths of iiersons without 
 name or country ! and yet thousands press on to fill tlio void 
 thus created, and in their turn to be numbered with the 
 unknown deail. 
 
 The hotels and theatres of Xew Orleans are also distin- 
 guishing features of the city, and among its most splendid 
 buildings Ihe St. Charles Theatre, on the east side of SU 
 Charles Street, cost about $:-i50,oi)(», and is 132 feet long, by 
 liO feet deep. The Orleans, or French Theatre, is also a 
 large and expensive building, running from Orleans Street 
 to St. Anne Street, and the performances are done in the 
 French language. The American theatre, corner of Camp 
 and Poydras streets, is 16u feet by 60, and cost about $1.30,000. 
 These three theatres will in the aggregate accommodate 
 4,500 persons, and are nightly filled, often to sulfocation. 
 Among the hotels, the principal are St. Charles', Exchange, 
 City Exehange.Verandah, Orleans, and others, almost equal 
 in extent and good accoiimiodations. Some of these are not 
 surpassed inbeauty of structure, substantiality, and jxipular- 
 ity by any in the Union. The St. Charles" was destroyed by 
 fire in IsoO, and is now being rebuilt on a more magnificent 
 scale than before, at a cost estimated at $600,000. As the 
 majority of persons having business in the city reside there 
 only temporarily, these are constantly crowded with boarders. 
 
 The city is supplied with water from the Mississippi. The 
 water-works, which belong to the Commercial Bank, cost 
 about $725,000. The reservoir, into which the water is 
 raised by a steam-engine, is constructed on an artificial 
 mound, and is 21 feet higli at its base, with sides 250 feet 
 in length, and capable of containing nearly 10,000,000 gal- 
 lons. The reservoir has four compartments, and when the 
 water is cleared, it Is distributed through iron pipes to the 
 city. There is also an aqueduct built at the expense of the 
 city, costing $120,000, which, by conducting water to cleanse 
 the gutters, tends greatly to neutralize or wash away the 
 filth of the streets, and to the promotion of general health 
 in the hot season. 
 
 New Orleans, from its low situation, more than from its 
 warm and moist climate, suffers periodically from the yel- 
 low fever. No smnmer, indeed, passes over without the 
 visitation of this terril)le malady, and it not unfrequently 
 rages as an epidenne. In 1S41, '4-S, '47, this distemper was 
 very fatal, while in 1842, '44, '46, '48, and '49, the number of 
 cases were comparatively small, and in 1845 only one case 
 is reported. In 1847 the admissions into the Charity Hospi- 
 tal, on account of yellow fever, numbered no less than 2,811, 
 and the admissions for intermittent and remittent fevers 
 were commensurately great, having been nearly 4,000. 
 These visitafions have no doubt been the means of retard- 
 ing the growth of the city, but that the salubrity of the cli- 
 mate is gradually being improved is certain, and when in a 
 few years the swamps iu the neighborhood are fillc<l iu, the 
 location will be as healthy as that of any other southern 
 port. During the winter and spring the climate is reputed 
 healthy, and thousands fiock to the city from all quarters of 
 the world— some for liealth, others for pleasure, and still 
 more in coimection with the immense business of all kinda 
 which is here transacted. 
 
 Perhaps no city of the Union is so diversified in its popu- 
 lation. The sunny isles of the Antilles, Mexico, Central 
 America, and So\ith America, France and Spain, and the 
 other States of Europe, and the sister States northward, have 
 each representatives amotig the inhabitants. The colored 
 races, however, preponderate, and slave or free make up one- 
 half at least. Of the while races, the American, French, and 
 
Spanish constitute tlie larger portion, and in tlicse classes are 
 found what may be denominated tlie aristocracy. The Irish 
 here, as in other quarters, though forming a large dass, are 
 but the " hewers of wood and drawers of water" — the laborers 
 and levee-men, respectable only on election day and among 
 themselves. The English and Scot<h are lew in proportion, 
 and are chiefly connected with the foreign commerce as mer- 
 chants or factors, seldom remaining longer in the city than is 
 necessary for the transaction of their particular business ; nor 
 do the Germans form a large class. This admixture of races 
 is in some degree embarrassing ; so many languages, various 
 customs and manners, and in habits so different, no thor- 
 ough amalgamation can take place ; and it is even necessary 
 to support newspapers and periodicals of different lan- 
 guages, each of which in its opinions and ideas is at vari- 
 ance with the other. But this circumstance has also its 
 advantages — it elicits much that is useful and cosmopolitan, 
 tending to soften the asperity of nationalities, and to the fra- 
 ternization of races. The vices and virtues of such a com- 
 munity stand in bold relief, and Sunday bull-baiting, gaming, 
 and balls, contrast harshly with the divine exercises appro- 
 priate to that day of rest. 
 
 The railroads diverging from New Orleans are as yet few 
 in number, designed chiefly to facilitate the transit of goods 
 by short routes to and from the adjacent shipping places. 
 These are the roads to Lake Pontchartrain, to Lake Borgne, 
 and to Carrollton on the Mississippi. The commercial men 
 of the city, however, have determined upon the prosecution 
 of several important lines, which will secure to it a com- 
 merce which was fast lapsing to the Atlantic ports. The 
 principal of these are the New Orleans, .Tackson, and North- 
 ern E. R. ; the New f >rleans, Opelousns, and Great Western 
 E. R. ; the New Orleans and Nashville R. R. ; and a rail- 
 road from Mobile, connecting with the navigation of Lake 
 Pontchartrain, which will supersede the tedious navigation 
 of the passes along the southern shore of Mississippi. The 
 canals of New Orleans have been opened with the same 
 design as that fulfilled by the existing railroads 
 
 Opposite to New Orleans, and connecting with it by a 
 ferry, is the town of Algiers, the principal workshop of the 
 city. Here are several extensive ship-yards, and numerous 
 artisans engaged in building and repairing vessels. At 
 Macdonough, above and adjoining it, is the United States 
 Marine Hospital, a splendid building, used for the purpose 
 Its name designates. Belleville lies below and also adjoins 
 Algiers, and has many fine residences. Many of the seats 
 in the suburbs of the city are surrounded with spacious 
 gardens, splendidly ornamented with orange, lemon, mag 
 nolia, an<l other trees. 
 
 The history of New Orleans in its early epochs is that of 
 the whole French settlements in Lower Louisiana. This 
 will be found under its appropriate caption. The city 
 was founded in 1717, and named after the Due d'Or- 
 leans, then regent of France, but the site was abandoned 
 soon alter, and not settled again until 172'2. Soon after this 
 it began to prosper, and const:int accessions were made to 
 the population by the arrival of immigrants. By the treaty 
 of 1763, New Orleans, -with all Louisiana west of the Missis- 
 sippi, was transferred to Spain by treaty. The population 
 now numbered 3,li>0. The transfer greatly provoked the 
 French inhabitants, and some opposition was made, but ni 
 the end the Spanish laws were gradually introduced, and, 
 by a beneficent administration, the city so flourished under 
 the new government, that the population in 1785 had in- 
 creased to 4,9S0 — a groat movement in those days. In 1792, 
 the city was divided into four wards, and its police greatly 
 improved, and two years later the first newspaper was pub- 
 lished. The country was prosperous at tht! commencement 
 of the French Revolution; but in ISOl, Spain having fallen 
 into the power of France, it was retroceded to that nation, 
 and in 1S03 was sold to the United States by the French. 
 The population was now over 8,000. In 1S04, New Orleans 
 was made a port of entry, and in 1S05 was incorporated. 
 
 W 
 
 Early in 1S12 the first steamboat arrived from the Ohio! 
 The war of 1812-15 now broke out, and the British made a 
 descent on the city, and on the Sth of Jan., ISlo, the great- 
 est battle of the war was fought — ^the result is known to 
 every schoolboy. The modern progress of the city now 
 commenced; the settlement of the valley of the Mississippi, 
 and the consequent trade with the only port of its outlet, in- 
 creased rapidly and proportionally. The increase is still 
 going on, and will raise New Orleans to the first rank 
 among commercial cities. It is now the great dep6t of the 
 export trade of the valley ; and when its railroads to the 
 north are completed, much of the import trade now having 
 its course from the northern Atlantic coast will certainly 
 make New Orleans its entrep6t. The difficult up-navigation 
 of the river, even by steamboats, has hitherto been the 
 great drawback, but with this line of road. New Orleans will 
 compete successfully with New York, Boston, and Phila- 
 delphia for the golden fleece of the great west. 
 
 Population in 17C3, 3,190; in 17S5, 4,980; in 1804, 8,000; 
 in 1810, 17,242; in 1820, 27,178; in 1830, 49,826; in 1840, 
 102,193 ; and iu 1850, 116,375. The population of Lafayette 
 in 1840, was 3,207, and in 1850, 14,190. 
 
 Newport, t., p. v., port of entry, and cap. Newport co., 
 H. I., and one of the capitals of the State : on S. W. side of 
 Rhode Island, 5 m. from the ocean, 24 m. S. by E. Provi- 
 dence, 70 m. 8. by W. Boston. Lot. 41° 29 N., long. 
 71° 19' 12" W. from Greenwich, and 5° 42' 48" E. from 
 Washington. The t. Is in form an irregular semi-circle, as 
 also is the harbor upon which the v. is situated. Surface 
 undulating, presenting variety of scenery; soil very fertile. 
 The harbor is one of the best in the U. S., and celebrated 
 for its beauty. It is very accessible, spacious, safe, and deep 
 enough for the largest vessels — defended by forts Adams and 
 Wolcott.which are garrisonetl by companies of U. S. artillery. 
 The former is very large, of great strength, and was built 
 at great expense. A U. S. naval oflScer is stationed here. 
 The V. occupies a beautiful acclivity, which rises gradually 
 from the harbor, presenting a beautiful appearance. It was 
 settled in 1638, grew rapidly, and was very flourishing until 
 the Revolutionary War, at which time its population was 
 about 10,000. During the war it was chiefly held by the 
 British, and at its close the population was about 5,500. It 
 then somewhat revived for a time, until the embargo pre- 
 ceding 1812; but subsequently its trade was much diverted 
 to Providence and other places. Many of the inhabitants 
 are engaged in the coasting trade and fisheries. Some large 
 cotton and woolen factories have been established. The 
 principal public buildings consist of the State-house, market- 
 house, custom-house, and Redwood Library and Atheneum, 
 containing 4,000 vols. Besides 12 churches there is a Jews' 
 synagogue, now unused but kept in fine repair by avails of 
 a legacy. There is also 1 savings' bank, 7 banks, with a 
 capital of $080,000. The total valuation of property in New- 
 port in 1850, was $4,720,450, tax assessed, $15,577. By tho 
 Fall River line of steamboats it has daily communication 
 with New York ; a steamboat also plies daily to Providence. 
 Projects of connecting Newport by railroad with Fall River, 
 Bristol, and Providence, are in agitation. Two newspapers 
 are published daily, "News"' (whig), and "Advertiser" 
 (whig); 3 weekly, "Newport Mercury" (whig), established 
 in 175S, "Herald and Rhode Islander" (whig), and "Ad- 
 vertiser" (whig). Commerce. — on the 30th June, 1850, the 
 total tonnage of Newport district was 10,579 tons ; registered 
 5,645, enrolled and licensed 4.934. Of registered tonnage 
 4,279 tons were permanent, 1,365 wore temporary, and 1,517 
 tons were in the whale fishery. Of the enrolled and licen- 
 sed tonnage, 4,560 tons were permanent, 4,112 in the coast- 
 ing trade, 256 were propelled by steam, 320 in mackerel 
 fishery, and 327 tons in cod fishery. During the year pre- 
 vious, the number of clearances for foreign countries was 
 17 — 2,7.52 tons ; number of entrances do., 1 7 — 2,602 tons ; 1 
 8ch<X)ner built, 96 tons. During the calendar year 1849, 
 1,055 barrels of sperm oil were brought into this port. New- 
 
 853 
 
CHIEF PLACES OF THE UNITED STATES. 
 
 port has long been a very favorite fashionable summer re- 
 sort. It is attractive because of its beautiful scenery, cool 
 and salubrious sea breezes, fashionable company, large and 
 well-kept hotels, opportunities for fishing, bathing, etc. In 
 the vicinity of Newport is a curious monument of antiquity 
 — the Old Tower, or Old Stone Mill, of which the age and 
 origin are unlcnown, and have been the sulyect of much 
 learned discussion. Pop. oft. in 1S30, 8,010; in 1S40, S,:}33 ; 
 in 1S50, 9.563. 
 
 New York, city and port of entry, New York co., jV. Y. : 
 Situated at the head of New York Bay, and at the conflu- 
 ence of the Hudson r. and the strait called East r., which 
 connects tlie bay with Long Island Sound. The city and 
 county have the same limits, comprising the whole of Man- 
 hattan, or New York Island, which has an extreme length 
 of 13i ni., and an average width of 1 3-5 m. Its greatest 
 breadth is on the line of Eighty-eighlli Street, .about 2i m. ; its 
 area is about 14,000 acres. It is separated from the main land, 
 in Westchester County, by Harlem r., a navigable water- 
 course 8 ni. long, connecting the Hudson and East rivers. 
 
 Tlie latitude of the City Hall (f m. from the Battery) is 
 40° 42' 40" N. ; its longitude is 74° 01' OS" \V. from Greeu- 
 wich, and 3° 00' 22" E. from Washington. Its distance by 
 the most direct railroad from Albany is 145 m. ; from Boston, 
 236 m; from Philadelphia, 87 m. ; from Baltimore, 1 85 m. ; 
 from Washington, 223 in ; from Cleveland 503 m. ; from 
 Cincinnati, 75S m. ; from Chicago, 856 m. ; and from Alton, 
 vii( Chicago (St. Louis Irom AJton 20 m. by steamboat), 
 1,113 miles. 
 
 New York has a greater population, commerce, and 
 wealth than any other city in the United States, and is sur- 
 passed in importance by only two other cities in Europe, 
 namely, London and Paris. For facility of examination 
 and reference, its description and statistics will be given in 
 the following order. 
 
 Surface. — The island was originally much diversified, aud 
 in its upper portion, where least populated, it still retains 
 somewhat of its original character. With the increase of 
 population, improvements have been made according to aji 
 uniform system, in laying out avenues and streets, grading 
 them, providing sewerage, etc. The ground rises from 
 each river with gentle ascent, thus forming a central ridge 
 throughout nearly the entire length of the island. A con- 
 siderable portion of the lower part of the city, particularly 
 that near the rivers, is made ground. The Battery, a public 
 park of 10 acres, at the S. extremity of the city, was built 
 upon a low ledge of rocks, much beyond the original water 
 line. 
 
 Formation. — The soil is a sandy alluvium, and less fertile 
 than in many other parts of the State. Its basis is princi- 
 pally gneiss, but the north part of the island is composed of 
 granular and primitive limestone, which is much quarried. 
 In many parts the limestone is at the surface, and occupies 
 large patches. On the W. side of the city, not far from the 
 Hudson r., between 50th and 60th street.*, and in some other 
 pans, a number of streets are cut tbrounh this limestone. 
 
 Extent of liomen, etc. — In April, 1853, the city was com- 
 pactly built from the Battery to 42d street, 4 miles. The 
 density of population is least in the upper portions of the 
 city, liut is increasing with astonishing ri.pidity. A very 
 great impulse has lately been given to this increase by the 
 sale of large tracts of ground, lately held by the city, and by 
 the erection of the Crystal Palace, adjoining the Croton Kos- 
 ervoir, in Sixth Avenue, between 40th and 42d streets. 
 
 Plan. — The general plan of the city is regular. In the 
 lower and business portion, the streets were laid out to suit 
 the shape of the island, and though the plan is not uniform, 
 its general divisions are regular, with wide streets, crossing 
 at right angles. At Houston Street (1 mile from City Hall, 
 and If m. from the Battery) commences the uniform plan 
 of avenues and streets. Above this point, the entire island 
 is divided longitudinally by 14 parallel avenues, 10(t feet 
 Wide, which are crossed at right angles by 156 streets, nu- 
 354 
 
 merically designated, running direct ifrom river to river, 
 which are 80 feet wide, except 16, which are 100 feet wide, 
 of which 14th street is the first that extends entirely across 
 the island. The principal street is Broadway, particularly 
 that portion of it which occupies the central ridge of the 
 island, extending from the Battery northwardly in a direct 
 line nearly 1\ m. to Tenth Street, Grace Church. This 
 ■splendid street, one of the finest in the world, has an uniform 
 width of SO feet, is well paved, and contains many of the 
 most splendid edifices of the city. 
 
 Public Parks. — Thff public grounds of New York are not 
 commensurate with its extent anil wealth. However, be- 
 cause of its peninsular situation, these are less necessary 
 than in most large cities. Of late there has been some agi- 
 tation of a proji'ct to provide a groat public park in the upper 
 part of the city, but as yet the city authorities have takeu no 
 definite action on the subject. The number of city parks is 
 13, which have an aggregate area of 170 acres. Of the.so 
 the following are the principal grounds: the Battery, at the 
 S. extremity of the city, of irregular form, containing lOJ 
 acres, is in summer a delightful and much frequented resort, 
 fanned by the breezes from the bay, and well shaded with 
 large trees. The Park, fronting on Broadway, in form 
 nearly triangular, has 10} .acres, adorned by shade-trees 
 and a beautiful fountain. It contains the City IIall,lhe Hall 
 of Records, the new City Hall, and other public buildiugs — 
 (of which see subsequent description.) Washington Square, 
 2i m. from the Battery, lies W. ot Broadway, containing 9} 
 acres, neatly laid out, and abounding with shade-trees, is a 
 favorite promenade and resort for military parade, as is 
 also Tompkin's Square, 101 acres, E. from Broadway. The 
 other parks in the upper portions of the city, are Union 
 Place, containing .SJ acres; Stuyvesant Square, 8J acres; 
 Madison Square, 6} acres; Bloomingdale Square, IS acres; 
 Hamilton Square, 24 acres; Observatory Place, 2.5} acres; 
 Manhattan Square, 19 acres; and Mount Morris, 20 acres. 
 
 Buxines.'i Locntion.<t. — The upper portion of the city is 
 principally composed of residences, while the lower, or 
 southern part, accommodates the great bulk of commerce 
 and general trade. The principal business portion lies south 
 of Fulton Street. Wall Street is the focus of the great 
 monetary operations, and in this locality the princi]>al spec- 
 ulations in stocks, bonds, houses, lands, and other merchan- 
 dise, are carried on. It is occupied by bankers, brokers, 
 insurance companies, etc., and contains also the Merchants' 
 Exchange and Custom House. At its head stands Trinity 
 Church, the noblest ecclesiastical edifiee in the land. South 
 Street is occupied by the principal shipping-houses, and the 
 offices of several of the principal packet lines. West Street 
 also luas the same characteristics, but not to so great an 
 extent. The dry goods, jobbing, and importing business, 
 formerly confined to Pearl Strc-et, has extended to William, 
 Broad, Pine, Cedar, Liberty, etc. On AVater and Front 
 streets, and vicinity, are the wholesale grocers, commission 
 merchants, and mechanics, connected with the shipping 
 business. Broadway is not less an avenue of business than 
 the promenade of beauty and fashion. Its lower part is 
 now almost all taken up by .splendid stores and warehouses. 
 It contains the chief book-stores, jewelry, uiiholstery, hat 
 and cap, tailoring, millinery, retail dry goods, and other 
 like establishments. In Cedar Street, just off Broadway, is 
 the famous Map and Geogra|)hical Emporium of 
 
 No. 
 86. 
 
 J. H. COLTON, 
 
 No. 
 86. 
 
 the largest and most varied in the Union. Grand Street and 
 Catherine are devoted to heavy dry goods and variety stores. 
 Ferry, Jacob, Gold, and neighboring streets, constitute the 
 great leather district. The hardware trade is chiclly in Piatt, 
 John, and Pearl streets. In Nassau are extensive news- 
 paper establishmenLs, book-biuderlcs, and publishing con- 
 cerns, and in William Street arc a great variety of hosiery 
 and fancy goods stores. Maiden Lane and Cortland Street, 
 
CHIEF PLACES OF THE UNITED STATES. 
 
 and Broadway, near the junction of these, is the location of 
 the principal wholesale jewelers. 
 
 IMuirves. — Tho water ed^es of the city are fringed with 
 seven miles of wharves and docks. On each side there are 
 about 60 piers, averaging 200 to 300 feet in length, and from 
 50 to 60 feet wide. The shipping lies along these as safely 
 as in a tide-water duck. Foreign shipping lies mostly at 
 the wharves of the East Eiver, as being a more secure posi- 
 tion than on the >)lher side. Usually these docks are 
 crowded with vessels of all nations, and on an average 
 2,000 coasting vessels are in harbor at a time. Some load- 
 ing, some unloading, and others waiting their turn for 
 berths. With all these vast accommodations for shipping, 
 however, there is scanty room for so large a commerce as 
 centres at this port ; and to furnish the additional facilities 
 which the increasing commerce of the city demanded, the 
 Legislature, in 1S40, chartered the Atlantic Dock Company 
 with a capital of .$1,000,000. Their docks at Brooklyn are 
 spacious, and deep enough to float the largest vessel ever 
 built The British steamers dock at Jersey City. 
 
 Ewers and Ilarhor. — The width of the North Eiver is 
 one mile to Jersey City, at the ferry, and one mile and a 
 half to Iloboken. The width of the East Eiver is from one 
 tliird to half a mile. At the South Ferry it is 1,300 yards, at 
 Fulton Ferry 731 yards, and at Catherine Ferry 736 yards. 
 The Bay of New York is from 1^ to 5J miles broad — 
 average 3 miles, 8 miles long and about 25 miles in per- 
 iphery, forming a basin of capacity sufficient to receive the 
 navies of the world. The Bay of New York communicates 
 with Newark Bay, through tlie Kills, in the west, between 
 Staten Island and Bergen Neck, and with another bay, at 
 the south, called the outer or lower harbor, through the 
 Narrows a compressed strait between Staten and Long 
 islands. This latter bay opens directl into the ocean. 
 The inner harbor, as well as being one of the best, is also 
 one of the most beautiful in the world. Besides all the 
 natural beauty of the scene, there can hardly be a finer 
 spectacle than is presented in the great city spread before it, 
 with its piers crowded with a dense forest of masts, bearing 
 the flags of all nations the shipping at anchor, and the count- 
 less steamljoats and vessels coming and going perpetually. 
 
 The depth of Water and Tides. — The currents in the rivers 
 and bay are very strong, keeping these waters open often 
 when the rivers and bays much farther south are frozen up. 
 The whole harbor was covered with a solid mass of ice in 
 17S0, and again in 1S20. Very rarely since has either river 
 been frozen. In the month of January, 1S52, the East Eiver 
 was obstructed for a short period, but the North Eiver re- 
 mained open. Thousands crossed over the ice from Brooklyn 
 
 to New York. The rise of the tide is nearly 7 feet. Going 
 northward the rise increases, and in the Bay of Fundy is 90 
 feet, the maximum of the coast. Southwardly it decreases, 
 and in the Gulf of Mexico is but 18 inches. The time of the 
 tide at other places on the coast, or on waters connecting 
 with the ocean, varies from that of New York as follows — 
 earlier: Halifax, N. S.,2 h. 15 m. ; New Bedford, 1 h. 40 m. . 
 Providence, h. 41 m. ; Sandy Hook, 2 h. 45 m. ; Norfolk, 
 h. 41 m. ; and Eichmond, 2 h. 25 m. ; and later : Eastport, 
 2 h. 9 m. ; Portland, 1 h. 39 m. ; Boston, 2 h. 19 m. ; Holmes' 
 Hole, 1 h. 4 m. ; Philadelphia, 5 h. 19 m. ; Baltimore, 
 5 h. 07 m. ; Charleston, 10 h. 19 m. ; Mobile Point, 1 h. rA m. ; 
 Albany, 6 h. 34 m. ; Quebec, 8 h. 49 m. The depth of 
 water at the wharves is 6 or 7 feet, and increases rapidly 
 outward. It is sufficient in either river to float the largest 
 ships. At the old channel, on the bar at Sandy Ho<jk, the 
 depth is 21 feet at low tide, and 27 at high tide. That of 
 the New, or Gedney's Channel, is at low water 32 feet The 
 channel inside varies from 35 to 60 feet. 
 
 Defeimex. — The harbor is well defended. The principal 
 worlcs are at the Narrows, which, at the point selected, is 
 but one-third of a mile wide. Here are built, on the Long 
 Island side, forts Hamilton and Lafayette, the latter on a reef 
 of rocks 200 yards from the shore, with three tiers of guus. 
 On the Staten Island side are Forts Tompkins and Eich- 
 mond, the former on the heights, and provided with a num- 
 ber of subterranean passages. These forts are in excellent 
 condition. The entrance from the Sound to the East Eiver 
 is defended by Fort Schuyler, on Throg's Neck. Within 
 the harbor are batteries on Bedloe's and Ellis' islands, on 
 the west side of the bay, and on Governor's Island, 3,200 
 feet from the city, are Fort Columbus, in the form of a star, 
 commanding tho south side of the channel ; on the south- 
 west point, Castle William, a round tower 600 feet in circuit 
 and 60 feet high.with three tiers of guns, and South Battery, on 
 the south-west side, commanding the entrance through But- 
 termilk Channel. In case of war, too, the whole surround- 
 ing heights could be readily fortified, and Castle Garden, 
 and the Battery esplanade would furnish ready-made sites 
 for an extensive armament. No port in the world, indeed, 
 is better defended by permanent fortifications, or could be 
 more easily placed in a condition of defense. 
 
 Manufaetures. — Although New York employs the greater 
 portion of its capital in foreign commerce and domestic 
 trade, it is also distinguished as the greatest niaimfacturing 
 city in the United States, having a greater capital therein 
 invested, more hands employed, and deriving a greater 
 profit therefrom, than any other city. The general returns 
 of the census are exhibited jn the following table : 
 
 Nn, of pro'tuctive 
 
 Wards. or nmnurHrturing 
 
 estKblisliments. 
 
 1 1.37 $1,013,500 
 
 2 
 
 3 
 
 PRODUCTIVE ESTABLISHiMENTS OF NEW TOKK CITY 
 Hands eniployei 
 Capital invested. 
 
 al product, 
 
 Male. 
 
 8,620.. 
 
 851 12,672,995 19,648.. 
 
 9 607,000 633.. 
 
 189 l,6SS.,S0O 1,952.. 
 
 S3. 
 156. 
 422. 
 233. 
 189. 
 
 96. 
 149. 
 
 19. 
 172. 
 
 72. 
 
 98. 
 .29. 
 145. 
 199. 
 
 44. 
 
 1,227,562 1,788.... 
 
 9,1 25,880 2,968 . . . . 
 
 3,493,275 4,093.... 
 
 861,890 2,230.... 
 
 79.3,300 2,095.... 
 
 309,700 809.... 
 
 2,051,850 4,197 . . . . 
 
 341,550 '. ... 350.... 
 
 299,110 993.... 
 
 965,700 1,029.... 
 
 1,045,550 1,036.... 
 
 3,230,380 2,2ir7.... 
 
 892.400 1,216.... 
 
 1,227,780 2,266.... 
 
 334,600 568.... 
 
 IVmille. Tclal. miiiiiUHCtiireil. 
 
 . 6,0S7 9,707 $.3,906,337 
 
 . 16,056 35.704 31,310,642 
 
 27 660 1,801,700 
 
 943 2,895 4,835,211 
 
 358..... 2,146 4,47.3,214 
 
 . 1,072 4,040 3,822,191 
 
 . 1,849 5,947 9.641,033 
 
 555 2,785 4,080,484 
 
 359 2,454 2,883,180 
 
 226 1.035 1,678,422 
 
 237 4,4.34 20,0.56,409 
 
 70. 
 288. 
 531. 
 140. 
 556. 
 119. 
 352. 
 102. 
 
 Total 8,387 $-34,282,822 5.3,703.... 29,917. 
 
 420 520,500 
 
 1,281 2,07.3.428 
 
 1,560 1,.546.C27 
 
 1,176 1,376,818 
 
 2,763 4,-368,175 
 
 1,.335 2.579,312 
 
 2.618 2,920,760 
 
 670 1,293,860 
 
 83,620 $105,218,308 
 
 355 
 
CHIEF PLACES OF THE UNITED STATES. 
 
 By these statistics it appears that the operatives in the 
 matiufaetoric's, etc., form nearly one-sixth of the whole pop- 
 ulation of the city ; that the proportion of the annual priv 
 ducts to the capital investo<l, is 307 per cent. ; and tliat the 
 average value of the product of each operative is $1,258. 
 The manufacturing interests have had as rapi<l increase as 
 those of commerce. In 1S40, the total capital in manufac- 
 tures was $n,32S,S94; and hi 1S50, as stated above, it 
 amounted to |.34,232,S22. 
 
 The branches of manufacturing; industry wliich are here 
 most extensively prosecuted are these directly developed by 
 the great commerce of the city. Pre-eminent among these 
 the the great iron foundries and machine-shops, of which 
 the largest are the Novelty Works, Morgan Works, Allaire 
 Works, and the Fult'in and West Street foundries. The 
 two former employ each about 900 men. These and other 
 establishments are engaged in casting and making the 
 largest class of steamship engines, their bed plates, and 
 other iron works, locomotives, mills, pressts, gearing, 
 boilers, etc. There are 10 sugar refineries, all of which 
 are very large establishments, superior to any others in 
 the United States, and having a greater annual product. 
 The value of cabinet furniture annually made is above 
 $1,000,000. There are numerous breweries and distilleries, 
 which employ a large capital. The following summary 
 statement of the number of establishments which in 1S50 
 prosecuted the principal branches of manufacturing indus- 
 try, is compiled from the '■ Business Directory" for that 
 yetir: Boat-building, 27; boiler manuf., 16; brass and bell 
 founilers, 39 ; breweries, 42 ; bakeries, 475 ; black and 
 ■whitesmithing, 1S5; britannia-ware manuf., 13; block and 
 pumpmaking, 33; bookbinders, 55 ; boot and .shoemaking, 
 1,377 ; brushes, etc., 40 ; building of houses, etc., 136 ; cab- 
 inetmaking. 255 ; carpentering, 260 ; chainnaking, 34 ; 
 clockmaking, 29 ; clothing, 2SS ; coaches and carriages, 
 58 ; confectionery. 265 ; cordage, etc., 6 ; dressmaking, 440 ; 
 edge tools, 11; goklbeating, 21; gold pen manuf., 20; 
 guns, etc., 20 ; ink manuf., 11 ; iron foundries, 88 ; lock 
 manuf., 24 ; machinery, 79 ; millinery, 256 ; morocco manuf., 
 28 ; musical instruments, 41 ; nails, 15 ; organs, 5 ; patent 
 medicines, 54; perfumery, 26 ; piano-fortes, 55 ; saddles and 
 harness, 90 ; sails, 51 ; sash and blind manuf., 61 ; segars, 
 119; ships, 19; silver manuf, 39; silver plating, 27; soap 
 and candle, 43 ; steam-engine manuf., 77 ; steel manuf., 10 ; 
 tailoring, 561 ; trunk factories, 5S ; type foundries, 9 ; varnish 
 manuf., 14; white lead manuf., 9. 
 
 Commerce. — Commercial interests originated the settle- 
 ment of New York, developed itsra|)i<l growth, have always 
 directly influenced its changes of fortune, and are now the 
 main support of its greatness. With the fluctuation of the 
 course of events, with regard to general commerce, there 
 has always been a corresponding change in the ratio of the 
 increase of its population, and of its general prosperity. Its 
 first period of great prosperity, subsequent to the llevolution, 
 was from 1790 to ISOO; during which decade its population 
 increased at a ratio of 82.16 per cent — viz., from 33,131 
 (1790), to 60,489 (ISOO). During this period the old wnrld, 
 involved in wars, was making constant demand up(m the 
 industry of the new; and the produce of the interior and of 
 the neighboring States was pre.«sing to the Atlantic, whence 
 the shipping of New York carried it abroad, returning 
 again with goods for distribution, both in its own and the 
 neighboring markets. The business of the city conse- 
 quently wonilrrfully increased, and Its attendant advantages 
 drew thither ca[>ilal and also men to partieipati^ in the pro- 
 fits arising from the large investment then made. During 
 the next decade (1^00 to ISIO) there was a falling off of the 
 ratio of increase of population and wealth, an<l business 
 enterprise was greatly <leprosscd. Though the population 
 incre:tsed in this pi'riod at a ratio of 59} per cent, [from 
 60,4S'.) (l*i(l). to 96.373 (IS1()),1 the increase iu wealth was 
 out S per cent.— viz., from $24,4S6,37i> to .$26,436,370. In 
 the succeeding ten years, the war of 1812 with Great Britain 
 866 
 
 entirely destroyed the foreign commerce of the city for H 
 years; after which, from lS16to 1S20, it again revived and 
 greatly advanced in wealth. The increase of its wealth 
 during the entire decade (lSIO-20) was 1&} per cent, (from 
 $26,436,370 to $69,530,753). While the increase in popula- 
 tion was only 2Si per cent. (96,373 to 123,706), which ratio is 
 less than that of any other decade, and exhibits with extra- 
 ordinary clearness the dependence of New York city upon 
 commerce, since during this .same period the increase of the 
 population of the State was more rapid than ever. 
 
 In 1S20 commerce again revived, .and steadily increased 
 until 1S25, in which year it reached a climax that was not 
 again attained until 1831. In 1826 the completion of tho 
 Erie Canal opened a new source of prosperity to com- 
 merce, and which assisted in the formation of the great 
 speculations which soon characterized the financial career 
 of the city. The revulsion which followed this unnatural 
 expansion, and for a time prostrated all branches of busi- 
 ness, most seriously affected the commercial interests of the 
 city. Since its recovery from that reversion of fortune, its com- 
 mercial prosperity has for the most part been steadily on the 
 increase, though,of course, somewhat affected by the changes 
 in the tariffs of the national government, and the changing 
 relations of the nations with which it has intercourse. 
 
 The following table .shows the amount of itnports and ex- 
 ports, and the duties collected on the importation each year: 
 
 y Import.^ from Amnunt of duties F,Tpfjrls to 
 
 if^rB. Foreisn roiinlries. on import!.. For'gu count's. 
 
 1S21 $36,020,012 .... $7,24;3,542 .... $12,124,645 
 
 1S22 33.912,453 .... 9,941,7o2 .... 15,405,694 
 
 1S23 80,601,455 , . . . 9,022,435 .... 21.089,696 
 
 1S24 37.78.5,147.... 11,178,139.... 22,.309,862 
 
 1825 50,024.973 .... 15,752.100 .... 34,032,279 
 
 1820 34,728,664 .... 11.525.Sii3 .... 19,437.229 
 
 1827 41,441.832.... 13,217,695.... 24,614.(185 
 
 1S2S 39,117,016,... 13,745,147.... 22,135,4S7 
 
 1 S29 34,972,493 .... 13,052,676 , . . . 17,009,600 
 
 1S30 38,656,064 .... 15,012.5.')3 .... 17,666.624 
 
 1831 57,201,727 .... 20.096.136 .... 26,142.719 
 
 1832 50,905.924 .... 15,070,124 .... 22.792.599 
 
 18.33 56,.527,976 .... 13.039.181.... 24,723.903 
 
 18:34 72.224,300.... 10,183,1.52.... 22,196,061 
 
 1S35 S9,.304.10S .... 14,468,116 .... 29,035,755 
 
 1S36 118,886.194.... 17,114..3ii5 .... 27,455,223 
 
 1 837 6S.874.5.5S .... 9,487,598 .... 23,5:34,610 
 
 1838 77,214,729 , . . . 10,494,0.55 . . , . 22.182,248 
 
 1 s39 97,078.6-<7 .... 13.970,3:32 , . . . 36.062.223 
 
 1S40 56.845,924 .... 7,537.441 .... 30,186,470 
 
 1 841 75.268,015 .... 10.99:5,809 .... 80.781 ,519 
 
 1842 52,41.5,.5.55 .... 10,01:3.122 .... 23,090,199 
 
 1843 .50,036,667 , . . . ll,30n,4o7 .... 2:3,440,326 
 
 1 8 14 75,749.220 .... 21 .457,830 .... 34.028.470 
 
 1815 68,932,207 .... 17.667,858 .... 84,800,:348 
 
 1846 71,093,819 , . . . 16.867.275 .... 34.196,184 
 
 1847 95.2^8,097 .... 17,342,462 , , . . 45,637,954 
 
 1 S48 89,31.5,069 , . . . 20,8.39,681 , . . . ,36,:531,441 
 
 1849 86,611,902.... 19,811.334.... 30.720,224 
 
 18.50 10:V-'.50„503 .... 21,487,010,... .38,()61,517 
 
 1851 1:30,083,0.30 ... 31,757,199 .... 53,505,376 
 
 1S52 117,739,457... 28,678,910.... 44,187,329 
 
 Of the imports, very nearly one-half consists of dry goods. 
 The following table exhibits their value compared with tho 
 whole importation of foreign merchiuidise in — 
 
 Manufarturcs. 184S-9. IS49-r,n, isspsi, ISril-.M. 
 
 Woolen .... $9,199,.578. $14.637.060. $17,067,031 .$14,388,565 
 
 Cotton 10,78:3.807. 10,660,857. 11,«71..500. 9.982,.547 
 
 Silk 14,:301,310. 16.679.227. 24.8.58.850. 22,310.0.51 
 
 Flax 4,245„513. 7,084,663. 8,058,731. 6.:346.299 
 
 Miscellan'us. 4,144.625. 2,820.828. 8,957,6:35. 4.183,740 
 
 Tot im. d.g. $41,674.7:39. $.51..3S2.635. $64,613,747. $.57,221,062 
 
 " mer. 68,0:32,207. 103.2.50,.5o3. 180.683,030. 117,7:30.457 
 
 Prop. d. goods 60.5 p. ct. ..49.7p. ct...49.0p. ct...4S.0p. ct. 
 
CHIEF PLACES OF THE UNITED STATES. 
 
 The following table gives a statement of the duties col- 
 lected at the port of Now York, compared with the total 
 collections of the United States, in various years between 
 17S9 and the present : 
 
 U. S. I Years. New York. U. S. 
 
 $ — !lS'25.. $15.752,100. $20,098,714 
 3.443.071113311.. 15,012,558. 21,922,391 
 5,553,461 'lS35.. 14,463,116. 19,391,311 
 9,080,933 1S40.. 7,537,441. 13,499.502 
 
 1739.. 
 1792.. 
 1795.. 
 1800.. 
 1805.. 
 1810.. 
 1816.. 
 1820.. 
 
 New York. 
 $145,320. 
 1,233,903. 
 2,717,361 . 
 3.611,538. 
 6,958,003. 
 5,223,696. 
 
 12 936,437 
 8,583,309 
 
 10,735.354. 36,306,875 
 5,437,974. 15,005,612 
 
 1345.. 17,667,358. 27.523,113 
 
 1350.. 24.487,610. 39,663.656 
 
 1851.. 31,757,199. 49,017,597 
 
 1852.. 28,678,910. 47,320,316 
 
 The revenue collected at New York compared with that 
 of the other principal ports of the United States in the year 
 ending June 30, 1851, was as follows: 
 
 New York $31,757,199 
 
 Boston 6,577,540 
 
 Philadelphia .... 3,667,833 
 
 New Orleans $2,296,636 
 
 Baltimore 1,047,278 
 
 Charleston, S. C. 600,712 
 
 According to the Business Directory of the city for 1350, 
 the number of importers of different articles was as follows : 
 of dry goods, 139 ; fancy goods, 100 ; hardware, 107 ; watches, 
 61 ; wines and liquors, 103 ; silks, 21 ; laces, 36 ; woolens, 
 11 ; drugs, 34 ; essential oils, 15 ; chin.i-ware, 40 ; plate glass, 
 11; hides, 12; hosiery, 7; buttons, 7; baskets, 5; burr blocks, 
 3 ; general importers, 23, etc. 
 
 The imports and exports of specie and bullion are not 
 included in the above table, but the following will exhibit 
 their amounts for the last six years : 
 
 Yeurs. Imports. Exports. 
 
 1847.. $8,307,380. $9(i5,841 
 
 1848.. 1,173,406. 12,023,798 
 
 1349.. 2,813,330. 4,739,903 
 
 Yenrs. Importp, Exports. 
 
 1350.. $10,502,115. $5,385,103 
 
 1351.. 10,390,501. 26,622,731 
 
 1852.. 2,523,391. 37,273,703 
 
 58 .. 
 90 .. 
 09 .. 
 12 .. 
 93 .. 
 62 .. 
 92 .. 
 
 For the calendar year 1851, the import of gold and 
 bullion from California, was $43,671,432, and the export of 
 gold and silver to all countries, was $43,723,209. 
 
 Tonnage of New York City. — The following statement 
 from the annual reports of the secretary of the treasury, 
 exhibits the registered, the enrolled and licensed, and the 
 total tonnage belonging to the district of New York from 
 the year 1326 to the present time. The year ends with 
 December 31, up to 1835, thence with September 30, to 1843, 
 and from that time it ends with June 30 : 
 
 Resistered. Enrolleil and Licensed. Total. 
 
 Tom. '.iStlis. 
 
 316,239 01 
 
 346,356 82 
 
 , 839,404 79 
 
 , 261,704 33 
 
 256,558 02 
 
 . 286,438 59 
 
 , 298,832 59 
 
 , 823.738 86 
 
 , 859,222 24 
 
 876,697 72 
 
 404,814 14 
 
 410,871 75 
 
 , 400,971 79 
 
 430,300 83 
 
 414,818 04 
 
 438,014 38 
 
 459,473 68 
 
 496,965 56 
 
 525,162 03 
 
 550,359 48 
 
 572,522 70 
 
 fr46,043 30 
 
 733,077 35 
 
 796,491 79 
 
 835,867 61 
 
 931,193 74 
 
 Tears. Ton^. 96ths. 
 
 1826 158,451 33 
 
 1827 165,014 87 
 
 1828 153.237 70 
 
 1829 110,993 21 
 
 1830 101,947 04 
 
 1831 122,457 92 
 
 1832 129,307 62 
 
 1833 151,915 33 
 
 1334 173,022 40 
 
 1835 191,626 43 
 
 1836 192,964 79 
 
 1887 191,322 11 
 
 1338 169,922 32 
 
 1839 183,566 55 
 
 1840 203,536 68 
 
 1841 225,174 86 
 
 1842 226.072 61 
 
 1848 237,240 29 
 
 1844 258,833 23 
 
 1845 243,917 00 
 
 1846 260,896 86 
 
 1&47 297.516 04 
 
 1843 336,804 40 
 
 1849 878,976 89 
 
 1850 441,336 76 
 
 1851 504,309 27 
 
 157,337 
 131,841 
 181,167 
 150,711 
 154.710 
 163,930 
 169,524 
 171,818 
 181,199 
 185,071 
 211.849 
 219,549 
 231,049 
 246,7a4 
 211,281 
 212,840 
 233,401 
 259,725 
 271,273 
 801,642 
 311,626 
 343,527 
 896,272 
 417,504 
 894.230 
 436,384 
 
 "Within this period of 26 years, it will be seen that the 
 tonnage of this district has nearly trebled in amount. 
 
 Comparison of the tonnage of New York with that of 
 Boston, and of the United States at different periods 
 
 New York. Boston. Umted States. 
 
 Tons. ',)5tlis. Tor.8. Wolhs. Tona. ynttis. 
 
 816,2S9 01 171.976 12 1,534,189 83 
 
 256.558 02 185,009 17 1,191.776 43 
 
 876,697 72 226,041 74 1,824,940 40 
 
 414,818 04 220.243 74 2,180,764 16 
 
 1845 550,359 48 225,103 21 2,417,002 06 
 
 1850 835,867 61 313,192 00 3.535,454 23 
 
 1351 931,193 74 842,936 09 8,772,449 43 
 
 The tonnage of several other of the leading ports was, in 
 1851, as follows : 
 
 Years. 
 
 1326 . . . 
 1880 . . . 
 1385 . . . 
 1340 . . . 
 
 Tons. 96tlis, 
 
 New Orleans 251,900 14 
 
 Philadelphia 222,428 90 
 
 Baltimore 160,511 64 
 
 New Bedford. . .. 131,409 46 
 Bath, J/« 103,795 91 
 
 Tons, fl.illis. 
 
 Waldoboro', J/e. 103,593 51 
 Portland " 97,.571 70 
 
 Bamstable,Jrass. 72,997 44 
 San Francisco . .. 58,063 54 
 Charleston, 5. C. 31,910 27 
 
 Employment of Tonnage. — The following table presents 
 the proportions of the tonnage employed in coasting trade, 
 in steam navigation, and in the whaling busuiesa since 
 1829. 
 
 The table of the coasting trade embraces only the " en- 
 rolled and licensed tonnage," and does not include the 
 tonnage " licensed under 20 tons," of which a subsequent 
 statement is given, for the years ending June 30th, 1849, and 
 June 30th, 1350. 
 
 The table of steam navigation includes both " registered" 
 and "enrolled and licensed" tonnage. A separate compar- 
 ative statement of these classes for the years ending June 
 30th, 1349, and June 30th, 1850, is also given subsequently 
 under '■^ steam maritie.^' 
 
 Y Coast Trade. Steam NaTig"n. Wliating. 
 
 ' ^ '• Tons. 95tli3. Tons. ySths. Tons. 'J5th8 
 
 1829 173,130 &4 ....: . 1,04864 — 
 
 1830 142,829 83 12,103 30 — 
 
 1831 146,738 33 12,756 56 — 
 
 1332 150,049 46 13,438 52 — 
 
 1833 161,415 19 13,112 91 — 
 
 1834 16.3.477 80 14,678 94 — 
 
 1835 172,663 84 15,903 23 2,436 57 
 
 1836 202,677 65 19,631 57 934 63 
 
 1837 2.10,346 88 24,113 58 714 31 
 
 1838 221,60189 25,419 36 863 91 
 
 1839 237,024 72 80.654 41 2,460 49 
 
 1340 201,559 67 34,754 36 — 
 
 1341 203,052 19 31,727 21 1,76183 
 
 1842 223,456 87 35,260 81 1,461 77 
 
 1343 249.677 27 85,317 53 370 23 
 
 1844 261,134 75 36,305 80 478 27 
 
 1845 291,209 66 42.270 01 370 23 
 
 1346 . 
 
 1847 . 
 
 1848 , 
 
 1849 . 
 1860 . 
 
 809,894 23 . . . . : . 46,567 93 379 57 
 
 387,663 54 52,420 88 — 
 
 385,020 49 &4,229 19 — 
 
 406,156 48 71,818 73 — 
 
 382,386 71 95,115 56 . 
 
 465 00 
 
 1851 426,747 19 121,54152 — 
 
 The following table exhibits the tonnage "licensed under 
 20 tons," for the two fiscal years specified : 
 
 Year endin* 
 
 June .TO. 1849. 
 
 Tims. 95tli3. 
 
 Year ending 
 June 30, lK.iQ. 
 Tons. 9,5ths. 
 
 Coasting trade 
 Cod fishery . . , , 
 
 11,199 90 11,227 90 
 
 148 42 116 14 
 
 Of enrolled and licensed tonnage, none was employed 
 during these two years in the mackerel fishery. 
 Steam Tonjiaye.—Thn following table exhibits the amount 
 
 357 
 
CHIEF PLACES OF THE UNITED STATES. 
 
 and classiflcution of the steam tonnage for the two fiscal 
 years spuciflcd : 
 
 Year ending Year PnJing 
 
 Steam tannage. June 3U, IM4 I. June 20, I8.M). 
 
 Tonn. 'l.itliM. Tons, awlis. 
 
 Registered 10,642 TO 3S.14S 47 
 
 Enrolled and licensed. 61,175 92 5S,967 09 
 
 Total 71,!5lS 73 95,115 56 
 
 This table exliibits a i)art of tlie great increase of registered 
 Bteam tonnage, which, beginning in 1S47, has since been 
 steadily increasing, and now pre-eminently characterizes 
 New York. Further stiitistics of the steam tonnage will be 
 found under the heads of '• vessels built" and " ocean steam- 
 ships." The total steam marine of New Yorli is nearly equal 
 to that of the empire of Great Britain willi all its dependen- 
 cies, which in 1851 was stated at 1,1S4 boats of 142,iiS0 tons. 
 According to the U. S. Treasury Iteport on the U. S. steam 
 marine in 1S51 — the number of passengers carried on tlie 
 Hudson river in the year ending July 1, ls>51, was 995,100, 
 between New York and Philadelphia by steamboats S40,000, 
 and on Long Island Sound 302,;397. 
 
 The steam tonnage of New York compares as follows 
 with that of several other cities — of the several coasts, in- 
 land divisions, etc. — and of the United States in 1851 ; 
 
 Tons. I Ti.ns. 
 
 New Orleans 156,0.54 I Baltimore 14,285 
 
 New York 121,541 i Northern frontier. . . . 69,165 
 
 Pittsburg 47,911 [ Ohio basin.. 67,601 
 
 St. Louis 29.568 Mississippi valley . . . 67,957 
 
 Detroit 21,944 Atl.intic coast 154,270 
 
 Philadelphia 20,717 Gulf of Mexico 2.3,244 
 
 Buffalo 19,9s3 I Pacific coast _?I:?^ 
 
 Total U. S. steam marine 583,607 
 
 Arrivals and Dejxirtures. — Anne.\ed is a tabular state- 
 ment of the amount of tonnage entered and cleared the port 
 of New York, from and for foreign ports, in each year from 
 1821 to 1851, a period of 31 years, distinguishing the Ameri- 
 can from the total tonnage. The years end with September 
 to 1843, thence with June. 
 
 Amount of tonnage entered the port of New York from, and 
 the amount cleared the port of New York for foreign ports : 
 
 ENTEKED. 
 
 CLKAKED. 
 
 Amer 
 
 Total 
 
 Years. Ti.ns. Tons. 
 
 1821 1.5,5,723 171,963 143,741 154.472 
 
 1S22 203,082 226.790 1.58,970 180,223 
 
 1823 204,308 226,789 196,189 217,202 
 
 1824 206.080 853,769 218,480 23.3,931 
 
 1825 259,.524 280,179 245,512 263,4.31 
 
 1S26 246,174 274,997 213.234 2:32.466 
 
 1827 255.276 292,872 223,224 266,563 
 
 1828 236,-308 275,677 207,124 248.267 
 
 1829 255,691 281,512 200,768 226,201 
 
 18.30 280,918 314,715 209.599 24-3,285 
 
 1831 274,237 337,009 234.469 294.2.35 
 
 1832 295,293 401,718 221,687 316,120 
 
 1833 320.083 4;30,91S 239,415 341,527 
 
 1834 352,225 444,904 235,768 325,876 
 
 1835 37-3,465 464,464 289,552 369,590 
 
 ia36 407,095 556,730 271,746 404.957 
 
 1837 368,011 539,372 ^48,7 86 405,959 
 
 1838 877,563 468,890 268,887 356,654 
 
 1839 422,349 56,5,335 8.31,590 464,347 
 
 ...409.4.58 527,594 275,393 892,597 
 
 . . . 423.952 549,045 296,843 407,325 
 
 ...406,628 55.5.315 800,738 451,889 
 
 1843 247,950 312,214 221,783 285,481 
 
 1844 434,690 576,480 371,968 498.2.54 
 
 1845 439,676 579,218 841,094 483,525 
 
 1846 493,995 655,877 396,498. ... 55.3.716 
 
 1847 543,065 853,668 495,509 785,745 
 
 ...639,-305 932.493 491,219 T88.835 
 
 . . .711,720 1,117,800 569.711 931,509 
 
 . . .7-'54,431 1,145,331 596,812 982,478 
 
 . . . 956,879 1,448,768 793,229 1,230,082 
 
 358 
 
 1840.. 
 1841 . . 
 1842.. 
 
 1848 . 
 1849. 
 1850, 
 1S51 , 
 
 The entrances and clearances at New York, at different 
 periods, compare as follows with those of the United States 
 for the same years : 
 
 Ne 
 
 r.. 
 
 ENTKANCES. 
 
 ' York. United Stites. 
 
 CLEAEANCES. 
 
 Ne 
 
 U. States. 
 
 1821 171.963 1,570,024.... 154,472 888.020 
 
 1825 280.179 973,681.... 263,431 1,055.446 
 
 1826 274.997 1 .047,860 .... 2=52,466 1 ,052. 429 
 
 18-30 314.715 1,099,027. 
 
 1835 464,464 1,993,963 . 
 
 1840 .527,594 2.289.309 . 
 
 1845 592.218 2.946,(U9. 
 
 1850 1,145.331 4.848,6.39 . 
 
 1851 1,448,708 4,993,440. . . .1,230,082 5.130,054 
 
 During theyear ending 31st Dec, 1S51. the nationality and 
 character of vessels arriving at New York was as follows : 
 
 24.3,285 1,105,196 
 
 369.590 2.031,341 
 
 892.597 2.a53,495 
 
 483 525 2,984.2.52 
 
 982.478 4,361,002 
 
 Nationality. No. 
 
 American 2,-381 
 
 British 966 
 
 French 30 
 
 Bremen 133 
 
 Swedish 48 
 
 Austrian 9 
 
 Norwegian 54 
 
 Sicilian 7 
 
 Hamburg 44 
 
 Danish 24 
 
 Russian 12 
 
 Dutch 28 
 
 Belgian 18 
 
 Prussian 29 
 
 Columbian 2 
 
 Neapolitan 4 
 
 Portuguese 14 
 
 Of these 941 were ships, 883 barks, 1,303 brigs, 583 
 schooners, 166 steamships, 2 ketches, 1 sloop, and 4 galliots. 
 Ven-sels Built in the District of Kew York-. — Table show- 
 ing the number of vessels of all kinds built in the district of 
 New York, witii their measurement, from 1834 to 1851. com- 
 piled from the Treasury reports, the years ending with De- 
 cember 81, to 18-34, thence with September 30, to 1843, 
 thence with June 30 : 
 
 Nationality. No. 
 
 Italian 27 
 
 Spanish 12 
 
 Brazilian 7 
 
 Oldenburg 9 
 
 Sardinian 8 
 
 Venezuelan 5 
 
 Uniguay 2 
 
 Lubec 8 
 
 Mechlenburg 
 
 Hanoveran 
 
 Kostock 
 
 Genoese 
 
 Peruvian 
 
 Central America, 
 (Guatamalan).... 
 
 Total 3,888 
 
 Years. 
 1S34.. 
 1835.. 
 18.36.. 
 
 18.37.. 
 18-38.. 
 
 Sliips. 
 26.. 
 16.. 
 14.. 
 10.. 
 7.. 
 
 Brifts. Sch'ra. 
 
 Steamb'ts. Total. 
 
 1889.. 10... 
 
 1840.. 6... 
 
 1841.. 13... 
 
 1842.. 6... 
 
 1843.. 5... 
 
 1844.. 11... 
 
 1845.. 18... 
 
 1846.. 11... 
 
 1847.. 16... 
 
 1848.. 26... 
 
 1849.. 15... 
 
 1850.. 26... 
 
 1851.. 23... 
 
 7.. 
 2.. 
 8.. 
 5..- 
 8.. 
 7.. 
 13.. 
 5.. 
 3.. 
 2.. 
 6.. 
 
 7.. 
 2.., 
 1... 
 
 36.... 
 33.... 
 23.... 
 25.... 
 28.... 
 17.... 
 17.... 
 
 8.... 
 12 ... . 
 
 8.... 
 16.... 
 25.... 
 37.... 
 
 89 
 
 51 
 
 47 
 
 62 
 
 55 
 
 44 
 
 24 
 
 21 
 
 132 
 
 102 
 
 130. 
 
 160. 
 
 43.... 117 15. 
 
 59.... 200 19. 
 
 44.... 145 17. 
 
 42.... 104 28. 
 
 56.... 81 47. 
 
 5.... 
 7.... 
 
 16.... 
 16.... 
 
 7.... 
 16.... 
 
 8.... 
 
 5.... 
 18.... 
 
 5.... 
 14.... 
 17.... 
 23.... 
 
 113.. 
 109.. 
 103.. 
 118.. 
 105.. 
 
 94.. 
 
 68.. 
 
 Tons. 
 23.1 SS 
 17,-368 
 16,689 
 20,303 
 14,229 
 16,688 
 13.357 
 
 52.. 16.121 
 
 171.. 18.8:35 
 
 122.. 13.179 
 
 136.. 18,026 
 
 192.. 
 234.. 
 193.. 
 
 807.. 
 228.. 
 202.. 
 208.. 
 
 26.621 
 29.465 
 37.591 
 57,977 
 37,983 
 55,525 
 71,214 
 
 Which compare in different years with the ship-building 
 of the whole United States, as follows : 
 
 New York. United States. Proportion in N. Y. 
 
 Years. Vessels. Tons. Vessels, Tons. Vessels. 1 
 
 18.34.... 113.. 2.3,188... 1,188.. 161,626.. 9.6 
 
 102.. 16.689... 507.. 46,238.. 20.1 
 
 52.. 16,121... 872.. 118,809.. 5.9 
 
 192.. 26.621... 1,033.. 146,018.. 18.5 
 
 208.. 71,214... 1,857.. 298,203.. 15.3 
 
 1836.... 
 1841.... 
 1845 ... 
 1851.... 
 
 143 
 36.1 
 13.6 
 18.9 
 23.8 
 
CHIEF PLACES OF THE UNITED STATES. 
 
 The following exhibits a comparison of ship-building in 
 New York, in 1851, with that of the other leading ship- 
 building States and districts : 
 
 states. Vessels. Tons. District. Vessels. Tons. 
 
 / Bath 40.. 18,782 
 
 Maine 254 . . 77,398 -< Waldoboro .... 44 .. 17,794 
 
 I Portland 27.. 12,309 
 
 Massachusetts . 133 . . 41,324. . Boston 50 . . 2S,141 
 
 New York.... 229.. 76,805. .New York .... 208.. 71,214 
 Pennsylvania.. 200.. 25,623. .Philadelphia .. 118.. 20,056 
 Maryland 130 . . 18,027 . . Baltimore 72 . . 15,094 
 
 Comiiurcial Resume. — Summary view of the proportion 
 of New York, in the whole imports, exports, custom-reve- 
 nue, and tonnage of the United States at different periods : 
 
 Imports E.xports Duties Toniiajje 
 
 per cent. 
 
 ..14.14.. 
 
 Years 
 1769. 
 
 1792 — ... 
 
 1795 — ... 
 
 18(10 — ... 
 
 1805 — ... 
 
 1810 — ... 
 
 1816 — ... 
 
 1820 — ... 
 
 1821 57.55... 
 
 1825 51.92... 
 
 1830 54.54... 
 
 per cent. 
 
 per 
 
 per cent. 
 
 9.71 
 
 15.34 
 
 14.85 
 
 23.12 
 
 ,.35.S3.... 
 ..4S.88.... 
 .89.77.... 
 ,.53.78.... 
 
 28.12 60.86 — 
 
 15.90 29.70 — 
 
 16.90 86.57 — 
 
 16.89 36.57 — 
 
 44.80 78.37 20. 62 
 
 23.93 68.43 21.53 
 
 1S35 59.58 23.86 74.61 20.64 
 
 1840 53.05 22.85 55.84 19.02 
 
 1S45 58.78 29.S3 64.18 22.77 
 
 1850 57.96 25.44 61.73 23.64 
 
 1851 — — 64.73 24.68 
 
 1852 — — 60.60 — 
 
 Ocean Steamships. — New York is distinguished for its 
 great lines of ocean steamships, which have all been brought 
 into existence since 1846. These vessels have all been built 
 at New York shipyards, and received their machinery from 
 New York foundries. The total number of steamships 
 built at this port, and launched previous to 1853 is 59 ; of 
 which the number launched in 1849, was 3; in 1850, 14; in 
 1851, 11 ; in 1852, 11. The present number (1853) of steam- 
 ship companies is 16, having 76 steamers, with total tonnage 
 of 129,010 tons. Of these, the following table will exhibit 
 the different lines, the number of their vessels, with their 
 aggregate tonnage, etc. : 
 
 No. of 
 Lines. Vessels 
 
 Liverpool 5. 
 
 Havre 2. 
 
 Total 
 Tonnage. 
 
 . 15,000 
 
 . 4,400 
 
 Xo. of 
 
 Lines. Vessels. 
 
 Richmond 2.. 
 
 Mobile, etc 1.. 
 
 Total 
 Tonnage. 
 
 , 962 
 . 1,900 
 
 Bremen 2. 
 
 .. 3,400 
 
 Savannah 3.. 
 
 8,950 
 
 Charleston 4. 
 
 New Orleans.... 2.. 
 
 . 6,200 
 . 2,000 
 
 Norfolk 2. . 
 
 New Orleans, etc. 3. . 
 
 2,100 
 . 4,800 
 
 California Lim's. — .\spinwall, C. A., 10 vessels, 19,600 
 tons, which connects with Pacific Mail Co., consisting of 14 
 steamers, 15.536 tons. The New York and San Francisco 
 Steamship Co. consists of 4 steamers (2 on each side), 
 aggregate tonnage 7,400. The Empire City Line for San 
 Francisco consists of 3 steamships, with aggregate tonnage 
 of 6,000. Vanderbilt's line, via Nicaragua, consists of 10 
 vessels, with aggregate tonnage of 18,000 tons. 
 
 The British Royal Mail Line (Cunard) have 11 steamers, 
 16,000 tons. The Glasgow Line has 1 steamer, 2,000 tons ; 
 and a second in construction. 
 
 Domestic Trade. — The amount of trade carried on by 
 New York with the coast cities and the interior of the 
 United States, vastly surpasses in magnitude that of its 
 foreign commerce. Of this internal trade full accounts are 
 not made. 
 
 An approximate statement of particul.ar divisions of this 
 trade is exhibited by the following statistics. 
 
 The statistics of total tonnage arriving at Albany by way 
 of the Erie Canal, which follows, exhibit approximately the 
 
 receipts of New York, since by far the greater part of them 
 are directly sent to New York, and whatever proportion is 
 not sent is fully compensated by the trade furnished from 
 the towns and counties on the Hudson Uiver : 
 
 Total tonnage arriving at tide-water 1836-1852 by the 
 Erie Canal : 
 
 From Western States. Fr. 
 Tons. 
 
 419,124 
 3ST.506 
 419.249 
 386,267 
 467,315 
 532,520 
 
 Year. 
 
 1S36 54,219 304,906. 
 
 1837 56,255 331,251 . 
 
 1838 83,2.33 3S6,016. 
 
 1839 121,671 264,586. 
 
 1840 158,148 309,167 . 
 
 1841 224,176 308,314, 
 
 1842 221,477 258.072 480,149 
 
 184^3 256.370 378,969 635,345 
 
 1844 308.025 491,891 79;),816 
 
 1845 304,551 655,039 9.j9,.590 
 
 1846 506,830 600,662 1,107,270 
 
 1847 812,840 618,412 1,4:51,2.52 
 
 1S4S 660,154 534,183 1.184,337 
 
 1849 768.659 498.068 1.266,724 
 
 1860 773,858 5;18,001 1,371,859 
 
 1S51 906,993 541,684 1,.50S.377 
 
 1852 1,151,978 492,721 1,644,699 
 
 Of the above total amount, the whole quantity of wheat 
 and flour which came to the Hudson River, from 1844 to 
 1852 inclusive,with the aggregate market value of the same : 
 
 Year. Tons. Value, 
 
 1849 .. . 434,444 . . . $19,308,595 
 1S50... 461,781... 20,218,183 
 
 Year. Tons. Value. 
 
 1844... 27 7,865... $11,211,677 
 1845 . . . 320.463 . . . 15,962,250 
 1846. . .419,366. . . 18,836.412 
 1847 . . . 501,205 . . . 32,890,938 
 1848... 431,641... 21,148,421 
 
 The following is a statement of several of the leading 
 articles arriving coastwise, in 1851 : 
 
 1851... 457,624... 16,487,653 
 1852 ... 576,772 .. . 22,564,256 
 
 Articles. Amount. 
 
 Rice, trcs 42,4-33 
 
 Salt, bushels 10,180 
 
 Sugar, hhds 21,448 
 
 " trcs 58 
 
 " bbls 86,263 
 
 " boxes 3,599 
 
 " bags 13,733 
 
 Tobacco, hhds 14,827 
 
 " bales, etc. . . 423 
 Wool, bales 10,692 
 
 Articles, Amount. 
 
 Cotton, b.iles 456,637 
 
 Coffee, bags 62,331 
 
 Figs, drums 77,350 
 
 Hemp, bales 19,476 
 
 Hides, No 203,628 
 
 Lead, pigs 176,538 
 
 Molasses, hhds 12,650 
 
 " trcs 1,247 
 
 " bbls 39,797 
 
 Raisins, boxes 52,041 
 
 " casks 1,035 
 
 The aggregate of the trade carried on by means of the 
 various railroads which centre at New York is most im- 
 mense. Of these railroads the principal one is the Erie 
 Railroad, which bears a relation to the entire southern 
 portion of New York, and northern of Pennsylvania, etc., 
 very similar to that sustained by the Erie Canal to the 
 northern part of New York State. On all the railroads 
 diverging from this city toward Philadelphia, Boston, and 
 Albany, the traffic is also immense, and ever increasing. 
 The following are the several principal lines from this city : 
 
 Miles. 
 
 Hudson River 150 
 
 Harlem 153 
 
 New York and New 
 
 Haven 76 
 
 Housatonic 110 
 
 Long Island 96 
 
 Miles. 
 
 Camden and Amboy — 90 
 
 Centr.-il (N. J.) 78 
 
 Morris and Essex 44 
 
 Union 83 
 
 New Jersey, etc 87 
 
 New York and Erie .... 469 
 
 By means of these railroads, New York is directly con- 
 nected with every section of the country ; and the various 
 lines with which these are interwoven form a great net- 
 work of several thousand miles of iron highway. 
 
 Of the total internal trade furnished from the city, dry 
 goods form probably the greatest portion ; but that of man- 
 
 859 
 
 65 
 
CHIEF PLACES Of" THE UNITED STATES. 
 
 nfactures is well-nigh as extensive. Book-i)ubli8liing is a 
 Jirineipal business, and from the mercantile arranguuicnls 
 of the trade, by semi-annual trade sales, commission j)ub- 
 lishers, etc., has become a great leature of the internal trade 
 of Uie city, and a branch it has acquired ut the expense of 
 other cities. 
 
 Of the general character of. the internal trade of New 
 York, it may summarily be said, that it surpasses tliat «{ all 
 other cities in the Union, and differs from that of the entire 
 nation only in degree. 
 
 £((h/i.v.— There are 40 banks, with an aggregate capital 
 of )|>:3o,S:J4,'.)50. In IS^Sd, the bank cupilal of New York was 
 $lS,2S0,0liU ; in l^-SO, $2t).:jt;i,'2ii0. The following statement 
 exhibits the capital and rate of dividends of the banks of 
 the city in each year, ls4."> : 
 
 Div. Piv. 
 
 Years. Cnpltal. per tent. 
 
 1S49....$24,45T,S90 ....S.2S 
 1S50... 27,440,270 ....8. 09 
 1S51... 2S,(l57,4.'50 ....S.93 
 1852... 35,834,950 .... — 
 
 lit. 
 
 Years. Capital. 
 
 1846... $23,084,1 00 ....6.21 
 
 1846... 23,084,100 ....7.09 
 
 1S47... 23,054,100 ....7.25 
 
 184S... 23,084100 ....8.09 
 
 Insurance Companies. — There are 37 fire an<l marine 
 insurance companies, with an aggregate capital of .$0,654,010 ; 
 an<l 6 life insurance and trust companies, with an aggregate 
 capital of $5,000,000. 
 
 PiiliUc Miiildings.— The City Hall, standing near tlie 
 centre of the Park, is a handsome edifice, built chiefly of 
 white marble, and is 216 feet long, 105 feet wide, and 51 
 feet high. It is two stories high above the basement, with 
 a third story in the centre, from which rises a cupola of very 
 beautiful proportions, surmounted by a colo.ssal figure of 
 Justice; erected 1803-12, at a cost of $538,731. It contains 
 28 rooms and public offices for the accommodation of the 
 mayor, common covmcil, etc., of which the Go>'ernor's Koom 
 is the princii)al one, and cmtains many l.nrge portraits of 
 great national characters. Other rooms contain viduable 
 paintings, etc. The New City Hall is a large brick building 
 in the rear of this edifice, which is occupied by the courts, 
 public oflice.s, etc. East of the City Hall is the Hall of Ke- 
 cortls, whrre are preserved all the records and public docu- 
 mpuls of the city. The Custom House is one of the most 
 perfect buihlings of its size in the world. Its site is at the 
 corner of Wall an<l Nassau streets, and was forn)erly occu- 
 pied by the Old City Hall, in which Wasliington was inau- 
 gurated first president of the United States, and the American 
 Congress held their sessions in New York. It is built in 
 imitation of the Parthenon, at Athens, in the Doric order, 
 of white marble, and is 200 feet long, 90 feet wide, and SO 
 feet high. Each of the north and south fronts has a portico 
 of 8 Doric columns, 5 feet S inches in diameter and 32 feet 
 high. The entire exterior, incluiling the roof, is constructed 
 of white marble, excepting the steps, which are of granite. 
 In the construction of the interior, marble, granite, and 
 brick alone were used, thus rendering it perfectly flre-firoof. 
 Some of the largest blocks of marble used weigh 33 tons. 
 It was commenced in May, 1834, and finished in May, 1841. 
 Its cost, groimd included, was $1,195,000— building alone, 
 $950,000. The interior is divided into a grand rotunda and 
 numerous spacious oflHccs. The rotunda is a magnificent 
 room, 60 feet in diameter and 80 feet in the recesses; its 
 dome is supported by 16 columns 30 feet high, which are 
 beautifully wrought, and have capitals of the most exquisite 
 workmanship. The number of officers employed in the 
 Custom House is about 350. The Merchants' Exchange, in 
 Wall Street, is the most magnificent edifice in New York. 
 It covers the entire block bounded by Wall Street, William 
 Street, Hanover Street, and Exchange Place. Its front upon 
 Wall Street is 198 feet, its height 77 feet— to the top of the 
 dome 124 feet. It is constructed in the most substantial 
 form, and perfectly fire-proof, of Quiney granite, and cost, 
 including the ground, $1,800,000. The front on Wall Street 
 has a recessed portico, with IS massive colunms. 38 feet 
 high and 4 feet 4 inches m diameter, each formed from a 
 S60 
 
 s.ilid block of stone, and weighing 43 tons, which cost .$3,000 
 each, an.l are amimg the hirgest in the world. The build- 
 ing belongs to the " Merchants' Exchange Company," in- 
 coriiorated in 1823. with a capital of $1,000,000. It contains 
 a grand central rotunda and immerous spacious oflici's used 
 by bankers, insurance companies, etc. The rotunda is a 
 most magnificent room, So feet in diameter, with 4 recesses, 
 and 51 feet liigh, and is surmounted by a dome which aa- 
 cends 30 feet higher, terminating in a sky-light 87 feet in 
 diameter. The dome is svipported in part by S columns of 
 Italian marble, 41 feet high, in the Corinthian order, and 
 .splendidly pulished. In this spacious hall, at exchange 
 hours, the chief men'hant.M of the city daily assemble. The 
 Hoard of Brokers also meet here dtdly. and the Chamber of 
 Commerce here holds its monthly sessions. 
 
