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 LIBRARY OF CONGRESS 
 
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 Mm^ESOTA 
 
 By R?^Ef Denfeld, Superintendent of Schools, Duluth, Minn. 
 
 Historical Development 
 
 In 1634 Jean Nicolet, an adventurous em- 
 ployee of a Canadian Fur Company, visit- 
 Early iiig the Indians in what is 
 explorers now Wisconsin, learned of the 
 Dakotahs or Sioux dwelling beyond the 
 Mississippi. On his return to Canada he 
 made known what lie had heard. Seven 
 years later two French officers visited the 
 Sault Ste. Marie and were told of this 
 same nation living eighteen 
 days' journey to the West, 
 at the source of a great 
 river. Some years after, 
 an expedition started from 
 Quebec to find tliese In- 
 dians, but the hostile Iro- 
 quois slew many of its 
 members. In 1660 an ex- 
 pedition, under Groselliers 
 and Kadisson, coasted along 
 the southern shore of Lake 
 Superior and erected a tem- 
 porary fort. In the spring 
 of the following year, a 
 party from this fort came 
 upon a small body of Dako- 
 tah Indians and returned 
 with them to the western 
 prairies. These men are 
 supposed to have been the 
 first white men on Minnesota soil. Toward 
 the close of the seventeenth century, many 
 other explorers : Perrot, Dul Hut, Le Seuer, 
 and Father Hennepin, had traversed its 
 beautiful river valleys and entered its 
 forests and prairies. Rude fortifications 
 were built on the lower Blue Earth River 
 and on islands of the Mississippi near the 
 mouth of the St. Croix and on the west 
 banks near Lake Pepin. 
 
 CopjTifrht, Irtll, 19'iO, by 
 
 Then came the voyageurs, the rangers 
 of the woods. Soon their canoes dotted 
 the streams, their songs echoed xhe voyageurs 
 along the banks as they moved and the 
 from one Indian village to an- English 
 other in search of pelts. These were the 
 advance guards of civilization- — ^ a fearless, 
 restless, and unrestrained body of men, in- 
 diffei'ent to law, keeping faith only with the 
 fur companies, and owning allegiance to the 
 King- of France. Until 1763 the French 
 
 Fig. •-'. — St. (.' 
 
 Taylor's Falls. 
 
 were masters of this country, then the 
 English became the nominal masters. The 
 French, however, continued to be the actual 
 masters. Tlirough the friendsliip and in- 
 termarriages of a century, the Indians had 
 come to regard the French as their own 
 people. The crafty Frenchmen therefore 
 had no difficulty in leading the Indians to 
 distrust tlie offers of trade and friendship 
 made by the English, so the English built 
 
 The Macniillan ( 
 
 1,6) "' A57I 
 
MINNESOTA 
 
 
 no military or trading posts west of Macki- 
 naw. TJie only noted explorer represent- 
 ing them was the self-constituted explorer 
 Jonatlian Carver, who visited St. Anthony 
 Falls in 1766, making a partial ascent of 
 tlie Minnesota River. 
 
 Twenty years after the English acquired 
 possession of the Northwest, they trans- 
 Becomes ferred it to the United States 
 possession of of America by the Treaty of 
 United States 1783, leaving to the new na- 
 of America ^j^^^ ^j^^ French and Indian 
 hostility as well as their own embittered 
 
 Fig. 3. — Round Tower, Fort Suelliug 
 
 feeling because of the loss of the fur trade. 
 To check the boldness of the British fur 
 trader and overawe the Indian tribes, it 
 became necessary to make a show of mili- 
 tary strength. In 1805 the government 
 decided to procure a site on which to build 
 a fort somewhere on the waters of the upper 
 Mississippi. Lieutenant Zebulon M. Pike 
 was sent with a small force into this ter- 
 ritory to explore the country, to expel the 
 British fur trader, and to make treaties 
 with the Indiitns. On his arrival at an 
 island near the mouth of the Minnesota 
 River where it enters the Mississippi, he 
 pitched his tents. On the 22d of Septem- 
 ber he held a council with the Sioux in the 
 presence of traders and interpreters. An 
 agreement was made with them whereby 
 
 the}' ceded to the United States a tract of 
 land nine miles square. Upon this tract 
 there was later established a military post, 
 and then a fort, named Fort Snelling, after 
 its commanding officer. To-day this tract 
 is known as the "Fort Snelling Reserva- 
 tion." The reason for this is set forth in 
 the following words : 
 
 "To cause the power of the United States gov- 
 ernment to be fully acknowledged by the Indians 
 and settlers of the Northwest; to prevent Lord Sel- 
 kirk, the Hudson Bay Company, and others from 
 establishing trading posts on the United States 
 territory ; to better the conditions of the 
 Indians and to develop the resources of 
 the country." 
 
 The United States having thus 
 asserted its authority, tlie North- 
 west and Hudson Bay Fur Com- 
 pany thereafter confined their trade 
 for the most part to the British 
 possessions, while the American 
 and Columbia companies entered 
 actively into the American terri- 
 tory to form more friendly relations 
 with the tribe. 
 
 Commercial and scientific expedi- 
 tions were also sent out by the 
 government. The Later 
 first of these, in 1820, expeditions 
 under Lewis Cass, governor of 
 Michigan, entered the St. Louis River, ex- 
 ploring it toward the headwaters of the 
 Mississippi ; the second, three years later, 
 under Major Stephen H. Long, moved up 
 the Minnesota River and Red River and the 
 chain of rivers and lakes on the northern 
 boundary ; the third, led by Henry B. 
 Schoolcraft, nine years later (1832), fol- 
 lowed the route of Cass, proceeded as far 
 as Lake Itasca, then southward to Fort Snel- 
 ling, and up the St. Croix River. These 
 expeditions revealed the importance of the 
 territory for settlement. 
 
 Almost the entire territory comprising 
 the state was held by the Chippewas and 
 Sioux, yet hardy pioneers had Treaties with 
 entered and settled upon the Indians 
 streams tributary to the Mississippi. Two 
 
 liuu -0 la^b 
 
MINNESOTA 
 
 important treaties were made with the In- 
 dians in 1837. The first was with the 
 Chippewas at Fort Snelling, in whicli they 
 ceded all their pine and agricultural lands 
 on the St. Croix and its tributaries ; and the 
 second, at Washington, in which they ceded 
 all the land east of the Mississippi and all 
 its islands. This was the first step taken 
 toward permanent occupation of the terri- 
 tory by white men. In the northernmost 
 part of the territory on the Red River of the 
 North were many French and half-breeds 
 whose occupation was largely fur trading. 
 The central and southern sections were 
 settled by people from the Eastern states, 
 — Vermont, Maine, Pennsylvania. Some 
 erected a claim cabin at the falls of the St. 
 Croix ; two of the number remained at this 
 point, while the others formed two parties to 
 search for pine lands. One party stopped at 
 Sun Rise; the other went on to Snake River. 
 The year following, 18.38, a boat brought 
 machinery for the mills of the Northwest 
 Early Lumber Company at the falls 
 
 settlements of the St. Croix. Other set- 
 tlers came from Illinois and settled in the 
 valley of the St. Croix on a site which they 
 named Marine, after Marine in Madison 
 County, Illinois. At this point they built 
 a sawmill. This was the first mill in Min- 
 nesota beyond the military reservation. In 
 the same year, two men, Haskell and Norris, 
 who assisted in the construction of a saw- 
 mill near the site of the town of Afton, 
 opened the first farm. 
 
 In 1843 a settlement was made which 
 afterward became the town of Stillwater. 
 A Canadian Frenchman, Perrant by name, 
 built his shanty in what later became the 
 city of St. Paul. Mankatoand St. Anthony 
 Falls had settlers about 1840. A few Swiss, 
 lured from their home by the glowing ac- 
 count of the agent of Lord Selkirk, made 
 their way into the northern portion of Min- 
 nesota, and finally located on the Fort 
 Snelling Reservation in 1823, but were later 
 ejected. However, most of them remained 
 in the state and were the first to raise cattle 
 and till the soil. 
 
 The life of these pioneers and early set- 
 tlers was full of danger and hardship. They 
 were forced to contend not Hardships 
 only against the severities of of pioneers 
 climate and the hardships to be found in a 
 new country, but they came in contact with 
 the hostile Indians. The government, in 
 making its treaties with the Indians, had 
 promised them money for their land, which 
 was not always promptly paid. Although 
 there was an abundant supply of good 
 land ceded to them bj' the treaties, the ad- 
 venturous pioneers settled on the extreme 
 limits in the neighborhood of reservations. 
 The Indians living on the reservations west 
 of these settlements, in their hunting expe- 
 ditions were in the habit of returning to the 
 ceded lands. While in general the Indians 
 were civil, committing only petty depreda- 
 tions, their visits annoyed the white settlers. 
 Conflicts between the Indians and the white 
 men followed and caused much bloodshed in 
 the early history of the state. 
 
 The early inhabitants of the northernmost 
 part were occupied in fur trading, while the 
 later comers along the river engaged in lum- 
 bering. They were poor farmers, and we 
 are told they had nothing to sell and every- 
 thing to buy. 
 
 In 1848 Wisconsin adopted a state con- 
 stitution. The territor}^ north and west of 
 the Mississippi and St. Croix Organized 
 rivers then being without a ^^ territory 
 government, the Honorable John Catlin, 
 claiming to be still secretary and acting 
 governor of the territory, called a special 
 election to elect a delegate to Congress. 
 Honorable H. H. Sibley was chosen, and, 
 through his influence. Congress passed an act 
 establishing the territorial government of 
 Minnesota and fixed the seat of government 
 at St. Paul. 
 
 There were scarcely a thousand people in 
 the territorj' at the time of its organization. 
 Within a year the census gave a population 
 of 6077. 
 
 The early pioneers were brought into the 
 territory tlirough the influence of the Hud- 
 son Bay Ciimpany. After the treaties of 
 
MINNESOTA 
 
 1851 at Travers des Sioiis and Mendota, a 
 great wave of iinniigration set in from the 
 Rapid growth Eastern states and an era of 
 of population speculation started. The cen- 
 sus taken a few j'ears later gave a population 
 of 150,037. Tlien followed two years of 
 financial disaster and the shrinkage of in- 
 flated values; but the state itself was filling 
 up with farmers and the rich soil was yield- 
 ing an abundant harvest. The poi^ulation 
 in 1860 had increased to 162,033. A still 
 larger increase was anticipated, but political 
 
 stroyed the growing crops, causing great 
 financial distress for two or three years. 
 The census of 1875 gave the population of 
 the state as 597,407, showing a fair increase, 
 but small in comparison with the five years 
 following the close of the war. 
 
