r. s'' ,G /.C^^^^^'^^o ■^ *0^ a"* •■ ^^.^9^' '^o^ • .^" o> «» •^0^ o ^•. o'' \*^-'*/ "o^--^-/ "V'-r-r.\,*' X ./.v;^^^^- y\-^i'/%. .o^c:^^"°o •^ ^ ov^ o V ^0 ^^-^^^ ^ ** i-^"" . ^°-;^. o ♦ r^., "5 .r»' <^. ** t7. 7 GEOGRAPHICAL and STATISTICAL VIEW or MASSACHUSETTS PROPER. »Y RODOLPHUS DICKINSON, Eso. GREENFIELD, PR.IHTED BY DENIO AND PHELPS. 1813. GREENriELD, MasS. MAUCH, 1813. THE following view comprises the principal part of a work, for the pubK- cation of which a subscription was attempted, that proved unsuccessful.* For the more convenient insertion of the tables, it is offered to the public in the present form ; with a hope that it may be interesting, and found to add something to the means of geographical and statistical information. Several states have been minutely and philosophically described ; but were some gentleman to furnish even as limited a sketch as this, of every other section of the union, it would not per- haps be deemed vain to presume, that with such aids, and the materials already in possession, a native or foreign geographer would be enabled to prepare a more extensive and satisfactory description of our country, thap any that has hith- erto been published. The author aspires at least to the merit of impartiality. The citizens of Massachusetts will here find no ungenerous discriminations to ex- cite their regret ; and to them, this humble effort is respectfully inscribed. R. D. * The writer sincerely thanks his friends and fellow citizens, Who encourag- ed his proposals, and informs them that they are discharged from all responsibili- ty as subscribers. Their patronage of this work, however, will be gratefully accepted. DISTRICT OF MASSACHUSETTS, to wit : DISTRICT clerk's OFFICE. Be it remembered, That on the twentieth day of October, A. D. 1812, t. s. and in the thirty seventh year of the Independence of the United States of America, Rodolphus Dickinson, of the said district, has deposited ih this office, the title of a book, the right whereof he clainas as author, in the words following, to wit : ** A Geographical and Statistical View of Massachusetts Proper.— By Rodolphus Dickinson, Esq." In conformity to the act of the Congress of the United States', entitled, " as act for the encouragement of learning, by securing the copies of maps, charts, and books, to the authors and proprietors of such copies, during the times therein mentioned ;" and also to an act entitled "an act supplementary to an act, enti- tled, an act for the encouragement of learning, by securing the copies of maps, charts, and books, to the authors and proprietors of such copies, during the times therein mentioned ; and extending the benefits thereof to the arts of designing, eoaravinji, and etching historical afld other prints." ^ Wm. S. SHAW, Clerk of the District of Massachusetts. VIEW OF MASSACHUSETTS. Extent. THE greatest length of Massachusetts* may be estimated at 175, and its great- est breadth at 90 miles. The northern line is about 125 ; the southern, extend- ing from the south western corner to the eastern extremity of the state, if its cir- cuitous course be pursued, is more than 200 ; the western about 50, and the country for nearly 100 miles eastwardly, preserves almost an uniform width, be- yond which it diverges, aad forms the greatest breadth. The medial length may be stated at about 150, and the medial breadth at 60 miles. Situation. It is presumed that the latitude and longitude of the extreme parts of Massachusetts have never been precisely ascertained by astronomical observa- tions ; but without much inaccuracy, it may be said to be situated between 41°' 3 1^ and 42° 52^ of nofth latitude, and between 69° 53^ and 73° 2 1^ of west loa- jgitude.f Boundaries. Massachusetts is bounded on the north by the state of Vermont and New Hampshire ; on the east by ihe Atlantic ocean ; on the south by the same ocean, the states of Rhode Island and Connecticut ; and on the west by the state of New York. * For convenience and brevity, tlie terms Massachusetts and State are uniform- ly applied to Massachusetts Proper, although the District of Maine forms an in-. tegral part of the commonwealth. f From the map of Ofgood Carleton : Xiatitude of the northern extremity of Massachusetts, being in Essex county, - . 42* 5 1 ^ ■ Lat. of southern extremity, on uhe continent, Bristol county, .... Do. of southern point of Nantucket Island, Do. of N. W. corner of state, Do. of S. W. corner, ... Longitude of the eastern extremity of the state, in Barnstable county, - . . ^v ■> ■* » T,r ,. Long, of N. W. corner of state, - - ni "'g ( Westfroru »9. of S. W. corner, , . - . 7« 21 I London. 4» 31 41 13 42 43 42 3 69 53 73 8 73 2' « VIEW OF MASSACHUSETTS. Civil Divisions. Massachusetts is divided into fourteen counties, namely, Berkshire, Hampshire, Franklin, Hampden, Worcester, Middlesex, Essex, Suf- folk, Norfolk, Plymouth, Brisiol, Barnstable, Duke's, and Nantucket. Berk- shire forms the western section of the state, and extends from Vermont to Con- necticut : Hampshire, Franklin, and Hampden, which taken together extend al- so across the state, are situated between Berkshire and Worcester, Hampshire be- ing the central, Franklin the northern, and Hampden the southern county : Worcester is situated between the three last named counties, and those of Middlesex and Norfolk, with New Hampshire on the north,and Connecticut and Rhode Island on the south : Middlesex also borders north upon New Hamp- shire, and east upon some of the maritime counties, though a point of it extends to the sea : Jissex, on the sea coast, has the same northern boundary, and Suf- folk constitutes iis southern, and Middlesex its western limits. Suffolk, a mari- time county, consisting principally of the peninsula of Boston, has Norfolk on the south, and Middlesex on the west : Norfolk is bounded east by Massachu- setts bay, south by Plymouth and Bristol, and west by Worcester and Middle- sex : Plymouth is situated on the sea coast, with Barnstable and Buzzard's bay on the south, and Bristol on the west : that bay forms the southern boundary of Bristol, and its western is the state of Rhode Island : Barnstable constitutes the extreme eastern section of Massachusetts, is conaected with Plymouth by an in- considerable neck of land, and otherwise surrounded by water : and south of Barnstable in the Atlantic, are situated the islands of Martha's Vineyard and Nantucket, the former composing principally the county of Duke's, and the lat- ter forming the county of Nantucket. The subdivisions of the counties consist of towns, district's, and a few unin- corporated places, a table of which is for various purposes attached to this work. Massachusetts contains no incorporated cities. Face of i?he Country. MassSchusetts is a diversified country. The south eastarn part is principally level, presenting plains of great extent. There are also extensive level districts in the vicinity of the Merrimack river, in the north east. Salt marshes are nu- merous in the maritime parts of the state, though not very extensive. Most of that section bordering on the sea coast, and extending tov.'ards the interior as far as the county of Worcester, may be regarded as a level division, exhibiting but inconsiderable elevations. The five western counties of Worcester, Hampshire, Franklin, Hampden, and Berkshire, present the greatest irreg-ularity of surface, and constitute the highlands of the sfr^te. T-hese counties, however, abound in vast tracts of elevated lands diversified with gentle swells, in large districts of pine plains, in valleys of various extent, as well as in wide intervals, particularly on the banks of Connecticut river. There is a considerable extent of country on that river, which Is evidently of alluvial formation. This, exhibiting some inequality of surface, spreads from the hills in Gill, Bernardston, and Leyden, on the north, to Mount Holyoke, Mount Tom, and an elevated range extending south westerly through Westlleld, on the south. The eastern margin skirts the highlands in Montague, Sunderland, and Hadley ; the western, those of Greenfield, Deerfield, VVhateJy, Hatfield, North- ampton, Southampton, and Westfield. The extent from north to south is about forty miles j the breadth is variable, but la no place exceeds five miles. The VIEW OF MASSACHUSETTS. S principal part of this valley Is a rich mould free from stone, and in some places sandy pine plains prevail. Within the valley is a range of hills comnisncing at Sugar Loaf bluff, near the southern line of Deerfield, and extending nortl'.erly to the upper part of Greenfield. Excepting this range, appearances justify the belief that this valley was formerly a lake, tlircugh which llowcd Connecticut river ; and that the highlands at South Hadley falls, having been worn down to the level of the valley, the waters drained off, and left in many parts a rich in- terval soil, brought down from the upper country.* Connecticut river now winds through this valley, and forms the site of several villages. At the foot of South Hadley falls another alluvial region commences, embrac- ing a part of Springfield, West Springfield, and Long Meadow, and extending into the state of Connecticut. Massachusetts, in a comparative view, is very extensively opened by cultiva- tion, which may be attributed to the priority of its settlement to that of most of the other states, its maritime situation, the general good quality and feasible char- acter of the soil, the superior plans of agriculture, and to various other causes. This state exhibits, comparatively, no very extensive forests ; the cultivated parts of the farms being, in general, accompanied only with proportionate wood- iands. Those that in their extent claim the most particular notice, are spread upon the western range of mountains, the northern part of the Hoosack, and upon the high ridges which extend along the banks of Deerfield river, to a considera- ble distance east of the latter chain. There are also large forests upon some of the ranges of mountains ar.d hills near Connecticut river : and la the same quar- ter, as in other parts of the state, especially the south eastern counties, are nu- merous level, and extensive forests of pines. The last mentioned section is also varied by less considerable plains covered with shrub oaks, and by cedar swamps. The forests present a thick and handsome foliage, f and are uniformly pervad- ed by a great proportion of shrubbery, which distinguish them from the more open appearance of those in the central, southern, and western states. We have no natural savannahs, or open elevated barrens, interspersed only with clusters ot trees, which abound particularly in the southern and south western sections of the union. The state is almost universally well watered. The subterranean waters fur- nished by the sinking of wells, are very pure and wholesome ; and the streams of every description are remarkably clear and beautiful. Massachusetts is indeed distinguished by all the ordinary, most of the beauti- ful, and some of the sublime features of nature : by rivers of various descriptions, expansive, tranquil, narrow, and broken, a rc'guldr gradation of kss iiiportant streams, and almost innumerable livulets, which so generaliy intersec* the surface, and contribute to decorate and enrich the country ; by an extensive and pictur- esque maritime region, diversified with isianJi, ca;.es, bays, and numerous inlets ; * By a similar operation it is probable tiiat sll intervals have been formed, and consef[uently that they are alluvia! : and although their surfaces generally pre- sent a fine earth divested of stone, yet at a considerable depth, they are probably composed of it, as extensively as the surrounding hills. t " The powers of coloring may be exerted to the utmost in representing the rich variety, and dazzling brilliancy of our autumnal foliage. An English artist, who was requested to naict this American foliage, with an intention of sending the picture to England, rcfiised to put it on the canvas as it really is, lest his painting might be taken for caricature in England, where as this painter suppos- ed} it would never be t-iivvcd to be an in.ltation of nature." 6 VIEW OF MASSACHUSETTS. by the variegated aspect of well cultured high grounds, plains* and valleys, inter- spersed wltl) delightful villages, hamlets, farm houses, orchards, groves, and wide spreading woodlands, some of which are scarcely checkered by the hand of man ; by elevated, wide, and far extended hills, and by some majtttic mountains ex. ceeded in height by few in the Uoited States, and crswned with precipitous sum- mits, commanding such prospects of " romantic wildsess and cultivated beauty," as may be justly classed among the most interesting and magnificent scenes,* Interior Structure. The interior region of Massachusetts consists mostly of granite. That this, though of various aspect and composition, constitutes the base of the country, as far as respects stoct, is sufficiently indicated by its appearance on the surface in ?.lmost every little district, particularly upon those highlands where the soil is light, and in general, thinly spread over this sub-stratum ; by detached rocks of the same species in those and other parts, and in the beds of all our streams ; by the rugged margins which those streams present in various places, where by the .'force of their waters, deep channels have been formed through extensive masses of that stone ; and by the numerous granitic precipices, which our hills and moun- tains display. To this general description there are some exceptions. A large section of the county of Worcester consists of grit or sandstone ; and the county of Beikshire is extensively a calcareous or limestone district. It may also be re- marked that Cape Cod is an extensive collection of sand ; that Massachusetts exhibits considerable alluvial tracts ; and that a topographical view of the interior structure of the state, would furnish a variety of specimens interspersed with the prevailing kinds, and unfold numerous local deviations from any general facts on this subject. It is presumed that the direction of the strata in our beds of stone, has not been investigated ; and from the diversity observed to exist, the natural- ist might perhaps find it impracticable, to reduce his iaquiries in this particular, t« any systematic result. Soil, Agriculture, and Productions. The quality of the soil in this state ie exceedingly various, comprising every description from the most luxuriantly fertile to the most unproductive : an obser- vation which is uniformly true of every extensive country of an uneven suiface^ and is generally applicable even to a single township. The soils of Massachusetts, though presenting many diversities, may be regard- ed under the general distinctions of loam, sand, gravel, and clay, accordingly as either of those materials is predominant. The most general soil is a brown loam, mingled with gravel and stones. This prevails, in particular, upon the hills and mountains. A more fertile loam, principally divested of stone, generally pervadesi the valleys and intervals ; but some of the latter are a fine alluvial mould. The surface of the white pine plains is mostly a light loam ; and the yellow pine plains usually consist of sand and gravel. Soils composed of, or varied with clay, do not extensively abound ; but clay, in almost innumerable places, forms the found- ation of the superficial strata- Small tracts Qf peat earth are also found in some parts of the state. * The bleak and rugged summits of some high mountains, through which I'leerheld liver winds, on leaving the Hoosack, revive in the mind the character- ijijc scenery vi Switzerland, displayed in tke animated descriptions of so marfy VIEW OF MASSACHUSETTS. 