 The Halls of Justice occujiy an entire block between Cen- 
 tre, Elm, Leoiuird, and Franklin streets, having their prin- 
 cipal front upon Centre Sireot. The building is constructed 
 of granite, in the most ma.ssive manner, in Egyptian archi- 
 tecture, and is 2.53 leet lotig and 200 feet wide. Its front has 
 a recessed portico, supported by 14 massive granite columns. 
 The edifice is occupied by the Court of Sessions, police 
 courts, officers' rooms, prison cells, etc. The gloomy aspect 
 of the building has won for it the general name of " The 
 Tombs." 
 
 The City Penitentiary, with the buildings of the Lunatic 
 Asylum, Alms-house,Work-house, etc., are situated on Black- 
 Well's Island, about 5 miles from the City Hall. These 
 are very large stone buildings, and, though of simple archi- 
 tecture, present a very imposing appearance. They are seen 
 to fine advantage from steamboats in passing through the 
 East Iviver. The penitentiary has an entire length of nearly 
 500 feet, and consists of a central building 4 stories high, sur- 
 mounted by a square tower and two wings, each 4 stories 
 high and 200 feet long. The alms-house is 8 stories in height, 
 825 feet in length, and 55 feet wide, with two large wings at 
 each end. The lunatic asylum consists of a central edifice, 
 with four wings. 
 
 The new State Arsenal, situated on Fifth Avenue, between 
 Sixty-second and Sixty-fourth streets (4i miles from the City 
 Hall), a large and commodious edifice, containing arms and 
 munitions belonging to the State, was erected in 1848, cost- 
 ing .$.80,000. It is built in the Gothic castellated style, pre- 
 senting a massive an<i appropriate appearance; its dimen- 
 sions are 200 feet in front, by 5li feet deep, exclusive of the 
 towers, of which there are 8 — i in front, and 1 at each angle 
 — 69 feet high. The first story is of brown stone, the remain- 
 der of brick, and the roof is of iron. It contains great num- 
 bers of cannon, small arms, etc., and some interesting 
 trophies taken from the English during the Kevolution and 
 the hist war. 
 
 The Post Office, formerly the Middle Dutch Church, in 
 Nassau Street, between Liberty and Cedar streets, is note- 
 worthy for its history. It was erected before the Revolu- 
 tion, and much of its interior woodwork and steeple was 
 brought from Holland. During the Uevolutionary War, this 
 church, in common with others used by the British, was 
 much injured from its occupation as a prison, hospital, etc. 
 In 1790 it was repaired, and again used for pubUc worship, 
 in which service it continued until rented by the U. S. Gov- 
 ernment for the general post office of the city. 
 
 The descriptions of the large and commodious edifices 
 used by the benevolent institutions of the city, also those 
 of education, etc., will be found under their appropriate 
 heads. 
 
 The Crystal Palace, for the exhibition of the industry of all 
 nations, built in 1853, for the purposes of a World's Fair, is 
 situated on Sixth Avenue, between Fortieth and Forty-sec- 
 ontl streets, on Reservoir Square, adjoining the Distributing 
 Reservoir of the Croton Aqueduct, 3J miles from the City 
 Hall. The Association which hits erected this magnificent 
 structure, was incorporated for the purpose by the Legisla- 
 ture, March 11, 1852, having previously received the lease of 
 
CHIEF PLACES OF THE UNITED STATES. 
 
 the square from the Common Council of the city, on Jan. 
 8d, 1852. It was incorporated with a capital of .$200,000, 
 with leave to increase it to $300,000. The plan of the build- 
 ing was adopted 26th Aug., 1852, and its foundation formally 
 laid Dec, 1S52. The building is entirely constructed of iron 
 and glass, with the exception of the floor. The general plan 
 is that of a Greek cross, witlj a dome over the intersection. 
 Its site is a nearly square piece of ground, having an ex- 
 treme length from Fortieth to Forty-second Street, of 455 
 feet; and an extreme width, from the Sixth Avenue to the 
 Iteservoir, of 445 feet. The Crystal Palace occupies the 
 greater part of this square, and consists of 2 principal stories, 
 the second being of less extent than the first, a third chiefly 
 ornamental, and a magnificent central dome. The area of 
 the first floor is 111,000 square feet, of the galleries 62,000 
 square feet — total area, 178,000 square feet. By direction of 
 the U. S. Treasury Department, the building will be made 
 a bonded warehouse, during the exhibition, so as to re- 
 ceive all foreign goods free of duty, and encourage the 
 cooperation of foreign nations in this fair of world-wide in- 
 terests. 
 
 Hotels. — Among the public buildings of New Tork, its 
 large hotels form a great feature. Of these the Astor House 
 is the most distinguished. It is situated on Broadwaj-, op- 
 posite the Park, and forms the block between Vesey and 
 Barclay streets. It is built of Quincy granite, in the most 
 substantial and splendid manner, is 5 stories high, and con- 
 tains upward of 860 rooms. In its appointments and gen- 
 eral style of accommodations, it is not surpassed by any 
 hotel in the world. It was erected by J. J. Astor, at a cost 
 of $800,000, and was opened in May, 1S36. The Irving 
 House, on Broadway, occupying the block between Cham- 
 bers and Heade streets, is built of granite, 5 stories high, 
 contains about 300 rooms, and is a hotel of much resort. 
 
 The St. Nicholas Hotel, on Broadway, between Broome 
 and Spring streets, is a new and very large hotel, built of 
 white marble, 6 stories high, containing 270 rooms, antl sur- 
 passing, in the splemlor of its apartment* and general mag- 
 niflcence, all other hotels in the city. The Metropolitan 
 Hotel, on Broadway, comer of Prince Street, 6 stories high, 
 built of brown freestone, is a very imposing edifice. It con- 
 tains about 400 rooms, many of which are elegantly painted 
 and furnished. The entire cost of the building, without 
 furniture, was about $5:0,000. The New York Hotel, on 
 Broadway, occupying the block between Washington and 
 Waverley places, is a very large and fashionable family 
 hotel. It is built of brick, in plain style, but very spacious. 
 and containing about 2S0 rooms. The Union Place Hotel, 
 in Union Place, is a large and fashionable establishment. 
 Many other public houses in the city are very large, well 
 kept, etc. ; but their great number precludes their particular 
 description. The United States Hotel, on Fulton Street, oc- 
 cupying the block between Pearl and Water streets, is built 
 of marble, 7 stories high, and was the first of the mammoth 
 hotels. It contains 225 rooms, and cost $350,000. Hotel-keep- 
 ing, as practiced in New Tork by the best houses, is brought 
 nearer perfection than in any other city in the world. 
 
 Churches. — Many of the churches of New York are very 
 costly edifices, and are among the most splendid oriiaments 
 of the city. Of these, Trinity Church, on Broadway, oppo- 
 site Wall Street, is the most distinguished. This edifice, 
 which is the third built upon the same site, was erected 
 1S41-45, at a cost of about $400,000. It is of Gothic archi- 
 tecture, and constructed entirely of brown sandstone. Its 
 dimensions are — length ISO feet, width 84 feet, height — to 
 the eaves of the clerestory 64 feet, to the apex of the spire 
 204 feet. The i interior presents a very impressive appear- 
 ance. There are no galleries, and it accommodates only 
 about 900 persons with seats. The church is generally re- 
 garded as the finest specimen of pure Gothic .irchiteeture in 
 the United States. The edifices of the Protestant Episcopal 
 Church .are generally more elaborate and expensive struc- 
 tures than those of other denominations, which mainly re- 
 
 sults from the great wealth of the corporation of Trinity 
 Church. Of these the most noted are — Grace Church, on 
 Broadway, comer of Tenth Street, a most elaborate struc- 
 ture of white marble, of Gothic architecture, erected in 
 1845, at a cost of $200,000 ; St. George's Church, near Stuy- 
 vesant Square, a very large edifice in the Eoman style, of 
 brown freestone ; St. Paul's Chapel, on Broadway, between 
 Fulton and Vesey streets, a large but plain edifice, of dark 
 brown stone, having a spire of very graceful proportions, 
 203 feet high; St John's Chapel, fronting on St John's 
 Park, an imposing edifice of brown sandstone, in the Cor- 
 inthian order, erected in 1807, having a splen(li<l portico of 
 4 very large Corinthian columns, and lofty spire 215 feet 
 high ; St. Thomas' Church, on Broadway, corner of Houston 
 Street, of stone, rebuilt 1852, a handsome Gothic edifice ; 
 Church of the Holy Comnuuiion, on Sixth Avenue and 
 Twentieth Street, erected in 1845, of well-dressed red gran- 
 ite, one of the most correctly built Gothic church edifices in 
 the Union; Church of the Annunciation, in W. Fourteenth 
 Street, an imposing stone edifice, of gray stone; Calvary 
 Church, Fourth Avenue; Trinity Chapel, in Fifth Avenue, 
 besides many others which are costly edifices and very fine 
 specimens of architecture. Of Eoman Catholic churches, 
 the best edifices are — St Patrick's, the cathedral, in Prince 
 Street, a very spacious church, of stone, in Gothic architec- 
 ture, erected in 1815, having an interior of imposing ap- 
 pearance, with arched nave, side aisles, etc. ; St. Peter's, 
 in Barclay Street, a very massive edifice of granite, with 
 grand I<mic portico; Church of the Eedeemer, in Third 
 Street, a very large structure of brick, erected 1852, and 
 used by a GeiTnan congregation ; St. Bridget's, near Tomp- 
 kins Square, etc. 
 
 •The First Presbyterian Church, in Fifth Avenue, presents 
 a majestic appearance — it is of reddish hewn stone, in full 
 Gothic architecture, with large buttresses, pinnacles, and 
 tower, and spire 160 feet high. The Church of the Puri- 
 tans (Cong.), in Union Place, is a splendid edifice of white 
 marble. The Dutch Keformed churches in Lafayette Place 
 and University Place are noted for their elegance. Two 
 Unitarian churches, both in Broadway, are fine structures. 
 The First Baptist Church, in Broome Street, is a handsome 
 Gothic edifice if blue limestone, erected in 1841. 
 
 The total number of churches in New York is 250, of 
 which there are 45 Episcopal, 46 Presbyterian, 40 Methodist, 
 .31 Baptist. 21 lioman Catholic, 20 Dutch Reformed, 10 C<m- 
 gregational, 5 Lutheran, 4 Universalist, 4 Friends', 4 Primi- 
 tive Christians, 2 Unitarian, 2 New Jerusalem, 2 Second 
 Advent, 1 Moravian, and 12 Jews' Synagogues. This table 
 gives nearly the proportion of 1 church for every 2,100 of 
 the population. The average number which can be accom- 
 modated is probalily not more than SOO, giving the aggre- 
 gate of church accommodation 200,000 seats, or about J- of 
 the present (1853) population. 
 
 Theatres, etc. — The places of amusement in New Tork are 
 numerous and well patronized. Of the theatres, the Broad- 
 way is the largest and principal one, and chiefly devoted to 
 the regular drama. Niblo's Theatre has a diversity of rep- 
 resentations, and is one of the most popular resorts in the 
 city. The Astor Place Opera House is but little used. Me- 
 tropolitan Hall is a very spacious and magnificent hall, 
 muc^i used for concerts, public meetings, etc., and will ac- 
 commodate 4,000 people. Burton's Theatre is a small but 
 very popular resort, chiefly devoted to comedy, etc. Other 
 theatres are, the Bowery and National; besides which the 
 American Museum presents dramatic and comic represents 
 ations, and contains a collection of figures, curiosities, etc. 
 Among other permtinent amusements are the diflc'rent ofnn- 
 panics of " Ethiopian Minstrels," etc. ; while the more chang- 
 ing attractions consist of an endless number of panoramas, 
 dioramas, concerts, b.alls, etc. 
 
 E<hicrtti(yn. — The provisions of the city for general edu 
 cation are upon a liberal scale. It is believed that there is 
 less attention given to education by the illiterate and poorer 
 
 361 
 
CHIEF PLACES OF THE UNITED STATES. 
 
 classes of the population than in most cities of the United 
 States, but lliese are chiefly of foreign birth, and are com- 
 pelled to use their children to gain a livelihood. According 
 to the census of 1S50, the total number of adult people un- 
 able to read and write in the city, was 18,807, being a per- 
 centage of 3.65 of the entire population, or 1 in 27^ persons. 
 Of this total, 16,449 were of foreign birth, 1,C67 were native 
 negroes, and 691 were born in America. According to the 
 annual report of the Board of Education for the year 1S50- 
 51, the whole number of schools within its jurisdiction during 
 the year ending 30th April, 1S51, was 207, of which the 
 nunilxT belonging to the *' Pul>lic School Society" was 114, 
 ward schools 72, corporate schools 21, and among which 
 were 17 schools for colored children. The wliole number 
 of children taught during the year ending f'ebniary 1, 1S51, 
 was 107,363; number iluring the year l!«9-50 was 102,974; 
 while the average attendance during 1850-51 was 40,055; 
 and in 1S49-50, ,35,9'.iS. The following tabular statement 
 exhibits the most important statistics for the schools during 
 four years each ending on February 1st: 
 
 Year 
 
 en.l.ng 
 Feb. 1. 
 
 1848. 
 
 1849. 
 
 Class. No. 
 
 rublic... 114 .... 
 
 Ward 50 .... 
 
 Corporate. IS 
 
 Totals . . 182 
 
 r Public... 115 
 
 Ward 58 
 
 Corporate.. 21 
 
 WHiole No. 
 taught. 
 
 . 54,7.32 ... 
 
 . 82,698 ... 
 
 2,169 ... 
 
 18,()46 
 11,593 
 1,S7S 
 
 89,599 .... 32,122 . 
 
 50,.320 .... 1S.5ST 
 40,938 .... 14,652 
 8,742 .... 2,125 
 
 Ag. Cost 
 of Insf.ruc. 
 tion, etc. 
 
 $201,176 
 
 Totals. . 194 .... 95,045 .... 35,364 . . $224,490 
 
 'Public... 115 .... 53,.546 .... 18,1.53 
 
 Ward 65 45,872 15,805 
 
 1850. -! Corporate.. 19.... 3,556.... 2.(t40 
 
 Totals.. 199 ....102,974 
 'Public... 114 .... 58,2.39 
 
 1851. 
 
 Ward 72 .. 
 
 Corporate.. 21 . . 
 
 50,559 
 8,565 
 
 85,998 , . $248,301 
 
 19,273 
 18,717 
 2,046 
 
 [ Totals . . 2o7 .... 107,363 .... 40,055 . . $274,795 
 
 The cost per scholar for 240 days' instruction, etc., in the 
 year ending Feb. 1, 1848, was $6 26; ditto in 1S49, $6 34; 
 ditto in 1850, $6 87; ditto in 1851, $6 86— the average cost 
 for the four years per scholar, $6 5S. By an act of the Legis- 
 lature in 1853, the Public School Society is discontinued, and 
 the general district system of the State introduced. 
 
 The Free Academy is a public high school of the city, 
 established "for the purpose of extending the benefits of 
 education gratuitously to those who have been pupils in the 
 common schools of the city and county of New York." The 
 project was submitted to the popular vote of the citizens in 
 1846, and api^roved by a very large majority. The building 
 erected for the purpose, anil opened January 27, 1849, is 
 situated at the corner of Lexington Avenue and Twenty- 
 third Street. It is a spacious and elegant structure, built in 
 the Gothic style, after the manner of the Town Halls of the 
 Netherlands. Its dimensions are 125 feet long, SO feet wide, 
 and 5 stories high. The cost of the Imilding v/as about 
 $50,000, of the lot $20,000, and of its furniture and apparatus 
 $10,000. It will accommodate about 1,000 scholars. In its 
 construction utility and ornament are admirably combined. 
 The number of in.itructors in the academy are 11 ; the num- 
 ber of students admitted at the opening of the institution 
 wag 58; has since steadily increased with successive terms, 
 and now amounts to several hundred. There .ire in the 
 city a great number of private ac.idemies. Of female semi- 
 naries, two are very large, and of great reputation — the 
 Eutger's Female Institute in Madison Street, and Spingler 
 36-2 
 
 Institute in L'nion Place— each of which have fine stone 
 edifices, are well furnished with apparatus, etc., and have 
 over 500 pupils. 
 
 Colleges. — There are in the city 2 collegiate institutions, 3 
 medical colleges, anil 2 theological seminaries. Columbia 
 College W.-IS founded in 1754, by royal charter as King's 
 College. In 1784 its name was changed by the legislature 
 to Columbia College. In 1850 it had 7 instructors, 1,450 
 alumni, 111 students, and 17,000 volumes in its library. It 
 is under the direction of the Protest;int Episcopal Church. 
 Its buildings arc in a bc.iutiful square, a little west from the 
 City Hall, and consist of a large and liandsome edifice, 200 
 feet long by 50 feet wide, with wings at each end etc. The 
 University of the City of New York was founded in 1831. 
 In 1850 it had 11 instructors, 320 alumni, 151 students, and 
 4,000 volumes in library. Its edifice, on the east side of 
 Washington Square, occupying one block, is the most splen- 
 did collegiate building in the Uniteil States, and is one of 
 the finest ornaments of the city. It is constructed of white 
 marble, in the Gothic .style of English collegiate architecture. 
 Its dimensions are 180 feet long, 100 feet wide, and 4 stories 
 high, flanked with square towers on its 4 corners, which 
 rise one story above the side walls, and haviug a central 
 building which, rising much higher than the sides, is 55 
 feet broad, and 85 feet deep, crowned with turrets, and in 
 common with the side walls of the whole building, has an 
 ornamented embattled parapet. Tliis central building is 
 an imitation of King's College Chapel, Cambridge, England, 
 and is used as the principal chapel of the University. It is 
 probably one of the finest rooms of the kind in America. 
 Connected with the University is a very flourishing gram- 
 mar school, and the University Medical College. 
 
 The College of Physicians and Surgeons is a very flour- 
 ishing medic;il institution, founded in 1S07. In ISSil it had 
 6 professors, 219 students, an<l 852 graduates. It is located 
 at 67 Crosby Street, has a commodious edifice, which con- 
 tains an extensive medical museum, and library of over 
 1,000 volumes. The University Medical College was founded 
 in 1837, and is connected with the I'niversity of the City of 
 New York. In 1850. it had 6 professors, 421 students, and 
 597 graduates. Its edifice is a very large, commodious, and 
 elegant building, recently erected in East Fourteenth Street, 
 near Union Square. The New York Medical College is an 
 institution openid in 1851, and occupying a handsome 
 structure, in East Thirteenth Street, near Fourth Avenue. 
 These schools enjoy the advantages of clinical instruction at 
 the various hospitals. 
 
 The General Theological Seminar^' of the Protestant 
 Episcopal Church was founded in 1S17. It occupies an 
 entire square, between Ninth and Tenth avenues, and 
 Twentieth and Twenty-first streets. Its edifices are two large, 
 handsome buildings of stone, in Gothic architecture. In 
 1850, it had 5 professors, 64 students, 336 graduates, and 
 10,000 volumes in its library. It is well endowed, and in 
 a fl'ourishing condition. 
 
 Tlie Union Theological Seminary, a Presbyterian insti- 
 tution, was founded in 18.36. Its edifice, in University 
 Place, near Washington Square, is a handsome structure of 
 brick. In 1850, it had 5 professors, 106 students, 211 alumni, 
 and 18,000 volumes in its library. 
 
 Lihni/i'cn, etc. — The New York Society Librarj', estab- 
 lished 1754, is the oldest literary association in the city. 
 During the llcvolutionary War, its volumes were scattered 
 and lost. On the restoration of peace it was reestablished. 
 In 1838 and '39, it erected its present edifice, on Broa<lway, 
 corner of Leonard Street, lit an expense, including the 
 ground, of $120,000, which is one of the finest library build- 
 ings in the Union. It contains about 45,0ti0 volumes, which 
 have been selected with much care. In IsS;^, it h;is dis- 
 posed of its building, and will be removed to the up|)er 
 part of the city. The Mercantile Library Association, 
 formed in 1820, for merchants' clerks, occupies a large 
 portion of Clinton Hall, On Beekman and Nassau streets, 
 
CHIEF PLACES OF THE UNITED STATES. 
 
 which was erected in 1S30 for its accommodation, at a cost 
 of $53,000. Its library is particularly rich in periodical 
 literature, and contains about 36.000 volumes. 
 
 The New York Historical Society, founded in 1804, have a 
 very valuable library of American history, of 17,000 volumes. 
 and some collections of historical interest The Society have 
 monthly meetings, and have published numerous volumes 
 of their researches, etc. Their rooms are at the University, 
 but a building for their accommodation is in contemplation. 
 The Geographical and Statistical Society hold montlily 
 meetings, and have commenced the formation of a library. 
 The transactions of this society are published in a " Bulletin," 
 the first number of which was issued in August, 1S52. The 
 Apprentices' Library, established in 1820, occupies a large 
 building at 32 Crosby Street, and contains 14,000 volumes. 
 The American Institute have 6,000 volumes; the Typo- 
 graphical Society, 3,000 volumes, free to printers, etc. ; the 
 New York Law Institute, in the City Hall, 5,000 volumes ; 
 the Mechanics' Institute, 3,000 volumes ; besides which, the 
 New York Lyceum and the Lyceum of Natural History 
 have each valuable libraries and other collections. 
 
 The AstoT Library was founded by John Jacob Astor, 
 who, in his will, appropriated $400,000 for "the establish- 
 ment of a public library upon the most ample scale and 
 liberal character, for general use, free of expense to persons 
 resorting thereto." Of this amount, Mr. Astor directed that 
 a sum, not exceeding $75,000, should be expended in the 
 erection of a building, on the E. side of Lafayette Place; 
 that $120,000 should be expended in the first outlay for 
 books and other objects ; and that the residue, over $200,000, 
 should be permanently invested as a fund for its main- 
 tenance and gradual increase. The library edifice, built of 
 brown freestone and brick, is a very handsome structure, 
 both in exterior and interior. Its dimensions are — 65 feet 
 front, 120 feet in length, and 2 stories in height, 67 feet from 
 the side-walk to the top of the parapet. The interior is most 
 commodiously arranged, and will conveniently contain 
 100,000 volumes. Over 60.000 volumes have already been 
 purchased, chiefly in Europe. The library will be opened 
 for public use in 1S53. 
 
 Periodical Press. — The whole number of periodicals 
 publishea in the city in June, 1850, was 125, of which 14 
 were issued daily, 8 semi-weekly, 58 weekly, 8 on Sunday, 
 5 semi-monthly, 30 monthly, and 2 quarterly. Names of 
 dailies : " Herald" (indep.), " Tribune" (whig), •' Sun" (neu- 
 tral), "Courier and Enquirer" (whig), "Journal of Com- 
 merce" (neutral), " Express" (whig), " Morning Star" (neu- 
 tral), " Commercial Advertiser" (whig), " E\ening Post" 
 (free soil), "Evening Mirror" (whig), "Merchants' Day- 
 Book" (whig), " Globe" (dem.), Deutsche Schnell Post" 
 (German), and "New Yorker Demokrat" (German). Each 
 of these issue other editions weekly or semi-weekly. The 
 dailies, with many of the weeklies, surpass those of any 
 other city in the Union in their intrinsic merits, size, capital 
 involved, and circulation. The total circulation of the 8 
 dailies in 1850. at each issue, was 154,261 copies, being over 
 one-sixth of all the dailies printed in the United States. 
 The largest circulations attained by different issues, were : 
 Of dailies, the " Sun," 55,000 copies ; of weeklies, the " Trib- 
 une," 48.000 ; of monthlies, the " American Messenger" 
 (relig.), 211,000. 
 
 City Government^ Department, Institutions, Puhlic 
 Worl-s, etc. — The government is vested in the mayor, re- 
 corder, and Common Council, which body consists of the 
 two boards of aldermen and assistant aldermen, each com- 
 posed of 19 members, 1 from each ward. The mayor and 
 aldermen are elected once in 2 years, the assistant aldermen 
 annually. There are 9 executive departments, viz., police, 
 finance, streets, repairs and supplies, streets and lamps, 
 Croton Aqueduct, city inspectors, alms-house, and law. The 
 number of civil courts is 4, besides 5 ward courts ; of crimi- 
 nal courts, 3, besides 3 police courts. 
 
 Expenses oj Government. — The total expenses of the city 
 
 year since 1800, is exhibited in the fol- 
 the amount raised each year for city 
 
 government in each 
 lowing statement of 
 purposes : 
 
 Years. Amount. 
 
 1801 $75,000 
 
 1802 75,000 
 
 1803 75,000 
 
 1804 75,000 
 
 1805 127.947 
 
 1806 127.815 
 
 1S07 119,155 
 
 1808 138,985 
 
 1809 1-39,027 
 
 1810 129,727 
 
 1811 176,978 
 
 1812 174,920 
 
 1813 174.727 
 
 1814 214,225 
 
 1815 197,913 
 
 1816 180,654 
 
 1817 216,720 
 
 1818 255,741 
 
 The debt of the city, on 1st January, 1845, was : 
 
 Permanent Debt $12,881,750 42 
 
 Temporary " 1,147,914 80 
 
 Year.. 
 
 Amount. 
 
 Years. 
 
 Amount. 
 
 1819 . . 
 
 . $250,140 
 
 1836.. 
 
 . $1,085,130 
 
 1820 . . 
 
 . 270,361 
 
 1837.. 
 
 . 1,260,000 
 
 1821 .. 
 
 . 259,430 
 
 1833 . . 
 
 . 1,800,000 
 
 1822 . . 
 
 . 302,106 
 
 1839. 
 
 . 1,200,000 
 
 1823 . . 
 
 . . 351,814 
 
 1840. 
 
 . 1,100,000 
 
 1824 .. 
 
 . . 853,328 
 
 1841 . 
 
 . 1,265,000 
 
 1825 .. 
 
 . . 3;36,864 
 
 1842 . 
 
 . 1,100,000 
 
 1826 . . 
 
 .. 58:3,759 
 
 1S43. 
 
 . 990,000 
 
 1827 .. 
 
 . . 437,692 
 
 1844. 
 
 . 1,298,922 
 
 1828 . . 
 
 . . 485,752 
 
 1845. 
 
 . 1,339,487 
 
 1829 .. 
 
 . . 507,107 
 
 1846. 
 
 . 1,754,323 
 
 1830 . . 
 
 .. 509,178 
 
 1847. 
 
 . 1,746,361 
 
 1831 . . 
 
 . . 562,104 
 
 1848. 
 
 . 1,992,150 
 
 1832 . . 
 
 .. 665,386 
 
 1849. 
 
 . 2.302,564 
 
 1S33 . . 
 
 .. 971,866 
 
 1850 . 
 
 . 2.578,325 
 
 18a4 .. 
 
 . . 835,605 
 
 1851 . 
 
 . 2,924,493 
 
 1835 . . 
 
 . . 965,603 
 
 1852. 
 
 . 3,378,335 
 
 Total " $14,029,665 22 
 
 In 1852, according to the message of the mayor, it was : 
 Permanent debt redeemable from sink, fund $14,578,908 00 
 Temporary debt redeemable from taxation . 710,000 00 
 
 Total $15,288,908 00 
 
 The following table exhibits the amount of taxation in 
 decades of years since 1800, and the comparative increase 
 of taxation and population during the same periods : 
 
 Periods. 
 
 Tax. perct. 
 
 1801-10 $1,082,656 — 
 
 1811-20 2,112,379 95 
 
 1821-30 4,127,080 95 
 
 1831-40 9.945,694 141 
 
 1841-50 16..367,1.32 65 
 
 Pop. perct. 
 
 ...59 
 
 ...28 
 
 ...64 
 
 ...54 
 
 ...65 
 
 Total tax in 50 years, $33,634,891 ; in 1851 and '52, $6,302,828. 
 Total tax in 52 years, 39,937,719. 
 
 The rate of tax, per head, in dififerent years was as follows : 
 
 Years. Rate. 
 1800... $1.24 
 
 1805... 1.69 
 1810... 1.35 
 
 Y^ar?. 
 
 Rate, 
 
 1815. 
 
 .$2.32 
 
 1820. 
 
 . 2.18 
 
 1825. 
 
 . 2.03 
 
 Years. Rate. ] Years. Rate. 
 
 1S30... $2.51 1845... $3.61 
 1835... 3.57 1850... 5.00 
 1840... 3.52 
 
 The amount of corporation property owned by the city 
 in 1851, consisting chiefly of real estate, piers, wharves, 
 etc., as estimated under direction of the controller, was 
 $19,505,310 88. Of this property, a large portion lying in 
 the upper part of the city was sold at auction in 18r)2. The 
 same estimate gave as the total cost of the Croton Aqueduct, 
 $14,041,583 95; of the Receiving Keservoir, $134,000 00; of 
 the Distributing Reservoir, $152,000 00. 
 
 The statistics of the various departments of the city are as 
 follows : 
 
 Police Pepar'tment. — The city is divided into 19 patrol 
 districts, each ward constituting one, which are patrolled by 
 a total force of 941 policemen, averaging 50 to each ward. 
 
 Criminal Statistics. — The statistics of the criminal courts 
 of the city for the years 1851-52 are as follows : 
 
 Whole number of trials 1852. 1851. 
 
 In the Court of Oyer and Terminer 14.. 14 
 
 In the Court of General Sessions 447 . . 417 
 
 In the Court of Special Sessions 2,405 . . 2,079 
 
 Total 2,866 .. 2,510 
 
 863 
 
CHIEF PLACES OF THE UNITED STATES. 
 
 Tbe total number of convictions in tlicse courts during 
 the year ISol was 2.494; of which 1,530 were for petit lar- 
 ceny ; for assault and batter>', 7u3 ; burglary, 47 ; grand lar- 
 ceny, 105; forgery IT, etc. During 1S51, the number com- 
 mitted to the city prison was 10,522, making, with 221 
 remaining on January 1, 16,543. Of these, 12,955 were 
 discharged, 3,390 sent to the penitentiary, 192 to the State 
 prison, and 3 were executed. The statistics of the peniten- 
 tiary on Blackwell's Island for the year 1S52 were as follows : 
 
 Remaining in penitentiary Dee. 31, 1851 879 
 
 Eeceived during the year 1852, males 2,017 
 
 " " " females 2,348 4.365 
 
 Total 5,244 
 
 Discharged, males 1,918 
 
 " females 2,290 4.203 
 
 Bemaining in penitentiary Dec. 31, 1852 1,041 
 
 AlmS'lJinise Department. — This department has charge 
 of all the city institutions for the relief of the poor, etc. ; the 
 penitentiary, prisons, work-house, asylums, hospitals, etc. 
 The principal buildings on Blackwell's Island are very large, 
 and contain several thousand inmates. The charge of these 
 institutions is committed to a board of 10 governors. The 
 real estate occupied by this department was valued in 1S51 
 at $1,200,000. 
 
 The combined statistics of the total expenses of the city 
 hospitals, asylums, nurseries, and prisons for the year 1860, 
 were as follows : 
 
 Institution.". Total Expenses. 
 
 Aims-House $30,108 38 
 
 Bellevue Hospital 45,279 13 
 
 City Prison 13.S02 81 
 
 Colored Home 7,664 58 
 
 Colored Orphan Asylum 2,607 13 
 
 Lunatic Asylum 31,044 11 
 
 Nursery 38,206 53 
 
 Nursery Hospital 14,040 93 
 
 Office 2-3,127 69 
 
 OutrDoor Poor 60.507 04 
 
 Penitentiary 69.895 52 
 
 Penitentiary Hospital 3,917 62 
 
 Police, Office of the Chief of bb «\ 
 
 Prison, 2d District 1,095 98 
 
 Prison, .3(1 District 1,369 44 
 
 Randall's Island 10,507 S3 
 
 Small Pox Hospital 643 55 
 
 Storehiiuse, Blackwell's Island 29.445 OS 
 
 Storehouse, Randall's Island 10.S88 75 
 
 Work-House II,*^!) 35 
 
 New Work-l louse Building 2,455 40 
 
 Total monthly cost of supplies, $406,052 60. 
 Of 4 of these institutions, the following are some of their 
 statistics for the year 1S52. 
 
 Ri 
 
 NUiMBEE OP INMATES. 
 
 itted I)i<irli! 
 
 Dec. :il, l.\-il. 
 
 Bellevne Hospital. 
 
 Alms-llouse 
 
 Lunatic Asylum.. 
 
 609 
 
 5.0S9 
 
 kI Jicil. 
 
 5,182 
 
 Remaining 
 
 Deo. :il,lftvz. 
 
 516 
 
 — — — 1,267 
 
 517 495 485 527 
 
 Nursery 1,419 1,773 1,881 1,311 
 
 Of the Alms-House inmates — 1.022 were born in foreign 
 countries, and 245 in the UiiUeil States; 6>")3 were males, 
 614 I'enuilcg. There are three large disjiensaries, whose free 
 oharitable ministrations have for many years been of very 
 great assistance in relieving the medical wants of the poorer 
 classes. According to recent police returns, 18,450 pi-rsons 
 were found living in 3.742 underground basements. Nearly 
 one-third of these persons were classified as dirty in person, 
 and their ba.sements of the same description. 
 
 Croton Aqu^diiH Dfipartonetit. — The Croton Aqueduct 
 
 was commenced in 1837, and its completion celebrated Oct 
 
 14tli, 1842. It is 40J m. long, commencing at the Croton r., 
 
 in Westchester co., 5 m. from Hudson r. The dam, built 
 
 804 
 
 of stone and cement, is 2.i0 feet long, 40 feet high, 70 feet 
 thick at its base, and 7 at its top. The pond thus created is 
 5 m. long, covering 400 acres, and estimated to contain 
 500,000,000 gallons of water. The aqueduct, built of stone, 
 brick, and cement, and arched over and under, is 6 feet 9 
 inches wide at its bottom, 7 feet 5 inches wide at the top, 
 and 8 feet 5 inches high, has a descent of l-SJ inches per m., 
 and will discharge 00.1100,000 gallons in 24 hours. It crosses 
 Harlem r. on a magnificent bridge of stone, 1,450 feet long, 
 supported by 14 stone piers, and which cost nearly $1,000,000. 
 The receiving reservoir is between Sixth and Seventh 
 avenues, and Seventy-ninth and Eighty-sixth streets, cover- 
 ing 85 acres, containing 150,000,000 gallons of water, and 
 cost $134,000. The distributing reservoir, on Fifth Avenue 
 and Forty-second Street, is a most massive structure, is 2,120 
 feet square, covering over 4 acres, conUnining 25,000,000 
 gallons, and cost $152,000. Thence the water is distributed 
 over the city in iron pipes, of which, in 1853, 215 m. length 
 had been laid. The daily consumption is about 30,000,000 
 gallons. The supply is considered adequate for three or 
 four times the present population of the city. In 1851 the 
 total cost of the Croton Aqueduct and its connections was 
 $14,041 ,.584. Its revenue now amounts to nearly $500,000, 
 and is steadily increasing. 
 
 Fire Department. — Engine companies in 1851. 49, with 
 34 engines, 49 hose companies, with carriages, and 5S.5o0 feet 
 of hose, 8 hook and ladder companies. 3 hydrant companies ; 
 whole number of firemen, 2,172. The real estate used by 
 the Fire Department was valued, in 1851, at $151,800. Sta- 
 ti.stics of fires in 1S52 — total number, .325; of false alarms, 
 193; loss of buildings by fire, $223,428; loss on stock, 
 $1,.359,603 ; number of persons who lost theirlives by fires, 13. 
 J/arket.i, etc. — There are 14 principal markets, the build- 
 ings of which occupy large areas of ground, but are 
 utterly unworthy of the city, occupying real estate, valued 
 in 1851 at $1,109,000. Of these, the largest and most im- 
 portant is Washington Market, in Washington Street, front- 
 ing on the Hudson River. Its business is chiefly whole- 
 sale, and more extensive than any other in the United 
 States. The following are approximate estimates of its 
 aggregate yearly sales : 
 
 ileat trade . . . 
 
 ... $.5,000,000 
 
 Poultry trade. . 
 
 . $1,000,000 
 
 Fruit " . . . 
 
 . . . 2,800,(100 
 
 Vegetable " . . 
 
 . 17,500,000 
 
 Butter " . . . 
 
 430,000 
 
 Kgg " .. 
 
 .. 1,000,000 
 
 Honey " . . . 
 Fish " « . . . 
 
 9,000 
 648,000 
 
 Nut " . . 
 
 15,000 
 
 Total yearly sales of all kinds of produce. . . . $28,452,000. 
 
 The other markets are more occupied with the retail 
 trade. 
 
 The following statistics of the cattle trade, for the year* 
 18.51 and '52, give only an approximate statement of the 
 consumption of meat in the city. 
 
 Sales of beeves, etc., in the New York cattle market, in 
 1851 and '52 : 
 
 Total Cownand Slieep and 
 
 Sales. Beeve.s. falves. l.iimli*. 
 
 1S.51 88,994 5,4116 264,200 
 
 1852 105.225 5,658 323,000 
 
 Licenses.— Tola.] number of licensed omnibuses, Feb. 1, 
 1850, 425, paying $7,030 ; number of same in 1S.")2, 30 lines, 
 ha>ing a full number of 800 stages, of which 445 licenseg 
 pay $12,380; total number of licensed hacks in 18.50,4.31, 
 paying $2,138. Of other principal licenses, the following is 
 a .summary for 1852 : Cartmen, 4,233 ; dirt carts, 1,460 ; pub- 
 lic porters, 245. etc. 
 
 Summary of tavern licenses during 1850-52, the years 
 ending Dec. 31 ; and of liquor licenses during 1^50-52, the 
 years ending May 1 ; also the number of licenses granted in 
 1^52, after May 1 ; anil the total number of places where 
 rum is sold, as reported by the police : 
 
 After May t. 
 
 1850 ia;>i. ifS3. !'''■>■-'• 5"'>'. 
 
 Tavern licenses . .4.528. . . .5,047. . . .5.980. ... — . . . . — 
 Liquor " . .8,986. . ..4,558.... 5,190. . ..5,796. .. .6,308 
 
CHIEF PLACES OP THE UNITED STATES. 
 
 City Railroads. — The Fourth Avenue IJ. K., belonging 
 to the Harlem li. K., has been in operatit)n for several years. 
 During 11 hours of the day, ears run every 7 minutes from 
 tlie Astor House to Twenty-seventh Street — fare 6 cents. 
 The Sixth Avenue E. R. went into operation on Aug. 11, 
 
 1852. Cars are run every 4 minutes for 12 hours of the day, 
 from Vesey Street to Forly-fourtli Street — fare 5 cents. An 
 immense number of persons, averaging, in 1S52, over 10,000 
 daily, use these cars, as also those of Kighth Avenue R. E. 
 The receipts from its opening to Dec. 1, 1S.')2, were $40,461. 
 The Eighth Avenue R. R.wcnt into operation 31st Aug., 1852. 
 The cars run every 4 minutes during the greater part of the 
 day and evenings, from Vesey to Fifty-first streets — fare 5 
 cents. The daily number of passengers, in lSi52, averaged 
 over 11,000. Tl)e receipts of the road, from its opening, 
 during the year 1852 (4 months 1 day) were $59,5 lO. In 
 
 1853, branches of the above roads are extended through 
 Canal Street to Broadway. Other aveiuie railroads are in 
 rapid construction, of which the principal are on the 
 Second and Ninth avenues, extending to the lower part of 
 the city. 
 
 Benevolent Tn.stitutions. — The charitable institutions, not 
 under the charge of the city corporation, but established 
 and sustained by the sympathetic liberality of associations 
 and the citizens, are highly creditable to the character of 
 New Tork. Of these, the New York Hospital, in Broad- 
 way, opposite Pearl Street, is among the principal. It was 
 founded in 1771. It consists of 8 large stone edifices, finely 
 located in a beautiful, spacious yard, very commodious, and 
 well fitted up, and will accommodate 400 patients. It has a 
 large annual revenue, but which is annually expended. 
 The total number of patients admitted from December 31, 
 1829, to December 31, 1852, was 54,076. The number re- 
 maining December 81, 1851, was 301 ; number of admissions 
 during 1S52, .3,448 ; number discharged in 1S52, 3,4n7 ; num- 
 ber remaining December 31, 1852, 342. It is the only gene- 
 ral hospital of any note in the city. 
 
 The Bloomingdale Asylum for the Insane, located at 
 Bloomingdale, near the Hudson river, between Tenth and 
 Eleventh avenues. One Hundred and Seventeenth and One 
 Hundreil and Twentieth streets, 7 miles from the City Hall, 
 is a branch of the New Tork Hospital, which went into 
 operation in June, 1821. There are three very large and 
 commodious build ings of hewn stone, with 40 acres of ground 
 beautifully laid out into pleasure-grounds, gardens, etc. The 
 statistics of this institution for the year 1852 are as follows : 
 
 Number of patients in Asylum Jan. 1, 1852 122 
 
 Admitted during the year 102 
 
 Discharged " " 87 
 
 Died " « IS 
 
 Number of patients in Asylum Dec. 81, 1852 119 
 
 Receipts during the year $31,137 47 
 
 Expenditures $30,254 61 
 
 Balance in treasury $882 86 
 
 Value of products of the farm in 1852 $5,261 00 
 
 The total number of patients treated since the opening of 
 the Asylum approximates 5,000. 
 
 The New York Institution for the Instruction of the Deaf 
 and Dumb is located between Fourth and Fifth avenues, 
 and Forty-ninth and Fiftieth streets, 3^ miles from the City 
 Hall. The principal edifice, occupied since 1829, is a very 
 handsome structure, 5 stories high, 110 feet long, and 60 feet 
 wide. The whole number of patients at the institution in 
 1852 was 303; number discharged during the year, 44; 
 number remaining Dec. 31, 1852, 259; of whom 143 were 
 males and 116 females. These were supported as follows : 
 by the State of New Tork, 182 ; by the city of New Tork, 
 16 ; by the State of New Jersey, 13 ; by their friends, 81 ; by 
 the Institution, 16; by the Commissioners of Emigration, 1. 
 Expenses in 1S52, $43,000 ; receipts, $41,000. 
 
 The Institution for the Blind, on Ninth Avenue, Thirty- 
 third and Thirty-fourth streets, is a large and splendid 
 
 edifice of granite, in Gothic style, and one of the finest orna- 
 ments of the city. The total number of inmates during 
 1852 was 150 ; number remaining Dec. 31, 1852, 103. 
 
 Orphan Asylums.— The New York Orphan Asylum, sita- 
 ated at Bloomingdale, near Hudson river, on SeVenty-first 
 Street, 4J m. from City Hall, is a handsome building of 
 stone, in Gothic style, 120 by 60 feet, connected with 9 acres 
 of ground, and contains several hundred children. The 
 Protestant Half-Orphan Asylum is in Sixth Avenue, be- 
 tween Tenth and Eleventh streets. The Colored Orphan 
 Asylum, on Fifth Avenue, between Forty-second and Forty- 
 third streets, is a large institution in flourishing condition. 
 Number of children Jan. 1, 1852, 201 ; admitted in 1852, 
 57; remaining Dee. 31,1852. 207 — boys, 130 ; giris, 77; total 
 number admitted since opening of the asylum, 631 ; receipts 
 and expenses during 1852, each .ibout $16,000. The Roman 
 Catholic Orphan Asylum, in Prince Street, near the Cathe- 
 dral, is a very large institution, under charge of the Sisters 
 of Charity. On Dec. 31, 1852, it contained about 700 chil- 
 dren — 300 girls and 400 boys. Expenses of the year, $25,000. 
 
 Other asylums are, the Home for Aged Indig»>nt Females, 
 having, in 1852. 87 inmates; expenses and receipts in same 
 year, about $4,000. Asylum for Lying-in Women, which, in 
 1S52, accommodated 141 women in confinement, etc; the 
 Colored Home, Magdalen, Friendless Boys, and others. 
 
 There are five dispensaries, which annually afford medi- 
 cal aid to vast numbers of the population. Of these the 
 New York Dispensary was established in 1790, the Northern 
 in 1S27, the Eastern in 1830, the Demilt in 1851, the North- 
 western in 1852. The aggregate applications to the first 
 three, in 1852, for medical aid, waa 79,379 ; number of vac- 
 cinations, 6,816. 
 
 Institutions for Seamen.— On Staten Island are three large 
 and most excellent institutions for seamen; viz., the Marine 
 Hospital at Tompkinsville, near the Quarantine ground, 
 consisting of 3 buildings ; the Seaman's Retreat ; and the 
 Sailor's Snug Harbor, on the N. side of the island, which 
 provides a home for aged and decayed seamen, and pos- 
 sesses an estate, bequeathed by Capt. Randall, now valued 
 at $1,000,000. 
 
 Jieliffious Societies. — New York contains many of the 
 central offices and publication establishments of those great 
 religious denominations and societies which embrace in 
 their labors the whole nation. Some of their printing 
 offices are among the largest in the city — viz., American 
 Bible Society, which in 1852 erected a splendid edifice in 
 Fourth Aveime, cor. Ninth Street, consisting of an entire 
 block, six stories high ; Methodist Book Concern in Mul- 
 berry Street ; American Tract Society in Nassau Street, and 
 many others. The anniversaries of these societies are cele- 
 brated during the second week in May, and are occasions 
 of much interest. 
 
 Population. — The following statistics exhibit the amount 
 of the population of New York at various intervals since its 
 foundation, as furnished by the enumerations and estimates 
 of the earlier period, and later by the official returns of the 
 census, periodically taken under the authority of the State, 
 and of the United States, together with the numerical in- 
 crease between the consecutive periods with the actual ratio 
 for such times, and the corresponding ratio for decennial 
 periods, where the interval is more or less than ten years : 
 
 Ratio ol Increase. 
 
 Years. 
 
 Population. 
 
 Actual Est. Decennial 
 Per cent. Per cent. 
 
 1656 1,000 — — ...... — 
 
 1673 2,500 1.500 150.00 88.23 
 
 1696 4<303 1,802 72.08 81.35 
 
 1731 8,628 4,326 100.56 28.73 
 
 1756 10.381 1,753 20..32 8.13 
 
 1773 21,876 11,495 110.73 65.13 
 
 1776estim.. 26,000 estira. . 4,124 cstim.. 20.00 — 
 
 ,3S6 dec.'76 7.94 6.11 
 
 788 inc. '73 — — 
 
 365 
 
 1786 28,614 
 
 <i J 2,3! 
 I 1,7! 
 
CHIEF PLACES OF THE UNITED STATES. 
 
 Yesre, 
 
 Population. 
 
 1790 33,131 9,517 40.80 . 
 
 1800 60,4Sa 27,35S 82.57 . 
 
 1S05 75,770 15,281 25.26, 
 
 1810 96,373 20,608 27.19. 
 
 Dereiiniiil 
 Per tent. 
 . . 100.75 
 
 .. 82.37 
 ... 50.52 
 ,.. 54.38 
 
 44.20 
 57.35 
 6S.52 
 
 1S14 92,448 3,925 dec... 4.07 dec. 
 
 1816 100,619 S,171 8.84..., 
 
 1S20 li!3,706 23,087 22.94 .... 
 
 1825 106,086 42,3S0 34.26... 
 
 1880 202.5S9 86,503 21.97 4-3.94 
 
 18S5 270,089 67,500 83.32 66.64 
 
 1S40 312,710 42,021 15.78 31.56 
 
 1845 871,223 5s,513 18.71 37.42 
 
 1850 515,547 144,-324 88.83 77.76 
 
 The average decennial increase from 1656 to 1850, is 
 about 40 per cent., whicli has been steadily ahead, except 
 during the two periods of war with Great BritJiin. The ratio 
 of increase in other periods has been materially cheeked by 
 the Ibllowinf; causes: French and Indian war of 1689-97 ; 
 yellow fever in 1741-2 ; the " negro plot" of the same years ; 
 great fire of 1741 ; and the, French wars of 1744-48, and 
 1754. There has been no period of ten years' length, since 
 1756, in which the population has not increased. 
 
 POPULATION BY PERIODS OP GOVEBNMKNT. 
 
 Periods. Pop. ill close. Inrrease. Batio, Decoquiv, 
 
 Dutch ....161-3-1664... 1,700... 1,700... — — 
 
 English. ..1664-1783... 23,614... 22,000. . .1,-300 1,000 
 
 American .1783-1850. . .515,507. . .491,893. . .2,283 3,411 
 
 BEFORE AND AFTER TUB UNITED STATES CONSTITUTION. 
 
 Periods, Pop. Ht close. Increase, KatJo. Cent, equiv. 
 
 Before.... 161-3-1790... 83,181... 88,131... — — 
 
 After 1790-1850. . .515,507. . .482.376, , ,1,456 2,427 
 
 The population of the city has doubled, since 1656, nine 
 times, or in each average period of 2H years ; since 1790. /(rur 
 times, or in each 15 years ; since 1800, three times, or in each 
 average period of 16f years. 
 
 Comparison of the growth of the cities of New York, 
 Philadelphia, Boston, and Baltimore, since 1790: 
 Years. N.York, Pliilad, Boston. Bait. cl'uel a.of'tire" 
 
 1790.. 83,131.. 42,520.. 18,038.. 13,508.. 74,061..! . .44.7 
 
 1800.. 60,489.. 81,005.. 24,297.. 26,514.-1-31,816 45.9 
 
 1810.. 96,373.-111,210.. 85,250., 46,4'55. -192,915 50.0 
 
 1820.. 12-3,706.. 137,097.. 43,293.. 62,7-38. .243,1-33 51.0 
 
 18-311.-202,589. .188,901.- 61,392-. 80,620.. 330,973 61.2 
 
 1840- .312,710.-258,037. . 93,-383. .102,513. .453,933 68.9 
 
 1850.. 515,507- -408,815- -138,785.-189,048- -734,734 70.2 
 
 By the census of 1850, New York exceeds in population 
 fourteen of the States of the Union. 
 
 Mortality. — The annual ratio of deaths to the population 
 has for several years been 3 per cent., which large propor- 
 tion is to be attributed in a very great degree to the foreign 
 immigration, the alms-houses, etc., and not to the natural 
 unhcalthiness of the city. 
 
 Wealth. — The following statements exhibit the valuation 
 of property in the city from 1800 to 1852 inclusive. The 
 first statement exhibits the total valuation until 1825; the 
 second table, from 1825-52 inclusive, distinguishes each class 
 of estate : 
 
 Total 
 Year*. Valuation. 
 
 1800 $24,486,870 
 
 1805 25,645,867 
 
 1806 26,529,630 
 
 1807 24,959,955 
 
 ISOS 25,118,720 
 
 1809 24,782,267 
 
 IRIO 26,4^56,370 
 
 1811 26,045,730 
 
 1812 26,243,1140 
 
 1813 27,040,230 
 
 1814 82,901,497 
 
 366 
 
 Years, Valu.-ition, 
 
 1815 $81,636,042 
 
 1816 82,074,201 
 
 1817 78,895,725 
 
 1818 80,245,091 
 
 1819 70,118,061 
 
 1820 69,530,753 
 
 1821 68,282,070 
 
 1822 71,289,144 
 
 1823 70,940.820 
 
 1824 83,075,670 
 
 Years. Keal Kstate, 
 
 182.5 $58,4.35,895 ... 
 
 1826 64.942,8.51 ... 
 
 1827 72,617,770... 
 
 1823 77,i:«),880 ... 
 
 1829 76,531,890 ... 
 
 1830 87,603,580 ... 
 
 1831 97,221.870... 
 
 18-32 104,042,405 ... 
 
 1833 114,129,-561 .. 
 
 1834 123,249,280 ... 
 
 18:35 14:3.732,452 ... 
 
 18:J0 2-3;3,74-3.:303 ... 
 
 1S:37 194.450,109 ... 
 
 1838 194,54-3,359 .., 
 
 18:39 196,778,4:54 ... 
 
 1840 187,121,464 ... 
 
 1841 186,:347,246 .., 
 
 1842 176.512,-342 ... 
 
 1S43 164,950,515 ... 
 
 1844 171,9-36,591 ... 
 
 1845 177,160,790 ... 
 
 1846 183.490,934.., 
 
 1847 187,.314,386 ... 
 
 1848 193,027..576 ... 
 
 1849 197.761,919 .., 
 
 1850 207,146,173 ... 
 
 1.851 227,013,856 ... 
 
 1852 252,186,753 ... 
 
 Personal Estate. 
 
 . $42,734,131 .. 
 
 . 42.5-34,931 .. 
 
 . 39,594.156 . . 
 
 . 86,879,653 . . 
 
 . 35.984,186 . . 
 
 . 87,684,933 . . 
 
 . 42,05S,!344 . . 
 
 . 42,260,213 , , 
 
 . 52,305,626 , . 
 
 . 63,299,2:31 . . 
 
 . 74.931,273 . . 
 
 . 75,758,617 .. 
 
 . 67,297,241 .. 
 
 . 69,609.582 . . 
 
 . 70,014,790 . . 
 
 . 65,721,099 .. 
 
 . 65,430,466 . . 
 
 . 61,294.559.. 
 
 . 63,046,576 . . 
 
 . 64.023.456 . . 
 
 . 62,777,523 . . 
 
 . 61,471.571 .. 
 
 . 59,837,917 .. 
 
 . 61,164,451 .. 
 
 . 58,455,174 . . 
 
 . 79,939,240 . . 
 
 . 93,094.502 . . 
 
 . 98,520,043 . , 
 
 Total. 
 
 ..$101,160,046 
 .. 1U7.477.7S1 
 .. 112,211.926 
 .. 114,019,5:33 
 .. 112.516.1 126 
 .. 126.288,518 
 .. 1.39,230.214 
 . . 146,302,613 
 .. 160,495.187 
 .. 186,548.511 
 .. 218,723,703 
 .. 309,501,920 
 .. 26-3,747,350 
 ,, 204,152,941 
 .. 266,789,230 
 .. 252,848,163 
 .. 251,777,702 
 .. 237.806,901 
 .. 227,997,091 
 -. 2:35,960,047 
 .. 239,938,318 
 .. 244,952,505 
 .. 247,152.306 
 .. 254,192,027 
 .. 256,217,093 
 .. 2S6,0'-5,416 
 .. 320.10S.:353 
 .. 351,706,796 
 
 The amount of wealth per head at the different periods 
 named, has been as follows : 
 
 1800 $404 80J I 1830 $618 4-3* 
 
 1810 274 3H 1840 806 41 
 
 1820 562 06 I 1350 554 99* 
 
 In 1350, 2 estates were assessed for over $1,000,000. Ex- 
 clusive of incorporated companies, 7 estates were assessed 
 on $500,000 and upward. The several properties above 
 $17,500 were : 
 
 . , No, of 
 
 Amounts. Estates. 
 
 $500,000 to $1,000,000 , , . . 7 
 400,000 " 500,000.... 2 
 400,000.... 24 
 300,000,,.. 58 
 200,000.... 222 
 100,000,... 43 
 90,000.... 64 
 
 300,000 " 
 200,000 " 
 
 100,000 " 
 
 90,000 " 
 80,000 " 
 
 $70,000 to $80,000 99 
 
 60,000 " 
 50,000 " 
 40,000 " 
 80,000 " 
 20,000 " 
 17,500 " 
 
 70,000 109 
 
 60,000 195 
 
 50,000 271 
 
 40,000 445 
 
 80,000 957 
 
 20,000 773 
 
 The proportionate increase of population and wealth in 
 New York, in each consecutive period of 10 years, since 
 
 1800, is as follows : 
 
 Increase. Increase, 
 
 Years. Pop. 
 
 1300-10 35,834 . . 
 
 1810-20 27,333 .. 
 
 1320-30 78,833 . . 
 
 18:30-40 110,121 .. 
 
 1340-50 202,385 .. 
 
 1800-50 455,056 
 
 $1,950,000 .. 
 4S,094,:383 . . 
 .55,757.765 . . 
 127,554,645 . . 
 33,242,253 . . 
 
 $261,599,046 .... 852 
 
 Pop. Wealth 
 er cent, per cent. 
 
 59 .... 8 
 
 ^^ .... 168 
 
 64 .... 80 
 54 .... 102 
 
 65 .... 13 
 
 1,163 
 
 Historical Sketch.— The history of New York city is 
 directly divided into three periods, during which it has 
 belonged to the three governments, Holland, England, and 
 the State of New York, viz., 1609-1064, 1664-178-3, 1733-185.3. 
 
 Dutch period : Sept. 3, 1609, Ilendrik Uudson discovered 
 the island ; 1013, the settlement of '• New Amsterdam" was 
 commenced ; 1621, the Dutch West India Company com- 
 menced operations ; 1626, the island was purchased for $24 ; 
 1652, New Amsterdam was incorporated, and the govern- 
 ment passed from the West India Company into the hands 
 of 2 burgomasters and 5 assistants called schepens, and 1 
 schout or sheriff; SepU, 1664, the English took the province. 
 
CHIEF PLACES OF THE UNITED STATES. 
 
 Englisli period : 16G4, name changed to New York ; July, 
 1673, retaken by tlie Dutch and called "New Oranj^e," and 
 held by them 1 year; 16S6, James II. abolished the repre- 
 eentative system, etc. ; 16S9, Leisler insurrection ; 169(i, a 
 colonial congress assembled here ; Nov., 1C96, city lighted 
 by ordinance; 1711, slave market established in Wall Street; 
 1720, 2 per cent, laid on European imports ; 17'25, " New 
 York Gazette" appeared; 1730, enlarged charter granted 
 by Gov. Montgomerie ; 1732, stage routes established to 
 Boston and Philadelphia, traversed once a month ; Sept. 21, 
 1776, 493 houses consumed by Are, ^ of wliole city; 1741-2, 
 " Negro plot" and yellow fever ; 1765, a colonial congress 
 assembled hero; 1776-17S3, Revolution; Nov. 25, 17S3, 
 evacuation of British army and end of Knglish rule. 
 
 American period: April 30, 17S9. Wasliington inaugur- 
 ated first president at Federal Hall, on site of present 
 custom-house; 1798, yellow fever, 2,086 deaths, which re- 
 turned in 1803 and in 1S05, and again in 1822 ; 1*07, Fulton's 
 steamboat on Hudson river; 1811, large fire; 1812-15, war 
 with Great Britain, which suspended all commerce ; 1826, 
 Erie Canal completed and great celebration; 1832, Asiatic 
 Cholera — 1,360 deaths; Dec. 16, 1835, conflagration of 648 
 buildings, total loss $25,000,000 ; 1837, commercial revulsion ; 
 Oct. 14, 1842, celebration of completion of Croton Aqueduct; 
 1845, conflagration of 546 buildings— loss $6,000,000 ; 1849, 
 cholera; 1850, Collins' Steamers to Liverpool; May, 1851, 
 Erie K. R. completed to Dunkirk ; 1852, avenue railroads ; 
 1853, success of the Ericsson Caloric Steamship ; city charter 
 reformed. 
 
 The environs of the city, though physically separated, 
 and of themselves large cities (separately described in their 
 alphabetical order), are, to all intents and purposes, part of 
 the metropolis, originating from, .and di'pendent upon, its 
 prosperity. (S"* Bkooklyn, Williamsburg, etc. 
 
 Of the entire metropolitan district, now the first in the 
 New World, it may summarily be said, that the past is 
 indicative of its future, promising to increase with each 
 succeeding year its permanent prosperity, until it surpasses 
 all cities, ancient and modem. 
 
 Norfolk, p. b., port of entry, and cap. Norfolk count;;, 
 Virg. : on the N. E. bank of Elizabeth r., at the confluence 
 of its two branches, 8 m. above Hampton Roads, 32 m. 
 from the ocean ; 80 m. S. E. by E. liichmond. Lat. N. 
 36° 50' 50"; long. W. 76° 18' 47". This is the chief com- 
 mercial port in Virginia, and is remarkable for its harbor, 
 which is very accessible, spacious, and deep enough for the 
 largest vessels. Its site is on low and marshy ground, and 
 formerly unhe.allhy, but is now provi<lcd with sewers, and 
 kept clean. The streets are generally irregular, though 
 some are wide, straight, and neat. The houses are not re- 
 markable for elegance, but many of them are substantial 
 buildings. It contains a court-house, jail, fine market-house, 
 custom-house, an athenseum. with a library, academy, orphan 
 asylum, 3 banks— capital $991,000, some good hotels, and 
 8 churches. The cemetery, ornamented with cypress trees, is 
 very beautifully laid out and adorned. Norfolk is chiefly dis- 
 tinguished as being the principal naval station in the United 
 States, having the finest navy yard, dry dock, and naval 
 hospital in the nation. The navy y.ard is on the W. side of 
 the r. at Gosport The dry dock is constructed of hewn 
 granite, and cost $974,536. At this station is the ship Penn- 
 sylvania, built at Philadelphia, and launched in 1837, four- 
 decker, the largest in the navy, mounting 120 guns, which 
 is here used as a receiving ship. The hospital is on a point 
 directly opposite Norfolk, very large, commodious, and 
 healthily situated. A naval officer is stationed at this port. 
 The total tonnage of Norfolk district on 30th June, 1850, 
 was 24,135 tons, of which 10,542 were registered, 13,593 
 were enrolled and licensed. Of registered tonnage 8,144 
 tons were permanent, and 7,898 Ions temporary. Of the 
 enrolled and licensed tonnage 12,351 were permanently 
 employed in the coasting trade ; 1,354 tons were propelled 
 by steam ; 1,242 tons were licensed under 20 tons. Diu-ing 
 
 66 
 
 the year ending June 30. 1850, the total number of clear- 
 ances for foreign countries was 140, tons 26,765, men in 
 crews 1,163; total number of entrances from foreign coun- 
 tries 74, tons 14,281, men in crews 684. Vessels built during 
 the year 6, total tonnage, 60S. Norfolk is connected by ths 
 Sea-board and Roanoke R. R. (from Portsmouth to Weldon, 
 N. C, SO m.), with the great line of R. R. on the Atlantic 
 coast. A railroad from Petersburg to Norfolk is in construc- 
 tion. A line of steamships plies semi-weekly to New York. 
 Four daily newspapers are published at Norfolk: "Bea- 
 con," (neut.), "Argus" (dem.), " Courier" (neut.), "N. and 
 P. Herald" (whig). Each of these issue tri-weekly editions. 
 Pop. in 1S40, 10,920; in 1S50, 14,326. 
 
 NoRWALK, t.. p. b., and sta., Fairfield co., Comi. : on both 
 sides of Norwalk r., boun<led 8. by Long Island Sound, 80 
 m. W. S. W. New Haven, 63 m. S. W. Hartford. Surface 
 oft. uneven; soil very fertile. The b. is on both sides of the 
 r., which is navigable to this point for vessels drawing 6 
 feet of water. H<'re are 3 churches, and 1 b.ink — capital 
 $175,330. The t. contains 2 extensive factories of felt beaver 
 cloth, besides other manufactories. Two newspapers are 
 puljlished weekly, "N. Gazette" and "Fairfield Co. Re- 
 jmblican." The New York and New Haven R. R. passes 
 through the b., 44 m. from New York, 32 m. from New 
 Haven, connecting here with Danlniry and Norwalk R. R. 
 Two m. S. is the p. v. of South Norwalk, the terminus of 
 D. and N. R. R., and the handing of the New York steam- 
 boats. Pop. of t. in 1S40, 3,863 ; in 1S50, 4,651. 
 
 Norwich, t., p. city, and semi-cap. New London co., 
 Conn. : on Thames r., at head of navigation ; 36 m. E. S. E. 
 Hartford, 47 m. E. N. E. New Haven. L.at. N. 41° .33', long. 
 W. 72° 7'. The surface of t. is uneven and hilly ; soil fer- 
 tile, well watered. The t. contains, besides the city, three v., 
 Norwich Town, Norwich Falls, and Greenville. The city is 
 situated at the junction of Quinnebaug and Yantic rivers, on 
 a steep decUvity, and presents a very beautiful and romantic 
 appearance. It contains a court-house, jail, town hall, 8 
 churches, etc. There are 4 banks, with cap. of $1,987,725, 
 and 3 large insurance companies. Two newspapers are 
 published, "N. Courier" (whig), tri-weekly and weekly; 
 and "N. Aurora" (<lem.), weekly. Three railroads pass 
 through the city ; from New London, 18 m. ; from Worcester, 
 59 m. ; from Willimantic, 57 m. A line of steamboats plies 
 daily from Allyn's point to New York. Both Quinnebaug 
 and Yantic rivers afford very great water-power, which is 
 improved by numerous manufactories of paper, cotton, and 
 woolen goods, hardware, pottery, etc. The Yantic Falls are 
 a picturesque cataract, ami invested with historical interest. 
 Pop. in 1830, of city, 8,144; t, inc. city, 5,179; in 1840, city, 
 4,2110 ; of t. inc. city, 7,239 ; in 1850, t. inc. city 10,265. 
 
 Ogdknsburg, p. v. and port of entry, St. Lawrence co., 
 A''. }'. .• on the right bank of St. Lawrence r., at the month 
 of Oswegatchie r., 161 m. N. W. Albany. The Northern 
 R. R. has its western terminus at this place, and steamers 
 ply hence daily for the river and lake ports, making it a 
 dep6t of great importance. Preseott, a large town, lies on 
 the opposite side of the river, here IJ m. broad, and is con- 
 nected by a steam ferry. The v. contains immense depdts, 
 and other warehouses, stores of every description, 8 banks, 
 foundries, machine shops, and other industrial establish- 
 ments, schools, and churches, and, on the whole, is one of 
 the most progressive villages of the State. The manufac- 
 tures of this place find an immense water-power on the 
 Oswegatchie, on which there are falls. It is at the lower 
 termination of sloop navigation, but steamboats go to the 
 r.apids, 40 m. below, and thence pass by Ogdensburg to the 
 various places on Lake Ontario. Pop. about 6,000. The v. 
 is connected with Boston and New York by railroad — dis- 
 tance to Boston 403 m., and to New York City 482 miles. 
 Ogdensburg has 4 newspapers, the St. Lawrence Repub- 
 lican" (dera.), the " O. Sentinel" (whig), the " 0. Forum" 
 (whig), and the "Northern New Yorker" (neut.), all pub- 
 lished weekly. The shipping owned here in 1850 amounted 
 
 367 
 
CHIEF PLACES OF THK UNITED STATES. 
 
 to 1,9S5 tons, all niivijiatecl by steam. The foreign arrivals, 
 in the disiricl of which Ogiietis^iirg is the port of entry, in 
 1850, were 880 vessels, and 190,iil5 tons, and the departures 
 875 vessels, and 189,705 tons. This is exclusive of the vast 
 amount of shipping engaged in the domestic coa.sting trade, 
 and is indicative of the extent of its connection with the 
 British provinces. The coastwise trade is valued at 17,000,000 
 annually. 
 
 Oswego, p. city, port of entry, and alternately with Pu- 
 laski, cap. Oswego co., A\ Y. : on both sides of Oswego r.. at 
 its enlrince into Lake Ontario. 149 rn. W. N.W. .\lhany. The 
 mouth iA' Ihe river forms Ihe harbor, which has been much 
 improvi-d by ariifieial works, and it has falls just above 
 which, though prevenling its being navigated, furnish im- 
 mense hydraulic power. Next to Sacketl's Harbor, that of 
 Oswego is the best on the south side of Ihe lake. The har- 
 bor improvements consists of piers jutting into the lake, 
 forming a •• gut," in which Ihe water has a depth of from 12 
 to 20 feet. It is connected with the Erie by the Oswego 
 Canal at Syracuse, and with Ihe Central Railroad by the 
 Syracuse and Oswego line. These afford it facile commu- 
 nication with tide-water, and are the channels of an im- 
 mense commerce coastwise, an<l from Canada. At present 
 it is the chief American dep6t for the trade passing through 
 the Welland Canal, and from Toronto and other British 
 ports on the lake. 
 
 The collection dutnet of which Oswego is the port of 
 entry, commences at Stony Point, and extends to the W. 
 shore of Sodus Bay, SO miles. The shipping places are 
 Texas. Port Ontario, Sandy creek, Oswego, Little Sodus, 
 and Sodus Point. The tonnage of vessels enrolled and 
 licensed within the district in 1850 was 22,4ii4 tons, of which 
 4.079 tons were navigated by steam. Kine vessels (500 
 tons) were built during the year. The clearances in th3 
 foreign trade in IS.VI were 1.5!)S (251,799 ton.s), of which 660 
 were American (182.789 tons), and 938 foreign (69,(il0 tons) ; 
 and the entrances were 1.657 (195,793 tons), of which 681 
 were American (122.311 tons), and 976 foreign (73,482 tons). 
 
 The commerce of ihn port of Oswego for the year 1843, 
 according to the report of T. 1). Andrews to Congress, in 
 December, 1850, Is exhibited in the annexed table : 
 
 Vessels. No. Tons. Men. No. Tons. Men. 
 
 American... 292.. 91.218.. 4.101.. 813. .101.774. . 4.219 
 
 Foreign 537.. 42,104.. Ifim.. 522.. 3's,478.. 2,417 
 
 Coastwise. . .1.563 . .342.4'i3. .16,489. .1.44.S. .336,949. .15.532 
 
 Total 2,392 475,925 23.150 2,283 477,201 22,168 
 
 The total value of imports from foreign countries was 
 $524,015, of which $108,360 was the value of merchandise 
 brought in foreign vessels, and $415,685 of that brought in 
 American vessels; and the total value of goods exported to 
 foreign countries was $1,391,471, of which $938,544 was the 
 value of foreign, and $4,52,927 of domestic goods Of the 
 foreign goods exported, Iho value carried in American ves- 
 sels was $242,609, and in foreign vessels, $695,9.35. Among 
 the imports are enumerated the following articles: 
 
 Artiiles. Pa.ving Duty. Free of Duty. Warehoused. 
 