 The rush of immigration forced the or- 
 ganization of transportation companies — 
 stages in winter and steamboats in summer. 
 Tiie majority of those who first came to 
 Minnesota in this rush remained in the 
 cities as there was little agriculture that 
 
 Harvesting grain. 
 
 conditions in the Union prevented. At the 
 close of the Civil War the population of the 
 state had reached 260,099, and in 1870 it 
 had increased to 439,706 — nearly doubling 
 in five years. 
 
 As early as 1870, a thousand miles of 
 railroad had been constructed and railroad 
 Early building continued with even 
 
 development greater vigor until the panic 
 of 1873, which brought all enterprises to a 
 standstill, producing stagnation in all the 
 growing towns. The farmers had been 
 active in the development of the country 
 and were greatly aiding the development of 
 the state M'hen the grasshopper raids de- 
 
 was worth mentioning. Towns and cities 
 sprang into existence like mushrooms. 
 The prevailing idea being that land would 
 greatly increase in value everybody began 
 to speculate. Everything useful was neg- 
 lected. When the panic came, the price of 
 land fell and brought disaster to the terri- 
 tory, but it proved a blessing in disguise 
 because it compelled people to abandon 
 speculation and return to honest labor in 
 cultivation of the soil and development of 
 the resources of the country. Farms were 
 opened by the thousands, everybody went 
 to work, and in ten years Minnesota had a 
 surplus of forty million bushels of wheat. 
 
MINNESOTA 
 
 Wheat was its staple product, although 
 other grains and vegetables could be grown 
 in abundance. The earliest exports were 
 potatoes. In the earliest days of the terri- 
 toiy, people predicted the growth of cities 
 at different points : at St. Paul because it 
 was located at the head of navigation on the 
 Mississippi ; at St. Anthony Falls because it 
 had great water power ; at the head of the 
 lakes because it was the head of navigation ; 
 and at Mankato because it was in a great 
 bend of the Minnesota River. 
 
 The vast resources of the state have con- 
 tributed to the building up of its different 
 industries. It is still largely 
 an agricultural state, but lum- 
 bering, mining, manufacturing, and com- 
 merce enlist the activity of many thousands 
 of people. Its life, therefore, is varied. Its 
 cities are growing with surprising rapidity, 
 showing the most advanced conditions of 
 modern life. Its villages are the seats of 
 prosperous communities and the country 
 itself is jjrovided with every facility known 
 to modern civilization. 
 
 Minnesota is a little more than fifty years 
 old and within that period it has made a 
 marvelous growth. It is almost as far ad- 
 vanced as the older settled states of the 
 Middle West, so far as the homeseekers are 
 concerned. Yet the conditions are unusu- 
 ally favorable for those who seek an inde- 
 pendent home. The pioneer work lias been 
 finished and all the advantages of civilized 
 life are open to the newcomer throughout 
 the borders of the state. 
 
 General Geography 
 
 Minnesota gets its name from the river 
 called " Minisota " by the Indians, meaning 
 
 -, sky-colored water. The state 
 
 Name •' . i ■ i , 
 
 convention authorized the pres- 
 ent spelling, " Minnesota." Every state 
 has a name by which it is popularly known. 
 Minnesota is the " Gopher " state. 
 
 Minnesota is in the geographical center 
 of North America, midway between Maine 
 and Washington, and about equidistant 
 
 between Beaufort Sea and the Gulf of 
 
 Mexico. It lies between 43 degrees 30 
 
 minutes and 49 degrees north 
 
 latitude. The northernmost 
 
 point of the state is 22.85 miles north of the 
 
 49th parallel to the northwest point of the 
 
 Lake of the Woods, and is the farthest point 
 
 north in the United States except Alaska. 
 
 It is between 89 degrees 29 minutes and 97 
 
 degrees 15 minutes west longitude. The 
 
 greatest distance across the state from north 
 
 to south is about 400 miles. The greatest 
 
 width is from St. Vincent to Pigeon Point, 
 
 a distance of 357 miles. 
 
 The boundaries of Minnesota are in part 
 
 natural : Lake of the Woods, with Rainy 
 
 River waterway. Pigeon River, „ , . 
 
 ^ . Boundaries 
 
 and Lake Superior on the 
 
 north and northeast ; the St. Louis, St. 
 
 Croix, and Mississippi rivers along the east 
 
 side ; Lakes Big Stone and Traverse, and 
 
 Red River of the North along the west side. 
 
 Iowa is on the south along the parallel of 
 
 43 degrees 30 minutes north latitude. 
 
 Geological Story 
 
 Minnesota is not high although it has in 
 places considerable relief. At Duluth on 
 Lake Superior it is 602.2 feet above sea level, 
 while the Misquah Hills have an elevation 
 of 2230 feet. These are not far from the 
 International Boundary line. The average 
 altitude is about 1200 feet. The long, low 
 slopes do not gather the water quickly in 
 great volumes, therefore the state is not 
 particularly subject to floods, neither is it a 
 region of marshes. The beds of sandstone 
 in the southeastern portion of the state and 
 the miles of sand in the neighboring states 
 prove that it must, at one time, have con- 
 tained many high mountains. The state 
 was the scene of repeated glacial action 
 when ice fields covered the whole northern 
 part of North America. The markings 
 that appear upon the rocks throughout the 
 state, the beds of sand and gravel and 
 mixed clay, and the sand piled up in differ- 
 ent sections, give evidence of this. There 
 
MINNESOTA 
 
 Fig. 5. — Relief Map of Minuesota. 
 
 are also ancient lake bottoms and river 
 courses showing tliat the entire state was 
 affected by glacial action. There were 
 three such periods in Minnesota. The 
 great glacier moving southward from Lake 
 Superior region reached Wabasha, leaving 
 
 the red-colored debris, clay, sand, and 
 gravel; another formed in the Rainy Lake 
 region, tearing up the ancient granites, 
 gneisses, and greenstones, dropping them 
 southward as far as the headwaters of 
 the Mississippi. A third probably moved 
 
MINNESOTA 
 
 along the Red River Valley, clown the 
 valley of the Minnesota into Iowa. These 
 glaciers, melting slowly, dropped the rock 
 masses in long ridges called "moraines." 
 They also created lakes in which the waters 
 separated the materials, depositing beds of 
 clay and sand as they retreated and formed 
 again in each successive season. 
 
 Moraines of glacial origin form the most 
 conspicuous type of hills. In the Minne- 
 sota, Mississippi, and St. Croix 
 river valleys it is a " bluff," 
 having a broad, nearly vertical face. Tliese 
 
 Highlands 
 
 oak openings, belts of hardwood, watered 
 
 by many lakes and rivers. The lowest and 
 
 the highest points of land are 
 
 . ,1 ,1 i i Lowlands 
 
 in tlie northeastern corner: at 
 
 Duluth on Lake Superior, and in the vicin- 
 ity of Tower and Ely. The valleys are 
 numerous and very fertile. 
 
 Drainage 
 
 The " Height of Land " forms the water- 
 shed of three great river systems: the 
 Mississippi, the Hudson Bay, and the 
 Atlantic or St. Lawrence. In northern 
 
 Rolling prairie. 
 
 are hills of erosion due to the wasting effect 
 of air and water. The morainic hills are 
 most widely distributed and are found 
 where glacial " till " occurs. Their slope 
 and height vary. Sometimes they are 
 cultivated to the summit. The Leaf Hills 
 iii the western part of the state are mo- 
 rainic. They are the peaks of Otter Tail, 
 Becker, and Douglass counties and have an 
 elevation of about 1800 feet. At the base 
 of these are found morainic lakes. Tlie 
 hills of nortlieastern Minnesota are naked 
 masses of rock and gabbro of volcanic 
 origin and dome-shaped. Around Duluth 
 are many volcanic rocks. 
 
 Three quarters of the state is a rolling 
 prairie, interspersed with frequent groves, 
 
 Minnesota rises the Mississippi River. Its 
 general direction is south. In the central 
 division from north to south, rises the Red 
 River of the North. Its course is northerly 
 into the Lake of the Woods, while the St. 
 Louis and its tributaries, rising in nearly 
 the same region, flow eastwardly into Lake 
 Superior. At tlie source of the Mississippi 
 River the elevation is about 1500 feet. At 
 tlie southern boundary, as it leaves the state, 
 it is 620 feet. The elevation of the Red 
 River of the North is the same as that of 
 tlie Mississippi River at its source, while at 
 the northern boundary it is 767 feet. 
 
 The famous Red River Valley in the 
 northwestern part of the state is an exten- 
 sive and fertile plain, sloping westward, 
 
8 
 
 MINNESOTA 
 
 intersected by forest-bordered streams. 
 More than half of the state is drained by 
 
 the INIississippi River and its tributaries ; 
 
 Rivers 
 
 about two fifths, by the Red River of the 
 North and its tributaries, and tlie lakes and 
 rivers on the northern boundary. About 
 one tenth of 
 Minnesota is in 
 the St. Law- 
 rence Basin. 
 Few states have 
 so good drain- 
 age. 
 
 Its navigable 
 rivers are the 
 Mississifipi, Min- 
 nesota, St. 
 Croix, St. 
 Louis, the Red 
 River of the 
 North, and the 
 Red Lake River. 
 These have ex- 
 tensive water 
 power. 
 
 T li e r e are 
 many smaller 
 
 streams, as the p^^ 
 
 Rum River, 
 
 Snake River, valuable for lumbering, the 
 Cannon, the Zumbro, Vermillion, Crow, 
 'Blue Earth, Des Moines, Cottonwood, 
 Chippewa, Le Seuer, Root, Elk and Sauk. 
 Some of these also have fine water j^ower. 
 