7 The south eastern counties exhibit numerous fertile districts ; but they are very extensively diversified with a light sandy soil. In the vicinity of Boston, the country, though not distinguished for its fertility, is highly cultivated, and alfords the metropolis, in addition to other important products, all the vaiiety of fruits and vegetables. The more northern, the central, and western parts of the state have, in general, a rich soil suited to most of the purposes of aj;riculture. Fev/ tracts of land in Massachusetts, of great extent, are so rough or barren, as to be incapable of cultivation. Even the pine plains are favorable to some productions, and by the use of gypsum or plaster of Paris, are not unfrequenily rendered ferv tilfe and productive. The high grounds arc very valuable for grazing, hay,* and orchards. The pastures feed numerous herds and flocks, and vast numbers of cattle in different parts of the state, are fed for market during tl^.e winter. Ex- cellent pork, veal, mutton, and poultry, together wiih the inexhaustibie treasures of our waters, are also abundantly furnished for market, and domestic co.^sump- tion. It is unquestionably true, that Massachusetts and the other eistern states, though they present districts as rick as any in the union, contain a greater pro- portion of naturally waste lands, than the centra! and western parts of the state of New York, the eastern division of Pennsylvania, the states of Kentucky and O- hio, the second Egypt on the waters of the Mississippi, and other extensive sec- tions of the country, far surpassing this in uniformity of surface. Our mountains and hills, though the general characteristic is that of fertility, display to some ex- tent, a rocky and unproductive surface- The soil appears to have been consid- erably washed from the elevated parts, and carried into the lower districts, which has greatly contributed, however, to the fertility of the latter. Our numerous plains present quite an ordinary soil. This comparative inequality in the char- acter of our soil, renders it almost impracticable, that i!ie cultivation in this state should become as universal, as those parts of the United States which have been enumerated, will admit. Other parts of the union are far inferior to this, in the quality of the soil : aod Massachusetts in this respect, may, perhaps with pro- priety, be said to occupy a middle place. The soil of a considerable part of it, however, particularly the western division, may be pronounced, on the highest au- thority, to be in no respect luferior to the most fertile countries of Europe. The farms in Massachusetts generally consist of from one to two hundred acres, and rarely exceed three hundred. They are enclosed and divided by Stone walls or rail fences, the latter being principally constructed of chesnut tini- Ber ; and as wood becomes scarce, which is already the fact in some parts of the state, and is produced by the advanced progress of cultivation, aad the vast con- sumption of fuel in the large towns, the abundance of stone v/ill probably prevent any great recurrence to hedges. Each farm, in proportion to its extent, is sub- divided into cultivated, mowing, pasturage, and wood lots, cf from five to twenty acres. The houses are sometimes of brick, though in general, of timber, the lat- ter being covered with boards and clapboards,, but the roofs of both descriptions are boarded and shingled; Houses of logs, with the interstices tilled with clay, are numerous in the most recent settlements. Mud-walled habitations and thatch- ed roofs are unknown. The houses on the f^ums are mostly of one, though very often of two stories, and almost universally, in the villages ; many of the former being painted, and the latter very generally. The farm houses usually consist of * The principal kinds of cultivated grass are red and whire clover, English, herd's, blae, thatch, fowl meadow grass, and a ?i)ecle3 gen'sraHy denomhuted red top. S VIEW OF MASSACHUSETTS. a common dining room and kitchen, one or two bed rooms and a buttery, on the same floor. Housesj denominated a story and a half, are sometimes built, having high posts, and the second floor being three or four feet below the plates, so as to admit of chambers, with windows at the ends. Dwelling houses of every kind are universally furnished with a cellar, which the nature of the climate renders necessary. The other farm buildings are constructed of wood, and besides a corn house which Is very common, consist always of a barn proportioned to the size of the farm, with a threshing floor in the middle, and adjoining stables and sheds, for housing domestic animals. The farms are generally well watered with springs and rivulets : wells are almost universal, and subterranean aqueducts very numerous. As the greater part of the farms are of moderate size, so the capital of the farmer is generally proportioned to this circumstance. Most of them cultivate their farms with their ov/n hands, aided by their sons when of sufficient age to be serviceable. Agriculture In this state is thoroughly understood, and pursued with almost unexampled spirit and success. It is usually conducted upon principles adapted to the situation and advantage of the individual. Our farmers prefer ex- erting their labor upon a large field, to employing the same on a sftiall one. De- viating, however, from this rule, in the vicinity of populous towns, and on navi- gable waters, where the price of land enters more highly into the farming capital, they have paid more attention to husbandry, and increased their produce by addi- tional expenditures of labor. The farms are now In a progressive state, froni the greater attention given to manures than formerly, the introduction of clover, the extensive use of plaster of Paris, which Is particularly suited to our light lands, and from various other improvements : and notwithstanding the humiliating pic- ture of our agricultural economy, that Is often drawn by Interested strangers, and even viewed as a reality by many of our own citizens, it is still true that our farmers derive at least as much profit from their farms, In proportion to the capi- tal employed, as those in the most prosperous, fertile, and best cultivated parts of Europe. Indeed, superior natural, civil, and political advantages, elevate the former above all others on earth. The principal productions of the soil are Indian corn, rye, wheat, oats, pease, beans, barley, buckwheat, potatoes, pumkfns, hops, flax, and hemp.* Indian corn may justly be considered as our principal grain, and the most valuable In the v/ho!e circle of husbandry. Its increase, compared with that of other grain. Is la a greater degree independent of the season, and governed more by the attention and care of the cultivator. It is mixed in the proportion of one third, with rye, and constitutes the common bread of the inhabitants. The beef, pork, and poul- try, fattened with it, are greatly superior to such as are fed on any other grain. Besides the crop, the average of which is about twenty eight bushels per acre, the forage it affords Is very considerable, every part of the stem and husk being applicable to the feeding of cattle. The corn cultivated in this and the adjacent states, is a small hardy sort, which ripens early. It is planted in hills at the dis- tance of about five feet, and arranged In regular rows, with intervals of about three feet. It is generally hoed three times. After the last hoeing, the field is left till the plant sheds its farina, when the stalks are cut, a little above where the ears are set, tied in bundles, and put up to dry. By this means, an acre of * Of the variation of crops, which is productive of such beneficial effects, and is styled, " the mystery of real husbandry," nothing can be suggested, as it is the result of the various opinions of our farmers, and has never been reduced to any system. View of Massachusetts. 9 Corn generally yields about half a ton of very fine fodder, equal, for the use of cattle or sheep, to the best hay. Indian corn is planted in the latter part of A- pril and beginning of May, and the harvest commences early in October. It is observed to be a general defect in our agriculture, that the lands are not plough- ed sufficiently deep, and this is particularly applicable to the cultivation of this crop, and potatoes. Rye, which is usually sown in September, and denominated winter grain, is extensively raised, and a considerable proportion of the plough- Jand is well suited to its grovyth. The average quantity may be estimated at about twelve bushels per acre. The soil and climate of the state appear not to be well suited to the cultivation of wheat, and besides its iiaving been f.iund sub- ject to blight in the vicinity of the sea, the general ravages of the fly for a succes- sion of years, have operated extensively, as a discctiragement to this agricultural pursuit.* Even in the county of Berkshire, the most fertile of any in the state, and always distinguished for the prodiiction of wheat, a great revolution has taken place, and very little of that grain, compared with the abundance of former years, is now cultivated. The average crop of wheat is about fifteen bushels. On the old lands, it is generally sown in the spring ; but the most productive kind is cul- tivated on the newly cleared grounds, and is sown in autumn. Oats are culti- vated on almost every firm, and constitute the principal giain for horses. la Some districts they are sown with pease. These are ground with Indian corn, and make excellent provender for fattening cattle. Pease are not often cultivated separately, owing to the destructive cifects of the bug, which has of late years ex- tensively prevailed, bat by sowing them about the middle of June, this evil will be avoided. Beans are raised to a considerable extent for domestic consumption^ and are also Ctirried to market, where they are purchased for ship-stores. Bar- ley and buckwheat are, comparatively, not much cultivated. Most farmers plant from half an acre to four acres of potatoes. These constitute a cheap and im- mensely important article of consumption in families, besides being extensively given to animals. Pumkin seeds are very commonly planted with corn, being in general thinly interspersed, and afford a great quantity of this rich vegetable, with very little expense or trouble ; tlie crop of corn being in no respect diminished by thenl : ti)ese are fed to cattle and swine in the beginning of winter, as it is difficult to preserve them after the first of January. Hops are raised in the inte- rior of the state for private consumption and in the maritime parts for market. Fla.x is principally cultivated for the use of the farmer's family, and is suffered to grow ripe tiiat the seed may pay the expense of the culture : and it is said to be for this reason that little fine linen is manufactured. f * The Canad i thistle, which has spread its ravages over the northern division of Vermoi.t, and is thinly scattered over the southern, is gradually advancing up- on us, and unless our farmers use the utmost vigilance to arrest its progress, ■wherever it appears, the effects, upon English grain and pasturage, may become as pernicious as in that state, where the husbandman is frequently deprived of half the usual crop of grain, the harvest rendered extremely unpleasant and laborious, and the pastures sometimes reduced almost to a v/aste. Frequent mowing is found to ansv/er the best purpose io preventing the spread of this destructive weed> and if pursued, effects its complete eradication, f In some parts of this chapter, the writer has availed himself of an essay on the agriculture of the United States, by RcLert R. Livingston, Esq. contained in the American edition of the New Edinbiirgh Encyclopedia, now publishing in Philadelphia, as f ;ir as the information it afforded v/as deemed applicable to the state cf Mastrtchusett?, and compstible wi:h the general plan of this small work, B Id VIEW OF MASSACHUSETTS. The Intervals on Connecricut river are extensive, and deservedly famed as the garden of the state. The farmers in that section have for a long time devoted their principal attention to the feeding of cattle, which are mostly purchased of those who cultivate the adjacent, and more elevated parts of the country.^' The course of agriculture with tlie former, thougk they raise some English grain on the uplands, is mostlv coatined to the cultivation of mowing lands, of Indian corn, pease, oats, and flax. From the discouragements attending the business of fattening cattle, they have lately gone to a small extent into the culture of hemp, a spirit which already begins to pervade the commonwealth ;* and a few of them have turned their attention to the raising of sheep. Recent events have indeed given a spring to this last laudable branch of husbandry in all parts of the state ; and a zeal has been evinced in meliorating the breed of this very valuable animal, and in acquiring all the various and necessary information reiauve to the whole subject, which is highly honorable to tlie intelligence and pa'-.riotlsm of the farm- ers of Massachusetts. " There never was a time since the lust settlement of A- merica, when such great and general exertions were made to improve the breed of sheep, as are making now. The knowledge of the importance of these crea- tures, assisted by the seasonable and patriotic labors of a Livingston and Hum- phreys, will produce a most beneficial revolution in the economy and agriculture of the eastern states. A number of our best farmers, who depended upon a pre- carious and fluctuating market for their beef and pork, are fully persuaded, that the raising of finer wool bids fair to promote their interest and that of their coun-' try, beyond all calculation. The God of nature, in tempering our clime, and forming the thousand hills which decorate our landscape, and produce a short, but sweet and nutrlcrous herbage, has clearly pointed out to us the economy, which row so forcibly strikes our imagination. Our extensive and excellent pastures, superior to any in the world, afford a range for these most useful and harmless of all animals, well suited to preserve their health and vigor, to improve their species, to increase the quantity, and ameliorate the quality of their golden fleece. The ii'iual long and cold season of out winter is also favorable tj their nature."f Sheep can be reared in situations, and upon soils, where other animals would scarcely survive. It may be demonstrated, that of all others, they are of the greatest consequence both to the nation and the farmer : and it must be admitted, that their annual fleece afi^ords a return, not to be obtained from any other kind of stock. Although American farmers are not impressed with these facts, as and has occasionally adopted the language of that distinguished citizen at^d farm- er; but in a manner so detached and niodiiied, as almost to forbid the usual ac- knowledgment. * Hemp, though not generally cultivated, affords a most profitable crop on those rich bottoms unon which it is sown ; and it is believed to be more congenial to ouF eiimate, and to grow much more luxuriantly, thin in any part of Europe. In the year i8 i t, Capt. Samuel Weils, an excellent farmer of Deerfield, Frank- lin county, raised a crop of hemp on three acres of fertile and highly valuable interval land, which he purchased in i8oi, for 2co dollars. The quantity in market was 23 cwt. 2 qrs. 16 lbs. the proceeds of which, although sold at the ordinary price of 13 dolls. 