 Lumber 26,640,000 feet .. — — feet 
 
 Wheat 98,048 bush. . . — 58,708 bush. 
 
 Flour 19 bbls. . . — 49,252 bbls. 
 
 "Wool 81,279 lbs. . . — 2,000 lbs. 
 
 Val. of allimports $216,011 .. $7,751 .. $300,273 
 
 Among the exports of foreign goods, the following are 
 enumerated : 
 
 Articles. EntlM to Drawhack, Not EntitleJ. From Wareh 'e. 
 
 Sugar 8,972,049 lbs. . . — lbs. . . 216,642 lbs. 
 
 Tea — .. 647,884" .. — " 
 
 Spirits 3,200 gls. . . — . . 2,700 gls. 
 
 Wines 2.401 " . . — . . 2,932 " 
 
 VaL of aU for. exp. $298,085 . . $547,993 . . $918,514 
 
 868 
 
 Among the exports of domestic goo<ls are the following : 
 
 In American Ve».sel..(. In Foreign Ves-eli 
 
 Articles. Qnaniity. Value. Quantity. V 
 
 Pall, bbls 15.529.. $17,020. .62,141.. $C6 
 
 Flour" 1,172.. 5,800.. 471.. 2, 
 
 Kice, tierces 55 . . 1 ,650 . . 1 ,827 . . 5. 
 
 Leather, rolls 155.. 8.000.. 280.. 4. 
 
 Merchandise, pkgs — .. 99.280.. — .. 1T6. 
 
 T< >l)acco, boxes 1 ,538 . . 88.5<J0 . . 8,499 . . 6, 
 
 Tallow, bbls 846. . 6.230 . . — . . 6, 
 
 Groceries — .. 18,200.. — .. 45, 
 
 Cotton & wool manufactures, 
 and boots and shoes 
 
 450 
 ,8;^6 
 460 
 ,470 
 (100 
 ,797 
 515 
 ,000 
 
 50.890.. — .. — 
 
 Total (including sundries) $-.'52,0>'JO. . . . $452,927 
 
 The following is an abstract from the canal office-books 
 of properly landed at Oswego, in the year 1848, with the 
 estimated value and its original destination' 
 
 Articles. "Western States. Canada. New York. 
 
 Forest Products $ — $ — $1 0.783 
 
 Animal " T37.... 20,510.... 27.813 
 
 A'egetable Food .... 99 ... . 48 ... . 354.089 
 
 Maiuifactures 476,374 .... 100,114 .... 132.028 
 
 Merch.-uidise 8,79ti.892 .... 2.126.037 .... 3,754,469 
 
 Other articles 15.473 .... 8.969 .... 59.272 
 
 Total $4,289,575 . . .$2,255,678 . . . .$4,343,944 
 
 The above are the latest uniform series of statistics on the 
 commerce of the port accessible. Had we the returns for 
 1852 complete, they would show at least 100 per cent, in- 
 crease in its amount and value — a fact indicated by isolated 
 returns on dilTerent articles. The canal tolls, for instance, 
 which in 1848 were only $71,564, had risen in 1852 to 
 $1(14,366, in spite of great reduction in the rates ; and the 
 following table exhibits a few leading articles carried on the 
 canal in 1851 : 
 
 From Oswego. 
 
 Flour 688,181 bbls. 
 
 Wheat 1,676,212 bush. 
 
 Corn 1,192.217 " 
 
 Barley 179.971 " 
 
 Pork 23,5J5bbl8. 
 
 Beef 15.854 " 
 
 Sawed Imbr. .82,925,676 feet. 
 
 To Oswego. 
 
 P.. R. iron.... 98.881,007 lbs. 
 
 Iron 6,432.867 " 
 
 Nails &Spks. 3,693.267 " 
 
 Steel 49:»,352 " 
 
 Merchandise. 25,517,8-:!5 " 
 
 Sugar 14.244.321 " 
 
 Salt 131,904,646 « 
 
 The tonnage of all properly reaching Oswego in 1850, was 
 129.252 tons, and in 1851, 180,715 tons — increase in one year, 
 51,463 tons. 
 
 A few of the leading articles from Canada in 1849 and 
 1850, comparatively show the rapid increase of business in 
 that direction : 
 
 Articles 18-19. 18.50. 
 
 Flour, barrels 198,623.... 260,874 
 
 Wheat, bushels 632.930 .... 1,094,444 
 
 Oats, bushels 55.700 .... 90,156 
 
 Potatoes, bushels 6,648 .... 1 0,372 
 
 Lumber, feet 44,137,287 .... 50,685,682 
 
 Butter, lbs 115,7.59 .... 225,087 
 
 Peas and beans, bushels 16,822 .... 22,380 
 
 The annexed table copied from the books of the custom- 
 house, exhibits the total value of foreign and domestic 
 imports and exports for six years : 
 
 Years. Imports. Exports. Total 
 
 1845 $2,973,098 . . . .$4,979,711 .... $7,951,409 
 
 1846 5,038,100.... 4,464,872.... 9,502.972 
 
 1847 8,090,576 .... 9,977.243 .... 18.647,819 
 
 1848 7,021,353 .... 10,566,541 .... 17,587,894 
 
 1849 8,100,279 .... 10,458,968 .... 18,559,247 
 
 1860 8,325,789 .... 15,687,842 .... 24,013,18 1 
 
 A large proportion of the commerce of Lake Ontario and 
 Oswego comes from Lake Erie through the Welland Canal, 
 the increase of business on which, from 1850 to 1851, was 
 
CHIEF PLACES OF THE UNITED STATES. 
 
 be 
 
 nearly 40 per cent. The same increase is also apparent in 
 the subsequent year, 1852. The revenue from the canal 
 (36 miles long), for 1S51, amounted to $200,000. Many 
 articles, the product of the Mississippi valley, are also pre- 
 ferring the lalie to the southern route, and of course seeking 
 the port nearest to the point of destination. Oswego as such 
 port has many advantages, hut will perhaps have a com- 
 petitor when the Sodus Canal and railroad are completed. 
 That the rapid progress of Oswego, however, is not tempo- 
 rary, is too ajiparent to allow of a doubt. The past is but a 
 prelude to the future, which will pour upon Oswego an 
 amount of commerce unprecedented and astonishing. When 
 the proposed system of railroads in Canada is completed, 
 the commerce of Lake Ontario will become even greater 
 than that of Lake Krie as being nearer to tide-water, and 
 more accessible at a less cost from the sea-board cities. 
 
 As before remarked, Oswego is built on both sides of the 
 river. The two parts are united by a bridge 700 feet long, 
 and the ground rising on both sides from the river, affords 
 excellent drainage, and many beautiful sites for building. 
 The place is laid out with streets running at right angles, 
 and public squares on which are the principal buildings. 
 The streets are 100 feet wide. Many of the residences are 
 costly anil handsome structures; the court-house is located 
 on the east side of the river, and on an elevation to the west 
 of the river are the Presl>yterian and Episcopal churches, 
 two of the best edifices of Ihe place. There are also Baptist, 
 Methodist, Roman Catholic, and other churches. Other 
 buildings of much architectural beauty are found in various 
 directions, and much taste is everywhere developed in both 
 the public and private edifices. 
 
 Oswego has great advantages as a manufacturing city. 
 The water-power afforded by the river and canal is immense, 
 and is used in a variety of manufactures, but chiefly by 
 several extensive flouring-mills. On both sides of the river 
 large maimfacturing establishments are located, among 
 which is a large starch manufactory, which supplies an 
 extensive market with that article. The water-power of the 
 place has been greatly improved by the construction of a 
 leader dam 7^ feet high, about a mile .above. 
 
 In the place there are a number of commission houses in 
 the foreign trade; numerous warehouses and retail stores, 
 several fine hotels, an extensive railroad depfit, the canal 
 warehouses, a custom-house, three banks, several insurance 
 offices, printing-offices, lumber yards, etc. 
 
 The periodicals printed here are — the " Commercial 
 Times" (whig), daily and weekly; the "Daily News;" the 
 "O. Paladium" (dem.), weekly; and the '"People's Jour- 
 nal," weekly. Besides the common schools, which are 
 numerous, there are also located here an incorporated 
 academy, and a flist-rate female seminary, both in a very 
 flourishing condition. There are also numerous private 
 schools. 
 
 The city is defended by Fort Oswego, a strong fortification 
 built on the site of ihe old firt of the same name, celebrated 
 in the French and colonial wars. It is built on the E. side 
 of the river, near the lake, on a trict of land ceded to the 
 United States for such purpose. It commands the harbor, 
 and is a sufficient defense against an enemy. 
 
 Daily lines of steamboats, for the conveyance of passen- 
 gers, run between this port and the lake ports of the United 
 States, and Canada generally. 
 
 Oswego was incorporated in 1S2S. In 1830, it had 2,703 
 inhabitants ; in 1840,4,GG5, and in 1850, 12,2()5— the increase 
 between 1830 and 1840 was 72.53 per cent., and in the last 
 decade the increase was 161.62 per cent. 
 
 Paekeurdurg, p. v., and ca]). Wood co., Vlrff. : on the 
 Ohio, immediately above the entrance; of Little Kanawha r., 
 252 m. W. N. W. Kichmond. It has .in extensive river and 
 inland trade, and valuable manufactures, which must be 
 greatly increased by the completion of the Cincinnati, Ilills- 
 boro', and Parkersburg K. K. and the Norlh Western II. II., 
 the latter to connect the Baltimore and Ohio K. K. with the 
 
 X 
 
 Ohio r. at this place. It contains a court-house and jail, a 
 bank, 2 academies, a dozen stores, 2 steam saw-mills, 2 
 steam flouring-mills, numerous smaller manufacturing es- 
 tablishments, and a population of 1,218 souls. The '■ P. 
 Gazette" (whig) and " P. News" are published weekly. 
 
 Pawtucket, p. V. and sta., Providence county, H. I. : on 
 Pawtucket r., 4 m. N. Providence, on Worcester and Prov- 
 idence E. U. This large and flourishing v. is located on 
 both sides of the r., which here furnishes great water-power. 
 The first manufacture of cotton goods in this couniry by 
 water-power machinery was commenced here in 1790, by 
 Mr. Samuel Slater, an Englishman. The present factories 
 are for the most part engaged in making cotton goods. 
 There are 7 churches, 3 banks, 12 cotton factories, etc. The 
 "Gazette and Chronicle" (miscel. ) is issued weekly. 
 Pop. 7,000. 
 
 Pawtuxet, p. v., Kent co., 7?. /. .■ on Pawtuxet r., near 
 ils mouth, 3 m. S. Providence. The harbor is spacious, safe, 
 and convenient. The v. is upon both sides of the r. and 
 crossed by a bridge. The great water-power here afforded 
 is improved by extensive factories of cotton and woollen 
 goods, grist-mills, etc. Pop. about 1,500. 
 
 Pemisina, p. v., an<l cap. Pembina co., 3[inn. Ter. : on 
 E. bank of Red r. of the N., at the N. boundary line of the 
 State, .334 m. N. N. W. St. Paul. This settlement contains 
 upw.ird of 1,000 population, principally persons of mixed 
 Indian and white blood, who subsist chiefly by agriculture 
 and hunting. There is a Catholic church in which to ac- 
 commodate the varied population ; sermons are preached 
 in English, French, and Chippeway. 
 
 Pensacola, p. city, port of entry, and cap. Escambia co., 
 Flor. : on Pensacola bay. Id m. from the Gulf of Mexico, 
 176 m.W. Tallahiissee. Lat. 30° 24' N., long. 87° 10' 12" W. 
 The harbor is deep and affords good anchorage, but near 
 the city is shallow, and hence a long wharf has been extend- 
 ed into the bay. The city is built on a sandy plain, 40 or 50 
 feet above the level of the water, and is regularly laid out 
 with wide streets crossing at right angles, having also two 
 large public squares. It contains a court-house, custom- 
 house, market, and 2 churches. Two newspapers are is- 
 sued, "P. Gazette" (whig), weekly, and "Florida Demo- 
 crat," semi-weekly. This is the principal port and city in 
 Florida, and has considerable trade. On .30th June, 1850, 
 the total tonnage of its district was 1,794 tons, of which 
 1.221 tons were registered and permanent, and 573 tons en- 
 rolled and licenseil ; 490 tons permanently, and 77 tons li- 
 censed under 20 tons. The latter was entirely employed 
 in the coasting trade. During the year previous the total 
 of clearances for foreign ports was 7 — 1,233 tons; total of 
 entrances, do., 2.337 tons— all of which (9) were American 
 vessels. Vessels built during the year, 2 schooners — SO toas. 
 The project of a railroad to Montgomery, Ala., has long 
 been agitated. Pop. about 2,164. 
 
 About 6 m. below the city, and 5 m. from the entrance of 
 the harbor, is the U. S. Navy Yard, covering nearly 80 
 acres of ground, inclosed by a high brick wall. It contains 
 houses f(ir Ihe officers, store-houses, boat-houses, etc., all of 
 which are built of brick and tastefully arr.anged. Here is also 
 a dry dock capable of receiving the largest vessels. Outside 
 of the yard are about 25 cottages and a (,'atholic church. 
 A mile and a half below the navy yard are Barrancas Bar- 
 racks and the Naval Hospital. At the entrance of the har- 
 bor are forts Pickens and M'Ree, on Foster's and St. Rosa's 
 islands, and on the latter island is a light-house. &« Light- 
 houses. 
 
 Perth Amboy, p. city, and port of entry, Middlesex co., 
 JV: Jer. : at the head of Raritan bay, and confluence of 
 Raritan r. with Arthur kill, or Staten Island Sound. .32 ra. 
 N. E. by E. Trenton. It has a spacious harbor, with 24 
 feet of water in Ihe main ch.annel, and easily accessible. It 
 was laid out in 1G9S, and chartered as a city in 178*. The 
 compact portion is chiefly on the bank of the kill, over 
 which a ferry plies to Staten Island. It contains an acad»- 
 
 809 
 
CHIEF PLACES OF THE UNITED STATES. 
 
 my, a manufactory of locks, mechanical implements, etc., 12 
 or 15 stores, and 1,S65 inhabitants. Tonnage of the district 
 in ls5U (which includes the E. coast of the State from Eliza- 
 betlitown to Little Egg Harbor), 22,0S5 tons ; all except 13 
 tons engaged in the coasting trade. 
 
 Peku, p. v.. La Salle county, HI.: on the N. bank of the 
 Illinois, at the head of navigation, 269 m. above it? mouth, 
 106 m. N. by E. Springfield. It is 1 m. below La Salle, the 
 terminus of the Illinois and Michigan Canal, and forms with 
 it one continuous v. along the r., on which are the commer- 
 cial houses, the residences occupying the high blulTs imme- 
 diately back of it. The chief business is shipping the great 
 staples by river and canal, but a large trade is kept up with 
 the back country, with all parts of which it has, or soon will 
 have, easy communication. A rich and highly cultivated 
 alluvial island lies in fnmt of it, with a channel between 
 that floats the largest steamers, and from which a lateral 
 branch leatls to the canal. Its favorable position for com- 
 merce has given it its chief importance, and must eventually 
 make it one of the first cities in the Slate. It has a daily 
 communication with St. Louis and the immediate pi)rts by 
 packets and steamers, and with Chicago by canal and the 
 Chicago and lioek Island K. K., which also connects it with 
 the Upper Mississippi ; and the Central Illinois II. R., which 
 here crosses the r., will bring to it the trade and products of 
 rich districts N. and S. of it. The " La S. Co. Democrat" and 
 the " P. Telegraph" are published weekly. Distance to 
 Chicago 100 m., the same by railroad and canal. Popula- 
 tion about 3,000. 
 
 PETiiKsnuKO, p. b. and port of entry, Dinwiddle county, 
 Virg. : on S. branch of Ap])omattox r., 12 m. above its con- 
 fluence with James r., 22 m. S. by E. Kichmond. Lat. N. 
 37° 13' 04", long. W. 77° 20'. The r. is navigable to this 
 place for vessels of 100 tons, and the falls immediately abuve 
 it afTDrd extensive water-power A canal is cut round these 
 falls, thus affording boat navigation upon the river above 
 for 80 m. This is a very handsome and important com- 
 mercial town, and exports largely flour and liibaeco. It 
 suffered most severely in July, 1S15, by a conflagration, 
 which destroyed 400 buildings, and property estimated at 
 $2,000,000. The buildings and houses are now built prin- 
 cipally of brick. It contains a court-house, jail, 8 churches, 
 3 banks with aggregate capital of .$1,170,000, insurance 
 office, etc. There are several cotton and woolen factories, 
 flouring and saw mills, ropewalks, and some other maim- 
 factories. Two newspapers are published daily, " P. In- 
 telligencer" (whig), "Daily News" (neut.); 1 tri-weekly, 
 " South Side Democrat." Four railroads now centre at P., 
 giving it great business advantages, viz., liichmond and 
 Petersburg U. R., Petersburg R. K. (to W'cldon), South Side 
 R. R., Appomattox R. R. (to City Point.) The Petersburg 
 and Norfolk R. R. is in construction. The steamships ply- 
 ing semi-weekly between New York and Richmond, and 
 others, connect with Petersburg by Appomattox R. R. from 
 City Point. On 30th June, 1S50, the total timnage of P. 
 district was 2,70S tons, of which 949 tons were registered 
 (and permanent), and 1,759 tons enrolled and licensed. Of 
 the latter, 1.6S1 tons were permimently employed in the 
 coasting trade, SO tons in steam navigation ; licensed under 
 20 tons in coasting trade, 79 tons. During the year preced- 
 ing, the tot;il of clearances for foreign countries was 5 — 1,94G 
 tons; total of entrancvs, do., 9 — 3,517 tons. Pop. in 1830, 
 8,322: in 1840, 11.13G; in 1850, 14,010. 
 
 PuiLADEi.pniA, p. city, port of entry, and cap. Philadel- 
 phia CO., I'cnn. : is situated between the Delaware and 
 Schuylkill rivers, 5 m. above their junction, 93 m. E. by S. 
 llarrisburg. From New York by most direct railroad. 87 m. ; 
 from I5ostr)n, 323 m. ; from Baltimore, 98 m. ; from Washing- 
 ton, 130 m. ; from llarrisburg, 106 ni, ; from Pittsburg, 357 m. 
 
 Latitude (Indepen<lence Hall), 39° 56' 59"; long, from 
 Greenwich. 75° 9' .54" W., from Washington. 1° 51' 36" E. 
 
 Philadelphia city proper is surrounded by several incor- 
 porated districts, having their own municipal authorities; 
 370 
 
 viz.. Spring Garden, Penn, Northern Liberties, Kensington, 
 and Richmond in the N., and Southwark ami Moyamensing 
 in the S., West Philadelphia, etc., which together form a 
 densely poi)uIated area, and are always embraced in the 
 descriptions of the city. 
 
 The city proper is situated on a plain, the highest point 
 of which is elevated 64 feet above the ordinarj' high water 
 mark in the river. This gentle elevation atfords excellent 
 drainage. The soil consists principally of clay, beneath 
 which, at different depths, from 5 to 20 feet, is found coarse 
 gravel. In form it is a parallelogram, 2 m. long by 1 m. 
 wide. The streets are aU straight, cross each other at right 
 angles, are well paved, and kept remarkably clean. The 
 principal streets are. Market Street, 100 feet wide, running 
 E. and W, from river to river, nearly through the centre of 
 the city ; Broad Street, 113 feet wide, running N. and S., a 
 little W. of the middle of the city ; Arch Street, N. of Market 
 Street, 66 feet wide ; Front Street, 60 foet, and the rest 50 
 feet wide. The a<ljoining districts are for the most part laid 
 out with regularity. 
 
 The buildings arc chiefly of brick, built in plain and uni- 
 form style. Some of the public edifices, of white marble and 
 freestone, are distinguished for beauty and grandeur. The 
 houses are generally on a uniform plan, 3 stories high, of 
 brick, with marble steps and basements. Sonje of the more 
 costly private residences are noted for their elegance. The 
 public squares are laid out with much taste, ornamented 
 with fine shade-trees, shrubbery, etc., provided with seats, 
 and are favorite promenades. The business portion of the 
 city was originally on the Delaware side, but since the 
 opening of the coal trade, and with the increase of popula- 
 tion, the Schuylkill side has acquired a large share of busi- 
 ness, particularly that of the coal trade, country produce, 
 etc. The Schuylkill affords a convenient harbor for small 
 vessels, and numerous wharves are built for their accommo- 
 dation. The foreign commerce centres upon the Delaware, 
 which is nearly 1 m. wide, admitting the largest vessels to 
 the wharves. Its navigation from the ocean is somewhat 
 intricate from banks, shoals, etc., and in mid-winter is 
 sometimes closed by ice. 
 
 Public Buildings. — Independence Hall, within which the 
 Colonial Congress on July 4th, 1776, declared the independ- 
 ence of the United States, read from its steps on that day to 
 the assembled people, now presents the same appearance 
 as at that time. This building, formerly the State House, 
 fronts upcm Chestnut Street, having Independence Square 
 in the rear. It was commenced in 1729, completed in 1734, 
 cost £5.600, and received the addition of its two wings in 
 1740. The present steeple, erected in 1828, is a fae-siinile 
 of the former, which was removed on account of its decay. 
 The room in which the Declaration was signed is carefully 
 preserved, nearly in the same style of decoration with which 
 it was originally finished. The "old bell," imported in 
 1752, is also carefully preserved as a most interesting relic. 
 It bears the following inscription: "Proclaim Liberty 
 throughout this land to all the inhabitants thereof." — Leviti- 
 eus XXV. 10. Within this venerable edifice was held the 
 Convention which formed the Constitution of the United 
 States, some of the first sessions of Congress, and here 
 Washington delivered his " Farewell Address," on his re- 
 tirement from public life. The building is used by the 
 U. S. Courts and city and county offices. 
 
 The Custom House, formerly the U. S. Bank, on Chestnut 
 Street, above Fourth, is a splendid marble eilifice, in imita- 
 tion of the Parthenon at Athens, and one of the finest speci- 
 mens of Doric architecture erected in modern times. It was 
 connneneed in 1819, completed in 1S24, and cost $500,000. 
 It is built upon a raised platform, 87 feet front, 161 feet deep, 
 and has fronts, each of 8 fluted Doric columns, 27 feet high, 
 4J feet in diameter, supporting a heavy entablature. It has 
 a very splendid interior, of which the principal np;irtment, 
 81 feet long by 4s wide, is ornamented by fluted Ionic 
 columns and sculptured embellishments. 
 
CHIEF PLACES OF THE UNITED STATES. 
 
 The Merchants' Exchans;e, fronting on Walnut, Dock, 
 and Third streets, is a magnificent marble building, with 
 semi-circular portico of Corinthian columns. It is 95 feet 
 wide, 114 feet long, and 3 stories high. The basement is 
 occupied by the post-office and two insurance companies, 
 and most of the building by commercial offices, etc. The 
 Merchants' Reading Room is handsomely ornamented. 
 
 The United States Mint, in Chestnut, near Broad Street, 
 is a handsome edifice of brick, faced with marble, in imita- 
 tion of a Grecian temple of the Ionic order, having a portico 
 62 feet long, supported by 6 beautiful pillars, 25 feet high, 
 8 feet in diameter. 
 
 Many of the banking houses are distinguished as beauti- 
 ful specimens of architecture. The Bank of Pennsylvania 
 is a fine marble structure, 125 by 51 feet, erected 1799-lSOl, 
 designed from the Temple of the Muses at Athens, having 
 2 porticos of 6 Ionic columns each, with dome and roof en- 
 tirely of marble. The Philadelphia Bank is an imposing 
 marble building, with an elegant elevated portico of the 
 Corinthian order. The Girard Bank has a stately front of 
 white marble, with portico of 6 Corinthian columns. The 
 Bank of North America is an elegant structure of brown 
 stone in Florentine style. 
 
 Hotels. — The Girard House, erected 1851, is the largest 
 and finest hotel in the city, and one of the most extensive 
 in the Union. It has a very handsome front on Chestnut 
 Street, 5 stories in height, besides basement and attic. 
 There are otlier large and well-kept houses, but not noted 
 for architectural beauty, etc. 
 
 Places of Amusemeiif. — The Chestnut Street Theatre, 
 erected 1S22, is 90 by 150 feet, has a richly decorated interior, 
 and will accommodate over 2,000 persons. Walnut Street 
 Theatre, formerly the Olympic, is now a very fashionable 
 resort The Arch Street Tlieatre is a very handsome edi- 
 fice. The Musical Fund Hall, erected 1S24, is an elegant 
 building. Its interior, 123 feet long by 60 feet wide, unsup- 
 ported by columns, is one of the best halls for musical 
 effect in the United States, seats 2.01)0 persons, and is in 
 constant use for concerts, lectures, balls, etc. The Philadel- 
 phia Museum building is an immense structure, 238 feet 
 long and 70 feet wide. 
 
 United States Military and Kaiml Edhlishments. — Fort 
 Mifllin, on a small island in the Delaware, \\ m. below the 
 entrance of the Schuylkill, defends the city. The U. S. 
 arsenal, near Frankford, is an immense establishment, used 
 for the storage anil manufacture of munitions of war, and 
 has one of the largest powder magazines in the United States. 
 The U. S. arsenal in Moyamensing near Schuylkill r., is 
 used as the depot for the clothing of the army, camp equi- 
 page, etc. The buildings consist of 4 large brick store- 
 houses, 3 stories high, forming a hollow square. 
 
 The U. S. navy yard is situated on the bank of Delaware 
 r. in the district of Southwark. The grounds, inclosed on 3 
 sides by a high brick wall, embrace about 12 acres, pur- 
 chased in ISOl, for $37,500 ; now assessed at $250,000. The 
 various buildings are residences for officers, quarters for 
 marines, workshops and storehouses, 2 ship-houses, mold- 
 ing lofts, etc. Ttie ship-houses are among the largest in 
 the Union ; the first is 270 feet long. 103 feet high, S4 feet 
 wide ; the second is 210 feet long, SO feet high, 74 feet wide. 
 
 Here are the U. S. dry docks, capable of raising the 
 largest steam-vessels and ships of the line. These works, 
 constructed in 1S49-51, at a total cost of $813,742, consist of 
 a sectional floating dry-dock in 9 sections ; a basin, 350 feet 
 long by 22G feet wide inclosed by granite walls, having a 
 granite floor, upon a foundation of piles, timbers, etc. ; and 
 2 railways, with hydraulic cylinder, etc. 
 
 The U. S. Naval Asylum, established in 1S35, occupies an 
 elevated and most beautiful site, near the Schuylkill r., in 
 Moyamensing district, and consists of 8 structures. The 
 principal edifice, built of marble, is 3 stories high, has a front 
 of 3So feet, including a central building 142 by 175 feet, wtiieh 
 has a handsome portico with 8 Ionic columns. The grounds 
 
 embrace 25 acres, beautifully adorned with trees, shrubbery, 
 etc. The 'pensioners are about 140 in number, who are 
 provided with every comfort A naval officer is stationed 
 at this port 
 
 Education. — The public schools are well organized upon 
 a most efficient system, established in ISlS, which constituted 
 the city and county of Philadelphia, one entire school 
 district, in 11 sections, with arrangements for uniform and 
 harmonious grades of free instruction. The schools are 
 under the direction of 23 controllers and 210 directors, dis- 
 tributed throughout the 11 sections. In 1852, there were 
 254 schools, classified as follows: 1 high, 1 normal, 53 
 grammar, 29 secondary, 130 primary, and 40 unclassified ; 
 which employed 727 teachers, and had about 50,000 scholars. 
 The school-houses generally are substantial brick edifices, 
 3 stories high, accommodating 500 to 1,000 pupils. 
 
 The Normal School, for the instruction of female teachers, 
 was established in 1S4S ; its course of instruction embracing 
 two years, is of the very best order. The central high 
 school, established October, 1833, is one of the best institu- 
 tions in the Union. The building, in Juniper Street, below 
 Market, has a handsome marble front with Ionic portico. 
 It has 11 instructors, and about 500 students. The number 
 of private schools and academies, with parish and charity 
 schools, female seminaries, etc., is very large, indicating the 
 popular interest in good education. 
 
 Colleger. — The University of Pennsylvania was established 
 as a college in 1755, and as an university in 1779. It com- 
 prises 4 departments, academical, collegiate, medical, and 
 law, of which the medical department is' by far the most 
 flourishing. In 1S50, the collegiate department had 7 in- 
 structors, 5,142 alumni, 88 students, and .5,000 volumes in its 
 library. The university buildings, in Ninth Street below 
 Market, are large and handsc-ne structures, each So feet 
 front by 112 deep. 
 
 Philadelphia is preeminently distinguished as the medical 
 metropolis of the Union. Of medical colleges, it contains 
 the first established in the United States, which, with the 
 other numerous institutions, are by far the most flourishing 
 and important in the nation. The number of medical works 
 and journals here published is probably equal to the com- 
 bined number in all other cities in the Union. The libraries 
 of the medical colleges, etc., are large and very valuable ; as 
 also their anatomical museums, cabinets, etc. Very great 
 advantages for clinical instruction are afforded by the various 
 hospitals, dispensaries, etc. 
 
 The statistics of the principal institutions, in 1850, were 
 as follows : 
 
 Names. Founded. Prof. Stu. 
 
 Med. Dep. Univ. Penn . . . 1765 .... 7 .... 450 . 
 
 Jeff'erson Med. Col 1S24 .... 7 .... 514 . 
 
 Med. Dep. Penn. Col 1S3S . . . . 7 . . 
 
 Phil. Col. of Med 1847 . . . . 7 . . 
 
 Other medical institutions are — Medical Institute of Phila- 
 delphia, established in 1817, which gives medical instruction 
 in the summer, but does not confer degrees; Philadelphia 
 A.ssoeiation for Medical Instruction, on the same plan ; 
 Homaopathic Medical College of Pennsylvania, instituted 
 1^46; Female Medical College of Pennsylvania, founded 
 1S49, the first of the kind in the world, which in 1852 had 
 40 students; Eclectic Medical College of Pennsylvania, 
 chartered in 1850; and Philadelphia College of Pharmacy, 
 established 1822, tor the instructi(m of druggists, etc., which 
 has a good cabinet, library, etc., and aimual course of 
 lectures. Nearly all of these institutions have large and 
 commodious edifices. 
 
 Tlie Theological Seminary of St Charles Borromeo, 
 (Roman Catholic), incorporated 1S4S, contained in 1S52, 36 
 siudents, preparing for the priesthood, and 7,000 vols, in its 
 library. 
 
 Girard CdlUye. — This magnificent institution, founded by 
 Stephen Girard, with a bequest of $2,000,000 for the gratu- 
 itous instruction and support of destitute orphans, is situ- 
 
 371 
 
 ,176. 
 75 . 
 
 Graduates. 
 
 . . . 5,316 
 . . . 2,036 
 ... 73 
 . . . 250 
 
CHIEF PLACES OF THE UNITED STATES. 
 
 ated on the Ridge Eoad, in the district of Penn, 1 m. N. 
 of t!ie N. boundary of the city proper. The corner-stone of 
 the college was laid July 4, 1S33, the buildings were com- 
 pleted in 1847, and the instilution went into operation, Jan. 
 Ist, 1S4S. The grounds contain about 41 acres, inclosed by 
 a wall 10 feet high. The college c<iifices present a very im- 
 posing appearance. The central edifice, most substantially 
 built of marble, is one of the most magnificent structures of 
 its size in the world. It is in the form of a Greek temple, 
 in the Corinthian style, resting on a basement of 11 steps, 
 which extend around the entire edifice, imparting to It a 
 pyramidal appearance of great solidity. It is surrounded by 
 colonnades of the most niagnifloent marble pillars, 6 feet in 
 diameter, and 55 feet in height — S columns on each end, and 
 11 on each side, including the corner columns both ways. 
 Its dimensions, including the colonnades, are 160 feet wide, 
 218 feet long, 90 feet high ; the Ixxly of the building alone 
 is 111 feet wide, 169 feet long, and 56 feet 8 inches high. It 
 is three stories high, each divided into 4 rooms, with vesti- 
 bules. The roof, composed of most massive marble tiles, 
 has an entire weight of 9()9i tons, exclusive of its supports. 
 In the lower vestibule rest the remains of Mr. GIrard, 
 beneath a marble statue of himself. Four other buildings, 
 faced with marble, are each b'i feet wide, 125 feet long, and 
 three stories high. The entire cost of the college buildings, 
 with improvements of grounds, etc, was .$1,933,821 78. The 
 officers and teachers consist of president, secretary, 2 pro- 
 fessors, 2 physicians, matron and assistant matron, 5 male 
 teachers, 12 female teachers, and steward. The current ex- 
 penses in 1851, we're $62,900, of which $30,500 were for the 
 clothing and subsistence of the pupils. Pupils inlS52, 305. 
 
 literary and Sckiit/Jfc Iii--<t/f./itiiiiif:, I.ihriirieii, (in<l Fine 
 Arts. — The American I'lillosoiihioal Society, originated by 
 Franklin, in 1743, is the oldest scientific association in the 
 United States. In 1769, another similar society was united 
 with it. It was incorporated Marcli 15, 17S0. Its building, 
 erected in 1789, contains a very valuable library of 20,000 
 volumes, an extensive cabinet of medals, and a large col- 
 lection of maps, engravings, etc. Its published transactions, 
 in numerous volumes, have greatly contributed to the ad- 
 vancement of science. The Academy of Natural Sciences, 
 founded 1S12, incorporated 1817, has a very handsome edi- 
 fice, containing a library of 13,000 volumes, and the most 
 valuable museum in the United States, containing, besides 
 other collections, 25,000 specimens in ornithf)logy, unrivaled 
 in the world, 30.000 in the herbarium, 7,000 in geological 
 department, and the late Dr. Morton's celebrated cabinet of 
 crania. The academy has contributed much to natural 
 science. The Historical Society of I'eimsylvania, founded 
 1S25, has jsisued various historical publications, and has a 
 library of 2,0110 volumes, with collections, etc. The Franklin 
 Institute, incorporated March 30, 1824, mainly devoted to 
 the jiromotion of mechanical science, etc., has about 3,000 
 members, and lil)rary of 6,000 volumes, principally mechan- 
 ical and scientific works ; publishes monthly its journal, the 
 oldest and one of the best mechanical periodicals in the 
 Union : and holds annually an extensive exhibition of Amer- 
 ican manufactures. The College of Physicians, chartered 
 March 26, 1789, publishes its transactions quarterly, and is 
 one of the most valuable periodicals of medical science. 
 
 The Philadelphia Library Company, instituted 1731, prin- 
 cipally by Dr. Franklin, has one of the most extensive 
 libraries iu this country. Its edifice, erected 17S9-90, a plain 
 structure, presents a venerable appearance. Its entrance is 
 surmounted by an excellent marble statue of Franklin. In 
 1792, it received the valuable library of Hon. James Logan, 
 now amounting to 10,000 volumes. These united libraries 
 now embrace about 6o,000 volumes, and are ccmstantly in- 
 creasing. The Athemeum, organized February 9, 1S14, now 
 occupies a very elegant edifice, built in the Italian style, 
 corner of Sixth and Adelphi streets, erected 1845-47, con- 
 taining a library of 12,000 volumes, reading-room, etc. The 
 Mercantile Library, established 1821 has a handsome library 
 372 
 
 building, corner of Fifth and Library streets, erected 1844-46, 
 at a cost of .$23,200, which contains 10,500 volumes ; its real 
 estate is valued at $60,000. The Library of the Law Asso. 
 elation is a good collection of professional works. The 
 Apprentices' Library, founded 1819, is an excellent institu- 
 tion, having 12,000 volumes, resorted to by 1,200 boys and 
 600 girls. The German Society have 8,000 volumes; the 
 Pennsylvania Hospital 10,000 volumes of medical works; 
 besides which, are the Friends' Free Library, Spring Garden 
 Institute, the colleges previously mentioned, and some 
 library companies of the incorporated districts. 
 
 The Pennsylvania Academy of the Fine Arts, organized 
 1807, contains rare sculptures, with splendid paintings by 
 the old masters. West, Allston, and Sully, and holds annual 
 exhibitions, commencing in May. The Art L'nion of Phil- 
 adelphia has a free gallery of pictures constantly open, 
 which are changed monthly, and holds a distribution of 
 prizes in December annually. There are two associations of 
 artists — Graphic xVssociation and Artists' Fund Society. 
 
 N^icxpdjyers and Periodiciils. — According to the census 
 of 1850, the periodical press then consisted of 64 publications, 
 viz., 11 dailies, 1 semi-weekly, 37 weeklies, 5 semi-month- 
 lies, 8 monthlies, 1 quarterly, 1 annual. 
 
 Names of dailies — "North American" (whig), '• Pennsyl 
 vania Inquirer" (whig), " Pennsylvanian" (dem.), " Daily 
 News'" (whig), " The Sun" (nat Am.), " Spirit of the Times" 
 (dem.), " Public Ledger" (indep.), " Evening Bulletin" (in- 
 dep.), " Daily Itegister" (neut.) The largest circulations 
 were — of the dailies, "Public Ledger," 43,980; of the 
 weeklies, " Dollar Newspaper" (indep.), 40,000 ; " Scott's 
 Weekly Paper" (lit.), 40,000 ; " Saturday Evening Post" (lit.), 
 42,000; "'American Courier" (lit.), 35,000; of semi-month- 
 lies, " Youth's Penny Gazette" (relig.), 100,000 ; of monthlies, 
 " Godey's Lady's Book," 6o,000. 
 
 The press is generally characterized by propriety, origin 
 ality, enterprise, and large circulations. The medical journals 
 are of high repute. The first papers were — " American 
 Weekly Mercury," established 1719, by Andrew Bradford; 
 "Pennsylvania Gazette," in 1723, subsequently conducted 
 by Dr. Franklin; "Pennsylvania Packet," 1771, which, in 
 17S4, was issued daily, the first daily in the United States. 
 
 Chtirc/ies, Religious Institutions, etc. — Religious societies 
 of all denominations are very numerous. The total number 
 of churches in 1852, in the city atid closely adjoining districts, 
 was about 175, viz. : Episcopal 31, Presbyterian (of all kinds) 
 45, Friends' 9, Roman Catholic 17, Baptist 20, Methodist 27, 
 Lutheran 8, German and Dutch Reformed 4, Moravian 1, 
 Universalist 4, Unitarian 1, besides S Jews' Synagogues and 
 some independent churches. Compared with other cities, 
 tlie church edifices of this city are not distinguished for 
 architectural beauty, though characteiizod by neatness and 
 comfortable convenience. The principal edifices are— of 
 Episcopal, Christ Church, completed 1753; St. Andrew's, in 
 the Ionic order, a very classic structure; St. Stephen's and 
 St. Mark's, in Gothic style. The First and Seventh Presby- 
 terian churches; Sansom Street Baptist Church. The Ro- 
 man Catholic, St. Peter's Church, in classic Roman style, 
 and the Cathedral, a magnificent structure, not yet com- 
 pleted, which will surpass in architectiu-al splendor all 
 others in the city. 
 
 The American Sunday School Union, formed 1824, has a 
 large edifice in Chestnut Street, 5 stories high, used as ile- 
 pository and publication of their books, tracts, etc. The 
 General Assembly of the Presbyterian Church have located 
 here three of their fnur principal boards, viz.: Publication, 
 Domestic Missions, and Kducalion, which occupy in Chestnut 
 Street a handsome edifice of brown stone, 4 stories high, 
 chiefly used as publication rooms. During the year IS-W-Sl, 
 the board of publicati(m printed 430,300 books and tracts. 
 The American Baptist Publicaliim Society, formed 1839, 
 occupy in Arch Street an ornanunlal edifice of bmwn sand- 
 stone, 4 stories high. Other religious .assnciaticns arti — 
 Philadelphia Tract, Education, Home Missionary, and sev- 
 
CHIEF PLACES OF THE UNITED STATES. 
 
 eral Bible societies, all of which, with the foregoing, cele- 
 brate their anniversaries in May. 
 
 BenevQlent JixMUtuUoiu. — These are numerous, and of 
 superior excellence. The Pennsylvania llospilal, incorpo- 
 rated 1751, is a very extensive establishment, occupying an 
 entire square between Spruce, Pine, Kighth, and Ninth 
 streets, fronting on Pine Street. The main edifice has an 
 entire length of 2S1 feet, cimsisting of central building with 
 wings. From IS-ll to 1S52 it received 13,829 patients, of 
 whom 9.S00 were poor ; in 1S52 it contained 158 inmates, of 
 whom 120 were poor. Its funds arise from legacies and 
 private subscriptions. In front of the building is a fine 
 statue of William Pena, in bronzed lead. A branch of this 
 institution is the Pennsylvania Hospital for the Insane, 
 which, previous to 1S41, was a conjoined portion of the 
 hospital, but has since been located on a fine farm of 111 
 acres, in West Philadelphia, about 2 ni. W. Schuylkill r. 
 The principal building and main wings present an E. front 
 of 436 feet, 3 stories high, and are surrounded with 41 acres 
 of beautiful pleasure grounds. The Friends' Asjlum for 
 tlie Insane, near Franicford, founded 1S15, has good build- 
 ings, etc. The Pennsylvania Institution for the Deaf and 
 Dumb, founded 1820, has occupied, since 1S25, its present 
 spacious edifice, corner of Broad and Pine streets, built of 
 granite, with Doric portico, at a cost of $30,000. In 1852 it 
 had contained 134 pupils, of whom the State of Peunsyl- 
 vania supported 92, Maryland IS, New Jersey 13, Delaware 
 3, and the institution 13. The Pennsylvania Institution for 
 the Blind, founded 1833, located in Kace, between Schuyl- 
 kill, Second, and Third streets, has a large edifice, 4 stories 
 high, with beautifully decorated grounds, and contained in 
 1852, 93 pupils, of whom the State of Pennsylvania sup- 
 ported 45, New Jersey 6, Maryland 5, Delaware 1, the in- 
 stitution 15, with 15 by their own industry, and 6 by their 
 friends. The Wills' Hospital for Diseases of the Eye and 
 Limbs, in Pace Street, opposite Logan Square, was founded 
 by the late James Wills, of Philadeli>hia, with a legacy of 
 $108,396, bequeathed to the city for that purpose. The 
 building, erected 1832-34, is a neat stone structure, 80 feet 
 long, 50 feet deep, which cost, including lot, $57,203, and is 
 surrounded by ample and beautiful grounds. From its 
 foundation to 1S52, upward of 2,000 persons had been re- 
 lieved as inmates, and about 5,000 had been treated at their 
 homes. Other hospitals are— St. Joseph's, near Girard Col- 
 lege; Christ Church, for indigent females of the Episcopal 
 I Church; and the City Hospital, Spring Garden, established 
 in 1818 by the State as a pest hospital, is a brick structure 
 of central building with wings. The U. S. Naval Asylum 
 is previously described. 
 
 Orphan and other Asylums, etc. — ^The principal institu- 
 tion for orphans, that of the Orphans' Society of Phila- 
 delphia, founded 1814, is on Pace Street and Schuylkill 
 Fifth ; a large brick structure, 110 by 153 feet, built fire- 
 proof and in the most substantial manner; erected 1823. 
 The first edifice was destroyed by fire Jan., 1S22, when 23 
 inmates perished. St. John's Male Orphan Asylum (Roman 
 Catholic), is on W. side of the Schuylkill, 2i m. from Market 
 Street bridge, on the Lancaster turnpike. The building, in 
 Elizabethan Gothic style, is of brown stone ; in extreme 
 length 220 feet, consisting of central edifice 4 stories high, 
 and wings 3 stories high, and can accommodate 250 orphans. 
 St. Joseph's Female Orphan Asylum, comer of Spruce and 
 Seventh streets, has an average number of 100 orphans. 
 The Colored Orphans' Asylum, in Thirteenth Street, in 1852 
 had 67 children. Other asylums are— the Widows' Asylum, 
 instituted 1819, with 60 inmates ; St. Ann's Widows' Asylum ; 
 Philadelphia Lying-in Asylum; House of Industry, in 
 Moyamensing, organized 1846, with commodious buildings ; 
 Preston Retreat, used by the Foster Home Association, 
 which provided in 1852 for 74 children; and 3 Magdalen 
 asylums. There are 4 dispensaries, of which the principal 
 is the Philadelphia, founded in 1786, which in 1851 treated 
 T,862 patients. Other charitable institutions are numerous. 
 
 The City Alms-house, fronting on W. side of the Schuyl- 
 kill, comprises 4 buildings, inclosing a rectangular area, 
 each 500 feet long and 3 stories high, besides basement, sur- 
 rounded by a farm of 10 acres, with out-buildings, etc. The 
 main front facing the city is ornamented by an elegant por- 
 tico in the Tuscan order, having 6 columns, 5 feet diameter 
 at base and 30 feet high. The average number of paupers 
 in 1S51 was 1,813, maintained at an expense of $97,926, or 
 $1 04 per week each. Attached is the Children's Asylum, 
 which in 1S51 contained about 1,850 children— 362 boys and 
 1.48S girls— sustained at an annual expense of $70,000. The 
 insane department contained in 1852, 390 inmates ; the 
 hospital 349 patients. The total cost of supporting the poor 
 at the alms-house and in the city and districts during 1S51, 
 was $228,977. The Moyamensing Alms-house is the public 
 charity for that district. The Friends' Alms-house is a pri- 
 vate institution and has but few inmates. 
 
 Mtmicipal Governments, Departments. — The county of 
 Philadelphia is divided into different local governments. 
 The incorporated districts directly adjoining the city proper, 
 viz., Southwark, Moyamensing, Spring Garden, Northern 
 Liberties, Kensington, and Richmond, have similar organi- 
 zations, each governed by boards of commissioners. The 
 consolidation of these districts with the city proper into one 
 municipal corporation, has for some time been agitated. 
 The government of the city proper, under the general su- 
 perintendence of the mayor, is composed of police depart- 
 ment, select and common councils, board of city commis- 
 sioners, and board of city and county commissioTiers. 
 
 The police department, exclusive of officers, embraces 200 
 watchmen. The consolidated police force, established 1860, 
 has ISO policemen, distributed as follows : city 66, Spring 
 Garden 26, Kensington 24, Northern Liberties 21, Southwark 
 18, Moyamensing 12, Penn 4, Richmond 4, West Philadel- 
 phia 3, under 12 lieutenants and the marshal. The number 
 of arrests by this force, from Nov. 21, 1850, to Nov. 1, 1851, 
 exceeded 12,000. 
 
 Fire Department. — In 1852 there were 70 companies — 
 engine 35, hose 33, hook and ladder 2 — each having about 
 30 members. The Association for the Relief of Disabled 
 Firemen, estaltlished 1S35, in 1852 possessed $17,500 per- 
 manently invested ; and had previously distributed $9,000. 
 
 The Board of Health, consisting of IS members, has 
 charge of the sanitary condition of the city, the city hospital, 
 and the lazaretto at quarantine ground, 14 m. below the 
 city. The statistics of the alms-house, county prison, etc., 
 are previously given. 
 
 Markets. — These are noted for their excellence, abundant 
 supplies, cleanliness, etc. The principal ranges of stalls are 
 in Market Street, extending from the Delaware to Eighth 
 Street, and from Schuylkill Sixth to Eighth streets, erected 
 in 1836 ; there are 10 others. The wholesale provision trade 
 is principally carried on in Water Street, and near the 
 wharves, chiefly by extensive firms. The following table 
 shows the number of cattle oflered at the Philadelphia 
 cattle market during each of the six years, from 1845 to 1850 
 inclusive : 
 
 Years. BeeTes, Calves. Sheep. Swine. 
 
 1845 49,290 8,630 25,700 79,000 
 
 1846 65,940 11,980 29,160 77,900 
 
 1847 51,.500 12,295 .36,410 57,189 
 
 1848 66,370 13,365 46,630 75,270 
 
 1849 67,410 15,100 43,700 78,600 
 
 1860 70,320 15,265 33,340 95,460 
 
 Fairmount Water-Works. — These water-works which 
 supply the city with water, are situated on E. bank of 
 Schuylkill r., a little N. of the city proper, and have been in 
 operation since July 1, 1822. A dam extends across the 
 river, 1,243 feet long, erected in 1819. The water backed 
 up by the dam passes into an artificial forebay, 419 feet 
 long, 90 feet wide, and 60 feet deep. The mill-building is 
 of stone, 233 feet long, 56 feet wide, containing 3 double- 
 acting forcing pumps, each of which will lift about 1,250,000 
 
 373 
 
CHIEF PLACES OP THE UNITED STATES. 
 
 gallons into the reservoirs in 24 hours. Tlie water is elevated 
 92 feet. The reservoirs, 4 in number, cover G acres, lire V>i 
 feet deep, constructed in very sub.slanlial manner, t«igether 
 contain 22,031,976 ale gallons, and cost .^133,^22. They are 
 for the most part upon artificial ground, raised in some parts 
 40 feet above the original of the hill. Wli.n full, the water 
 is 102 feet above low tide in the Scliuj Ikill, and 5G feet above 
 the highest ground in the city. One of tlieiu is divided into 
 3 sections for the purpose of filtration. The wat^r passes 
 from the reservoirs to ihe oily, ihrough 3 main iron pipes, 
 in diameter 2D, 22, and 30 inches respcclively ; and is then 
 distributed through the city in pipes from 3 to 10 inches 
 diameter, chiefly 3 and 6 inches, of which the total length in 
 January, 1S52, was: in city proper Si in., in districls of 
 Southwark and Moyamensing 20i m. The average 'laily 
 consumption of water in Ihe city and districts in 1!Vk>, 
 throughout the whole year was 4,785,338 ale gallons ; in 1%], 
 5,690,744 gallons. Water rents in 1S51, .113^.874. The entire 
 cost of these works to Dec. 31, 1850, was $l,(il5,170; addi- 
 tional expenses in 1851, $92,380— total cost to 1852,.$1.707,560. 
 
 SpHng Garden and Northern LibeHiex Water-Workn.— 
 Situated on E. side of the Schuylkill, about 1 m. above 
 Fairmount. The engine-house is of granite, in EgyjHian 
 style. The reservoir, 15 feet deep, 115 feet above low-water 
 mark, contains 9,800,000 gallons, and has 2 distributing 
 mains, 16 inches diameter. This work was completed in 
 1845, at a cost of $159,075. 
 
 Manufactures. — In the amount, and value, and variety 
 of its manufactures, Philadelphia is one of the most im- 
 portant cities in the United States. Many of these are 
 brought to more than an ordinary degree of perfection. 
 
 The following statement of the manufactures in the city 
 and county of Philadelphia, is from the census returns 
 
 of 1850: Value <,r 
 
 Cnpit.nl 
 inve.-^ted. 
 
 Phil. City proper.. $13,207,695. . 
 North'n Liberties . 3,922,251 . . 
 Spring Garden.. . 2,913.445. . 
 
 Kensington 3,7,'j5,711 . . 
 
 Southwark 2,171,065.. 
 
 Moyamensing. . . . 530,364 . . 
 
 Townships, etc. . . 7,237.380 . . 
 
 $33,737,911 
 
 The following statetnents of 
 
 their wages, are from the same 
 
 Kaw riiatprial 
 m\. lu^l. 
 
 ..$12,665,211 
 .. 8,764,341.... 
 .. 8,046,216.... 
 . . 6,166,071 .... 
 .. 2,197,347.... 
 575,237.... 
 .. C.090,7.S3 
 $34,505,156 
 the number of hands, and 
 source : 
 
 „ri,.j«i. 
 
 Phila. City proper. 17,020, . 9,046 $445,675. . 
 
 Northern Liberties. 4,463.. 1,181 115,657.. 
 
 Spring G arden ... 4,326 . . 8.54 93,303 . . 
 
 Kensington 6,723.. 1,890 163,010.. 
 
 Southwark 2,089.. 167 60,021.. 
 
 Moyamensing 1,970.. 2SS 46,868.. 
 
 Townships, etc.... 6,705.. 2,.S77 138,265.. 
 
 Ke 
 
 nalcs. 
 
 ^97,955 
 12,200 
 9.53S 
 13,279 
 1,344 
 2,872 
 71,396 
 
 4:3,296 15,803 
 
 $1,062,809 $208,584 
 
 ToUil employees 59,099 Month, cost of lab.$l,271,.393 
 
 Among the principal manufactures, are those of machin- 
 ery, hardware, cutlery, precious metals, cordage, furniture, 
 musical instruments, upholstery, ornamental and other iron 
 furniture, with large sugar refineries and marble works, etc. 
 Banks and. Inmtrance (''o?t>pan Us.— Thero were in 1S52 
 in the city and districts 13 banks, with aggregate working 
 capital of $10,650,000, paying fair dividends, with 4 sav'ings 
 banks. Number of fire insurance companies, 10; of fire 
 and marine do., 4; of marine do. 5; of life, annuity, and 
 trust do., 9 — total 28. 
 
 Railroads, etc.— The following is the list of railroads 
 diverging from Philadelphia, with their lengths: Philadel- 
 phia and Trenton K. K., and thence by New Jersey II. K. to 
 New York, 87 m. ; Camden and Amboy E. K. to New York, 
 374 
 
 [ 90 m. ; Philadelphia, Germantown, and Norristown K. R. 
 17 m. ; Germantown Branch E. li., 6 m. ; Philadelphiii, 
 Kea<litig, and Pottsville E. E., 93 m. ; with short branch 
 from Schuylkill falls to Port Eichmond coal dep6I. Colum- 
 bia and Pliila<leli)hia E. E., 82 m., which connects at Lan- 
 caster by llarrisl)urg and Lancaster E. E., with the Penn- 
 93'Ivania E. E. to Pittsburg, 357 m. ; Philadelphia and 
 Westchester E. E., 30 m., which branches from Columbia 
 and Philadeljihia E. E. at Paoli; Philadelphia, Wilming- 
 ton, awl lialtiinore E. E., 93 m. 
 
 The city derives great advantages from the Schuylkill 
 Navigation Canal, hence to Port Carbon, 103 m. ; the 
 Chesapeake and Delaware Canal, and others which contri- 
 bute to its prospi-rous trade. 
 
 Dtmieatic Trade.— Tho following statement exhibits the 
 number of coastwise arrivals, from 1835 to 1851 inclusive : 
 
 Yeai-B. Vessels Years. Ve.ssels. Years. Vessels. 
 
 1S85 3,573 1841 9.246 1847 18,069 
 
 1836 3.761 1842 7,973 1848 23,921 
 
 1S37 7,476 1848 7,659 1R49 24,594 
 
 1S:3S 10.860 1844 7,717 18.'50 27,035 
 
 1839 11,183 1845 8,029 1851 26,484 
 
 1840 9,706 1846 6,018 
 
 The coal trade is by far the most prominent part of the 
 domestic trade of the city. During the calendar year 1851, 
 the arrivals at Port Eichmond, the terminus of the Beading 
 E. E., were as follows: 3 ships, 92 barks, 467 brigs, 5,379 
 schooners, 202 sloops, 1,983 barges— total 8,126. 
 
 The following statements of the annual inspections of 
 flour and meal, and of the measurement of the principal 
 grains, from 1846 to 1850 inclusive, are derived from the Ee- 
 port of the Philadelphia Board of Trade of January, 1851 : 
 Wlieat Fliiur. Corn Meal. Rye Flour. 
 
 Years. 
 
 1S46.. 
 
 1847.. 
 
 184S.. 
 
 1849.. 
 
 1850.. 
 
 Years. 
 
 bhis 
 
 lihl.s 
 
 I>bl8. 
 
 674.643 170,143 33,520 
 
 70S,9.sl 300,609 27,906 
 
 511,279 162.9S3 24,74T 
 
 633,533 100.514 39.109 
 
 653,828 103,210 34,776 
 
 Wheat — bushels. Corn — bushels. Oats — buflhels. 
 
 1846 983,923 665,178 359,942 
 
 1847 947,503 1,09-3,264 369,171 
 
 1848 723.694 1,302.318 327,7:34 
 
 1S49 945.465 1,233,692 424,316 
 
 1850 1,103,206 1,163,666 40l,:396 
 
 Annual inspections of tobacco, all American, iVom 1839 to 
 1850 inclusive : 
 
 Years. Hluls. Years. Hliils, 
 
 Y'ears. Hlids. 
 
 1347 5,9-34 
 
 1848 3,218 
 
 1849 4,451 
 
 1850 3,745 
 
 1889 2,552 1843 6,7:33 
 
 1840 5.298 1844 4,418 
 
 1841 6,210 1845 4,182 
 
 1842 8,540 1846 2,527 
 
 The imports of cotton, 1847-50, were— in 1847, 41,385 
 bales; in 1848,' 41,516; in 1349,45,393; in 1850, 50,944 bales. 
 Foreign Commerce. — In foreign commerce Philadelphia 
 is now the third city in the Union. 
 
 The following statement, prepared from ofBcial docu- 
 ments, exhibits the value of the imports annually into the 
 port of Philadelphia, and the duties accruing to the United 
 States fVom 18.30 to 1851 inclusive: 
 
 Y«'*"- Impl.rts!^ !'"■'''»• 
 
 1880. . $9„525.893. .$.3,.537.516 
 
 1831.. 11,67.3,755.. 4,372.526 
 
 1832.. 10,048,195.. 3,.500,298 
 
 1333.. 11.15:3,7.57.. 2,935,096 
 
 18-'34.. 10,686,078.. 2,110,477 
 
 13.35.. 11,868,529.. 2,501,621 
 
 1830. . 16,116,625. . 8,146.453 
 
 13:37.. 10,1:30,8:38.. 1,820,993 
 
 1338,. 10,417,315.. 2,109,955 
 
 13:39.. 14.75:3.539.. 2,334,93-1 
 
 1340.. 8,624,484.. 1,517,207 
 
 Year.,. '(^^'^^^"l Duties. 
 
 1841 . . $9,948,598 . . $1,983,682 
 1842.. 6,201.177.. 1,812,843 
 1843.. 4,916,5:35.. 1,437,338 
 1844.. 8,310,865.. 2,981,573 
 1845.. 7,491,497.. 2,870,516 
 1846.. 8,808,615.. 2,603,068 
 1847.. 12,153,937.. 2,904749 
 134S.. 10,700,865. . 2,767,459 
 1849. .10,160,479. . 2.604,245 
 1 350 . . 13,88 1 .759 . . 3,41 2,240 
 1851 . .12,795,440 . . 8,678,124 
 
CHIEF PLACES OF THE UNITED STATES. 
 
 Foreign ArHvaU—Tbe following table exhibits the total 
 number of arrivals from foreign countries ia each year from 
 1836 to 1851 inclusive : 
 
 Att. Years. 
 
 Years. Arr. Years, 
 
 1836 421 I 1840. 
 
 183T 409 1841. 
 
 18.38 464 1842. 
 
 1839 521 I 1S43. 
 
 .456 
 .504 
 .454 
 .372 1S4T 657 
 
 1844. 
 1845. 
 1846. 
 
 Air. 
 .472 
 
 .337 
 .469 
 
 Years. Arr. 
 
 1S4S 542 
 
 1849 5S5 
 
 1850 518 
 
 1851 576 
 
 Mfports. — The number of clearanees for foreign countrief 
 during the two tiseal years, 1843-49 and 1849-50, each end- 
 ing June 30, were as follows : 
 
 I84S-W. • 1S49 M. 
 
 Vess, Tons. Men. Biijs. Vess. Tons. Men. B ys. 
 
 American. -860. .93,322. .3,806. ,98 309. .81.276. .3,189. .1.33 
 Foreign... 179.. 27,005.. 1.417.. 15 170.. 30,342.. 1,490.. 36 
 
 Total... 589. 120,327.. 5,223. 113 479.111,618. .4,669. .169 
 Exports of Breadatuffs. — These, with meat provisions, and 
 manufactures of iron and wool, constitute the greater portion 
 of the exports. The following is a statement of the exports 
 of wheat flour, corn meal, wheat, and corn, from 1S31 to 
 1851 inclusive: 
 
 „ Wheat flour. Corn meal. Wlieat. Corn. 
 
 lears. ^^|g_ ^^l^_ j^,_^,j_ ^^^^l^^ 
 
 1831 259,785 45.532 61,282 42,293 
 
 1832 151,917 50,.32S < 2,258 48,359 
 
 1883 182,622 61,903 — 66,708 
 
 1834 87,905 50,018 — 81,526 
 
 1835 96,098 50,869 2,903 25,457 
 
 1836 67,113 42,798 — 19,117 
 
 1837 33,680 6.3,803 — 21,486 
 
 1838 69,622 64,002 — 17,037 
 
 1839 191,380 73,800 37,8.31 17,117 
 
 1840 284,774 89,486 280,047 76,749 
 
 1841 195.555 108,822 56,571 80,266 
 
 1842 161,866 97,884 87,953 8-3,722 
 
 1843 128,517 106,484 82,285 74,613 
 
 1844 196,433 101,356 23,375 110,068 
 
 1845 201,956 115,101 86,089 129,256 
 
 1846 366,610 144,857 245,1.36 279,820 
 
 1847 420,684 300,531 523,538 1,102,210 
 
 184S 179,507 140,014 207,092 817,150 
 
 1849 220,786 91,319 177,312 906,823 
 
 1850 83,024 94,334 205,670 602,080 
 
 1861 299,466 65,886 225,201 554,545 
 
 The exports of rye flour In the same years were as follows : 
 
 R. flo 
 
 Years. 
 
 1831 8,433 
 
 18:32 13,040 
 
 1883 27.939 
 
 1834 23,795 
 
 1835 21,038 
 
 1836 27,429 
 
 1837 17,276 
 
 Years. 
 
 R. flo 
 
 R.flo 
 
 bbls. ^^''"• 
 
 1838 14,211 1846 17,098 
 
 1839 24,527 1346 19,730 
 
 1840 86,471 1847 20,407 
 
 1841 26,866 1843 15,537 
 
 1842 22,530 1849 26,536 
 
 1843 22,303 1860 25,054 
 
 1844 21,904 1851 10,505 
 
 Tonnage for the two 'fiscal years 1848-9 and 1849-50, also 
 
 in 1851, which, though not from any official documents, is 
 
 doubtless correct : 
 
 TONNAGE OF PHILADELPnlA. 
 
 Registered Enrolled and Licensed Total 
 Tons. 9otlis. Tons. A=itlis. Tons. Moths. 
 
 On June 30, 1849.... 58,821 91.. . .134,265 26.. ..188,087 21 
 " 1850 ... . 64,205 10 ... . 142,292 72 ... . 206,497 82 
 
 " 1851 — .... — ....222,428 90 
 
 Classification and employment of tonnage on June 30, 
 
 1849, and June 30, 1850 : 
 
 EEGI8TERED TONNAGE. 
 
 Permanent Temporary Total 
 
 Tons. HSths. Tons, yst'hs. Tons. 96th3. 
 
 June 80, 1849. . . .40,343 26. . . .13.478 65. . . .53,821 91 
 « 1850.... 46,384 91. ...17,820 14. ...64,205 10 
 Of the above, in 1850, 66 tons were propelled by steam ; in 
 1849 none. 
 
 ENROLLED AND LICENSED TONNAGE. 
 
 Permanent Temporary Coast Trade St'm NaT'n. 
 Tons. 9nths. Tons. Ooths. Tons. USths. Tons. IWtlia. 
 
 Jime 80,1849.. 121,722 85. .9,530 93. .131.253 83. .18,631 22 
 " 1850 . . 136,577 23 . . 2,581 87 . . 139,159 15 . . 15,475 56 
 
 The amount "licensed under 20 tons" in 1849 was 3,011 
 tons ; in 1850, 3,134— all in the coasting trade. 
 
 Vessels built in the district of Philadelphia in the two . 
 fiscal years, 1848^9, and 1849-50, each ending June 30 : 
 
 Years. Ships. Brif;s. Sol, 'rs. ^'""f,-,'.:"' ^"'"v ""r'^'T 
 
 ' "^ canal b ts. boats. Vessels. Tons. 
 
 1848-49 8 2. . . .26 102. ... 9. . . .142. . . .18,741 
 
 1849-50 7 1....84 107. ...17.... 166.... 18,150 
 
 Summcify of N^amgation. — The following table exhibits 
 the total arrivals of vessels at Philadelphia in each year, 
 from 1835 to 1851 inclusive. Their separate divisions into 
 foreign aud coastwise vessels are previously given under 
 their proper heads of domestic trade and foreign commerce : 
 
 Years, 
 1841.. 
 1842.. 
 1843.. 
 1844.. 
 1846.. 
 1846.. 
 
 .9,750 
 .8,427 
 .8,031 
 .8,189 
 .8,416 
 .6,477 
 
 1847 18,726 
 
 1848 24,463 
 
 1849 25,169 
 
 1850 27,553 
 
 1851 27,060 
 
 Years, 
 
 18.35 4,002 
 
 1836 4,135 
 
 1837 8,185 
 
 1833 11,-344 
 
 1839 11,709 
 
 1&40 10,162 
 
 Population.— In 1749, the city proper had 7,391 inhabit- 
 ants, and 1,864 dwellings; Southwark 595 population, 150 
 dwellings ; Northern Liberties 244, 62 dwellings. In 1750, 
 city 7,635. In 1777, the British (then in possession of the 
 city, which had decreased in population by the war) took 
 the census of the city, Southwark, and the Northern Liber- 
 ties, and found their united population 23,734, dwellings 
 5,985. In 1790, by IT. S. census, the city, 28,522; South- 
 wark, 5,661 ; unincorporated Northern Liberties, 8,337— 
 total 42,520. 
 
 Population of Philadelphia, city and county, from 1800 to 
 1850 inclusive : 
 
 1800. Hiit 1820. 1830. 1840. 1850. 
 
 ^'i^.^l-''^'^*^*" [41,220 58,722 63,802 80,453 93,665 121,417 
 delphia ) 
 
 SOUTH OF CITY AND EAST OF SCnnYLKILL EIVEB. 
 
 Southwark.... 9,621 13,707 14,713 20,740 27,546 88,799 
 Moyamenslng.. 1,592 2,887 3,963 6,822 14,573 26.979 
 Passyunk 884 992 1,633 1,441 1,594 1,60T 
 
 NORTH OF CITY AND EAST OF SCHUYLinLL EIYEE. 
 
 Unincorp' N. i 
 Liberties., fl^'^™ 21,558 1,810 2,456 8,832 1,938 
 
 N. Liberties. ... — — 19,678 28,923 84,474 47,228 
 
 Spring Garden* — — 3,498 11,141 27,849 58,895 
 
 Kensington* . . — — 7,118 13,326 22,314 46,776 
 
 Penn District*. — — — — — 8,930 
 
 Richmond* ... — — — — — 5^840 
 
 PennTownship* — 8,798 3,105 2,507 8,342 2,687 
 
 Oxford 1,518 973 1,315 1,502 1,582 1,787 
 
 Frankford — 1,233 1,405 1,637 2,-376 5,846 
 
 Lower Dublin. 1,495 2,194 2,640 2,705 8,298 4,297 
 
 Byberry 579 765 876 1,018 1,055 1,1-30 
 
 Moreland 862 400 443 418 469 493 
 
 Bristol 771 965 1,257 1,425 1,734 2,2-30 
 
 Germantown.. . 3,220 4,243 4,811 4,642 5.4S2 8,336 
 
 Eoxborough... 1,04S 1,252 1,682 3,834 5,797 2,660 
 
 Manuyunk — — — — — 6,210 
 
 Bridesburg — — — — — 915 
 
 Aramingo — — — — — 694 
 
 Whitehall — — — — — 489 
 
 •WEST OF THE SCHITYLKILL. 
 
 Blockley 1,091 1,618 2,655 8,401 8,318 5,910 
 
 W.Philadelphia — — — — 2,896 5,670 
 Kingessing.... 634 903 1,183 1,068 1,389 1,773 
 
 Total 81,005 111,210 137,097 188,961 258,037 409,045 
 
 Fcirmerlv a part of the Nortbera Liberties. 
 
 375 
 
 67 
 
CHIEF PLACES OF THE UNITED STATES. 
 
 Mhttoricdl Sl'etch. — 1027. The colony of Swedes which had 
 previously been setlled on the Delaware Bay, arrived here 
 and took possession. 1GT7. P'irst Swede's Church built. 
 1681. The Slate was granted to AVilliani Penn by James II. 
 king of England, and in same year the first settlers arrived 
 from London. 16S2. William Penn arrived. 16S3. City 
 laid out, and first post established to Newcastle. 16S4. 
 Pop. 2,500. lOSri. First two Friends' Meeting-houses erected. 
 1686. Additional colonists arrived ^15a|iii>t.s). 1695. Christ 
 Church Society (Episcopal) organized, alst> first Presbyterian. 
 1698. First Baptist (,'hurch erected. IToo. Second Swede 
 Church (now standing) built, and post-office established. 
 1701. Philadelj)liiu incorporated into a city. 1710. F'irst 
 Market (High St.) built. 171!). "American Weekly Mercury," 
 published by Andrew Bradford. 1723. " Peimsylvania 
 Gazette," publisheil by S. Kciner, subsequently by Dr. 
 JFranklin. 1727. Christ Church (now standing) commenced, 
 finished in 17.53. 17-'9. Independence Hall commenced, 
 completed in 1734. 1731. Philadelphia Library Co. organ- 
 ized, opened in 1732, with books brought from London. 
 1788. First Fire Co. originated. 1743. American Philo- 
 sophical Society organized. 1751. Pennyslvania Hospital 
 incorporated. 1753. Daily delivery of letters by carriers 
 introduced. 1754. Tri-weekly post established to New York 
 City. 1755. University of Pennsylvania (from 1750 an 
 academy) erected into a college, in 1779 into an university. 
 1765. Medical Department of University established. 1771. 
 "Pennsylvania Packet" issued weekly, in 1784 daily, first 
 in U. S. 1774, Sept. 4th. First Colonial Congress assembled. 
 1776. July 4th, 2 p. m. Declaration of Independence read 
 from the steps of the Hall. Autumn of same year, Congress 
 retired to Baltimore. 1777, Sept. 26lh. City taken by the 
 British. 17S0, March 15th. American Philosophical Society 
 fully established. 17&1. Bank of North America chartered 
 by Congress. 1787, 17th May. Convention met. 17th Sept. 
 following, agreed upon a Constitution for U. S. In 1793 and 
 '98. Yellow fever prevailed. 1789. College of Physicians 
 chartered. 1789. Present City Hall erected. 1791. Lan- 
 caster Turnpike Co. chartered, finished in four years. 1794. 
 South wark incorporated. 1801. Navy yfird located. 1803. 
 First Hose Co. 1804. Germantown Perkioinen Turnpike Co. 
 chartered, completed in two years. 1S17. Medical Institute 
 founded. 1809. Masonic Hall erecteil. 1820. Musical Hall 
 finished. 1822. F^airmount Water-works completed. 1826. 
 House of Kefuge incorporated. 1829. U. S. Mint building 
 commenced. 1833. Girard College corner-stone laid, com- 
 menced 1st Jan., 1848. 1835. Gas works erected. 
 