 The Mississippi Basin from Fort Snelling 
 to Itasca, an area of 20,225 square miles, is 
 well wooded and contains small prairie 
 plains. It has some of the largest lakes in 
 the state: Mille Lacs, 201 square miles; 
 Leech Lake, 200 square miles; Cass Lake, 
 100 square miles. In this section are some 
 of the best as well as some of tlie poorest 
 farming lands. The Minnesota Basin lias 
 entirely different characteristics. There is 
 little timber in it, although a belt of hard- 
 wood stretches from the Big Woods south- 
 west beyond Mankato. The remainder is 
 almost uninterrupted prairie. It is oc- 
 cupied by a larger population than the 
 upper jNIississippi as the lands can easily be 
 brought under cultivation. The St. Croix 
 Basin gatliers the water from about 12,000 
 square miles, 3000 square miles of which 
 lie in Minnesota. The Kettle River drains 
 an important section and through its erosion 
 
 CuLirlL.-i Ijulutli. 
 — Falls on Vermillion River. 
 
 lias disclosed valuable rock. The Snake 
 River, winding through eastern central 
 Minnesota, drains 2000 square miles, join- 
 ing the St. Croix south of the mouth of 
 the Kettle River. The scenery along the 
 
MINNESOTA 
 
 9 
 
 rivers which flow into the Mississippi is 
 very picturesque. Tliere are two rivers of 
 importance in Iowa which have tlieir 
 sources in Minnesota, the Cedar which rises 
 in Dodge County, and the Des Moines. In 
 the southwest corner is an area of about 
 1500 square miles which is drained into 
 the Mississippi. The great canoe routes 
 from Lake Superior to the Mississippi, 
 along the streams and sources, are suffi- 
 ciently near to 
 afford portages 
 of one or two 
 miles. The In- 
 dians used these 
 as routes of 
 travel. 
 
 The glacial 
 lakes of the state 
 are of two kinds: 
 
 morainic 
 
 Lakes , , , 
 
 and bed 
 
 rock. The mo- 
 rainic are found 
 in the rough and 
 rolling country, 
 in the Coteau 
 des Prairies, and 
 in the region 
 
 about Minneapolis ; in the Leaf Hills ; 
 about the headwaters of the Mississippi; and 
 in other portions of the state. The bed rock 
 lakes are due to glaciers grinding out basins 
 in the rocks. There is little drift materials 
 in these lakes; the water rests upon the 
 bed rock. Tlie Lake of the Woods is a good 
 example of tiiis type. It is shallow, but 
 dotted with thousands of islands. These 
 lakes have rock-bound bottoms and sliores. 
 The water is clear and cold. There are 
 also silted river-lakes, formed by rivers in 
 the process of silting. The tributaries 
 bring great quantities of drift material into 
 the channel of the river of sucli a character 
 that the current cannot dispose of it. This 
 blocks the waters in the river itself. Good 
 examples of this kind of lake are Lake 
 Pepin and Lake St. Croix. 
 
 There is still another lake formation re- 
 
 sulting from rock folding, creating depres- 
 sions in which waters accumulate. Such 
 lakes are usually long and narrow. Pine 
 Lake shows this. There were probably 
 more than ten thousand lakes in the state. 
 Some of these have disappeared, but it is 
 safe to say that there are now at least 8000. 
 Many of these too will disappear in time. 
 Otter Tail County claims over 400. Becker 
 County has one or more beautiful lakes in 
 
 nearly every township. Kandiyoiu and 
 Wright counties have between 200 and 300 
 each. 
 
 Climate 
 
 By climate is meant the condition of a 
 l)lace in relation to the various phenomena 
 of the atmosphere, as temperature, moisture, 
 so far as these affect animal life or man, — 
 the mean of weather conditions for a given 
 period. The elevation of Minnesota, its 
 drainage, and the dryness of the atmosphere 
 give it a climate unusually favorable to 
 health. 
 
 The mean annual temperature for the 
 past thirty-six years on the isotherm stretch- 
 ing from Beardsley in the western part of 
 Minnesota to Duluth has been 43 degrees ; 
 stretching from Luverne to the vicinitj' of 
 St. Paul, 45 degrees ; the mean tempera- 
 
10 
 
 MINNESOTA 
 
 Fig. 10. — Mean auinial temperature, thirty-six years. 
 
 ture of January on the isotherm from 
 Crookston to Rainy Lake, degrees ; from 
 Beardsley to International Falls, 5 degrees ; 
 
 g/u-L'-L w.rthi„gt,s i\|ai^4iI ._12;2:ii".°ii_;l' 
 
 Fig. 11. — Mean temperature, January. 
 
 from Luverne to within the vicinity of 
 Tower, 10 degrees on the isotherm jiassing 
 through Tower; the mean temperature on 
 tlie isotherm for July from Duluth to St. 
 Vincent, 65 degrees ; on the isotherm pass- 
 ing through Beardsley, Pine River, and 
 Willow River, 70 degrees. The above data 
 are taken from the bulletins of the Weather 
 Bureau, Numbers 55, 56, and 57. 
 
 The excessive heat of summer often expe- 
 rienced in otlier states is tempered by cool- 
 ing breezes, while its high latitude gives 
 
 Fig. 12. — Mean temperature, July. 
 
 longer days in summer than those of states 
 fartlier south, so that during the growing 
 season there are at least two and one half 
 hours more of sunshine tlian is experienced 
 by localities in the latitude of Cincinnati. 
 This, together with the rainfall, accounts 
 for the rapid and vigorous growth of crops 
 in Minnesota. 
 
 The winter climate even has attractive 
 features. It is uniform and free from 
 tliaws and excessive periods of cold, severe 
 weather, or heavy snowstorms, while its 
 dryness, with the sunshine and electrical 
 
MINNESOTA 
 
 11 
 
 atmospheric conditions, tend to tlie per- 
 sonal comfort of its inhabitants, making 
 outdoor life and work pleasurable. These 
 conditions make the climate of Minnesota 
 the healthiest in the Union. 
 
 While Minnesota is in the path of the 
 prevailing west winds, there are variable 
 winds, due to the overheated atmosphere 
 in different areas. There are occasional 
 destructive winds from the south. Fogs 
 and prolonged damp weather are almost 
 unknown. The city of St. Paul received 
 the highest award at the Paris Exposition 
 in 1900 as the healthiest city in the world. 
 This speaks strongly for the general dryness 
 of the atmosphere and sunshiny weather 
 and the lack of excessive heat. The nights 
 are usually cool. 
 
 Summer Resorts 
 
 In the noted park region are found large 
 and small lakes in close proximity. These 
 abound in the best variety 
 of fish and are kept well 
 stocked with fry from the 
 state hatcheries. The cool 
 waters and pebbly bottoms 
 and shady shores present a 
 very attractive picture to 
 the tii'ed and worn city 
 folk, while the pike and the 
 bass allure the enthusiastic 
 fisherman. Tiiese attrac- 
 tive summer resorts are not 
 confined to any one part of 
 the state. There are nu- 
 merous lakes near cities, on 
 electric lines, with modern 
 hotels and the latest im- 
 provements. It is possible 
 to pitch one's tent on the 
 beautiful shores of the lakes in the northern 
 part of the state or beside a rushing brook 
 in the primeval forest and be alone with 
 nature. The camper who desires to " rough 
 it " and get the pleasures of genuine camp 
 life finds it easy to obtain fuel and clear, 
 cold water in all tliese summer resorts. 
 
 Minnesota is a place of beauty, of joy- 
 ous outdoor life, of hunting and fishing. 
 Among the most famous of the summer 
 resorts are Osakis, Alexandria, Gray Eagle, 
 Annandale, Walker, Bemidji, Cass Lake, 
 Detroit, Ortonville, Taylor's Falls, Fair- 
 mont, Chicago City, Glenwood, Lindstrom, 
 Battle Lake, Clear Lake, Clitherall, Sylvan, 
 Wright, Turtle River, Forest Lake, White 
 Bear, Minnetonka, South Haven, Otter 
 Tail, Dorset, Vermillion Lake. 
 
 On the prairies of southern and western 
 Minnesota the stubble fields in the fall fur- 
 nish excellent sport, because 
 , , , ^ . . . Game 
 
 the turtledove, snipe, prairie 
 
 chicken, grouse, woodcock, plover, are 
 found in great numbers ; while at the lakes 
 may be seen, later in the fall, geese and 
 ducks. In the timbered portion, the quail, 
 partridge, ruffle grouse, and pheasant make 
 their home. In the great woods of the 
 north, on the fringe of civilization, the 
 white-tailed deer, moose, and bear are still 
 
 Courtesy Duluth aud Iron Range R. R, 
 Fig. 13. — A catch on Basswood Lake. 
 
 seen. Fur-bearing animals of neai-ly all 
 varieties are found along the lakes and 
 streams, even in the populous section of 
 the state ; while to the north, in the less 
 settled districts, the fox, wolf, and other 
 fur-bearing animals abound, and trapping 
 is still followed. One can form some idea 
 
12 
 
 MINNESOTA 
 
 of the size of the big game area, thougli a 
 small part of Minnesota, when it is known 
 that it is greater than New Hampshire, 
 Vermont, Massachusetts, Connecticut, and 
 Rhode Island combined. So extensive are 
 the state's resources to charm the summer 
 tourist, that the volume of travel is con- 
 stantly increasing. 
 
 One million acres in tlie Rainy River re- 
 gion have been set aside by the Federal 
 
 Fig. 14. — Lake sceue, Osakj 
 
 government as a game reserve where the 
 native forest is to remain forever undis- 
 turbed. Here, too, tlie bracing climate, 
 keen pure air, sweet water, bright skies, 
 and picturesque scenery make it peculiarly 
 advantageous for the seeker after health. 
 
 State Parks 
 
 The state has established a park system. 
 There are at present three state parks: 
 (1) Itasca Park, situated mainly in Clear- 
 water County, but including a strip on 
 seven sections on the east side of Hubbard 
 
 County, and four sections on the south in 
 Becker County. Originally this park was 7 
 miles long and 5 miles wide, but IHO acres 
 have been added on the north side, so as to 
 include the outlet of the Mississippi River 
 from Lake Itasca. The park is heavily 
 timbered with evergreens and deciduous 
 trees, and, in portions, with beautiful Nor- 
 way pine. It can be reached easily from 
 Park Rapids. The game in the park is 
 carefully pro- 
 tected. (2) The 
 Interstate Park, 
 at the Dalles of 
 the St. Croix, 
 contains about 
 110 acres in the 
 town (if Taylor's 
 Falls, Cliisago 
 County. The 
 state of Wiscon- 
 sin has pur- 
 cliased land for 
 a park amount- 
 ing to about (iOU 
 acres on the 
 VV^isconsin side. 
 The original 
 park on the Min- 
 nesota side of 
 the river lias 
 been increased 
 to about 150 
 acres, and a fur- 
 ther extension is 
 planned to make the total 500 acres. This 
 Interstate Park has within it the pictur- 
 esque rock gorge called the "Upper Dalles 
 of the St. Croix," where the river, for a 
 distance of two thirds of a mile, flows 
 through a chasm shut in by cliffs of rock 
 75 to 150 feet high. (3) Minneopa Park 
 is established on lands containing the 
 Minneopa Falls, near Mankato. Indian 
 lore associates a number of legends with 
 the Falls. The Park is four miles west of 
 Mankato, and has a tract of about 60 acres, 
 through which runs the Minneoi^a River. 
 The water dashes over a ledge GO feet to a 
 
 Courtesy Great Nonhern Railway. 
 