50 cts. per cwt. amounted to 319 dolls. 17 cts. being w»ore than sufiv;ient to pay for the land and labor. The quality of this hemp V/a"! pronounced by good judges, equal to the best imported from Russia. J It is universally found that both sheep and cattle are in better condition dur- ing a severe, than during a mild winter, to say nothing of the loss of manure, and *iit ir.jury iq the land, when ihey are sulf-jred to go at Ur^e. VIEW OF MASSACHUSETTS. 11 extensively as every friend of the real independence of our country must ardently wish, yet such sentiments have so far prevailed, that it is no exaggeration to say, that witUin the last six years, the number of sheep has at least increased four- fold. " The sheep ot the United States were pretty uniformly alike, and greatly resembled the youthdown sheep of England, both in their form and quality of fleece. The only exception to this was to be found in particular neighborhoods, into which, sometimes the long woolled sheep of England., sometimes the Bake- well sheep, and sometimes the sheep from Holland and the Texel, had been in- troduced. The crosses from these, distinguished many of our flocks from the o- rigitial stock, which has gained thereby somewhat in point of size, form, and quantity of wool, but lost in its quality-" The merino breed, and the crosses fron) it, which have stamped a new value upon our flocks, now begin to make a great fiafure in American agriculture. Since their introduction, farmers are much more attentive to housing and feeding their sheep, than they formerly were ; and the consequence is, an evident anielioration in the stock. They are found to be far niore healthy here, than in Europe. There is, indeed, every reason tL> believe that they improve in our climate, and that from better keeping, and grener care in the perpetuation of the species, the merinos of the United States will in a few years be much finer than those of Spain. ) 'i he cattle of this stite are principally an assimilation of various kinds, and it is impossible to discriminate any prevailing breed. They are in general large, and are observed very much to resemble those of northern France. Ihe four western counties of Massachusetts have long been celebrated for an excellent breed. It was formerly the opinion of practical and philosophical farmers, whose opportuni- ties enabled them to form a correct decision, that no part of the United States furnished oxen in such perfection. It is probable that tlie breed of cattle has been ameliorated since the period of those observations ; and at present, it is evi- dently on the advance.* The cattle in other parts ef Massachusetts are rather ordinary : and their improved state in the western division, seems to have beea more the result of accident, than of any great exertions to etfcct it, by a judicious intermixture, by preserving the best for breed, and by other means of ameliora- tion. It ought to be observed, however, that cattle are now almost univereally houced in winter ; but in the early settlement of the northern colonies, though they were ted during that season, they were seldom housed, and were therefore diminished by cold winds and storms. The horses seem to have originated in three distinct races, though they are at present very much blended. These are the Narragansets, which probably came from England, and have almost become extinct ; the English race horse, a few of which are still raised for the turf; and the Norm<(n horse, rarely existing here in puiity, bur the same that is extensively diffused through the middle states, and j)referred for heavy teams, to any other breed. The result of this intermixture lias of late years been varied to a small extent, by the introduction of the Arabian and Canadian horse : from the former, however, the English race horse originally * The Berkshire Agricultural Society, formed on a plan hitherto novel in this state, will undoubtedly, aside from other valuable objects, be productive of great and permanent advantages, in improving the breeds of some of our domestic ani- mals, particularly those of cattle and sheep ; and in widely diflusing important ag- ricultural kno.vledge. The annual exhibition of prime anmials, and the award- ing of piemiums, under the diiection ef this association, cannot fail to awaken a veiy commendable and useful competition among an exteosive class of our farmers. 12 VIEW OF MASSACHUSETTS. (descended. Our horses are mostly of an inferior kind. Little attention has been paid to them, and it is believed t!)at they have rather declined within fifteen or twenty years. When one carts liis eye upon the saddle horses of Virginia, or up- on the draft horses of Pennsylvania, he must be strongly impressed with the great improvement, of which our comparatively diminutive breed of horses is suscepti- ble. Though horses are gradually advancing into greater use, oxen ate principally employed in the husbandry of Massachusetts : a preference founded on the fact^ that when arrived to the proper age, tliey can be fattened for market ; and the practice of relying on them for the draft, may have rendered our farmers inatteor tive to the amelioration of the last description of horses. The swine fed in this state, are of a superior kind, and are not exceeded in size or quality, by any in our country. The highlands afford abundant pasturage for cows ; and butter and cheese ia those parts, are extensively made for market. These articles, however, are al- most every where sufficient for domestic consumption. The county of Berkshire furnishes rhe most extensive dairies of any section of the state ; and the town of Cheshire, jn particular, sustains the first rank in this department of husbandry. 'The state abounds with orchards- Most of the old cultivated farms have an orchard of from one to three hundred apple trees. As the trees are planted reg- ularly, and at a proper distance, the orchards are occasionally cultivated, but are generally laid down to grass. Vast quantities of cider are annually made, which is the common beverage of the inhabitants, as wine is in France, or beer in Eng- land ; but its manufacuture is, in general, very indiff.rently managed. The prin- cipal cultivated fruits are apples, peaches, pears, quinces, plumbs, and cherries. The public mind, for a number of years past, has been unusually directed to this species of culture ; and this disposition is observed to have been particularly manifested by the citizens of Middlesex. It is still a subject of regret, that too much inattention prevails in the planting of nurseries, and the selection of fruit trees ; in the various improvements of which they are susceptible by grafting and other means ; and in general, in omitting seasonably to rear young orchards, a$ a substitute for those that are ancler;t and passing away. Gardening, which was formerly very limited, as well as much neglected, has become an object of great and merited attention in all parts of Massachusetts. The gardens may be presumed nearly to equal the number of families in the state. The advantages derived fom tl.e culture of these little parcels of ground, are al- most inconceivable, and canoot be too highly appreciated. All the valuable hor- hortulane vegetables suited to the climar^, are in this way abundantly cultivated, A variety of domestic fruits, together with those of a minor description, that are \t?ild and culled from our soil, and several botanical phnts of native and foreign growth,* have a'so been introduced to some extent. Many of our gardens dis- play, indeed, an admirable degree of elegance and tsste, exhibiting an assemblage of all that is us-jful, blended wiih thcii luxurious decorations, as the gay par- terres of flowers ard sweets. The forests in their native state, usually afford ?. luxuriant growth of excellent timber. The productions are various, according to the different nature and situ- * An eminent botanist, in a communication to the writer, expresses a doubt whether an account of our indigenous plants can be obtained ; and evon suggests that •' a coriect catalogue of the plants of Massachusetts is yet a desideratum.'* A mere enumeration, therefore, of the unceuth terms, with which a subject re- ^paining yet to be developed, is burdened, would be as little useful as pleasing, VIEW OF MASSACHUSETTS. IS ation of the soil. Those of the highlands, and elevated valleys in the hilly and mountainous country, consist principally of tiie various descriptions of oak, wal- nut, pine, maple, birch, beech, cherry, poplar, cedar, and ash ; together with but- ternut, chesnut, and basswood. The plains are chieily covered with pines, but a few otlier trees are thinly seattered over them. The natural growth of the in- tervals is mostly limited to elm, willow, maple, button wood, butternut, aspen, and cherry. From the very great variety in the intermixture of the productions of our forests and cultivated country, it is scarcely necessary to notice the extrcrrc uncertainty of all observations of so general a nature. Air and Climate.* Climate is literally identified with the degree of latitude; but in the extent to which it has been illustrated by many excellent writers, it comprehends the tem- perature of the air, and vicissitudes of the weather, during the seasons and shorter periods of time ; the quantity of rain and snow ; the winds ; and a variety of other interesting paiticulars; forming, collectively, an extensive branch of knowledge : and is a subject of great importance, viewed in its complicated operation on the animal and vegetable world, and on the physical and moral condition of niankind. *' Although the extremes of heat are found near the equator, and the extremes of cold near the poles,"f yet many circumstances incident to different countries, conspire to produce a diversity of climate, that cannot possibly arise from differ- ence of latiude. Among these, may be named their respective superficial struc- ture, embracing the elevated and mountainous, or low and level aspect, with the general direction of the mountains and secondary hills, the open or uncultivated state, and the proportion of terrene or aqueous surface ; the vicinity of the ocean, or of other extensive collections of water ; and the description and influence of the prevailing winds. Particular places, also, are sometimes rendered, by local causes, considerably variant from the general temperature. In mountainous countries, the climate during the warm season is more temper- ate, and in winter more severe, than in those that are level, or that present inter- mediate diversities of surface. The same is true of the mountainous divisions of a single country, compared with the plain sections ; and there is even a consider- able difference in these respects, between the mountains and valleys in very small * The authorities principally consulted and quoted on the subject of climate, are Jefferson, Williams, Belknap, Rash, Williamson, Volncy, and iiigland. No credit is given in a few instances, uhere single sentences have been greatly altered ; and the liberty has been sometimes taken, of making small verbal alterations in those, parts which are published as extracts. f " The light of the sun is confessedly the general cause of heat in our atmos- phere. A Clear, transparent, unclouded atmosphere, is not heated by ihc direct rays of the sun ; for lit^ht passes through it witiioiit obsiiuction; and there is reason to believe that resistance is necessary to the excitation of heat. The rays of the sun striking the surface of the earth, by which they are resisted, cause the surface to be heated, and the atmosphere is heated by the surface, licncc it follows that the atmosphere can nevei be warmer than the surface of the earth, nor is it ever so warm, at a distance from the earth, as near its surface. Cold is a negative quality. It implies nothing else than the v/ant of a certain de- gree of heat. There is not any body in nature without some heu. Ice itself contains a greater or less degree. The ice of waier contains more heal than the jce of bianay, and that contains more than the ice of mercury.'* U VIEW OF MASSACHUSETTS. <}istricts.* These facts are founded upon the genera! principle, that on a line ex? lending perpendicularly from the surface of the earth, the temperature of the at- mosphere, which, from the warmth communicated to it by the earth, is there csually highest, gradually tends towards the term or degree of congelation. In low latitudes, however, this is limited to the night, for there is a little thaw during the day. As this region of frost, though of different elevation jn almost every latitude, + generally corresponds with the surface of the earth, upon the sup- position it were a perfect globe, the greatest elevations of its real surface must be nearest the freezing point, and proportionally the coldest, or most tempernte. The summits of high mountains, even ac the equator, are covered with snow ; and in all latitudes, where snow prevails, it is deepest in the most elevated parts of a country. Uncultivated regions are uniformly attended by a greater degree of cold, and less intensity of heat, than those that are open : and these variations in the tem- perature of the air, will be found to pervade woody and open districts of less ex- tent, down to small single groves and fields, and to exist in a corresponding gra- dation, through every stage, from the wildness of nature to the most general state of cultivation. The action of the sun on the face of an immense forest, is much less powerful in the production of heat, than upon a widely cultivated country ; for where its rays pass through the openings of the forest, they meet a compara- tively watery or snowy surface, which never receives so much heat as one that is diy, nor retains it so long. The trees and shrubs, at all times, and especially dur- ing their greatest foliage, present a moister and cooler surface, than the most ver- dant cleared tracts. The temperature of the atmosphere, and that of the earth, cinder such a deep and far spread shade, are not only lower, than in extensive cultivated spaces, but even more so, than under those limited shades, that are cast by buildings, clusters, or solitary trees, in open lands. Lvaporation contributes, in a great degree, to cool the earth. In large forests, it is much more extensive than in open countries, on account of the greater quantity of stagnant waters upon the surface, and the more highly saturated state of vegetables/(: It also returns * " At Bennington, in the latter part of winter, when the weather is so warm as to melt the snow and uncover the ground, and spring is ushering in, the moun- tain is generally fast bound in fiust ; the air is keen, and the traveller who departs from that village to the east, comfortably clad, finds it necessary to put on &idi- tional clothing to avoid the frost. This weather frequently continues on the mountain, till vegetation is considerably advanced at Bennington. At this place, peach trees are sometimes in full blossom, when the mountain is covei ed with snow several feet in depth, and every thing on it congealed, as in the midst of winter : and this di^i^trence of temperature exists in the small distance of six miles." + " This height M. Bouguer calls the lower term of congelation. Between the