 Pittsburg, p. city, port of entry, and cap. Alleghany co., 
 Penn. : at the point formed by tlie confluence of tlie Alle- 
 ghany and Monongahela, the great constituents of tlie Ohio 
 r., and by railroad 252 m. W. by N. Harrisburg. Lat. 
 40° 32' N., and long. 80° 02' W. Its suburb, Alleghany City, 
 also occupying a point of land, is located to the north-west 
 and on the opposite side of the Alleghany, and to all intents 
 and purposes, having the same interests, is a part of Pittsburg. 
 South Pittsburg and Birmingham are manufacturing vil- 
 lages on the opposite side of the Monongaiiela r. ; and there 
 are in the vicinity, in every direction within the suburban 
 district, numerous other villages of considerable population 
 and industrial character. 
 
 Pittsburg is built on a triangular plain, hemmed in on 
 the rear by several hills. It is a compactly built and large 
 city, but has the dingy appearance which so well indicates 
 the industrial occupations of the inhabitants. The city was 
 originally laid out on the N. E. bank of the Monongahela, 
 and planned after the model of Philadelphia, with streets 
 running parallel with the rivers, and others crossing them 
 at right angles. The streets on the Alleghany are laid out 
 on a similar plan, and hence a short distance from the Alle- 
 ghany the old and new streets meet in oblique directions, 
 assimilating its appearance to that of the lower section of 
 New York City. Both rivers are spanned by bridges, which 
 *ith several steam ferries, connect the city with the sul>- 
 876 
 
 urbs. The Pennsylvania Canal crosses the river by an 
 aqueduct 
 
 The site of Pittsburg is a natural amphitheatre ; the rivers 
 flow in channels from 450 to 4(!5 feet below the highest 
 peaks of the neighboring hills. These hills, inclosing the 
 city, are full of bituminous coal, which is easily mined, and 
 afTords to the jilace the vast manufacturing facilities for 
 which it is famed. The coal strata lie 8U0 feet above the 
 alluvial ])lain,and the coal formation, as general in the Ohio 
 valley, is horizontal. Along the base of these hills and 
 some ilistance up their declivity, the city expands itself, and 
 on every side the eye rests upon a scene of rich and varied 
 landscape. 
 
 Old F'ort Du Quesne, so celebrated in the French and 
 colonial wars, formerly occupied the site on which the city 
 now stands. At the close of the llevolutionary War it was 
 still but an insignificant village. In 1784, the ground, which 
 belonged U> the heirs of Penn, was laid out into town lots, 
 and two years later the village contained about 100 dwell- 
 ings. It was constituted the capital f>f Alleghany county in 
 1791. In 1796, its population amounted to 1,395. 
 
 Among the public buildings of Pittsburg, the Court-house 
 is conspicuous. It is a handsome building of Gra;co-Doric 
 architecture, 165 feet long and 100 feet deep, and the height 
 of the dome 148 feet from the ground. About $200,000 were 
 expended on its construction. The lioman Catholic Cathe- 
 dral, on Grant's Hill, is also a noble edifice, and many of 
 the other churches, between 70 and 80 in number, are in 
 the best style of ecclesiastical building. It contains, besides, 
 4 large banking houses, several insurance offices, 3 market- 
 houses, a well furnished museum, numerous large and 
 splendid hotels, railroad depGts, etc. The Western Uni- 
 versity of Pennsylvania is located here, and numerous as- 
 sociations, which afford great conveniences to the inhabit- 
 ants in literary and scientific pursuits. 
 
 As a manufacturing city, Pittsburg is second in the State 
 only to Philadelphia, and has, perhaps, no competitor in 
 the brandies of industry which are carried on in its work- 
 shops. It is the Birmingham of America. In 1850 it had 
 13 rolling-mills, with a capital of $5,000,000, employing 2,500 
 hands, consuming 60,000 tons of jiig metal, and producing 
 annually bar iron and nails to the value of $4,000,000 ; 80 
 large foundries, with several smaller ones, with an aggre- 
 gate capital of $2,000,000 and 2.500 hands, using 20,000 tons 
 of pig iron, and yielding articles valued at $2,000,000 annu- 
 ally ; 2 establishments for manufacturing locks, latches, cof- 
 fee-mills, scales, and other iron casting, employing 500 hands 
 and a cajiital of $250,000, using 1,200 tons metal, and pro- 
 ducing annually to the value of $3,000,000; 5 large cotton 
 factories, and several smaller ones — capital $1,500,000, hands 
 1,500, cotton consumed 15,000 bales, and products valued at 
 upward of $1,500,000 annu.ally ; 8 flint-glass manufactories 
 — capitid $.300,000, hands 5110, and producing various articles 
 of glass, in the manufacture of which 150 lims lead and 200 
 tons pearl ash are used, to the value of $400,000 annually; 
 7 phial furnaces and 11 window-glass factories — capital 
 $250,000, hands 600, and annual products $600,000 ; 1 soda- 
 ash factory, employing 75 hands, and producing annually 
 1,500 tons ; 1 copper smelting house, producing 600 tons re- 
 flned copper annually, valued at $380 per ton ; 1 copper 
 rolling-mill, producing annually 300 tons sheathing and bra- 
 zier's copper ; 5 white lead factories — capital $150,000, hands 
 60, and producing 150,000 kegs annually, worth $200,000. 
 There are also a number of manufactories of the smaller sizes 
 of iron, several extensive manufactories of axes, hatchets, 
 etc., and spring-steel, steel springs, axles, anvils, vices, mills, 
 cross-cut and other saws, gun barrels, shovels, spades, forks, 
 hoes, cut tacks, brjids, etc. The products of the manufac- 
 tures in the aggregate are valued at between $50,000,000 and 
 $60,000,000 annually. There are consumed about 12,000,000 
 bushels of coal annually, worth $600,000, and an equal 
 quantity is exported from the city, giving employment con- 
 stantly to 4,000 hands. 
 
CHIEF PLACES OF THE UNITED STATES. 
 
 As a trading mart, Pittsburg has many advantages. At 
 the junction of two great rivers and at the head of the no- 
 ble Ohio, it has access by water to the whole valley drained 
 by the tributaries of the Mississippi. With the Atlantic 
 Bea-board it has connection by means of the Pennsylvania 
 Canal and Railroad, over which an immense transit and 
 internal commerce is carried on, and its connection with 
 Lake Erie is provided for. Westward long lines of railroad 
 bring it into juxtaposition with all the great cities in that 
 direction, and open to it highways to and beyond the Mis- 
 sissippi. Its harbor is well suited for the river commerce. 
 The " Orleans," the first steamer that plied on the western 
 waters, was built here in ISll, since which period the com- 
 merce of the city has steadily increased. In 1850 there 
 were owned in Pittsburg 4.3,476 tons of shipping, of which 
 44,571 tons were navigated by steam. In 1S51 its steam 
 marine amounted to 47,911 tons. This is employed on the 
 rivers in transporting passengers and goods to the various 
 ports. Eighteen steamers and 4 schooners (.3,238 tons) were 
 built in 1850. These are floating palaces, the admiration of 
 every one, and at any one time 30 or 40 of such may be 
 seen at the wharves destined to various ports on the Ohio, 
 Mississippi, and Missouri. 
 
 The retail trade of the city is also on a vast scale, the 
 stores filled with the most splendid manufactures, arti- 
 cles of apparel, and all the luxuries of the table and house- 
 hold, are not surpassed by those of even the palaces of New 
 York and Philadelphia. The amount of business transacted 
 is immense and ever increasing. Pittsburg has also a large 
 wholesale trade, and many western merchants make up 
 their stocks at this point, instead of traveling to the great 
 cities of the sea-board. There are four banks in the city — 
 capital $2,418,000. 
 
 Pittsburg is governed by a mayor, aldermen, and com- 
 mon council ; its police is excellent, and crime and destitu- 
 tion less frequent than in most other large places. Perhaps 
 this freedom from social evils may be attributed chiefly to 
 the prosperity of the manufactures and trades. It has a 
 well organized fire department, and numerous military 
 companies, many of which are uniformed and well drilled. 
 The streets, stores, and dwellings are lighted with gas, 
 which is manufactured from bituminous coal, and water is 
 supplied from the Alleghany river by means of machinery, 
 and distributed through iron pipes. For civil purposes the 
 city is divided into nine wards. The value of taxable 
 property in the city in 1851 amounted to $65,000,000. 
 
 The means of education provided in the city are ample. 
 In 1S50 there were 36 public schools, and 10 others were 
 being built: teachers, 71— males 19, and females 52; schol- 
 ars, 5,144 — males 2,583, and females 2,501 ; cost of instruc- 
 tion, .$17,506, of which $2,804 was from the State school 
 fund, and the remainder raised by taxation. These schools 
 are conducted under the general law. There are also other 
 academies, seminaries, grammar schools, etc., chiefly pri- 
 vate establishments, at which large numbers of children are 
 educated. 
 
 The periodical press of Pittsburg consists of 11 daily 
 newspapers, 2 tri-weeklies, 17 weeklies, 1 semi-monthly, 
 and 2 monthlies. The dailies are, the " P. Gazette" (whig), 
 the "Morning Post" (dem.), the "Staats Zeitung" (whig), 
 the "P. Courier," the "Tribune and Express" (indep.), the 
 " Chronicle," the "Commercial Journal" (whig), the "Dis- 
 patch" (indep.), the "Transcript and Commercial Adver- 
 tiser," the " P. American" (whig), and the " Daily News." 
 The tri-weeklies are, the "P. Gazette" and "Commercial 
 Journal," editions of the dailies of the same title ; the week- 
 lies are, the " P: Gazette," the "Saturday Post," the "Staats 
 Zeitung." the " Commercial Journal," the " Dispatch," and 
 the "P. American," editions of dailies, "Der Freiheits 
 Fretmd," the "P. Mercury," the "Iron City" (lit.), the 
 "American Protestant" (relig.), the "Ledger," the "Chris- 
 tian Herald" (Moth.), the "Saturday Visitor" (lit.), the 
 * Presbyterian Advocate," the " Preacher," the " P. Chris- 
 
 tian Advocate" (Meth.) ; the semi-monthly is the "Friend 
 of Missions," and the monthlies are " Sibbet's Western Ee 
 view" and the " Missionary." 
 
 The popuU-ition of Pittsburg in 1810 was 4,768 ; in 1820, 
 7,248; in 1830, 12,568; in 1840,21,116; and in 1850, 46,601. 
 In these sums the population of the city proper is only 
 stated. The city, including its metropolitan district, in 1850 
 contained 86,771, and in January, 1853, 110,241 inhab- 
 itants. 
 
 Alleghany City, the principa, suburb, is finely situate 
 on the north bank of ilii; Alleixli.any river, and is in itself 
 a considerable place. It enioys the same facilities for manu- 
 factures, commerce, and internal trade as Pittsburg, but 
 perhaps not in so advantageous a degree, and is occupied 
 chiefly m the same pursuits. Here is assembled a popula- 
 tion of 21.261 souls; in 1830 the city contained only 2,801, 
 and in 1840, 10,089 inhabitants, being an increase of 260.2 
 per cent., and the increase in the decade ending 1850, was 
 110.7 per cent. Alleghany, indeed, has at the latter date 
 the same population as Pittsburg had in 1840. The West- 
 ern Penitentiary of Pennsylvania is located in Alleghany, 
 and is a very extensive edifice. The Western Theological 
 Seminary (Presb.) is also established here. It occupies a 
 commanding eminence, overlooking the surrounding coun- 
 try. The building is 150 feet long, the centre being 4 stories 
 and the wings 3 stories high. There are about 30 churches 
 in the city, several of them large and elegant structures. 
 The city has a considerable commercial and manufacturing 
 interest. Hardware and cutlery, iron work of all kinds, 
 machinery, cotton goods, and numerous other valuable 
 manufactures are produced. The whole manufacturing 
 capital of the place is nearly $4,000,000, and goods to a great 
 value are annually produced. It is divided into 4 wards, 
 and is governed by a mayor and common council. In 1850 
 it had 27 common schools, with 42 teachers and 3,270 schol- 
 ars — 1,730 males, and 1,540 females. 
 
 Birmingham borough is another important suburb. It is 
 on the S. side of the Monongahela, about 1 m. distant from 
 the centre of Pittsburg. It has considerable manufactures 
 of iron, glass, pottery, etc., and a population of 3,742. A 
 bridge and a ferry connect it with the city. South Pitts- 
 burg, adjoining it on the W., has 1,883 inhabitants, and 
 Mtst Birmingham has 1,694 inhabitants. Manch&ster, on 
 the AV. of Alleghany City, has 1,775. Loiwrencemlle, on the 
 Alleghany, above Pittsburg, 1,746, and Sharpsbiu-g, higher 
 up on the opposite side the river, 1,229 inhabitants. 
 
 Plattsburg, t., p. v., port, and cap. Clinton co., N. T. : 
 on W. shore of Lake Champlain, at the head of Cumber- 
 land bay, and on both sides of Saranac river, 147 m. N. 
 Albany. Lat. N. 44° 42' ; long. W. 7.30 26'. The surface 
 of the town slopes toward the lake ; soil clay loam, and very 
 productive. Drained by Saranac river and Salmon creek. 
 Black marble of excellent quality is quarried in the t. At 
 the V. the Saranac descends by a succession of falls about 
 40 feet, thus affording very great water-power, which is 
 used by numerous factories of cotton and woolen goods, tan- 
 neries, and by saw, grist, fulling, marble, and flouring mills, 
 etc. The v. contains the co. buildings, 4 churches, an incor- 
 porated lyceum and academy. Two newspapers are pub- 
 lished weekly, "P. Republican" (dem.), "Clinton County 
 Whig" — the " Northern Lancet" (med.), is issued monthly. 
 Here commences the Plattsburg and Montreal E. R., 62 m. 
 in length, which is an important avenue of traile. The 
 Plattsburg and Whitehall R. R. is in construction. Platts- 
 burg is renowned as the scene of a most severe battle dur- 
 ing the late war with Gre.-it Britain, on Sept. 11, 1814, in 
 which the Americans, under Gen. Macomb, achieved a sig- 
 nal victory. At the same time, in the bay, before the v., a 
 great naval victory was won under Com. M'Donough. A 
 little S. of the village is P. Barracks, an U. S. Military Post 
 Pop. of t. 5.618. 
 
 PLYiMOUTii, t., p. v., port of entry, and cap. Plymouth co., 
 Jfass. : on Plymouth bay, 35 m. S. E. by S. Boston. Lat. 
 
 377 
 
CHIEF PLACES OF THE UNITED STATES. 
 
 N. 41° 57' 20", long. W. V0° 40' 19". This t. is memorable 
 as the landing place of the pilgrims, Dec. 22(1, 1620, who 
 founded this the first settlement in New England. See 
 Mabsaciiubettb, Ilistorical Sketch. The bay is spacious, 
 but shallow ; the harbor is secure, though diflflcult of access. 
 The t. is of large size, is for the most part a sandy and hilly 
 tract covered with forests of pine, with some oak, and eon- 
 tains numerous ponds. The soil near the coast is generally 
 good. The v. in the N. part of the t. is pleasantly situated, 
 ifl compactly built, chiefly of wood, and has many handsome 
 buildings. It contains a court-house,jail, and 6 churches. The 
 interesting relics of the Pilgrim Colony are carefully pre- 
 served in Pilgrim Hall, a handsome granite building, erected 
 in 1S24, for this purpose, within which the Pilgrim Society 
 annually commemorate the landing of their forefiithers. A 
 portion of the rock on which they landed is placed in front of 
 the hall. Plymouth is largely engaged in the fisheries, and 
 has also some manufactories. There are two banks, cap. 
 1200,0(50 ; 1 insurance co., cap. $50,000. Two newspapers 
 are published weekly, viz., " Plymouth Eock" (dem.), and 
 "Old Colony Memorial" (whig). The Old Colony R. E. 
 extends hence to Boston, 37 m. On SOth June, 1S50, the 
 total tonnage of P. district was 10,722 tons, of which 3,967 ta. 
 were registered, and 6,755 ts. enrolled and licensed. Of 
 registered t., 3,9US ts. were permanent, and 59 ts. temporary. 
 The enrolled and licensed tonnage consisted of 6,631 ts. 
 permanent (in cod-fishery 4,879 ts., in mackerel fishery 
 1,752 ts.); and 124 ts. licensed under 20 tons (in coasting 
 trade 91 ts., in cwl-flshery 33ts.). During the year previous, 
 the total of clearances for foreign countries was 10 — 544 tons ; 
 total of entrances, do. the same statistics, all of which were 
 foreign vessels. Vessels built during the year, 5 — 579 tons. 
 Pop. in 1S40, 5,281, and in 1850, 6,025. 
 
 Portland, t, p. city, port of entry, and cap. Cumberland 
 CO., Me. : is situated on an elevated peninsula, at W. ex- 
 tremity of Casco bay, 54 m. S. S. W. Augusta, lat. (Mount 
 Joy) 430 39' 52" N. ; and long. 70° 13' 34" W. The penin- 
 sula projects eastwardly into the bay, about 3 m. in length, 
 and has an average width of three-fourths of a mile. Its 
 surface rises from each shore, forming throughout its entire 
 length an elevated ridge, which, at its extremities, again 
 rises into considerable hills, presenting a marked outline, 
 and very beautiful appearance. The city is regularly laid 
 out, and handsomely built, particularly its more modem 
 portions, which are noted for their elegant buildings, and is 
 lighted with gas. The main street occupies the ridge of 
 the peninsula, extending from hill to hilL Many of the 
 streets are lined with elms and other shade trees. The prin- 
 cipal public buildings consist of the Exchange, which is 
 an elegant structure, with handsome colonnade and dome, 
 containing the poet-offlce, custom-house, and United States 
 court rooms ; the City Hall, built of brick ; the old Custom- 
 house, of granite, 18 churches, jail, etc. There are 6 banks, 
 with an aggregate capital of |I, 125,000. The capital of 
 the city is chiefly employed in commerce, coasting trade, 
 the fisheries, and inland trade ; hence its manufactures 
 are, for the most part, those incident to a mercantile 
 city. The Portland Company, with a capital of $100,000, 
 have a large manufactory of locomotives, railroad cars, etc. 
 Much attention is given to education in the public schools. 
 These consist of a classical school for boys, a high school 
 for girls, 4 grammar 8chiM)l8 (2 for boys and 2 for girls), and 
 the primary schools. There are also numerous private 
 schools and an academy. The Athenaeum, incorporated in 
 1S27, hits a library of over 6,000 volumes. The Natural 
 History Society has a valuable collection of minerals, speci- 
 mens, etc. Two daily newspnpers are published, " Adver- 
 tiser" (whig), and "Eastern .\rgus" (dem.), which also issue 
 tri-weekly and weekly editions. Besiiles these are seven 
 wecklies,viz., " Transcript" (lit.), " Christian Mirror" (Pres.), 
 "Zion's Advocate" (Bapt.), " Inquin-r" (F. soil), " Pleasure 
 Boat" (miscel.), " Cold Water Foimtain" (Temp.), and " Na- 
 tional Democrat." The " Scholar's Leaf (educa.), is issued 
 373 
 
 semi-monthly. Tlie natural advantages of this citj' for trade 
 and commerce have been well improved by its enterprising 
 citizens. The harbor is capacious and safe, and among the 
 best in the United States. It is protected by islands from 
 the violence of storms, is seldom obstructed by ice, has a 
 good entrance, and is defended by forts Preble and Scammel, 
 the former garrisone<i by U. S. artillery. At the E. ex- 
 tremity of the city is a tower, 70 feet high, erected for the 
 purpose of observing vessels at sea, and furnished with 
 signals. The harbor is connected by the Cumberland and 
 Oxford Canal, 20i m. long, with Sebago pond, and thence 
 with Long pond, etc. Four important railroads now centre 
 at Portland, and contribute greatly to its prosperity. Tlie 
 Portland, Saco, and Portsmouth E. E., 51 m. long, was 
 opened in 1842, completing the line of railroads t^om Bos- 
 ton to this city, 105 m. The extension of this route, called 
 Portland and Kennebec E. E., is completed to Augusta, 
 60 m. The York and Cumberland E. E. (now open to 
 Gorham, 10 m.) is in construction, to connect at South Ber- 
 wick with the Bost^^m and Maine E. E. The construction 
 of the Atlantic and St. Lawrence E. E., commenced in 1844, 
 has been actively prosecuted from each terminus, Portland 
 and Montreal, and will soon be completed. By contract it 
 is to be finished in 1S53. Through this important avenue 
 will pass a large proportion of the products of the north and 
 west for shipment to Europe and elsewhere. The foreign 
 commerce of the city is chiefly with the West Indies and 
 Europe. Its chief exports are lumber, ice, fish, provisions, 
 etc. The coasting trade is principally with Boston, and 
 during the summer a steamboat plies daily to that city. On 
 30th June, 1860, the total tonnage of district was 86,502 tons 
 of which 60,304 tons were registered, and 26,198 tons en- 
 rolled and licensed. The registered tonnage consisted of 
 46,621 tons permanent, and 13,683 tons temporary, of which 
 100 tons were propelled by steam. The enrolled and 
 licensed tonnage consisted of 25,665 tons "permanent," 
 which were employed as follows: in coasting trade, 19,42T 
 tons ; in cod fishery, 3,238 tons ; in mackerel fishery, 3,000 
 tons; and 533 tons "licensed under 20 tons," which were in 
 the cod fishery. During the fiscal year preceding, the total 
 of clearances for foreign couniries was 523 — 77,645 tons ; the 
 total of entrances do. was 447 — (>4,195 tons. Vessels built 
 during the year preceding, 29 (20 ships, 5 brigs, 8 schooners, 1 
 steamer)— 11,477 tons. Pop. in 1830, 12,598 ; in 1S40, 15,218 ; 
 in 1850, 20,815. 
 
 Portsmouth, t., p. city, port of entry, and one of the caps. 
 Eockingham co., iV. Uamp. : on the S. side of Plseataqua 
 r., 3 m. from the ocean, 41 m. E. by S. Concord. Lat. (Uni- 
 tarian church) 43° 4' &5" N. ; long. 70° 45' 50" W. This is 
 the largest town and only seaport in the State. Its site rises 
 gradually from the hartxir, is pleasant and hoaltliy. The 
 city is not regularly laid out, but its streets, though narrow, 
 are neatly built, and contain many handsome buildings. 
 This t. was settled in 162-3, and incorporated in 1633. It has 
 several times suffered severely by fires, but has been rebuilt 
 with improved appearance. It has long been noted for its 
 commercial enterprise, and its capiUdis mainly employed in 
 navigation. Many vessels, though owned at this purt, are 
 employed elsewhere. Ship-building is largely carried on. 
 The principal manufactories are: Portsmouth steam factory, 
 cre^-ted 1S46-47, 200 feet long, 6 stories high, making fine 
 cotton fabrics, a very superior establishment ; an extensive 
 manufactory of hosiery — also one of twist; machine shop 
 and car factory ; iron foundry, etc. There are 3 banks, ag- 
 gregate cap. $491,000. The t is supplied with good water 
 from a fountain, 3 m. distant, by a company formed in 1799. 
 Among the public buildings are 5 or 6 handsome churches, 
 an athenanim, academy, the Stiite lunatic hospital, 2 market- 
 houses, alms-house, etc. The Athena;um, incorporated 1S17, 
 has a handsome brick edifice, 8 stories high, with a library 
 of 7,800 volumes, besides cabinets of minerals and of natural 
 history. Portsmouth is connected with Boston by the East- 
 ern E. E-, 54 m. ; from Portland, 51 m. ; and with Concord, 
 
CHIEF PLACES OF THE UNITED STATES. 
 
 by the Portsmouth and Concord E. E., 47 m. The Pisoata- 
 qua, in passing the t., is fVom ^ to } m. wide, and though it 
 flows with such rapidity as prevents its freezing in winter, 
 it forms one of the most secure and commodious harbors in 
 the U. 8. The harbor has 40 feet of water in the channel at 
 low tide, and is protected from storms by headlands and its 
 islands. It is defended by Fort Constitution, on Great 
 Island, and other forts. The U. S. Navy Yard, located on 
 Continental or Badger's Island, on the E. side of the river, 
 contains a dry dock of costly construction, and 3 immense 
 ship houses, the largest of which, 240 feet long, 1,31 feci 
 wide, has its roof covered with 130 tons of slate. A naval 
 ofiBcer is stationed at this port. The total t/^)unage of Ports- 
 mouth district on 30th June, 1S50, was 23,096 tons. The 
 registered tonnage was 14,979 tons, of which 12,069 were 
 permanent, and 2,910 temporary. The enrolled and licensed 
 tonnage consisted of S,117 tons, of which 7,511 were perma- 
 nent, 3S3 temporary, and 21S tons " licensed under 20 tons'' 
 in the cod fishery. The coasting trade employed 4,025 tons, 
 cod fishery 2,664 tons, mackerel fishery 1,204 tons. During 
 the year ending 80th June, 1S50, the number of clearances 
 for foreign countries w;i8 107 — 8,213 tons; number of 
 entrances do., 110 — 11,044 tons. Vessels built during the 
 year, 10 — 8 ships, 2 schooners — 6,914 tons. Newspapers — 
 "P. Dispatch," daily; "Eockingham Messenger" (indep.), 
 "N. H. Gazette" (dem.), "P. Journal" (whig), weekly. 
 Pop. in 1810, 6,934; in 1820, 7,327; in 1830, 8,082; in 1840, 
 7,887 ; in 1860, 9,739. 
 
 PoBTSMourn, p. v., and cap. Scioto co., Ohio : on the Ohio 
 river, at the mouth of Scioto r., 83 m. 8. Columbus. The t. 
 presents a handsome appearance from the r., is well built, 
 and is surrounded by the most fertile district of the Ohio 
 valley. The v. contains a fine court-house, several churches, 
 an excellent academy, bank, market-house, jail, etc. Iron 
 manufactures are extensively prosecuted, from the abund- 
 ance of iron ore in the vicinity. Mineral coal and fine 
 building-stone are also abundant ; the latter is much used in 
 Cincinnati. The building and repairing of steamboats is 
 carried on upon the opposite side of the Scioto. Newspa- 
 pers — " Tribune and Clipper" (whig), daily and weekly ; 
 " P. Dispatch" (dem.), daily ; " P. Enquirer" (whig), weekly. 
 The Scioto and Hocking Valley E. E. runs hence through 
 the mineral district, connecting at Newark with the several 
 E. and W. lines, and those to Sandusky, Cleveland, etc. 
 Here also terminates the Ohio Canal from Cleveland, 809 m. 
 in aggregate length. Pop. in 1850, 4,011. 
 
 PoKTSMouTH, p. v. and port, Norfolk co., Virff. : on the 
 "W. side of Elizabeth r., opposite Norfolk, 80 m. S. E. llich- 
 mond. Its harbor is one of the best in the U. S., permitting 
 vessels of the largest class to come up to the wharves. The 
 village is regularly laid out, with streets crossing at right 
 angles, and contains a court-house, jail, 5 churches, bank, 
 etc. The Sea-board and Eoanoke E. E. extends W. from 
 Portsmouth to Weldon, 80 mile^, connecting with the main 
 line of coast railroad, and a line is now being constructed 
 from Portsmouth to Petersburg. Adjoining Portsmouth is 
 Gosport, containing the navy yard, dry dock, etc. Popula- 
 tion, 6,371. 
 
 PoTTsviLi.E, p. v., Schuylkill county, Penn. : near the 
 Schuylkill, above the gorge where that river breaks through 
 Sharp Mountain, 46 va. N. E. by E. Ilarrisburg. Pottsvllle, 
 as incorporated in 1S2S, embraces also the once separate 
 villages of Mount Carbon, Morrisville, Greenwood, Salem, 
 Bath, and AllenviUe. Mount Carbon comprises the southern 
 part of Pottaville lying in the valley between Sharp and 
 Second mountains. The scenery of the surrounding country 
 is wild and picturesque, and in its mountainous topography 
 presents many romantic localities. 
 
 Pottsvllle is noted as a great mining dep6t for the 
 anthracite and iron regions of the Upper Schuylkill. The 
 Schuylkill Canal has its terminus at this point, and also the 
 Philadelphia, Eeading, and Pottsvllle E. E., which here 
 oonnect with several railroads leading to the neighboring 
 
 mines, and with the Sunbury and Erie E. E. now in course 
 of construction between the two places. This latter road 
 when completed will furnish one of the nearest routes from 
 the Atlantic coast and the lakes, and insure to Philadelphia 
 its just share of the commerce of those inland waters. The 
 canal and the Eeading E. E. are the avenues over which 
 most of the coal from the Schuylkill region is carried. The 
 quantity of anthracite sent to market in 1851, was 2,178,584 
 tons. 
 
 The borough contains numerous iron works, machine and 
 engine shops, extensive warehouses, stores of various kinds, 
 mechanic shops, breweries, tanneries, and numerous mer- 
 cantile houses. It has a bank— cap. $200,000, several 
 spacious hotels, 6 or 7 churches, generally of respectable 
 appearance, several public buildings — the town hall, an 
 academy, and 13 public schools with 642 scholars, and there 
 are published here four weekly newspapers, viz., the 
 " Mining Eegister" (dem.), the " P. Emporium" (dem.), the 
 " Miner's Journal" (whig), the " Free Press" (whig), each 
 cu-culating from 1,000 to 1,500 copies at each issue. 
 
 The place was originated and has been sustained by the 
 coal and iron interest. It is the largest and most important 
 town in the county. In 1S40 it contained 4,345 inhabitants, 
 and in 1850 it had 7,515 inhabitants, being an increase in 
 the decade of 8 .9 per centum The distance to Philadel- 
 phia by railroad is 93 miles. 
 
 PouGUKEEPsiE, city and capital Duchess count/, N. T. : 
 66 m. S. Albany. Drained by Wappinger's and Fall creeks, 
 which supply water-powei. Surface undulating, and in 
 some parts rough and broken ; soil sand, clay, and loam, 
 underlaid by limestone, and very fertile. The v. lies on the 
 E. bank of Hudson r., and is an important manufacturing 
 and commercial point. Lat 41° 41' N. ; long. 73° 55' W. 
 The ground on which built is elevated about 200 feet 
 above the river, and extends into it by two bold promon- 
 tories on the north and south, forming a large open basin 
 in front of the landing. The streets are regularly laid out, 
 and are spacious, with many handsome and substantial 
 buildings. Main Street, leading back from the landing, is 
 the principal street. Many of the churches, of which there 
 are 16 or 17, are expensive edifices, and tasteful and elegant 
 in their architectural embellishments. The v. contains the 
 county court-hfiuse, jail, 4 banks — cap. .f 600,000, a savings' 
 institution, the county poor-house, a collegiate school, an 
 academy, and female seminaries, numerous public schools, 
 a lyceum, two market-houses, and a variety of other public 
 buildings and institutions. The newspapers published here 
 are the •' P. Journal and Eagle" (whig), the " P. Telegraph" 
 (dem.), and the " P. American" (F. S.), all issued weekly, 
 and having extensive circulation. The Collegiate School 
 has a fine location on a hill, about a mile from the river, 
 and the building, modeled after the P.irthenon, is 137 feet 
 long, erected at a cost of $40,000. The Duchess County 
 Academy has a building in the S. E. part of the village, 
 which cost $14,000. The St.nte and National Law School 
 has recently been removed from Balston to Poughkeepsie. 
 A large business with the back country is transacted at 
 Poughkeepsie. The principal manufactures, brass and iron 
 ware, carpets, cotton gfKids, pins, guns, leather, sperm oil, 
 candles, agricultural implements, carriages, plaster, ma- 
 chinery, crockery, etc. Fallkill, which, winding through the 
 village, foils through a ravine 170 feet into the Hudson, 
 furnishes immense water-power. The largest manufacturing 
 establishments are company concerns. One company manu- 
 factures locomotives, railroad machinery, etc., another is 
 incorporated for the growth and manufacture of silk, and 
 another invests its capital in the wh.ile fishery, and in the 
 manufacture of oil and candles. The largest brewery in the 
 State, located here, makes 36,000 barrels of ale annually. 
 The several foundries, machine shops, etc., are among the 
 largest in the Union. 
 
 Poughkeepsie has a connection with the principal river 
 towns, Albany and New York city, by steamboats which 
 
 879 
 
CHIEF PLACES OF THE UNITED STATES. 
 
 are constantly plyitvg. The Hudson river E. R. also passes 
 througb the village equi-distant between New York and 
 Albany — the route to either being 75 m. in length. 
 
 Poughkeepsie was incorporated in 1801. Its name is said 
 to have originated from the Indian name of the place, 
 Apokeepslng " safe harbor." Its population, in 1830, was 
 7.222; in 1840, 10,006; and in 1850, 13,944; the decennial 
 increase having been from 1830 to 1840, .3S..^4 per cent, and 
 from 1S40 to 1S50, 39.;36 per cent. In 17^8 the State con- 
 vention met here to deliberate on the adoption of the United 
 States Constitution, and on other occasions it has been the 
 "half-way house" between the political and commercial 
 capitals of the State. 
 
 I'rattsville, t and p. v., Greene co., N. F. .• 43 m. S. W. 
 Albany, .32 m. W. by N. Calskill, and 37 m. N. W. Kingston. 
 Drained by Schoharie cr., which runs through it from south 
 t« north, and affords considerable mill-power. Surface gen- 
 erally broken and mountainous; but the soil of the flats on 
 the creek is very fertile, and the uplands are good for graz- 
 ing. This t. was set off from Windham in 1832, and named 
 after the Hon. Zadock Pratt, who here built the largest 
 tannery in the United States. The vill.ige is handsomely 
 situate on a flat on the N. E. side of Schoharie creek, and 
 on the turnpike, which is lined with beautiful rows of elm 
 and maple trees on each side, planted 20 years ago, by the 
 founder of the settlement. It contains 2 furnaces, 1 machine 
 Bhop, 1 cotton-mill, 2 woolen factories, 2 grist-mills, 3 hat 
 factories, 1 carriage fact<}ry, 2 glove and mitten factories, 4 
 hotels, 1 brewery, 1 oil-cloth factory, 1 match factory, 3 cab- 
 inet-ware manufactories, 3 blacksmith shops, 2 watch and 
 jewelry stores, 3 tin-ware shops, 1 turning-machine shop, 4 
 tailors' shops, 11 stores, 1 bank, capital $100,000 (now wind- 
 ing up), 1 Dutch Keformed church, 1 Methodist church, aud 
 1 Episcopal church, 1 incorporated academy, 9 school-houses, 
 and a printing-ofBce, from which is issued the "P. Advo- 
 cate" (dem.), which circulates from 500 to 600 copies weekly. 
 There are about 150 dwelling-houses in the village, and 1,800 
 inhabiUints. This is the westernmost bounds of Greene co., 
 and here corner three counties — Greene, Delaware, and 
 Schoharie. The Gilboa, Prattsville, and Shaudaken turnpike 
 passes through the v., and also the Schoharie-kill bridge turn- 
 pike. A railroad is also being surveyed from Ncwburg to 
 Syracuse, wliich will probably pass through Prattsville. The 
 immense tannery buildings of the ITon. Zadock Pratt, at 
 ■which, in 20 years, no less an amount than 1,000,000 sides of 
 sole leather had been tanned, and around which the v. had 
 grown up, are now occupied by the cotton aud woolen fac- 
 tories above mentioned, their original purpose having been 
 foregone on account of the exhaustion of material (hemlock 
 bark) for currying on the tanning business. Of the founder 
 of the v., it may truly be said that he is a "self-made man." 
 Born in llensselaer co. in 1790, then almost a wilderness, and 
 trained up to labor, he has raised himself from a Iiumble posi- 
 tion by the powers of his own unaided energies to the enjoy- 
 nunt of a fortune of which a prince might be proud. In his 
 time and generation ho has made for himself a name, aud 
 for the future youth of our country a pattern worthy of imi- 
 tation. But the most glorious trait in his character has been 
 his hone.sly and integrity — he can count .30,000 employees 
 among whom he has distributed hundreds of thousands of 
 dollars, and throughout his long course ho has never had a 
 disagreement with one of them, nor been the defendant in 
 any suit against him for wages or claims of any kind. As 
 the ancients were used to record the lives of benefactors by 
 sculptured stories, so at Prattsville are recorded on the native 
 rocks the memoirs of its patron, and from the village road 
 may be seen, in alto relieco, a fac-simile of the Pratt tan- 
 neries, the bust of Mr. Pratt himself, and an emblematic con- 
 ception of a great act of his life in the institution of a Bureau 
 of Statistics, which he effected during his term as represent- 
 ative in Congress from the 1 llh district of the State. These 
 will long tell the story of a life well spent, and when his 
 earthly career is run, the youth will read the lesson they 
 SSO 
 
 convey, and strive to emulate the subject of the legends 
 in his many virtues. Population of t. in 1840, 1,613, and in 
 1850, 1,989. 
 
 Princeton, t. and p. b., Mercer co., N. Jer. : 10 ra. N. E. 
 Trenton. The t. is situate in a bend of Stony Brook, which 
 bounds it on three sides, and to the N. is the Rocky Hill. 
 Drained chiefly by creeks falling into the brook. Surface 
 beautifully diversifled with hill and valley, and soil of aver- 
 age fertility. The b. is situate in the S. part of the t., on an 
 elevated ridge commanding an extensive prospect eastward, 
 and is built chiefly on one long street, the houses being re- 
 markably neat and substantial. Lat. 40° 20' 41" N., and 
 long. 740 39' 30" w. It is chiefly noted as the location of 
 the College of New Jersey, one of the oldest collegiate estab- 
 lishments in the Union, having been founded in 1746, at 
 Elizabelhtown ; removed to Newark 1747, and to this borough 
 in 17.57. In 18.10 it had 12 professors and 243 students ; and 
 its libr.ary contained 16,000 volumes ; its alumni at that date 
 numbered .3,031, of whom 557 had entered the ministry. 
 In the Law Department there are 3 professors, and in 1850, 
 8 law students. The college edifice is called Nassau Hall; 
 it is 175 feet long, by 50 deep, and 4 stories high ; and besides 
 a chapel, which is 40 feet square, there are other large 
 buildings attached to the college, which contain philosoph- 
 ic.1l apparatus, the museum, etc. The buildings are of stone. 
 The Theological Seminary of the Presbyterian Cliurch is 
 also located here. It was founded in 1812, and in 18,50 had 
 
 5 professors and 153 students. Up to that date, 1,626 per- 
 sons had received their education at the institution ; and its 
 library contained 11,000 volumes. The buildings of this 
 institution are also neat, spacious, and convenient. Besides 
 these, there are in borough four churches — 2 Presbyterian, 
 1 Episcopal, and 1 African; and including several me- 
 chanic shops, stores, a bank, academies and public schools, 
 about 250 houses. The periodicals published at Princeton 
 are, the " P. Whig," issued weekly, the " P. Miigazine" 
 (liter.), monthly, and the " Nsussau Hall" a students' literary 
 monthly. The Delaware and Rantan Canal and the Trenton 
 and New Brunswick E. R. run along the valley of Stony 
 Brook, about a mile S. of the borough, 47 m. from New York 
 and 39 m. from Philadelphia. In the t. are several mills, a 
 tannery, and other industrial establishments, but farming is 
 the general occupation. Cedar Grove is a small settlement 
 in the N. W. part of the L, and contains a Methodist church, 
 etc. Pop. oft. in 1840, 3,055, and in 1850,3,021. Princeton 
 was the scene of one of the great battles of the Revolution, 
 fought 3d .January, 1777, and which resulted disastrously to 
 the American arms. 
 
 Providence, p. c, port of entry, and cap. Providence co., 
 and principal capital of the State of Ji. J. : at the head of 
 navigation of Providence r., 85 in. l>om the ocean, in lat. 
 410 49' 22" N., and long. 71° 24' 48" W. by railroad, 43 m. 
 S. S. W. Boston, and 186 m. E. N. E. New York. The area 
 of the city is about 9 sq. m., the compact part IxMng divided 
 into two nearly equal parts by the river. The surface east 
 of the r. is hilly, and in its highest part 204 f>et atxive tide- 
 water ; on the west it is more level, the greatest height being 
 only 78 feet. The harbor is safe and commodious, but its 
 approach is somewhat intricate. 
 
 The city is divided into 6 wards and governed by a mayor, 
 
 6 aldermen, and 24 common councihnen. These oflicers 
 are ch<)sen annually by the people. All other oflicers are 
 appointed by the city council, consisting of the aldermen 
 and councilors, the mayor presiding. There is a municipal 
 court, which is also a court of probate, within the city, and 
 the city cl<Tk is .also registiT of deeds. Its police is excel- 
 ent, and the city one of the cleanest in the Union. It is 
 lighted with gas. The flre dep.artment is eflicient, and con- 
 sists of 12 engine companies, 2 hook and ladder companies, 
 15 stationary forcing engines, 22 rotary engines, 8,000 feel 
 of hose, and is maintained at a cost of !f20,000 annually. 
 The material used in building required this eflicient force, 
 and it was not until several extensive conflagrations had 
 
CHIEF PLACES OF THE UNITED STATES. 
 
 occurred that the department was placed on its present foot- 
 ing. Including a balance of old accounts, tlie resources of 
 the city treasury for the year ending 3d March, 1851, 
 amounted to $180,505, and the expenditures to $165,0S7; on 
 account of interest $14,985, for schools $40,553, and for streets 
 $28,999. The debt of the city at the date specified was 
 $185,553. The population of the several wards of the city 
 in 1840 and 1850 comparatively were as follows : 
 
 V\'aril9, 1840. 1850. Increase. 
 
 FlrstWard 3,919 7,204 81.3percent. 
 
 Second " 8,383 4,583 35.5 " 
 
 Third " 3,919 6,706 71.1 " 
 
 Fourth " 3,883 5,359 38.0 " 
 
 Fifth " 4,106 7,299 77.T " 
 
 Sixth " 3,962 10,-362 161.5 «• 
 
 Total 23,172 41,613 79.1 
 
 Population in 1810, 10,071, and in 1820, 11,767— increase 
 16.8 per cent. ; in 1830, 16,83-3 — increase 43.1 per cent. ; in 
 1840, 23,172— increase 37.6 per cent. ; and in 1850, 41,513— 
 increase 79.1 per cent. 
 
 The more ancient portion of the city lies ou the east side 
 of the river, and though conforming in the outline of its 
 streets with the topography of the site, and by no means 
 distinguished for regularity, it contains many fine stores, 
 warehouses, public buildings, and handsome residences. 
 Back from the r. the streets become more regular, and many 
 of the dwellings in this part are costly and elegant, delight- 
 fully situated as regards the view of the harbor and vicinity. 
 The buildings of Brown University crown the ascent. The 
 west part of the city is laid out with more regularity, and is 
 more modern in appearance. The Providence Arcade, in 
 this part, is one of the largest and most important buildings 
 in the city ; it extends from Broad to Westminster streets, 
 and is 226 feet long, 80 feet deep, and 72 feet high. The 
 building is of granite, and adorned with Grjeco-Doric porti- 
 coes and columns, the columnar shafts being single blocks 
 22 feet long. The lower floor is occupied chiefly by dry 
 goods stores, and the upper stories by oflSces and dealers in 
 light fancy goods. The Museum buildings and Howard 
 Hall, on Westminster Street, are also fine buildings, and 
 " What Cheer" building, at the junction of North and South 
 Main streets, ia a handsome freestone edifice, occupied by 
 ofiSces, etc. 
 
 Among the public buildings are, the State House, various 
 charities, the State Prison, the Athenreura, the Reform 
 School, 25 or 30 churches and meeting-houses, and the pub- 
 lic schools. Most of these are substantial, and many of them 
 costly edifices, distinguishing alike the taste displayed by the 
 architect and the munificence of the citizens in their support. 
 
 Brown University, founded at Warren, in 1764, and re- 
 moved to Providence, 1770, is situated on the highest part 
 of the city, and consists of several halls, etc., furnishing ele- 
 gant and ample accommodations. University Hall and 
 Hope College are large edifices for the lodging of students; 
 Manning Hall contains the libraries, now counting 32,000 
 volumes, and Rhode Island Hall, the cabinet, chemical and 
 philosophical apparatus, and lecture rooms. To the usual 
 collegiate department has been added an English and sci- 
 entific school for the benefit of such as do not intend entering 
 the learned professions. The faculty of the university consists 
 of a president and 10 professors, and in 1850 there were 195 
 students, and to that date the alumni numbered 1,765, of 
 whom 460 had entered the ministry. 
 
 The Athenaeum is located on the comer of College and 
 Benefit streets, and has a library of 12,000 volumes. It is a 
 spacious and elegant stone structure, erected in 1887, built 
 on a lot given by the late Hon. N. Brown, and the heirs of 
 Mr. P. Ives, who also gave large sums toward the building 
 and library. The annual subscription is $5, which admits 
 members to the library and reading room. 
 
 The New England Yearly Meeting Boarding School, the 
 object of which ia to afford a " guarded" educiition to chil- 
 
 dren, occupies a lot of 43 acres, given for the purpose by 
 the late Moses Brown. The main buildings consist at a 
 centre 54 feet square and 3 stories high, and two wings 84 
 by 42 feet, and 2 stories high ; and there is another 2 st«ry 
 building, 50 by 40 feet, which together accommodate about 
 80 scholars. Board and tuition, $60 a year. The late Oba- 
 diah Brown bequeathed $100,000 toward the endowment of 
 this institution. 
 
 The public schools supported by the city are 46 in num- 
 ber, of which 22 are primary, 16 intermediate, 7 grammar, 
 and the High School. In these there were, in 1850, 105 
 teachers and 6,000 scholars ; and the cost to the city, $40,553. 
 Besides these, there are upward of 30 Sunday schools, with 
 500 teachers, and between 5,000 and 6,000 scholars. 
 
 The newspapers published in Providence are 9 in 
 number— 3 daily, 2 semi-weekly, and 4 weekly. The " P. 
 Journal" (whig), issued daily, semi-weekly, and weekly 
 editions; the "P. Post" (dem.) daily and weekly; the 
 " Morning Mirror" (misc.), a daily ; the " Republican Her- 
 ald" (dem.), semi-weekly and weekly, and the " Diadem," 
 a weekly edition. 
 
 The most splendid and costly of the church edifices are, 
 the First Congregational church, of granite ; St. John's, a 
 stone building ; Grace, a Gothic structure ; Westminster Con- 
 gregational, the Beneficent Congregational, St. Peter's, and 
 St. Patrick's. The First Baptist church, the oldest society 
 in the city, is a clean wooden building. The other churches 
 are in general neat, but not so costly. The colored inhabit- 
 ants have five churches. In the whole city there are up- 
 ward of 30 congregations, including all the principal denom- 
 inations. 
 
 Dexter Asylum, on a ridge east of the river, is an institu- 
 tion erected on land given to the city by the late Eb. K. 
 Dexter, for the accommodation of the poor. The premises 
 cover 40 acres, and are surrounded by a stone wall 10 feet 
 high and 3 feet thick at the base, which cost $22,000. The 
 Asylum is a plain and substantial brick building, 170 feet 
 long, consisting of a centre building 3 stories high, and two 
 wings, each 2 stories high. 
 
 The Butler Hospital for the Insane is located on Seekonk 
 river. It was founded on a legacy of the late M. Brown, 
 amounting to $80,000, and received its present name from 
 the late C. Butler, who gave $40,000 toward its endowment. 
 It was incorporated in 1844, and, until recently, was known 
 as the Rhode Island Hospital for the Insane. On the 81st 
 Dec, 1850, there were 113 patients in the hospital ; the ad- 
 mittances during the next year were 68, and the discharges 
 54, of which 26 were recovered, and 8 improved, and 16 died. 
 Receipts $24,252, and expenses $21,017. The minimum 
 price of board is $2 25 a week. The State appropriates 
 $1,000 annually to enable the governors to aid the poor in- 
 sane, and also pays a portion of the expenses of such poor 
 insane persons as the towns may choose to send to the hos- 
 pital. The aggregate endowment of the hospital amounts 
 to $138,000. The grounds belonging to the institution con- 
 sist of 115 acres, of which 55 are woodland and 60 under 
 cultivation. The building stands on the W. bank of the 
 river, which here expands to a mile in width, and admits of 
 an extensive and delightful prospect Patients were first 
 admitted on the 1st December, 1847. 
 
 The State Prison is located here. On the 1st October, 
 1850, there were in confinement 87 convicts, and 24 had 
 been committed, and 14 had been discharged during the 
 ensuing year. The number of persons in Providence jail, 
 at the suit of the State, on the 1st October, 1851, was 57 ; at 
 the suit of the city, 11, and 4 debtors. During the year past, 
 503 had been committed, of whom 452 were males and 51 
 females ; whites 473, and colored 30 ; natives 293, and for- 
 eigners 210 ; and besides these, 177 persons had been com- 
 mitted to the house of correction. The convicts in the State 
 Prison are pnncipally employed in shoe-making, and those 
 in the Providence county jail at cabinet-work. The Reform 
 School was established in 1850. The buildings were formerly 
 
 881 
 
CHIEF PLACES OF THE UNITED STATES. 
 
 known !i8 the Tockwotton House, a botel, pleasantly situate 
 on hifih ground, in the S. E. part of the city, overlooking the 
 bay, and large enough to accommodate ISO to 200 inmates. 
 It was founded for the instruction and reformation of juve- 
 nile ofifenders between the ages of S and IS years. The first 
 year of its occupancy, ending 31st October, 1S51, it received 
 52 convicts — i9 boys and 3 girls, and there remained in the 
 institution at that date 45, of whom 24 had been committed 
 for theft, 6 for assault, 4 for vagrancy, and 11 for truancy ; 
 42 wero bom in the United States, and of these 31 in Khode 
 Island. Of each day, except Sunday, 7i hours arc devoted 
 to labor, 5 to school exercises, 2J tf) meals and recreation, 1 
 to religious exercises, and 8 to sleep. The labor has been 
 employed in making such articles as are needed in the in- 
 stitution aud in housework. An arrangement has been 
 made by the State, by which all juvenile delinquents may 
 be sent to this school. 
 
 The manufactures of Providence are valuable, and con- 
 stantly increasing. Its water-power is fully occupied, and 
 steam-power, averaging 50 or 60 engines of 200 to 300 horse- 
 power, is also employed. On the Pawtucket, and other 
 streams, are extensive factories of cotton and woolen goods, 
 machine-shops, dyeing and print works, and within the 
 city are various establishments of similar character. The 
 sawing and polishing marble, sawing and planing timber, 
 and grinding grain, form extensive occupations ; and a 
 large capital is invested in the manufacture of iron of all 
 kinds, machinery, screws, nails, furniture, small wares, shoes 
 and boots, carriages, jewelry, and an extensive variety of 
 other and no less valuable commodities. The total capital 
 employed in this branch of industry is not much under 
 $6,000,000. In 1S40 the capital was only $3,012.5SS. 
 
 Providence, however, is more a commercial than a 
 manufacturing city, and commerce has been the main pur- 
 suit from the earliest periods. Before the last war with 
 England, it was successfully engaged in the East ludia 
 trade, but since this period this and foreign commerce has 
 gradually declined. In the year ending 30lh June, 1S50, 
 only 50 vessels (8,457 tons) cleared for foreign ports, and the 
 arrivals were only 69 (11,786 tons). The coasting trade is 
 still carried on to a considerable, and perhaps an increasing 
 extent The aggregate tonnage owned in the district in 
 1850 was 16,712 tons, of which 9,177 tons were registered, 
 7,298 enrolled and licensed, and 237 tons licensed (under 20 
 tons). Of the registered shipping, 499 tons were employed 
 in whaling, and the proportion of the licensed and enrolled 
 shipping was — in the coasting trade 7,202 tons, in the cod 
 fishery 26 tons, and in the mackerel fishery 69 tons ; and 53 
 tons were navigated by steam. Of the licensed shipping 96 
 tons were employed in the coasting trade, and 141 tons in 
 the cod fishery. The shipping built during the year con- 
 sisted of 1 ship, 1 schooner, 3 sloops, and 1 steamer — total 6 
 ships, of an aggregate burden of 1,299 tons. The products 
 of the whale fishery brought into port in 1S49, w.i8 — sperm 
 oil 2,817 barrels, whale oil 4,542 barrels, and whalebone 
 30,200 pounds. 
 
 Providence, according to the Report of the Secretary of 
 State, on the Sth September, 1850, hail 26 banks and one 
 savings institution. The condition of the lianks at that date 
 was as follows — li(ihilifie.i, capital stock, $9,518,810; bills in 
 circulation, $1,881,3.39; deposits on interest, $159,497 ; deposits 
 not on interest, $1,1.38,590; debts due other banks, $831,798; 
 dividends unpaid, $21,409 ; and net profits on hand, $592,709 ; 
 and assets: debts due from directors, $201,914; from stock- 
 holders, $303,3 IS ; and others, $12,031,937 ; specie actually 
 in bank, $177,078; bills of other banks, $.'j25,404; deposits 
 in other banks, $428,464; stock of bank, $1,484; and of 
 other banks, etc., $36,356 ; real estate, $184,867 ; and other 
 property, $6,309— total $14,000,193. The average semi-an- 
 nual dividend amounts to 3 11-16. 
 
 The retail trade of the city is extensive, ami one of the 
 main features in its economy. Stores of every description, 
 exhibiting goods of the richest descriptions, are numerous, 
 882 
 
 and in the provision trade, both wholesale and retail, a 
 large business is done. Many of the stores are equal to ihose 
 of New York, Philadelphia, and Boston, in the splendor of 
 their assortments and the costly style in which they are fur- 
 nished. The great bulk of the foreign goods sold here are 
 brought from Boston and Xew York, with which places 
 there is ample means of rapid communication by railroad 
 and steamboat; and the communication with tlie interior, 
 both for passengers and freight, is varic<l and commodious. 
 Steamboats run regularly to Warren, Bristol, Portsmouth, 
 Newport, Fall PJver, and New York. The railroads di- 
 verging from Providence are the Boston and Providence 
 K. R., the Stonington R. R.,i«id the Providence and Wor- 
 cester R. R., and others have been chartered to Bristol and 
 Hartford to connect with the through lines. These railroads 
 connect so as not to require change of cars in passing from 
 one to the othtr. The station buildings are extensive, and 
 near the centre of the business portion of the city. They 
 are situated on three sides of a beautiful sheet of water of 
 elliptical form, which constitutes the head of Providence r. ; 
 and between this and the railroad buildings is a beautiful 
 promenade, 80 feet wide, which is well laid out in gravel 
 walks and grassed plots, and ornamented with shade trees. 
 The water is inclosed by a substantial stone wall and iron 
 railing, with bridges to cross the small rivers flowing into 
 it, and also its outlet. Telegraph wires are extended from 
 this city, and afibrd immediate communication with the 
 whole Union. 
 
 Providence was founded by Roger Williams in 1637. The 
 first landing-place, on crossing the Seekonk, he called 
 " Wh.at Cheer," because the patriarch of the settlement was 
 saluted by the Indians with '■ what cheer," on his approach. 
 The origin of the name of the city, Mr. Williams explains in 
 a deed executed by him : " having a sense of God's mer- 
 ciful providence unto me in my duties, I called the place 
 Provi(/<'7ice." The first house was built on what is now 
 North Main Street ; and near this spot it is supposed that 
 Mr. Williams was buried, although the site of his grave la 
 not ascertained. In 1640 a town government was estab- 
 lished, and in 1649 it was incorporated. In 1832 it was 
 chartered as a city. 
 
 QuincY, p. c.,and cap. Adams co.. III. : mostly on a high 
 blufi', on the E. side of the Mississippi, 88 m. W. Springfield. 
 It is a flourishing v., and contains a court-house, jail, etc., a 
 U. S. land office, numerous warehouses, stores, and work- 
 shops, and other establishments, indicative of its commer- 
 cial importance. Several steamboats arrive and depart 
 daily during the season. It is also noted for its hog-packing 
 for exportation. The newspapers published here are the 
 " People's Journal" (indep.), daily and weekly ; the " Q. 
 Whig" (whig), the "Q. Wochenblatt" (dem.), and the "Q. 
 Herald and Argus" (dem.), all weekly, and the '' Western 
 Legal Observer" and the " Western Temperance Maga- 
 zine," both monthly. This v. will be the W. terminus of the 
 Northern Cross R. R., which will bring it into connection 
 with Chicago, Springfield, and the whole North and East 
 The neighborhood is thickly settled and highly cultivated. 
 Pop. in ia50, 6,9i)2. 
 
 QuiNCY, t. and p. v., Norpjlk eo., Mass. : on Braintree 
 bay, an arm of Bost<in Harbor, S m. S. by E. Boston. Sur- 
 face pleasantly diversified and somewhat hilly; soil of ex- 
 cellent quality and well cultivated. It contains large tracts 
 of salt meadow. The v. is centrally situate and has several 
 neat and some costly buildings. The town-house is a noble 
 building of granite, 85 by 55 feet A newspaper, the "Q. 
 Patriot," is issued weekly. Quincy Point and Germantown 
 are well known places on the shore, and are eligibly situated 
 for ship-building and the shore fisheries. Squantum is 
 noted as having been the residence of the Indian sachem, 
 Chichataubut, and is also a pleasant resort for flshing and 
 bathing. Considerable manufactures are carried on in the 
 town, but Quincy is more celebrated for its granite quarries. 
 About 2 m. back from the bay is a range of elevated land 
 
CHIEF PLACES OF THE UNITED STATES. 
 
 In some parts more than 600 feet above the sea, Cfmtaining; 
 an inexliaHstible supply of that iuvahiable buikling mate- 
 rial. This granite range extends into the neighboring 
 towns. More tlian 1,000 hands are employed in these quar- 
 ries, which supply a large amount of stone for building in 
 all the great cities. The columns of the new Custom House 
 and Exchange at Boston are of this material, and much of 
 it is used in New York city. Quincy has been the birth- 
 place of several noted patriots— John Hancock, Josiah 
 Quiucy, John Adams, and John Quincy Adams were born 
 here, and ha\-e left to posterity names of imperishable re- 
 nown. Pop. of t. 5,017. 
 
 Eacine, t., p. c, and cap. Eacine cc, Wise. : bordering 
 on Lake Michigan, 73 m. E. S. E. Madison. Drained by 
 Eoot r., which, passing through in a S. E. direction, flows 
 into the lake. Surface undulating; soil of good quality. 
 The V. is at the mouth ot Root r., in lat. 42° 49' 33" N., and 
 long. S7° 40' 22" W. It contains the court-house, jail, and 
 other public buildings; store-houses and other places of 
 business, of various descriptions, printing-otfices, etc., and 
 an Episcopal college has been established here — Eoswell 
 Parks, D.D., President The imports for 1851 amounted to 
 $1,452,750, and the exports $050,960. The exports consist 
 chiefly in wheat, of which a large quantity is raised in the 
 t. and vicinity. Eacine is a flourishing place, and bids fair 
 soon to become an important commercial point for the State. 
 The public press consists of 5 papers — the "Commercial 
 Advertiser" (dem.), " Old Oaken Bucket" (Temp.), " Eacine 
 Advocate'' (dem.), and the " Democratten" (dera.), all weekly 
 issues; and the "Wisconsin Farmer" (agri.), a monthly 
 issue. The Green Bay, Milwaukie and Chicago E. E. 
 passes through it. Population of the city 5,107, and of the 
 town 5,887. 
 
 Ealkigh, p. city, and cap.."Wake connty. A'; Car.: and 
 capital of the State of North Carolina, about 6 m. W. of 
 Neuse r., in lat. 35° 47' N., and long. 78° 48' W.— 28G m. from 
 Washington. Smithfield, 27 m. S. E., is the ordinary point 
 of na^igatioil, but in high stages of the water, vessels come 
 up within 8 m. of Ealeigh. It has an elevated and pleasant 
 situation in a healthy country, and is laid out with great 
 regularity. In the centre is Union Square, containing 
 10 acres, from which extend four streets, 99 feet wide, 
 dividing it into quarters. In the centres of these quarters 
 are other squares, each of 4 acres, intersected as the principal 
 square by streets 66 feet wide. The public buildings are 
 the State-house, court-house, the North Carolina Institution 
 for the instruction of the deaf and dumb, county jail, a 
 market-house, the Governor's house, office of the Secretary 
 of State, and 7 churches. The State-house, next to that of 
 Ohio at Columbus, surpasses in architectural beauty, those 
 of all other States. It is built after the model of the 
 Parthenon at Athens, and is located on Union Square. 
 The building is 166 feet long by 90 feet wide, and is sur- 
 rounded by massive columns of granite, 5i feet in diameter, 
 and 80 feet high. A beautiful dome surmounts the building. 
 The chambers occupied by the Legislature are spacious and 
 commodious. The cost of erecting this noble structure, was 
 about $500,000. The former State-house, containing a fine 
 statue of Washington, by Canova, was destroyed by Are in 
 1831. The Institution for the Deaf and Dumb is located near 
 tlie State-house on a four acre lot, and provision is also 
 made for the erection of a State Lunatic Asylum. Ealeigh 
 is a place of considerable business, and has numerous work- 
 shops, stores, etc., 2 banks — cap. $450,000, and supports 10 
 newspapers, 3 issued semi-weekly, the " Primitive Baptist" 
 (relig.), the " Southern Advocate" (relig.), and the " E. 
 Eegister" (whig); 6 weekly, the "Eeeirder" (relig.), the 
 "Spirit of the Age" (temp.), the "E. Times" (whig), the 
 " N. Car. Standard" (dem.), the " N. Car. Star" (whig), and 
 the "E. Eegister," the last an edition of the semi-weekly of 
 the same name; and 1 semi-monthly, the "Deaf Mute" 
 (liter.). There are four good academies in the city, and 
 several common schools. Ealeigh is intersected by the 
 
 North Carolina Central E. E., which connects it E. with the 
 sea-board at Nowbern, and W. with the S. Carolina railroads 
 at Charlotte; and passing through fertile and populous 
 counties, this road will have the effect of stimulating the 
 trade of the city itself. The Gaston and Ealeigh E. E. also 
 terminates here, giving it access to the north. Pop. in 1840, 
 2,244, and in 1850, 4,518. 
 
 Eeading, p. b., and cap. Berks county, Penn. : on the E. 
 bank of Schuylkill river, 50 m. E. Harrisburg. Laid out in 
 1748 by Thomas and Eichard Penn, proprietaries and 
 governors of the province, and settled chiefly by Germans, 
 whose descendants constitute a large portion of its present 
 population. The streets are spacious and straight, crossing 
 at right angles. In a central square stands a splendid 
 court-house, 200 feet long by 220 deep, having an imposing 
 portico with 6 columns of red sandstone — cost $59,000. Be- 
 sides public offices, are a jail, 3 banlis — capital $300,000, an 
 academy, female seminary, 3 public libraries, and 13 
 churches. The Lutheran and the German Eeformed 
 churches are large and handsome structures, with lofty 
 .spires, the former 201 feet high. The natural position of 
 Beading, its facilities of communication with the interior 
 coal region, and the sea-coast, and its highly industrious 
 population, have made it the centre of an active trade and 
 of extensive manufactures. The Schuylkill N.ivigation 
 Canal, extending from Port Carbon in the anthracite coal 
 region above Pottsville to Philadelphia, passes through 
 Beading, and the Union Canal extends hence to Middle- 
 town, on the Susquehanna. The Philadelphia and Bead- 
 ing E. E. (now extended to Pottsville) passes through the 
 place, 58 m. from Philadelphia. A line of railroad is pro- 
 jected to Harrisburg. There are various large manufacto- 
 ries. One anthracite blast furnace has an annual capacity 
 of 3,500 tons, and produced in 1849 3.250 tons, employing 
 steam-power and 50 men. One hot-blast charcoal furnace 
 has an annual capacity of 1,550 tons, using water-power, em- 
 ploying 40 men, and produced In 1849 450 tons. One cold- 
 blast charcoal furnace has an annual capacity of 1,100 tons, 
 employing 100 men, using water-power, and made in 1849 
 897 tons. One forge, employing steam-power and 14 men, 
 has an annual capacity of 600 tons. There are 3 charcoal 
 forges, employing 52 men ; and 2 rolling-mills, employing 
 steam-power and 215 men, which made in 1849 2,600 tons. 
 The manufacture of hats for the southern and western mar- 
 kets is a largo business. A cotton factory, making fine mus- 
 lins, produces about 8,000 yards daily. There are also large 
 fiouring-mills, a nail factory, breweries, tanneries, a pottery, 
 lumber yards, etc. White wines of excellent quality are 
 manufactured. Beading is supplied with water by an 
 aqueduct from a spring on Penn's Mount, conducted into 
 a reservoir, and thence distributed through the streets in 
 iron pipes. Two fine covered bridges cross the Schuylkill, 
 here 600 feet wide, one of which cost $60,000. Iron ore and 
 limestone are found in the vicinity. Water-power is fur- 
 nished by the Schuylkill and Talpehochea creek. In 1850 
 9 newsi)apers were published weekly, of which 4 were in 
 German, viz., "E. E.agle"' (dem.), "Berks and SchuylkiU 
 Journal" (whig), "Berks Co. Press" (dem.), "People's Ad 
 vocate" (neut.), "Gazette and Democrat" (dem.), "Ham- 
 burger Schnell Post" (neut.), " Liberate Beobachter" (whig), 
 " Der Geist der Leit" (dem.), and " Eeadinger Adler" (neut.) 
 The citizens of Beading are noted for their general intelli- 
 gence and refinement, as well as for industrial enterprise. 
 Pop. in 1810, 3,463 ; in 1820, 4,332 ; in 1830, 5,850 ; in 1840, 
 3,410: in 1850, 15,748. 
 
 Eed Bank, p. v., Monmouth co., ^. Jer. : on S. bank cf 
 Nevisink r., 36 m. E. by N. Trenton. This place is much 
 resorted to in the summer, and a steamboat runs between 
 it and New York several times a day during the season. 
 Sea air, fishing, and rural sports are the attractions. The 
 North American Phalanx have a settlement near this vil- 
 lage, respecting which, and other societies of a like nature, 
 the following letter from Charles Sears, secretary to Uio 
 
 es 
 
CHIEF PLACES OF THE UNITED STATES. 
 
 association, will prove of great interest and value to in- 
 quirers: 
 
 The North American Phalanx, I 
 Neiv Jerx^y April, 13, ISoo. ) 
 
 Dear Sir — I received your letter of 9lh inst., and, in 
 accordance with your suggestion, inclose herewitii a sum- 
 mary statement of our aims, organization, and statistics. It 
 is brief a-s I could well make it. Ours, I t»elii-ve, is the only 
 a.»3ociatiiin in lliis country or in the world that adopts Fou- 
 rier's formula of organization. A good many similar at- 
 tempts have been made, but hitherto wittimit success. 
 There are other forms of association in this country, and 
 those within my knowledge are : 
 
 Hopedale Onnmunitij, in Milford, Mass., Rev. Adin Hal- 
 low, leader. This is a non-resislant Christian fraternity, hav- 
 ing many interests in common, and some separate interests. 
 
 liavitdii Bay Union, near Perth Amboy, New Jersey, is 
 about organizing this spring. This body proposes to asso- 
 ciate capital, and when expedient or desirable, they will co- 
 operate industrially. George B. Arnold, resident director, 
 Perth Amboy. 
 
 Modern Times, Long Island, 40 miles from Brooklyn, 
 Josiah Warren, leader. This is an attempt to organize, or, 
 rather, to institute justice upon a scientific basis, viz., "In- 
 dividual Sovereignty," recognizing competition, and repu- 
 diating institutions, government, etc. 
 
 The German societies, such as the Elieneeer Society, near 
 Buffalo, New York ; The Hoc-iety at Zoar, Ohio, under J. 
 Bimeler; liapp's /Society, at Economy, on the Ohio, near 
 Beaver, Penn. I believe these societies differ from each 
 other, but I am not familiar with their distinctive principles. 
 
 T/te Icarians, at Nauvoo, Illinois, under Cabet. 
 
 The Perfectionists, at Oneida, New York, J. H. Noyes, 
 leader. There are a number of these Christian communi- 
 ties, claiming a scientific as well as a religious basis of or- 
 ganization, and of all of which I believe that Mr. J. H. 
 Noyes, of Brooklyn, New York, is the acknowledged head. 
 
 Finally, The Shakers, who also are now in the field as 
 propagandist reformers. 
 
 I had forgotten to mention a society of Spiritualists, that 
 went out last year under the direction of Rev. T. L. Ilarris, 
 late of New York City. This place is called Mountain 
 Cove, somewhere in "Western Virginia, 
 
 I am, very respectfully, yours, 
 
 CuAELES SEAitB, Secretary. 
 
 E. S. FiSHEK, Esq., Brooklyn. 
 
 The North American Phalanx Association. 
 Monmouth Co., near liexl Bank, N. Jer. 
 
 This Association was organized, not for the purpose of 
 correcting any special form of evil, but to Institute Posi- 
 tive RiuiiTs : which, being accomplished, weongs conse- 
 quently cease. 
 
 Those who have been active in establishing this Institu- 
 tion, believe with the associative .school, that existing civil- 
 ization, as well as the forms of society that preceded it, are 
 pliases in the growth of the Human Race ; and that the 
 present antagonism of interests and other disorders are, in 
 turn, to be superseded by Organic Forms of Socurrv, in 
 which Men, Women, and Children shall, by the force of 
 Society, be established in possession of the Right of Labor 
 and the fruits thereof^a Uome ; Social Culture; and a 
 Practical Education in the Affairs of Life. The general 
 purpose of the Association is expressed in the formula of 
 Fourier as follows : Unity of Man with God, with Na- 
 ture, AND wiTU Man. 
 