MINNESOTA 
 
 13 
 
 gorge below. The falls are 75 feet wide 
 and a few rods apart, surrounded by tower- 
 ing hills. 
 
 Soils 
 
 The state is subdivided into three sec- 
 tions : the southern third a gently rolling 
 prairie, interspersed with native timber in 
 the central and eastern parts ; the north- 
 easteru one third, originally covered with 
 timber varying in density and quality, and 
 tlie section lying in the northwestern part, 
 known as the Red River Valley. The 
 southern section is a glacial drift, like that 
 of northern Illinois, northern Iowa, and 
 southern Wisconsin. The surface is cov- 
 ered with rich, black loam, from eighteen 
 inches to four feet in thickness, witli a sub- 
 soil of clay. The northeastern section, 
 originally covered with dense growth of 
 timber of different varieties, may be divided 
 into three classes of agricultural lauds : 
 (1) pine lands, (2) hard wood lands, and 
 (3) swamp lands. The pine land area has 
 been cut over by the lumbermen. The cut- 
 over land is varied in quality, ranging from 
 sandy to a heavy clay, and of high produc- 
 
 KiG. 16. — Draining a lake at Maple PI 
 
 Fig. 15. — Scene in southern Minnesota. 
 
 five value, especially for root crops and 
 grasses. Farming and grazing can be car- 
 ried on successfully. The soil that pro- 
 duced the birch, • maple, basswood, poplar, 
 and like varieties, is heavy soil, covered 
 with deep vegetable mold. The swamp- 
 lands, about seven million acres, are meadow 
 lands, or covered witli tamarack, spruce, 
 and cedar. When drained, it is turned 
 into the richest agricultural laud. The 
 decayed vegetable matter ranges from two 
 to eight feet on a bed of clay. Ditching 
 brings millions of acres that were once con- 
 sidered worthless into fertile fields. This 
 is destined to be a stock-raising and dairy- 
 ing region because of its grasses. Timothy 
 and clover grow wild in abundance. The 
 Red River Valley has a richness of soil 
 unrivalled by any district in the world, 
 unleps it be that of the Nile. It is north 
 of i?ig Stone Lake, and is a level prairie 
 
14 
 
 MINNESOTA 
 
 of the richest and bhackest soil of great 
 depth. It has for 3'ears produced Minne- 
 sota hard wheat. Root crops, however, 
 grow abundantly. While it is especially 
 adapted to cereal crops, it is excellent, also, 
 for stock-raising and 
 dairying, because it 
 yields grasses in abun- 
 dance. 
 
 Agriculture 
 
 The fertility of the 
 soil, the climate, and 
 nearness to markets 
 make Minnesota pri- 
 marily an agricultural 
 state. Its tillable area 
 would furnish 300,000 
 farms of 160 acres each, 
 capable of producing 
 untold wealth. 
 
 The tiller of the soil 
 is the primary producer 
 
 of wealth 
 
 and with 
 the conditions so favor- 
 able many of its people 
 are engaged, directly or 
 indirectly, in the cultivation of crops. All 
 the staple foods can be produced on our soil. 
 The aggregate crop production yields many 
 millions of dollars. The crops, in order of 
 
 yield, are : wheat, oats, corn, barley, 
 flax, hay, potatoes, rye, and buck- 
 wheat. The live stock, dair}' prod- 
 ucts, and poultry represent millions 
 in profits. The miscellaneous prod- 
 ucts are exceedingly valuable. A 
 total crop failure has never been 
 known. Tiie average production 
 of a farm of 160 acres in 1909 was 
 #2387. 
 
 In the year 1914, Minnesota grew 
 42,975,000 bushels of wheat, with 
 an average yield of 
 lb. 8 bushels per acre. 
 This placed the state first in the 
 wheat raised, second in acreage of 
 spring wheat, and third in total 
 
 acreage. Some winter wheat has been 
 
 grown, also macaroni wheat. 
 
 The cool nights are especially favorable 
 
 in producing a large j'ield of oats. The 
 
 increasing value attached to this grain as 
 
 Fig. 18. — A Steveus Coimty wheat fieM. 
 
 a food for horses, dairy cows, calves, sheep, 
 and even hogs, will increase its 
 production and make it one 
 of the most valuable of Minnesota grains. 
 
MINNESOTA 
 
 15 
 
 Corn is grown as freely 
 
 ill southern Minnesota as in 
 
 nortliern Iowa. 
 
 3. Corn , . , 
 
 It was long 
 supposed that corn could 
 not be easily grown. This 
 has been disproved. There 
 is not a county in the state 
 in which some varieties of 
 feed corn cannot be grown. 
 In several counties it is tlie 
 largest crop. 
 
 Conditions in Minnesota 
 are especially favorable to 
 
 the growing of 
 
 barley. More than a million 
 acres have been devoted to it. It is a 
 source of considerable revenue. 
 
 Little attention has been given to rye, 
 although the state is peculiarly adapted to 
 
 raising it. On 120,000 acres 
 
 it has. obtained a yield of 19 
 bushels per acre. 
 
 Minnesota holds second place in the rais- 
 ing of flax. There is no county in the state 
 
 5. Rye 
 
 Fig. 20. — Miuuesota haying .scene 
 
 Fig. ly. — Cornfield scene. 
 
 ill some portions of which flax may not be 
 raised. This crop is gaining 
 in importance in northern 
 Minnesota. 
 
 While peas have not been grown exten- 
 sively, enough has been done to prove the 
 adaptability of the state for 
 growing this crop. The cut- 
 over areas are even better suited to it than 
 the jjrairies. This crop is valuable also as 
 an enricher of the soil. 
 
 Potatoes are an exceedingly valuable crop. 
 The yield is excellent and the quality espe- 
 cially fine. Tlie vast acreage „ „ , ^ 
 
 . •' , , , , 1 8. Potatoes 
 
 of new lands brought under 
 
 cultivation annually, which give a very 
 abundant yield, makes this a peculiarly 
 ■satisfactory crop. 
 
 All varieties of clover grow in great pro- 
 fusion and richness on the prairies, and 
 especially in the forest and 
 park regions. Ked clover has 
 attained a height of eight feet, while the 
 alsike has been found on the lowlands five 
 feet tall. Eight successive crops of clover 
 lave been raised on the same field, the last 
 better than the first. Minnesota will be- 
 come famous for the production of clover 
 seed. Every county in the state has large 
 areas favorable for the growing of alfalfa. 
 Clover is the marvelous crop of the state. 
 
 The variety of grasses is large and the 
 growth is vigorous. Kentucky blue grass 
 will o-row better in northern Minnesota than 
 
16 
 
 MINNESOTA 
 
 10. Grasses 
 
 in Kentucky. The pasture and hay crop is 
 one of the best. The grazing begins with 
 April in tiie southern part of 
 the state, while in the northern 
 part it opens in May and continues until 
 snow flies, or until the middle of November. 
 All kinds of field roots, rutabagas, tur- 
 nips, mangels, sugar beets, carrots, parsnips, 
 etc., are grown with ease as 
 
 11. Roots -1 1 1- i. *. 1 
 
 sou and climate are extremely 
 favorable. The conditions for growing rape 
 are the best, and its importance as a pasture 
 plant is increasingly recognized. 
 
 take high rank as yet, becaufse the state is 
 comparatively young, and was settled by a 
 mixed pof)ulation that had no special genius 
 or training for stock raising. For many 
 years there were no home markets, and sliip- 
 ping facilities were poor. Under present 
 conditions Minnesota is becoming famous 
 for its pure bred stock. Heavy draught 
 horses, Percherons, Clydesdales, and Nor- 
 mans are raised to meet the city demands. 
 
 Minnesota occupies the sixth place in the 
 number of cows owned. There are many 
 herds of the dairy and beef variety, Jerseys, 
 
 12. Vegetables 
 
 A free-working, porous soil and bright 
 summer days make jjossible rapid growth of 
 vegetables, so that the quality 
 is superior and the variety 
 large. In the lowlands of nortliern Minne- 
 sota, celery rivaling that cultivated in 
 Kalamazoo, is marketed with profit. When 
 one realizes that not more than half of the 
 tillable land in Minnesota is under cultiva- 
 tion, one may get a faint glimpse of the 
 marvelous possibilities of Minnesota as an 
 agricultural empire. 
 
 Minnesota is well adapted for stock rais- 
 ing because of the variety and aliundance 
 of i^roduction, its excellent 
 water supply, its healthful 
 and uniform climate, its ranges, nearness 
 to markets, and the ease with which mill 
 products may be obtained. It does not 
 
 Stock raising 
 
 Guernseys, Hohstein-Frisians, Shorthorns, 
 
 and Red Polled. The adaption of Minnesota 
 
 to cattle raising is destined to 
 
 1 •.. ■ 4.1 r . 1 1- Cattle 
 
 place it in the iront rank. 
 
 Sheep raising is especially heljjful to the 
 ordinary farmer, but the interest in grain 
 growing has hindered the 
 sheep husbandry. There are 
 many medium wooled-breeds raised in Min- 
 nesota, especiall)' the Shropshire. 
 
 Swine husbandry is a very profitable 
 source of revenue in Minne- 
 sota. The breeds most fa- 
 vored are the Yorkshire and Poland-China. 
 
 There are a number of large poultry 
 farms in the northern part of the state 
 making a specialty of fancy 
 breeds. Nearly every fanner 
 in the state raises poultry. There is an 
 
MINNESOTA 
 
 17 
 
 excellent market for the 
 produce in neiir-by cities 
 at a large financial return. 
 In 1909 the product from 
 this source was valued at 
 127,000,000. Poultry rais- 
 ing is rapidly increasing 
 throughout the state. 
 