tropics, he places it at the elevation of 15,577 feet : and at about 450 feet above, the temperature of the atniosphtre between the same circles, is constantly below the freezmg point of water. The temperature of the earth in the vicinity of Paris being 47 degrees, M. Charles, who ascended in an air balloon, found that of the atmosphere, at the estimated height of it, 084 feet, to be 11 degrees l^elow congelation. At a certain elevation above the lower term, it never freezes, not through the decrease of cold, but because the vapors never ascend so high. This height, M. Bouguer fixes under the equator at 18,000 feet, and calls it the up))er term of congelation " J It has been ascertained by experiments, that forest land emits one third more vapor than an equally extensive surface of water. VIEW OF MASSACHUSETTS. IS to the earth in more abundant rains, which, in their course of evaporation, con- tinue to reduce its temperature " Though the earth is variously heated by the sun, according to the quahty or position of the surface, yet this cooling process affects every countiy more or less. The heat would be intoleiable in low latitudes, if the process did not exist tljere, to a great degree. A perpetual verdure and thick foliage, within the tropical regions, tend greatly to moderate the hear, by copious evaporations. In sandy deserts, dry fields and ro^ds, where tlie verdure is deli« cient, the heat becomes intense- Stones and sand, cool and heat more readily, and to a grcattr degree, than mould or clay : from this cause proceed, in a great measure, the excessive heats in the sandy deserts of Arabia and Africa, which frequently rise to 140 degrees of Fahrenheii's thermometer ; and the intense cold of stony countries in high latitudes. Under the latter parallels, where the country is not mountainous, by exposing a smooth surface, without n',uch timber, to the influence of the sun, the inhabitants may enjoy a temperate climate." Cul- tivation dries the surface of the eartii, and thereby increases the tempcramre of the atmosphere, diminishes the quantity and duration of rain or snow, and thus the means of futuie evaporation- Countries situated in the vicinity of the ocean, or containing large bodies of water, are generally warmer in winter, and cooler in summer, than those that are remote from the sea, or constituted almost entirely of land. " A watery surface can never be made very warm by tli^s sun ; for evaporation is the neceffary effect of heat, and the loss of heat the necessary consequence of evaporation, part of the heat being carried off by the vapor." As water is not susceptible of as mush heat or cold as land, it must, wherever its influence extends, comparatively re- duce the extremes in the general as well as particular temperature of the climate. The severity of cold climates, and the intense heat of low latitudes, are greatly al- layed by the sea. I'^lands, partaking more extensively of the temperature of the sea, than continents in similar latitudes, have consequently a milder climate : and the interior of both will generally exhibic greater lieat or cold, in proportion to the distance from the coast. The climate of different countries is also mpterially affected by the prevalence of dit^erent winds, which are various in their effects, and in some degree controled by the particular direction and continuity of chains of mountains and hilis. " It is easy to perceive a correspondence between the vicissitudes of temperature and certain charges in tlie wind. The course of a general wind is often inflected, from 30 to 80 degrees, by the deep channel of a tiver, a mountainous ridge, a lake, or forest " The air of Massachusetts is generally dry, serene, and healthy. Our geo- gniphical position, and diversified, as well as extensively cultivated surface, equally removed from the extremes of moisture and dryness, indicate a powerful physical claim to salubrity of atmosphere. Tlie climate, in connection with that of ihc United btares. has some distinguishing characteristics. " It seems as if it were a compound vt aii other climates in tiie world. We have the damps and glojms of Britain in the spring, the heat of Africa in summer, the mild temperature of I'aly in June, the cold and snow of Norwav, and the ice of Holland, in the win- ter, somewhat of the storms of the West Indies at every season, and the capri- cious winds and fluctuating weather of Great Britain throughout the year." In Massachusetts, winter commences about the middle of Decen)ber, and ter- minates about the same time in March. During that period, the earth is generally covered with snow, -.vhich on the mountains is sometimes four feet in depth ; and sleighs and sleds are in almost universal use. Cattle are usually housed from the tirst of December to the middle of April. The thermometer is generally in vntv* 16 VIEW OF MASSACHUSETTS. ter between 33 and 10 degrees, often descends as low as 5 and I, and sometimes even to 20 degrees below zero.* In the eastern section of the state, however, the winters are milder, the snows less abundant and more transient than in other parts { but they are rarely any where so deep as to impede travelling. " The heats are commonly intense from their commencement at the summed solstice. For forty or fifty days together, the mercury is frequently observed to exceed 77 degrees, and sometimes rises 10 86 and 90. Few years pass at Salem without its rising to 99 and 100 degrees. *' The daily variations are greater and more abrupt in the ritaritime co>untryi than in Europe. The great changes, incident to the atmosphere of the coast> display themselves not only in the compass of one season, but in that of a single month, week, and even day. In winter, especially in January and February, the temperature often varies 14, 18, and even 28 degrees, in the course of eighteen hours. Similar vicissitudes take place in summer, and the intense heats of the day are usually succeeded by cool and pleasant nights.+ When at mid day, the mercury hns risen to 86, and even to 90 degrees, it has sometimes fallen on the ensuing night to 6^ and 60." Though the weather is more variable on the sea coast, than in the interior, yet it is subject to frequent and sudden fluctuations in all parts of the state. In the severity of winter, and the warmth of summer, the climate of our mari- time region surpasses the countries of Europe situated in the same latitudes. These facts are thus exemplified. Latitude. Lowest Temperature. Highest. V ariatlon. «* Salem, 42° 34' I z below I02| I Hi Rome, 41 S3 3^ 86 . 54 Marseilles, 43 17 23 881 ^sl. Padua, 45 22 9f 971 871" This table exhibits a difference of temperature In Salem, during the year, of nearly 1 15 degrees of Fahrenheit, while it is only 54 degrees at Rome, about 65 at Marseilles and 88 at Padua. Our medial temperature in the cold season, is estimated at about 28 degrees below, and in the summer months, at 8 degrees above, that of European countries under similar parallels. :j: The principal cause of the greater cold of our winters, is, that our prevailing winds pass over an im- mense and highly diversified region of forest, covered to a great extent with snow or ice ; vvfhile those that prevail extensively in Europe, proceed from the Atlan- tic ocean. The same difference of climate has been supposed to exist between the western and eastern continents : but we are not to conclude from observations made in the Atlantic states, that the winter's cold in America is either universally, or in * Ice that floated down Deerfield river, during a flood in February 1807, was observed to be two feet nine inches in thickness. At about the same time, the frost in tliat village, measured three feet in level open land. It Is said not to exceed that depth, even at Petersburg in Russia, in the latitude of 59'' S^\ + Fires are rarely seen in Massachusetts, except for culinary purposes, between the last of May and the fust of October ; but v/ith the exception of the interven- ing months, there are very few days or evenings in the year when fire would not be agreeable. J A good method of determining the general or medial temperature of a coun- try, is suggested by Mr. Williams, who proposes to take it from th« temperature VIEW OF MASSACHUSETTS. 17 an equal proportion, greater than tlist which prev.iils on the other continent in like circunist^inces. H,.istv conclusions have been drawn from such observations, without considering the clinate <\'i other great divisions of America ; the changes that cultivation has produced in the climates of the old continent, or those wiiich the same cause has already produced in some parts of America. These subjects can only be very briefly noticed. On the continent cf .^sii, in latitudes corresponding with Massachu-etts, the climate is diff^erent from thit of Europe. The rigor of winter greatly e::ceeds that of ours, and the sum n.;r is more temperate. The Chinese rivers freeze in the latitude of Rome, which is attributed to the influence of westerly winds froai the immense wilderness of Partary : nor is it probable that Pekin, which is situ- ated several degrees belo>v the latitude of Boston, will ever be relieved from the chilling cflFecrs of nortii westerly winds, by the cultivation of the v?.s: forests spreading in that direction. On the western side of the American continent, near the Pacific Ocean, the situation of which is the reverse of the Atlantic coast, the scene is again changed and the climate is in a great degree milder than ours. The wirt.rs are short and temper;Ue ; the snows light and fleeting. At Nootka Sound, in lati- tude 49^^, vegetation is very forward in April ; and spring commences about thir- ty days earlier than in M issachusetts. The cause of tins comparatively moder- ate climate, is the prevalence of westc'ly winds from the Pacific Ocean. The climate on the waters of the Mississippi and Ohio, notwithstanding the inconsiderably advanced state of cultivation, is wasnier by three degrees of lati- tude, than that of similar parallels on the borders of the Atiar.tic. ** It is re- markable," says Mr Jefferson, " that proceeding in the same parallel of latitude westwardly, the climate becomes colder in like manner as when you proceed di- rectly north. This increase of cold continues till you reach the top of the Al- legheny, which is the highest land betweeh the ocean and the Mississippi. Thence, descending in the same parallel to the river, the change is reversed, and if we credit travellers, it becomes warmer than it is, in the same latitude, on the sea coast. Their testimony is strengthened by the vegetables and animals known to subsist and multiply there naturally, which does not happen on the of the earth, as found in deep wel's or caverns. ( i) In pursuance of this plan, he ascertained the temperature of wells at llutland, in Vermont, at the depth of forty live feet, to be- - - . -44. degrees. In different places In Massachusetts, •* • 49 At Philadelphia, - - - - 53 In Virglni.', according to Jefferson, - - "57 At Charleston, according to Ramsay, " " ^3 ** We here observe a gradation corresponding with the distance from the pole, which proves that heat is proportioned to the action of the sun's rays on the sur- face of the earth." ( I ) " It has been found by various observations, that the same degree of heat en:;>t3 in all S'jbterraneous situations at the same depths, or at least that tkc vari- ations are extremely small. This subterraneous heat is scarcely ever less than 36 degrees ; but mines in which nature is probably carrying on come chemical pro- cess, alford an exception. The temperature ef the cave of the observatory of Paris, which is ninety feet deep, is 534 degrees, and in very cold years, it varies about iialf a degree. In general, at the depth cf about ninety feet, the tempera- ture of the euth varies very little ; and thcr'ifore the warmth of springs is nearly ;he same in all se^socis." C 18 VIEW OF MASSACHUSETTS. coast. Thus, catalpas grow spontaneously on the Mississippi, as far as the lati- tude of 37°, and reeds as far as 38° ; paroquets winter on the Scioto, in the lati- tude of 39°*. In 1779, the thermometer was at 90 degrees at IMontirello, when it was no at Kaskaskias." A similar diversity of climate between the maritime and interior regions, extends northerly beyond our latitude, and is ap- plicable to Massachusetts, compared with the interior and western parts of the state of New York. In the latter, the superior mildness of temperature is evin- ced by the comparative lightness and short continuance of the snows, and more limited dominion of frosts ; and by much less variation between the extremes of the general heat and cold of the atmosphere. The winter in Gcnessee is said to correspond with that of Philadelphia, three degrees south. At Niagara, an el- evated situation, " the seasons are so mild, that severe cold does not prevail more than two months." The lakes are supposed to temper the cliri)ate in those parts. ** They do not generally freeze during the winter ; hence it fol- lows, that the water in those lakes, being temperate, would moderate the severity of cold winds, rather than increase it. Winds from the ocean, or from any great body of water, that does not contain islands of ice, are seldom very cold : and it is found that the north west winds, between the great lakes and the moun- tains, are not so cold as they are between those mountains and the Atlantic o- cean, in the same degree of latitude." Such comparative views, exhibiting a va- riety of climate in different parts of North America, in the same latitudes, might be greatly extended. The climate of Terra del Fuego, the southern extremity of South America, has been represented as extremely cold during the winter, compared with coun- tries situated under corresponding parallels, in the northern parts of the eastern continent : but Mr. Williamson, in his late essay on climate, alleges that this o- pinion is not well founded ; and almost demonstrates that the reverse is the fact. In the Falkland islands, off the eastern coast of that country, the winter's cold is not greater than is experienced at London, which is nearly in the same lati- tude. The winters of Chili, in South America, are also more temperate than in northern Spain. Gre.1t changes of climate have always attended the cultivation of the earth. His- tory furnishes abundant proofs that they have taken place on the eastern conti- nent- The progress has uniformly been from a colder to a milder climate. We may refer to the period, when the winters in European and /Asiatic countries, were as intensely cold, if not more so, than they are present, in any parts of the western continent, in similar latitudes. " The inhabitants of those regions must be indebted to cultivation alone, for the present state of their temperature. As the number of the human race increases, this globe, by a fortunate change of cli- mate, affords them a more comfortable residence." America, since its settlement from Eufope, has been passir.g through the snme revolutions of temperature. " The weather and seasons, in this part of the United States, were at first uniform and regular : the winter began about the end of November, and continued till about the middle of February. Daring this pe- * " Trees and herbs are found on the western side of the mour.tain?, three de- grees further north than the same produces are found spontaneously growing on the eastern side Thus, cotton, which flourishes at Cincinnati and Vincennes, in latitude 39°, cannot be raised, in Carolina, further north than 35* or 36°. It is ;l:e same with the catalpas, sassafras, papaw, pakan or Illinois nut, and many other plants." It is supposed that paroquets do not winter on the sea coast, BOfth of 36'=, ia North Carolina. VIEW OF MASSACHUSETTS. 