 Of practical Institutes, the following formula is adopted : 
 
 Joint Stock I ^, k„„_„»! t -» „- . ( Association 
 
 ^ r Cooperative Labor ; ■{ 
 
 Property ; I (of Families ; 
 
 Equitable ^ j^^^,^, ( Honors 
 
 Distribution V Guarantees; 1 accxirding 
 of Profits; ) ( to usefulness ; 
 
 Integral Education ; Unity of Interests. J 
 
 884 
 
 The Association organized in 1S43. Its domain consists 
 of 673 acres of rolling land, upon the Greensand Belt in 
 Monmouth County (near Red Bank), New Jersey, about 40 
 miles south of New York. The present y>opulalion is about 
 130 persons. Agriculture in its various branches is a lead- 
 ing industry. Milling, and some mechanical branches are 
 also carried on. 
 
 In organizjition, the serial form is adopted, and the fol- 
 lowing are the principal departiueiits, viz. : 
 
 The Agricultural Serie The Domestic Serie 
 
 " Stock " " Manufacturing Serie 
 
 " Mechanical " " Festal " 
 
 And within the past year the Educational Serie has been 
 organized, in which it is proposed to Educate the young 
 Integrally, that is, to develop the bodily powers, the affec- 
 tions, and the intellect ; and not to limit our Educational 
 efforts mainly to the culture of the intellect, as in the 
 current method of Education. 
 
 April, 1S53. 
 
 Red SuLyiiuR Springs, p. v., Monroe co., Virg, : on Indian 
 cr., 181 m. W. Richmond. The waters of these and otlier 
 neighboring springs are highly recommended for certain 
 curative effects. " The approjich to the village," says a 
 visitor, " is beautifully romantic and picturesque. Wending 
 his way around a high mountain, the traveler is for a mo- 
 ment charmed out of his fatigue by the sudden view of his 
 resting-place, some hundreds of feet immediately beneath 
 him. Continuing the circuitous descent, ho at length reaches 
 a ravine, which condubts him, after a few ragged steps 
 to the entrance of a verdant glen surrounded on all sides 
 by lofty mountains. The S. end of this enchanting vale, 
 which is the widest portion of it, is about 290 feet in width. 
 Its course is nearly N. for 150 yards, when it begins gradu- 
 ally to contract and change its direction to the N. W. and W., 
 until it terminates in a narrow point. This beautifully se- 
 cluded Tempe is the chosen seat of the village. The S. 
 portion, just at the base of the cast and west mountains, is 
 that upon wliich stand the various edifices for the accommo- 
 dation of visitors. These buildings are spacious and con- 
 veniently arrangsd ; the servants are prompt and obedient; 
 and the t<ihls de hote is abundantly supi)lied with every 
 thing that can tempi the appetite. The promenades are 
 beautifully embellished, and shaded from the mid-day sun 
 by large sugar maples, the natives of the forest." 
 
 Richmond, p. city, port of entry, and cap. Henrico county, 
 Virn. : and capital of the State of Virginia ; is situated on 
 the N. E. bank of James r., at the lower falls at the head of 
 tide water. Lat. (Capitol) 37° 32' 17" N. ; long, from Green- 
 wich 77° 27' 2S" W., and from Washington OljO 25' 58" W. 
 Distance by the most direct R. R. from Washington, 130 m. ; 
 from Baltimore, 168 m. ; from Philadelphia, 266 m. ; from 
 New York, 344 m. ; from Boston, 580 m. ; from Raleigh, 
 174 m. ; from Wilmington, 248 m. 
 
 The situation of Richmond is highly picturesque. The 
 city is divided into two unequal parts by a valley, through 
 which passes the Shockoe creek to enter James r. It is 
 chiefly built upon the hills and more elevated grounds on 
 either side of this depression, which have a beautiful variety 
 of surface, and afford in many parts highly picturesque 
 situations for dwellings and for public edifices. Splendid 
 views of the city and surrounding country are presented 
 from different points, each varying the scene. The soil is 
 red clay. The river flows over a bed of granite, of which 
 there are inexhaustible quarries on its banks, extensively 
 used for building and other purposes. The city is regularly 
 laid out with streets crossing at right angles. Its entire area 
 embraces about 3i sq. m., of which the built portion is about 
 3 m. long, and } m. wide. The dwelling houses are gener 
 ally neat and convenient, of brick and wood. Many private 
 residences are very elegant and costly. The eapitol occupies 
 a very commanding situation on an elevated plain called 
 Shockoe hill, in tlie W. division of the city. It stands in 
 
CHIEF PLACES OF THE UNITED STATES. 
 
 Capitol Square, a beautiful public firound containing about 
 8 acres, ornamented with trees, grass plats, walks, etc. It 
 is a spacious and elegant building, surrounded on 3 sides 
 by a lofty and imposing portico, in the Ionic order. It con- 
 tains a statue of Washington, the only one ever laken from 
 life, executed by Houdon, a celebrated French artist, and 
 erected in 17SS ; a bust of Lafiiyette, etc. The City Hall, on 
 Broad Street, fronting Capitol Square, is an elegant edifice 
 of Grecian architecture, with a portico at each end of 4 Doric 
 columns. The Governor's House is at the E. end of the 
 square. The County Court-house is about 1 m. from the 
 capitol. The State Penitentiary, in the W. subiirbs, is 300 feet 
 long, and 110 broad, in the form of a hollow square, sur- 
 rounded by extensive grounds. The Alms-house, a spacious 
 building, is in the N. suburbs. The Armory is a large 
 edifice 320 feet long by 2S0 feet wide. The Female Orphan 
 Asylum is supported partly by the corj)oration, and partly 
 by private munificence. There are about 25 churches, 
 many of which are very handsome edifices. The Monu- 
 mental Episcopal church stands upon the site of the Eieh- 
 mond Theatre, which was destroyed by fire, Dec. 26th, 1811, 
 and whereliy 66 white and 6 colored jjersons lost their lives. 
 The congregation of the African church is one of the largest 
 in the Union. 
 
 The Medical Department of Hampden Sidney College, 
 founded 183S, in 1S50 had 7 professors, 90 students, and 
 40 graduates. The Virginia Historical and Philosophical 
 Society was founded in 1831. St. Vincent's and Richmond 
 colleges, near the city, are flourishing academies. In 1850 
 there were 15 newspapers and periodicals, viz., dailies, 
 " E. Enquirer," " R. Whig," " Dispatch," '• Times and Com- 
 piler," " Herald," " Future Age," and " Kepublican ;" 
 weeklies, "Religious Herald," "Watchman and Observer;" 
 monthlies, " Missionary Journal," " The Commission," 
 " Baptist Preacher," " Southern Planter," " Literary Mes- 
 senger ;" quarterly, " Historical Register." 
 
 The city government is vested in the mayor, recorder, 
 aldermen, and city council. The city is lighted with gas, 
 and generally well paved ; the markets are well supplied. 
 The public water-works were commenced in 1880, and cost 
 about $120,000. By two forcing pumps, worked by water- 
 power, 800,000 gallons of water in 24 hours are litXed from 
 James r. into 3 reservoirs, containing each 1,000,000 gallons, 
 thence distributed over the city in pipes. 
 
 The principal manufactures are of tobacco, flour, iron, 
 cotton and woolens. Water-power of unlimited extent is 
 furnished by James r., which within a few miles above the 
 city descends 80 feet. Of tobacco there are 35 to 40 factories, 
 and 10 or 12 stemmeries, together emplo)ing about 2,500 
 blacks, and manufacturing 12 to 15,000 hhils. annually. 
 Besides smaller mills, here are two of the most extensii's 
 flouring-mills in the world, "Gallego" and " Haxall," each 
 running 20 ormore pairs of stones, and capable of producing 
 800 to 900 bbls. of flour daily. There are 3 iron rolling- 
 mills, foundries of cannon, etc., and an extensive nail fac- 
 tory on Belle isle, producing 75,000 lbs. of nails weekly. 
 Four cotton mills work up nearly 3,000,000 lbs. of cotton 
 per annum, and a woolen mill 600,000 lbs. of wool an- 
 nually. Besides these, are large machine-shops, a paper- 
 mill, etc. 
 
 There are three banks, having an aggregate capital 
 of $2,114,000, three insurance companies, and three savings 
 banks. 
 
 Four lines of railroad here connect, viz., Richmond, 
 Frederick, and Potomac R. R., commencing at Aquia creek 
 on the Potomac, 75 m. long ; Richmond and Petersburg 
 E. R., 22 m. long ; the Central R. R. to Covington, and Dan- 
 ville R. R. completed to Keeseville, 73 m. The James River 
 Canal, completed in 18-35 to Lynchburg, 146 m., and in 1S52 
 to Balcony Falls, is the principal channel of trade with the 
 interior. 
 
 The following statement exhibits the amount of tonnage, 
 and its estimated value, imported into Richmond on the 
 
 James River and Kanawha Canal, during each of tha 
 5 years 1&18-52, with its freight and tolls: 
 
 Year ending 
 
 No. of 
 
 Esti: 
 
 nated 
 
 Ftei^hts 
 
 Oc^ :)1. 
 
 Tons. 
 
 Vill 
 
 ue. 
 
 and tclis. 
 
 1848.... 125,054... $4,230,532 18... $192,750 38 
 
 1 849 ... . 140,61)6 . . . 5,435,046 66 . . . 247 ,861 OS 
 
 1850 .... 137,589 . . . 6,123,865 49 . . . 213,741 47 
 
 1851.... 140,924... 5,133,853 62... 184,839 83 
 
 1852 .... 153,377 ... 7,1 45,837 43 . . . 220,947 84 
 
 Total (1&4S-52) 697,040 $28,069,135 38 $1,060,140 65 
 
 The following table exhibits the amount of tonnage, with 
 its value and freightage, imported into Richmond, on the 
 Richmond and Petersburg R. R., during each of the 5 
 years 1848-52. 
 
 Sent 3o"^ Tonnage. Estimated value. Freight. 
 
 1848.... 20,301... $632,557 99... $18,-3G1 62 
 
 1849.... 19,539... 695.742 40... 18,159 71 
 
 1850.... 22,861... 1,377,665 45... 21,560 83 
 
 1S51 .... 19,533. . . 836,412 40. . . 18,-314 12 
 
 1852.... 27.9.32... 1,262,248 85... 24,752 89 
 
 Total (1848-52) 110,166 $4,854,627 09 $101,149 18 
 
 The following table exhibits the amount of tonnage, with 
 its estimated value, and the freights and tolls on the same, 
 imported into Richmond during 1852, by the various works 
 of internal improvement leading into the city: 
 
 -- No. of Estimated Freights 
 
 Names of Compames. .j^„^_ ,..^|^,^ and tolls. 
 
 James River, ^^^<i f -[s^^sn.. $7,145,887 4S..mo,W^ 8i 
 K.inawha co. i 
 
 285,000 00.. 19,252 08 
 
 -■[.. 27,932.. 1,262,248 85.. 24,752 89 
 
 L. 53,421.. 967,3-36 00.. 37,919 46 
 
 E., Fredericksburg, | ^ g 
 
 and Potomac E.R. ) 
 Richmond and Pe- i 
 
 tersburg R. R. 
 Richmond andDan- 
 
 ville R. R. 
 VirginiaCentralE.E.. 17,450.. 1,000,000 00.. 55.989 20 
 
 Total 256,987 $10,660,422 28 $.358,861 41 
 
 The foreign export trade is chiefly in tobacco to all parts 
 of Europe, flour and grain occasionally, and in flour to 
 Brazil. The import trade direct from Europe, or other 
 countries, is now inconsiderable, having gradually dimin- 
 ished with the increased facilities of New York, by her 
 regular packets and steamers to Europe. The channel of 
 the r. is winding, which, with the distance from the ocean, 
 is a considerable impediment to navigation. Vessels draw- 
 ing more than 10 or 11 feet water are prevented from 
 coming up to the city by the bar, 7 m. below it, and such 
 load at Cily Point, Bermuda Hundred, or Port Walthall. 
 On June 30, 1850, the total tonnage of R. district was 
 8,458 tons. The registered tonnage was 3,161 tons, of which 
 1,588 tons were permanent, and 1,573 tons temporary. The 
 enrolled and licensed tonnage was 5,297 tons, consisting of 
 4,276 tons permanent, and 1,021 tons temporary, all of which 
 were employed in the coasting trade. During the year 
 previous, the number of clearances for foreign countries was 
 69—24.331 tens : no. of entrances do., 8 — 1,811 tons. Vessels 
 built during the year, 8 (1 ship, 7 schooners)— 1,479 tons. 
 
 The inspections of tobacco for several years are as follows : 
 
 Yeara. Hlids. 
 1841... 18,267 
 
 1842... 23,129 
 1843... 22,829 
 
 rears. Hhds, 
 
 1844... 19,147 
 1,845... 21,902 
 1846... 19,572 
 
 rears. Hhds, Years. Hhds. 
 
 1847... 19,993 I 1850. . .17,986 
 1848. . .15,7-33 1851. . .15,678 
 1849... 18,803 I 1852... 24,11 9 
 
 In addition to which, from 10 to 16,000 hogsheads are here 
 rrceivcil from other inspections in the interior. 
 
 The following exhibits the inspections of flour of late 
 years : 
 
 Years, Bbls. 
 
 1846 289,000 
 
 1847 159,100 
 
 Years. Bbls. 
 
 1848 180.000 
 
 1849 276,900 
 
 Years. 
 18,50 .... 
 1851 .... 
 385 
 
 Bbls. 
 .336,420 
 
CHIEF PLACES OF THE UNITED STATES. 
 
 To which should be added 20 to 25 per cent, of inspections 
 at Scottsvillo and Lynchbur£r, and brouj^ht to the liichmond 
 market. The quantity of flour exported to Urazil for tlie 
 year ending September 30, 1S43, was 74,425 barrels; 1S49, 
 12S,sS0 bbls. ; 1S50, 65,280 bbls. ; 1S51, 9S,245 bbls. ; 1S52. 
 5S.950 bbls. A considerable quantity of flour, destined for 
 South America, is sent coastwise for re-shipment from New 
 York, Baltimore, etc. The amount of other foreign ship- 
 ments of flour in 1S51, was 15,046 bbls., and increased in 
 1852 to 18,122 barrels. 
 
 The coal trade is considerable, and steadily increasing. 
 The best bituminous coal is mined from S to 20 m. above 
 the city, and iron ore al)ounds in tlie country beyond. Ke". 
 ular lines of steam packets run to Norfolk, Baltimore, and 
 New York. 
 
 The population has increase<l within the last 10 or 15 
 years more r.ipidly than at any previous period. Of the 
 present population, about two-fifths are blacks. Pop. in ISOO, 
 5,537; in ISlO, 9,7?5; in 1820, 12,067; in 1880, 16,060; in 
 1840, 20,1.5.3; in 1850, 27,570. The exceedingly healthy lo- 
 cation of the city gives it a very low annual rate of mortality. 
 The cemeteries are noted for their beauty and their monu- 
 ments. 
 
 The site of Richmond was first visited by white men in 
 1609 ; the town was founded in 1742, and made the capital 
 of the State in 1780. In 1787 it contained about 300 houses. 
 In 1794 the canal around the falls was completed, which has 
 added so much to its commercial advantages. In 1811, 
 December 26th, occurred the sad fire by which 72 persons 
 lost their lives in the destruction of the Richmond Theatre, 
 among whom was the then governor of the State. 
 
 Directly opposite to Richmond are its suburbs of Man- 
 chester and Spring Hill, which are connected with the city 
 by three bridges. 
 
 liocuESTER, p. city, port of entry, and cap. Monroe county, 
 N. Y. : is situated on both sides of Genesee r., 7 m. S. from 
 its entrance into Lake Ontario ; by railroad 252 m. W. of 
 Albany, and 68 m. E. by N. from Buffalo. Lat. (Rochester 
 House) 43° OS' 17" N.; long. 77° 51' W. from Greenwich. 
 The city is laid out with general regularity, having wide 
 and handsome streets, many of which are lined with shade 
 trees. Its site is somewhat uneven in surface. It rests upon 
 a bed of limestone, but a few feet below the surface, and 
 greatly used for building and other purposes. In summer, 
 at low water in the r., its bed of this limestone is exposed, 
 exhibiting for a long distance a solid base of rock. The 
 area occupied by dwellings is very large for the population, 
 the houses for the most part being separate dwellings. The 
 E. and W. parts of the city are connected by 5 bridges. 
 The principal street, called Main Street, on the E. side, and 
 Buffalo Street, on the W. side, is a very long, broad, and 
 hanilsome avenue, passing over the central bridge, and 
 lineil with the principal stores, hottils, etc. The blocks of 
 stores, and houses generally, are noted for their neat 
 appearance. Brick and stone are the principal building 
 materials within the limits of the fire districts. Several 
 large parks are reserved as public grounds, of which the 
 ))rincipal is Washington Square. The Court-house, on Buf- 
 falo Street, is a large and elegant structure, with lian<l- 
 some granite portico, containing the county and city offices. 
 The Arcade is a handsome marble building, containing the 
 post-oflfice, and is a hall of great resort, with numerous 
 business offices, etc. The "Western House of Refuge for 
 juvenile delinquents, a State institution, is a very extensive 
 establishment, about 1^ m. N. of the centre of the city, con- 
 taining froni 200 to ,30il lads, confined for reformation. The 
 building is a very large edifice of brick, preseniing an im- 
 posing appearance, and is surrotmded l)y work grounds and 
 farm of several acres. The hotels of the city are generally 
 very large and handsnnie buildings. The public schools 
 have fine buildings ;ind are well conducted. Private schools 
 ar>^ numerous, and there are several female academies. 
 The University of Rochester, established in 1851), has 8 pro- 
 3S6 
 
 fessors, 109 students, and 3,000 volumes in library. The 
 Rochester Theological Seminary (Baptist), also established 
 here in 1850, had, in 1851-52, 2 professors, 29 students, and 
 3,000 volumes in library. The Athenaeum, a popular insti- 
 tution, has a good library of 5,000 volumes, and annual 
 courses of lectures. The periodical press, in 1850, consisted 
 of 19 regular issues, viz., 3 dailies, " R. Democrat'' (whig), 
 " Advertiser" (dem.), " American" (whig), each of which 
 also published tri-weekly and weekly editions; weeklies, 
 "Rural New Yorker" (agric), "Star of Temperance," 
 "North Star" (anti-sla.), "Genesee Evangelist" (I'resb.), 
 " Christian Guardian" (Univers.), " Advent Harbinger" 
 (Sec. Adv.); semi-monthlies, "Christian Sentinel" (Uni- 
 vers.), "Flag of Freedom;" monthlies, "Genesee Farmer" 
 (agric.) and " Eclectic Journal" (med.) There are about 30 
 churches, some of which are fine structures, and 2 large 
 ori)han asylums. The city government is vested in a 
 mayor, recorder, and common council, all of whom are 
 elected annually. The common schools are governed by a 
 board of education, composed of two members from each 
 ward. The city is divided into 9 wards, is generally well 
 paved and provided with sewerage, and is lighted by gas. 
 Water is abundant from wells. The principal city market 
 is a commodious structure, on the W. bank of the r. The 
 city alms-house is in the S. suburbs. 
 
 The rapid growth and prosperity of the city have resulted 
 from the natural advantages of great water-power here 
 afforded by the Genesee river. Within the city limits ther. 
 has a total descent of 263 feet, in which are 3 successive per- 
 pendicular falls of 96, 20, and 105 feet, and 2 rapids. Tho 
 first great falls of 96 feet are a little N. of the centre of the 
 city, and before they were disfigured by the construction of 
 walls in the centre of the stream above for mechanical pur- 
 poses, they afforded at high water a very grand appearance. 
 From a projecting point in its centre the notorious Sam 
 Patch made his last and fatal leap. Below the first cataract 
 the r. flows broad and deep for IJ m. to the second, where 
 it has a perpendicular fall of 20 feet, and thence pursues a 
 noisy and rapid course for about 25 rods to the third and 
 last fall, by which it descends 105 feet. Through the entire 
 <listance from the upper to the lower fall it flows through a 
 narrow ravine, over 100 feet deep. The depression of the 
 stream commer.ces considerably above the first falls, and in 
 J ra. has a fall of 12 feet, easily used for manufacturing pur- 
 poses. On each side of the r. canals have been extensively 
 constructed lor the mills. Another power of considerable 
 amount is created by the feeder for the Erie Canal, which 
 comes from the r. nearly 2 m. above. 
 
 The immense water-power thus afforded is used by va- 
 rious mills and factories, but chiefly by flouring-mills, which 
 are the principal business establishments of the city. In 
 1850 there were 22 mills, with 100 runs of stone, nearly all 
 of which were employed on flour. An approximate esti- 
 mate of the amount of flour manufactured annually is 
 600.000 barrels, or 8,000,000 bushels. Of this amount, about 
 1,640,454 bushels are left here by canal and railroad, leaving 
 1,.S.59,.546 bushels to be made up by receipts from wagons, 
 and this is about equ.il to the proiliict of the county. The 
 following table exhibits the amount left here by the Erie 
 and Genesee Valley Canals for a series of years: 
 
 Years. Hiisbels. 
 
 1844 .... 884.141 
 1S45 .... 1,169,281 
 1846 ... . 1,503,546 
 
 Yesrs. Tlusliels. Years. BusIiHr. 
 
 1847 .... 1,778,116 1 1S50 .... 1,21,5,759 
 
 1848 .... 1,143,133 ha51 .... 1,465.454 
 
 1849 ... . 1,426.4.36 | 1852 .... 1,438,801 
 
 The quantities of flour shipped for the same series of years 
 are as follows : 
 
 Year'.. Rl)la. Years. Bbls. Years. Bhl«. 
 
 1*^44 400,388 I 1S47 631, .574 1 1850 5.52,729 
 
 1845 518.318 j 184S .584,426 1851 500,330 
 
 1846 540,232 1849 .570,7.57 1 1852 . ... 588,080 
 
 To the amount shipped should be added the amount con- 
 
CHIEF PLACES OF THE UNITED STATES. 
 
 sumed by 40,000 inhabitants, and the large population of the 
 suburbs and vicinity. 
 
 Other manufactures are extensively prosecuted. There 
 are several iron furnaces, casting principally stoves, agricul- 
 tural implements, etc. ; and numerous large machinery 
 works. The edge tool factory of Barton & Co. employs about 
 two hundred men ; and the scale factory of Duryee & Co. 
 is also very large. A large stone cotton factory, 6 stories 
 high, when in full operation, employs two hundred persons. 
 There are several woolen factories, fulling-mills, large boat- 
 yards, breweries, tanneries, last factories, large factories of 
 cabinet furniture, etc. There are 5 banks, with aggregate 
 capital of 1930,000, 2 savings banks, and several insurance 
 companies. 
 
 Rochester enjoys good facilities for transportation of its 
 Imports and exports. The Erie Canal, giving it connection 
 with the E. and W., here crosses the Genesee r. by a splen- 
 did aqueduct, 804 feet long, resting upon 11 arches, erected 
 at a cost of $80,000. The Genesee Valley Canal, completed 
 to Dansville, 52 m., affords access to the interior. Though 
 the r. is boatable above the city to Mount Morris, 45 m., it is 
 little used for that purpose. The total value of property left 
 at E. by both canals, during 1852, was $5,2.36,994; value of 
 amount cleared, do., $4,304,762. The lines of railroads here 
 centering are, Rochester and Syracuse E. E., 104 m. ; Eo- 
 chester and Syracuse direct E. E., along the line of the 
 canal ; Buffalo and Eochester E. E., 63 m. ; and Eochester, 
 Lockport, and Niagara Falls E. E., 76 m. The Genesee 
 Valley E. E. is in construction. 
 
 Rochester is the port of entry for Genesee collection dis- 
 trict. The river is navigable for steamboats, etc., from Lake 
 Ontario to the landing, 2J- miles below the center of the city. 
 A line of steamboats from Oswego to Lewlston arrive and 
 depart daily, and a line from Canada iri-weekly. The total 
 tonnage of Genesee district, on June 30lh, 1850, was 1,037 
 tons, all of which was "enrolled and licensed," permanent, 
 and employed in the coasting trade. During the year pre- 
 ceding, the number of clearances for foreign countries was 
 215 — 4n,077 tons ; number of entrances, do., the same statis- 
 tics. Vessels built during the year, 1 schooner — 58 tons. 
 
 Population— in 1812,15; in 1815,831; in 1820, 1,500; in 
 1825, 4.274; in 1830, 10,863; in 18.35, 17,160; in 1840, 20,191 ; 
 in 1845,25,265; in 1850,36,403. The E. side of the river 
 has of late increased its population in greater ratio than 
 the W. side. E. was laid out in 1812, incorporated as a v. 
 in 1817, and as a city in 1834. In 1812 it contained only 2 
 wooden frame buildings. It has frequently suffered heavy 
 losses by fire, but has overcome these reverses. The agri- 
 cultural district surrounding it is among the most fertile in 
 the Union, and has contributed greatly to its prosperity. 
 The health of the city is affected by the proximity of the 
 lake, and sudden changes of the weather, high westerly 
 winds, etc, ; but is generally good. Mt. Hope Cemetery, in 
 the S. suburbs, is an extensive inclosure of the most beauti- 
 ful grounds, improved by art, splendid monuments, etc. 
 
 Rock Island City, p. c., and cap. Eock Island county, 
 III.: at the .junction of Rock river with the Mississippi 
 river, 5fi miles below Van Buren, and 131 miles N. N. W. 
 Springfield. It has been laid out on an extensive plan, is 
 rapidly increasing, and promises to become a place of con- 
 siderable imporlance. It contains a court-house, jail, etc. 
 The position of the city is one of the best on the Upper 
 Mississippi, and the country surrounding it affords fine agri- 
 cullural facilities, timber, limestone, and coal in abundance, 
 large quantities of which are transported to other points. 
 The " Rock Island ,\dvertisi-r" (whig) is a weekly issue. The 
 Chicago and Rock Island E. E. has its terminus at this 
 point. Pop 1,711. 
 
 EocKTON, p. V. and sta., Herkimer county. N'. Y. : 91 m. 
 TV. N. W. Albany. Formiriy called Little Falls. Surface 
 of t. hilly and mountainous ; soil sandy and argillaceous 
 loam, watered by Mohawk r., on the S. side of which runs 
 the Erie Canal, and on the N. side the Utica and Schenec- 
 
 tady R. R. The V. is beautifully situated on both sides of 
 the Mohawk r., and is of some resort for its romantic scen- 
 ery. The gap through which the r. passes is comparatively 
 narrow, and on both sides the wooded hills rise from 850 to 
 400 feet. Their bases are of sandstone, above which are ex- 
 tensive beds of blue limestone, much used for building pur- 
 poses. The canal here ascends in the space of a mile, by 4 
 locks, about 40 feet. It is supplied with water by a feeder 
 carried across the r. by a handsome aqueduct of 3 arches, 
 one of 70 feet, and two of 50 feet span. At one point the 
 brow of a hill projects into the river, by which the canal was 
 constructed, with expensive diggings and embankments, 
 and by occupying a part of the river bed for the canal. 
 The river has here a fall of 42 feet in half a mile, affording 
 great water-power. Its bed is of granite gneiss, very hard, 
 but easily quarried for building stones, and abounding with 
 quartz crystals. The v. is principally on the N. side of the 
 river, and contains several flouring, plaster, and paper 
 mills, woolen factory, machine shop, several furnaces, and 
 other manufactories; 1 bank, capital $200,000, academy, 
 and 5 churches. Two newspapers are issued weekly, 
 " Mohawk Courier" (dem.), and " Herkimer Journal" 
 (whig). The v. is supplied with water from a spring in 
 the hills, 300 feet above the tops of the houses. Pop. of t. 
 in 1840, 3,881 ; in 1850, 4,855. 
 
 Rome, t., p. v., sta., and one of the caps. Oneida co., iV. T. : 
 on the Mohawk r., 91 m. W. N. W. Albany ; by E. E. from 
 Albany 109 m. Surface of t. chiefly level, or gently undu- 
 lating ; soil a fertile clay and sandy loam. Drained E. by 
 Mohawk r., on which is excellent land, and "Wood cr., which 
 flows W. into Oneida lake. These streams almost interlock, 
 being only 1 m. separate, and were connected by a small 
 canal before the construction of the Erie Canal, which was 
 bought out when the latter was made. The v. on Mohawk 
 r. is built upon the site of old Fort Stanwyx, built in 1758, 
 and rebuilt in the Eevolulionary War, and called Fort 
 Schuyler. The Syracuse and Utica E. E. passes through it, 
 14 m. from Utica, 33 m. from Syracuse. Here commences 
 the Watertown and Eome E. E., completed to Cape Vin- 
 cent, 97 m. The Erie Canal here receives the connection 
 of the Black Elver Canal, affording communication by water 
 with Lake Ontario, etc. The v., incorporated in 1819, is, 
 withWhitesboro', a half shire-town for Oneida co., and con- 
 tains a court-house and jail, a flourishing female seminary, 
 2 banks, with aggregate capital of $287,200, 6 churches, a 
 cotton factory, blast furnace, flourhig and saw mills, etc. 
 Here is a United States arsenal, to which are attached a 
 magazine and a number of workshops. Two newspapers 
 are issued weekly, " E. Sentinel" (whig) and '• Roman Citi- 
 zen" (whig.) Pop. of t. in 1840, 6,680 ; in 1850, 7,918. 
 
 Rouse's Point, p. v. and sta., Clinton co., M Y. : ou the 
 W. side of Lake Champlain, 166 m. N. by E. Albany. It 
 is about ^ m. S. of the Canada line. Soon after the war of 
 1812, the United States commenced the construction of a 
 strong fortifleation, a short distance N. of the v., to guard 
 the entrance of the lake. It was subsequently found that 
 this site was within the Canada line, and the further con- 
 stniction of the work, upon which some $400,000 had been 
 expended, was abandoned. However, this spot has since 
 been ceded to the United States, and this fine fortifleation, 
 now in dilapidation, may at some period be completed. At 
 this point, the great railroad route between Ogdensburg and 
 Boston, here crosses the lake. Previous to the construction 
 of the railroad, this place was of no importance. It is now 
 a great depSt for merchandise and produce, and important 
 landing-place for the boats on Lake Champlain. The rail- 
 road crosses the lake by a permanent bridge, 5,000 feet long, 
 and a draw-bridge on pontoons, 300 feet by 30, which is 
 swung round when not in use, so as to give free navigation. 
 The dock is SOO by 164 feet, and the depot 550 by 104 feet. 
 The improvements are all of the most permanent character. 
 The Champlain and St. Lawrence R. R. extends hence !o 
 Montreal, 47 m. Rouse's Point is distant from Ogdensburg, 
 
 S87 
 
CHIEF PLACES OF THE UNITED STATES. 
 
 by the Northern K. U., IIS m. ; from Boston, by both routes, 
 2SS m. The v. is generally flourishing, and increasing in 
 population. 
 
 ItoxBURY, t, p. city, and sta., Norfolk co., Mn.ss. : 2 m. 
 S. by W. Boston, with which it is closely connected by a 
 narrow neclc of land — " Boston Neck" — over wliioli tliere 
 are 4 broad and pleasant avenues. The natural surface of 
 the city was very uneven and rocky, wliich gave to it its 
 name, from the abundance of rocks; and Ihnugli much 
 changed by building improvements, is slill much diversified. 
 The soil is generally fertile and highly cultivated. The 
 dwellings are noted for their elegance, and are generally 
 surrounded by ornamental gardens. The entire appearance 
 of the city is must delighllul, and it is one of the most plea- 
 sant suburbs of Boston, with wliich its business and wealth 
 arc most intimately connected, and can hardly be con- 
 sidered as separate from the metropolis. It has, however, 
 considerable trade of its own, and its manufactures are 
 various and extensive. These consist of carpeting, cordage 
 (the New England Company has a capital of $75,000, em- 
 ploying 130 men). India-rubber goods, railroad iron, iron 
 castings, lire-engines, steam-engines, and boilers ; sheet lead, 
 while lead, chemical preparations, turpentine, etc. ; worsted 
 and silk fringes and lining; patent leather, hats, shoes, 
 cabinet-ware, etc. Steam-power is employed by about 30 
 establishments. There is 1 bank, capital $150,000 ; one in- 
 stitution for savings, 2 insurance companies, and 6 churches, 
 several of which are located on elevated positions, and make 
 a beautiful appearance. The Boston and Providence E. E. 
 passes through the city, and is much used by the citizens 
 in passing to and from Boston. Several lines of omnibuses 
 afford constant communication with the city. The "Nor- 
 folk County Journal" (whig), and "Eoxbury Advertiser" 
 (neut.), are issued weekly. 
 
 Koxbury was incorporated as a town Sept. 28, 1C30 (in 
 the same year with Boston) ; and as a city, March 12, 1S46. 
 The territory of the city is 7J m. long, 2^ m. broad, and 
 comprises an area of 10,CSG acres. It is governed by a 
 Mayor, Board of Aldermen, and Common Council, elected 
 annually. Excellent provisions are made for public 
 schools, etc. 
 
 In the W. part of the t. is an extensive level, on which is 
 situated the beautiful p. v. of Jamaica Plains, near Jamaica 
 Pond, from which Boston was, to a considerable extent, 
 supplied with water, until the opening of the Cochituate 
 Aqueduct, in 1S4S. The Forest Hills Cemetery is situated a 
 short distance from the city, on the Dedham turnpike. This 
 beautiful city of the dead has an area of about 70 acres. 
 The grounds are picturesquely diversified, and abounding 
 with trees, shrubbery, and flowers. Here are monuments 
 of General Joseph Warren, who fi'll at the battle of Bunker 
 Hill, June 17, 1776; and of Eev. John Kliot, the " Apostle 
 of the Indians," who was pastor of the first church in Eox- 
 bury for 53 years— from 1632 until his death, in 1690. The 
 entrance is an ornamental structure, in the Egyptian style. 
 On one of the highlands in the city still remains, in a very 
 perfect state of preservation, the breastwork and intrcnch- 
 ments of a large military fortress constructed at that period. 
 The population of Eoxbury at diflerent periods is as follows : 
 in 1765, 1,4S7 ; in 1790, -l^l'^d ; in ISUO, 2,765; in 1810, 8,669; 
 in 1820, 4,135; iu ISOO, 5,247; in 1S40, 9,089; in 1S50, 
 18,.373. 
 
 EuTLA.Ni), t., p. v., st.n., and cap. Eutland co., Venn. : on 
 Otter cr., .50 m. S. S. "SV. Montpelier. Surface of t. uneven ; 
 soil various, from a strong loam to a light sand, but gen- 
 erally fertile. I)raine<l by Otter cr. and its branches, which 
 aflbrd water-power, and by a branch of Oastleton r. Iron 
 ore of good quality is found ; also lime, and a great abund- 
 ance of white and beautifully variegated marble, of which 
 several quarries are extensively worked. The t. was char- 
 tered in 1761, and settled about 177o. During the Ei'volu- 
 tionary W;ir it was a frontier town, through which was the 
 only military road from Charleston, N. llamp., to Tieou- 
 
 deroga and Crown Point, on Lake Champlain. The t is 
 divided into two p.irishes, East and West ; the former con- 
 tains Eutland village, the most important place; in the 
 latter are two small villages. West Eullanil, and llookkin's 
 Falls. Eutland village has an elevated situation, is well 
 built, containing many handsome dwellings, and was incor- 
 porated in 1S47. Three imjjortant railroads p:iss through 
 it: Eutland and Burlington E. E., 53 m. from Bellows Falls, 
 and 67 m. from Burlington; Eutland and W;ishington E.E. 
 from Tro)' S5 m. ; and Western Vermont E. E. from Troy 
 via N. Bennington, 83 ra., the opening of which has given 
 a powerful impetus to the prosperity of the village and 
 town. It contains a court-house, jail, 1 bank, cap. $150,000, 
 and 8 churches. Here are locateil the machine-shops and 
 engine-houses of the Western Vermont E. E.. and some 
 large manufactories of marble, iron, slate, leather, cabinet 
 furniture, etc. The " E. Uerald" (whig) and " Vermont 
 Union Whig," are issued weekly. The town of Eutland 
 ranks as the second in agricultural and the first in mineral 
 productions in the State. Population of t. iu 1S4U, 2,708 ; 
 in 1850, 3,7115. 
 
 Sackktt's Harbor, p. v. and port of entry, Jefferson co., 
 M y. : on Black Eiver bay, at E. end of Lake Ontario, 
 154 m. N. W. Albany. Lat. 48= 55' N., long. 75° 57' W. 
 This h.irbor is one of the best and most secure on the lake, 
 and was an important naval station during the last war with 
 Great Britain. On 2Sth May, 1813, a sharp contest here 
 took place between the American and British forces, result- 
 ing in the defeat of the British ; and subsequently another, 
 on 80th May, 1814, with the same success. L)uring the war 
 the V. increased with great rapidity, and at its cluse expe- 
 rienced a decline, from which it has now fully recovered. 
 In 1S14 the United States government here commenced the 
 erection of the Madison Barracks, which consist of three 
 extensive stone barracks, hospital, commissary's store-house, 
 guard-house, and other buildings, afl"ording accommodation 
 for 2,000 troops, occupying a lot of about 40 acres, fronting 
 on the bay. In the military burying grounds attached to 
 the barracks is a monument to the brave General Pike, who 
 fell on the N. frontier during the last war. The government 
 has also a ship-yard and ship-houses, in one of which the 
 New Orleans, a 110 gun ship, commenced during the war, 
 remains upon the stocks. 
 
 The v., incorporated in 1814, has considerable manufac- 
 tures, and trade by the lake and the river t-t. Lawrence. A 
 good water-power has been obtained by the construction of 
 a canal from the Black r., a distance of 12 m., executed by 
 the citizens at a cost of $25,000, and afl"ordiug a fall of 30 
 feet, improved by various mills, machine shops, etc. There 
 are 3 churches, 1 bank — cap. $200,000, 4 hotels, 2 furnaces, 
 etc. The "S. 11. Observer" (whig) is issued weekly. A 
 railroad is in construction, to connect at Pierrepont with the 
 Watertown and Eome E. R. On 30th June, 1850, the ton- 
 nage of Saekett's Harbor district was 8,124 tons, all of which 
 was enrolled and licensed, permanent, and employed in 
 the coasting trade. During the year preceding the number 
 of clearances for foreign ports was 259 — 142,799 tons; No. 
 of entrances do.. 279 — 153,169 tons; of all which tonnage 
 about ten-elevenths was American. Vessels built during 
 the year, none. During the year 1S49 the value of the 
 amount of trade of this port with Canada alone was — im- 
 porLs, $26,564; exports, $26,446— total, $53,010. 
 
 SAfo, L p. v., and port of entry, York co., 3fe. : on N. side 
 of Saco r., 67 m. S. S. W. Augusta. Lat. 43° 31' N., long. 
 70° 26' W. By Portland, Saco, and Portsmouth E. E.. 13 m. 
 from Portland, 38 miles from Portsmouth ; and thence by 
 Eastern E. E., 92 m. from Boston. The surface of the t. is 
 simiewhat uneven, and abounds with romantic and beauti- 
 ful scenery. It has fine interval land on the r., by which 
 it is well drained, and is also watered by sever.al small 
 streams flowing from an immense bog, called the Heath, on 
 one of which is a fine waterfall of 60 feet, surrounded by 
 wild scenery. From the mouth of the r. a fine beach ex- 
 
CHIEF PLACES OF THE UNITED STATES. 
 
 tends along the shore about 5 miles to the E., called Old 
 Orchard Beach, which Is of considerable resort in summer. 
 Another fine beach, of less extent, connects Fletcher's Neck 
 with the mainland, on which is a tavern. Saco v. is situ- 
 ated about 8 m. from the mouth of the r., at the falls, where 
 is a descent of 42 foet, presenting a beautiful appearance 
 and afl'ording great water-power, and which has been ex- 
 tensively improved. Just below the falls is a fine basin, 
 where vessels take in their cargoes. The factories consist 
 of 9 large cotton-mills, 1 woolen-ruill, numerous saw-mills, 
 and various mechanical establishments. The York Manu- 
 facturing Co. have a capital of $1,000,000, manufacturing 
 colored and white cotton goods, running 25,000 spindles, 
 850 looms, and annually consume 7,000 bales of cotton. The 
 Saco Water-Power Co. have a capital of $2,000,OUO. The 
 lumber business is very extensive, was commenced at a 
 very early period, and for a long time was by far the chief 
 business on Saco r. The v. contains 2 banks, with aggre- 
 gate capital of $175,000, savings' institution, insurance com- 
 pany, an academy, some handsome churches, etc. The 
 " Maine Democrat" and " The Union" (whig) are issued 
 weekly. The total tonnage of Saco district on 30th June, 
 1850, was 2,723 tons. The registered tonnage was 1,570 
 tons, consisting of 330 tons permanent, and 1,240 tons tem- 
 porary. The enrolled and licensed tonnage was 1,153 tons, 
 all permanent, employed as follows: coasting trade, 602 
 tons ; cod fishery, 303 tons ; mackerel fishery, 248 tons. 
 During the fiscal year preceding, the number of clearances 
 for foreign countries was 4 — i96 tons; No. of entrances do., 
 2 — 213 tons. Vessels built during the year — 1 ship, 1,013 
 tons. Pop. of town in 1830, 3,219 ; in 1S40, 4,408 ; in 1S50, 
 • 5,794. The v. of Biddeford, on the S. side of the r., in Bid- 
 deford t., is connected with Saco by bridges, and closely 
 united with it in business relations, and at a little distance 
 the two villages ajipear as one settlement. 
 
 Sacramento City, caoital of the State of California : 
 on the Sacramento r., at the mouth of American r., in lat 
 8SO 30' 12" N., and long. 121° 20' 08" W., about 150 m. 
 N. E. San Francisco and 75 m. N. E. Vallejo. Its site is 
 a low, level plain and is naturally overflowed in the rainy 
 season. To prevent as far as possible this inundation, 
 a levee has been constructed on the river banks. It was 
 formerly called " New Helvetia," and is laid out in right 
 angles, on the site of, and embraces the celebrated " Sutte)'^s 
 Ibrt." The streets running E. and W. are designated by 
 the letters of the alphabet, and those running N. and S. 
 by the numerals. The original forest trees still stand in the 
 town, and give it a picturesque appearance, and many of 
 the streets are lined with oaks and sycamores 6 feet in di- 
 ameter. It is a level and pleasantly situated place, embra- 
 cing a square of about a nijle and a half to the side, and 
 derives its name from the river so called. From a fort and 
 its outbuildings, which a few years since constituted the 
 whole inhabited tenements, it has suddenly become a flour- 
 ishing city, and is the grand dep6t for the supply of all 
 the northern mines. In April, 1849, there were 4 houses in 
 the place. The original price of embarcadero, or river lots, 
 was $500, they now command as many thousands. Every 
 thing indicates that this place has received an impetus 
 which other localities will find it difficult, if not impossible, 
 to retard. According to the census of 1850, Sacramento 
 City contained 323 stores of various kinds, 65 blacksmith 
 shops, 6 steam-mills, 5 soda and syrup manufactories, 2 
 breweries, 80 clothing stores, S cabinet shops, 8 livery sta- 
 bles, about 150 eating saloons and hotels — some of the latter 
 of the most costly description ; also 90 physicians, 70 law- 
 yers, 6 churches — 1 Episcopal, 1 Presbyterian, 3 Methodist 
 (1 coloreil), and 1 Baptist. A Pvoman Catholic church is in 
 course of erection. The number of inhabiliints in the city 
 proper, or within the city limits, was 6,000; but had the res- 
 ident population all been in the city, the number would 
 not have fallen much short of 12,000, while in the country 
 there are about 3,000 citizens. Out of the whole number 
 
 there are but 1,460 females of all kinds, grades, and complex- 
 ions. The banks of the river in the vicinity furnish one of 
 the best farming regions in the State, though the crops on 
 the low lands are exposed to great ravages from the period- 
 ical floods. The gold diggings commence about 30 m. E. 
 of the city, at the entrance of the hills, which rise rapidly to 
 the eastward till they terminate in the high ridgo of the 
 Sierra Nevada. The gold was first discovered on the S. 
 fork of the American r., 50 m. from Sacramento, and all 
 that neighborhood is still much resorted to by miners. 
 Steamboats ply daily between this city and San Francisco, 
 and considerable trade is carried on by sailing vessels. The 
 river is navigable up to the town at all seasons of the year, 
 and the trade is rapidly increasing. Like San Francisco, 
 this city has suifered considerably by fire, which, allhouwh 
 causing immense losses, has tended to beautify it, in the 
 form of neater and more substantial buildings. In 1850, 
 the public press consisted of the " Transcript," a daily ami 
 weekly ; the " Placer Times," daily and weekly (neut.) ; 
 " Daily Index," daily ; and the " Tribune," a daily and 
 weekly issue. The census of 1852 gives a pop. of 10,000. 
 
 Sag IIaebok, p. v. and port of entry, Sufi'olk co., N'. Y. : 
 on an excellent harbor so called, between Gardiner's and 
 Great Peconic bays, 92 m. E. by N. New York city, 141 m. 
 S. E. Albany. First settled in 1730, and incorporated in 
 1803. The site is sandy and sterile. It suffered severely by 
 a fire in 1845, but was soon rebuilt in a better manner than 
 before. It contains 4 churches, an extensive clock factory, 
 several mills, 1 bank, cap. $20,000, a dry-dock for repairing 
 vessels, and numerous stores. The " Corrector" is published 
 semi-weekly and weekly. Considerable quantities of salt 
 are manufactured in this vicinity by evaporation of sea- 
 water in the open air. This place is extensively engaged 
 in the whale and other fisheries. The return cargoes are 
 chiefly taken to New York and other ports. In 1849, the 
 imports here received, were 1,791 gallons sperm, and 
 87,379 gallons whale oil ; and 186,400 lbs. whalebone. The 
 total tonnage of this district on 30th June, 1S50, was 
 15,166 tons ; consisting of 10,954 tons in registered tonnage, 
 and 4,212 tons in enrolled and licensed tonnage. The 
 registered tonnage was all permanent, of which there was 
 in the whale fishery 2,575 tons. The enrolled and licensed 
 tonnage consisted of 3,776 tons permanently employed in 
 the coasting trade, and 62 tons in the cod fishery ; besides 
 374 tons " licensed under 20 tons" (319 tons in coasting trade, 
 55 tons in cod fishery) ; of all which, 128 tons were pro- 
 pelled by steam. During the year preceding, it had no 
 foreign commerce. Vessels built during the year, 3 (1 brig, 
 2 schooners)— 419 tons. Pop. 3,650. 
 
 Saint Anthony's Falls, p. v., Eamsey co., Minn. Ter. : 
 on the E. side of the Mississippi, 15 m. by water and 8 by land 
 above St. Paul. It is laid out opposite and above the falls, 
 and is a beautiful town site. A handsome elevated prairie, 
 with a gentle inclination to the r. bank, and of sulHcient 
 width for several parallel streets, extends indefinitely up and 
 down the river. In the rear of this another table-land swells 
 up some 30 feet high, forming a beautiful and elevated 
 plateau. The houses are mostly frame built, and among 
 them is numbered a large and well-furnished hotel for sum- 
 mer travelers. This place has good prospecti. The sup- 
 plies for Fort Gaines, etc., create considerable traffic and 
 travel both by land and water, and the return traffic consists 
 of furs and peltiies. with other Indian contributions. Pop. 
 in 1S50, 656 -of the t. 538 additional. 
 
 Saint Auqusttne, p. city, port of entry, and cap. St. .John's 
 CO., Flor. : 170 m. E. by S. Tallahassee. Lat. 29° 48' 30" N., 
 long. 81° .35' 00" W. The city is situated 2 m. back from 
 the Atlantic on an inlet, in the rear of a small island, which 
 protects it from the swell of the ocean, but which is low and 
 does not obstruct the sea breezes or a view of the ocean. 
 The inlet upon which it fronts, called Matanzas Sound, is 
 an excellent harbor, i m. broad, capacious, and secure. The 
 bar at its mouth at low tide has about 9 feet of water, and 
 
 389 
 
CHIEF PLACES OF THE UNITED STATES. 
 
 within, IS or 20 feet. The site of the city is somewhat penin- 
 sular, since the sound and a river extends in its rear up into 
 the mainland, and is low, being not over 12 feet above the 
 level of the ocean. Its form is a parallelogram, 1 m. long 
 and } m. wide. The houses are not compactly built, and 
 many of them have a very antiquated appearance; they 
 are generally two stories high, with the sc^cimd story pro- 
 jecting over the first, the first story of stone, stuccoed, the 
 second story of wood. The streets are narrow, and many 
 of them very crooked. The climate is celebrated for its 
 mildness, and has made the city a favorite resort for invalids 
 from the Northern States. The winter season sometimes 
 passes without a single frost, and there are but one or two 
 months in the year in which they ever occur. In summer, 
 the heat of the day is tempered by the sea breezes, and the 
 evenings are rendered cool and pleiisant by tlie land breeze. 
 An abundance of trees give the place a very rural appear- 
 ance. There is a fine large public square in the E. part of 
 the city, fronting on the sound ; on its W. side is tlie court- 
 house ; on the N. side a splendid Catholic church, and on 
 the 8. side Trinity church, Episcopal, a neat Gothic edifice. 
 There are two other churches and a neat market-place in 
 front of the harI)or. Hero is a United States land office 
 and the station of a surveyor-general. In the S. part of the 
 city, fronting the Matanzas, are extensive barracks. At the 
 N. end of tlie city, and commanding the harbor, stands 
 Fort Marion, formerly the old Spanish castle of St. Mark, 
 which was completed about a century ago. It contains a 
 number of Spanish guns, etc., which came into possession 
 of the United States with the fort, one of which bears the 
 date of 1735. One newspaper, " The Ancient City," is issued 
 weekly. The foreign commerce of St. Augustine, during 
 the year ending June 30, ISJJO, consisted in the entrance and 
 clearance of one foreign vessel of 68 tons, having a crew 
 of four men. During the year no vessels were built, and it 
 has no tonnage whatever of its own. This is the oldest set- 
 tlement in the Union, having been founded in 1564 by 
 Spaniards. The present population is about one-half com- 
 posed of Spanish, French, and citizens descendants of other 
 foreign countries. Since the incorporation of the Slate with 
 the Union, this portion of the population has been rapidly 
 Americanizing. Pop. in 1S50, 1,9:34. 
 
 Saint Louib, p. city, port of entry, and cap. St. Louis co.. 
 Mo. : on the W. bank of the Mississippi r., on the first bluff, 
 20 m. S. of the confluence of the Missouri r.. and in lat. 38° 
 87' 2S" N., and long. 90° 15' 16" W. The distances by river 
 course from New Orleans are 1,210 m. ; from the liills of St. 
 Anthony, 868 m.; from St. Paul, 822 m. ; from Galena, 395 m. ; 
 from Alton, 22 m. ; from Pittsburg, 1,189 m. ; from Cincin- 
 nati, 705 m. ; from Louisville and Jeflersonville, .564 m. ; 
 from mouth of Ohio r., 170 m. ; from Council Bluffs, 687 m. ; 
 from Fort Leavenworth, 413 m.; from Independence, 871 m. ; 
 and from Jefferson City, 157 m. It is the great commercial 
 dep6t of the Upper Mississippi, the Ohio, and the Missouri, 
 and their numerous tributaries, furnishing connected water- 
 ways of upward of 8,000 m., and passing through countries 
 rich beyond description in mineral, vegetable, forest, and 
 animal products, and requiring for the support of their in- 
 habitants a vast amount of manufactures and productions 
 of foreign countries and the sea-board States. Next to New 
 Orleans, it is the principal port on the Mississippi, and 
 among western cities, is second only to Cincinnati in pop- 
 ulation and wealth. 
 
 St. Louis occupies the geographical centre of the Missis- 
 sippi Valley. Ila advantages, as a commercial depfit, can 
 not be excelled, and the resources of its immediate vicinity 
 in Missouri are immense. In a circuit of less than 90 m. 
 from the city, iron, coal, lead, and probably copper, are suffi- 
 ciently abundant to supply the Union for indefinite ages, 
 and of this region St. Louis is the only outlet. Capital alone 
 is wanted to develop theso wonderful riches. Nor is this 
 all ; the country around is a niagniflc*'nt agricultural district, 
 yielding abundantly of all the staples of the latitude, and at 
 390 
 
 this point the hunter, the miner, and overland emigrant, 
 take in their supplies before setting out on their various 
 adventures. 
 
 The locality was first settled in 1764. The site .is elevated 
 many feet above the flood-marks of the Missixsippi, and is 
 favored in this respect in salubrity. It rises from the river 
 by two iilateaux; the first, the alluvial bottom, is 20 feet 
 aljove the highest flood, and the second, a limestone bank, 
 to the level of the back country, is 40 ffet higher than the 
 first, extending away to the horizon. The ascent from the 
 river to the fir.tt plain is rather abrupt, but to the upper ter- 
 race it is more gradual, and from its highest elevation com- 
 mands a grand prospect of the lower city, and the country 
 on every side. 
 
 As originally planned, the city occupied only the first 
 terrace, and consisted of three narrow streets, parallel with 
 the river, but after its growtli commenced, which was sub- 
 sequent to its coming into the possessiim of the Americans, 
 it soon expanded its limils. and encroached upon the pUt- 
 teau above. The streets in the newer portion are wide, and 
 laid out at right angles. To the north and south of the city, 
 which itself extends some two miles along the river, exten- 
 sive suburbs have been laid out on the same plan. The 
 city reaches back nearly three miles. Front Street, on the 
 river bank, is built up of substantial stone warehouses, 
 which have an imposing appearance, and are generally 
 appropriated to heavy businesses. The street immediately 
 behind this is the principal seat of the wholesale dry goods 
 business, although this and the grocery business are not 
 confined altogether to these localities. The city is generally 
 well built of brick chiefly, and sometimes of stone, the lime- 
 stone of the neighborhood furnishing abundance of material. 
 Many of the residences, hotels, etc., are magnificent and 
 costly structures, and in the new city the private dwellings 
 are mostly surrounded by garden plots and ornamental 
 shrubbery. The whole area of the city covers about 36 
 sq. m., about one-tenth of which is thickly built upon. 
 
 The principal public buildings are those ai)propriated to 
 the county business, as the court-house, jail, and offices ; 
 the municipal buildings, as the City Uall, courts, markets, 
 etc. ; the churches, literary institutions, schools, and charity 
 able foundations. The Court-house is an elegant building, 
 situate on a public square, near the centre of the city. The 
 City Hall, the basement of which is used as a market, is on 
 a square at the foot of Market Street, and is a splendid brick 
 edifice. Among the churches, the Itoman Catholic cathedral 
 is the largest and most costly : it is 136 feet long, by 58 feet 
 wide, with a massive Doric portico in front, and its steeple 
 contains a chime of bells, the largest of which weighs 2,600 
 pounds. Many of the churches of other denominations are 
 remarkable for chaste and beautiful design. 
 
 The annexed, an abstract of the late census, are the de- 
 finite statistics of the churches of the city : 
 
 Imrt-lies. No. Sents. V;i|iie. 
 
 Cliiirc-hes. No. .Se.its. Valvin. 
 R. Cathol. 12. 10,862. $534,300 
 Methodist 12. 8,300. 171,000 
 
 Presb 8. 5.900. 200,000 
 
 Lutheran. 5. 8,300. 44,500 
 Episcopal 5. 2,750. 136,000 
 
 Unitarian .2. .2,100. .$70,000 
 Evangel. ..2.. 600.. 4,700 
 Baptist.... 2.. 1,600.. 3iJ,000 
 Boatman's. 1.. 500.. 15,000 
 Jews 2.. 470.. 7,000 
 
 — making a total of 49 churches, containing 35,712 seats, and 
 valued at $1,213,500. The Koman Catholic pqnilation is 
 much more numerous than is indicated by the number of 
 seats in the churches, as a very large portion of that de- 
 nomination worship in the aisles and vestibules, and an 
 average of three several congregations assemble at each 
 church at the different hours at the several masses on Sun- 
 day morning. St. Louis is the see of the Catholic archdiocese 
 of the same name, and also of the Protestant Episcopal 
 diocese of Missouri. 
 
 Among the charitable institutions the most conspicuous 
 are the Protestant and Catholic Orph.m Asylums— the first 
 under the direction of Protestant ladies, and the latter of the 
 
CHIEF PLACES OF THE UNITED STATES. 
 
 Sisters of Charity. There are also hospitals, dispensaries, 
 and other charities, for the medical care of the destitute. 
 
 Literary institutions are numerous. The University of 
 St, Louis is some 3 or 4 miles north from the city, but for 
 the accommodation of the medical department, there are 
 appropriate buildings within its limits. The University was 
 founded in 1832, and has 17 professors ; and in 1S50, had 
 160 students, and a library of 12,000 volumes ; and at the 
 same period the medical department had 7 professors and 
 107 students. The Western Academy of Sciences is estab- 
 lished here, and has a fine museum ; and besides this there 
 is a museum of Indian antiquities, etc. According to the 
 census of 1850, there were within the city 44 common schools, 
 with 2,847 pupils; 15 private schools, with 2,378 pupils; 9 
 Koman Catholic schools, with 1,356 pupils ; a Catholic col- 
 lege, with 250 pupils ; two medical schools, with 14 profes- 
 sors, and 262 students. St, Louis is also the site of a United 
 States arsenal, and a few miles below the city are Jefferson 
 Barracks, with accommodations for a garrison of 700 men. 
 The office of the Land District of St. Louis is located here, 
 and also the office of the surveyor-general. The city is 
 supplied with water from the river, which is raised by a 
 steam-engine into a reservoir upon the summit of an ancient 
 mound, and is thence distributed through iron pipes. The 
 streets and public buildings are generally lighted with gas, 
 which is supplied by a company. 
 
 The public press of St. Louis consists of 7 daily, 8 tri- 
 weekly, 1 semi-weekly, and 13 weekly newspapers, and 6 
 monthly periodicals. The "St. Louis Times" is issued in 
 daily, tri-weekly, and weekly editions ; the " St. L. Intelli- 
 gencer," dail}' and weekly ; the " Organ and Reveille," daily 
 and weekly; the "St. L. Eepublican," daily, tri-weekly, and 
 weekly; the "St. L. Union," daily, tri-weekly, and weekly; 
 "Die Wochentliche Anseiger des Westens," daily; "Die 
 Wochlentliche Deutsches Tribune," daily ; the "St. L. Price 
 Current," the " Union Banner," the " American Banner," 
 the "Shepherd of the Valley," the " Unfere Beit," the 
 " Western Watchman," and the " St. L. Presbyterian," are 
 issued weekly ; and the " Valley Farmer," the " St. L. 
 Probe," the " Insurance Reporter," the "' Western Journal," 
 the " Bank Note Detector," and the " Signet," are issued 
 monthly. As a general thing, the press of St. Louis is con- 
 ducted with a high standard of talent, and occupies a first 
 rank in the great department of journalism. Many of its 
 issues have a wide circulation. 
 
 The growth of St. Louis, within the past 20 years, has been 
 wonderfully rapid, and each great interest has kept pace 
 with the whole. It is not alone in commerce that St. Louis 
 is a great city, but in manufactures, the arts, and all other 
 departments of industrial economy. Improvement has gone 
 hand in hand with her general prosperity, and the old 
 shanty of the settler has given place to the substantial dwell- 
 ing of the resident. In every thing the change has been 
 great, and a city of grand proportions, with all the elements 
 of future success, has gained a footing where so lately a 
 scattered village, depending on Indian trade and the trap- 
 per for support, alone existed. 
 
 The census of 1850 gave St. Louis a population of 77,860 
 of which 73,842 were white— 42,384 males, and 31,458 fe- 
 males; 1,362 were free colored persons — 725 males, and 637 
 females, and 2,656 were slaves. These numbers constituted 
 13,161 families, and occupied 9.662 separate dwellings. The 
 population, in 18.30, was 4,377; in 1840, 16,469— increase 
 280.9 per cent. ; and in 1850, 77,680— increase 172.7 per cent.* 
 
 The population of the city includes 23,774 Germans, 11.257 
 Irish, 2,9.33 English, and 2,450 natives of other countries, mak- 
 ing an aggregate of 40,114 natives of foreign countries, leav- 
 ing 37,051 for natives of the United States. This presents 
 
 * A census taken under tlie State authorities in 1852, gave tlie popu- 
 lation of the city at 94,81fl, and of tlie county at 2il.034— total, 123,853, 
 of whicli 118,385 were white persons, 1,341 free persons of color, and 
 4,069 slaves. The census of white persons in the city gives 51,361 males 
 and 40,791 females. 
 
 even a greater disparity between the native and immigrant 
 population that has been supposed to have existed. The im- 
 migrants, however, constitute one of the principal sources of 
 the wealth and prosperity of the city. They have added mil- 
 lions to the value of its real estate, immensely increased the 
 aggregate of the annual returns of its productive industry, 
 and created an important market for the productions of the 
 soil and the wares of the mechanic and the merchant. 
 
 The whole number of manufacturing establishments in 
 operation on the 1st June, 1850, and producing to the value 
 of $500 and upward, annually, was 1,308, in which was in- 
 vested a capital of $4,377,711 ; and these employed 7,321 
 males, and 1,130 females. The annual product of this branch 
 of industry amounted to $15,400,340. The following table, 
 showing the number of each kind of business, the capital 
 invested, etc., is compiled from the census of the year 
 specified : 
 
 Business. Capital, jj^i^^^ 
 
 104 Carpenters $150,265. .557. 
 
 9 Stone-cutters 28,100 . . 90 . 
 
 7 Shirt manufacturers .... 43,000 . . — . 
 106 Tailors 205,500. .680. 
 
 14 Hatters 26,700. . 72. 
 
 8 Carriage-makers 56,600 .. 138 . 
 
 9 Iron foundries 389,000. .545. 
 
 2 Brass foundries 1 7,000 . . 22 . 
 
 71 Blacksmiths 72,430 . . 826 . 
 
 16 Breweries 197,550.. 81. 
 
 50 Cabinet-makers 72,760 . . 195 . 
 
 35 Tinners & coppersmiths. 129,300.. 151. 
 
 1 Type founder 51,800 , 
 
 10 Chandlers and lard oil l gg oqa 
 
 melters ) 
 
 3 Tent and awning makers 1,709 
 7 Rope-makers 70,230 . . 97 . 
 
 50 Bakers 62,250. .122. 
 
 110 Boot and shoe makers . . 73,975. .272. 
 
 5 Gunsmiths 4,800.. 14. 
 
 1 Fire-safe maker 700.. 7. 
 
 28 Painters and glaziers . . . 67,130 . . 170 . 
 
 7 Book-binders 7,300. . 27. 
 
 3 Plane-makers 5,300 . . 15 . 
 
 3 Trunk-makers 7,700 . . 86 . 
 
 7 Locksmiths 3,710. . 18. 
 
 1 Chair manufactory 1,500.. 5. 
 
 6 Plumbers 12,500.. 30. 
 
 5 Tobacco manufactories . . 23,000 . . 66 . 
 
 3 Spirit gas distilleries.... 20.500.. 7. 
 
 2 Drug and chem. factories 21,000.. 16. 
 
 1 Flouring-mUl 600. . 2. 
 
 1 Shot factory 40,000. . 25. 
 
 1 Bucket factory 4,000 . . 10 . 
 
 9 Tanneries 70,200. .78. 
 
 9 Saw-mills 115,000. .103. 
 
 22 Milk dairies 12,830. . 25. 
 
 10 Upholsterers 49,960 . . 46 . 
 
 24 Saddlers 33,916. .178. 
 
 6 Turners 2,330. . 8. 
 
 2 Venetian blind makers.. 4,000.. 5. 
 5 Wire- workers 16,800 . . 15 . 
 
 1 Gold-pen maker 1,000 . . 1 . 
 
 19 Flour-mills 439,500.. 181. 
 
 2 Planing-mills 47,000 . . 35. 
 
 8 Patent medi'ne manuf 's . 14,000 8 . 
 
 53 Coopers 32,485. .248. 
 
 2 Glass factories 50,000 . . 70 . 
 
 8 Sugar refineries 177,000. .211 
 
 2 White lead, castor and 
 linseed oil factory 
 
 4 Soda-water manufacto's. 16,000.. 91. 
 10 Confectioners C,700 . . 28 . 
 
 1 Whip-maker 600.. 7. 
 
 iploved. Annual 
 Feiii. Product, 
 
 — ..$1,171,580 
 
 — . . 122,700 
 
 268. 
 181. 
 16. 
 
 10.. 
 
 43,000 
 650,550 
 
 85,150 
 180,000 
 569,000 
 
 25,000 
 303,130 
 285,925 
 182.800 
 287,-328 
 150,000 
 
 10 
 
 126,. 100.. 498,950 
 10 
 
 1146,000., 160. 
 
 6,300 
 
 215.000 
 
 276,640 
 
 402.900 
 
 10,360 
 
 7,000 
 
 217,000 
 
 55.300 
 
 48,000 
 
 74,500 
 
 12,6-38 
 
 3,500 
 
 65,000 
 
 67,000 
 
 63,000 
 
 45,000 
 
 3,600 
 
 375,000 
 
 6,000 
 
 923,900 
 
 248,000 
 
 33,640 
 
 122,800 
 
 260,850 
 
 — . . 12,800 
 3.. 6,500 
 
 — . . 26,000 
 
 — . . 2,000 
 
 — .. 2,367,750 
 — .. 96,000 
 
 — .. 96,000 
 
 — . . 288,822 
 
 — . . 64.000 
 
 — . . 1,21.8,600 
 
 — . . 600,000 
 
 — . . 60,500 
 
 — . . 57,500 
 
 — . . 4,800 
 891 
 
 112. 
 6. 
 
 69 
 
CHIEF PLACES OF THE UNITED STATES. 
 
 Business. 
 
 4 Lime-kilns 
 
 1 Cork manufactory 
 
 88 Cigar-makers 
 
 2 llectifiers 
 
 5 Machinists 
 
 8 Starch factories 
 
 44 Brick-yards 
 
 6 Sausage-makers 
 
 1 Cotton-yarn factory 
 
 13 Bricklayers 
 
 2 Organ builders 
 
 6 Cap-makers 
 
 2 Jewelers 
 
 •3 Bandbox-makers 
 
 3 Match factories 
 
 49 Butchers 
 
 1 Gas company 
 
 1 Cotton batting factory . . 
 
 1 Fire and Waterproof i 
 
 roof manufactory . . . f 
 
 1 Spice-mill 
 
 1 Lead pipe and sheet I 
 
 lead factory ) 
 
 2 Brush-makers 
 
 2 Mustard factories 
 
 1 Basket-maker 
 
 1 Umbrella-maker 
 
 7 Milliners 
 
 2 Oil cloth manufactories . 
 2 Saw factories 
 
 8 Vinegar factories 
 
 2 Bellows-makers 
 
 8 Pork houses 
 
 1 Woolen factory 
 
 82 Wagon-makers 
 
 1 Boat (yawl) builder 
 
 2 Distillers 
 
 4 Piano-makers 
 
 1 Comb-maker 
 
 2 Nailors 
 
 1 Mill-stone factory 
 
 6 Daguerreans 
 
 2 Mathematical instru- I 
 
 ment makers ) 
 
 2 Edge-tool makers 
 
 1 Block and pump maker. 
 
 2 Saddle-tree makers 
 
 1 Ship (steamboat) yard . . 
 
 Capital. ,y,g,,.,_ ^p„-;_ 
 
 $2.83U.. 14.". — .". 
 
 2,500.. 8.. — .. 
 
 20,180.. 92.. — .. 
 
 4,000. 6.. — .. 
 
 80,100.. 100.. — .. 
 
 25,000.. IT.. — .. 
 
 89,000.. 619.. — .. 
 
 505.. 6.. — .. 
 
 70.000.. 40.. 80.. 
 
 16..500..104.. — .. 
 
 8.500.. S.. — .. 
 
 6,150.. 11.. — .. 
 
 2,1(10.. 4.. — .. 
 
 420.. 7.. — .. 
 
 5,500.. 39.. — .. 
 
 $49,920.. 111.. — .. 
 
 220,000.. 40.. — .. 
 
 32,000.. 85.. — .. 
 
 9,000.. 10.. — .. 
 
 14,000.. 12..— .. 
 
 35,000.. 11.. — .. 
 
 2,500.. 20.. — . 
 
 1,900.. 8.. — . 
 
 400.. 2.. — . 
 
 4,000.. 8.. 2. 
 
 4,300.. 1.. 48. 
 
 3,000.. 80.. — . 
 
 16,500.. 16.. — . 
 
 1,450.. 7.. — . 
 
 1.500.. 8.. — . 
 
 239,800.. 23.. — . 
 
 20,000.. 15.. 10. 
 
 27,275.. 121.. — . 
 
 150.. 1.. — . 
 
 39,000.. 37.. — . 
 
 5,500.. 4.. — . 
 
 600.. 1.. — . 
 
 300.. 3.. — . 
 
 10,000.. 10.. — . 
 
 8,000.. 8.. — . 
 
 2,000.. 2.. — . 
 
 8,500.. 15.. — . 
 
 8,000.. 17.. — . 
 
 3.500.. 34.. — . 
 
 125,000.. 85.. — , 
 
 Annual 
 
 Fr.iilurt. 
 