 JNhmy farmers in northern 
 
 Minnesota are keeping bees. 
 
 Tiiere are sev- 
 
 0. Bees , , „ 
 
 eral 40-acre 
 farms in this section from 
 which tons of honey arc 
 shipped every fall. The 
 native bass wood, red clover, 
 goldenrod, ajid other northern plants are 
 famous as feeding grounds for the bee. 
 
 Horticulture 
 
 Minnesota is not classed as a fruit state, 
 yet small fruits, sucii as strawberries, rasp- 
 berries, currants, and gooseberries are suc- 
 cessfully cultivated and not often excelled. 
 The hardy varieties of apples are grown, 
 and new ones are being added each year. 
 Cranberries are readily grown on the low- 
 lands or marshes. 
 
 22. — A flock that pays its own way 
 
 Mining 
 
 Coimty orchard. 
 
 Minnesota contains iron mining districts 
 tliat furnish two thirds of this ore mined in 
 the United States. It furnishes employ- 
 ment, directly or indirectly, to many thou- 
 sands of people. Outside of the Lake 
 Superior district there is no ore mined in the 
 United States tiuit can compare with that of 
 Minnesota. In one year the mines of the 
 state had an outjjut of nearly 30,000,000 
 tons. More than $1,000,000 annually is de- 
 rived in taxes from tiiis industry. Tiie three 
 iron ore railroads pay 
 one fifth of the state 
 tax and nearly one third 
 of all the taxes contri- 
 buted by the railroads 
 of the state. 
 
 Along the northern 
 boundary, eastward from 
 the Lake of the Woods, 
 is a mineralized forma- 
 tion carrying traces of 
 gold, silver, and nickel. 
 There are also large 
 bodies of alumina, clay, 
 and abrasive material, 
 akin to corundum. Beds 
 of marble are also known 
 to exist. Copper has 
 been discovered, but not 
 in paying quantities. 
 
18 
 
 MINNESOTA 
 
 Fig. 24. — Fayal mini-, Eveleth. 
 
 Iron mines are found on the Vermilion, 
 Mesabi, and C'uyuna ranges in the north- 
 eastern part of Minnesota. 
 Iron Mines ,,,, , ... , 
 
 ine deposit is known to ex- 
 tend as far west as Morrison County. They 
 are the largest and most imjjortant mines to 
 be found and are equipped with the best 
 and most modern devices for the economical 
 and rapid handling of ores. 
 
 Lumbering 
 
 Early -in the history of the state the 
 wealth of pine forests attracted the atten- 
 tion of lumbermen from all parts of the 
 country, especially from Maine. These 
 men erected sawmills at the Falls of St. 
 Anthony and Stillwater and many other 
 points where rivers afforded the means of 
 driving logs. This was the beginning of 
 one of the great industries of the state. 
 The census of 1880 gave tlie standing pine 
 of the state as 10,000,000,000 feet. The 
 mills at Minneapolis and above, in the St. 
 Croix District, and in the Duluth District, 
 
 were cutting 500,000,000 feet a year. It 
 was then estimated that in fifteen years all 
 would be cut. Since that estimate the lum- 
 ber production has reached the enormous fig- 
 ure of 1,629,000,000 feet a year. There is 
 still a large output of lumber from mills in 
 the northern part of the state. The estimate 
 was, therefore, far too low. This industry, 
 with those allied to it, still gives employ- 
 ment to thousands and continues to be a 
 source of wealth. There are still over 200 
 sawmills in the state and nearly 100 sash 
 and door factories. The sawmill product 
 has declined since 1900, but that of the 
 allied industries has increased. The state 
 is marvelously rich in timber, especially 
 white and Norway f)ine, cedar, spruce, bal- 
 sam, tamarack, oak, maple, birch, basswood, 
 elm, poplar, etc. The giant pines are now 
 practically found only in the forest reserves. 
 One may form some conception of the 
 magnificence of the Minnesota forest of an 
 early date by observing the splendid stand 
 of pine on Norway Beach at Cass Lake. 
 
MINNESOTA 
 
 19 
 
 Winter logging scene, Muraeson Woods. 
 
 Scientific forestry has been introduced 
 to conserve the forest and prevent useless 
 waste. Had the government 
 treated these forest areas in- 
 telligently, tliey would have been the source 
 of untold wealth for the people and would 
 have preserved practically intact a sufficient 
 area for all time to come. As it is, the 
 forest area has been greatly reduced without 
 a corresponding return. Lands suitable for 
 the growth of trees should have been left to 
 produce them. The cut-over lands suitable 
 for farms would even then have been enor- 
 mous and very productive. 
 
 Manufacturing 
 
 At first there were only two industries, 
 logging and wheat raising. Now Minnesota 
 Manufactured is rapidly advancing as a man- 
 products ufacturing state. The first 
 flour manufactured was given an Ohio 
 brand. Now a Minnesota brand is a cer- 
 tificate of quality. The introduction of 
 the Hungarian and French processes into 
 the mills of Minnesota has contributed to 
 the growth, increase of wealth, and strength 
 of the state. " The Northwestern Miller " 
 
 estimates that the output of flour for the 
 state is over 25,000,000 barrels annually. 
 
 There are 24 meat packing establish- 
 ments in the state doing a thriving busi- 
 ness. It has between 850 and 860 cream- 
 eries, 70 cheese factories wiiose output is 
 marketed as far east as New York. The 
 steel industry is growing in importance. 
 The mammoth new steel plant at Duluth 
 will supply the pig iron for all kinds of 
 steel and iron working establishments. 
 There are structural steel factories, found- 
 ries, and machine shops at Minneapolis 
 and in other parts of the state ; also rail- 
 road car and repair shops, linseed oil mills, 
 boot and shoe factories, fur goods, bags for 
 flour, etc., cigars and tobacco, patent med- 
 icine and compounds, agricultural imple- 
 ments, men's clothing, furniture, gas and 
 coke ovens, paper mills, knit goods, woolen 
 mills, harness and saddlery, wagons and 
 carriages, wooden specialties, confectionery, 
 pickles and preserves, beet sugar, pianos, 
 trunks and pottery, sewer pipe, stoneware. 
 
 A big factor in the industrial develop- 
 ment is the magnificent water power. St. 
 Anthony Falls made Minneapolis a milling 
 
20 
 
 MINNESOTA 
 
 Water power 
 
 Fig. 26. — The largest Hour mill in the world, JVIiniieaiiolis 
 
 center. Power dams are projected at many 
 points on the Mississippi and its tributaries. 
 Two hundred forty-two power 
 plants develop 165,000 horse 
 power. The power plant of the Great 
 Northern Power Company at Tliomson, on 
 the St. Louis River, can develop 100,000 
 horse power. They now have a capacity 
 of 45,000 horse 
 power. Inter- 
 national Falls on 
 the Rainy River 
 has a splendid 
 water power, 
 greater even 
 than that of St. 
 Anthony F'alls. 
 
 Union. It is 
 threaded by 
 miles of rail- 
 ways, affording 
 easy communi- 
 cation between 
 its cities and 
 towns, and trans- 
 portation of all 
 kinds of farm 
 and manufac- 
 tured products. 
 It is traversed 
 by portions of 
 three great 
 transcontinental 
 lines, radiating 
 from the prin- 
 cipal cities of 
 the state. In 
 the northeast 
 section railways 
 extend in all 
 directions, em- 
 ploy thousands of men, and have produced 
 an era of development scarcely rivaled auy- 
 wlrere else in the country. All this has 
 greatly aided the interior development of 
 the state. Its miles of navigable rivers, at 
 least 2500 in extent, have also been an im- 
 portant factor in its commercial advance. 
 The Great Lakes enter the heart of the state. 
 
 Commerce 
 
 Minnesota is 
 destined to be 
 one of the great 
 commercial 
 states of the 
 
 Fig. 27. — Paper mill, Cloquet, Carleton County. 
 
22 
 
 MINNESOTA 
 
 giving eas}' communication with the Atlantic 
 seaboard; the Mississippi River, itself navi- 
 gable for 2000 miles, affords a ready outlet 
 to the CJulf of Mexico, wliile the Red River 
 of the North opens the way to Winnipeg, 
 one of the inost flourishing cities of Canada. 
 Few states in the Union can present such 
 a record of progress or enumerate factors 
 so favorable for commercial development. 
 The cliief commercial centers of the state 
 are St. Paul, Minneapolis, and Duluth. 
 
 LoiuUng iron ore, Dululli. 
 
 Tlie first exports were wheat and lumber ; 
 Foreign later, flour became an impor- 
 
 commerce tant article, followed by iron 
 
 ore, flax fiber, linseed oil, stoneware, dairy 
 products. 
 
 There are two customs districts or ports 
 of entry ; one with headquarters at St. 
 Paul, the other at Duluth. 
 
 Its domestic commerce consists of all 
 kinds of manufactured goods, and the state 
 Domestic has rapidly forged ahead in 
 
 commerce the different kinds of factories 
 
 established, so that nearly everything that 
 is manufactured has an industry that is 
 represented in the state, and this product 
 
 is distributed to a large extent through- 
 out the country. Its wholesale houses of 
 Minneapolis, St. Paul, Duluth, Winona, 
 and Mankato distribute goods throughout 
 the Northwest. What the future of Min- 
 nesota in a commercial way may be is dif- 
 ficult to imagine. The port of Duluth 
 even now is the second port in the United 
 States in the amount of tonnage handled. 
 It is practically a seaboard city and, with 
 its wonderful water and rail facilities, 
 will continually in- 
 crease in commercial 
 importance. Wherever 
 rail and water meet, 
 distributing points will 
 be established. Minne- 
 sota is esjDecially fa- 
 vored in this regard on 
 the eastern, western, and 
 northern boundaries. 
 
 Government 
 
 Minnesota has been a 
 part of many territoi'ial 
 governments. For 
 twenty-two years the 
 portion west of the Mis- 
 sissippi River belonged 
 to tlie territory of Mis- 
 souri. In 1836, it was 
 attached to the territory 
 of Michigan, then it 
 became part of the ter- 
 ritory of Wisconsin. There it remained 
 until the territory of Iowa was created. It 
 then became a part of that territor}^ until 
 1845, after which it was for a time without 
 any government. 
 