19 nod, a cold, dry, and clear atmosphere prevailed, with scarcely any interruption. Winter closed with February, and spring came suddenly upon us, without those fluctuations from cold to heat, and from heat to cold, which we experience at present. Summer was extremely warm while it continued, but it was generally limited to sir weeks. Autumn and September began together, and the h-ir- vest was stored before the end of that month. The scene has greatly chanoed since that time, in the cultivated part of the country : the seasons are different, the weather is more variable, the winter shorter, and interrupted by great and sudden thaws.* Spring is a scene of continual vicissitude, and these changes of temperature are extremely injurious to vegetation. Summer is not so warm, but it is longer. Autumn is slowest in its commencement and termination, and the harvest is scarcely finished before the second week in November : nor does winter become settled before the end of December." Similar alterations have also been noticed in the climate of Pennsylania, Virginia, and other sections of the United States. This change may unquestionably be ascribed to cultivation. Wherever wood- lands are opened, '" the air and the earth experience great changes in their tem- perature, in the course of tu'o or ihree years. The settler has scarcely removed a few acres of forest, before the ground, exposed to the sun's rays, acquires for a foot deep, a temperature lo or 12 degrees higher than the ground still covered with trees. This estimate is formed from some experiments expressly made for the purpose. Two thermometers, sunk a foot deep into the earth, one in aa open field, and the other in the adjoining forest, even before the leaves were out, gave the following results. " Date of observationt Heat in the field. In the forest. Difference. May i3» 28, June J 5. July 27» 16, Aug. 30. »J». Sept. Oct. 3i» i5» Nov. »5. I. 16, 52" - . 460 - 60 51 48 9 64 . 51 13 6i 51 1 1 62 51 II 6s 55 10 6S . 58 . 10 59\ 55 4t S9i - 55 4i S9i 55 4I 49 49 43^ 43^ 43i - - 43i ** From these observations it appears, that in winter, the earth, whether open or shaded, has the same temperature, but in summer there is a difference greater, as the temperature of the air is higher." It is found that the earth thaws to a * " That our winters are milder than when the country was first settled, is a fact that is well established ; and this is undoubtedly owing to opening and cul- tivating the lands, by which means the air of the ocean and that of warmer re- gions penetrates further inland and to the north : but it is believed that we fre- quently have as cold days now, as formeily ; and that the north west winds will for a long time continue to produce very cold weather ; for they traverse a vast extent of uncultivated country, which, in the winter, and indeed for the greatest part of the year, is covered with frost and snow." ?0 VIEW OF MASSACHUSETTS. creater depth in open places, than in the woods. The snow, in those parts wherts It " vanishes frcm the open grounds in April, the meridian bun, unobstructed, be- ing then sufficiently powerful to melt it, continues still under trees, though leaf-, less, the bianches and trunks affording some shade : and this corroberates the representations, as to tlie duration and severity of ancient winters, and their deeper srows." •' The accession of lo degrees of heit to the open ground, must sensibly afr feet theatmofphere ; and it may be added, that the ait thus heated must rise upward, and make room for a side wind from the woods, which being heated and raised in its turn, must diffuse a warm air far beyond the precinccs of the ^eld. ** Clearing the ground augments the evaporation, and thus dries the surface, as is daily observable in all parts of the United St.ites, where brooks and springs are continually drying up, and swimps changing into dry ground " Hence a greater quantity uf heat is reflected ; the lemp-rature of the general atmosphere is increased ; and the north west winds are checked in their progress. " Cultivation evidently diminishes the quantity and the duration of the snows. Within a century, sn^w covered the eastern stat s for three months together, from the beginning of December to the first of Mirch. It does still in the un- cleared grounds, while in cultivated parts, it is neither so deep nor so permanent. It is generally admitted, that in Massachusetts, the quantity of snow that fell during the winter, fifty years ago, was more than double of what has fallen in any "winter, for several years past." The winds have undergone a great revolution. The western winds have de- clined, while the eastern have become more prevalent. The iatter have consid- erably advanced towards the interior of the country, within memory. Fifty years since, they did not extend more than forty miles from the sea. In spring, they now reach twenty miles further, and even penetrate as far as the foot of our inland mountains, a distance of seventy or eighty miles from the ocean. As tliese winds have hitherto extended* exactly in proportion as the Lmd is divested of v/ood, they will ptobably continue to proceed still further westvyard, with the progress of cultivation. " The face of cultivated lands in the summei season, is frequently warmer than the surface of the ocean, in the same latitude : hence it is, that easterly winds are observed to increase.'* Ships from Europe, favored by then), make their passage row, in one third less time, than they did fifty years ago. •■■ They will probably become our prevailing winds dating the summer, in the Atlantic states ; a circumstance that must increase the moisture of our at- mosphere, and will be very accepttible to the husbandman. f " This extensive change of clim-ite must, therefore, be ascribed to two causes. First, to the clearing of the ground, and thus producing a mass of warm air, which is constantly increasing. Sccoridly, to the access of warm winds through * " in every contest betv/een cold and warm air, the former, being heaviest, always prevails." f " It is 3 remarkable circumstance, that though we have near twice as much rain in the United States of America, as falls at a medium, in most parts of Eu- rope, we suffer occasionally by drought. Our westerly winds are exceedingly dry ; but these winds prevail in summer, and in a short time carry off the mois- ture, so that frequent showers are necessary to the production of good crops. When ersterly winds shall prevail, there will be much less occasion for rain, be- c.ause the moist atmosphere, from the surface of the ocean, will not speedily dry che soil." VIEW OF MASSACHUSETTS. 21 these openings, by which the country is diied more rapidly, and the atmosphere more heated." From observations made by gentlemen of science in different parts of the U- nited States, it appears that "our annual and mean quantity of rain greatly ex- ceeds that of most countries in Europe.'' This difference is exhibited in the subsequent table. " At Charleston, according to Ramsay, in 1795, The medium at that place, between 1750 and 1 760, according to Mr. Chalmers, .... At Williamsburg, according to Jefferson, . - - Cambridge, Mass. according to Williams, Andover, . - . - Salem, . ^ - - ■ V\ arwick,* . - . - Rutland, Vt. .-.--- Philadelphia, according to Rush, . , .. In Europe, the known quantities are these : At Petersburg, . . - - Upsal, . - . - Abo, .-..-- London, . . , - Paris, . r - - - • Utrecht, . . - - Marseilles, - ^ - - • Rome, - - . - - . Naples, . - - - Padua, ------ Bologna, - . - - Vienna, - - - - - The preceding table shows that the annua! quantity of rain in Europe, is less by nearly one half, than in the United States : " yet twenty cities of Europe have been enumerated, where at a mean, for twenty years, there had been annual- ly 122 days of rain, while there had been only 88 at Cambridge, and 95 at Sa- lem." The conclusion is therefore irresistible, that shov/ers of rain must fall in greater abundance at the latter, than at the former towns ; " and all the facts ob- served corroborate this infeience f " The winds of the United States range, in general, over an extensive surface, Inches. 71 4-5 41 34 47 47 1-2 51 35 50 41 30 12 4-5 15 25 2-5 22 2-5 21 2-5 28 4-5 21 i-S 30 2-5 37 1-5 35 1-5 25 3-5 44 35" * .'\t Warwick, in the winter cf 1806-7, the quantity of snow was about 80 inches : and at Deerlield, from November to March, inclusive, 62 inches, a great proportion of which, at the latter place, fell in March ; where the months of November, December, and January, wtre dry, and the snow niuch below the usual quantity. f '• The atmospheric diiferences between Europe zed North America, are chiefly or solely owmg to their geographical differences. We may thus explain why ihe annual quantity of rain is greater in America than in France, Lngland, or Germany ; why the falls of rain are generally more abrupt and sudden, and the subseq.ient evaporation more copious and r«pid ; why the reigr.ing winds are .TiOre violent, and ths tempests more frequsiic." 2« VIEW OF MASSACHUSETTS. and the same blast is much more amply difFiised, than in Europe. This is more particularly true of the three principal winds, the north west, north east, and south west. These powers appear to have shared the dominion of the air among them. Dividing the year into thirty six parts, we may affirm, that these three engross thirty or thirty two parts, the north west and south west having each twelve of them,* while the east and north east have six or eight. The rest of the year is distributed among the south east, south, and west ; the north can hardly be ad- mitted to any share. " The inconstancy of the winds, and the consequent changes of weather, are frequent topics of complaint. The wind is rarely at the same point for thirty hours at a time, or the mercury stationary for ten hours. The change of the wind is incessant, not merely a few points, but from one point to its opposite ; from north west to south and south east, from south and south east to north west ; and these variations are of more importance, and attract attention the more, be- cause the vicissitudes of temperature ai e equally sudden and great." Such transi- tions have sometimes a pernicious influence upon health, and are viewed as the most unfavorable characteristic of the climate. A great proportion of the dis- eases which exist in the United States, may still be attributed to absurd and Ticious modes of living ; and the dress and diet of Europe are here assiduously copied, the former particularly by the females, where from the nature of the cli- mate, it is far more injurious. The great calamity of the country, however, and the source of many of the maladies which ravage it, is the abuse of spiritous liq- uors. If the influence of destructive habits were subtracted from the causes of disease, the climate would scarcely be deserving of notice. * The north west winds are far the most prevalent in Massachusetts. VIEW or MASSACHUSETTS. Extract from Meteorological Observations made at Boston, Deerfield, and Warwick, during the year 1807, excepting the month of December. Mean Mean Mean 1 degrees Jegree? degree Greatest heat Least heat in Prevail- it sun It two, of the in the month. the month. ing winds rise. P.M. month JANUARY. Boston, "9 '-9 24 5th day, 5c 23d, 4 below c V. w. Deertield, 13 '-3 -9 I 3 21 1-3 29, 45 26, 1 below Variable. Warwick, 12 I 3 -'4 3 4 18 1-2 5» 47 26, 15 below N. w. FEBRUARY. Boston, 2t ;' 3-4 26 1-2 12, 14, 15, 44 8, 9, 1 below N. W. Deerfield, 17 1-2 88 24, 53 s. Warwick, 60 1 1 So 70 2, 18, 31, 86 24, 40 s. w. SEPTEMBER Boston, "3 6S 60 1-2 7» 8c <6, 44 Variable. Dee.field, •3 13 -0 (^i 2-3 7. 7H '5. 18, 44 s. Warw ck. 17 1-3 68 57 3-4 '3» Si 27» 37 N. w. OCTOBER. Boston, f6 53 I.: 53 1-2 •4. 76 28, 29, 30 Deeilie'd, 1 -^ 5« )0 !I, 12, 75 23' 29 N, v/. NOVEMBER. Bos'on, 35 43 '-2 39 1-4 -7. 60 15. 17, 18, 23 M. W, Deerfield, ^0 I-- 40 1-2 IS I--' 2, 56 '5. '5 W. S4 VIEW OF MASSACHUSETTS. Mountains. Massachusetts exhibits sections of several elevated and extensive chains of mountains. The chain of the Green mountains, which divides the state of Vermont, passes from north to south through the western part of this state, on the eastern borders of the county of Berkshire, and is denominated Hoosack mountain. This is a wide, regular, and lofty range, the njost elevated points of which may be esti- mated at 3500 feet above the surface of the ocean.* It proceeds southerly through the state of Connecticut, and terminates in a precipice called West Rock, near the sea coast, and in the vicinity of the city of New Haven. This moun- tain, from the quality of the soil, and its gently undulating summits, presents iff Massachusetts, a picture of extensive cultivation. A more western chain, forming in its commencement the boundary between Vermont and New York, after a limited course, reaches the north .vestern corner of this state, where it is separated from the Hoosack by an extensive valley, pur- sues a southerly course almost parallel with it, and nearly on the line between the states of Massachusetts and New York. It is less cultivated than the former, and in general of inferior height, though some parts of it rise to 3000 feet above the ocean. The most elevated summit is denominated Takonnack, and situated in the south western part of Massachusetts. This chain touches the angle of Connecticut, a subordinate branch extending into the counties of Litchfield and Fairfield in that state, passes into the state of New York, in a south westerly di- rection, crosses the Hudson at West Point, forming, for some distance on botlv sides of that river, numerous bluffs denominated the Highlands ; and in its suc- ceeding course, communicates with the immense ridge of the Allegheny. The intervening country is rugged with hills ; and in the northern extremity' of the valley between those chains of mountains, is a detached elevation, called Saddle mountain, which is viewed as the highest point of land in the state, and estimated at about 4000 feet above the level of the sea. Near the summit of this mountain, on the western side, an extensive fountain, several years since, found a passage, and sweeping away the superficial strata from thence to its base, formed a channel several rods in breadth, and extending in depth to the rock, which is now dry, and distinctly visible at a distance, almost deluged several farms in the southern psrt of Williamstcwn, covered them to a considerable extent, with the contents of the chasm, and e>;cited for a short time, the utmost consternation. The country between Hoosack mountain and the valley of Connecticut river, and paiticularly, those districts v;hich spread easterly from the central and north.* crn parts of that range, are intersected by many secondary mountains and hig!^ hills, irregularly scattered over their surface. About thirty miles to the east of the Hoosack range, a chain of mountains, mostly covered with forests, and !-js3 elevated than either of the former, pervades the state in the sanie dirt.ctton. This may be reguded as a continuation of that distinguished ridge in the s ate of N'cv/ Hanips'iirc, denominated the Height of Land, of which the White mountains there coiibtitute t'le northern part, and the grand Monadoock * This estimate i^ derived fro.m a general comparison with the elevation of Saddle mountain, which fioai various parts of the highlands east of Connecticut liver, is distinctly obs.;rveJ W rise above the summits of the Hoosack The leight of our mountains has never been precisely ascertaift€d by barometrical, of tthsr ol>s:;ivatiuns. Q VIEW OF MASSACHUSETTS. 