 $21,200 
 
 8,700 
 
 80,270 
 
 28,006 
 
 98,000 
 
 165,000 
 
 801,470 
 
 9,600 
 
 170,000 
 
 104,750 
 
 9,200 
 
 11,900 
 
 5,000 
 
 3,700 
 
 16,800 
 
 $349,650 
 
 43,000 
 
 73,000 
 
 18,500 
 
 50,000 
 
 75,000 
 
 14,500 
 
 2,100 
 
 2,160 
 
 7,500 
 
 29,500 
 
 30.000 
 
 84,000 
 
 12,500 
 
 32,000 
 
 799,522 
 
 46,000 
 
 146,585 
 
 750 
 
 82,000 
 
 8,000 
 
 1,000 
 
 2,000 
 
 10,000 
 
 18,000 
 
 7,600 
 
 8,500 
 
 9,000 
 
 15,000 
 
 150,000 
 
 Total $4,377,711 7,321 1,130 $15,400,840 
 
 St. Louis must, at no distant day, become important as a 
 manufacturing city. The heaviest business, as shown above 
 in this department, is that of iron-ware. The State boasts 
 of her mountains of ore, and the coal region is at the im- 
 mediate doors of the city. A\Mthin a few years past, the 
 articles made of iron have multiplied beyond any expecta- 
 tion ; railing, fencing for agricultural use, window-sashes, 
 door-fronts, columns, caps, telegraph-wire, and water-pipe, 
 are only a few of the uses to which iron has lately been 
 applied ; and already speculation begins to whisper about 
 entire buildings being constructed, and entire streets paved 
 with it. The shops of St. Louis already compete with the 
 best artisans elsewhere, for the manufacture of steam-engines, 
 and of every species of machinery. A connection with 
 Pilot Knob, and Iron Mountain, by railway, will obviate at 
 once the difficulties of transportation, by placing the ore at 
 the furnace, cheaply and expeditiously, and thus bring into 
 general use this great metal. Missouri contain.s, then, within 
 her own bosom, an element of wealth that has not yet been 
 brought into requisition, and which is destined, at no distant 
 day, to give a strong and vigorous pulsation to her growth 
 892 
 
 in wealth. Besides this, lead and copper ore arc abun<lant, 
 exhaustless, and second in quality to the yield of no other 
 region. The contiguity of these minerals to St. Louis, ren- 
 der the mines of far more value than those of Lake Superior, 
 and will bring a better return for capital than the invest- 
 ments made iu the mines of that region. 
 
 If St. Louis, during the ten years i>recedinglS5n, increased 
 from a fraction fiver 16,000 to nearly 80,000 without the im- 
 pulse of railroads, and notwithstanding many drawbacks, 
 what must be her progress, and what her population during 
 the decade next succeeding, when, independent of other 
 causes of increase, the city will have more railroads concen- 
 trating within her limits, than Boston now has. To say that it 
 will have half a million of inhabitants, and be the third city in 
 the Union in size, would be only relying upon what the past 
 and present is i>roving, and what the future indicates un- 
 erringly. It has hitherto duplicated its population every four 
 years, and hence the reader may easily calculate the result 
 at the period alluded to. 
 
 The people of St. Louis and of the State have decided for 
 themselves what shall be their destiny. They have entered 
 upon measures of put)lic improvement, the vastness of which 
 is only equaled by the wisdom that has planned them ; and 
 such is the solid wealth, credit, and fixed purpose of the 
 people, that they will certainly carry out what they have 
 begun, and push on to completion the great railroads — the 
 Pacific, the Hannibal and St. Joseph, the St. Louis and 
 Northern Missouri, and others in various directions. 
 
 Knowing its own resources, St. Louis views with no jealous 
 eye, the efforts made in Illinois and elsewhere, to carry out 
 railroad enterprises, such as the Cenlral R. K. from Galena 
 and Chicago to Cairo, and the various cross lines that are 
 being extended from the lakes to the Mississippi — the latter, 
 profitalile as they may be to the parties interested, will yet 
 maiidy benefit St. Louis, by cimverting the thinly inhabited 
 country through which tliey pass into populous and fli)urish- 
 ing districts, whose people will resort to her to exchange their 
 products for her manufactures, and the various supplies 
 which now reach her from the West Indies, from the south 
 and the east ; while the Central Railroad, by developing a 
 still greater region, comparatively unimproved, and sparsely 
 settled, extending through Illinois north and south, will 
 create and open to the trade of St. Louis a populous belt of 
 country in front and to the right and left, the main road 
 through which will be reached in less than two hours' time, 
 by the cross lines to the east. 
 
 By virtue of railroad connections, St. Louis will thus be 
 made the immediate centre of commerce and manufacture 
 of 1,500,000 people in Illinois and Missouri, while in ten 
 years its own people, in all probability, will approach half a 
 million, and itself be the acknowledged exchange mart of 
 4,000,0U0 people. 
 
 The receipts at St. Louis of principal articles of produce 
 for the years 1849, '50, '51, and '52, were as follows : 
 
 Articles. 1849. IRfiO. 1851. 1SB2. 
 
 Wheat bush 881,428 927,346 1,700,708 1,591,886 
 
 Flour, per riv., bis 301,933 298,231) ^93 592 130,332 
 
 " " wagon " — 32,352 ) ' '' 
 
 Com sacks 142,182 484,014 1,840,900 344,720 
 
 Oats " 126,835 84S.716 794,421 323,081 
 
 Barley " 44,613 84,744 101,674 47,264 
 
 Pork bbls 113,909 101,562 103,013 66.306 
 
 " tierces — 1,873 15,793 2,704 
 
 Salt sacks 2S9,.5S0 261,230 216,933 266.616 
 
 " bbls 22,557 19,158 46,250 42,281 
 
 Hemp bales 45,227 60,862 65,886 49,122 
 
 Lead pigs 591,851 578,502 608,571 409,314 
 
 Tobacco.... hhds 9,664 9,055 10,371 14.053 
 
 " ....boxes — — 8,380 12.888 
 
 " .... bales _ _ — 300 
 
 Beef bbls 14,837 6,049 8,872 11,165 
 
 " tierces 8,121 2,586 5,640 0,546 
 
 Dry Hides.... No. 68,395 94,223 99,736 42,201 
 
CHIEF PLACES OF THE UNITED STATES. 
 
 Articles. 
 
 Nails kegs 
 
 Whisky bbls 
 
 Sugar hhds 
 
 " bbia 
 
 " boxes 
 
 Coffee sacks 
 
 Molasses bbls 
 
 Lard " 
 
 " tierces 
 
 Bacon tierces 
 
 " casks 
 
 Bacon bbls 
 
 " boxes 
 
 " pieces 
 
 " lbs 
 
 " Bag'd Hams 
 
 Bulk Pork.. casks 
 
 " "... boxes 
 
 " " ..pieces 
 
 " " lbs 12 
 
 Lumber feet 24, 
 
 Shingles " 7 
 
 Laths "10, 
 
 Staves " 
 
 1849. 
 
 28,471 
 22,814 
 3,000 
 8,064 
 
 58,702 
 
 81,217 
 
 64,615 
 
 11.041 
 
 15,512 
 
 2,195 
 
 21,764 
 
 1,646 
 
 2,26.3 
 
 18S0. 
 
 25,059 
 25,796 
 5 
 12 
 
 ,034) 
 
 ,3S8) 
 
 ,589,360 
 ,188,651 
 ,334,500 
 ,290 
 
 73,678 
 29,518 
 61,525 1 
 17,925 ) 
 14,549 
 
 7,087 I 
 23,248 f 
 8,019 ) 
 1,330 f 
 46,978 
 82,496 
 2,893 
 1,096 
 100 
 301,331 
 1,481,747 
 14,676,099 
 4,316,000 
 283,000 
 807,033 
 
 ISM. 
 
 57,862 
 47,991 
 29,276 
 
 34,687 
 
 101,904 
 40,251 
 
 52,208 
 
 14,450 
 
 16,791 
 
 1,654 
 6,629 
 
 1852. 
 
 97,148 
 46,446 
 
 85,283 
 
 27,672 
 
 31,745 
 96,240 
 54,935 
 
 42,515 
 
 11,815 
 
 11,285 
 
 1,790 
 18,809 
 
 jmg . .pieces 
 Bale Rope. . . coils 
 
 2,746 
 34,088 
 
 3,650 
 42,121 
 
 The commercial importance of the city is more readily 
 made visible by a view of its shipping trade. Below will be 
 found statements showing the arrivals, tonnage, etc., of 
 steamboats and barges in the years 1847, '48, '49, '50, '61, 
 and '52 respectively : 
 
 Arrivals from 1847. 1848. 
 
 New Orleans 502 426. . 
 
 OhioEiver 4.30. 
 
 Illinois River 658. 
 
 1849. 1850. 18.51. 1852. 
 
 .813.... 303.... 300.... 330 
 .429. . . .401 . . . .493. . . .401. . . .520 
 .690.... 686.... 788.... 634.... 858 
 Upper Mississippi . 717 .... 697 .... 806 .... 635 .... 639 .... 705 
 Missouri River. . . .314. . . .327. . . .-355. . . .390. . . .301 . . . .317 
 Cumberland — .... — .... — .... — .... 43.... 30 
 
 Cairo 146. ...194. 
 
 .122. 
 
 75.... 119.... 223 
 
 Other ports 902. . . .396. . . .217. . . .215. . . .175. . . .201 
 
 Total 2,969 
 
 Tonnage ... — 
 Keel boats . — 
 
 8,159.-2,975. . 3,239. . 2,612. . 8,174 
 , —6*3.892 681,252.. — .. — 
 , — .. 166.. 115.. — .. — 
 
 The imports from foreign countries, according to the U. 8. 
 Treasury Reports in 1850, were valued at .$359,643. Ton- 
 nage owned in the district 28,907 tons, all of the class enrolled 
 and licensed, and of which 24,956 tons were navigated by 
 steam. Five steamers (1,354 tons) had been built during 
 the year. 
 
 The following is a statement of the principal transactions 
 at the custom-house in the years 1851 and 1852 : 
 
 185-2. 1851. 
 
 The foreign value of goods, wares, 
 and merchandise, imported into 
 St. Louis from foreign countries, 
 and entered for consumption at 
 this port in 1852 $954,956 00 $757,509 00 
 
 Foreign value of merchandise re- 
 maining in public store on 31st 
 Dec, ult 11,566 00 8,261 89 
 
 The foreign value of merchandise 
 entered at other ports for trans- 
 portation hither, but not yet re- 
 eeived, estimated 72,951 00 107,902 00 
 
 Total $1,039,473 00 '$878,672 89 
 
 Of the above-mentioned goods, 
 
 wares, and merchandise, enter* 
 
 ed for consumption in 1852, the 
 
 imports were from the following 
 
 countries: From England, the 
 
 foreign value of which was 
 
 France 
 
 Germany and Holland 
 
 Spain and Dependencies 262,886 00 
 
 Brazil 93,086 00 
 
 Manilla (E. I.) 62,963 00 
 
 Other countries 6,705 00 
 
 $431,343 00 $406,118 00 
 
 75,258 00 38,404 00 
 
 22,695 00 23,239 00 
 
 220,770 00 
 
 68,983 00 
 
 Total $954,946 00 $757,509 00 
 
 $413,172 
 
 118,276 
 
 132.S94 
 
 80,729 
 
 59,826 
 
 110,814 
 
 82,985 
 
 520 
 
 756 
 
 5,733 
 
 00 $289,758 00 
 00 188,401 00 
 100,211 00 
 98,786 00 
 31.482 00 
 24,287 00 
 24.712 06 
 2,257 00 
 2,618 00 
 
 J0,168 85 $289,.318 68 
 3,129 89 2,941 03 
 
 The general descriptions of mer- 
 chandise imported and entered 
 for consumption are, viz. : sugar 
 and molasses, foreign cost 
 
 Hardware, cutlery, etc 
 
 Railroad iron 
 
 Earthen and glassware 
 
 Tin-plate, tin, iron, copper, etc. . . 
 
 Dry goods and fancy goods 
 
 Brandies,wines, gins, cordials, etc. 
 
 Burr stones 
 
 Drugs and medicines 
 
 Cigars 
 
 Total $954,946 00 $757,509 00 
 
 Amounts of duties on imports col- 
 lected 
 
 Hospital moneys 
 
 Total amount collected in 1852 $293,298 74 $243,259 71 
 
 Amount expended in 1852 for re- 
 lief of sick and distressed sea- 
 men $3,162 01 $5,441 44 
 
 Toimage on steam vessels remain- 
 ing on 31st Dec, 1852 86,872 00 
 
 St. Louis is divided into six wards, and is governed by a 
 mayor, aldermen, and common council. Besides the ordi- 
 nary State courts, it has also a separate court of common 
 pleas, with jurisdiction very similar to the circuit court, a 
 criminal co\irt, a court of probate, and a recorder's court. 
 These are local courts, exercising jurisdiction only in the 
 county, and the recorder's jurisdiction is confined to small 
 offenses within the city limits. The following Is the valua- 
 tion of the old and new limits of each ward in 1851, together 
 with the tax which each ward paid in that year. 
 
 VALUATION IN 1851. 
 ■Wards. Old Limits. Neiv Limits. Total. 
 
 First Ward $501,794.... $3,267,934.... $3,769,723 
 
 Second Ward . . . 
 
 Third Ward 
 
 Fourth Ward.... 
 
 Fifth Ward 
 
 Sixth Ward 
 
 652,021 . . 
 6.268,644.. 
 6,.379,725.. 
 2,920,098.. 
 
 361.992.. 
 
 834,265.... 
 2,519,861.... 
 1,952,429.... 
 1,287,420.... 
 4,790,021.... 
 
 1,486.286 
 8,783,505 
 8,332.154 
 4,207,518 
 5.152,013 
 
 Total $17,079,274 $14,651,930 $31,731,204 
 
 TAXES rsr 1851. 
 
 Wards. Old Limits. New Limits. Total. 
 
 First Ward $5,696 $86,696 $42,892 
 
 Second Ward 40,681 9,286 49,967 
 
 Third Ward 68,999 21,654 90,653 
 
 Fourth Ward 70,404 27,790 98,194 
 
 Fifth Ward 32,324 15,044 47,-368 
 
 Sixth Ward 4,026 53,988 58,014 
 
 Total $222,130 $164,458 $386,588 
 
 A list embracing the names of those citizens who own 
 property within the city limits exceeding $100,000 in value 
 has been compiled from the assessment books. No one 
 
 393 
 
CHIEF PLACES OF THE UNITED STATES. 
 
 Business. 
 
 4 Lime-kilns 
 
 1 Cork manufactory 
 
 88 Cigar-makers 
 
 2 Kecliflers 
 
 6 Machinists 
 
 5 Starch factories 
 
 44 Brick-yards 
 
 6 Sausage-makers 
 
 1 Cotton-yarn factory 
 
 13 Bricklayers 
 
 2 Organ builders 
 
 6 Cap-makers 
 
 2 Jewelers 
 
 8 Bandbox-makers 
 
 3 Match factories 
 
 49 Butchers 
 
 1 Gas company 
 
 1 Cotton batting factory .. 
 
 1 Fire and Waterproof i 
 
 roof manufactory . . . ) 
 
 1 Spice-mill 
 
 1 Lead pipe and sheet | 
 
 lead factory ) 
 
 2 Brush-makers 
 
 2 Mustard factories 
 
 1 Basket-maker 
 
 1 Umbrella-maker 
 
 7 Milliners 
 
 2 Oil cloth manufactories . 
 2 Saw factories 
 
 8 Vinegar factories 
 
 2 Bellows-makers 
 
 8 Pork houses 
 
 1 "Woolen factory 
 
 82 Wagon-makers 
 
 1 Boat (yawl) builder 
 
 2 Distillers 
 
 4 Piano-makers 
 
 1 Comb-maker 
 
 2 Nailers 
 
 1 Mill-stone factory 
 
 6 Daguerreans 
 
 2 Mathematical instru- ( 
 
 ment makers ) 
 
 2 Edge-tool makers 
 
 1 Block and pump maker. 
 
 2 Saddle-tree makers 
 
 1 Ship (steamboat) yard . . 
 
 „ ., , HanJs emnlnjeci. Annual 
 
 Capital. jy,g|^,_ ^^^, Pru.lu.-t. 
 
 $2,830.. 14..--.. $21,200 
 
 2,500.. 8.. — .. 8,700 
 
 20,180.. 92.. — .. 80,270 
 
 4,000. 6.. — .. 28,006 
 
 30,100.. 100.. — .. 98,000 
 
 25,000.. 17.. — .. 165,000 
 
 89,000.. 61 9.. — .. 801,470 
 
 505.. 6.. — .. 9,600 
 
 70,000.. 40.. 80.. 170.000 
 
 16,500 . . 104 . . — . . 104,750 
 
 3.,500.. S.. — .. 9,200 
 
 6.150.. 11.. — .. 11,900 
 
 2,100.. 4.. — .. 5,000 
 
 420.. 7.. — .. 3,700 
 
 5,500.. 39.. — .. 16.800 
 
 $49,920 ..111.. — .. $349,650 
 
 220.000.. 40.. — .. 43,000 
 
 82,000.. 85.. — .. 73,000 
 
 9,000.. 10.. — .. 13,500 
 
 14,000.. 12..— .. 50,000 
 
 35,000.. 11..— .. 75,000 
 
 2,500.. 20.. — .. 14,500 
 
 1,900.. 3.. — .. 2,100 
 
 400.. 2.. — .. 2,160 
 
 4,000.. 3.. 2.. 7,.500 
 
 4,300.. 1.. 48.. 29,500 
 
 8,000.. 80.. — .. 30,000 
 
 16,500.. 16.. — .. 34,000 
 
 1,450.. 7.. — .. 12,500 
 
 1,500.. 3.. — .. 32,000 
 
 239,800.. 23.. — .. 799.522 
 
 2tl,000.. 15.. 10.. 45,000 
 
 27,275.. 121.. — .. 146,585 
 
 150.. 1.. — .. 750 
 
 39,000.. 37.. — .. 82,000 
 
 5,500.. 4.. — .. 8,000 
 
 600.. 1.. — .. 1,000 
 
 300.. 8.. — .. 2,000 
 
 10,000.. 10.. — .. 10,000 
 
 8,000.. 8.. — .. 18,000 
 
 2,000.. 2.. — .. 7,600 
 
 8,500.. 15.. — .. 8,500 
 
 8,000.. 17.. — .. 9,000 
 
 3,500.. 34.. — .. 15,000 
 
 125,000.. 85.. — .. 150,000 
 
 Total $4,377,7 1 1 7,331 1,130 $15 ,400,340 
 
 St. Louis must, at no distant day, become important as a 
 manufacturing city. The heaviest business, as shown above 
 in this department, is that of iron-ware. The State boasts 
 of her mountains of ore, and the coal region is at the im- 
 mediate doors of the city. Within a few years past, the 
 articles made of iron have multiplied beyond any expecta- 
 tion; railing, fencing for agricultural use, window-sashes, 
 door-fronts, columns, caps, telegraph-wire, and water-pipe, 
 are only a few of the uses to which iron has lately been 
 applied ; and already speculation begins to whisper about 
 entire buildings being constructed, and entire streets paved 
 with it. The shops of St. Louis already compete with the 
 best artisans elsewhere, for the manufacture of steam-engines, 
 and of every species of machinery. A connection with 
 Pilot Knob, and Iron Mountain, by railway, will obviate at 
 once the difficulties of transportation, by placing the ore at 
 the furnace, cheaply and expeditiously, and thus bring into 
 general use this great metal. Missouri contains, then, within 
 her own bosom, an element of weiUth that has not yet been 
 brought into requisition, and which is destined, at no distant 
 day, to give a strong and vigorous pulsation to her growth 
 892 
 
 in wealth. Besides this, lead and copper ore are abundant, 
 exhaustless, and second in quality to the yield of no other 
 region. Tlie contiguity of these minerals to St Louis, ren- 
 der the mines of far more value than those of Lake Superiop, 
 and will bring a better return for capital than tbe invest- 
 ments made in the mines of that region. 
 
 If St. Louis, during the ten years i>receding 1S50, increased 
 from a fraction over 16,000 to nearly 80.000 without the im- 
 pulse of railroads, and notwithstanding many drawbacks, 
 what must be her progress, and what ber population during 
 the decade next succeeding, when, independent of other 
 causes of increase, the city will have more railroads concen- 
 trating within her limits, than Boston now has. To say that it 
 will have half a million of inhabitants, and be the third city in 
 the Union in size, would be only relying upon what the past 
 and present is proving, and what the future indicates un- 
 erringly. It has hitherto duplicated its population every four 
 years, and hence the reader may easily calculate the result 
 at the period alluded to. 
 
 The people of St. Louis and of the State have decided for 
 themselves what shall be their destiny. They have entered 
 upon measures of public improvement, the vastness of which 
 is only equ.iled by the wisdom that has planned them ; and 
 such is the solid wealth, credit, and fixed purpose of the 
 people, that they will certainly carry out what they have 
 liegun, and push on to completion the great railroads — the 
 Pacific, the Hannibal and St. Joseph, the St. Louis and 
 Northern Missouri, and others in various directions. 
 
 Knowing its own resources, St. Louis views with no jealous 
 eye, the etTorts made in Illinois and elsewhere, to carry out 
 railroad enterprises, such as the Central R. K. from Galena 
 and Chicago to Cairo, and the various cross lines that are 
 being extended from the lakes to the Mississippi — the latter, 
 profitable as they may be to the parties interested, will yet 
 mainly benefit St. Louis, by converting the thinly inhabited 
 country through which they pass into populous and flourish- 
 ing districts, whose people will resort to her to exchange their 
 products for her manufactures, and the various supplies 
 which now reach her from the West Indies, from the south 
 and the east; while the Central Eailroad, by developing a 
 still greater region, comparatively unimproved, and sparsely 
 settled, extending through Illinois north and south, will 
 create and open to the trade of St. Louis a populous belt of 
 country in front and to the right and loft, the main road 
 through which will be reached in less than two hours' time, 
 by the cross lines to the east. 
 
 By virtue of railroad connections, St Louis will thus be 
 made the immediate centre of commerce and manufacture 
 of 1,500,000 people in Illinois and Missouri, while in ten 
 years its own people, in all prt)bability, will approach half a 
 million, and itself be the acknowledged exchange mart of 
 4,000,000 people. 
 
 The receipts at St Louis of principal articles of produce 
 for the years 1849, '50, '51, and '52, were as follows : 
 
 Articles. 1849. 18S0. I8;il. ISM. 
 
 Wheat bush 881,428 927,346 1,700,708 1,591,886 
 
 Flour, per riv., bis 301,933 298,231 ) jgg gg^ 130 332 
 
 " " wagon " — 32,352 ) ' '' 
 
 Com sacks 142,182 484,014 1,840,900 344,720 
 
 Oats " 126,835 848.716 794,421 323,081 
 
 Barley " 44,613 34,744 101,674 47.264 
 
 Pork bbls 113,909 101,562 103,013 66.306 
 
 " tierces — 1,873 1.5,793 2,704 
 
 Salt 8.ack3 289,580 261.230 216.983 266.616 
 
 " bbls 22,557 19,158 46,250 42,281 
 
 Hemp bales 45,227 60,862 65,836 49,122 
 
 Lead pigs 591,851 573,502 503,571 409,314 
 
 Tobacco.... hhds 9,664 9,055 10,371 14.053 
 
 " ....boxes — — 8,380 12,388 
 
 " .... bales _ _ _ 300 
 
 Beef bbls 14,837 6,049 8,872 11,165 
 
 " tierces 8,121 2,586 5,640 0,546 
 
 Dry Hides.... No. 68,395 94,223 99,736 42,201 
 
CHIEF PLACES OF THE UNITED STATES. 
 
 Articles. 
 
 1849, 
 
 18S0. 
 
 ISfii. 
 
 1853. 
 
 Nai]s 
 
 . . .kegs 
 
 — 
 
 — 
 
 57.862 
 
 97,148 
 
 Whisky.. 
 
 ...bbls 
 
 28,4T1 
 
 25,959 
 
 47,991 
 
 46,446 
 
 Sugar 
 
 . hhds 
 
 22,814 
 
 25,796 
 
 29,276 
 
 35,283 
 
 « 
 
 ...bbls 
 .boxes 
 
 3,000 
 8,064 
 
 5,034 ) 
 12,333 ) 
 
 34,687 
 
 27,672 
 
 i( 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 31,745 
 
 Coffee 
 
 . .sacks 
 
 58,T02 
 
 73,678 
 
 101,904 
 
 96,240 
 
 Molasses.. 
 
 ...bbU 
 
 31,217 
 
 29,518 
 
 40,251 
 
 54,935 
 
 Lard 
 
 .tiercea 
 
 64,615 
 11.041 
 
 61.525 1 
 17,925 i 
 
 52,208 
 
 42,515 
 
 « 
 
 . . kegs 
 
 15,512 
 
 14,549 
 
 14,460 
 
 11,815 
 
 Bacon 
 
 .tierces 
 
 2,195 
 
 7,087 ) 
 23,248 ) 
 
 16,791 
 
 11,235 
 
 " 
 
 ..casks 
 
 21,764 
 
 
 Bacon 
 
 ...bbls 
 .boxes 
 
 1,646 
 2,263 
 
 8,019 1 
 1,330 ( 
 
 1,654 
 
 1,790 
 
 « 
 
 .pieces 
 
 — 
 
 46,978 
 
 6,629 
 
 18,809 
 
 " 
 
 ....lbs 
 
 — 
 
 32,496 
 
 — 
 
 — 
 
 « Bag'd Hams 
 
 — 
 
 2,893 
 
 — 
 
 — 
 
 Bulk Pork 
 
 . . casks 
 
 — 
 
 1,096 
 
 — 
 
 — 
 
 " ".. 
 
 . boxes 
 
 — 
 
 100 
 
 — 
 
 — 
 
 " " 
 
 pieces 
 
 — 
 
 301,381 
 
 — 
 
 — 
 
 " " . 
 
 ... lbs 12.589,360 
 
 1,481,747 
 
 — 
 
 — 
 
 Lumber. . . 
 
 ...feet 24,188,651 14,676,099 
 
 — 
 
 — 
 
 Shingles.. 
 
 . .. " 
 
 7,3.^,500 
 
 4,316,000 
 
 — 
 
 — 
 
 Laths .... 
 
 ... " 10,290 
 
 283,000 
 
 — 
 
 — 
 
 
 a 
 
 
 
 807,033 
 
 
 
 
 Bagging . 
 
 pieces 
 
 — 
 
 2,746 
 
 3,650 
 
 Bale Eope 
 
 . .coils 
 
 — 
 
 — 
 
 34,038 
 
 42,121 
 
 The commercial importance of the city is more readily 
 made visible by a view of its shipping trade. Below will be 
 found statements showing the arrivals, tonnage, etc., of 
 steamboats and barges in the years 1847, '43, '49, '50, '51, 
 and '52 respectively : 
 
 Arrivals from -1847. 1848. 1849, 1850. 18S1. 1S52. 
 
 New Orleans 502. . . .426. . . .313. . . .303. . . .300. . . .330 
 
 Ohio River 4.30. .. .429. . . .401 . . . .493. . . .401 . . . .520 
 
 Illinois River 653. ...690. .. .686. ...788. ...634.... 858 
 
 Upper Mississippi. 717.... 697.... 806.... 685.... 6.39.... 705 
 Missouri River. . . .314. . . .327. . . ..355. . . .390. . . .301. . . .317 
 
 Cumberland — .... — .... — .... — .... 43. . . . 80 
 
 Cairo 146.... 194. ...122.... 75... .119. ...223 
 
 Other ports 202. . . .396. . . .217. . . .215. . . .175. . . .201 
 
 Total 2,969. . 3,159 .. 2,975 . . 3,239. . 2,612. . 3,174 
 
 Tonnage... — .. —6*3,892 681,252.. — .. — 
 Keel boats. — .. — .. 166.. 115.. — .. — 
 
 The unports from foreign countries, according to the TJ. 8. 
 Treasury Reports in 1850, were valued at $859,643. Ton- 
 nage owned in the district 28,907 tons, all of the class enrolled 
 and licensed, and of which 24,956 tons were navigated by 
 steam. Five steamers (1,354 tons) had been built during 
 the year. 
 
 The following is a statement of the principal transactions 
 at the custom-house in the years 1851 and 1852 : 
 
 1852. 1851. 
 
 The foreign value of goods, wares, 
 and merchandise, imported into 
 St. Louis from foreign countries, 
 and entered for consumption at 
 this port in 1852 $954,956 00 $757,509 00 
 
 Foreign value of merchandise re- 
 maining in public store on 31st 
 Dec, ult 11,566 00 8,261 89 
 
 The foreign value of merchandise 
 entered at other ports for trans- 
 portation hither, but not yet re- 
 ceived, estimated 72,951 00 107,902 00 
 
 Total $1,039,473 00 ^873,672 89 
 
 1852. 
 
 Of the above-mentioned goods, 
 
 wares, and merchandise, enter« 
 
 ed for consumption in 1852, the 
 
 imports were from the following 
 
 countries: From England, the 
 
 foreign value of which was. . . 
 
 France 
 
 Germany and Holland 
 
 Spain and Dependencies 262,886 00 220,770 00 
 
 Brazil 93,036 00 68,983 00 
 
 Manilla (E. I.) 62,963 00 
 
 Other countries 6,705 00 
 
 $431,343 00 $406,118 00 
 75,258 00 88,404 00 
 22,695 00 23,239 00 
 
 Total $954,946 00 $757,509 00 
 
 The general descriptions of mer- 
 chandise imported and entered 
 for consumption are, viz. : sugar 
 and molasses, foreign cost 
 
 Hardware, cutlery, etc 
 
 Railroad iron 
 
 Earthen and glassware 
 
 Tin-plate, tin, iron, copper, etc. . . 
 
 Dry goods and fancy goods 
 
 Brandies, wines, gins, cordials, etc. 
 
 Burr stones 
 
 Drugs and medicines 
 
 Cigars 
 
 Total $954,946 00 $757,509 00 
 
 Amounts of duties on imports col- 
 lected $290,168 85 $239,318 68 
 
 Hospital moneys 8,129 39 2,941 03 
 
 $413,172 
 
 118,276 
 
 132,894 
 
 80,729 
 
 59,326 
 
 110,814 
 
 32,985 
 
 520 
 
 756 
 
 5,733 
 
 00 $289,758 00 
 00 133,401 00 
 100,211 00 
 98,786 00 
 31,432 00 
 24.237 00 
 24.712 06 
 2,257 00 
 2,618 00 
 
 Total amount collected in 1852 $293,298 74 $243,259 71 
 
 Amount expended in 1852 for re- 
 lief of sick and distressed sea- 
 men 
 
 Tonnage on steam vessels remain- 
 ing on 31st Dec, 1352 
 
 $3,162 01 $5,441 44 
 36,372 00 
 
 St. Louis is divided into six wards, and is governed by a 
 mayor, aldermen, and common council. Besides the ordi- 
 nary State courts, it has also a separate court of common 
 pleas, with jurisdiction very similar to the circuit court, a 
 criminal coiirt, a court of probate, and a recorder's court. 
 These are local courts, exercising jurisdiction only in the 
 county, and the recorder's jurisdiction is confined to small 
 offenses within the city limits. The following is the valua- 
 tion of the old and new limits of each ward in 1851, together 
 with the tax which each ward paid in that year. 
 
 TALtTATION IN 1851. 
 
 Wards. Old Limits. 
 
 First Ward $501,794.... 
 
 Second Ward .... 652,021 .... 
 
 Third Ward 6,263,644.... 
 
 Fourth Ward 6,379.725 .... 
 
 Fifth Ward 2,920,098.... 
 
 Sixth Ward 861.992.... 
 
 New Limits. 
 
 Total. 
 
 $3,267,934... 
 
 . $3,769,728 
 
 834,265.. 
 
 . 1,486,286 
 
 2,519,861.. 
 
 . 8,733,505 
 
 1,952,429.. 
 
 . 8,332,154 
 
 1,237,420.. 
 
 . 4,207,518 
 
 4,790,021.. 
 
 . 5.152,013 
 
 Total $17,079,274 $14,651,930 $81,731,204 
 
 TAXES IN 1851. 
 Wards. Old Limits. New Limits. Total. 
 
 First Ward $5,696 $86,696 $42,392 
 
 Second Ward 40,681 9,236 49,967 
 
 Third Ward 68,999 21,654 90,653 
 
 Fourth Ward 70,404 27,790 98,194 
 
 Fifth Ward 82,324 15,044 47,368 
 
 Sixth Ward 4,026 58,988 58,014 
 
 Total $222,130 $164,458 $386,588 
 
 A list embracing the names of those citizens who own 
 property within the city limits exceeding $100,000 in value 
 has been compiled from the assessment books. No one 
 
 393 
 
CHIEF PLACES OF THE UNITED STATES. 
 
 will misccinceive the sense of the lisL The figures opposite 
 every name indicate, not the assessed value of all their real 
 estate, nor the total of their wealth, but the value of their 
 property within the city limits only, as affixed by Uie city 
 
 assessor ; 
 
 Allen, Thomas $374,600 
 
 Ashley, Elizabeth.. . 121,300 
 
 Benoist, Louis A 200,000 
 
 Berthold,K. est 101,000 
 
 Biddle, John 115,700 
 
 Bogy, L. V 191,000 
 
 Boyce, Octavia 31 0,000 
 
 Brant, J. B 312,600 
 
 Carr, Wm. C 128,000 
 
 Chamber, Charles. . . 125,000 
 
 Chouteau, P., .Ir 290,000 
 
 Chouteau, Henry.... 185,500 
 Clemens. James, Jr. 842,000 
 Deaver, Larkin, est.. 115,300 
 Ewing, Benoist. et al 118,000 
 Finney, J. and W... 163.600 
 Gaty, McCune & Co. 171,000 
 
 Gay, J. H 115,800 
 
 Graham, Eichard... 200,000 
 
 Harney, W. S. 
 
 Harney, Mary 
 
 Lindell, Jesse G 
 
 Lindell, Peter 
 
 Lindell, P. and J. G. 
 
 Lucas, James H 
 
 Lucas & Hunt 
 
 Mullanphy, Bryan.. 
 O'Faltoii, Col. John. 
 
 Page, D. D 
 
 Pratte, Bernard 
 
 Rankin, Kobert, est. 
 
 Shaw, Henry 
 
 Slickney & Seollay. . 
 
 Tyler, Robert 
 
 Waddinghara, Wm. 
 
 Walker, Isaac 
 
 Walsh, .L and E.... 
 Wood, James 
 
 $181,900 
 265,000 
 102,700 
 420,000 
 148,400 
 462,000 
 593,000 
 291,000 
 328,300 
 427,500 
 118,200 
 155,700 
 204.100 
 132,000 
 337,000 
 110,600 
 307,500 
 166.500 
 107,000 
 
 Besides the above, there are 273 persons whose property 
 is severally valued from 20,000 to 99,000 dollars. 
 
 The thirty years since 1820 have effected vast changes in 
 the wealth and general circumstances of St. Louis, and an 
 exhibit of the assessment of that day along with one of the 
 present time can not prove altogether without interest 
 Many wealthy citizens of the old times have now, from 
 some cause or other, dwindled into poverty, and many 
 others who a few years since did not own a foot of real es- 
 tate, have become millionaires to-day. The contrast, if iu 
 some cases painful, is at all events curious. Only those tax- 
 payers whose representatives, or who themselves are still 
 living, are noticed in the following list. Of the 429 tax-pay- 
 ers that there were at that time, the names of only the prin- 
 cipal 85 are given. 
 
 Basseroa, Charles $6,225 
 
 Berthold, Bartholomew 7,600 
 
 Bates, Edw'd 1.000 
 
 Bobb, John 2,800 
 
 Benoist, Toussain and 
 
 Seraphim 1,200 
 
 Chensa, Antoine 9,175 
 
 Clark, Gov. William.. . 9,930 
 Chambers, William... 1,200 
 Chouteau, Sr. Pierre. .13,025 
 Chouteau, Sr. Auguste 9,105 
 I>uchoquette, Baptiste. 3,500 
 Duchoquette, Francois 1,245 
 
 Duncan, Robert 1,865 
 
 Everheart, George 720 
 
 English, Elk.inah 1,020 
 
 Essex & Hough 3,600 
 
 Forsyth, Thomas 2,215 
 
 Farren & Walker, Drs. 1,700 
 
 Farrar, B.irnard O 3,700 
 
 Furgusoii, Peter 1,925 
 
 Finney, John 240 
 
 Geyer, Henry S 4,830 
 
 Gratoist, Charles 8,.3O0 
 
 Gamble. ArehibaM .... 2,500 
 Giddings, Salmon 1,200 
 
 Kennerly, Jas. & Geo. .$8,000 
 Kerr, Bell &, Co.. ... . .20,000 
 
 Kerr, Matthew 3,600 
 
 Lisa's, est 10,065 
 
 Labadie, Maria Antoin- 
 ette, est 5,000 
 
 Lindell, J. & Co., com- 
 posed of P., J., &J.L. 5,050 
 Labeaume, Louis, est.. 800 
 
 Laveille, Francois 415 
 
 Long, Gabriel 2,000 
 
 Lakenan, James 1.720 
 
 Lee, Mary Ann 1,720 
 
 Lane, William Carr. . , 1,000 
 Labbadie, Joseph L. . . 1,525 
 
 Landreville, Andre 7,875 
 
 Lecompte, Margaret. . . 9,o05 
 
 Lucas, John, B. C 10.000 
 
 Mullanphy, John 8,100 
 
 M.ick.iy, James 1,500 
 
 Moore, James 1,280 
 
 M'Nair, Alexander 6,400 
 
 M'Guire, Thomas 1,910 
 
 M'Knight & Brady 8,300 
 
 O'Fallan, John 2.450 
 
 Papin, Alexander 8,715 
 
 Hunt, Wilson P 600 < Provencher, J. L 1,500 
 
 Hawkin, .Jacob. 
 
 530 I Provencher, Peter 1,215 
 
 Hnnley. Thomas 8,530 Prim, .John 1,200 
 
 Hunt, Theoilore 1.200 \ Paul, Rene 4,6S0 
 
 Hammond, Samuel. . . 7,900 [ Paul, Gabriel, 4,850 
 
 Kennerly, James 6,125 ' Papin, Hypt. and Sylv. 5,985 
 
 394 
 
 Papin, Theodore $2,000 
 
 PhiUibert, Joseph 4,055 
 
 Paul & Ingram 20.000 
 
 Pratte, B. and Jos 11,800 
 
 Price Risdon H 8,800 
 
 Phillipsen, .Jos 11,000 
 
 Pratte, Bernard 10,165 
 
 Quarlas, Robert 3,000 
 
 Reed, Jesse 4,000 
 
 Rector, Wm 10,900 
 
 Rankin, Robert 800 
 
 Roubidox, Jas. and F . 9,055 
 
 Reed, Jacob, est 1,500 
 
 Rector, Elias 1,365 
 
 Riddock, Thomas F.. . 7,070 
 
 Reyn.ird, Hyacinth 7,670 
 
 Sullivan, William 2,4-35 
 
 Sarrade Jean 1,800 
 
 Smith, William, est.. . . 6,500 
 
 Scott, Mnses 1,012 
 
 Smith, Oliver C 2,712 
 
 Simpson, Robert 4,200 
 
 Sarpy, .John B $6,3T0 
 
 Sanguinette, Marianne 6,415 
 
 Stokes & Ashley 4,000 
 
 Scott, Alexander 2,600 
 
 Thornton, .John 5C 
 
 Tisson, Louis H 800 
 
 Tesson, Michael 9,862 
 
 Town & Dent 2,000 
 
 Tracy & Wahrendorff. . 3,570 
 
 Vonphul, Henry 5,460 
 
 Valois, Francois 3,615 
 
 Wiggins, Samuel 1,200 
 
 Whetmore, Alphonzo. 1,887 
 
 White, Isaac W 412 
 
 White, Joseph 800 
 
 Wolford, Ann 2,115 
 
 Walker, David C 2,345 
 
 Wilier & Page 1,150 
 
 Wherry, Mackay 1,085 
 
 Wash, Robert 3,975 
 
 Yoste, Theaste 4,790 
 
 For the year 1821 the total taxes levied on property situ- 
 ated within the town limits and precincts, is $3,823 80. St. 
 Louis at that period contained only some 867 buildings, and 
 but sixty stores. The total number of slaves was 316. 
 
 The history of St. Louis is one of great interest On the 
 15th February, 1764, La Clede and his party landed at the 
 spot now occupied by the city, and proceeded to draw the 
 town limits, which he named St Louis, in honor of Louis XV. 
 of France, a town which subsequently became the capital 
 of Upper Louisiana, and which is now the commercial 
 capital of Missouri. For long years after this period, the 
 beasts of the forest afforded nourishment to the settlers, and 
 rude huts on the ground and scaffolding in the trees shelter 
 and protection to the daring people who first exposed the 
 bosom of the soil to the genial influences of social industry. 
 From the time of its establishment up to the year 1768, St 
 Louis had grown apace, and every thing connected with its 
 position and prospects warranted the anticipation of a 
 peaceful existence under a mild and patriarchal form of 
 government In the mean time, however, the fact of the 
 cession of Louisiana to Spain became known, and disturb- 
 ance at once interrupted the tranquillity of the settlers, who 
 rebelled against the change of masters. The inhabitants 
 clung closely to their loved government of France, and it 
 was not until 1768 that St. Louis was occupied by Spanish 
 troops. From this perioil, the settlements made but little 
 progress. Upon the transfer of the country from Spain to 
 the United States in 1803, the immigration of the Anglo- 
 Americans commenced, and the population slowly but 
 steadily augmented in numbers. On the 26th March, 1804, 
 the country was constituted a District of the United States, 
 under the name of the District of Louisiana, and on the 
 19th October of the same year, W. II. Harrison, then 
 governor of Indiana, instituted the American authority. On 
 the 4th July, 1805, it w.as erected into the Territonj of 
 Louisiana, and on the 4th July, 1812, it received the name 
 of the Territory of Missouri. " We have now arrived at a 
 period," says Wilson Primm, in an address on the anniver- 
 sary of the founding of the city in 1S51, when a new era was 
 to dawn, not only on St Louis, but on all her northern and 
 western dependencies, when a power greater than that of 
 the fabled lamp of Aladdin was to be brought into requisi- 
 tion, and by its magic, to mature as it were in a day, in the 
 western wilds of America, an existence, which on the shores 
 of the eastern continents, the lapse of centuries h.ad not been 
 able to procure. In 1817, the ' General Pike,' the first steam- 
 boRt that ever ascended the Mississippi, made its appearance 
 at St Louis." The " Independence" was the first steamboat 
 that ascended the Missouri (May, 1819). Passing over 
 the fierce discussions which eventuated in the establishment 
 
CHIEF PLACES OP THE UNITED STATES. 
 
 of Missouri as one of the confederacy in 1820, we come to 
 the year 1S22, when St. Louis was erected into a city. Since 
 that time what wonderful changes have talicn place. Work- 
 ing its way to importance and greatness, St. Louis has still 
 maintained its onward and upward flight. The advantages 
 of (education, the lights of science, the blessings of religion, 
 placed within the reach of all ; the establishment of a wise 
 and vigorous municipal government, under the auspices of 
 which its limits have been enlarged, and its interior im- 
 proved and embellished ; the erection of manufactures, the 
 extension of the arts, the regulation of commerce — all these 
 results have derived themselves from the natural resources 
 ' of the city, and the intelligence and enterprise of its inhab- 
 itants. St. Louis has now a name and reputation at home 
 and abroad of which all may be proud. 
 
 Saint Paul, p. v., and cap. Ramsey co., Minn. Ter. : on 
 the left bank of the Mississippi, 15 m. by water and 8 m. by 
 land below the Falls of St Anthony, and about half that 
 distance below the mouth of Minnesota r., lat. 44P 52' 46" N., 
 and long. 93° 04' 54" W. It- is situate on two broad benches 
 of land, the lowest of which is 50 feet above the high water 
 mark of the Mississippi, which river flows past the town in 
 an E. by N. direction. The town site is flanked by beauti- 
 ful bluffs, from which issue springs of cold clear water, and 
 nature has done everj' thing to make it a romantic and 
 healthful situation. The first store, or trading house, was 
 built in 1S42, and seven years later it was the site of a 
 Catholic mission, surrounded by stunted copse, and looking 
 across the river from his elevated table rock, the pious re- 
 cluse saw a gloomy and silent forest frowning upon the slug- 
 gish waters and rising with the river hills, falling back for 
 miles into the prairie, presenting an aspect of interminable 
 woodlands reaching to the distant sunset. The town has 
 risen from this wilderness as if by magic. It has now an 
 imposing State-house, 139 feet by 53 feet, a court-house, 
 with metallic dome, glittering in the sun like a fairy castle, 
 jail, nine churches for Christian worship, 518 dwellings, of- 
 fices and shops, 70 manufactories and business houses, 4 
 hotels, 4 school-houses, public and private. In machinery 
 of various kinds, including a Douring-mill, an iron foundry, 
 a plow factory, 4 wagon shops, etc., $177,000 is invested ; 
 and stocks of merchandise of all descriptions are valued at 
 $790,000 — the last sum including the amount invested in 
 the Indian trade. These statistics refer to the spring of 
 1853, at which period it contained between 2,500 and 3,000 
 inhabitants. In 1S50 its population numbered only 1,135. 
 Lines of steamers, coming and going daily, omnibuses, 
 coaches, etc., and yet St. Paul's is in the wilderness. Look 
 where you will, and the primitive features of the surround- 
 ing country remain unchanged, and the wild animal and 
 Indian still haunt the grounds to which ages of occupancy 
 have given them a prescriptive right. This new town, how- 
 ever, will " go ahead," aud must eventually become a dep6t 
 of a vast interior commerce. It will receive and distribute 
 the merchant ware of the Upper Mississippi and the whole 
 valley of the Minnesota, which is now being opened to set- 
 tlement. Already the annual arrival of steamers from below 
 averages 200, bringing to the rising Slate a wealth of labor 
 that will soon level the forests and make the lan<l glad with 
 its burden of agricultural profusion. " The society at St. 
 Paul's," says a recent writer, " is a peculiar cotiglomeration 
 of attractive and repellant elements, reaching through all 
 shades of color, from the bronzed savage to the smoothly 
 polished Circassian; and that conhision of tongues which 
 distracted the builders of Babel is no comparison to the St. 
 Paulian jargon. The Sioux, the French, the Patois, Dutch, 
 German, Norwegian, Irish, English, aud American alter- 
 nately salute you in the street. * * * There are but few 
 drones here ; every body is busy, with no idle moneyed 
 aristocrats to tyrannize over the industrious poor. * * * 
 All here arc strangers from different parts — all adventurers; 
 all industrious, generally very orderly, and consequently 
 very prosperous and happy." 
 
 Salem, p. city, port of entry, and one of the caps. Essex 
 CO., Mass. : on Salem harbor of Massachusetts bay, 14 m. 
 N. E. by N. Boston. Lat. (E. I. M. Hall) 42° 31' 18" N., 
 long. 70° 53' 53" W. It is chiefly built on a narrow penin- 
 sula, formed by two inlets from the harbor, called North and 
 South rivers. The latter forma the main harbor, which 
 affords good anchorage ground, but vessels drawing moro 
 than 14 feet of water must be partially unloaded before they 
 can come to its wharves. The site of the city is low, but 
 pleasant and healthy. Its compact portion is about H m. 
 long and i m. wide. Its streets are quite irregular, but of 
 late many of them have been much improved. It is gener- 
 ally well built, and many of the houses and public buililinga 
 are very handsome structures. Washington Square is a 
 fine public park of eight acres, ornamented with trees, etc. 
 The principal public buildings are, the City Hall, built in 
 1837, a very fine building, with granite front; tho Court- 
 house, a new edifice, handsomely situated ; the Custom- 
 house, Mechanic Hall, market-house, alms-house, and jail. 
 The Museum of the East India Marine Society is a cele- 
 brated collection of about 5,000 curiosities of nature and art, 
 collected from almost every part of the world, kept in a spa- 
 cious hall built by the society. This society was formed in 
 1799 of those who, as captains or supercargoes, had doubled 
 the Cape of Good Hope or Cape Horn, and in 1823 tho 
 number of its members residing in Salem was 160. There 
 are 20 churches, of which several are very handsome edi- 
 fices. Much attention is given to education, and the public 
 schools are of superior excellence. The Salem Athenajum, 
 incorporated in 1810, has a spacious hall in Lawrence Place, 
 with a very valuable library of 11,000 volumes. The Essex 
 Institute has 2,500 volumes, with other collections ; the Me- 
 chanics' Library contains 1,200 volumes ; besides which there 
 are two other libraries. In 1850 the periodical press con- 
 sisted of 6 issues ; viz., 1 tri-weekly, " Salem Gazette" 
 (whig) ; 2 semi-weekly, " S. Register" (whig) and " Essex 
 County Freeman" (F. S.) ; 3 weekly, " S. Observer" (neuL), 
 '• S. Mercury" (neut.), and the '• Villager" (fam.). 
 
 The manufactures of Salem are considerable. The 
 Naumkeag Cotton Manufacturing Company have a capital 
 of $1,000,000, run about 28,000 spindles, employ about 600 
 operatives, and annually manufacture 5,000,000 yards of 
 goods. There are 2 cordage factories, each employing 
 about 60 hands, 3 twine factories, an iron factory, brass 
 foundry, and 4 large machine shops. The manufactures of 
 leather, boots and shoes, chemicals, and gum copal is very 
 extensively carried on. There are 7 banks, with an aggre- 
 gate capital of $1,750,000 ; 6 insurance companies, with total 
 capital of $900,000 ; 1 marine insurance company, and an 
 institution for savings. The lines of railroad leading from 
 Salem are — Eastern R. R., passing through it t^om Boston 
 to Portland ; Essex R. R., from Salem to Lawrence, 21 m. ; 
 Salem and Lowell R. R., 24 m. ; South Reading Branch R. P^ 
 to Boston, via South Reading, 19 m. ; and the Marblebead 
 Branch R. R., 4 m. 
 
 In foreign commerce Salem was for a long period the 
 second town in New England, and was especially distijj- 
 guished for its East India trade, by which it was very 
 greatly enriched. In 1818 the number of vessels employed 
 in this trade, belonging to Salem, was 53, the tonnage of 
 which was 14,272 tons. This trade is not now carried on so 
 extensively as formerly from this port, but many vessels 
 therein engaged are owned here, and deliver their cargoes 
 in Boston and New York. The total tonnage of Salem dis- 
 trict on 30th June, 1850, was 28,916 tons. The registered 
 tonnage was 20,317 tons, of which 19,710 tons were perma- 
 nent, and 607 tons temporary. The enrolled and licensed 
 tonnage was 8,599 tons, all permanent ; of which 8,430 tons 
 were employed in the coasting traile, 97 tons in cod fishery, 
 and 72 tons in the mackerel fishery. In neither class of 
 tonnage was any portion employed in steam navigation. 
 During the year preceding, the number of clearances for 
 foreign countries was 872 — 35,003 tons. The number of 
 
 305 
 
CHIEF PLACES OF THE UNITED STATES. 
 
 entrances during the same period, as given in the U. S. 
 Treasury reports, are united with those of Beverly district, 
 and their united total is 386—30,790 tons. Of the entire 
 foreign commerce about five-twelfths of the tonnage was 
 American, seven-twelltlia foreign. During the year 1 ship 
 was built— 299 tons. An U. S. naval officer is stationed at 
 this port. 
 
 The city government is vested in the mayor, board of 6 
 aldermen, and common council, composed of 24 members, 
 6 from each of the 4 wards. Tlie city school committee is 
 composed of 21 members. The territory of the city, includ- 
 ing islands, contains 5,429 acres. An aqueduct supplies the 
 city with excellent spring water. The city alms-house, 
 erected in 1810, is on the Neck, surrounded by a large farm. 
 A bridge over the North r., l,4Sl feet long, connects Salem 
 with Beverly, N. of which is also the railroad bridge. 
 
 The population at different periods has been as follows : 
 
 year. Pop. 
 163T... 900 
 1765...4,42T 
 1T90... 7,921 
 
 Year. Pop. 
 
 1800... 9,457 
 
 1810... 12,613 
 1820... 12,731 
 
 Year. I'op. Year. Pop. 
 
 1830... 13,895 I 1S45... 16,762 
 1836. . .15,002 1850. . .20,264 
 1840... 15,083! 
 
 Salem was settled in 1626, incorporated June 29, 1629, 
 made shire town November 9, 1644, and incorporated as a 
 city March 23, 1S36. Its Indian name was Naumkeag. In 
 1629 it contained 200 inhabitants, and the first church was 
 then formed, In July, 16.30, 17 ships arrived, with 1,500 
 persons, by some of whom Boston was founded. In 1692 
 the witchcraft delusion prevailed, during which 19 persons 
 were condemned and hanged as witches. In 1774, when 
 Boston was a closed port. Gen. Gage ordered the removal 
 of the general court to this place, which called out great 
 remonstrance ft-om its citizens. During the Kevolutiou it 
 was distinguished for patriotism, and especially for its va- 
 rious naval achievements. In the course of the war it fitted 
 out about 60 vessels, manned by about 4,000 men. At the 
 end of the war it commenced the East India trade. The 
 first vessel thus engaged was at the Cape of Good Hope in 
 1784, and at Canton in 1786. In 1782 was established the 
 first regular stage communication with Boston, which was 
 tri-weekly ; the railroad to Boston was opened August 28, 
 1838. The usual time at present of passing over it to Boston 
 is 45 minutes. On December 23, 1847, the telegraph wires 
 were completed to this place from Boston. 
 
 Salp.m, p. v., and cap. Marion co, and capital of the Ter- 
 ritory of Oregon: is situated on the K. bank of the 'Willa- 
 mette river, and contains the State buildings, etc. 
 
 Salina, t. and p. v., Onondaga county, N. T. : 133 m. 
 W. N. W. Albany. Drained by several small streams fiow- 
 ing into Onondaga lake, which bounds it on the W. Sur- 
 face rolling ; soil of great fertility, and well cultivated. It 
 is celebrated for its salt manufactures — the Onondaga Salt 
 Springs, owned by the State, being located here, mostly on 
 the " Onondaga Salt Spring Reservation," consisting of de- 
 tached lots of various dimensions, situated promiscuously in 
 the town. They are the largest and best in the United 
 States. The making of salt, both by solar evaporation and 
 by artificial heat, is carried on extensively in the villages of 
 Salina, Syracuse, and Liverpool. The principal 8i)ring is 
 at Salina v., which affords an inexhaustible supply of water, 
 yielding to every 40 gallons about one bushel of pure salt. 
 The water is forced up by hydraulic engines into a large 
 reservoir, from which Syracuse and other places are supplied 
 by means of pipes. In 1850, there were manufactured at the 
 Salina works 46,546 bushels of coarse salt, 1,SG6,4;55 bushels 
 of fine, and 262,730 bushels of ground or dairy salt— total, 
 2,175,711 bushels. The amount of duty accruing to the State 
 from these works was $14,864. The v. is located on the E. 
 bank of the lake, and on the Oswego Canal, 2 m. N. Syra- 
 cuse. It was incorporated in 1824, and contains — besides a 
 number of stores and groceries, fiouring and other mills — 
 an extensive machine shop and a furnace worked by steam, 
 fur the purpose of manufacturing steam-engines and fine 
 
 am 
 
 castings, several other machine shops, etc. Population of 
 t. 2,142. 
 
 Sausburt, t. and p. v., Litchfield county. Conn. : 41 m. 
 N.W. Hartford. Bounded on the N. by Connecticut r., E. 
 by the Housatonic r., and on the W. by New York. Im- 
 mense hydraulic power is derived from the Housatonic and 
 Salmon rivers, and it is well watered by several lakes and 
 ponds. The surface is formed by lofty elevations and deep 
 valleys, but the soil is well adapted to all kinds of grain and 
 to pasturage. Limestone predominates in the valleys, and 
 the hills are of granite. Iron ore is the chief staple com- 
 modity, inexhaustible quantities of which, celebrated for its 
 superior quality, are here found, and the manufactures of it 
 are extensive. Wood, also, is abundant, large quantities of 
 which are turned into charcoal, and with other materials 
 found here, used for smelting the ore. The " Old Ore Hill," 
 located near the New York line, has been worked since the 
 year 1732. The first furnace was erected in 1762, and a 
 large amount of cannon-balls and bomb-shells were manu- 
 factured here during the Eevolutionary War. There are 
 now in Salisbury several furnaces, forges, puddling estab- 
 lishments, manufactories of guns, anchors, scythes, engine 
 cranks, hoes, trip-hammers, etc. The forges and puddling 
 establishments produce an immense quantity of wrought 
 iron, which is used for anchors, car axlelrees, musket bar- 
 rels, etc. Some of the oldest guns in our navy were made 
 at the old furnace here, and muskets are still being made 
 from the products of these mines. The ore is the brown 
 hematite, and yields 40 per cent, of pig iron. The v. of 
 Salisbury is located on Salmon r., and is a pleasant place. 
 Pop. of t. 3,103. 
 
 Salt Lake City, or City of the Great Salt Lake, p. city, 
 and cap. Salt Lake co., Utah Ter. : on Jordan river, a strait 
 between Utah and Great Salt lakes, 105 m. N. by E. Fillmore 
 City. This settlement of the Mormons is situated at the west- 
 ern base of the Wasatch Mountains, on an elevation of more 
 than 4,000 feet. The Mormon communion was first organ- 
 ized in 1830, under the auspices of Joseph Smith, the 
 prophet and founder, and the settlement commenced at this 
 place under Brigham Young, his successor, in July, 1S47 ; 
 soon after which it was laid out in streets and squares for a 
 large city, and a fort or inclosure erected for defense against 
 attacks by Indians. The streets are well planned, running at 
 right angles S rods wide, with sidewalks of 20 feet, the blocks 
 40 rods square, divided into S lots, each containing one acre 
 and a quarter. The houses arc built principally of sun-dried 
 brick, and present a neat appearance. In October the col- 
 ony was strengthened by the arrival of from 3,000 to 4,000 
 persons, since which time building and agriculture have been 
 prosecuted to such an extent that it is now a place of con- 
 siderable note. Agriculture and the raising of stock are the 
 chief pursuits of the inhabitants ; but establishments are 
 being erected for the manufacture of woolen goods, sugar, 
 etc. ; wood, iron ore, and alum is found in the vicinity, and 
 salt is manufactured from the waters of the lake, which con- 
 tains 20 per cent, of pure salt. By an Act of Congress, a 
 mail line has been established from this city through the 
 principal cities and towns to San Diego (California). A 
 school for the education of teachers has been commenced, 
 school-houses built for the instruction of children, a univer- 
 sity is in contemplation (the site of which has been selected 
 on one of the terraces of the mountain, overlooking the 
 city), and altogether it is in a flourishing condition. P 6,157 
 San Antonio, p. v., and cap. Bexar co., Tex. : near the 
 source of the river so called, 73 ra. S. S. W. Austin City, 
 lat 29° 25' 22" N., and long. 9S0 29' 15" W. It is located on 
 both sides of the river, about 20 m. above its junction with 
 the Medina, .and is one of the oldest towns in North 
 America, containing in.any ancient structures. The Alamo 
 in the N. E. part of the t. on the left bank of the river, is a 
 large oblong walled inclosure, of .about an acre in extent, 
 once used as a fortress, but now in a ruinous coniiition. This 
 t. is celebrated in history as the scene of several battles, and 
 
CHIEF PLACES OF THE UNITED STATES. 
 
 tbe Alamo was gallantly defended by Col. Travis for two 
 weeks. A United States arsenal is located here, and an 
 Ursuline convent, and several other Catholic institutions. 
 The Mexican Gulf E. E. will verge from this place, and 
 connect with Saluria (Calhoun co.). The " Western Texian" 
 is a weekly issue. Pop. 3,48S. 
 
 San Diego, p. v., and cap. San Diego CO., Calif. : near 
 the S. boundary of California, in lat 32° 41' 5S" N., and 
 long. 1170 13' 25" W., 425 m. S. E. San Francisco, and 455 
 from Vallejo. It is on a wide and spacious bay, the S. 
 shore of which is low and sandy. From the opposite side a 
 narrow strip of shingle beach projects into the sea, forming 
 a natural breakwater, having an entrance of not more than 
 800 yards wide, and is, with the exception of Acapulco, the 
 finest harbor on the Pacific. The r., which is small, is on a 
 plain 3 m. from the anchorage, which is al the foot of the 
 hills just inside the bay, and from which it is scarcely visi- 
 ble. It was the first place occupied by the Spaniards in 
 Upper California. Tliere is a fort in the v., which is occu- 
 pied by a U. S. garrison. Coal is found in the vicinity. 
 Population 700. 
 
 Sandusky City, p. v., port of entry, and cap. Erie co., 
 Ohio: on the S. side of the bay so called, fronting the open- 
 ing into, and 3 m. from. Lake Erie, N. } E. Columbus. The 
 v. is based on an extensive quarry of excellent stone, which 
 has been used to a great extent as a building material in the 
 city, as well as an article of export to other places. The 
 ground on which the v. is built has a gradual rise from the 
 water for about half a mile, thereby aflfording a fine view of 
 the lake. The wharves are substantial and commodious, and, 
 with the exception of a short time in the winter season, are 
 thronged with steamboats and other lake vessels arriving 
 and departing with travelers and merchandise. There are 
 ship-yards situated here, at which vessels and steamboats 
 are built to a considerable extent. It is connected with 
 Cincinnati by the Mad Eiver and Lake Erie K. E. 21S 
 miles, and to Newark by the Sandusky, Mansfield, and 
 Newark E. E. 116 miles distant, by which means a heavy 
 transportation business is carried on with the interior and 
 the Ohio river. Other roads are projected, and will ere long 
 be built, as the Lake Shore line, etc. 
 
 From a detailed statement of the commerce of the port of 
 Sandusky, and other places in the district, published in the 
 '• Commercial Reporter," the following statistics are com- 
 piled, which exhibit a large increase in the business of 1S52, 
 as compared with that of 1S51 : 
 
 COMSraCCE OF SANDUSKY CITY. 
 Imports. Exports. Total Commerce. 
 
 1 852 140,896,085 $18,789,814 $59,685,899 
 
 1851 13,917,564 4,755,729 18,673,293 
 
 Increase. $26,978,521 $14,U34,0S5 $41,012,606 
 
 COMSIERCE OF OTHEK PORTS OF DISTKIOT. 
 
 Imports. Exports. Total Commerce. 
 
 1852 $4,176,321 $1,237.267 $5,413,588 
 
 1851 1,411,918 1.160,153 2,572,071 
 
 Increase . . $2,764,403 $77,114 $2,841 ,517 
 
 TOTAL OF SANDUSKY DISTMCT. 
 Imports. Exports. Total Commerce. 
 
 1852 $45.072,406 $20,027,081 $65,099,487 
 
 1861 16,329,482 5,915,882 21.245,364 
 
 Increase. $29,742,924 $14,111,199 $43,854,123 
 
 To account in part for this great increase, it is proper to 
 state, that the exhibit of the commerce for 1851 did not in- 
 clude money packages by express, which are included in 
 that of 1852. 
 
 The number of arrivals and departures for the same year, 
 comparatively, were as follows: 
 
 Arrivals. Departures. Total. 
 
 1852 3,242 3,250 6.492 
 
 1851 1.998 1,990 3,998 
 
 .... 2,494 
 
 Increaae 1,244 1,260 
 
 The Sandusky District extends from Black river to Port 
 Clinton, and has a coast line of 50 miles. The shipping 
 places are Vermilion, Huron, and Port Clinton on the lake, 
 the city of Sandusky, and Seneca within Sandusky bay, 
 and Fremont, 36 miles up Sandusky river. The shipping 
 owned in the district in 1850 was 7,328 tons. The port has 
 also some small intercourse with the British provinces. 
 
 Sandusky was originally laid out in 1817 by two gentle- 
 men from Connecticut, and the first dwelling erected in the 
 fall of that year. The first church was built in 1830. It 
 now contains the county court-house, jail, and other public 
 buildings, several churches, an academy built of stone, three 
 stories high, a large number of stores, several commission 
 houses, extensive machine shops, at which are manufactured 
 iron for railroad cars ; two banks, pruiting-offices, hotels, 
 and other establishments. A short distance back from the 
 bay is a public square, around which are the principal pub- 
 lic buildings and churches. On the whole, Sandusky is a 
 well-planned and flourishing city, and rapidly inaeasing in 
 importance. There are five papers published here, the " S. 
 Mirror," (dem.) daily and weekly, " Commercial Eegister" 
 (com.) daily, " S. Clarion," weekly (whig), " Daily San- 
 diiskian" daily (whig), and "The Gleaner" monthly (neut.) 
 Pop. 5,088, which includes Portland. 
 
 San Francisco, p. city, port of entry, and cap. San Fran- 
 cisco CO., Calif. : on a narrow neck of land between the bay 
 of the same name and the Pacific Ocean, fronting eastward 
 on the bay, and having the ocean five miles on the west. 
 Lat. of the Presidio, 37° 47' 35" N., and long. 122° 26' 15" W. 
 
 The year that gave birth to the great Western Eejiublic 
 on the Atlantic shore also witnessed the first permanent set- 
 tlement on the coast of California. In 1776, two Catholic 
 missionaries — Francisco Palou and Benito Cambon — landed 
 on the Bay of San Francisco, and proceeded to establish a 
 central point for their operations in civilizing and Christian- 
 izing the native tribes. Finding a fertile tract, capable of 
 irrigation, near 2 m. S. of the present city, they chose that 
 for their home, and founded the Mission Dolores, a name 
 commemorative of the sufferings of the Virgin. The mis- 
 sions of San Jos6, Santa Clara, San Eaphael, and others, 
 were established subsequently, and were dependent on that 
 of San Francisco. On the present site of the city a few 
 houses were erected about the same time. This settlement 
 was called Yerha Bttena — " good herb," because a herb of 
 that name, reputed medicinal and sometimes used as a sub- 
 stitute for Chinese tea, was found in abundance on the sur- 
 rounding hills. The town retained this name until occupied 
 by the Americans. All the buildings were of adobes. The 
 presidio, three miles W. of the town, and near the entr.ance 
 of the bay, was built about the same time for government 
 purposes. Soon after its organization the mission flourished 
 rapidly ; the Indians learned to repose confidence in the 
 padres, and embraced with avidity the new religion and 
 many of the arts of civilization ; they lived in small com- 
 munities, and were occupied in tilling the earth and other 
 employments under the direction of the missionaries. Some 
 idea of the extent of the operations of the padres may be 
 formed from the fact that there belonged to the mission at 
 one period 20,000 head of cattle, 3,000 horses, and 30,000 
 sheep. In 1810 the number of Christian baptisms had 
 reached 8,896, and in 1S31, the period of greatest prosperity, 
 the whole number had amounted to 6,883. From this date the 
 mission declined, and the Indians were driven off by politicU 
 disturbances. From 1831 to 1849 the number of baptisms 
 was only 468. Of the entire list, it is computed that nine- 
 tenths were Indians, and the remainder Californians or im 
 migrants and their descendants, principally from Mexico. 
 In the mean time the town was slowly increasing, some im- 
 portance being attached to it in consequence of the hides 
 and tallow which it exported. In 1839 it was laid out as a 
 town by Captain John Vioget, the few houses being pre- 
 viously scattered without regularity. In 1845 it contained 
 150 inhabitants. About this time it began to attract the at- 
 
 397 
 
CHIEF PLACES OF THE UNITED STATES. 
 
 tentioa of some adventurous Americans, and the popiilatimi 
 increased in two years to nearly 500. It was, in fact, an 
 American settlement long before it fell a conquest to the 
 United States. 
 
 The bay on which the city stands extends S. of it some 
 50 m. parallel with the sea, from which it is only separated 
 by a narrow strip of land, varjing from 5 to 25 m. in breadth. 
 The city is on the extreme point of this peninsula. Its site 
 is handsome and commanding, being on an inclined plane 
 half a mile in extent from the water's edge to the hills in 
 the rear. Two points of land — Clark's Point on the N., and 
 Eincon Point on the S., one mile apart — project into the 
 bay, forming a crescent between them, which is the water 
 front of the city, and which has already been filled in and 
 covered with buildings for the extent of h.ilf a mile. Those 
 points and the lofty liills, N. and W., upon which the 
 city is rai)idly climbing, afford a most extensive and pic- 
 turesque view of the surrounding country. Standing on 
 Telegra|(^ Hill, to the N. of the city, and looking E., the 
 spectator sees the spacious bay, 8 m. in 'width, crowded 
 with ships of all nations, and the fertile coast of Contra 
 Costa beyond, with its new city of Oakland, behind which 
 rises hill on hill, to the red wood forests on the summits — 
 towering over the rest, the conical peak of Mount Diabolo, 
 at a distance of 30 m. To the N. is the entrance from the 
 ocean, and Saucilito, 6 m. distant, at the foot of the opposite 
 hills. The northern arm of the bay also stretches away till 
 lost in the distance, studded with smoking steamers on their 
 way to the numerous points on the Sacramento and San 
 Joaquin rivers. To the 8. is the busy city, the Mission 
 Dolores, the southern arm of the bay lost in the horizon, 
 and the dim, distant coast-range running parallel on the E. 
 Pacing TV. is seen the narrow strait through which the rest- 
 less ocean ebbs and flows, and into which the sea-breeze 
 sweeps daily with its chilling but purifying mists — the 
 Golden Gate, the Presidio, the fort, and the great ocean 
 beyond. 
 
 The Bay of San Francisco, says Fremont, has been cele- 
 brated, from the time of its first discovery, as one of the finest 
 in the world, and is justly entitled to that character, even 
 under the seaman's view of a mere harbor. But when all 
 the accessary advantages which belong to it— fertile and 
 picturesque dependent country ; mildness and salubrity of 
 climate ; connection with the great interior Valley of the 
 Sacramento and San Joaquin ; its vast resources for ship- 
 timber, grain, and cattle — when these advantages are all 
 taken into account, with its geographical position on the 
 line of communication witli Asia, it rises into an importance 
 far above that of a mere harbor, and ileserves a particular 
 notice in any account of maritime California. Its latitudinal 
 position is that of Lisbon ; its climate is that of Southern 
 Italy ; settlements upon it for more th.in half a century at- 
 test its healthiness ; bold shores and mountains give it 
 grandeur; the extent and fertility of its dependent country 
 give it great resources for agriculture, commerce, and pop- 
 ulation. (See article Califoknia.) 
 