 Tiie part lying east of the Mississippi 
 originally belonged to the Northwest Ter- 
 ritory. In 1800 it became a part of the 
 Indiana Territory and remained such until 
 1836, when it was set off to the terri- 
 tory of Wisconsin and continued as a 
 part of that territory until 1848, when 
 Wisconsin was admitted into the Union 
 as a state with St. Croix River as its 
 western boundary. Thus the eastern 
 
MTNJSTESOTA 
 
 23 
 
 Fig. .'!0. — State Caijitdl, 8t. Paul. 
 
 portion, like the western, was without a 
 government. 
 
 The legislative department of Minnesota 
 consists of two houses, the Senate and 
 Legislative the House of Representatives, 
 department The sessions are biennial and 
 limited to 90 days. There are 67 members 
 of the State Senate and 130 Representa- 
 tives. Their qualifications, powers, duties, 
 etc., are very much the same as those of 
 other legislative bodies. The term of a 
 Representative is two years, that of a Sena- 
 tor is four years. 
 
 The executive department consists of the 
 governor, lieutenant governor, secretary 
 Executive of state, treasurer, attorney 
 
 department general, and auditor. Each 
 is elected for two years, except the auditor, 
 whose term is four years. Tlie qualifica- 
 
 tions and duties of these are similar to 
 tliose set forth for other states. 
 
 There are many departments, commis- 
 sions, bureaus, more or less closely con- 
 nected with the executive department, the 
 members of which are appointed by the 
 governor. The railroad and warehouse 
 commissioners are elected by the people. 
 
 The state hospitals for the insane are 
 located at St. Peter, Rochester, and Fer- 
 gus Falls ; the state insane 
 asylums are at Anoka 
 Hastings ; the state training rectional and 
 school for boys, at Red Wing ; charitable 
 for girls, at Sauk Center ; the state reform- 
 atory, at St. Cloud ; the state prison or 
 penitentiary, at Stillwater. 
 
 The judicial department consists of the 
 supreme court, district, probate, and justice 
 
 state institu- 
 aiid tions — cor- 
 
24 
 
 MINNESOTA 
 
 courts and other inferior courts established 
 by the legislature, such as municipal courts. 
 Judicial etc. The supreme court con- 
 
 department sists of one chief justice and 
 four associate justices. 
 
 There are 18 district courts in the state, 
 each having one or more judges. Each 
 district court has a clerk in each county 
 within its district. The clerk is elected for 
 a term of four years. 
 
 Each county has a probate court. The 
 Legislature determines tlie number of 
 justices of the peace. There are two in 
 
 system embraces the following : districts 
 created for the government of the graded 
 and ungraded schools called common, inde- 
 pendent, and special. A common school 
 district has a board of three members ; an 
 indejaendent, a board of six members ; a 
 special, a board of six, or more. 
 
 The schools of the state are classified as 
 rural, semi-graded, graded, high, normal, and 
 the university. The public scliools are sup- 
 ported by direct taxation upon „ ^,. , , 
 \ •' , . ,, , , 1 ■ Public schools 
 
 the property ot the school dis- 
 tricts, by a county t-mill tax, by state mill 
 
 Fig. 31. — State hospital for nisuue, Feigus Falls. 
 
 each township or village and two or more 
 in eacli city. Judges of all other courts 
 must be elected in the cities or counties for 
 which the courts are created. No term of 
 service can be greater than seven years 
 without a new election. From time to 
 time the legislature may create new judi- 
 cial districts. A court commissioner is 
 elected for each county. 
 
 Education 
 
 Minnesota has taken a progressive stand 
 in matters pertaining to public education 
 and has given it liberal and generous sup- 
 port. Its educational systems rank with 
 the best in the country, and the people take 
 a just pride in their schools. The school 
 
 tax, and by the income derived from the 
 permanent school fund which now amounts 
 to about $26,000,000 and will, in tlie course 
 of time, be greatly augmented by reason of 
 the valuable school lands throughout the 
 state, in the forest, farm, and mineral sec- 
 tions, together with fines that are accredited 
 to this same fund. 
 
 In addition to this the state distributes 
 annually, according to the excellence of 
 standard, .'1125 or $50 to each rural school ; 
 $230 to each semi-graded school having 
 three and not less than two departments ; 
 SHOO to each graded school with four de- 
 partments, and 11750 to each high school 
 of the first class ; also liberal financial aid 
 to encourage the establishment and main- 
 
MINNESOTA 
 
 25 
 
 tenance of school libraries. It also provides 
 a fund for institutes and training schools 
 wliich are held under the direction of the 
 state superintendent of pubfic instruction. 
 Teachers' certificates are issued 'by the de- 
 partment of superintendence upon examina- 
 tion or endorsement. There are several 
 grades of these : professional, first and sec- 
 ond ; teachers' certificates, first and second ; 
 and county certificates. Examinations for 
 professional certificates are held twice a year. 
 The same is true for state certificates. 
 
 The first of the five normal schools of the 
 state were located at Winona, Mankato, and 
 St. Cloud, by an act of the Legislature in 
 1858, another at Moorhead in 188.5, and the 
 last at Duluth in 1902. These schools pro- 
 vide scholastic and professional training to 
 those who aspire to become teacliers in the 
 elementary schools of the state and they are 
 in close contact and sympathy with the rural 
 work. Many of the students enrolled are 
 from rural schools, supporting themselves 
 by teaching in such schools and attending 
 the normal schools when means and circum- 
 stances permit. They are thus in the way 
 of becoming exceptionally strong teachers. 
 The courses of study are an elementary 
 course of three years, and an advanced 
 course of five years. There is also a pro- 
 fessional course of one or two years for 
 graduates of approved high schools. Kin- 
 dergarten training is given in a two-year 
 course. Each school is under the genei-al 
 control of the president and a faculty 
 of expert instructors. All are under the 
 general supervision of the normal board, 
 consisting of the resident directors of each 
 school and two other appointees, all being 
 appointees of the governor. This board, 
 with the presidents of the several normal 
 schools, prescribe the course of study and 
 select the instructors and carry on the work 
 of the preparation of teachers. The normal 
 schools of Minnesota rank exceptionally 
 higli. 
 
 The university is controlled by a board of 
 twelve regents. The governor, the presi- 
 dent of the university, and the superintend- 
 
 ent of public instruction are ex-officio mem- 
 bers, and the nine others are appointed by the 
 governor. It is most gener- state 
 ously supported by the state university 
 and has at its command the revenues from 
 certain lands which ultimately will make it 
 one of the most richly endowed institutions 
 of the country. It consists oi the fol- 
 lowing schools, colleges, and departments : 
 The College of Science, Literature, and the 
 Arts ; the College of Engineering and the 
 Mechanic Arts; the Department of Agri- 
 culture, including the College of Agricul- 
 ture, the College of Forestry, the School of 
 Agriculture, the Dairy School, the Short 
 Course for Farmers, the Short Course for 
 Teachers, the School of Traction Engineer- 
 ing, the Crookston School of Agriculture ; 
 the College of Law; the College of Medi- 
 cine and Surgery, including the Training 
 School for Nurses; the College of Dentistry; 
 the College of Pharmacy ; the School of 
 Mines; the School of Analytical and Applied 
 Chemistry; the College of Edncation; the 
 Graduate School; the Department of Fores- 
 try, including the Forest School, Itasca, and 
 the Forest Experiment Station at Cloquet. 
 
 The regents of the university have in- 
 trusted to their charge : The Experiment 
 Station, including the main station at St. 
 Paul, the sub-stations at Crookston, Duluth, 
 Grand Kapids, jNIorris ; the Geological and 
 Natural History Survey. 
 
 The university also offers summer work 
 under the direction of the state deimrtment 
 at the university proper and the agricul- 
 tural school at St. Paul. 
 
 Revenues for the support of the univer- 
 sity are derived from the permanent funds 
 coming from the sale of public lands granted 
 by Congress for university support and held 
 by the state, paying the interest annually 
 to the university ; the aiipropriations made 
 by Congress under the different bills, as the 
 Morris, Hatch, Nelson, and Adams bills : 
 the fractional mill h^vy, and tiie direct ap- 
 propriation made by the Legislature when 
 needed ; student fees, sale of farm products, 
 and petty miscellaneous receipts. The an- 
 
26 
 
 MINNESOTA 
 
 iiual income at i)reseiit for current expenses 
 is about $ 775,000. 
 
 St. John's University at Collegeville, 
 Augsburg Seminary at Minneapolis, Carle- 
 Private ton College at Northiield, St. 
 Institutions Olaf College at Northiield, 
 Hamline University at St. Paul, Macalester 
 College at St. Paul, Gustavus Adolphus 
 
 Cities 
 
 Minneapolis, the county seat of Henne- 
 pin County, has a population of 380,498.* 
 
 It is situated at the head of „. 
 
 ,, ,,. . . . Minneapolis 
 navigation on the Mississippi 
 
 River, at the Falls of St. Anthony. In 
 
 August, 1683, Father Hennepin, one of 
 
 Fig. o3. — Minuesota College of Ajjriculture, St. Paul. 
 
 College at St. Peter, Parker College at Win- 
 nebago, St. Thomas College at St. Paul, St. 
 Paul Seminary at St. Paul, Concordia Col- 
 lege at Moorhead are some of the private 
 institutions. 
 
 IMinnesota has taken an advanced stand 
 in the matter of vocational training. No 
 state in the Union can show more efficient 
 work or a more earnest effort to meet the 
 needs of modern social life. 
 
 * Census 
 
 the early explorers of this region, first be- 
 held these powerful falls, to which he gave 
 the name St. Anthony in honor of his 
 patron saint, Anthony of Padua. 
 
 From a trading post, which grew up at 
 the Falls of St. Anthony, Minneapolis has 
 become one of the industrial centers as well 
 as one of the most beautiful cities of the 
 Northwest. Five large lakes lie within the 
 city limits and Lake Minnetonka, one of 
 
 of 1920. 
 
MINNESOTA 
 
 27 
 
 
 - 
 
 . 
 
 
 
 
 Sinp-^i^ 
 
 
 
 ^-^' 
 
 ^ ■■■rrr 
 
 
 ' ■" -^"B 
 
 ^^MlKiti' lif 
 
 
 ^ 
 
 
 •<*' ' 
 
 *A-. 
 