2^ 0112 oF the nrincipal southern elevations. In its soiitlicrly course through the counties of Frankliu, Hnrnpsliire, and Hampden, in Massachusetts, it commences at a considerable distance from Connecticdt r!v.-;r, on the eastern side, and after pa-sin^ that river a httlc below the village of Northam;)tv>n, and proceeding throujji the state, traverses the state cf Connecticut in a siniilar direction, where the Blue Hills of Southington form some cf i;s heights, and tcrminaies in a bluff" called East llock, near the southern extremity of the Hoosack chain. 'i'he principal detached mouritalns of tliat chain in Matsachusetts, are Mount Toby in Sunderland, Mount Holyoke in the r.cutliern part of Hadleyand vicinity of Northampton, and Mount Tom in Easthampton. The hii;hest ])oint<5 of the two latter are rugged and precipitous 5 and the western sid^i of Mount Tom in particular, presents one of the most remarkable precipices in the state. One of the principal summits of Mount Holyoke is csdmaled at about 1200 feet above the level of Connecticut river w!;ich washes its base. A road has been opened to facilitate the ascent to this deli^htful spot; and to aid the view on all sides, the trees and shrubbery have been removed. This summit has become a place of fashionable resort, and commands the most fcxtensive, VanSj^ated, and interesting prospects. Another cki?in of mountains of modente elevation, which originates near the mouth of Connecticut river, on the eastern side, takes a nurthetly course at the distance of ten or fifteen miles froni it, and after re.iching Massachusetts, and pro- ceeding to a considerable extent, is lost in the last described chain, a few miles before it passes that river. The two preceding chains, in conjunction with the high and wide spreading hills, which range along east of the great valley or break in the mountains betweea the summits of Holyoke and Toby, form generally the eastern limits of the ex- tensive vale of the Connecticut : and that division of the state extending easterly from those, as far as the lower parts of the county of Worcester, is roughened by some mount'ifins, and pleasantly diversified by numerous ranges of hills. The most distinguished singL- mountain in that county is Wachuset, in the town of Princeton, the summit of wliich is estimated at about 3000 feet above the sea. Rivers. The rivers constitute an Important feature in die general aspect of Massachu.* setts. Connecticut river has been justly styled the Nile of the eastern section of the United States. It has two original branches, both of which rise in the northern part of the state of New Hampshire. The head of the north western branch is a- bout twenty five miles beyond the latitude of 45 degrees north, and thus far it has been surveyed. This branch originates irorn a chain of mountains v/hich proceeds noith eastedy to the gulph of St. Lawrence. Betvv'een its source and 45 degrees of latitude, it is the boundary between that state and the province of Lower Can- ada, and in that distance is joined by the north eastern branch. This river ex- tends about 250 miles on the western borders of New Himpshire ; and its west- ern shore, for 220 miles, forms the boundary between that state and Vermont. Its general course nearly to tlie southern limits of those slates, is considerably to the west of sou. h. From thence it tlov/s through Massachusetts in a southerly, but very circuitous course of about 60 miles, intersecting the counties of Frank- lin, Hampshire, and Hampden, and exhibiting on its banks an e:ctensive and lux- uriant interval country ; and continuing in the same direction through the ceoual pait of the state of Conni£€ticuc, as far as the city of Middletown, bear^ D \ 26 VIEW OF MASSACHUSETTS. south easterly, and falls into Long Island sound at Saybrook, after a coarse lO that state of about 75, and a total progress of nearly 400 miles Thv breadth of this river when it first washes the state of Vermont, is about CO yards ; and in the course of sixty miles, it increases to about 130 yards. In Massachusetts and Connecticut, the brendth may be estimated fro.n 150 to 350 yards. The depth of the channel of the river below the head of boat navi- gation, may be generally stated to vary from 5 to 12 feet. Connecticut river Is navigable for vessels of almost every description, to the city of Hartford, about 50 miles frem the sea ; and for large fldt bottomed boats of 20 tons' burden, as far as Barnet in Vermont, i']0 miles from its mouth, and about 13 miles above the outlet of Wells river. The Connecticut presents numerous rapids. There are falls in this river at Montague and South Hadley in Massachusetts, around which navigation is open- ed by canals. On its entrance into the state of Connecticut are Enfield falls; and to the north of Massachusetts are Bellows' falls,* a few miles above the vil- lage of Walpole in New Hampshire, around which a conimunlc^tion is opened by a canal en the western bank of the river ; the falls of Quechy, just beluw the mouth of the river Waterquechy from the west ; the While River falls, a little below the village of Hanover ; and the Fifteen Mile fails, the foot of which is Bear the head of boat navigation ; together with several rapids above the latter. Bars of gravel and sand extend across this river in various places, over which boats with difficulty pass in low water. Upon one of the gravel bars situated be- tween the towns of Deerfield and Montague in Massachusetts, it is even fordable during that period. Besides numerous tributary streams of less note, the Connecticut receives in Massachusetts, Deerfield and Agawam rivers from the west, and Chickopee and Miller's rivers from the east ; in Connecticut, Windsor river from the west, which discharges itself at the village of that name, and the river Scantic from the east ; from Vermont, West, Saxon "s, Williams, Black, Wateiquechy, White, Ompompanosack, Wait's, Weils, Pasumsick, and Nulhegan nvers ; snd from ]Mew Hampshire, upper and lov/er Aniraonosack, Israel's, John's, Mascomy, Sugar, Cold, and Ashvv'elct rivers. No less than twenty two bridges are thrown over Connecticut river between its source and mouth, six of which are in Massachusetts, and situated at North- field, Montague, Sunderland, Hatfield, Northampton, and Springfield. There are fourteen bridaes v/hich connect the villages of New H-impshire and Ver- mont ; one at Enfield, and another at Hartford, in Connecticut. The intervals are generally sjuead upon one or both sides of this river, nearly on a level with its banks, and extending fmm half a mile toGve miles in breadth ; but its borders art' in some places high, rocky, and precipitous. With resnect to iis length, utility, and bcsuty, this is beyond all comparison, the finest river in the eastern states, and forms, indeed, a distinguishing feature of the country. In the spring it overflows its banks, and throu;;h an cutent of 300 miles, forms and ler- tilizes a vast tract cf rich meadow. VVhile it advscces the fertility, and serves to transport the produce, it is aKvays adding hcouty and grandeur to tht prospect, by its majestic movement through an extensive country, vai legated with pleas- ant ard happy villages. v Merrimack river, the second io magnitude and importance in Massachusetts, * During the floods these exhibit a trerusndous scene ; and the falls of Mont- ague and South Hadley, at the same periods, though Itss distinguished, may be ranked among the sublime views of natmre. VIEW OF MASSACHUSETTS. 29 rises in the state of New Hampshire from the lofty western chain of mountains, where it is litnouinated the Pemigewasset, and after receiving the VVinnipiseo- ge river, which originates f'om a lake of ihe jame name, and is regarded as a principal branch, assumes the appellation of the Merrimack. This river pursues a very meandering route. Its general course, from the source of its original branch to the southein hne of New Hampshire, is soutiicrly loo miles. After passing into Massachusetts, it proceeds north easterly about 40 miles, and falls into die Atlantic ocean, a Jittle below Newburyport, opening a communicatioR with tlie no ih eastern part of this state. The Merrimack is navigable for vessels as far as Haverhill, nearly 2» miles from ihe sei, where it is obstructed by rapids ; and h already, or will be shortly navigable for boats, as far as Salisbury in New Hampshire, about 100 niiies from its mouth. In its course through that state are tlie falls of Hookset and Amuskeag, and in Massachusetts those of Patucket. Around the two latter canals have been opened. A canal about eight miles in length, extends from this river through Salisbury in this state, into Southampton in New Hampshire. The Mfdvilesex canal, also, opens a communication between the Merrimack and Boston harbor. The tributary streams of the Merrimack arc Bumerous ; and of these, Concord and Nashui rivers are the most important. Concord river, of rather superior size to the Nasha:i, originates in the south- ern extremity i:f Middlesex, pursues a course a few degrees east of north, ofa- bout 40 miles, and fails into the Merrimack in the same county ; receiving in the town of Concord a considerable branch from the south west, that rises in the eastern section of the county of Worcester. The Nashua is a considerable river rising in the latter county. Its course, which is similar to that of Concord river, and of about an equal length, is most- ly in Massachusetts ; where ic receives a stream of some magnitude from the •west, denominated the Squanicook. lu a skort distance after passing into New Hampsire, it joins the Merrimack. The Shawshcen is another tributary native stream deserving of notice. Beav- er, Spicket, and Powow rivers rise in New Hampshire, and after a limited course, unite with the Merrimack river ia this state. It receives in New Hamnshire, in addition ;.o these tiiat are less considerable, Baker's, Blackwater, Contocook, Piscataqu)g, and Souhegan rivers from the west j and Bowcook, Suncoek, and Cohas rivers irom the east. A nuaiber of elegant and extensive bridges, some of which are of a novel and muerpendicular he'ght. Besides many other small tributary streams of the rivers which have been no- ticed, and the other nusneious, but less iinportant streams a;id inlets, which ccni« municnte with the sea, may be enumerated a branch of the Hoosack river, a trib- utary stream of the Hudson, which rises in the western part of this state, receives a stream called Green river, and passes into Vermont ; Parker river in il-.e cou.-,ty of Essex, which flows into Plum Island sound ; the head waters of P-i. 'uckct and Providence rivers in Rhode Island, and p:-irticularly, Blackstone's liver, which rises under various names in the central part of the county of Worcester, takes a south easterly course of about 25 miles, and on its entiance into thrit state, becomes idencitied with the Pawtucket ; the sources of Quinabogue and Sheracket rivers in Connecticut j and the various, but inconiideiable streams, that fall intQ Buzzard's bay. Canals. The Middlesex canal may be regarded as one of the most important efforts to advance internal navigation, that has been made in the United States. This valuable work, which was completed in the year 1804, is about 25 miles in length, and extends from Boston harbor, in a considerably direct, north v/esterly route to the river Merrimack, in the town of Chelmsford ; and besides presenting great advantages to the intervening country, oper;s an extensive communication between our metropolis and a large and fertile division of the state of New Hampshire, extending even to its centre, which is spread upon that river and its waters. Concord river, which is the reservoir ofihe canal, is 21 feet higher than the' Merrimack where the canal unites v/Ith it, a distance of about six miles ; and 107 feet above the waters of Boston harbor at full tide. The ascent from the Merrimack to the level of the canal, is surmounted by three locks, constructed of freestone, laid in mortar, and represented as of suj^etior workmanship. That next the river is 90 feet in length, and 12 in breadth. To prevent the under- mining of the works, a channel is opened below the bed of the river, and fii'ed with a great quantity of stones, on which is founded a double floor of tin;bcr cov- ered with plank, and forming the base of the walls, which are 18 feet high, and about 7 feet thick. The second lock is 16, and the third 14 feet in heigiu, and both are of the same length and construction as the fust. From the ilnrd lock the caral j*roceeds to Concord river, wliich it crosses on its surface, passes the Shawsheen and several o:her streams on aqueduct bridats, that over the former being more than 20 f(.et ubove its surface, and preserves the same level for eieveti miles, lo two places in this course, were ledges, and the opening of the chan- nel w^as there very iaborious and expensive. With these exceptions, it was not lound necessary to dig the canal any where more than zo feet deep. At the end of eleven miles, there is a lock of 7 feet descent, and another a mile and a half below. Thence to Woburn the land is favorable to the design, and there is no lock in that distance : but to preserve the level of the can^lj banks 12 feet in height have been in some places raised at considerable expense. It proceeds through that town, passes over Mystick river in Medford, where it has a sufn- «ient tievation above she tide to admit cf an r.quieduct bridge, crosses the isth- mus at Ciiailcstown, and enters the esiuiry of Charles river oetwcen that village 5© VIEW OF MASSACHUSETTS. and Cambridge. Near the foot of the canal there are three locks. The locks between C:)ncord river and the sea, are cor.sirucced of wood, and each contains ICO tons of timber, strongly built, planked on the inside, and supported without by stoii€ walls. The whole course of the canal is in the co«nty of Middlesex. There are two canals in Massachusetts, of small extent, on the eastern bank. of Conneciicut river, which have much improved its navigation, and are of great importance in the transportation to marker of immense quantities of lumber and other produce, from a vast and productive northern country, as well as in facili- tating the return of forei;;n merchandize. The upper or Montague canal, in Franklin county, surmounts the rapids of that river, which commence just above the mouth of Miller's, and terminate with that of Deerfield river, a distance of about seveo miles. A little below the entrance of Miller's river, a dam is thrown across the Connecticut, which over- comes Miller's falls, a descent of about 8 feet. At this darn, on the left shore of the river, the first guard lock is situated, which is secured on the river side by a wall of stone, and is very extensive. Four miles below, another dam is built across the Connecticut, at a place formerly called the Great Bar. It is constructed of heavy timber, is 40 feet in its greatest height, and about 330 yards in length. 