 The city, as it now exists, is regularly laid out into streets 
 and squares, and contains a vast number of wholesale ajid 
 and retail stores, well built, many of brick, and in its public 
 buildings is not behind the majority of Atlantic cities in 
 point of architecture and ornament AH is being built on a 
 magnificent scale commensurate with the greatness of the 
 golden lands of which it is the commercial depSt. Its facil- 
 ities for shipping are excellent, and its anchorage safe and 
 commodious. It would, however, be useless to describe 
 such a place ; its daily progress and general advancement 
 render such an attempt nugatory, as a cieseription of to-day 
 would give but a poor idea of its condition on the morrow. 
 To sum up its past and give its latest statistical returns 
 is all that can be required. The city is governed by a 
 mayor, aldermen, and recorder, and has various municipal 
 courts, in which justice is regularly dispensed. The streets 
 which BO lately were mere sand-tracks, are now paved and 
 898 
 
 lighted, and in regard of its police an unparalleled efficiency 
 is maintained. There are many things in San Francisco, 
 however, which would not be tolerated in New England; it 
 has its gaming houses and swindling shops of every degree, 
 and many of its hotels are absolute hells ; but these are the 
 incidents of its peculiar situation. The receptacle of the 
 " fast men'' of all countries, and the threadlxire characters 
 of the Atlantic States, it is only wonderful that it is not 
 worse than it really is said to be. But tliis i)osilion of af- 
 fairs can only be temporary, and will be gradually removed 
 as a permanent population is attained. 
 
 The corporation of San Francisco consists of a mayor, 
 recorder, marshal, controller, treasurer, tax collector, city 
 attorney, street commissioner, three county assessors, county 
 justice, constable, eight aldermen, and eight assistant alder- 
 men. The police force consists of a captain, assistant cap- 
 tain, and thirty-two men. Several of the heavy mercantile 
 houses employ special policemen, maintained at their own 
 expense, but clothed with authority by the mayor and mar- 
 shal. Tlie health department levies one dollar from each 
 passenger landing by sea, which entitles the sick to admis- 
 sion into the City Hospital free of charge for the subsequent 
 six months. 
 
 The general condition of the city in 1S52 may be gathered 
 from the State census of that year, and other returns refer- 
 ring to other late periods. 
 
 Total population— 34,8T6 ; of which .34,320 were whites — 
 29,166 males, and 5,154 fi'males; 312 were negroes— 260 
 males, and 52 females ; 132 were mulattoes— 99 males, and 
 33 females; 12 domesticated Indians — 6 males, and 6 fe- 
 males. Persons over 21 years of age — Americans, 11,371 
 negroes, 275, mulattoes, 103, and foreigners, 15,937. The 
 total number of foreigners was 1S,S54, of which 16,144 were 
 males, and 2,710 females. 
 
 The following are the statistics of the arrivals fl"om East- 
 ern domestic ports during the year, with the ports from 
 which they sailed, the tonnage, etc. : 
 
 Wlience. Vessels. Tons, A v. passage, 
 
 Boston, Mass 47 34,241 14SJ days 
 
 NewYork,N.T 99 83,339 150 " 
 
 Philadelphia, Pa 7. 
 
 Baltimore, Md 6. 
 
 Frankfort, Me 1. 
 
 New London, Ct 1. 
 
 Eichmond, Va 3. 
 
 2,839. 
 1,890. 
 
 199. 
 
 135. 
 2,007. 
 
 161 
 179 
 156 
 1S5 
 159J 
 
 The arrivals during the different months of the year were 
 
 as follows : 
 
 Moiilhs. Ves. 
 Jan. . . 6. . . 
 
 Tons. Av. days. Montlis. Ves, 
 
 At, days. 
 
 Feb... 
 Mar. . . 
 
 8... 
 7... 
 
 5,941... 140 
 
 8,238... 1451 
 
 4,557... 132 
 
 10,267... 137J 
 
 7,695... 149 
 
 2,864... 129 
 
 July.. IS... 14,4.39... 146i 
 Aug. . 17... 12,424... 148i 
 Sept.. 13... 10,622... l.-JCi 
 Oct. .. 27... 19,441... 160 
 Nov.. 22... 15,877... 161 
 Dec. . 18... 12,285... l.^JH 
 
 April . 13... 
 May.. 11.., 
 June.. 3.., 
 
 Subjoined Is a statement of the number of vessels which 
 have sailed from the Atlantic States for California, each 
 month, since the discovery of gold. 
 
 Month. 1848. IS-W. 18.iO. 1851. 185S. 
 
 January — 83 82 26 14 
 
 February — 64 83 11 20 
 
 March — 53 109 18 24 
 
 April — 21 69 8 16 
 
 May — 23. 
 
 June > — 34. 
 
 July .' — 42. 
 
 August — . 
 
 September — . 
 
 October 3. 
 
 November 6. 
 
 December 11. 
 
 Total. 
 
 20 
 
 50. 
 40. 
 74. 
 105. 
 89. 
 
 678 
 
 18.iO. 
 
 1851. 1 
 
 82... 
 
 ... 26 
 
 83... 
 
 ... 11 
 
 109... 
 
 ... 18 
 
 69... 
 
 .. 8 
 
 38... 
 
 ... 4 
 
 82... 
 
 ... 5 
 
 25 .. 
 
 ... 6 
 
 26... 
 
 ... 4 
 
 23... 
 
 ... 4 
 
 87... 
 
 ... 10 
 
 41... 
 
 ... 14 
 
 586 
 
CHIEF PLACES OF THE UNITED STATES. 
 
 The number of passengers arrivinor and clearing by sea 
 at San Francisco, during the year ending 26th Dec, 1852, 
 was as follows ; 
 
 Passengers. Arrivinc;. 
 
 Males 57,-316 . 
 
 Females 5,22-3 
 
 Children 1.651, 
 
 Cleannj. 
 
 . 22,-554 
 
 390 
 
 2 
 
 Total 64,190 22,946 
 
 — excess of arrivals 41,244. The arrivals overland and at 
 other ports may be set down at 10,000, which would give to 
 file State an increase of upward of 50,000 in the year, irre- 
 spective of natural increase. 
 
 Stiileraent showing the national character, number, and 
 tonnage of vessels which arrived and cleared at San Fran- 
 cisco during the year ending 31st December, 1S52, and the 
 countries of departure and destination: 
 
 ENTRANCKS. 
 
 Countries ot 
 Departure. 
 
 Veoa. Ton-*, 
 
 U.S. Pacific Ports.... 183 .... 73,721 . 
 
 N.W. Coast of Amer.. 5 981 . 
 
 Mexico 23 4,803 . 
 
 Central America 36 .... 22,080 . 
 
 New Granada 64 58,248 . 
 
 Peru 9 .... 1,671 . 
 
 Chile 17 .... 5,003 . 
 
 Society Islands. 82 3,922 .. 
 
 Sandwich Islands 31 5,658 ., 
 
 Other Pacific Ports... 12 .... Sfi99 .. 
 
 Philippines — .... — 
 
 China 21 .... 11,527 .. 
 
 East Indies 1 .... 197 . . 
 
 Australia 5 1,532 .. 
 
 Trance 1 . . . . 309 . . 
 
 Spain — — 
 
 Belgium — — 
 
 Holland — .... — .. 
 
 Hanse Towns — — 
 
 Portugal — — 
 
 Great Britain — .... — 
 
 U. S. Atlantic Ports . .152 ... .123,770 . . 
 
 All other Countries ... 2 271 . . 
 
 Total 594 ....317,262 
 
 CLBABANCES. 
 American. 
 
 Vess. 
 
 F.S. Pacific Ports.... 696 
 N.W. Coast of Amer.. 12 
 
 Mexico 15 
 
 Central America 36 
 
 New Granada 57 
 
 Peru 13 
 
 Chile 21 
 
 Society Islands 22 
 
 Sandwich Islands 47 
 
 Other Pacific Ports... 27 
 
 Philippines 18 
 
 China 80 
 
 East Indies 32 
 
 Australia 17 
 
 Prance — 
 
 Spain — 
 
 Belgium — 
 
 Holland — 
 
 Hanse Towns — , 
 
 Portugal — 
 
 Great Britain — 
 
 U. S. Atlantic Ports.. 24 
 All other Countries . . 3 . 
 
 ..122,993 
 .. 2,-398 
 . . 3,594 
 .. 23,587 
 .. 57,733 
 . . 5,507 
 . . 7,455 
 .. 2,755 
 .. 13,444 
 .. 5,665 
 ,. 12,174 
 . 59,368 
 .. 21,307 
 . . 5,709 
 
 Vess, 
 
 184 
 13 
 77 
 44 
 75 
 15 
 
 105 
 
 12 
 
 2 
 92 
 
 1 
 25 
 27 
 
 1 
 
 1 
 
 5 
 
 8 
 
 3 
 
 40 
 
 152 , 
 
 6 , 
 
 ... 74,153 
 ... 1,971 
 ... 13.0S5 
 ... 23.673 
 ... 62,193 
 . . . 2,754 
 ... 3-3,015 
 . . . 5,250 
 . . . 9,730 
 . . . 3,599 
 
 965 
 ... 47,204 
 
 197 
 . . . 7,211 
 ... 10,652 
 
 870 
 . . . 168 
 . . . 2,405 
 . . . 1,687 
 
 980 
 ... 18,286 
 -.123,770 
 . . 1,227 
 
 .444,515 
 
 Vess. 
 
 , 696 .. 
 . 19 .. 
 , 73 .. 
 
 46 .. 
 . 65 .. 
 
 47 .. 
 115 .. 
 
 29 .. 
 80 .. 
 42 .. 
 24 .. 
 137 .. 
 68 .. 
 57 .. 
 
 Tons. 
 
 . .122,993 
 .. 3,219 
 .. 15,652 
 .. 26,179 
 .. 60,322 
 .. 23,209 
 .. 36,663 
 . . 3,620 
 .. 17,875 
 .. 11,048 
 .. 14,863 
 .. 85,699 
 .. 39,976 
 .. 15,104 
 
 160 
 
 — .. 
 
 . 1 .. 
 
 519 
 
 15,403 .. 
 
 . 24 .. 
 
 .. 15,403 
 
 1,-349 .. 
 
 . 3 .. 
 
 . . 1,340 
 
 Total. 
 
 The twelve shortest passages of the year were as follows : 
 
 Days. 
 
 .1,121 ...861,166.... 1,528 ....491,578 
 
 >'a"ie- From. Diiteofarr. 
 
 Sword Fish New York Feb. 10. . 
 
 Flying Fish Boston " 15 98 
 
 StaS"ord8hire " Aug. 13 101 
 
 Sov. of the Seas. . . New York Nov. 15 103 
 
 Comet " Jan. 13 104 
 
 Wild Pigeon " " 23 104 
 
 John Bertram Boston Mar. 26 In5 
 
 Shooting Star " Aug. 17. 
 
 Celestial New York Feb. 17. 
 
 Courier Boston Ap. 2S. 
 
 Eclipse New York " 22. 
 
 Sea Witch " Dec. 9. 
 
 . 105 
 
 . 107 
 
 . 108 
 
 . 108 
 
 . 108 
 
 The following table, taken from JTunVs " Merchants' Mag- 
 azine'' for May, 1S53, though difiiTing somewhat from the 
 above, will nevertheless be most valuable on account of its 
 showing the character of the shipping, both entered and 
 cleared, at the port : 
 
 ENTRANCES, 1852. 
 American. From foreign ports. 
 
 Cliaracter. Coastwise. American. Foreign. Total. 
 
 No. Tons. No. Tons. No. Tons. No. Tons. 
 
 Steamers. 57. 46,046.. 69.. 72,441. 1.. 3S9. .127.118,876 
 Ships .... 139 . 1 19,055 .. 28 .. 16,275 . 93 . . 52,3S2 . . 260 . 187,712 
 Barks.... 58. 17,686.. 38.. 10,279. 141. .51,S44.. 2.37. 79,809 
 Brigs.... 64. 11,221.. 64.. 11,233.112.. 19.782.. 240. 42,236 
 Schooners 26. 2,783.. 53.. 6,666. 60.. 6,892.. 139. 16,321 
 
 Total ..344 196,731 252 116,944 407 131,2891,003 445,014 
 
 CLEARANCES, 1852. 
 
 Character. 
 
 For foreign ports. 
 American. Foreign. 
 No. Tons. No. ToQ9. 
 
 Total. 
 Tons, 
 
 Steamers. 90. 57,758. 66. 68,511. 2.. 778.. 158. 127,047 
 Ships.... 22. 18,739.141.112,135. 93.. 51,428. .256.182,302 
 Barks.... 48. 12,170. 74. 21, 863. 134.. 52,577.. 256. 86.615 
 Brigs.... 92. 15,416. 64. 11,625.107. .18,477.. 263. 45,513 
 Schooners453. 29,424. 46. 5,545. 59.. 6,728.. 553. 41,657 
 
 Total ..705 133,507 391 219,644 405 129,9831,491 433,139 
 
 The amount of gold dust shipped by steamers from the 
 port of San Francisco, during the year ending 31st Dec, 
 1852, was, according to a table carefully prepared by Adams 
 & Co., $45,587,803 ; of which $39,007,367 was destined for 
 New York, $470,783 for New Orleans, $6,020,027 for Lon- 
 don, $46,000 for Panama, and $43,626 for San Juan. The 
 shipments for the several months were, $2,905,770 for. Jan., 
 $1,770,122 for Feb., $2,173,304 for March, $3,467,293 for 
 April, $5,470,923 for May, $3,570,266 for June, $4,119,509 
 for July, $3,619,929 for Aug,, $4,108,630 for Sept., $5,067,38& 
 for Oct., $5,258,499 for Nov., .$4,056,172 for Dec 
 
 The amount of gold dust manifested and shipped by sail- 
 ing vessels during the same time was $213,518 ; of which 
 $97,907 was sent to Valparaiso, $22,611 to Hong Kong, 
 $47,000 to Canton, $7,000 to Shanghae, and 39,000 to ports 
 in China. 
 
 The amount of coin manifested during the same time was 
 $455,253; of which $185,061 was shipped to Hong Kong, 
 $12,000 to Whampoa, $25,000 to Shanghae, $75,850 to porta 
 in China, $32,432 to Valparaiso, $49,850 to ManUla, $4,000 
 to Punta Arenas, and $71,000 to Honolulu. 
 
 The total amount of gold dust and coin manifested and 
 shipped on board steamers and sailing vessels during the 
 year 1852 w^as $46,256,574. This, of course, does not show 
 all the gold dust exported during the year, as many vessels 
 are in the habit of taking large amounts abroad without 
 noting them on their manifests. To obtain the actual e.xport 
 it would be necessary to add these unknown shipments, and 
 also an estimate for the amount taken away in the hands of 
 passengers. This last may safely be put down for the year 
 at $10,000,000, showing a total export of gold from California 
 during the year 1S52 of about $,56,1100.000. 
 
 The history of San Francisco since the American occu- 
 
 899 
 
 70 
 
CHIEF PLACES OF THE UNITED STATES. 
 
 pancy, is full of interest and instruction. Within the brief 
 space of 5. or 6 years, it has risen from a comparatively 
 small village, to a niijilily city, eoinmandins the trade of the 
 world, and Ihe destined jwrt of a large movinsr population. 
 The war with Mexico, which broke out in ls46, gave a flr.st 
 impiil.se to its commerce, by requiring the shipment of sup- 
 plied for military purposes. In March, 1847, there were in 
 the harbor the exlraonlinary number of six vessels — the 
 imports for the last quarter of that year amounted to .1;49,6fl0, 
 and the exports to ^5J,G00. At this period, the number of 
 itdiiibitants, exclusive of Indians, was S75. Kight months 
 later, when a cen.sus wjis taken by tlie Board of School 
 Trustees, the numl)er exceeded 800, of which 60 were of 
 scholastic age. This increase of more than IdO per cent, in 
 eight months, took place before the discovery of gold, and 
 when California was sought merely for agricultural and 
 commercial i)urposes. The first school-house was completed 
 in Dec, 1847, and the town council passed a resolution, that 
 '• not exceeding !}!400 be appropriated to the payment of the 
 teacher of the public school of this place, $200 to be paid at 
 the expiration of the first six months, and $200 to be paid 
 at the expiration of twelve months, from the commencement 
 of the school. This was the day of small things. Gold was 
 a scarce article, except as a hidden treasure. The first 
 American school in California was duly opened on Monday, 
 8d April, 1848. It appears that the early settlers were bent 
 on reducing the town to the order and decorum of some 
 Atlantic cities. Ordinances were passad in 1847 imposing 
 a fine of $5 on any person allowing hogs to run at large, 
 and a fine of $20 on any person discharging fire-arms 
 within a mile of the public square. Complaints were even 
 made in the newspaper, against the practice of smoking 
 cigars in the magistrat*'.s' office and other public places. In 
 January, 1S47, an ordinance was published, directing that 
 the name of Yerba Buena, as applied to the town, be changed 
 to San Francisco, in all public documents and records. On 
 the l-3th Sept., the first election was held, for six members 
 of council. The number of votes polled was 200. The 
 "steamboat" made its experimental trip on the 15lh Nov. 
 of that year. This pioneer in ste.im navigation was a 
 diminutive vessel, the name of which is not given. In 
 April, 1S47, a semi-monlhly mail was established to San 
 Diego and other southward points. On the 1st of April next 
 year, tlie "California Star P^xpress"' left by the overland 
 route. This formidable enterprise, the first regular convey- 
 ance to the States, was announced to go through, as far as 
 Independence, in 60 days. The postage on a letter was 
 50 cents. Karly in 1848, an excitement appears to have 
 taken hold of the public mind, in regard to the supposed 
 mineral treasures of the country ; but it is worthy of remark, 
 that gold was the metal least thought of. The quicksilver 
 mines near San Jose had long been known and worked. 
 Cojyper was discovered somewhere, saltpetre and sulphur 
 also, a quarry of limestone was opened, and coal had been 
 found near San Francisco. Silver it was said had also been 
 discovered. To this metal, indeed, more than any other, 
 was expectation directed, and people seemed to have an 
 idea that the land was underlaid with silver ore. The first 
 discovery of gold was made near Sutter's Fort. 30 miles from 
 New Helvetia, in Dec., 1847, and by the ensuing spring, the 
 " yellow fever" as it was facetiously called, had carried off 
 the greater part of the population. Stores were closed, and 
 houses left tenanlless, and every thing wore a desolate and 
 sombre look. Lawyers, merchants, grocers, carpenters, and 
 cooks, rushed in one motley assemblage to the mines. The 
 newspapers ceased their issues. This suspension of trade 
 and business, however, was soon 8uccee<led by the most 
 extraordinary activity. Adventurers from all nations, and 
 merchandise of all kinds began to pour into the town, on its 
 way to the mining regions. The forsaken buildings re- 
 ceived a n<^w tenantry, and the store-houses were in demand 
 for mercantile purposes. In August, emigrants began to 
 arrive at the rate of 500 a month, aud in the middle of 
 400 
 
 September, the harbor is described as crowded with ship- 
 ping, the wharf lined with goods, and the streets tilled with a 
 busy throng. In the flr.^t two months of the golden age, the 
 amount of dust brought into San Francisco wa-s estimated 
 at $250,000; and in tlie next two months, at $600,000. In 
 Sept., 1848, an era took place in the hisU>ry of the city: a 
 square-rigged vessel— the brig Belfast, from New York, had 
 arrived, laden with a valuable cargo. She hauled up at 
 Broadway wharf, the only ono accessible to such a vessel, 
 and there discharged. No sooner was she known to be 
 landing her cargo, than real estate rose 50 per cent. A 
 vacant lot on the corner of Washington and Montgomery 
 streets, at that time bordering on the water, which had been 
 ofTereii for $5,000 and refused, sold readily the very next 
 day for $10,000. The first brick bnilding was erected at the 
 corner of Montgomery and Clay streeLs, in Seyit., 1S4S. 
 
 About this time projects were started for establishing a 
 temperance society and a lycotun, but most persons thought 
 that a theatre was most the suitable moral expcment; a pro- 
 position was also made to establish a hospital for miners 
 etc. In November, at a public meeting, the Kev. T. D 
 Hunt was elected "chaplain for the city." At the election 
 in October, 1848, 15S votes were polled ; in December, 1S4S 
 the voters numbered 347, and in the August next year 1,519 
 votes were polled. In December, 1S4S, the public school 
 was re-opened. In November, 1S4S, when the people re- 
 turned from the mines for the winter, the effects of the gold 
 discovery were most generally felt. Lots that in the spring 
 were sold at from $loO to $2,000, now ranged from $1,000 
 to $15,000, and rents had quintupled. In February, 1849, 
 the population was estimated at 2,000. The duties collected 
 at the cu.stom-house in 1S4S were— 1st quarter, $11,931 ; 2d 
 quarter, $8,885; 3d quarter, $74,827, and 4th quarter, 
 $100,480. The exports of merchandise amounted to about 
 $1,000,000, and the imports of coin to about the same amount, 
 while the exports of gold dust for the last six months were 
 $2,000,000, or something less than the quantity regularly 
 exported every two weeks four years after. The first fire, for 
 which incidents San Francisco has become famous, occur- 
 red in January, 1849, burning the Shades Hotel, and in 
 June, the ship Philadelphia was burnt in the harbor. On 
 the 1st February of the same year the " California," the first 
 steamship in the mail service, arrived. On the 18th of May 
 arrived the ship Grey Eagle, of Philadelphia, having made 
 the passage in 117 days — thus far the quickest passage. It 
 was computed that the number of emigrants in the country 
 in June of this year was 15,000, of whom the greater portion 
 had debarked at this port. Sixty-four vessels were in the 
 harbor. In the month of July there arrived by sea 3,614 
 souls. Some idea of the rapid march of the counto' in those 
 times may be formed, from the fact that, on a single day, the 
 1st July, there arrived 17 vessels with 889 passengers. In 
 August the population was computed at 5,000. The num- 
 ber of arriv.ils daring the month had been 3,895. In Sept., 
 5,802 arrived, and in October about 4,000. The Baptists 
 built the first Protestant house of worship in California, and 
 dedicated it on the 5th August, 1849. Central wharf was 
 finished in the latter part of this year. In October a little 
 iron steamboat was launched, and was placed on the route 
 to Sacramento. On one of her trips she brought a number 
 of salmon from Sacramento, which sold readily at $1 per 
 pound, and some of the fish brought as high a price as $45. 
 The steamboats M-Kim and Senator were shortly after put 
 on the same route. All these vessels were crowded with 
 passengers. An election to adopt the constitution, and to 
 choose State officers, was held on the 13th November, when 
 the number of ballots cast was 3,169, of which only 5 were 
 in the negative. In the winter of 1849-50 the business of 
 San Franci.sco was almost suspended on account of the im- 
 passable condition of the streets from rain, and in numerous 
 in.sl.inces persons are said to have perished in the mud. 
 At this period the most motley population in the world was 
 congregated in San Francisco, and the capricious taste of 
 
CHIEF PLACES OF THE UNITED STATES. 
 
 the cltiiens, in regard of dress, served to add to the ap- 
 parent diversity. Kvery man had liis own standard of 
 liashion entirely independent of the rest of the world. As 
 the female population increased, however, the costume of 
 the men began to approach a more uniform standard, and 
 now, even the slouch hat, whith so long distinguished the 
 Californian, has given place to trim and formal modes from 
 Broadway and Chestnut Street. In those days the humor 
 of the people inclined them not in the slightest degree 
 toward intellectual pursuits. From the multitude of gam- 
 liiing and drinking houses, and the crowds that filled them, 
 one might have inferred that drinking was a universal 
 habit, and that gambling was a regular occupation of one- 
 haU' of the people, and the nightly diversion of the other 
 half. In the progress of civilization and refinement, during 
 the winter two theatres were kept in operation, and a por- 
 tion of the citizens began to amuse themselves with con- 
 certs, balls, dinner parties, and military suppers. The first 
 rush homeward took place in this winter. Driven from the 
 mines by the weather, many of the most fortunate adven- 
 turers looked toward their distant friends. All tickets for 
 the steamers being taken, extraordinary prices were offered 
 for them — for steerage tickets, the original cost of which was 
 $150, as much as $450 was frequently given. 
 
 The first of the series of calamitous conflagrations that have 
 marked the history of the city, broke out on the 24th Dec, 
 1849, and consumed, in houses and merchandise, property 
 valued at $1,000,000. The fire of Nov., 1852, burned over a 
 portion of the same ground, but with less destruction. Early 
 in 1S50 an express wagon made its appearance in the streets ; 
 and in January of this year, a curious incident transpired, 
 in the public sale of three females from Sidney, to pay their 
 passage money. They were sold for five months at $15 
 each — the captain of the vessels pocketing the money with 
 entire satisfaction. In March was formed the " Stranger's 
 Benevolent Society," for the relief of the indigent sick. 
 From the 12th April, 1840, to the 29th Jan., 1850, a period 
 of little over nine months, there arrived by sea at San Fran- 
 cisco, 39,388 immigrants, of whom 1,421 were females. Of 
 805 vessels from which they landed, 487 were American and 
 318 foreign. In the year ending loth April, 1850, there had 
 arrived 62,000 passengers in 695 American and 418 foreign 
 vessels. The winter of 1849-50 witnessed the first step to- 
 ward the ffirmation of the present enormous debt of the city. 
 The expenditures for December were $135,000, and the re- 
 ceipts $175,000, being a balance in the treasury of .$40,000. 
 In January and February the expenditures were $201,000, 
 and the receipts only $137,000, leaving a deficit of $24,000, 
 which was the nucleus of the present debt. Two-thirds 
 of the receipts were from the sale of city lots. The debt 
 then begotten increased rapidly, and in a little more than a 
 year reached the enormous sum of $1,000,000. When the 
 treasury was exhausted, scrip was issued, bearing interest 
 at 3 per cent per month. The credit of the city growing 
 worse and worse, the scrip depreciated until it would not 
 command over one-third of its nominal value. Persons 
 having claims against the city drew up bills for two or three 
 times the amount of the claim, so that they might realize 
 from the sale of the scrip the full amount of the debt in 
 cash. Thus a tradesman furnishing a $1,000 worth of sup- 
 plies to the hospital would present his bill for $3,000, and 
 receive that amount in scrip bearing interest as above. 
 When the debt was funded and converted into 10 per cent, 
 bonds, he received bonds equal to the amount of the scrip 
 an<l interest, that is to say, if the scrip had run six months 
 the city paid him $3,540 in bonds, with an annual interest 
 of $354, or more than one-third the original debt. A more 
 extraordinary specimen of financiering can scarcely be con- 
 ceived. In the course of the year 1850 the principal streets 
 were graded and laid with planks. Commercial Street, 
 from Mnntgomery to Kearny, was first completed. Antici- 
 pating another winter like the past, the preparation of the 
 streets was hastened as the autumn advanced, and when 
 
 the season of rain arrived, the chief thoroughfares were ef- 
 fectually covered with wood. The winter, however, brought 
 but little rain, and the fires of May and June following, de- 
 stroyed a large portion of the costly expenditure which had 
 added largely to the debt of the city. After introducing the 
 subject, says Dr. Gibbons, from whose " Brief Sketch of 
 San Francisco" the greater part of this article has been re- 
 duced, it would not be right to pass without commendatory 
 notice, the arrangements finally adopted to redeem the 
 credit of the city and to pay off the million and a half of 
 debt. The funding of the debt and the issuing of bonds 
 bearing interest at 10 per cent, per annum, has already been 
 mentioned. The bonds were made payable in twenty years, 
 and provision was made to redeem a portion annually. 
 The citizens co-operated earnestly in the movement, and 
 submitted cheerfully to the imposition of a heavy tax for 
 the purpose. The credit of the city was at once restored, 
 and the bonds rapidly approached to their par value. The 
 transition from utter and hopeless bankruptcy to a basis of 
 secure and permanent credit, and that, too, after the disas- 
 trous fires of May and June, 1850, and the still more ruin- 
 ous conflagrations of May and June, 1S51, which laid the 
 city in ashes a second time, was rapid and extraordinary, 
 exhibiting a degree of energy and courage rarely met with 
 in the history of municipal governments. In the spring of 
 1850 there were three daily papers published in the city, 
 the " Alta Californian," the " Pacific News," and the "Jour- 
 nal of Commerce." To these were added during the year, 
 the " Evening Picayune," the " Herald," and the ■' Courier," 
 In less than a year after there were eight daily papers ex- 
 isting in San Francisco, 
 
 San Jose, p, v., Santa Clara co., Calif. : the former seat 
 of government ; is located in one of the most pleasant 
 and healthy valleys in the State, 50 m. from San Fran- 
 cisco, and 100 m. 8. Vallejo. It is an agricultural place, 
 and its advantages for garden fruits and grains are of the 
 highest order. There is a wharf here, and it is the dep6t 
 where the small craft that ply to and fro in the bay deposit 
 and take in their freights. The vessels range from 10 to 20 
 tons. The principal quicksilver mines in the State are 
 about 20 m. S. of this place. P(5p. 1,200. 
 
 Santa Ffi, p. city, and cap. Santa Fe co., and capital of 
 the Territory of New Mexico : is situated about 20 m. E. 
 from the Rio Grande. Lat. 35° 41' 6" N., long. 106° 02' 03" 
 W. Its site is a wide plain, surrounded by lof'iy mountains. 
 Its elevation above the sea is about 7,047 feet. A small 
 creek, rising in the hills, and flowing past the city to the 
 Rio Grande, supplies it with water. The land around is 
 sandy, poor, and destitute of timber, but the mountains are 
 covered with pine and cedar. The climate is delightful, 
 without extremes ; the sky is clear, and the atmosphere dry. 
 The streets are irregular and narrow. The houses are built 
 of adobes, one story high, with flat roofs, and in square 
 form, with an area in the centre. There are two churches 
 (Catholic) with steeples, but of ordinary construction. The 
 inhabitants are chiefly a mixture of Spaniards and Indians, 
 with a few Americans. Their manners and customs are 
 those of the whole country, and similar to those of other 
 settlements of Spanish origin. F'or many years this place 
 has been the main point of trade in this region, and many 
 of the companies engaged therein have amassed large for- 
 tunes. In 1850 two newspapers were published, " The New 
 Mexican," weekly, and "Santa F6 Republican," tri-weekly. 
 Pop. in 1850, 4,846. 
 
 Santa F6 was founded about 1581. Its history, with that 
 of the territory, previous to belonging to the United States, 
 is a continuons record of barbarism and tyr.anny. It was 
 taken by Gen. Kearney, on September 8th, 1S4G. 
 
 Saeatoga Springs, t, p. v., and sta., Saratoga co., N. Y.: 
 36 m. by railroad N. Albany. Drained by several small 
 streams flowing into Kayaderosseras cr., which bounds it on 
 the 8. Surface on the N. hilly, elsewhere level ; soil sandy 
 loam. It contains some maimfactures, a number of mills, 
 
 401 
 
CHIEF PLACES OF THE UNITED STATES, 
 
 mechanic shops, etc. This is the most celebrated watering- 
 place in the United States. Located closely together are a 
 number of mineral springs with various properties, princi- 
 pally medicinal. The v. on the N. is located on a sandy 
 j)lain, surrounded in part by pine groves. Its principal 
 street is upon the W. margin of a narrow vale, in which 
 the springs are found. On this broad street the principal 
 hotels, churches, and other public edillces are located. The 
 hotels, etc., are numerous, and some of them large, and 
 fitted upon a grand scale; the United States is the most 
 conspicuous, being located within a short distance of all the 
 principal mineral springs: it is built of brick, four stories 
 high, with ample accommodations for 400 persons. Con- 
 gress Hall and Union Hall, both popular establishments, 
 are on the S. of the v., near Congress i^pring, the most copi- 
 ous and mo.st salubrious of all the springs in Saratoga. It 
 was discovered in 1792 by a member of Congress named 
 Gillman ; the Pavilion, on the site of a spring so called, 
 near the Flat Rock, is surrounded by highly cultivated 
 grounds, and as is the case with a number of others, is only 
 kept open during the summer months for the accommoda- 
 tion of visitors. A number of other hotels and boarding- 
 houses are kept open throughout the year. High Kock aud 
 Black Rock springs were first discovered in 1773, being 
 then the resort of invalids ; and now there are 10 or 12 im- 
 portant mineral fountains, most of them located near the 
 margin of a brook which runs through the v. on the E , 
 in whose waters the mineral elements of soda, magnesia, 
 lime, and iron, with others of no less volume, arc combined, 
 in different proportions, with carbonic acid gas. The pre- 
 vailing character is that of saline and chalybeate waters. 
 Congress, Washington, Putnam's, Pavilion, Iodine, Hamil- 
 ton, Kmpire, Flat Rock, and High Kock springs are the 
 most celebrated for their medicinal qualities. Located east 
 of Saratoga Springs is a cluster of mineral springs known 
 as " Ten Springs," the most celebrated of which is called 
 Union Spring Large quantities of these waters arc annually 
 exported to different parts of the country, bringing in a 
 hsndsome income, most of them being owned by private 
 individuals. The waters are highly efficacious in many 
 inveterate cases of disease, and has an effect on the healthy 
 system to renovate and invigorate its energies when relaxed 
 from long confinement, etc. Their medicinal properties are 
 of the cathartic and tonic kinds. The following is an anal- 
 ysis of several of the springs, taken from a work by Dr. 
 R. L. Allen, a physician resident at Saratoga: Conf/ress 
 /Springs. — To one cubic gallon: chloride of sodium, grs. 
 390.246; hydriodate of soda and bromide of potassium, 
 G.OOO; carbonate of soda, 9.21-'?; carbonate of magnesia, 
 100.981 ; carbonate of lime, 103.41(5 ; carbonate of iron, 1.000 ; 
 silex and alumina, l.OSfi; solid contents, G11.S92; carbonic 
 acid gas, 3S6.1S3; atmospheric air, 8.261. Gaseous contents, 
 3^9.449. IIig?i Hock Spring. — To one gallon: chloride of 
 sodium, grs. 190.22:^; carbonate of magnesia, 62.100; car- 
 bonate of lime, 71.5:^3; carbonate of soda, 2.177; silex and 
 alumina, 2.500 ; hydrobromate of potash, a small quantity. 
 Solid contents, .351.197. Carbonic acid gas, 831. 006; atmos- 
 pheric air. 2.000. Gaseous contents, 3-33.666. I/imiiltoii 
 Spring.— To one gallon: chloride of sodium, grs. 290.500; 
 carbonate of soda, .33.500; carbonate of lime, 95.821; car- 
 bonate of magnesia, 38.000 ; carbonate of iron, 4.500 ; hydri- 
 odate of aoda, 3.500 ; bromide of potash, a trace ; silex and 
 alumina, 1.000. Solid contents, 466.321. Carbonic acid gas, 
 340.777; atmospheric air, 2.461. Gaseous contents, 343.23S. 
 Temperature of the water, 4S°. J'litiKim'x Sj/ring.—Tn 
 one gallon: chloride of sodium, grs. 220.000; carbonate of 
 soda, 1.5 821; carbonate of magnesia, 45..500; carbonate of 
 lime, 711.4:33; carbonate of iron, 6.333; hydriodate of soda, 
 2.500; bromide of pota.sh, a trace; sdex and ahimina, 1 500. 
 Solid contents, 370..'i87. Carbonic acid gas. 317.753 : atmos- 
 pheric air, S.OSO. Gaseous contents, 820.S.33. Temperature 
 48°. Jof/infi S})ring. — To one gallon : chloride of sodium, 
 grs. 147.665 ; carbonate of magnesia, 73.-34S ; carbonate of 
 402 
 
 lime, 28.955 ; carbonate of soda, 3.000 ; carbonate of iron, 
 900; hydriodate of soda, 3.566. Solid contents, 257.4.34. 
 Carbonic acid gas, 344.(i00 ; atmospheric air, 2.50<J. Gaseotis 
 contents, 8.465. "The freedom of this water from iron is 
 such that it can be drank by a certain class of invalids, with 
 
 whom iron proves a decided injury." Pdvilion Spring. 
 
 To one gallon: chloride of sodium, grs. 183.814; carbonate 
 of soda, 6.000 ; carbonate of lime, 59.593 ; carbonate of mag- 
 nesia, 58.266; carbonate of iron, 4.13^3 ; iodide, sodium, and 
 bromide of potas.sa, 2.566 ; sulphateof soda, 1. 000; alumina, 
 a trace; silex, 1.000. Solid contents, 316.373. Carbonic 
 acid, 369.166 ; atmospheric air, 3.3:33. Gaseous contents, 
 372.499. Empire Spring. — To one gallon : chloride of so- 
 dium, grs. 215.756; bi-carbonate of lime, 24.678; bi-carbon- 
 ate of magnesia, 113.459; bi-carbonate of soda, 83.584; 
 hydriodate of polassa, 9.600; iron, 0.500; silex and alumina, 
 1.300. Solid contents, 399.S77. Carbonic acid gas, 260.132 ; 
 atmospheric air, 8.314. Gaseous contents, 263.466. 
 
 The Troy, Whitehall, and Castleton R. R., Saratoga and 
 Schenectady E. R., and the Saratoga and Washington R. R., 
 all connect in this village. Distance from Kew York city 
 by E. R. 182 m., from Troy 22 m., from Schenectady 22 m., 
 and from Rutland, Verm., .39 miles. The village was incor- 
 porated in 1826, and contains an insurance office, a bank, 
 an academy and female seminary, and other institutions 
 of instruction, iron foundries, machine 8hoi)s, an exten- 
 sive carriage manufactory, printing-offices, etc. The " Sar- 
 atoga Whig" is a daily and weekly (whig) issue, and 
 the " Saratoga Republican" weekly (dem.) Pop. of t. 
 4,650. 
 
 Sault de Ste Marie, t., p. v., and cap. Chippewa CO., 
 3Iich. : bordering on St Mary's r. or strait, 255 m. N. 
 Lansing. The v. has an elevated location on the border of 
 the r., at the Falls of Ste Marie, and is an old Jesuit mission- 
 ary station. It is a famous fishing-place, immense quantities 
 of white fish being caught and salted there for the markets 
 of the West. The falls are merely rapids, with a fall of only 
 20 feet in a mile. It contains a court-house, jail, and other 
 public buildings. At Fort Brady is a U. S. military post, and a 
 storehouse of the American Fur Company, and there is also 
 a U. S. land office located here. Vessels come to the foot 
 of the rapids, and the cargoes are transported three-fourths 
 of a mile by land to the head of the rapids, and re-shipped 
 The inhabitants are composed of Americans, French, and 
 Indians. They employ themselves chiefly in trading for 
 furs, and in the fisheries. In 1850 Sault do Ste Marie had 
 180 dwellings, 890 inhabitants. 15 of whom were colored ; 
 and the value of real estate owned, .$101,930. The imports, 
 for same year amounted to !fl51,134, and the exports 
 $310,800. The " Lake Superior -lournal" is a weekly (min- 
 ing) issue. A canal is in course of construction around the 
 Falls, to be 100 feet wide and 12 deep, with locks 2.')0 feet long 
 and 60 feet wide, the whole length to be one mile, so that 
 the navigation of the lower lakes may pass readily these falls 
 into Lake Superior. Population 898. 
 
 Savannah, p. city, port of entry, and cap. Chatham co., 
 On. : on the 8. side of the r. of the sj;me n:;mc, 18 m. from 
 the ocean, and in a direct hne 157 m.,or by railroad 187 m. 
 E. S. E. Milkdgeville. Lat 32° 04' 56" N., and long. 81° 08' 
 IS" W. Its site is on a dry sand bluff, elevated some 40 feet 
 above low-water mark, from E. to W., extending along the 
 river upward of a mile, terminating aliruplly at either ex- 
 tremity. Opposite the city, lii's Hutchinson's Island. 
 
 The ordinary elevation of the tide in the Savannah r. is 
 about 8 feet and the salt water approaches usually within 4 
 or 5 m. of the city. In its course to the ocean the river is 
 divided into numerous channels by small marsh islands. 
 The bar at its mouth is the deepest and most accessible of 
 any on the Southern Atlantic coast, and its channel is from 
 a half to three-fourths of a mile wide. The average depth 
 is 19 feet at low water, and hence with a full lido a friirato 
 may pass in saft-ly. Just inside of the bar is Tybee Island, 
 abreast of which, about 4 m. from the bar, is good anchor- 
 
CHIEF PLACES OF THE UNITED STATES. 
 
 age in 5 or 6 fathoms of water. From this anchorage to 
 Venus' Point, 9 m. from the eity, there is a depth of IS feet; 
 from the " Point" to "Five Fathom," 2i m. from the city, 
 there is a deptli of 17 feet, and thence to the city, a depth of 
 15 feet The Savannah is navigable for steamboats of mod- 
 erate draft to Augusta, 230 m. above its mouth. The port 
 of Savannah has several light-houses, which are noted in 
 the List op LionT-HousES. 
 
 Savannah, as a city, is one of the healthiest and most 
 beautiful on the Southern coast. It is laid out with regular- 
 ity, the streets crossing each other at right angles, and 
 having between every second street a public square ; these, 
 about IS or 20 in number, are generally inclosed and orna- 
 mented with shade trees, and many of the streets are orna- 
 mented in the same manner, which gives them a beautiful 
 and rural appearance. The present dimensions of the city 
 are about a mile by three-quarters of a mile. The number 
 of dwellings in the city is about 2,000, chiefly of wood, but 
 the warehouses and stores, in immber about 400, are almost 
 without exception brick buildings. This preponderance of 
 wooden structures had exposed the city to several serious 
 conflagrations : the year 1S20 is memorable for the destruc- 
 tion by fire of 463 buildings, which with their contents were 
 valued at $400,000; but since this event brick has more 
 generally been used as a building material. The ware- 
 houses are ranged along the river front, 3 or 4 stories high 
 toward the river, accessible to the lower story from the 
 wharves, and to the upper stories from the city. 
 
 Among the public buildings, the most conspicuous are 
 the Court-house, .Jail, Custom-house, Exchange, Arsenal, 
 United States Barracks, City Hall, a market-house, several 
 hospitals and asylums, a theatre, etc. The Exchange is a 
 heavy Gothic structure, 5 stories high. The new Custom- 
 house is in length 110 feet, depth 52 feet, and in height, from 
 the pavement to the ridge of the roof, 52 feet. The base- 
 ment story is .devoted to the post-office and the appraiser's 
 depariment ; the first or principal floor for CMstom-h<juse 
 purposes, and the third or upper floor for United States 
 court-rooms. There are four banking institutions in Savan- 
 nah—the Bank of the State of Georgia, capital $750,000 ; 
 the Planters' Bank, capital .};o35,4!iO ; the Marine and In- 
 surance Bank, capital $400,000, with privilege to increase it 
 to $800,000; the Central Railroad and Banking Company, 
 capital $2,549,165, of which $205,000 is devoted to banking 
 purposes. The total banking capital of these institutions, 
 appropriated to the trade and commerce of Savannah, is 
 $1,890,400. Tliere is also the Savannah Institution for 
 Savings. Fourteen foreign insurance companies have 
 agencies in Savannah. 
 
 The churches of Savannah, numbering in all 14 or 15, are 
 many of them handsome structures. The Independent 
 Presbyterian Church is one of the most splendid buildings 
 of the city; it is built of light-colored granite, and cost 
 $100,000. The Episcopalians have 2 churches, the Roman 
 Catholics 2, of which that of St. John the Baptist is the 
 metropolitan church of the diocese ; and the Methodists, 
 Lutherans, Unitarians, and other principal denominations 
 have severally places of worship. There is also a Mariner's 
 Church and a Jews' Synagogue. 
 
 Savannah, in all that appertains to the education of youth, 
 is not behind her sister cities. It is true, public education 
 has not received that attention it has in many other places, 
 still she has always had a respectable number of private 
 seminaries, and has sent to institutions in other parts of the 
 State and country hundreds of her youth of both sexes. 
 Much, liowever, can be done for public education ; but 
 Savannah is no location f >r large institutions of a scholastic 
 nature, which are well supplied by more eligible inland 
 towns. 
 
 The newspaper press of Savannah consists of three dai- 
 lies and one weekly. The dailies are the "Georgian" 
 (dem.). the "Republican" (whig), and the "Dally News" 
 (indept.) ; and the weekly is the " Friend of the Family" 
 
 (literary). The circulation of these varies from 800 to 1,200 
 copies at each issue. 
 
 According to a census of the city, taken in 1852, the total 
 population amounted to 18,301 souls, distinguished into 
 castes and sexes in the following proportions : 
 
 Castes. Maleii. Females. Total. 
 
 White persons 6,551 5,653 12,204 
 
 Colored persons, free 248 376 624 
 
 " " slave 2,205 3,268 5,473 
 
 Total. 
 
 .9,004 
 
 9,297 
 
 18,301 
 
 The number of inhabitants, according to the federal 
 census of 1850, was 15,312, and an enumeration, made in 
 1S48, showed the population to be then only 13,575. In- 
 crease from 1848 to 1850, 2,485, or 18.3 per cent. ; and in- 
 crease from 1850 to 1S52, 2,241, or 13.9 per cent. ; and increase 
 in the four years ending 1852, 4,726, or 34.8 per cent. The 
 decennial progress of the city from 1810, has been as follows : 
 
 Decennial Increase. 
 
 Years. 
 1810. 
 
 1820. 
 1830. 
 1840. 
 1850. 
 
 Total Population. Absolute. 
 
 5,195 — .. 
 
 7,523 2,328.. 
 
 T,776 253.. 
 
 11,214 3,438.. 
 
 ...44.8 
 ... 3.4 
 ...44.2 
 .15,312 4,09S 36.5 
 
 The city is divided into 26 wards, and is governed by a 
 mayor and 12 aldermen, annually chosen by the people, 
 who, together, are styled the City Council. The police con- 
 sists, besides the above, of a marshal, 5 constables, and the 
 city watch, consisting of 64 members, with a captain and 
 other officers. A Board of Health, consisting of two persons 
 from each ward and district, is appointed by the mayor, on 
 the 1st of May of each year. All subordinate officers are 
 chosen by the City Council. 
 
 The occupations of the citizens comprise almost every 
 calling found in large cities. The enumeration of 1848 clas- 
 sifies the male adult white population thus — 263 merchants, 
 factors, and wholesale dealers, 136 shopkeepers and retail 
 grocers, 253 clerks, 15 druggists, 23 pilots, 24 bank officers, 
 28 captains of steamers and vessels, 1 captain revenue ser- 
 vice, 24 butchers, 22 bakers, 22 connected with railroads, 58 
 seamen, 8 connected with hotels, 4 auctioneers, 5 lumber 
 measurers, 6 clothing stores, 13 connected with steam and 
 cotton presses, 2 lottery offices, 3 sailors' boarding-house 
 keepers, and 1 of the sailors' home, and 164 laborers, 50 
 planters, 14 master builders, 1 marble and stone manufac- 
 turer, 380 mechanics, 15 ministers of the gospel, 4 judges 
 of courts, 36 physicians, 31 attorneys-at-law, 6 U. S. army 
 an<l naval officers, 24 U. S. civil officers, 1 civil engineer, 30 
 engineers, 15 teachers, 5 teachers of music, 8 magistrates, 
 7 county oflicers, 27 boot and shoe makers, 14 printers, 3 
 booksellers, 8 watchmakers and jewellers, 18 painters, 6 
 manufacturers of tin-ware, 3 editors, 4 dentists, 2 artists, 4 
 lirickniakers, 3 dyers, 7 cigar-makers, 4 public stables, 6 bar- 
 bers, 1 soap and candle manufacturer, 1 engraver, 9 bar- 
 rooms, 4 watchmen at banks, 5 saddle and harness makers, 
 6 millers, 6 lumber and wood yards, 9 steamboat yards, 4 
 U. S. soldiers, 9 constables, 12 city officers, 2 ice-houses, 1 
 keeper of hospital, a jailor, and a deputy, 70 connected with 
 the city watch. 
 
 Of the colored population, 84 fl-ee, and 73 slaves, were 
 mechanics, 2 free and 5 slaves butchers, 5 free and 1 slave 
 barbers, 2 free and 4 slaves engineers and pilots, and 3 free 
 preachers. 
 
 From the above returns, it will be seen that Savannah is 
 well represented in all the great departments of industry — 
 at least two-thirds of the population are immediately or re- 
 motely connected with the commerce and trade, and the 
 greater part of the remaining third with her manufactures 
 and mechanic arts. The learned professions are also amply 
 represented. Only 164 persons among the whites are noted 
 
 403 
 
CHIEF PLACES OF THE UNITED STATES. 
 
 as laborers, while araoDg the colored 129 only are other than 
 laborers and servants. 
 
 Savannah is one of the great commercial cities of the 
 South, and as a market for cotton, rice, and lumber, ranks 
 among the first. lis e.\ports of cotton for the years lisSl and 
 '52, ending let September of each year, were as follows : 
 
 1851S'2. 1850 .-.1. 
 
 Uplantl. Sea Inland. Uplaiul. 
 
 96,304.. 7,410 .. 122,228 
 6,461 . . 397 . . 7,108 
 
 Sea Island. 
 
 Liverpool 6,052 . . 
 
 Other British ports 501 . . 
 
 Total Great Britain . 6,553 . 
 
 Havre 1,052 . 
 
 Other French ports ... — . 
 
 Total France 1,052 . 
 
 Other foreign ports — . 
 
 Total foreign ports. . 7,605 . 
 
 Boston 108. 
 
 Providence — . 
 
 New York 2,427 . 
 
 Philadelphia — . 
 
 Baltimore &; Norfolk .. — . 
 
 Charleston 1,121 . 
 
 Other U. S. ports — . 
 
 TotjU coastwise 3,656 . . 224,958 . . 3,145 . . 160,042 
 
 Total foreign ports. . 7,605 . . 11G.S49 . . 8.497 . . 145,150 
 
 Grand total... 11,261 341,807 11,642 805,792 
 
 The following exhibits the number of bags exported in 
 the past years, conimeiicing 1842 : 
 
 Years. Foreign Torts. Coastwise. Total. 
 
 142,386 79,808 222.254 
 
 193.099 87,727 280.826 
 
 130,964 113.011 244,575 
 
 182,073 122,471 804,544 
 
 77.852 108.454 186,306 
 
 119,321 114,830 234,151 
 
 127,760 115,473 243,233 
 
 102.825 . 
 
 . 7,807 . 
 
 . 120.336 
 
 11,541 . 
 
 690 . 
 
 . 10.546 
 
 — • 
 
 — • 
 
 590 
 
 11,541 . 
 
 090 . 
 
 . 11.136 
 
 2,483 . 
 
 — ■ 
 
 . 4,678 
 
 116,849 . 
 
 8,497 . 
 
 . 145,150 
 
 80.291 . 
 
 205 . 
 
 . 22,032 
 
 8,074 . 
 
 — . 
 
 . 1,633 
 
 145.877 . 
 
 2,599 . 
 
 . 118,828 
 
 17,951 . 
 
 — . 
 
 . 10,835 
 
 4,527 . 
 
 — . 
 
 . 8,306 
 
 17,638 . 
 
 341 . 
 
 . 8,31 IS 
 
 5,600 . 
 
 — • 
 
 40 
 
 1S42 . . 
 1843 .. 
 1S44 .. 
 
 1845 .. 
 
 1846 . . 
 
 1847 . . 
 
 1848 . . 
 
 1849 . . 
 
 1850 . . 
 
 1851 . . 
 
 1852 . . 
 
 153,647 163.787 317.434 
 
 124,454 228,614 363,063 
 
 The export of rice in tierces for the last twelve years, has 
 been as follows : 
 
 Years. Tieries. 
 
 1840-41 23,587 
 
 1841-42 22,(165 
 
 1842-13 26,263 
 
 1843-44 2^,54:^ 
 
 1844-45 29,217 
 
 1845-46 32.147 
 
 Years Tierres. 
 
 1840-47 31,739 
 
 1847-^8 30.136 
 
 1S4S-49 87,348 
 
 1849-50 42,792 
 
 1850-51 35,602 
 
 1851-52 39,9-'9 
 
 The lumber business has rapidly increased within the 
 few last years, and it will be seen from the annexed tjible 
 that the exports for the last-named year have exceeded 
 those of any previous one by several millions of feet. There 
 are six large steam saw-mills in the immediate vicinity of 
 the city: 
 
 Years. Feet. 
 
 1840-41 14.275,200 
 
 1841-42 8,390,400 
 
 1842-43 7,519,.550 
 
 184:3-44 5.933,351 
 
 1844-45 8,270,582 
 
 1845-40 18,585,644 
 
 Years. 
 
 1846-47... 
 
 1847-48... 
 
 1848-49... 
 
 Feet. 
 
 10.731,388 
 
 16.449.568 
 
 15,380.800 
 
 1849-50 17,719,100 
 
 1S50-.')1 17,764.300 
 
 1861-52 25,.50S,.500 
 
 The foreign commerce of the collection district of which 
 
 Savannah is the port of entry, for the year ending .Tunc 
 
 8iHh, 1850, is thus summed up in the U. 8. Treasury Kep(;rt. 
 
 "Value of exports $7,551,943, and of imports $636,904. En- 
 
 404 
 
 trances, 118 vessels, 57,017 tons and 1,940 men in crews; 
 and clearances, 141 vessels, 72,563 tons and 2,2S5 men in 
 crews. Tonnage of the district 19,931 tons, of which lu,437 
 tons were employed in foreign trade and 9,296 tons in coast- 
 ing. The steam tonnage was 6,478 tons. The steam ma- 
 rine in 1852, according to the returns of the U. S. ^nspec^)r, 
 amounted to 27 vessels, 5,750 tons, of which 12 were high- 
 pressure vessels and 15 low pressure, which report indicates 
 a decrease in the steam marine. The number of vessels 
 built in 1S50 were 5 (3 being steamboats), measuring to- 
 gether 6S4 tons. As the foreign commerce of Georgia all 
 centres at Savannah, the progress of the commerce of 
 Georgia, as exhibited in the description of the State, will 
 also be that of Savannah. 
 
 The commerce of the city has thus become of great mag- 
 nitude, and its growth of late years has been more rapid 
 than previously. The developments that are now making 
 of the resources of the State, together with the increased 
 facilities for transporting the products of the interior to this 
 one seaport must insure a more rapid increase of business 
 for the future than has occurred during any period of the 
 past. 
 
 The port has regular communication with Florida on the 
 S. and New York on the N., and other points by steam 
 navigation. To the interior, the Savannah r.. on which nu- 
 merous steamboats are constantly plying, and the great line 
 ol railroad reaching into Tennessee and Alabama, give it 
 facile access, and bring down to it for exportation an im- 
 mense tonnage. Another railroad is being built to Albany, 
 on the Flint r. ; and the Savannah and Ogeechee Canal has 
 been thoroughly repaired. These will give it greater facil- 
 ities than it has ever enjoj'ed, and open to its commerce the 
 products of wide regions hitherto beyond its reach. 
 
 Uhtorical Notices of Suvantidh. — The first settlement of 
 Savannah was made in the month of February, 1733, by 
 General Oglethorpe and some 30 families. On the 7th of 
 July following, the settlers assembled on Ih^ strand (the 
 bay) for the purpose of designating the lots. In a devo- 
 tional service they united in thanksgiving to God "that the 
 lines had fallen to them in a plea.sant place, and that they 
 were about to have a good heritage." The wards and 
 tithings were then named, each ward consisting of four 
 tithings, and each tithing often houses, and a house and lot 
 was given to e.ach freebulder. Alter a dinner provided by 
 the governor, the grant of a Court of Kecord was read, and 
 the officers were appointed. The session of the magistrates 
 was then held, a jury impanneled, and a case tried. This 
 jury was the first impanneled in Georgia. The town was 
 governed by three bailiffs, and had a recorder, register, and 
 a town court, holden every six weeks, where all matters, 
 civil and criminal, were decided by grand and petit juries, 
 as in England. No lawyers were allowed to plead for hire, 
 nor attorneys to take money, but (as in old times in En- 
 glan<i) every man could plead his own cause. In October, 
 1741, the government of the colony was changed from bail- 
 ifis to trustees. In 17.50, the number of white persons in 
 Georgia was computed at about 1,500. The first royal gov- 
 ernor of Georgia, John KeynoMs, Escj., arrived in Savan- 
 n.ah in Oct., 1751. The first printing-press was established 
 in 1763, and the " Georgia Gazette" printed on the 7lh Ai)ril 
 of that year. In 1706, the city consisted of 400 dwelling houses, 
 a church, an indepen<lent meeting-house, a eounciI-hou.«e, a 
 court-house, and a filature. In 1770, the city extended on the 
 west to what is now Jefferson Street, on the east to what is 
 now Lincoln Street, and on the south to what is now South 
 Broad Street, .and contained six squares and twelve streets, 
 besides the bay. On the 5th June, 177.5, the first liberty- 
 polo w.is erected in Savfinnjjh. The first attack by the 
 British on Savannah was made on the .3d March, 1776. It 
 endeil in the discomlUure of the regulars, under Majors 
 Mailland and Grant. On the 29tli December, 1778, Savan- 
 nah was taken by the British. In October, 1779, an unsuc- 
 cessful attempt was made by the French and American 
 
CHIEF PLACES OF THE UNITED STATES. 
 
 armies to recapture Savannsih from the British. Count 
 D'Estaing and General Lincoln wore the commanders. Six 
 hundred and thirty-seven of the French, and two hundred 
 and forty-one of the continentals and militia were lulled and 
 wounded. In this att.iclc Pulaski fell. The spot where he 
 was shot down is about one hundred rods from the present 
 depdt of the Central E. E. On the 11th .July,lTS3, Savannah 
 was formally given np by the British to the Americans. 
 The first session of the Legislature of the State was held in 
 Savannah in January, 17S4, in the brick house now stand- 
 ing in South Broad Street. In December, 17S9, a law was 
 passed by the legislature making Savannah a city. The 
 first mayor (elected in 1790) was John Houstoun. In Nov., 
 1796, the first destructive fire occurred in Savannah. It 
 broke out in a bake-house in Market Square, and destroyed 
 229 houses, besides out-honses, etc. Estimated loss of prop- 
 erty, $1,000,' 00. In May, 1814, arrived in the waters of 
 Savannah the United States slnop-of-war Peacock, Lewis 
 Warrington commander, bringing in as a prize H. B. M. 
 brig-of-war Epervier, Captain Wales, of 18 guns. The 
 Epervier had on board .$110,000 in specie, which was con- 
 demned and distributed according to law. In April, 1819, 
 arrived the steamship Savannah, from New York. This 
 steamer was projected and owned in Savannah, and was 
 the first steamship built in the United States, and the first 
 that ever crossed the Atlantic. She left Savannah in May 
 for Liverpool, and afterward proceeded to St. Petersburg. 
 In January, 1820, occurred the largest fire which ever 
 ravaged the city. It commenced on the east side of Old 
 Franklin Ward. Four hundred and sixty-three buildings 
 were destroyed, besides out-buildinga. Loss upward of 
 $4,000,000. 
 
 ScirENECTADT, p. city, and cap. Schenectady co., 27'. T. : 
 on S. side of Mohawk r., 17 m. N. W. Albany. Lat. 42° 48' 
 N. ; long. 73° 55' W. This is one of the oldest cities in the 
 State, having. been first settled by the Dutch about 1620, 
 and chartered March 26, 1798. On February 8, 1690, the v., 
 then consisting of 63 houses and a church, was taken at 
 night by the French and Indians, sacked and burned, who 
 murdered 63 inhabitants and took 27 captives. The city 
 contains a city hall, and jail, county offices, market, lyceum, 
 female academy, and 10 churches. Its manufactures are 
 considerable, chiefly of flour, paper, cotton goods, iron, 
 leather, and machinery. One broom factory in the vicinity 
 makes annually about 1.800,000 brooms. There are 2 banks, 
 with aggregate capital of $315,000, and 1 savings bank. 
 The Erie Canal passes through the city, and 4 lines of rail- 
 road here connect, viz., Albany and Schenectady K. E., 17 
 m. ; Troy and Schenectady E. E., 20 m. ; Saratoga and 
 Schenectady E. E., 22 m. ; Utica and Schenectady E. E., 
 78 m. The " S. Cabinet" (whig), and " S. Eeflector" (dem.) 
 are issued weekly. Union College, located here, was 
 founded in 1795, is pleasantly situated on an eminence over- 
 looking the city, with spacious grounds and several large 
 edifices. In 1850 it had 12 professors, 2,725 alumni, 266 
 students, and 15,000 volumes in its library. Pop. in 1S40, 
 6,784 ; in 1S50, 8.921. 
 
 Sharon Springs, p. v., Schoharie co., 27. T. : near the 
 boundary line of Schoharie, Otsego, and Montgomery coun- 
 ties, 49 m. W. by N. Albany. It is located on an eminence, 
 surrounded by numerous caverns of much interest. Near 
 the v. are the celebrated Sharon Springs, greatly resembling 
 the White Sulphur Springs of Virginia, and are highly effi- 
 cacious in rheumatic, dyspeptic, and other complaints. 
 There are two springs, the sulphur and magnesia, situated 
 at the foot of a hill, about a half mile N. of the turnpike 
 road. These waters have an exhilarating effect on the 
 spirits, invigorating the system, and in many respects pos- 
 sess medicinal and healing qualities unsurpassed by any 
 other in the country. They are much resorted to during the 
 summer months, and there is a commodious hotel here, 
 called the Pavillion, which is usually thronged with visitors. 
 From an analysis, made by Dr. Chilton, of New York, the 
 
 result from one gallon of this water is : snlphate of mag- 
 nesia, grs., 42.40; sulphate of lime, 111.62: chloride of 
 sodium, 2.24; chloride of magnesium, 2.40 ; hydrosnlphnret 
 of sodium, hydrosulphuret of calcium, and vegetable ex- 
 tractive matter, 2.24; total grs., 160.94. Sulphuretted hy- 
 drogen gas, 16 cubic inches. Pop 2,642. 
 
 SPRINGFIEI.D, p. v., and cap. Sangamon co.. III. : and cap- 
 ital of the State of Illinois : 4 m. S. from Sangamon r.. 174 m. 
 S. W. by S. Chicago. 84 m. N. N. E. St. Louis, 186 m. W. 
 Indianapolis. Lat. 39° 4S' N., long. 89^ 3.3' W. Its site is a 
 level plain, on the borders of a broad and beautiful prairie, 
 which is adorned with fine groves and some of the best 
 farms in the State. It was laid out m Feb., 1822, according 
 to a regular plan, with a public square in the centre, and 
 wide streets crossing at right angles. The older portion 
 of the V. was purchased at the land sales in Nov., 1823, at 
 which time it contained about 80 families, living in small 
 log cabins. For several years its increase in population, 
 etc., was slow. In 1837 the legislature selected it as the 
 State capital after July 4th, 1839, since which period it has 
 been steadily increasing inbusiness,wealth, and importance. 
 The surrounding counties are very fertile, and their prod- 
 ucts are brought here to market. The railroads now pass- 
 ing through Springfield are — Great Western Central E. E., 
 extending centr.ally across the State, from the E. to the W. 
 boimdary, of which the portion completed, viz., from Spring- 
 field to Naples, 55 m., was formerly styled the Sangamon 
 and Morgan E. E. ; and Chicago and Mississippi E. E., of 
 which 132 m. (from Alton to Bloomington) will be com- 
 pleted in July, 1853, and the entire road will be completed 
 to Chicago, 257 m., in the spring of 1854. The Massac and 
 Sangamon E. E., from Springfield to Metropolis, on the 
 Ohio r., passing through Vandalia, Salem, Frankfort, etc. 
 is in construction. The capitol occupies the centre of the 
 principal square, which has an area of 3 acres. It is con- 
 structed of hewn stone, 3 stories high, with handsome por- 
 ticoes, and cost about $180,000. The v. also contains a court 
 house, U. S. land office, market-house, jail, 3 banks, severa 
 academies and other schools, with 8 churches, some of 
 which are handsome edifices. The v. has some manufac 
 tures, an iron foundry, etc. The newspapers published in 
 1850 were — "Illinois Journal'' (whig), issued daily, tri 
 weekly, and weekly; " Illinois State Eegister" (dem.), daily 
 and weekly : and " Illinois Organ" (temp.), weekly. Pop. 
 in 1S40, 2,579 ; in 1850, 4,533. 
 
 Springfield, t., p. city, and cap. Hampden co., Mass. : on 
 E. side of Connecticut r., 81 m. W. by S. Boston ; by rail- 
 road 98 m. from Boston, 102 m. from Albany, ISS m. from 
 New York. Lat. (Court-house) 42= 06' 04" N., long. 7.3° 35' 
 45" W. Its site along the river is a rich alluvial plain, back 
 of which the ground rises gradually to a considerable ele- 
 vation, called Armory Hill, terminating in a plain which 
 extends E. for several miles. Its general appearance is 
 very beautiful, and it is surrounded by delightful scenery. 
 The houses are generally well built, and many are elegant. 
 The streets are generally paved, and the city is lighted with 
 gas. The business part of the city is chiefly on and adjoin- 
 ing Main Street, which runs parallel with the river at some 
 distance from it, is between 2 and 3 m. long, quite broad, 
 and generally intersected at right angles by cross streets, 
 and contains many handsome buildings, with the principal 
 hotels and railroad station-house. From the position of 
 Springfield, and its great railroad connections, it has be- 
 come one of the greatest inland thoroughfares of travel in 
 the Union. Four railroads here connect at the central de- 
 p6t from the four cardinal points, viz. ; Western E. E., from 
 Worcester 54 m. and from Albany 102 m. ; New Haven, 
 Hartford, and Springfield E. E., 26 m. from Hartford and 
 62 m. from New Haven ; Connecticut Eiver E. E., 17 m. from 
 Northampton and 50 m. fVom South Vernon. The great 
 number of trains arriving and departing daily render the 
 vicinity of this depOt strikingly interesting to the passing 
 traveler. The hotels of the city established to accommodat« 
 
 405 
 
CHIEF PLACES OF THE UNITED STATES. 
 
 the traveling; public are numerous, of which several are of 
 great repute. The city contains a court-house, jail, uuil 12 
 churches, some of which are handsome edifices. These are 
 — 4 Congregational, 1 Baptist, 1 Episcopal, 2 Methodist, 1 
 Unitarian, 1 Catholic, 1 Universalist, 1 African. The prin- 
 cipal cemetery is beautifully laid out and adorned. There 
 are 5 banks, with an aggregate capital of ^1,150,000, and 2 
 histitutions for savings. The manufactures of the city are 
 of considerable importance. There is a large manufactory 
 of cars, locomotives, railroad machinery, steam-engines, etc. ; 
 also several factories of sheetings, satinets, etc. ; also 1 pis- 
 tol factory. The " Springfield Itepublican" (whig), and 
 "Hampden Post" (dem.), publish each daily and weekly 
 editions. 
 
 The U. S. Armory located here is situated on Armory 
 Hill, about one-half mile E. of Main Street. The buildings 
 are of brick, handsomely arranged around a square, pre- 
 senting a fine appearance. From 12,n0() to 1,'),000 muskets 
 are manufactured annually. The arsenal, a very large brick 
 building 4 stories high, contains about ITo.OOO muskets. 
 Some of the machine shops are located on Mill r.. In the 
 S. E. part of the t., and comprise 5 shops, with 18 water- 
 wheels, 10 trip hammers, and 30 forges. The whole estab- 
 lishment employs from 250 to 300 workmen, and has con- 
 tributed very much to the prosperity of the city. 
 
 Springfield was settled in 1635, then called by its Indian 
 name Agawam ; it received its present name in 1640, and 
 was incorporated in 1646, and received its city charter May 
 25th, 1852. In 17S6, during Shay's rebellion, it was in part 
 the theatre of his movements. Since the construction of 
 the railroads which now so closely connect it with other im- 
 portant cities, it has rapidly increased in population, wealth, 
 and importance. Pop. in 1810, 2,767; in 1820, 3.914; in 
 1S30, 6,784 ; in 1840, 10,985. When the census of 1840 was 
 taken, it was a much larger township than at present, then 
 comprising also Chicopee Falls, Cabotville, Williraausett, 
 etc., now embraced in Chicopee township, the population 
 of which with that of Springfield in 1S.'>0, amounted to 
 21,602. The separate population of Springfield t., in 1850, 
 and as at present constituted, was 11,766. 
 
 Si'BiNGFiBJt,D, t., p. city, and cap. Clark co., Oldo: on S. 
 side of E. fork of Mad r., 43 m. W. by S. Columbus. It has 
 great water-power, well improved by a variety of mills and 
 manufacturing establLshmeuts. It contains a handsome 
 court-house, and other county bviildings, 2 banks (one is a 
 br.mch of the State bank), several academies, and 7 
 churches. Newspapers in 1850: "Kepublic" (whig), tri- 
 weekly and weekly ; and 3 other weeklies, ''Gospel Herald,'' 
 " District Expositor" (<leni.), and " Mad li. Gazette" (whig). 
 Here are located the Wittenberg College, and Theological 
 Seminary, both founded in 1845. In 1850 the college had 7 
 instructors, 37 students, and 4,500 volumes in library ; while 
 the Theological School had 2 professors and 8 students. 
 Several important lines of railroad pass through the city, 
 viz., Mad River and Lake Erie R. R., 134 m. from Sandus- 
 ky, and 24 m. from Dayton, 84 m. from Cincinnati ; Little 
 Miami R. I!., from Cincinnati, 84 m. ; Springfield, Mount 
 Vernon, and Pittsburg R. R., in construction to Loudonville, 
 on the Ohio and Pennsylvania R. R., 115 m. ; and the 
 Springfield and Columbus R. R., 19i m. to connection at 
 Loudon with Columbus and Xenia E. R.. 43 m. to Colum- 
 bus — all of which have connections with other principal 
 railroads. Pop. of city in 1840 (then a village), 2,062 ; in 
 1860, 5,108. Pop. of t. in 1840, 2,349; in 1850 (including 
 city), 7,314. 
 
 Steubenvillk, t., p. v., an<l cap. Jefferson county, Ohio : 
 on an elevated plain on right bank of the Ohio river, 30 m. 
 above Wheeling, \'iri/., 122 m. K. N. E. Columbus. Drained 
 by a tributary of the Ohio r. The v. is neatly and regularly 
 laid out, was i ncor]M)rated in 18.35, and has many fine man- 
 sions, several churches, a neat and connnodious court-house, 
 and other county buildings, a bank, and consiilerable manu- 
 factures, a rope-walk, boat-yard, and printing offices. Itis 
 406 
 
 altogether a hand.some village, and an important one. 
 The manufacture of woolen and cotton goods, steam en- 
 gines, silver-plating, glass, etc., is carried on ; there are also 
 iron and brass foundries. In the vicinity the manufactories 
 of copperas yield 160 tons per annum. Over a thousand 
 persons are employed in tlie factories, and the town is fast 
 increasing year by year. Much attention is paid in the 
 neighboring country to the raising of Merino and other su- 
 perior breed of sheep. Inexhaustible beds of stone coal are 
 found throughout a great portion of this region. The v. 
 contains 6,141) inhabitants. It has several academies of re- 
 putation, and IS amply provided with common schools, etc. 
 The newspapers pul)lished here are the " Messenger" and 
 " Herald," semi-weekly and weekly issues, and the " Amer- 
 ican Union," a weekly. Steubenville is on the E. and W. 
 line of railroads connecting Pennsylvania and Ohio, and it 
 is also connected with Cleveland on the one hand and 
 Wheeling on the other by an extension of the Cleveland 
 and Pittsburg R. R. The t. of Steubenville in 1840 had 
 5,203 inhabitants, and in 1850, 7,224. 
 