 
 
 
 
 >'^ 
 
 
 at Miniirapdlis. 
 
 the most beautiful in the state, is only a 
 short ride distant. The streets are broad 
 and regular, as are its many attractive 
 boulevards and driveways. Kenwood Boule- 
 vard, skirting the lakes within the city, and 
 Minnehaha Parkway offer one of the most 
 attractive drives in an}' of the northern 
 cities. !Minne- 
 apolis has an ex- 
 tensive system 
 of 110 separate 
 parks, whose 
 combined area 
 is nearly 4000 
 acres. At the 
 foot of ]\Iinne- 
 haha Parkway 
 are the Falls of 
 M i n n e h a h a, 
 made famous by 
 Longfellow in 
 his poem " Hia- 
 watha." The 
 state Soldiers' 
 Home and the 
 Longfellow (iar- 
 dens are only a 
 short distan( f 
 from these falls 
 and Minnehaha 
 Park. 
 
 The city con- 
 
 tains man}' examples of the best tjpes of 
 architecture. Here is located the Uni- 
 versity of Minnesota, one of the foremost 
 state universities ; it, together with eighty- 
 three public schools and many technical 
 and professional schools, makes the city an 
 important educational center. 
 
 Fig. 34. — Street scene, Minneapolis. 
 
MINNESOTA 
 
 Fig. 35. — Miiinehaha Falls. 
 
 Twentj'-nine steam railroad lines enter 
 the city as well a.s several interurban elec- 
 tric lines, giving it excellent transportation 
 facilities and splendid access to the sup- 
 plies and markets of the entire Northwest. 
 Manufacturing and wholesaling interests 
 have grown to huge proportions. The 
 largest flour mills in the world are located 
 here. Hundreds of factories and mills em- 
 ploy many thousands of people and supply 
 the necessities of life to the most distant 
 markets. Foremost among the products 
 are : flour, feed, linseed oil, cereals, struc- 
 tural steel, sashes, doors, Ijlinds, knit goods, 
 automobiles and trucks, and building ma- 
 terials. 
 
 The city claims over 1000 wholesale firms, 
 nearly 2000 factories, 187 public libraries, 
 24 hospitals, 83 theaters, 237 churches, and 
 
 a street railway system of more than 200 
 miles. The area of the city is 53.29 square 
 miles. 
 
 St. Paul, the capital of the " Bread and 
 Butter State" and county seat of Ramsay 
 County, is situated ten miles 
 east of Minneapolis, near the 
 confluence of the Minnesota and ^Mississippi 
 rivers. It was the first city to be estab- 
 lished in this portion of the state, and was 
 therefore an important trading post in 
 pioneer days. It rises in terraces from the 
 river, which is 695 feet above sea level, to 
 875 feet at the State Capitol and lOlG feet at 
 the highest point within the city limits. 
 It has 10 miles of river frontage and an 
 area of 55.44 square miles. 
 
 Although river traffic on the Mississij^pi 
 has decreased materially during the last 
 
MINNESOTA 
 
 29 
 
 decade, St. Paul is still one of the chief 
 distributing centers for tiie Northwest, 
 having twenty-three lines of railways — 
 nine railway systems in all — ^.JDranching out 
 to every part of the country. It has meal- 
 packing plants, one of these the fifth in si/.i' 
 in the United States ; foundries and ma- 
 chine shops ; l)oot and shoe factories ; 
 publishing houses ; fur manufactories ; rail- 
 way shops ; and clothing establishments. 
 
 St. Paul has 52 improved parks witli an 
 area of 1095 acres and 21 unimproved parks 
 with a total area of approximately 600 
 acres. The largest of the improved parks 
 is Phalen Park with an area of 487 acres, 
 247 of which are taken up by Phalen Lake 
 The second largest and tlie most beautiful 
 is Como Park, lying in the northwestern 
 section of the city. Closely rivaling this 
 in interest is the Indian Mounds Park on 
 the banks of the Mississippi, just below the 
 heart of the city. The interior parkway 
 system is one of tlie best in tlie country, the 
 parks forming almost a continuous drive 
 around the outskirts of the city. 
 
 Here are many educational institutions, 
 including, besides tlie public schools. Ham- 
 line Universit)', jNIacalester College, St. 
 Paul Seminary, Concordia College, St. 
 PeuI's College, and four Lutheran semi- 
 naries. Near tlie outskirts of the city, 
 moreover, are located the State Agricultural 
 College and the State Fair Grounds, where 
 is held the largest state fair in the country. 
 St. Paul derives its name from the rude log 
 chapel erected in 1841 by Father Lucien 
 Galtier at the corner of Third and Minne- 
 sota streets. 
 
 The population, according to the census of 
 1920, is 234,595. 
 
 Ddluth, situated on Lake Superior at 
 the head of navigation, is the third city in 
 the state and the county seat 
 of St. Louis County. Witli 
 a population of 78,4ti(;, it is a thriving com- 
 mercial center and carries on a large foreign 
 and domestic commerce. The tonnage 
 handled is second only to that of New 
 York. The land slopes gradually from the 
 
 ■ ■■ 
 
 ii 31 «i Si ! I t ' '" 
 
 
 f"f '... , 
 
 Fi.;. .n;. — .St. Paul Hotel, St. Paul. 
 
 bay to an old lake beach at the bluff to a 
 height of about 500 feet on which is a 
 boulevard drive of nearly 40 miles, from 
 which the visitor gets a view of the miles 
 of water in the lake and river and is im- 
 pressed with the magnificence of its location 
 and the great possibilities for future growth. 
 Duluth has magnificent public buildings, 
 excellent railroad facilities, and is a large 
 distributing point. The jjeculiiir formation 
 known as " Minnesota Point," cut bj' two 
 canals, one the original mouth of the St. 
 Louis River and the other an artificial 
 canal, make it a truly picturesque city. 
 This projection, together with two others, 
 give wonderful dock facilities, in extent 
 about 200 miles. It is famous for its aerial 
 bridge, the only one of its kind in America. 
 The Ignited States Steel Company is now 
 building a ten million dollar steel plant 
 which will make Dulutli an iron manu- 
 facturing center rivaling that of Pittsburg. 
 Its industries are varied. Its residences 
 are palatial and in point of wealth comjiared 
 with its size it is the first city in the state. 
 Its educational facilities are ample. The 
 fifth state normal scliool is located here, also a 
 Finnish college. J'he boulevtird ilrive passes 
 
80 
 
 MINNESIOTA 
 
 Fig. 37. — Duluth ship caual aud aerial bridge. 
 
 through the most picturesque and magnifi- 
 cent parks for their size in the state, — 
 Lester Park, Chester Park, Cascade, Lin- 
 coln, and Fairmont. Its manufacturing in- 
 dustries are rapidly forging to the front. 
 It has the only match factory in the state, 
 a carbide plant, woolen mills, the largest 
 grain elevators in the state, and boot and 
 shoe factories. Among its wholesale houses 
 are some of the largest-in the Central West. 
 It has two incline railways, giving access to 
 the suburbs just over the bluff. 
 
 Mankato, located 8(') miles from St. 
 Paul and Minneapolis, is the county seat of 
 
 Blue Earth County. It has 
 
 Mankato , ,. r -i i 
 
 several hues of rauway and 
 
 thus excellent transportation facilities. 
 Here are found extensive quarries of stone, 
 a creamery, candy factories, flour mills, 
 knitting mills, breweries, foundries, ma- 
 chine shops, lime and cement works, em- 
 ploying many people. A large state normal 
 school is located in the city. It was in the 
 midst of the territory affected by the Sioux 
 
 outbreak in 1862. It now has a population 
 of 10,365. Five miles from the city is the 
 celebrated Minneopa Park, one of the most 
 beautiful spots in the state. The Minneopa 
 Falls rival the famous Minnehaha Falls. 
 
 St. Cloud, the county seat of Stearns 
 County, is 65 miles northwest of Minneapo- 
 lis on the Mississippi River. „^ „, ^ 
 T ^f TVT ^1 St. Cloud 
 It has two railroads, the JS' orth- 
 
 ern Pacific and the Great Northern. It is 
 the seat of one of the state normal schools 
 and of tlie Minnesota State Reformatory. 
 It is the center of a grain growing and 
 stock raising country, but it is especially 
 noted for its forty quarries, which emjjloy 
 more than a thousand men. Iron and lum- 
 ber products and flour are the principal 
 manufactures. Population, 10,600. 
 
 Stillwater, on the St. Croix River and 
 Lake, is the county seat of Washington 
 
 County, 18 miles northeast of „^.„ ^ 
 
 ,^ , T • • 1 i-j Stillwater 
 
 St. Paul. It IS in a locality 
 
 of great beauty at the foot of the celebrated 
 
 Dalles of the St. Croix which extend 30 
 
MINNESOTA 
 
 31 
 
 miles above the city. It has the Minnesota 
 State Prison, a government l)uilding, St. 
 Josepli's and St. Mary's convents. At one 
 time it had very extensive liwnber interests. 
 There are grain elevators, brickyards, flour 
 mills, wagon works, farm implements, boot 
 and shoe factories. In the early history of 
 Minnesota, the city played a very prominent 
 part. Many of the pioneers located in this 
 section of the state engaged in hunbering 
 and took advantage of the excellent water 
 power. Population, 10,198. 
 
 Winona, county seat of Winona County, 
 is 103 miles southeast of St. Paul on the 
 Mississippi River. This city 
 nestles in a beautiful valley, 
 surrounded by a big bluff. Its streets are 
 wide, well-paved, and bordered by beautiful 
 shade trees. It has a state normal school, 
 the Winona Seminary, the ^Margaret Simp- 
 son Home, the Winona Hospital. It has 
 excellent transportation facilities. It is the 
 center of an extensive grain and lumbering 
 trade, and is prominent in the manufactur- 
 ing of various kinds of sawmill products, 
 breweries, jmcking plants, malting, railway 
 shops, flax fiber, flour, carriages, boot and 
 shoes, farm implements, patent medicines. 
 Population, 18,583. 
 
 Fergus Falls is the county seat of 
 Otter Tail County. It is 177 miles north- 
 west of Minneapolis on the 
 Fergus Falls ^^^,^,^^ Northern and Northern 
 
 Pacific railroads, on the Red River. It is 
 located in the park region of the state and 
 in the center of an agricultural and lumber 
 section. It has abundant water power ; 
 manufactures flour, woolen goods, wagons, 
 undertakers' supplies, sash, doors, and 
 brooms. One of the state hospitals for the 
 insane and the Lutheran and Norwegian 
 colleges are located here. Population, 6887. 
 Little Falls is one of the most attrac- 
 tive and enterprising cities of the state ; 
 
 the county seat of Morrison 
 
 Little Falls ^, ^ "^ , , , • , , 
 
 County, and the coming center 
 
 of a very productive agricultural and lum- 
 bering district. The dam across the river 
 furnishes extensive water power for manu- 
 
 facturing purposes. The city has large 
 lumber, flour, and paper mills, a beet factory, 
 brick^^ards, and an agricultural implement 
 establishment. Its public buildings are 
 commodious, while its educational facilities 
 are of the best. Population, 6078. 
 