'J'his subdues the rapids above, as far as the other dam, and furnish- es the wr.ters of the canal below, for surmounting the Montague falls. Here is the head of the canal, and the second guird lock. This lock is also suppotted on the outward side by a wall of stone, pointed with lime, 32 feet in breadth at the base, 18 at the top, and 36 feet in height. It is sustained on the other side by a bold rocky margin. The canal extends for three miles through a light sandy plain. The ditch was originally 20, but is now about 25 feet in breadth ; and draws about 3 feet of water. There are eight locks below the the second guard lock, one of which is situated about half way down, and two nearly equidistant from that and the five lower locks, at the foot of the canal. Each of these locks is 75 feet long, 20 wide, and 12 deep, with walls of stone on the back side, 8 feet thick, which as well as the base, are timbered and plank- ed. Thsrwhole dtscent of the canal is 6^ feet, of which the five lower locks make 40 feet, and the remainder is about equally divided between the other three. This canil saves a land carriage of six miles. Il commenced its operation in i8g-. The lower or South Hadley canal, in the county of Hampshire, surmounts the rapids of the Connecticut, beuveen the mouth of a stream called Stony Brook, and the entrance of Chickopee river, a distance of about seven miles From the head of the cana', a dam from 8 to la feet in height, cons''.ructed of timber, ex- te.-;ds up the river about 50 rods, and at a httle distance from the shore. At the foot of this passage h the first guard lock, and about 40 rods below is another, occasionally used v/ien the waters breiitural- ist, who lately visited the island, in search oi nondescripis^ pronounced it in the raptures of discovery "a garden of plants." The whole island is held in com- mon, under shares of propriety, originally no more than twer>ty seven ; but these have been subdivided, by purchase, or inheritance, till many citizens have become * For the latitudes and longitudes of certain points of those islands, sec note under Principal Towns. t The cxtr;RCts are derived from a rec«nt description of Nantucket by Joseph Sansym, Esi^. of Philadelphia. 52 VIEW OF MASSACHUSETTS. proprietors. There is a fine road for ships on the north side of the island, ex- cept when the wind is at north west. The harbor of Nantucket is a fine natural bas.in, about a mile over, and 12 or 15 feet deep ; but a bar of sand stretches qiiite across the mouth of it, on which there is but 7 feet of water at ebb tide, wnich renders it necessary to unload large vessels by means of lighters. It is mostly filled with ice every season, and in the rigorous winter of 1780, the sur- face of the sea was frozen over as far as the eye could reach, and all communi- cation with the continenc was cut off during forty days. Such a circumstance had never occurred before, the winters being rarely severe. In summer they enjoy a happy temperature, the ihernsometer seldom rising above 8c° of Fahren- heit ; and the highest winds seldom preventing a daily intercourse with the neigh- boring continent. The town of Nantucket, which was originally called Sher- burne, but has lost its distinctive appellation, is pleasantly situated upon a gentlei slope, on the south west side of the harbor, surmounted by a row of windmills, and flanked to the right and left by extensive ropewalks. There is generally 15 or 20 sail of square rigged vessels in port, with twice or three times that num- ber of coasters, presenting a lively scene as you enter from the sea." The whale fishery which gives a peculiar character to the inhabitants of this island, is their principal employment and dependence : and " they are reckoned the most expert whalers in the world. There were in iBci, about 1200 sailors, and 15,000 tons of shipping employed at Nantucket ; and 15 or 20 spermaceti works are e- rected on the island, which manufacture great quantities of candles, and supply the numerous light houses of our coast, as well as the streets of our cities, with oil ; besides occasionally contributing to the unbounded consumption of the Lon- don irarket, and the frequent wants of Cadiz, Marseilles and the Levant." In- dustry, frugality, almost primeval simplicity, and a remarkably ardent attach- ment to tbeir native island, are among the distinguishing characteristics of the inhabitants of Nantucket. Martha's Vineyard is about 16 miles in length, and 8 miles in its greatest breadth. This, including Chappaqiiidick, the Elizabeth, and some smaller isl- ands, forms Duke's county, and contains 3,290 inhabitants. The climate of this island is mild and salubrious. The soil is generally light, but interspersed with some fertile tracts. The principal place is Edgartown. Plum Island, mostly an uncultivated waste, extends along the coast of Essex, from the entrance of the river Ipswich to that of the Merrimack, and is separated from the continent by a narrow sound. Castle island, a military fortress, com- manding the entrance of Boston harbcr, and situated about three miles east of the town, may be named among the numerous islands in Massachusetts bay. , Minerals, Fossils, and Mineral Waters. These subjects have been little explored, and a particular notice cannot be expected. Tlie principal mines are those of iron, which have been discovered in various parts of the s)ate ; and there are numerous esublishments for its manufacture. The counties of Piymouth and Bristol afford immense quantities of this mineral. There are several rich iron mines in the county of Berkshire The most pro- ductive arc situated in the towns of West Stockbridge, Pittsfield, and Lenox ; but iron ore is found in Lee, Lanesborough, and other towns in that county. It alio oiiccvers itself in almost innumerable places, by the color and taste ot the w?tcr, which is impregnated by it, and penetrates the surface of the earth. There is a lead mine in Southampton, in the county of Hampshire, which is said to VIEW OF MASSACHUSETTS. 8f Contain a rich vtin of that ore. It is wrought by a company in Boston, but with what success cannot be stated. Tlierc are indicruioris ot lead niincs in Lev- erett, in Franklin county, and the small specimer.s of ore that have been discov- ered, are rem^tkaS'y productive. Ocltre? and other ftssil produciions have been found in various places : and the state abounds \7ith valuable quarries of stone. There is a lat ge and excellent qujrry of marhle in L.inesborough, in Berkshire county, which is extensively wrouj'ht inro monuments for the dead, and also applied to many other purposes, li is of unifcitm, as well as vnief;ated asptct, and receives a beautiful polish. M-uble cpia'ii^s of iiironsidcrable impoiiance, have been found in aheffi.'Id, Dal- ton. PittsiiJd- and cti-.cr places in the same cou.-.ty; and alfo in some parts of the cou^uy of Essex. The; e is a quarry of shite in Bernardston, in Franklin county, which is riinufactured to a considerable extent into loiiibstones. (Quarries of freestone jjfrvade all parts of Missachus;tts The most usvtu! and viluable qu;;rry, pro'^ablyj ir. the state, is situ ;ied ia Middleiield, in the county of Hamp- shire, 2 r Oiiies west of Connecticut river. It is manufacMired largely in Boston, by the MiddieBc'd Free btoric Corporation, into the v-.rious niateii ilsfor build- ing It is a soapsconc, and can be sawed with the s-ime e.i-e as a pine log ; but by exposure to the weather, it becomes in a short ti ne sufficiently hard, and is found to be durable. I'he same kind of stone, taken from the surf.ice of the ground, having hecn accidentally usea in the vicinity of this quarry, wss ascer- tained, at the tirrse of its discovery, to have already withstood fiie t"or upwards of twenty ye irs. The stone lies in very regular strata, about 5 f^U in depth ; and four strata have been discovered. The snnual aTjOunt cf the manufacture is twelve thousand dollars. In the county of Berkshire, there i'' almost every where an abundance of 'imestone, which is extensively manufactured into lime : and ia a high hill ii? Chesijire, are vast beds of white s.-ind, v/hich is used in Florida, in that county, and in Warwick, in the courty of Franklin, in tJie .nianufacture of glass; and is an excellent ingredient with lime, for the purposes oi buiiciin^r. Chalybeate springs are numerous in all parts of the state : but we have no medicinal waters that are c.-lebrated as places of extensive resort. ^\ miceral spring in Lynn, in the county of Essex, which is most frequented, is represented as a "delightful si'uation no Salem tUiF.pike, about ten raiies from Boston, in the vi'iinity of a beautiful pond aboundi.ig with fish." Spring'! in Boston, and ia Brighton, about five miles distant, have feceiiiiy be-:n brought into notice, and are said 'o bear some anaiogy to the ijalistcvn WiUers. Ochar mineral springs, which have excii'ed attention, might be enumerated. There is ?. spring in Williams- town, in Berkshire county, not known to possess .ary mineral qualitiss, v/liich is of such a mild -^nd uniform temperature, as to render it a place of local bathing resort, at all seasons of the year. Natural Curiosities. A. ledge of granitic rocks, nearly equidistant frc.i the village of Greenfield and D^erfieid river, in the county of Frar)klin, arid situated about fifteen rods east of the pu'jlic road, which passes from ncirth to south tipon the bank of Green river, exhiDi's numerous concavities, which may deservedly claim the attention of the naturalist. The ascent from the road is a hght sandy hill about thirty five feet in hKiohi, b.ick of which there is a little descent to the ledge, which is about six iter above the ground on each side, and iivii rods in breadth. North of these cu- riosities the idiid is considerably broken, and no ancient watercourse can b« traced : but a little bilow them, and bct.vccn the Ldge and aoother of about ao 04- View of Massachusetts. equal height, commences what appears to have been the channel of a copsiderabfd stream. It is here about six rods wide, and presents low rocky banks ; but ir> the course of about fifty rods, its base greatly descends, the breadth diminishes, and the banks become more elevated, until it terminates in a narrow chasm be- tween higii and almost perpendicular precipices, the western breaking off into level ground towards the river, and the other continuing to the south. At the lower point of the former, it is probable that the stream originally descended in a considerable cataract, and that the channel above was subsequently formed. A small brook, only, in the most rainy season, now pisses in this channel. The concavities in these rocks, which are not less than fifty feet above the surface of Green river, are of various forms, and remarkable for their regularity- Most of them resemble hardware pots, and are almost as finished) ?.s if they came from the hand of an artist. Others are cylindrical 3nd conic.il, and a few are nearly glob- ular. They generally perforate the rocks perpendicularly. One, of a conical rigure, is 8 inches in breadth at the surface, and 20 inches in depth. Those •which are cylindrical, ate from 3 to 6 inches in breadih, and from 15 inches to 2 feet in depth. Some of the spherical and larger kind are from 10 to 18 inches in breadth at the top, proportionally enlarging tov^fards the swell to 22 inches and 2-£ feei, and from 2 to 5 feet in depth. One of these concavities, filled quite to the surface of the ground, was recently opened, and the lower contents, which were much more compact, than is usual in any native situation, consisted of all the variety, in form, color, and composition, of river stones and pebbles, some of which, at the bottom, were found incorporated with the rocks, and as the latter wear an uniform aspect, presented a striking contrast. The best explanation of the origin of these phenomena is conceived to be, that this channel was the an- cient bed of Green river ; that the elevated plain west of the river once extended to the eastern height near the concavities, and constituted a barrier higher than the ledge, north of which there was an ex;)ansion of the river covering the valley ■above ; that the waters found a passage through this channel as the lowest point j and that by some extraordinary swell of the water, this barrier, being of a loostf texture, was broken through ; the present channel and narrow adjoining bisin at that place formed ; the lake above thereby drained ; and a dereliction of the an- cient bed effected ; which probably occurred, after the disappearance of the great- er lake that has been previously noticed. Besides Inconsiderable caverns in various places, there is a remarkable one iff the northern part of the town of Sunderland,in the same countjs about a mile east of Connecticut liver. From the level ground through which the public road pas- es, at the distance of a few rods, you ascend over broken rocks a considerable height, to a perpendicular rock of ihirty feet, at the foot of which is the opening of the cavern, which is at right angles with tiie rock. The route through it is a circuitous one of about ten rods, forming nearly a quarter of a circle, with the convex side on the right, and it terminates on the side of a precipice looking to- wards the north, perpendicularly with the face of it, and about ten feet from the summit. The base of the cavern is exceedingly irregular, being from lo to 70 feet froni tiie top of the rock ; and its dimensions are various, being from 6 to 50 feet in height, and from 3 to 20 feet in breadth. The central part is the most extensive, exhibiting, indeed, a spacious hall. Near this cavern, there is an eccentric elliptical fissure In the rock above, which is about 50 feet in depth, and in its length and greatest breadth, nearly of the same ex'ent with the cavern. About two miles south west of this cavern, on the opposite side of Connecti- cut river, are two remarkable, detached precipices, of a conical HguiQ, culled 6u- gar Loaves, which may be regarded as curiosities. VIEW OF MAvSSACHUSETTS. iH In the town of Adams, in the noithern part of Berkshire county, a small stre^im p:^sses over a bed of white marble, which forms the base of a deep, nar- row, ir,t or Mai -bar, Shoal of George's east end, Do of do. we-t end, Nantuck.t Light Koi.f.e, Sancotv ha^'- on Nantucket Llar.d, Tom Ncvors' he^d, Mantucket souvh .',hoa!, Cape Poge, Vinc;)Ard, ... Squibnucket hf.ad (south westerly part of ^'ar• tha's Vintyaid) Gay ilcid l-.ight House, Vineyard, IVoinpn's Land Islard, New Bedford, Buzz '.rd's Bay entrance, ... Decrfidd, according to Ployt, 420 4b' N. 70- 51'W, 42 43 70 49 42 42 70 41 42 41 70 38 42 40 70 34 42 37 70 39 42 3 + 70 47 42 34 70 52 42 33 70 52 42 3^ 70 50 42 28 70 54 42 20 70 54 42 23 7' 4 42 23 71 8 4' 59 70 37 4- 5 70 12 ^' 34 69 59 4' 45 68 22 4« 35 68 54 4i 22 70 4' 16 69 5« 4' H 69 59 40 44 69 sc^ 41 25 70 25 4' 17 70 4f? 41 21 70 50 4' '5 70 49 41 4' 71 2 4' 28 70 5S 42 3^i 72 4« VIEW OF MASSACHUSETTS. $7 Brldgewnter and Plymouth, in the county of Plymouth ; Barnstable, In th? coun- ty of thar name ; Edgartown in Duke's ; Nantucket ; New Bedford and Taunton, in Bristol ; Worcester in the county of Worcester ; Norvlwinipton in Hampshire ; Springfield in Hampden ; Greenfield in Frankliri ; and ritisficld, in Berkshire. Government. The government of Massachusetts is republican. The executive power is ves- ted in a governor, lieutenant governor, and nine counsellors, who ?.re chosen an- nually. The principal legislative power is vested in a senate and house of rep- resentatives, who are annually elected. The members of those departments are elected by the people, except the counsellors, who are chosen by thejoint ballot of the senate and house of representatives.