 Stockton, p. v., and cap. San Joaquin co., Cnlif. : on the 
 Stockton slough or canal (which contains the "back wa- 
 ters" formed by the junction of the Sacramento and San 
 Joaquin rivers) about 3 m. from its junction with the San 
 Joaquin, 100 m. E. by water from San Francisco, and 59 m. 
 direct from Vallejo. This is one of the principal cities of 
 the State, ranking next to San Francisco and Sacramento. 
 First settled in 1844, by C. M. Weber, who obtained a grant 
 from the then governor of California for a large section of 
 country: made a pueblo in 1S45, when there were seven 
 residences, and was abandoned in the succeeding year. In 
 1848 the settlement was successfully established, and in 1849 
 it was a canvas city of 1,000 inhabitants, with a fleet of mer- 
 chant vessels lying before it. The Stockton slough is divided 
 into three branches ; the city occupies the peninsula between 
 the two northern, and extends also S. to the third branch. 
 The ground on which it is built is high, and not subject to 
 overflow, and is in the centre of the two great tracts of ara- 
 ble land which constitute the valleys of the San Joaquin 
 and Sacramento rivers. The San Joaquin is navigable at 
 all seasons to this place for vessels drawing not over nine feet 
 of water, and such is the peculiar formation of the bank that 
 they can lay directly along it and discharge their cargoes. 
 It is the de])Ot for the sujiply of all the southern mines, and 
 every thing indicates that this point is destined to become 
 one of the great inland martsof this wonderful and growing 
 country, and it is believed by some that it will outstrip all 
 its rivals in the race of prosperity. The largest-sized brigs 
 and schooners, and a great number of launches, etc., are 
 engaged in the carrying trade, and steamers ply here regu- 
 larly. The mines are situated among the hills and mount- 
 ains forming the western slope of the Sierra Nevada, com- 
 mencing some 20 m. E. of the city, and extending thence 
 E. to the banks of the river. Two papers are published, 
 and a military post is located here. A State hospital is 
 erecting, which will be an ornament to the city. Pop. 3,000. 
 Stonington, t., p. b., and port of entry, New London co., 
 Co7in. : 51 m. S. E. Hartford, 53 m. E. New Haven. Bound- 
 ed S. by Long Island Sound, E. by Pawcatuck r., separating 
 it from Rhode Island, and W. by Mystic r., both of which 
 afford water-power. This is a large t, with rocky and un- 
 even surface, but moderately fertile soil, and contains throe 
 villages. The borough is on a narrow and rocky point of 
 land, extending about } m. S. into the sound. The harbor 
 is protected by a break-water, constructed by the United 
 States government at a cost of $50,000. It is handsomely 
 laid out, well built, and was incorporated in 1801. Its citi- 
 zens are noted for commercial enterprise, especially in the 
 wh.'Uing and sealing business, in which a large aggregate 
 capital is employed. Many vessels are owned here, which 
 bring their cargoes into New York and other ports. It has 
 a marine railway and lighthouse at the entrance of the har- 
 bor, etc. The total tonnage of Stonington district on 30th 
 
CHIEF PLACES OF THE UNITED STATES, 
 
 June, 1850, was 19,913 tons. The registered tonnage 
 amounted to 13,1S9 tons, and all permanent, of which S,S61 
 tons were in the whale fishery. The enrolled and licensed 
 tonnage amounted to 6,724 tons, consisting of 6,102 tons 
 permanent, l-ii tons temporary, employed as follows — coast- 
 ing trade, 4,020 tons; cod fishery, 1,655 tons; mackerel 
 fishery, 571 tons ; steam navigation, 67 tons ; and the ton- 
 nage " licensed under 20 tons," viz. : 89 tons in coasting- 
 trade, 389 tons in cod fishery. The number of clearances 
 for foreign countries during the year preceding was 9 — 2,591 
 tons; nmnber of entrances do. 10 — 2.S94tons. The number 
 of vessels built during the year was 9 — 1,0:J4 tons ; viz., 2 
 ships, 1 schooner, 5 sloops, and 1 steamer. During 1849, 
 the whale fishery imports of Stonington were — 1,628 bbls. of 
 sperm oil, 15,334 bbls. whale oil, and 97.500 lbs. whalebone. 
 The town contains several manufactories, of which three 
 are extensively engaged in making plaid and plain linseys, 
 etc. The b. contains 2 banks, with aggregate capital of 
 $160,000, 1 savings bank, 2 academies, 4 churches, etc. 
 Here commences the Stonington K. E. to Providence, 50m., 
 connecting with daily steamboats to and from New York. 
 Tins place is of considerable resort in summer. The Wad- 
 dawannuck House, the chief fashionable hotel, is kept in 
 firsl-dass style. Pop. of t. in 1S40, 3.898 ; in 1850, 5,434. 
 
 SuisiTN, v., Solano co,, CaUf. ■' is laid out on the W. bank 
 of the Sacramento r., about 80 m. from San Francisco, half 
 way between it and Sacramento City, and 30 miles E. from 
 Vallejo. The country surrounding the town, and the site 
 itself, is the first healthy and high ground after passing the 
 tule mar.'ihes which lie at the junction of the Sacramento 
 and San Joaquin. The town was surveyed and laid out by 
 C. 8. Lyman, and is a very pretty place. Large squares are 
 reserved for a university and other public edifices, and lots 
 are reserved for churches of every denomination. A com- 
 modious square on the river is appropriati^d to the purposes 
 of a market and a steamboat landing. The streets are very 
 broad, and altogether it forms a picturesque appearance. 
 It is not supposed that this will ever become a great com- 
 mercial position, but the beauty of the climate and scenery, 
 and the agricultural capacities of the surrounding country, 
 will eventually make it the " Hyde Park" of California. 
 
 Syracuse, p. city, and cap. Onondaga county, JV. Y. : on 
 E. bank of Onondaga cr., near its entrance into Onondaga 
 lake ; from Albany, 130 m. W. by 2Sf. (direct) ; by railroad, 
 148 m. It is regularly laid out with wide streets crossing at 
 right angles, and is for the most part handsomely built of 
 brick. Many of the public buildings and churches are 
 handsome edifices. The hotels are noted for their size, 
 elegance, etc., and good fare. Its manufactures, besides 
 the salt-works, are extensive, the principal of which are 
 iron eastings, machinery, and flour. According to the 
 Report to the Bank Department of the Stiite, for Oct. 25th, 
 1S52, there were then eight banks in Syracuse, with an ag- 
 gregate capital of $1,040,000. The construction of the vari- 
 ous canals and railroads which pass through Syracuse have 
 made it the centre of a vast domestic trade with all parts of 
 the State : these are, the Erie Canal, 171 m. from Albany, 
 193 m. from Buffalo; Oswego Canal, extending hence to 
 Oswego, 38 m. ; Syracuse and Utica E. E., 53 m. ; Roch- 
 ester and Syracuse R. E., 104 m. ; Eochester and Syracuse 
 Direct E. E., 68 m. ; Oswego and Syracuse E. E., 85 m. 
 The Syracuse and Bingharapton E. R. is in construction, 
 and the Syracuse and Newburg E. E. has been pro- 
 jected. These great avenues of intercourse and trade 
 have very rapidly increased the poimlalion and general 
 prosperity of the city, and will continue to develop its 
 permanent greatness and importance among the large 
 cities of the State and of the Union. The newspapers pub- 
 lished in 1850 comprised 17 issues, viz., 4 dailies : " Onon- 
 daga Standard" (dem.), "8. Journal" (whig), "S. Star" 
 (whig), "Transcript" (neutral), each of which published 
 weekly editions (the "Star" also a semi-weel<ly) ; 6 other 
 wet'-lies : " Onondaga Sentinel" (whig), " Eeligious Ee- 
 
 corder," "Free-School Clarion," "Liberty Party Paper" 
 (abol.), "Archimedean," "Central New Yorker;" 1 semi- 
 monthly, the "Temp. Protector;" and 2 monthly, " Syra- 
 cusean" (indep.), and "Literary Union" (lit.) Pop. in 1830, 
 2,5G5 ; in 1840, 6,502 ; in 1850, 22.271. 
 
 Syracuse is celebrated for its great salt works. The sail 
 water is conveyed in pipes from the springs or wells to the 
 works. The co.irse salt is produced by solar evaporation ; 
 fine salt by boiling, and other modes of applying .artificial 
 heat. The springs are pierced through the alluvial, and 
 terminate on gravel. The wells generally used are excava 
 ted about 18 or 20 feet deep. In one case a boring of 2.50 
 feet deep was made without finding fossil salt, but tho 
 strength of the brine increased (as generally) with the depth 
 of the well. From the strongest spring a cubic foot of wa- 
 ter will afford 14 pounds of salt. In 1S40, a new salt spring 
 of great strength was discovered by boring to a depth of 205 
 feet, from which largo quantities of salt are now manutixc- 
 tured, 80 gallons of the water producing one bushel of fine 
 salt. From recent experiments in salting beef for the pur- 
 pose of coniparinc; the relative merits of Onondnga and 
 Turks I^lan^l salt, it h.is been satisfactorily ascertained that 
 the Onondaga is fully equal in all respects to the Turks 
 Island salt, and in some respects superior. The quantiiies 
 of salt here manufactured during the year 1850 were as fol- 
 lows: 287.882 bushels of coarse salt, 843,882 bushels of fine 
 salt, 53,600 bushels of ground or dairy salt— total, 1,154,923 
 bushels. This total is about one-half of the total of salt 
 manufacture in Salina during 1S50, and about one-fourth 
 of the aggregate amount manufactured in 1850 in this salt 
 district. 
 
 TALLAnASSEE, p. city, and cap. Leon county, JPlor. : and 
 capital of the State of Florida. Latitude 30° 28' N. ; 
 longitude 84° 36' "W. from Greenwich, It is situated on a 
 commanding eminence, and is regularly laid out vith 
 several public squares. Its settlement was commenced in 
 1824. upon its selection as the State capital. The legislature 
 held its first session here in 1825, and incorporated the city. 
 It contains the State-house, court-house, U. S. land office, 
 market-house, jail, academy, and three churches. Two 
 newspapers are published weekly, " Sentinel," and " Flor- 
 idian and Journal." The Tallahassee aud St. Marks E. R., 
 connecting it with Port Leon on Appalachee bay, will be 
 extended N. to Thomasville, Ga,, to connect with the pro- 
 posed Brunswick and Florida E. E. A good mill-stream 
 flowing from several springs, runs on its E. border, falls 15 
 or 16 feet into a pool scooped out by its own current, and 
 after running a short distance, sinks into a cleft of the lime- 
 stone. In the winter, it is a place of considerable resort. 
 Pop. in 1S50. 1,391. 
 
 Taunton, t, p. v., and one of the capitals of Bristol co., 
 J/a.s.s. .■ on Taunton r., 33 m. S. Boston. Lat, (Trin. Cong. 
 Ch.) 41° 54' 11" N., long, 71° 05' 55" W. The t. contains 
 some good land, which is well cultivated, but the inhabit- 
 ants are chiefly engaged in manufactures. The v. is well 
 built, and contains many handsome buildings and private 
 residences. Taunton Green is a fine public ground, orna- 
 mented with trees, etc., fronting which is the court-house, a 
 handsome edifice, with four Doric columns. There are 10 
 churches, several of which are beautiful structures, a town- 
 house, jail, etc. The Mount Pleasant Cemetery is beauti- 
 fully laid out, and contains, among other fine monuments 
 one to the memory of Miss Elizabeth Poole, a chief founder 
 of this place. Some of the hotels are noted for their excel- 
 lence, and in summer accommodate many persons here 
 spending the season. The Taunton Branch R, E. diverges 
 at Mansfield from the Boston and Providence E. E. (11 m. 
 to Mansfield, 35 m, to Boston, 30 m. to Providence), and 
 here connects with the New Bedford and Tanntcm R. R. 
 (20 m. to New Bedford), which intersects at Myrick's sta. 
 6 m,, with Fall River R, E. The Tauntim r. is navigable to 
 this place for small vessels, and some shipping is here 
 owned, which is employed in the coasting trade and fish- 
 
 407 
 
 n 
 
CHIEF PLACES OF THE UNITED STATES. 
 
 eries. The manufaclures for which Taunton is noted are 
 various, but the larpst are of printing i'l<jths, ciislings, nia- 
 cliincry harthvare, nails, etc. Great water-power is alford- 
 ed hy TauiUoa r. and its t>r:inches, Catioe and Ituinforil 
 rivers. Iron works were estalilished here us early as 1G52. 
 Britjinnia ware, of superior quality, is extensively manu- 
 factured. Among tlie principal factories of priiitins: cloths 
 are the Whiltenlon Mdls, capital ,tliiO,i»00, and IIopcwcll 
 Factory, capital .$75,000, each luaUing over l,'200,0(i(i yards 
 annually. There is a large manufactory of railroad cars, 
 steam-encines, etc. Tlie village also cotitains 3 banks, with 
 agsiiegate capital of .t500,000, and 2 inslitutions for savings. 
 Newspapers : " Taunton Daily Gazette" (dem.), " Taunton 
 Democrat" (<lem.), weekly, and " American Whig,'' weekly. 
 Pop. of t. in 1820, 4,.')2U; in 1S30, 0,042; in 1S40, T,645 ; in 
 1S50, 10,441. 
 
 Tekke Haute, p. v., and cap. Vigo co., Iml. : on the left 
 bank of Wal)!ish r., 7:3 m. W. Indianapolis. Its site is a high 
 bank, from 50 to CO feet above the river, and 15 or 20 feet 
 above the adjacent prairie. This is one of the most im- 
 portant towns in the State, and being located on the Waba.sh 
 and Kric Canal, and on the most available line of railroad 
 travel east and west, is destined to become a principal cen- 
 tre of internal commerce. Among the public buildings, 
 the most conspicuous are its fine court-house, town hall, 
 State banking house, 13 churches, several good hotels— the 
 Prairie House being one of the best in the State, etc. ; and 
 the dwelling liouses amount to over SOO, of which about 
 one-half are of brick, and many are built with much taste. 
 The business, wholesale and retail, carried on at this point 
 is extensive and valuable. There are 93 retail stores and 
 groceries, 3 book-stores, 4 printing-offices, and several large 
 warehouses and wholesale concerns. The principal manu- 
 facturing establishments are 2 foundries, a plow manufac- 
 tory, 8 carriage and wagon factories, 2 soap factories, an oil- 
 mill, 3 steam flouring and 1 steam saw mill, 2 breweries, 2 
 distilleries, 13 coopers' shops, 4 large slaughter-houses, and 
 the same number of packing establishments. The number 
 of hogs packed at Terre Haute in 1849-130 was 59,000, valued 
 at $300,000. Among the religious establishments almost 
 every denomination is represented. The means of educa- 
 tion are ample, viz. : 2 seminaries, 4 select schools, and 5 
 district scools. Here are also three societies for mutual im- 
 provement. The public press consists of 6 newspapers, 
 viz.: the "Wabash Express" (whig), the "Wabash Cour- 
 ier," the "T. H. Journal" (deni.), the "Prairie City," the 
 "Independent" (relig.), and the "Indiana ITniversalist" 
 (relig.) — these are issued weekly. The railroads centering 
 here are, the Terre Haute and Richmond E. It. and the 
 Atlantic and Mississippi R. R., forming links in the line 
 from St. Louis to the East; the Terre Haute and Alton E. E. 
 via Paris to Alton ; the Evansville and Illinois E. E. to 
 Evansville, on the Ohio, and several others projected to dif- 
 ferent points. In the vicinity are rich beds of coal and iron, 
 which, with the completion of the grand works connecting 
 at Terre Haute, will become a source of great wealth to the 
 counlry generally, and build up within the town a manu- 
 facturing interest equal to the w.ints of the neighborhood. 
 Terre Haute was foumled in 1816: in 1S,30 it contained 600 
 inhabitants, in 1S40 about 2,000, and in 1850 4,051. 
 
 Toledo, p. city, and port of entry, Lucas co., Ohio: on 
 W. bank of Maumee r. 5 m. from its entrance into Maumee 
 bay, 117 m. N. by W. Columbus. The built portion of the 
 city extends for more than a mile along the bank of the 
 river, but it is most compact at its upper and lower extremi- 
 ties or landings, which were originally two distinct settle- 
 ments, called Port Lawrence and Vistula. The rapidly 
 increasing population is fast filling up with houses, whatever 
 of ground remains unoccupied between these poinUs. The 
 cily contains many fine blocks of warehouses, stores, and 
 dwellings, with some handsome public buildings, and 
 numerous churches. Its settlement was commenced about 
 1831 ; and it was incorporated as a cily in 1886, It has had 
 408 
 
 a very rapid growth, chiefly developed from its connection 
 with the Wabash and Erie canal, which extends from 
 Manhattan, 4 miles below Toledo, to Evansville, Indiana, 
 on the Ohio river, 467 m. The railroads here centering' 
 are, Toledo, Norwalk, and Cleveland E. E., Ill miles; 
 Erie and Kalamazoo E. E. to Adrian, 82 m. ; Dayton and 
 Michigan E. li. ; and the Junction E. E., to Cleveland via 
 Sandusky. 
 
 The total tonnage of Miami district, of which Toledo is 
 the port of entry, on June 30th, 1850, was 2.629 tons, all 
 permanent and employed in the coasting trade; of which 
 539 tons were propelled l)y steam. The total toimage of 
 same on June 30, 1S51, was 3,2-36 tons; of which 1,153 tons 
 were propelled by steam. During the year ending June 
 80th, 1850, it had no foreign commerce or ship-building. 
 The following exhibits the value of the total amounts of 
 imports and exports during the years mentioned. 
 Year. Imports. Exports. Total Commerce, 
 
 1847 $4,033,985 $3,848,248 $7,882,233 
 
 1848 7,852,021 5,263,4t>4 13,11.5.485 
 
 1851 22,987.772 7,847,808 30,835.580 
 
 1852 37,565,029 19,788,923 57,303,952 
 
 The value of the principal articles in the above, during the 
 year 1852, were as follows : 
 
 IMPORTS COASTWISE. 
 
 Salt $235,523 i Nails $70,171 
 
 Lumber, pine 200.592 | Iron 64,291 
 
 E. E. Iron 1,793,275 Stoves, etc 93,192 
 
 Car wheels, etc 136,185 Hardware 46.5,000 
 
 Locomotives 196,000 I Marble 174.760 
 
 E. E. cars 42,6.50 
 
 E. E. materials 120,120 
 
 Machinery 52,780 
 
 Leather 441,600 
 
 Sugar 171,012 
 
 Molasses 2iS,505 
 
 EXPORTS COASTWISE. 
 
 Wheat $2,250,092 ; Beef $187,990 
 
 Flour 504,033 : Tallow 186,665 
 
 Corn 2,177,154 I Spirits 456,484 
 
 Pork 702.162 I Tobacco 120,925 
 
 Hams 57,5,610 I Butter 44,786 
 
 Bacon 194.7.50 Staves 96900 
 
 Lard 482,958 Pearl and potashes . . 137,425 
 
 Lard oil 107,112 , Od cake 98,816 
 
 Live Hogs 836,798 i Wool 190,893 
 
 Cattle 111,640 ! Furs 210,000 
 
 The amount of duties collected at this port during 1S52, 
 on goods entered here, and on articles entered at New York 
 and brought hero in bond, was $80,001 3S. The arrivals 
 and departures during 1852, were as follows: 
 
 Arrivals, Departures. 
 
 Vessels. Number, Toniiiige. Number. Tonnage. 
 
 Steam 926 494.111 928 495,021 
 
 Sail 1,127 179,182 1,129 179,597 
 
 Total 2,053 673,293 2,057 674,618 
 
 The British tonnage in the above, consisted of 1 steam 
 vessel, 156 tons, and 10 sail vessels, 1,001 tons. 
 
 The increase of the total number of vessels and their 
 tonnage, which entered and cleared from Toledo, during 
 1852, over 1851, was as follows : 
 
 Tonnage. 
 
 .3,212 579,076 259,758 8.3S.S84 
 
 .4,110 989,132 358,779 1,347,911 
 
 Year. 
 1851. 
 1852. 
 
 Increase... 898 410,056 99,021 509,077 
 
 The total tonnage arriving at, and departing from, Toledo 
 by the Wabash and Erie canal, during 1850, was 184,400 tons, 
 and liuring 1851, 250,000 tons. Of this, by far the largest 
 quantities brought to Toledo were those of wheat, flour, an<l 
 corn ; and of those sent from Toledo, the largest was rail- 
 road iron, of which the amount cleared in 1851, was 
 
CHIEF PLACES OF THE UNITED STATES. 
 
 13,889,921 pounds: and in 1S52, 41,933,592 pounds. Tlie 
 increase of griiin, flour, and pork brouglit by tlie canal from 
 the interior during 1852, was 50 per cent, over the amount** 
 brought during 1851. The receipts of grain and other 
 produce brought by railroad during 1852, were more than 
 twice the amounts in 1851, or any year preceding; and this 
 was also the case with the receipts by wagon. Toledo prom- 
 ises to long retain its present pre-eminence over the other 
 lake ports, as the leading market and exporting town of the 
 great staples of N. W. Ohio. 
 
 The city is divided into 4 wards of nearly equal population. 
 Its newspaper press in 1850 consisted of the " Toledo Blade" 
 (whig), and "Toledo liepublican" (free-soil dem.), each 
 issuing daily, tri-weekly, and weekly editions. Pop. In 1840, 
 1,222 ; in 1850, 3,829 ; in 1853, 6,512 ; in 1854. 8,407. 
 
 ToNAWANBA, t., p. V., and sta., Erie co., iV. Y.: 269 m. 
 W. by N. Albany. Surface of t. level ; soil fertile. Brained 
 by Tonawanda creek. Grand island belongs to this town. 
 The village is situiited on E. side of Niagara r., at mouth of 
 Tonawanda creek. Through it pass the Erie Canal ; Buffalo 
 and Niagara Falls E. R., 11 m. from Buffalo, and 11 miles 
 from Niagara Falls ; and the Buffalo and Lockport E. E. 
 From the dam here in the creek there are outlet locks to 
 Niag.ira river. It has a good harbor for steamboats and 
 other vessels. Considerable manufacturing is carried on. 
 The " T. Commercial" (neut.) is published weekly. Pop. 
 of t. in 1840, 1.261 ; in 1850, 2,072. 
 
 Tkknton, p. city, and cap. Mercer co , N'. Jer., and cap. of 
 the State of New Jersey : is situated on the E. side of Dela- 
 ware r., at the mouth of Assunpink cr., opposite the lower 
 falls, and at the head of steamboat and sloop navigation. 
 Lat. 40° 14' N., long. 74° 46' 3u" W. from Greenwich, and 
 2° 15' E. from Washington. Its distance by the most direct 
 railroad from Boston is 293 m., from New York 58 m., from 
 Philadelphia 29 m., from Baltimore 127 m., from Washing- 
 ton 165 ra. 
 
 The city is pleasantly located on ground somewhat un- 
 even, and is laid out with general regularity. Many of the 
 public buildings are handsome edifices The State House, 
 beautifully situated near the Delaware, commanding a fine 
 view of It and of the vicinity, is built of stone, 100 feet long 
 and 60 feet wide, and stuccoed to resemble granite, with a 
 handsome portico of 6 columns, and beautiful dome. The pub- 
 lic offices are fire-proof buildings. The Governor's House 
 is a plain but commodious building. The Court-house is 
 a handsome edifice of brick, stuccoed, in Grecian architec- 
 ture, with a portico of Ionic columns at each end, and sur- 
 mounted with a balcony. The State Lunatic Asylum is a 
 very fine building, with ample grounds, etc. It was opened 
 for patients May 15, 1848. In January 1, 1851, it contained 
 162 patients (86 males and 76 females). During 1S51 it re- 
 ceive<l 102 and discharged 93 patients, leaving on January 
 1, 1S52, 171. The expenses of the asylum during 1851 were 
 $27,170, receipts Ji22,076. The State Prison, in South Tren- 
 ton, is well situated in an area of 4 acres, inclosed by walls 
 3 feet thick and 20 feet high. The number of prisoners on 
 December 81, 1850, was 210, on December 31, 1851, 207. 
 Earnings of the prison in 1851, .$18,698, expenses of do 
 $11,858, balance paid the State $6,8-t(i. The city also con- 
 tains a public library, established in 1750, a lyeeum, and 10 
 churches. Newspapers in 1850 — "True American" (dem.), 
 " Trentonian," and " New Jersey State Gazette," each pub- 
 lished daily and weekly ; also the " New Jersey Weekly 
 Vibitor." 
 
 The railroad and steamboat connections of Trenton have 
 made it a great thoroughfare and the centre of extensive 
 trade. The New Jersey R. E. here connects with the Phil- 
 adelphia and Trenton R. E., constituting the principal route 
 between New York and Philadelphia. The Trenton Branch 
 R. E. extends hence to Bordentown, 6 m., connecting with 
 Camden and Amboy R. R. The Belvidere Del.iware 
 E. R. extends hence to Belvidere, 63 m. The Delaware 
 and Raritan Canal affords sloop uavigation from Brunswick 
 
 to this place. It is 42 m. long, 75 feet wide, 7 feet deep, 
 and was finished in 1834 at a cost of $2,0()0,.500. It is here 
 entered by a feeder taken from the Delaware, 23 m. above 
 the city, and crosses the Assunpink cr. in a fine stone aque- 
 duct. The Delaware r. is navigable above the falls at 
 Trenton, for large boats, as far as Easton, which adds much 
 to the commercial advantages of the city. 
 
 Trenton possesses a fine site for manufacturing purposes, 
 with abundance of permanent water-power, obtained from 
 the falls on the Delaware, and greatly increased by artificial 
 means; also some water-power furnished by Assunpink er. 
 Among the principal manufactures are paper, leather, and 
 lumber ; there are also several flouring, grist, and saw mills, 
 with various other establishments. The city contains two 
 banks, with an aggregate capital of $310,000. The Dela- 
 ware r. is here crossed by an excellent covered bridge, 
 1,100 feet long, resting on 5 arches supported by stone piers, 
 which W.1S built in 18ll6 at a cost of $180,000. The adjoin- 
 ing villages of Mill Hill, Bloomsbury, and Lamberton are 
 suljurbs of the city. Trenton was first settled about the year 
 1720, and was incorporated as a city in 1792. It is memor- 
 able for the " Battle of Trenton," on the night of December 
 25th, 1776, when Gen. Washington crossed the Delaware, 
 and suddenly captured 1,000 Hessians of the British army, 
 which signal event, in that gloomy period of the Revolu- 
 tion, greatly encouraged the American forces. Pop. in 
 1840,4,035; in 1850, 6,461. 
 
 Troy, p. city, and cap. Rensselaer co., y. Y. : on E. side 
 of Hudson r., 6 m. N. by E. Albany. Lat. 42° 44' N. ; long 
 7-3° 40' W. It is built chiefly upon an alluvial flat, extend- 
 ing along the r. for about 3 m., and \\xa. broad, and partly 
 upon the hills in the E. part of the city limits. It is very 
 regularly laid out, with streets crossing at right angles, 
 which are generally 60 feet wide, ornamented with fine 
 shade trees, well paved, with good side walks, and kept 
 remarkably clean. The main business street, called River 
 Street, conlbrming to the Hudson river, is, however, some- 
 what curved. The city plat is somewhat elevated above the 
 river, affording good drainage. The high hills (of which 
 the principal summits are called Mount Ida and Mount 
 Olympus) afford most extensive and delightful prospects, 
 embracing th« city of Albany, the villages of West Troy, 
 Liinsingburg, Waterford, and Cohoes, the Cohoes Falls, tho 
 Hudson r. and its beautiful valley for miles, a long extent 
 of the Erie Canal, with the various railroads here center- 
 ing, combining a variety of the most interesting scenery, 
 rarely presented in the vicinity of any large city. From 
 these hills descend two considerable streams, Poestenkill 
 and Wynantskill, which have picturesque cataracts and cas- 
 cades, and afford very great water-power to numerous mills, 
 factories, etc. The blocks of stores and houses are generally 
 built of brick, with considerable regularity and much taste. 
 The more retired streets contain many elegant dwellings, 
 surroundetl by flower gardens, etc. The city is lighted with 
 gas, and supplied with water from Piscawin creek, of which 
 the reservoir, situated in the N. part, and about J m. E. of 
 the Hudson, is 90 feet above tide water, and thus naturally 
 forcing the water above the highest houses, renders it most 
 serviceable for every purpose. Of the public buildings the 
 court-house is the most splendid ; it is built of Sing Sing 
 marble, in Grecian architecture, with fine front of the Doric 
 order. Several of the church edifices are costly structures. 
 The principal market buildings are well-built and very 
 commodious. Hotels of large size are numerous, and sev- 
 eral of those of the first class are noted for excellent accom- 
 modations. The Troy City Hospital, under the direction 
 often Sisters of Charity, has four attending physicians, and 
 received during the year 1851-52, 6S9 patients. 
 
 Much attention is given to general education in the public 
 schools and other academies. The Troy Female Seminary 
 is one of the most popular institutions of the kind in the 
 Union. It was established in 1821 (having been com- 
 menced in Middlebury, Vermont, in 1814, and removed to 
 
 409 
 
CHIEF PLACES OF THE UNITED STATES. 
 
 ■Waterford in 1821), at which time it received from the city 
 corporation $4,000 for the erection of suitable buildings. It 
 is beautifully situated in the central part of the city, with 
 finely ornamented grounds, commodious buildings, etc. 
 The Eenssalaer Institute is a polytechnic school of high 
 repute. The Young ^Men's Association has a large library 
 and reading room, with cabinet of curiosities, etc., and 
 annual courses of lectures. The Lyceum of Natural History 
 have valuable cabinets, a good library, etc. Ne>».'-papers in 
 1850, "Northern Budget" (dem.) daily, and 4 weeklies, 
 " Troy Wliig,'' " Troy Post," " Family Journal" (temp.), and 
 " New York Slate Kepublican" (whig). 
 
 Troy is pre-eminently distinguished for the business en- 
 terprise of its capitalists and citizens generally. Its situation 
 for trade and commerce has some natural advantages, but 
 these have been wonderfully improved and increased by 
 the various important railroads and canals which, centering 
 here, have made this a great thoroughfare of travel and 
 trade, and (ievcloped the manufaclurin^r interests of the 
 city. It directly connects by the Hudson with the Erie Ca- 
 nal at "West Troy directly opposite, and with the Champlain 
 Canal at Watt-rford, 4 m. above. The lines of railroad en- 
 tering the city are — Hudson Kiver R. 11. from New York, 
 150 m. ; from Worcester, 156 m. ; from Boston, 200 m. ; Troy 
 and Boston 11. K., which is completed to North Hoosiok, 
 27 m., and connects at Eagle Bridge with Rutland and Wash- 
 ington I!. It., and at North Hoosiek with Troy and Benning- 
 ton II. It., and is in construction to Greenfield, Mass. ; Kens- 
 selaer and Saratoga li. K., 32 m. ; and Schenectady and 
 Troy E. It., 20 m. ; all of which directly connect with other 
 extended and imijortaut railroads. The railroad bridge 
 across the lIu<lson is a fine structure, 1,650 feet long. Tniy 
 is at the head of tide-water on the Hudson, and of its natu- 
 ral navigation. Steamboats, sloops, etc., come to its wharves. 
 The trade of the city with New York is very great, employ- 
 ing an aggregate of several hundred vessels, and daily 
 steamboats of the first class ply between the two cities. Be- 
 sides the immense amounts of merchandise received from 
 the railroads and canals, it also receives from the very fer- 
 tile rural districts surrounding (with which it is well con- 
 nected by good plank and macadamized roads), very large 
 amounts of agricultural and dairy produce, etc., for shipment 
 to New Y'ork and other markets. By means of the State 
 dam sloop navigation is secured to Laiisingburg, etc. 
 
 The manufactures of the city comprise nearly all the lead- 
 ing branches of such industry, but the largest interests are 
 those connected with iron, machinery, hardware, and cut- 
 lery, etc. Cotton factories, tanneries, and flouring mills are 
 numerous. There are also several breweries and paper fac- 
 tories ; and a large amount of capital is invested in numer- 
 ous lumber-yards. The railroad-car manufactory of Eaton. 
 Gilbert, & Co. employs a very large number of operatives, 
 and is of wide celebrity for the number and superior excel- 
 lence of the ears made. The iron rolling mills and nail fac- 
 tories in the city and suburbs are extensive establishments, 
 as also those furnaces engaged in making stoves, castings 
 for agricultural imi>lements, etc. Immense water-power is 
 here easily obtained from the two large streams from the 
 hills on the E., and from a dam near the N. boundary of the 
 city, built by the State across the Hudson, which makes a 
 fall of Hi feet, affonling unlimited hydraulic power, besides 
 sOfuring navigation to the river above. There are 6 banks in 
 the city, with an aggregate capital of $1,768,000; also several 
 insurance companies and institutions for savings. 
 
 The first settlement of Troy was commenced about 1720, 
 in which year Derick Vanderheyden leased 490 acres ol the 
 proprietor of Kensselaorwyck. This grant now constitutes 
 the most densely populated portion of the city. This settle- 
 ment bore the name of Vanderheydcn's Ferry until 17S9, 
 when it received its present name, and was then laid out. 
 It was made the county seat in 1791, incorporated as a village 
 in 1796, and as a city in 1816. In June, 1820, a great con- 
 flagration consumed the wealthiest and most important Dart 
 410 
 
 of the city. It recovered from this severe calamity in a few 
 years, has since rapidly advanced in general prosperity, and 
 now promises to long retain its present dislinclion as one 
 of the most enterprising cities in the Union. Top. in 1810, 
 3,895; in 1820,5,264; in 1830, 11,405; in 1840, 19,.334; in 
 1850, 28,785. The large and thriving village of West Troy, 
 pop. 7,514, on the opposite aide of the Hudson, though in 
 Albany co., is in all business interests a part of Troy. 
 
 Troy, p. v., and cap. Miami co., Ohio: on the W. bank 
 of the Great Miami r.,'63 m. W. Columbus. It contains a 
 conrt-house of brick, jail, and other county buildings, and 
 publishes 2 weeklies, the "Troy Times" (whig), and "The 
 Touchstone" (F. S. D.) The Dayton and Michigan E. R., 
 the Columbus, Pequa, and Indiana E. E., and tho Miami 
 Canal pass through this place. Pop. 1,956. 
 
 Tuscaloosa, p. city, and cap. Tuscaloosa co., Ala. : on 
 S. E. bank of Black Warrior r., 94 m. N. W. by W. Mont- 
 gomery. Lat 320 12' N., long. 87° 42' W. It is situated on 
 an elevated plain at the lower falls, and head of steamboat 
 navigation on the river, and is regularly laid out with broad 
 streets crossing each other at right angles. This city was 
 until 1847 the capital of the State. It contains the for- 
 mer State-house, a court-house, jail, a Masonic h.ill, an 
 academy, lyceum for boys, seminary for young ladies, the 
 Alabama Institute, 5 churches, stores, etc. The University 
 of Alabama, here located, has 5 buiUiings, with several 
 houses for professors, which present a fine ai)pearance. 
 This institution was founded in 1831, in 1850 it had 9 in- 
 structors, 197 alumni, and 91 students, with 7,123 volumes 
 in its libraries. In 1850, 3 weekly newspapers were here 
 published, " Independent Monitor" (whig), " Tuscaloosa Ob- 
 server" (dem.), and " Crystal Fount" (temp.) Pop. in 
 1840, 1,949 ; in 1850, 2,961. 
 
 Utica, p. city, Oneida co., N. Y. : on S. side of Mohawk 
 r., 84 m. W. N. W. Albany, direct, by railroad 95 m. Lat. 
 (Dutch church) 43° OG' 49" N., long. 70° 13' W. The city is 
 built upon ground rising from the river toward the S., and 
 commands a beautiful prospect of the Mohawk valley. It 
 is laid out with general regularity, with spacious streets, 
 many of which are 100 feet wide, and is well built, having 
 many fine blocks of stores and elegant dwellings. It con- 
 tains a court-house, 20 churches, 2 orjjhan asylums, a good 
 public market, 5 banks, with aggregate capital of $1,610,200, 
 1 savings bank, and 2 insurance companies. The State 
 Lunatic Asylum is located about 1 m. W. of the centre of 
 the city, on elevated ground, with splendid buildings, sur- 
 rounded by a farm of 160 acres. In 1S')0 it contained 449 
 inmates, 226 males, ami 223 females. The total cost of ttiese 
 buildings at completion, according to the plan proposed, 
 will be about $500,000. Much attention is given to educa- 
 tion in the public schools, private academies, etc. There 
 are two flourishing incorporated seminaries, one for males, 
 and the other for females, of which the latter especially has 
 a high reputation ; also three literary associations. 
 
 Utica is surrounded by one of the best agricultural and 
 manufacturing districts in the Union. Its connections by 
 the Erie and Chenango canals, and the great line of rail- 
 roails from Albany to Buffalo, which pass through the city, 
 give it great advantiigcs for trade. By railroad, it is 78 m. 
 from Schenectady, 53 m. from Syracuse, 225 m. from Buffalo. 
 The Erie Canal has here been enlarged to 70 feet wi<ie and 
 7 feet deep, presenting a fine appearance from several beau- 
 tiful bridges by which it is spanned. A culvert between the 
 canal and the river cost aliout $100,000. The principal 
 manufactures carried on in the city are those of iron and 
 machinery, leather, carriages, and flour; but the smaller es- 
 tablishments are very numerous and various. The news- 
 paper press in 1850 cornjjriscd IS issues: viz., 4 dailies, 
 "Evening Observer" (dem.), "Oneida Whig," "Oneida 
 Herald" (whig), and "Utica Gazette" (whig), each of which 
 issued weekly editions; 5 other weeklies, "Utica Democrat" 
 (free soil), "Gospel Messenger" (free soil), " Americm Bap. 
 tist," " New Y'ork Baptist Register," and " American Mes- 
 
CHIEF PLACES OF THE UNITED STATES. 
 
 senger" (relig.) ; 3 temperance papers, " Utica Teetotaller," 
 " Cadet's Banner," and " Central City Cadet," the last two 
 semi-monthly ; and 1 monthly, " The Mirror" (relig.) 
 
 Utica stands upon the site of old Fort Schuyler, erected 
 in 1758, during the French War. In 1794 it contained four 
 inferior houses ; in 179S it was incorporated as a village, and 
 received its present name; in IS 17 it was Incorporated as a 
 txiwn, and in 1S32 received its city charter. It is divided 
 into six wards, and governed by a mayor and 12 aldermen, 
 elected annually. Pop. in 1830, 8i323 ; in 1840, 12,782 ; in 
 1850, 17,565. 
 
 Vandalia, p. v., and cap. Fayette co., III. : on W. bank 
 of Kaskaskia r., 66 m. S. E. by S. Springfield. Lat 38° 50' 
 N., long. 89° 02' W. Its site is high, undulating, and was 
 originally a timbered tract. It was selected by commis- 
 sioners, with 4 sections of land, granted by Congress in 
 1818, for the seat of government for 20 years. The capital 
 was removed to Springfield, July 4th, 1S39. It was regu- 
 larly laid out, with streets 80 feet wide, and crossing at right 
 angles. In the centre is a public square, on elevated ground, 
 containing the public buildings formerly used by the State. 
 It also contains a U. S. land-office and several churches. 
 The " Fayette Yeoman" is published weekly. From the 
 important railroad connections which Vandalia will soon 
 have with all parts of the State, it promises to become one 
 of the greatest thoroughfares of trade and travel in Illinois. 
 The railroads already in construction to pass through it are, 
 Illinois Central R. R. ; Massac and Sangamon R. R. ; and 
 Mississippi and Atlantic R. R. The National Road has pre- 
 viously been of much benefit. The surrounding country 
 near the river is heavily timbered, and a few miles back 
 are extensive prairies. Pop. 41 9. 
 
 Vergbnnes, p. city, Addison co.. Verm. : is beautifully 
 situated on Otter cr., at the head of navigation, 7 m. from its 
 mouth, 33 m. W. by S. Montpelier. Otter cr. is here about 
 500 feet wide, and is divided by two islands, forming three 
 chaimels, and separate falls of 37 feet each, furnishing im- 
 mense water-power. The city is neatly built, and presents 
 a very picturesque appearance. The factories, mills, and 
 tanneries, improving the water-power of the cr., are numer- 
 ous. The manufacture of iron, obtained from Monkton, is 
 carried on extensively. The city contains 1 bank, cap. 
 $100,000, an academy, an United States arsenal and ordi- 
 nance depot, and 3 churches. The Rutland and Burling- 
 ton R. R. passes tlirougli, 93 m. from Bellows Falls, 22 m. 
 from Burlington. Otter cr. is somewhat crooked between 
 the city and the lake, but vessels of 300 tons can come 
 to thf' wharves. Vergennes was first settled in 1766, and 
 itiL-'Viioratod in 1788. Hero was fitted out the squadron of 
 M'Uonough, which achieved the celebrated victory of Platts- 
 burg, Sept. 11th, 1814. The " Vergennes Vermonter" (whig) 
 is pulilished weekly. Pop. in 1840, 1,017 ; in 1850, 1,878. 
 
 VicKSBiiKG, p. city, port of entry, and cap. Warren co., 
 Miss. : on E. bank of Mississippi r., 41 m.W. by N. Jackson. 
 It is principally built on a high bluff, 200 feet above high- 
 water mark, but the more business part of the city is on the 
 bottom, along the river. About 2} m. above the city are the 
 Walnut Hills, which rise to an elevation of 500 feet above 
 the river, presenting very fine scenery. The city contains 
 a court-house and jail, 1 large public school, several private 
 academies, and 5 churches. An orjihan asylum is about to 
 be established. The business interests of the city are chiefly 
 commercial. Immense quantities of cotton are annually 
 sent from this place to New Orleans and other points on the 
 Mississippi. There is an excellent harbor for steamboats, 
 with very convenient landings. The surrounding country 
 is remarkably fertile, having a black loamy soil, well 
 adapted to the cultivation of cotton, tobacco, and grain. 
 The Vicksburg, Jackson, and Brandon R. R. extends hence 
 through .Tackson, 46 m. to Brandon, 60 ni., and will ulti- 
 mately form a link in the Alabama and Mississippi R. R 
 from Montgomery and Selma westward ; and Vicksburg 
 will also be a starting point for one of the lines of railroad 
 
 toward the Pacific, via Shreveport and Texas. The ton- 
 nage of Vicksburg district on 30th June, 1850, was 460 tons. 
 The quantities of cotton brought to this port by railroad from 
 the interior has been as follows: in the year ending 31st 
 May, 1849, 69,682 bales; in 1850, 29,878 bales; in 1851, 
 55,880 bales ; in 1852, 70,523 bales ; and in 1853, 97,863 bales. 
 The newspaper press in 1850 consisted of the " V. Sentinel" 
 (dem.) and the " V. Whig," each issuing tri-weekly and 
 weekly editions. Vicksburg was incorporated as a town in ■ 
 1825, and as a city in 1836. Pop. in 1850, 3,678. 
 
 ViNCENNBS, p. v., and cap. of Knox co., Jnd. : on E. bank 
 of Wabash r., 100 m. S. W. Indianapolis. Lat. 38° 43' N. ; 
 long. 87° 25' W. The v. has a fine site along the river bank» 
 and is regularly laid out, with wide streets crossing each 
 other at right angles. It contains the county buildings, a 
 fine town hall, good market-house, a U. S. land office, and 
 several churches. The Catholic cathedral is a spacious and 
 well-finished edifice. Considerable attention is given to 
 education. Of the principal institutions several are Roman 
 Catholic, viz., an ecclesiastical seminary, female academy, 
 with 150 pupils, and 2 orphan asylums, which, in 1852, con 
 tained 73 girls and 60 boys. The v. contains a branch of 
 the State Bank of Indiana, cap. $147,200, and has some 
 manufactures. The Wabash r. is here ^ m. wide, and is 
 navigable to this place for steamboats. The railroads pass- 
 ing through Vincennes are — Evansville and Illinois R. R. ; 
 and Ohio and Mississippi R. R. ; to which may be added a 
 projected road, extending hence to Indianapolis. The 
 " Vincennes Gazette" is here published This place is the 
 oldest settlement in the State, and is invested with much 
 historical interest. The French established a trading post 
 about 1702. A Catholic church had been established here 
 as early as 1749, in which year it received its name. In 1788, 
 all the families in the place were of French origin, except 
 twelve. A considerable proportion of the present popula- 
 tion is their descendants. In 1805, the first territorial 
 legislature assembled here, and, among other acts, incor- 
 porated Vincennes as a borough. In 1813, the seat of gov- 
 ernment was removed to Corydon. The country around is 
 very fertile prairie land. Pop. 2.070. 
 
 Wasuingtox, p. city, Disirict of Columbia: and cap. 
 of the United States, beautifully and conveniently situate 
 on the N. bank of Potomac r., between Rock creek and the 
 Anaosti or Eastern Branch. Lat. 38° 55' 48" north, and 
 Hng. 77° 1' 30" west from Greenwich. It is the first meri- 
 dian of American geographers. 
 
 The site has a gently undulating surface. The city extends 
 N. W. and S. E. about 4^ m., and E. to S. about 2J m. The 
 public buildings occupy the most elevated situations. The 
 streets run N. and S. and E. and W., crossing each other at 
 right angles, with the exception of 15, which point to the 
 States, of which they severally bear the names. The 
 Capitol commands the streets called Maryland, Delaware, 
 and Pennsylvania avenues; the President's House, Penn- 
 sylvania, Vermont, New York, and Connecticut avenues, 
 and all these different intersections form 1,170 squares. 
 Pennsylvania avenue, which stretches in a direct liue from 
 Georgetown to the Eastern Branch, passing the President's 
 House to the Capitol, is 4 m. in length, and 160 feet wide 
 between those edifices, and beyond them 130 feet. The 
 streets, which are from 70 to 100 feet wide, will give a 
 fine appearance to the city ; but as yet few are built upon. 
 The whole area of the city is about 3,016 acres, and its 
 periphery about 14 miles. 
 
 Washington is nearly surrounded by a fine amphitheatre 
 of hills of moderate elevation, covered with trees and 
 shrubbery, and commanding from many points picturesque 
 scenery, and extensive views of the " River of Swans," which 
 descending from the Alleghany mountains and winding 
 its way for nearly 400 m. through a fertile and most attractive 
 country, expands i-nto Chesapeake bay. The environs of 
 the city abound in the most eligible sites for villas and 
 country seats, and such will doubtlessly be multiplied, as 
 
 411 
 
CHIEF PLACES OF THE UNITED STATES. 
 
 the great advantages of the metropolis become more ex- 
 tensively known. 
 
 The first record in regard to the laying out of the city, is 
 from the pen of Washington, dated 11th March, 1T71, and 
 ju a letter dated 80lh April of the same year, he calls it the 
 "Federal City." Its present name was adopted by the 
 commissioners appointed to lay it out. The original pro- 
 prietors, in consideration of the benefits they expected to 
 derive from the location of the seat of government, conveyed 
 in trust to the commissioners, for the purpose of establish- 
 ing the city, the whole of their respective lands which 
 were included within the city limits, upon condition that 
 after retaining for the public the ground of the streets, and 
 any number of squares that the president might think 
 proper for public improvements or other public uses, the 
 lots should be equally divided between the public and the 
 respective proprietors. By this means the public obtained, 
 possession of more than 10,000 lots, from which, in addition 
 to a donation ol .$192,000 from Maryland and Virginia, funds 
 were to be raised to defray the expenses of the public build- 
 ings, etc. The city was founded, and the corner-stone of 
 the Capitol laid with Masonic honors, on the ISth Sept., 1793, 
 and the city was first occupied as the seat of government 
 in 1800. 
 
 The public buildings of 'Washington are the Capitol, the 
 Executive Mansion, the State Offices, Treasury Buildings, 
 War Offices, Navy Offices, Offices of the Secretary of the 
 Interior, Post-office, Office of the Attorney-general, Nation- 
 al Observatory, the Arsenal, Navy Yard, Smithsonian Insti- 
 tute, National Medical College, Columbian College, Coast 
 Survey Office, City Hall, National Institute, numerous 
 churches, the hotels, and many others devoted to a variety 
 of useful, literary, and benevolent purposes. 
 
 The Capitol is situate on an area of 80 acres, inclosed by 
 an iron railing. The building stands on the western por- 
 tion of this plat, and is so elevated as to command a view 
 of the entire city, including Georgetown Heights, the wind- 
 ings of the Potomac, and the city of Alexandria. It was 
 commenced in 179.3. During the embargo the works were 
 suspended, and as the British subsequently demolished 
 much of what had been accomplished, the government in 
 1815 found it necessary to reconstruct the whole edifice. 
 Tlie exterior exhibits a rusticated basement of the height of 
 the first story, the two other stories are comprised in a Co- 
 rinthian elevation of pilasters and columns; these columns, 
 which are 30 feet in height, form an advancing portico on 
 the east, 100 feet in extent, the centre of which is crowned 
 with a pediment of SO feet span ; while a receding loggia, 
 100 fei-t in extent, distinguishes the centre of the west front. 
 The building is surrounded by a balustrade of stone, and 
 covered with a lofty dome in the centre, and a flat dome on 
 each wing. The dimensions of the building are : length of 
 front 352 feet 4 inches, depth of wings 121 feet 6 inches, and 
 the height to the top of centre dome 145 feet. The cost up 
 to 1S2S, when it may be said to have been completed, was 
 nearly $1,800,000. During the session of Congress 18.50-51, 
 appropriations were made for the further enlargement of 
 the Ciipitol by the addition of two now wings of 238 by 140 
 fi'ct each wing; and when these are completed, the whole 
 Capitol, incluiling the space between the wings and the 
 main building, will cover an area of four and one-third 
 acres. The corner stone of the extension was laid by Pres- 
 ident Fillmore, on the 4th of July, 1S51, with Masonic cere- 
 monies, on which occasion the Hon. Daniel Webster deliv- 
 ered a brilliant or.ition. 
 
 The Senate Chamber is in the second story of the north 
 wing, of a semicircular form, 75 feet long and 45 high ; a 
 screen of Ionic columns, with capitals, support a gjillery to 
 the east, forming a loggia below ; and a gallery of iron pil- 
 lars and railings of a light structure projects from the circu- 
 lar walls, and the dome ceilings are enriched with square 
 caissons of stucco. The walls are partially covered with 
 drapery, and columns of breccia, or Potomac marble, sup- 
 412 
 
 port the eastern gallery. The only painting which adorns 
 the Senate Chamber is a portrait of Washington. 
 
 The Hall of llepresentatives is also of a semicircular form, 
 and of course much larger than the Senate Chamber. It is 
 in the second story of the south wing, 96 feet long and GO 
 feet high. It is surrounded with 24 columns of the variega- 
 ted Potomac marble, with capitals of white Italian marble 
 of the Corinthian order, and surmounting a base of free- 
 stone, and the dome of the hall is painted in imitation of 
 that of the Pantheon of Rome. From the centre of the 
 dome hangs a massive gilt chandelier, and high over the 
 speaker's chair, which is elevated and canopie<l, is placed 
 the model of a colo-ssal figure of Liherti/, supported by an 
 eagle just ready to fiy, the work of Italian artists named 
 Causici and Valaperti. In front of the chair, and immedi- 
 ately over the main entrance, stands a statue in marble rep- 
 resenting History recording the events of the nation. She 
 is placed on a winged car, rolling around a globe, on which 
 are delineated the signs of the Zodiac, and the wheel of the 
 car is the face of the clock of the hall ; and this is also the 
 work of a foreign artist named Franzoni. Two full-length 
 portraits — one of Washington and one of Lafayette — adorn 
 the walls on either side of the chair, and in every direction 
 are displayed ample folds of crimson drapery. The galle- 
 ries of this hall are so extensive as nearly to encircle it, and 
 the general arrangement of the room is such as to render 
 the members an<l the audience as comfortable as possible. 
 
 The Kotundo occupies the centre, and is 96 feet in diam- 
 eter and the same number of feet high. The dome is hem- 
 ispherical and filled with large pl;iin caissons; the room in 
 its circuit is divided into eight panels, intended fur paint- 
 ings, seven of which are already filled ; and stationed be- 
 tween these panels are four bas-relievos of historical sub- 
 jects, one representing the Preservation of Capt. Smith by 
 PocahonUis, one the Landing of the Pilgrims on Ply- 
 mouth Rock, one the Conflicts between Daniel Boone and 
 the Indians, and the other Penn's Treaty ^cith. the Indians. 
 In addition to these, specimens of sculpture are also dis- 
 played, encircled with floral wreaths, the heads of Columbin, 
 lialeigh. La Salle, and Cabot — all these productions of the 
 chisel being from the hands of Camici and CapeUano. In 
 niches on the outside of the east door are also two statues of 
 colossal size representing Peace and War, from the chisel of 
 Persico. Of the paintings, four are by Col. John Trumbull, 
 one by Weir, one by Vanderlyn, and one by Chapman 
 — the order for the remaining vacancy not having yet been 
 filled. The subjects of Trumbull's pictures are, the Decla- 
 ration of Independence, the Surrender of General Bur- 
 goyne, the Surrender of the British Army, commanded 
 by Lord Cornuallis, at Yorktown, in Virginia, and the 
 Resignation of General Washingt/>n at Annapolis. The 
 subjects of the remaining pictures are the Embarkation of 
 the Pilgrims from Leyden, by Weir; the Landing of Co- 
 lumbus, by Vanderlyn ; and the Baptism of Pocahontas, 
 by Chapman. As these illustrate scenes connected with 
 the very earliest history of our country, none but the lead- 
 ing figures are to considered in the aspect of authentic 
 portraits. 
 
 The Congressional Library is unquestionably one of the 
 chief attractions of the Capitol. The principal room, of 
 which there are three, faces the W., and is a large and hand- 
 some affair, 92 feet long, 34 wide, and 86 high ; divided 
 into twelve alcoves, ornamented with fluted pilasters, and 
 in every direction are displayed portraits and busts, cases 
 of medals, and other works of art. The number of volumes 
 which it contains is about 50,000. The original library, 
 which was collected under the direction of Mr. Gallatin 
 and Mr. Mitchell, in ISOO, was destroyed by fire during the 
 last war, and that which now enriches the Capitol, was 
 founded upon one which was purchased by Congress, in 
 1814, of Thomas Jefl'erson, for .$'.'3,on0. The yearly average 
 increase is about 1.800 volumes. The sum of $5,000 is an- 
 nually appropriated by Congress for miscellaneous books, 
 
CHIEF PLACES OF THE UNITED STATES. 
 
 and |1,000 for law b()()ks. In 1851 the library lost many 
 valuable works from an accidental fire. 
 
 The apartment for the accommodation of the Supreme 
 Court is an ill-arranged, inconvenient, and badly lighted 
 room, in the basement under the Senate Chamber. It is 
 semicircular in shape, with manifold arches ; and on the 
 wall is an emblem of Justice, holding her scales, in bold 
 relief, and also a figure of Fame crowned with the rising 
 sun, and pointing to the Conslitution of the United States. 
 The members of the bar are accommodated with seats and 
 desks in the body of the room ; and the justices occupy a 
 row of elevated seats, and appear in their official capacity 
 clothed in black silk gowns or robes. 
 
 In addition to the apartments of the Capitol already spe- 
 cified, it should be mentioned, that there is also a large 
 number of ordinary, but well-furnished rooms, which are 
 occupied by the Vice-President, the Speaker of the House, 
 and other oflicers, by the Postmasters of Congress, the Pub- 
 lic Documents, and the committees of the two houses. 
 
 The Capitol grounds are not only extensive, but are kept 
 in the very neatest order, constituting one of the pleasaiUest 
 and most popular resorts for promenading to be found in 
 the metropolis. They command most charming prospects 
 of the surrounding country, are adorned with a great variety 
 of American trees, fountains and basins of pure water en- 
 liven them in various parts, and an air of superior refine- 
 ment is given to them by a number of pieces of statuary, 
 the most attractive specimens being a statue of Washington, 
 by Greenough, and a pair, of Columbus and an Indian 
 Woman, by Persico, the former occupying the centre of a 
 square east of the Capitol, and the two others appropriate 
 places on the eastern portico. 
 
 Near the western entrance of the Capitol stands a monu- 
 ment erected by the officers of the navy to the memory of 
 their brother officers who fell in the war with Tripoli. It is 
 of marble, rises out of a pool or basin of water, and is 40 
 feet high. On one side of the base is a view of Tripoli and 
 the American fleet, on another the words, "To the memory 
 of Somers, Caldwell, Decatur, Wordsworth, Dorsey, Is- 
 rael," and on another side, a brief but comprehensive his- 
 tory. At the base of the column are four marble emblem- 
 atic figures— Mercury, Fame, History, and America; the 
 column has also appropriate embellishments, and is sur- 
 mounted by an eagle. 
 
 The Executive Mansion is situated at the west end of the 
 city, at the intersection of Pennsylvania, New York, Con- 
 necticut, and Vermont avenues. It occupies the centre of 
 a plot of 20 acres, and has an elevation of 44 feet above the 
 waters of the Potomac. The grounds are partially laid out 
 in gardens, etc., but are still in an unfinished state. The 
 mansion is 170 feet front and 86 feet deep, built of white 
 freestone, with Ionic X'il'isters, comprehending two lofty 
 stories of rooms, crowned with a stone balustrade. The 
 north front is ornamented with a lofty portico of four Ionic 
 columns in front, and projecting with three columns. The 
 outer inter-columniation is for carriages to drive under, and 
 place company under shelter ; the middle space is for those 
 visitors who come on foot — the steps from both leading to a 
 broad platform in front of the door of entrance. The gar- 
 den front is varied by having a rusticated basement story 
 under the Ionic ordonnance, and by a semi-circular pro- 
 jecting colonnade of six columns, with two flights of steps 
 leading from the ground to the level of the principal story. 
 The interior arrangements of the Executive Mansion are, 
 of course, elegant and convenient, well adapted to the va- 
 rious purposes to which the building was designed. 
 
 In the centre of the small square immediately in front of 
 tho President's House, stands a bronze statue of Thomas 
 Jefferson, executed by whom we know not, but presented 
 to the government by Capt. Levy of the United States Navy, 
 the present proprietor of Monticello, the former abode of 
 Mr. Jefferson. It is a handsome piece of statuary, and in 
 its oresent position has quite a commanding appearance. 
 
 Directly across Pennsylvania Avenue from the above-men- 
 tioned square, is Lafayette Square, which has recently been 
 laid out in fashionable style, and planted with new shrub- 
 bery. Mills' equestrian statue of General Jackson, which 
 occupies its centre, is a work of superior merit It is in 
 bronze, and cast from certain cannon captured by General 
 Jackson in some of his military engagements. 
 
 The State Department, which stands north-east of the 
 President's House and within the same inclosure, is a plain 
 brick building, two stories high, IGO feet long and 55 wide, 
 with a broad passage on both floors, and containing in all 
 32 rooms. It contains a handsome library of books, maps, 
 and charts, numbering perhaps some 15,('00 distinct works, 
 which are indispensable in the perfonnance of the exten- 
 sive and varied duties of the department. In addition to 
 this collection, the Copyright Bureau contains some 10 or 
 .12,1100 volumes published In this country, which are kept 
 with care as part and parcel of the archives of the govern- 
 ment. It is the department through which alone the diplo- 
 matic corps and all foreignei-s can hold any intercourse 
 with the government of the United States, and is of course 
 the head-quarters of all the American ministers and consuls. 
 
 The Treasury Department stands at the eastern extrem- 
 ity of the President's Square, so called, and is a stone edifice, 
 painted white, 340 feet long, and ITO wide, but when the 
 northern and southern wings are added, it will be 457 feet 
 in length. In front is an imposing colonnade, stretching 
 the entire length of the building. It has throe floors upon 
 which business is transacted, on each of which are nearly 
 fifty apartments. This is the department where all the 
 financial and commercial afl'airs of the country are attended 
 to. A good legal library is attached to this department. 
 
 The War Department building occupies the north-west 
 corner of the President's Square, and is precisely similar in 
 design to the State Department. It is the head-quarters of 
 all the officers of the army, and the mainspring of all the 
 military movements. This department comprises the War 
 Office proper, the Quartermaster's Department, the En- 
 gineer's Department, Bureau of Topographic.il Engineers, 
 Ordnance Office, Subsistence Department, Pay Depart- 
 ment, Medical Department, Office of Adjutant-general, and 
 the head-quarters of the Major-general or military Com- 
 mander-in-chief of the Army. The War Department is 
 furnished with a valuable library of some 10,000 volumes. 
 
 The Navy Department building lies directly west of the 
 President's House, and in the rear of the War Department. 
 It has five bureaus, exclusive of the Secretary's office, viz. : 
 Bureau of tho Navy Yards and Docks, Bureau of Construc- 
 tion, Equipment, and Eepair; Bureau of Provisions and 
 Clothing. Bureau of Ordnance and Hydrography, and 
 Bureau of Medicine and Surgery. 
 
 The Department of the Interior, or Home Department, is 
 the most extensive connected with the government. The 
 building which it is destined to occupy is yet unfinished, but 
 when completed, it will be the most extensive and most in- 
 teresting in the metropolis. A portion of it is already occu- 
 pied by one of the bureaus of the department (the Patent 
 Office), and also by the museum of the National Institute. 
 The titles of the bureaus connected with the Interior De- 
 partment are as follows : Land Office, Patent Office, Indian 
 Office, and Pension Office. As its name indicates, this de- 
 partment has to do exclusively with all those matters bear- 
 ing upon the internal economy of the United States, and is, 
 of course, increasing in importance with every successive 
 year. A library of some 5,000 volumes is attached to this 
 department. In the second story of the building now occu- 
 pied by the Patent Office, are the invaluable relics of Wash- 
 ington, including his camp chest, the Original Declaration 
 of Independence, the gifts presented from time to time to 
 the government by foreign powers, Franklin's printing 
 press, a collection of Indian portraits by King, the treasures 
 of the National Institute, interesting memorials of tho late 
 James Smithson, and the extensive and rare treasures se- 
 
 413 
 
CHIEF PLACES OF THE UNITED STATES. 
 
 cured by the U. S. Exploring Expedition, under Captain 
 Wilkes, in almost every department of national histurj* and 
 human ingenuity. Every thing here is open to the inspec- 
 tion of the public. In the first story of the same building 
 are collected all the models of the machines which have 
 been patented since the foundation of the government. 
 
 The Post-office Department is of white marble, and after 
 the Corinthian order. It is 3 stories high, and 204 feet long, 
 and 102 deep ; it contains 27 rooms on each floor, making 
 81 in all. It occupies a central position in the city, near the 
 Department of the Interior, both of which are about half a 
 mile from the President's Square and the other depart- 
 ments. 
 
 With regard to the Office of the Attorney-general, which 
 we have classed with the Executive branches of the govern- 
 ment, we have only to say that it derives its chief attraction 
 from the person who may occupy it, who must be, of neces- 
 sity, a man of distinguished ability. Rooms are as.signed to 
 him in the Treasury building, and it is to him that all knot- 
 ty questions, in all the departments, are submitted for final 
 Bettlement. 
 
 The National Observatory is situated on the banks of the 
 Potomac, in an oblique direction from the President's 
 House, toward Georgetown. The site is a beautiful one, 
 having a commanding view of Washington and George- 
 town, of the Potomac river, and surrounding country as 
 far down as Fort Washington, opposite to Mount Vernon. 
 It is a naval institution, under the control and management 
 of Lieutenant M. P. Maury, IT. S. N. The force ejiiployed 
 at it consists principally of naval oflRcers. Besides the as- 
 tronomical duties of the establishment, here are kept all the 
 nautical books, charts, and instruments belonging to the 
 navy. The apartment in which the chronometers are kept 
 is a very interesting one. Before one of these instruments is 
 purchased by government, it is required to be put on trial by 
 the Superintendent of the Observatory for one year; during 
 which period it is compared daily with the great astronomi- 
 cal clock of the Observatory, which regulates the time for 
 the whole city. Tlie temperature of the room in which it is 
 kept is also carefully observed, and recorded every day. 
 The test is a severe one, and in case the instrument fails to 
 come up to it, it is returned to the maker at the end of 
 the year. The observations on the tem[ierature in connec- 
 tion with the performance of the chronometer, enable the 
 maker to improve the instrument, and on a second trial of 
 another year it rarely fails to pass. There are from 60 to 
 loo chronometers always in this room, all of which are 
 daily wound, and compared and treated in the manner de- 
 Bcribed. Thus a complete and minute history is kept of 
 each one. Here also are conducted the celebrated re- 
 searches connected with the "wind and current charts," 
 the habits of the whale, and a variety of phenomena con- 
 nected with the great deep. The National Observatory of 
 Washington occupies a high rank among the observatories 
 of the world, there being but two — those of Russia and 
 Greenwich— superior to it. The largest telescope, called 
 the equatorial, is a 14 feet refractor, willi an object-glass of 
 9 inches. It is mounted in the revolving dome on the top 
 of the main building; and is so arranged with clock-work 
 and machinery, that being directed to a star in the morning, 
 it may be left alone, when on returning to it in the evening. 
 it will have followed the path of the star so exactly, that it 
 will be found still pointing to the star, and the star will be 
 visible through it. With its powers the stars are visible at 
 mi<l-day. In one room below are the meridian and mural 
 circles; in another, the transit instniment; in another, the 
 prime vertical instrument; and in another yet, the great 
 refraction circle, invented by the superintendent : it is made 
 by Ertel & Son, Munich, and taken altogether is, perhaps, 
 one of the finest instruments anywhere to bo found. But 
 perhaps the most wonderful object at this interesting est-ib- 
 lisliment is the electro-chronograph, invented by Dr. Locke, 
 of Cincinnati. It is in the room with the transit instrument, 
 414 
 
 and is so arranged, by its connection with an electrical bat- 
 tery in the building, that its ticks may be heard in any part 
 of the country to which the magnetic wires lead, provided 
 they be put in connection with it. Thus it may be made of 
 itself to record the time, and in such a manner, that the as- 
 tronomer in Boston, New Orleans, or elsewhere, will know 
 it, and tell the time of day by his clock, as well as one who 
 stands before it and reads the hands on its face. The Ob- 
 servatory regulates the time for W:ishington and George- 
 town by the falling of a ball. At ten minutes before mean 
 noon every day, a large black ball is hoisteil to a flag staff, 
 8t.inding on the top of the dome. This is to give w.irning 
 for those who wish to get the evaet time of the day to look 
 out. Precisely at twelve the ball drops. The' whole city is 
 infiirmed of the exact time. 
 
 The Arsenal occui>ies a fine position on the extreme 
 soulhem point of the city (called Greenleafs Point), at the 
 junction of the eastern branch with the Potomac, com- 
 niat)ding a beautiful and extensive view, over a broad ex- 
 panse of water, toward the cities of Wa.-hington and 
 Georgetown on the N., and Alexandria on the S. The 
 channels of both rivers running near the Arsenal shore, 
 afford all requisite facilities for receiving and shippini: ord- 
 nance and other military stores. Although this file was 
 originally reserved for the purpose of an arsenal, it was not 
 occupied by any building of importance until after the 
 peace of 1S14, when the building of the present establish- 
 ment was commenced under the direction of the late Col. 
 George Bomford. From the small square embraced in the 
 first plan, the buildings have been gradually extended until 
 they occupy nearly the whole reservation, and form one of 
 the principal arsenals of construction in the United States. 
 The workshops contain much useful and ingenious machin- 
 ery, propelled by steam, for manufacturing gun-carriages 
 and equipments for artillery, and for preparing ammunition 
 of all kinds. Among these may be noticed particularly the 
 machines for planing and boring iron and wood, those for 
 tenoning and morticing the spokes and hubs of wheels; 
 Blanchard's ingenious lathe for turning irregular forms in 
 wood, such as spokes, axe-handles, etc. ; the machinery for 
 making leaden bullets by pressing them out of the bar-lead 
 instead of casting them ; and, above all, the beautiful ma- 
 chine for making and charging percussion caps for small 
 arms, invented by Mr. George Wright, a workman at the 
 Arsenal. By this last-mentioned machine, a sheet of cop- 
 per being inserted on one side, and some percussion pow- 
 der put in a hopper on the other, the finished caps are pro- 
 duced without any further agency of the workman. In the 
 spacious storehouses of the Arsenal are to be seen arms and 
 eqiiipments for the troops ; also a large number of gun-car- 
 riages, and other apparatus for the service of the artillery in 
 the forts and in the field, from the ponderous Columbiad for 
 the defense of the coast, to the little mountain howitzer, 
 which may be transported, with its miniature smith's forge, 
 on the back of a mule. The model office contains a collec- 
 tion of models or patterns of the various arms and military 
 equipments used in our service, and also of such of those 
 used in the armies of other nations as have been obtained 
 by the ordnance department. Here may also be seen some 
 specimens of old and new inventions, repeating arms, re- 
 volvers, etc., which have been suggested at home or abroad 
 by the organ of destructivenesa. In the gun lot are ar- 
 ranged many pieces of ordnance and piles of balls, mosilyof 
 heavy ciilibre for the armament of the forts. In front of the 
 old Arsenal Square a small collection of foreign brass can- 
 non will attract the notice of the visitor, who will perceive 
 by the inscriptions that some of them are trophies of the 
 success of our arms at Saratoga, Torktown, Niagara, and 
 Vera Cruz. The guns an<l cannons of Duncan's field-bat- 
 tery, which performed distinguished services on nearly 
 every field of battle in the Mexican War, are likewise pre- 
 served at the .\rsenal as a saluting battery. On the W. side 
 of the Arsenal grounds, near the river, are 2 pyramidal 
 
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