 Austin, on the Red Cedar River, is the 
 county seat of Mower County. The city is 
 surrounded by fertile prairies. 
 Its principal products are live 
 stock, butter, wheat, barley, flaxseed, grass, 
 etc. It has a meat packing plant, flour 
 mills, brick and tile works, foundry, rail- 
 road shops, cement works, creamery and 
 novelty works. The manufactures are 
 aided by excellent water power. Popula- 
 tion, 6960. 
 
 BuAlNERD, not far from the Cuyuna 
 
 Range, is the county seat of Crow Wing 
 
 County, which is one of the „ . 
 
 . . •' . • ^1 Brainerd 
 
 richest iron ranges in the 
 
 state. The northern Pacific has large ma- 
 chine, car, and other shops. The dam 
 across the Mississippi furnishes water power 
 for various manufacturing establishments. 
 There are extensive lumber yards, cigar 
 factories, foundries, flour mills, and a paper 
 pulp mill. It exports largely lumber, 
 grain, and furs. Population, 8526. 
 
 Farii5.\ult, population of 9001, is the 
 county seat of Rice County, situated 52 
 
 miles south of St. Paul. It is ^ .^ ,^ 
 c , 1 o . • 1 . Faribault 
 at the Junction or the Straight 
 
 and Cannon rivers. It has excellent rail- 
 road facilities ; is beautifully located in a 
 region abounding in niagnificent lakes. 
 Faribault is an educational center, having 
 the state institutions for the deaf, blind, 
 and feeble-minded ; the Seabury Divinity 
 School, and the Shattuck Scliool for Boys ; 
 St. Mary's School for Girls, and Bethlehem 
 College for Girls. Its industrial plants 
 manufacture flour, pianos, wagons, boots 
 and shoes, gasoline engines, butter tubs, 
 woolen goods, and the Nutting truck. 
 
 HmiJiNG is located about 80 miles from 
 Duluth. It is in St. Louis 
 County and lias a populatioi 
 of HS-'d. This city is in a large mining 
 
 Hibbing 
 
32 
 
 MINNESOTA 
 
 Red Wing 
 
 center, having one of the largest mines on I 
 the Misstibe Range. Lumbering and min- 
 ing are leading industries. 
 
 Red Wing, the county seat of Goodhue 
 County, is about 40 miles southeast of the 
 Twin Cities. Two railroads, 
 the Chicago and Northwestern, 
 and tlie Chicago, Minneai^olis & St. Paul, 
 afford excellent transportation facilities. 
 It has a very picturesque location in the 
 high bluffs overlooking the IMississipjji. It 
 has excellent school buildings, and is one of 
 the wide-awake and rapidly growing towns 
 of Minnesota. This city is best known for 
 its manufacture of stoneware, sewer pijje, 
 furniture, linseed oil, malt, beer, brick, 
 lime, hats, flour, lumber products, shoes, 
 boots, and gasoline engines. It also has 
 one of the largest tanneries in the state. 
 It is the seat of the State Training School 
 for boys, the Hauge Seminary, the Lutheran 
 Ladies' Seminary ; hospitals, both private 
 and state. Population, 9048. 
 
 Virginia is a city in St. Louis County, 
 75 miles northwest of Duluth on the Du- 
 . . luth, Missabe & Northern and 
 
 Duluth & Iron Range rail- 
 roads, and the Canadian-Northern Railway. 
 It is an important mining and lumbering 
 point. It has made a wonderful growth, 
 having attained the sixth place in the state 
 in population (10,473). Its well-paved 
 streets, handsome homes, magnificent school 
 buildings, make it a l^eautiful city. It has 
 a branch county courthouse to aid in the 
 transaction of the enormous volume of legal 
 business on the ranges and to relieve the 
 Central Court House in Duluth. 
 
 Ckookston, the county seat of Polk 
 County, situated on Red Lake River, which 
 
 affords good water power, is 
 Crookston . i i • ■, . , 
 
 m a lumbering and agricul- 
 tural district. The location of the city 
 makes it a good market for farm products 
 as well as a railway, commercial, and manu- 
 facturing center. It has large lumber mills, 
 roller mills, foundry, creamery, and other 
 factories. Its public buildings are substan- 
 tial. One of the state agricultural schools 
 
 and sub-stations is located in the vicinity of 
 the city. Its population is 75.59. 
 
 MooKHEAD, opposite the city of P\irgo, is 
 the county seat of Clay County. It is the 
 
 seat of one of the state normal 
 
 11 1 c ft 1- /-I 1 Moorhead 
 
 schools and of Concordia Col- 
 lege. It has a large trade in wheat and 
 potatoes, and is an important distributing 
 center for the agricultural products in its 
 vicinity. It has grain elevators, flour mills, 
 brickyards, foundry and machine shops. 
 Its present population is 4840. 
 
 WiLLMAR, tlie county seat of Kandiyohi 
 County, is located in the central portion of 
 the state about 75 miles west 
 of the cities of St. Paul and 
 Minneapolis. The Great Northern and Soo 
 railroads afford excellent transportation. 
 It is largely interested in agricultural pur- 
 suits, has several manufacturing industries, 
 cigar factories, creameries, and machine 
 shops. The city has a population of 4135. 
 
 Anoka is the county .seat of Anoka 
 County, situated on the Mississipiji River. 
 Its interests are largely con- 
 nected with the shipment of 
 vegetables, live stock, and dairy products. 
 In the city and county there are 55 manu- 
 facturing establishments, with a capital of 
 one and one quarter million dollars. It 
 has elevators, flouring mills, and creameries. 
 It is 25 miles from the cities of Minneapolis 
 and St. Paul, and 125 miles from Duluth ; 
 is connected with these cities by the Great 
 Northern and Northern Pacific railroads. 
 Population, 3972. 
 
 C'LOQUET, situated on the St. Louis 
 River, is the largest town in Carlton 
 County. It has a population 
 of 7031, and is a growing city. 
 Manufacturing jilants located there employ 
 .several hundred men. It has five of the 
 largest white pine sawmills in the world, 
 a box factory, and one of the finest paper 
 mills in the country. Cheap and abundant 
 power for manufacturing purposes can be 
 obtained from the St. Louis River. On 
 this river there is now developed one of the. 
 greatest commercial power jjlants in the 
 
 Cloquet 
 
MINNESOTA 
 
 33 
 
 United States. This city is near the virgin 
 forest of pine, birch, pophir, basswood, 
 spruce, cedar, and elm, and so furnishes 
 raw material for wood-working industries 
 of every description. 
 
 Albert Lea is the county seat of Free- 
 born County ; located in the extreme 
 
 southern portion of the state, 
 Albert Lea . •, /■ ,i . ,• 
 
 a lew miles from the state line. 
 
 It is on the shores of a beautiful lake and is 
 the count}' seat of one of the most important 
 and highl}' developed counties in the state. 
 There are many manufacturing industries. 
 It is a popular resort and the seat of Albert 
 Lea College for Women. It is a market 
 for agricultural and dairy products, chiefly 
 butter. It has grain elevators, large flour 
 mills, foundry, machine shoj^s, brick and 
 tile works, corset factory, and a metal re- 
 frigerator factor}-. There are fifty or more 
 artesian wells of chalyljeate water within 
 the city. Population, 6192. 
 
 OwATOXNA is the county seat of Steele 
 County, 75 miles south of the Twin Cities 
 
 on Straight River. By means 
 Owatonna p ,, t-. i t . t ir-i 
 
 01 the Kock Island, Milwaukee 
 
 and Northwestern systems, it reaches the 
 ])riucipal trade centers. Pillsbury Acad- 
 emy, Sacred Heart Academy, and the state 
 public school for dependent and neglected 
 children are located here. The city main- 
 tains three beautiful parks : Central, Min- 
 eral Springs, and Dartt's. It is in the cen- 
 ter of a productive farming district and has 
 important industrial interests, flour mills, 
 foundries, machine shops, butter tub factory, 
 soap works, nurseries, canneries, establish- 
 ments for manufacturing churns, gasoline 
 engines, fanning mills, wagons, sleighs, and 
 automobiles. The mineral water from its 
 
 springs is shipped in carload lots. Popula- 
 tion, 5658. 
 
 New Ulm is the county seat of Brown 
 County, on the Minnesota River, about 60 
 miles southwest of Minneapolis 
 
 1 C'i n 1 Ti. • -x New Ulm 
 
 and St. Paul. Its proximity 
 to the markets of St. Paul and Minneapolis 
 make it an especially favorite point for the 
 agriculturist. New Ulm is a large rural 
 milling center, having four flour mills, 
 three breweries, foundry, creameries, and 
 vinegar works. Its population, largely 
 composed of Germans, numl)ers 56-48. In 
 its schools the German as well as the Eng- 
 lish language is taught in all the grades. 
 The city was destroyed in a raid by the 
 Indians in 1862 and again nearly destroyed 
 by a cyclone in 1881. 
 
 Review and Summary 
 
 The central location of Minnesota, its 
 history, its geological story, the variety and 
 fertility of its soil, tiie extent of its arable 
 land, the abundance of its crops, the favor- 
 able condition for stock raising and dairy- 
 ing, the wealth of forest, stream, and mine, 
 the miles of navigable rivers, the extent of 
 its rail and water transportation, its equable 
 climate, its numerous and picturesque lakes, 
 its dry atmosphere with many bright sun- 
 shiny days, its splendid efforts in behalf of 
 public education, give promise of a future 
 in resources, farm products, manufactures, 
 commerce, intelligence, and population tliat 
 will place the state in the very front ranks 
 of American comraonwealtlis. It is to-day 
 the land of opportunity, assuring the person 
 who takes advantage of tiie inducements 
 offered most favorable conditions and the 
 best returns for his eft'orts. 
 
 Printed in tlie United States of America. 
 
LIBRPRY OF CONGRESS 
 
 015 910 280 4