* The principal judicial powers are * fhe qualifications of voters in this state for different public ofKcers, a sub- ject of frequent inquiry and general interest, will be fwund in this note. Each state sii.iU appoint, in such manner as the legislature thereof may direct, a number of electors, for the choice of piesident and vice president of the Unit- ed States, equil to the whole nuniber of senators and representatives, to which the state may be entitled in the congress. U. S Const, art. 2, sec. i. The senators in congress from each state shall be chosen by the legislature thereof. Ibid. art. i, sec 3. The electors in each state for representp.tives to corgress, shall have the quali- fications requisite for electors of the most numerous branch of the state legisla- ture. Ibid. art. i, sec 2. Tho?e persons who shall be qualified to vote for senators and representatives, •within the sever?.! towns of this commonwealth, sh .l\, at a meeting to be called for thc*verics, nor great additions to astronomical science, have yet J ubliihtd useful observations, and contributed to promote lh4c degree cf taste for this branch of philosophy, which exists in our country. Thompson, known by * Mr. C liver is partl:uliriy knov/n by ua Essay on Comets, VIEW OF MASSACHUSETTS. 41 the title of Count Rumford, *• Is so much celebrated far his experiments, discov- eries, and nnprovemeius, in military, economical, and chorHical science, that it is unnecessary to dwell on his merits. Besides the new li^^ht he tiirew on gunne- ry, the friends of science and hu^Tianity are indebicvJ to him for improved meth- ods of constructing chimneys and stoves ; for important discoveries and improve- ments relative to cookery and aliment ; and for curious and highly interesting experiments on he it and other subjects. In short, it seems to be generally a- greed, that he stands in the first class, if not at the head, of all the practical, and particularly the economical philosophers, novvr living." Prince i? distinguished in the various branches of philosophy. " His improvement on Smeaton's air- pump is worthy of particular notice, and of rnuch praise. Good judj,es have pronounced it to be the most simple, convenient, and powerful of all the different kinds of this machine now in use " A recent extensive, and scientific aiilitary work by Hcityt, is calculated to elevate the views of officers from the id!e routine of the parade to the study of the art of war : and that gentleman, for his minute and laborioiis investiga'.ion of this vastly important subject, deserves well of his country, x'lmes wks one of those great spirits, that atdiciant intervals burst up- on the world, and although the fires of his resplendent genius may be thought by an extensive division of our fellow citizens, to have been often lighted in vain, yet " his eloquence was an er;!." in the American Congress, and his political works, as models of elegant and magnificent comui^sition, will never cease to ar- rest attention, while the human mind retains a solitary vestige of taste. Our Minister at St. Petersburg, who is pronounced by those best competent ta de- cide on his meii's, as incomparably our most accomplished scholar, has by his luminous Lectures on Rhetoricj given the state an illustrious rank in the depart- ment ef elegant literature. In that of history, Minot's Insurrection in Massa- chusetts is a most happy example of this extremely difficult species of composi- tion ; and in connection with his Continuation of our History, cannot fail to leave to the memory of the author, a lasting celebrity. " Sullivan's History of the District of Maine affords a cossiderable portion of interesting instruction to the student of American hisrovy " Williams, who published the hi-tory of Ver- mont, and Belknap, that of New Hampshire, may be proudly nsmcd as natives of Massachusetts, Ti ey have described the physical and social features of those states with a minute ar.d phlicsophical accuracy. Their works contain a body of valuable instruction ; and the publication of them formed memorable eras in the progress of national science. In geography, the name of Morse is familiar ; and his labors are liberally appreciated io the public patronage. Wh'te has present- ed the public with an elegant Digest of our Laws, unqucbtionabiy the most use- ful legal work, to the lawyer or citizen of Massachusett?, that has ever been pul>- lished. Story's volume on Pleadings is also a highly valuable acquisition. Thatcher's American New Dispensatory is recommended by the most distinguish- ed medical gendemen, as a work of great public utility. The Tour of Harris isito the state of Ohio, is a brilliant and interesting performance. Bancroft's Essay on the life of vVr.siiington is held in high cstimatioa. Belknap's extensive bio- graphical work " must be considered among the best specimens of that descrip- tion, which our country has produced." Among our clergymen, who have be- come celebrated by their pu'jiications on reiigicus subject"-, may be named the venerable Dr. Lathrop of V\''est Sj^ringfield. His numerous sermons, while like his life, they breathe a spirit of ckarity v/orthy of imitation, are replete with good sense and original views, conveyed in a style of that solid practical character, which is uriivcrsaily adm.ired, and almost inimitable. Ainorg periodical works, without adverting to the effcrts of others, may be mentioned the spleniid travels F 4fif VIEW OF MASSACHUSETTS. of Adams tlirou^h Silesia, which were published in the Port Folio ;* the abftf and irteres'incf niornl essays of F:ske, which, under the Philanthropist and other titles, appeared in the Massachufeits Magazine ; and the numerous poetical pro- ductions of Mis Morton, " which have manifested talents honorable to herself and cou.T-.ry, and been noticed with respect by foreign, as well as domestic crit- ics " Vifi. us works comprising the rudiments of science, and other valuable comoends, might also be men;io:ied. It is not the intention of the writer to give even a catalogue of all our publications : but to tho-e not enunumed, may be added Hutchpison's History of Massichusetts. and Morse and Par.fh's New England ; Adams' View of the Constitutions, Hannah Adams' View of Relig- ions, and History of the Ameiican W feature of the landscape, but is the charm of the whole If we seek the gloiy of the narioD, these pursuits will again present us wi.h the most brilliant objects of ambition ; they strengthen the infancy of a nation, because they purify its mornls ; they give lustre to its maturity ; they enliven its decay ; and cheer even its luins, with the proud vestiges of ancient renown." Religion. The religious denominations in ihi« state are Congregationilists, B^pM>-ts, Pres- byter i^ns, Q^uikcrs, Shaktri, S.mde iianians, Universaiists, and Rom in Catho- lics. These Christian sects are divided into Calvinists, -Anninians, and Socitiians. Deistical pincp es prevail also to a small extent, in almost every congregation. By the cjnsticutiun of Mass-ichusetts, part i, artic e 3, it is provided that the legisla ure of this commonwea th sh.tll, from tine to time, authorize and require the several towns, parishes, precincis, and other boJies politic or rei^g'ous so.ie- ties, to makesuitablj p'ovision, at th.irown exp.-nse. for the insti u ion of the pub 10 worshi ) of God and tor t!\e support and maintenan 'e of pulMic protesrant teachers of piety religion, and mora ity, in all cases where sucu provition shall not be made voluntari y With this constiu:ijnaI i jun-rti )n the legio'ature have complied, and enforced the support of religion jy law, inflicting considecabe pecu iary penalties upon such public bodieb for deiinqu ncy in ths particuKr : but thoug 1 it is a requisi- tion ot our consiitution and laws, that every citizen shall commute to the main- tenance ol the potestant religioi, yet by a st.^iute of June 18, 1811, it is enact- ed that ail moneys paid by any citizen of this commonwealth, to the support of pub ic worship, or of publ c teachers of rergion, iha I, if such citizen r; quire it, be u liformly -ppiied to the su})pori of the pujiic teacher of his own religious sect or den.>minj.non provided there be any on whose instructions he usually attends, as well where such teacher is the tciicher of an unincorporated, as of a corporate religious society. U VIEW OF MASSAQ-IUSETTS. Character, Political and Social State. Many circumstances incident to the national association, as v/e!l as to the particu- lar state cf society in Massachusetts, have contiibiited to itispire our citizens with a hi_;ih dfgree ol public and ptivcte virtue : ?.nd in no p.'at of the United States, are ihe great fuund/.tions of general morality more fiimly established. The popu- lation of the state is composed mostly cf the cultivators of the soil, v/hcse supe- rior virtue in every ccun:ry, compared with that of otiier classes, is proverbial. Our citizens are enterprising, enlightened, and hospitaole. Their geiieral char- actet nvay be derived frcm the distir.guished simplicity of manners, the indus-' trious pursuits and laudable economy of life, the excellent system of popular ed« ucation, in connection with the various other means of knowledge, the numer- ous beneficent institutions for the promotion of individual and socia! happiness, the suptri&r benignity of relioioo, the almost unexampled equality of ^. ^percy, and the still mere irivaluabie equality of rights. Novel and powerful causes have, indeed, prodtjced a diiTerence between th-'s and foreign countries, in the elements of the social state, and almost in those of humsn nature, accompanied by a cor- responding diversity of ciiaracter, highly favorable to the former, but in relation to which, it would perhaps bedceincd invidious to institute a comparison. Within the meR^ory of our aged citizens, society has here undergone an as- tonishing change. The body of our population has long since been removed from the priv^iticns attendant upon the opening of the forest, and cannot be expected to posses? the hardy qualities that such efforts produce. Scenes of perilous war- fare with the savages, and subsequent contests, which summoned all the activity, patience, and intrepidity ofman, andthe abundance of game which lured our fathers to the ch se, no longer combine to form the dexterous warrior and hun- ter : athletic exercises have vanished before the more effeminate ; and notwith- standing the apparent simplicity of present habits, the plain neighborly intercourse of fotmcr days, is too generally succeeded by idle and expensive parade, and our citizens have fallen into the lap of comparative luxury. It ought to be observed, however, rhatwi;hin a few yeais past; they have evinced a disposition to rely, more thi,n formerly, upon their domejtic resoorces ; and that the vanity which in- duced £0 niany, in ordinary and even indigent circumstances, servilely to imi- tate the dress, and odier extravagant examples of those who were affluent, or were wasting the property of others upon a tcaipcrary and fraudulent credit, has to a consider.'.ble extvnt subsided. In Massachujetts, ger.eral and locil politics have engrossed a vast sh:ire of the public atteption. This msy be reasonubly expected in every free commonwealth. From the ahncst equal division of the two political parties, the asperities of lan- guage and dispositior attending such conliicis, have existed in a high degree, and btei- r:p.esented by st.angeis, as h:;ving expensively undermined the confidence of society, and laid waste most of the llessings of private life. This representa. lion must he un.ie: stood with much iimitation. .-^ ttempts to break up that faith and trust, which, i.itegiity of character and other viftr.es, so naturally inspire a- roong neighbors and b'.ethrtn of the same g^-at fimiiy, have met with but limited, success. Personal merit is still, with (e\w cxccptioDs, duly estimated; and cur citi- zens of different political views, altliongh at mcmeniaiy intervals, involuntarily im- pressed with feelings 5,0 hos;ile to human happiness, in general, repose that liberal confidence in each other, which naturally subs.sts among good men, ;^nd is the soul of the social state. The correctness of this remark may be derived from the al- most uninterrupted and frifrndly intercourse, as well r^s interchange of relative du- ties, hetv/ccn those of opposite sentiments on public affairs j and is Uemonstrate PoHs. ... _ -H -t-t- o to Total i8oo. ID each town and CUUl ty in ~ci O o 00 - •i- 00 J3 O o cc "5 "^ I otal in each town and county in I 11 o i8io. \ x^ , ^ 2 QC o - O 'i- •^ On \\l other free persons, except in- I £ ^ t y^'S dians not taxed. I -5 -si I "t Of forty five and upwaids, in I "^^ 3 | ciudinn he-ids of fA-^vVfr | -^ j Of tweiuy six and unJei tony 1 '^ five, including he-j.ds of f nr lies, j o 'J-vp Ot sixteen and u; der t^vciiiy , H 4 — c« CO CO — "" 1 «-> J. 3 G 3 .—1 3 crt "^ s 1> •5 " = 33 •5H >« *. -5 "o ^t ^ /^ = ^ I.. ^ PQUr^-sl^W'^QH? VIEW OF MASSACHUSETTS. 47 o N t^ t^ On N ON =;= «^ l^ — t-OO ^ VD « vo cc ^ '^, tM vC On "N »s r. vo "" «- N U-, N r^ ro t~» On - •>» - ■^ Th tJ- ^ Tt- i^ po t-~ - o (■) «N o^ r-~ O^V'. On -^. r-~0 r^ O <^ On - CO tJ- - ~ n- Tt- — tn M o 3 S -3 I-- OC 30 ■^l r- -M fM — NO I - ON X <0 c -N Tt >_ J\ ^ -^ ^ CO cox M to .^ - CO NO N NO o NO 'O *J^ DC X. C^ vC >- H fTi — N "'*• On^-~n'~0~0 O On - to ON O f '^ "- ►" N -. -, CO — -^ -< ?o oo I »<- '-^ <; CO O-i u^ u»-i x- "- N CO >-0 3_ — CC NO - -^ i>-v I M ■^ t-^ -« — ■^ JO OCcoOv'^Tt- CO r^iy, — CO r- *C. nC <<-. '^ O C> I-- t^ O) "o l-~ (J - ~ M <:J- — CO On W OO c^ vO rj >- CO - t^ On On NO lO o I On ON X „ - (J — r^ •- 00 O r^NO — - -, ^ On On O "J^ « CO w ^ 3 ^^ n . (L» t; o j^ «^ r^ *" •a c (D OS y> IT t:: ? if i^ .? ^ c o c s o c i5 i^ wO.£t*4^i;=Or'P C o u ~ E c > c« ti ■^ 4_» a. 3 ^3 Ol «i^ (» o o» O a OO ^ c ^ " ' a +- ■J3 4S VIEW OF MASSACHUSETTS. o " «• li^ r^ Ln rl-vo »o On O C\ V3 O «* r- Tt- ij->x. o oo u^^o CO — O — « On u^i N ON -^OO - i •- O C?\ t}- eo « O 0\ vr, CO 1-1 M >-. !-.< M, On 00 - o •'N I >»»- rl- vQ VO iC tJ- jO J> o o VO -f CO >-. O c» On N o On 1— •^r--f^ OnOcxi "" O r^ <-o CO r^ to lO N Th lo ►- On t^ o CJC— r- •^ w-iO N -:fr~-cc t— o r-~ VO oc 1 O CO lO - ■+ t~- Ti- CO oc «^ o N O i^ W4 On - VO - VO VO VO O CO to . ^ 1 t- CO C^ CO ON o^ o M 1 CO ^ *-< to - to r- - «s r* •' "* 1 »« tm^ N c* - 1 — . I V 6 I S «« I o I to t-^ r|- c< Tt- — O VO »_; -, ONOC ^^ ^ ^-■ to o o N 00 t<-\ I ~ VC VC c- ■^ >-r\ _ VC -. o to to CO 00 OO to to N ►M >o 00 r-~oo VO N Cn «J^ VO 00 COCO CO Tt- c« CO CO ^H VO -^ «^00 hH to N o »M t— l-l N CO H O *-* p^ VO l-l o ^ » o N •s 00 VC t»> to Tt- to o 00 to On M ■+ c» t^ tJ- O VO r^ to - 00 o ON *- CO CO ae> ' CO •^ to -1 to 00 —> CO —1 ON I— IX c« « Ic o -1" vo" ^ o ^ ^ to •+ o •^ v^ CO CO — r-» M -1- to O-N oc o o M C7N O CO to On CO n N r^ tJ- M O o N rt- lO •^ -^ N- to U ao CO »-i V ■^ N N -=1- CO to ►H 00 ^ GO •-> ■-' I-" N . CO r« CO CO "^ to f^ 00 •H *^ •-< lO 'f • 1 " CO »>» n on CO -, •^ O _ -4- VO N CO t^ C7N — Tj- — o VO c« •o t .^ ^ t1- M VO »M to vi- O 00 Ti- « t-» to ^ r- o C^ CO o *^ c* rt tJ- 1 ^ "4- «-4 to k-l to XI *-t Tt- r« CO •-* •^ •^ M CO o ^ u VO •t; c* -G ^ toci — On— woo 'i-'N O to On - « <3 r- «oVO to vo •-' to r* •-' On t^ lo N CO -. NC r~. t^ O v© -< O VO OO "- i-i.i---:^o — ■^vcior^ On — Pifs* CO OvtJ-On'+OncoN'OO* to NVOiii- M N tJ- CO to l^ i-< CO -"I- O VO O O t-~ ^ « to3S CO Tj- -< — « c* M •:^^-^^J — »C rotoc^ c, C VO OvOO ur CA c» c* NO ^ CO -* VO O M O - to to l-l — O r^ Th to O C) r-- - tJ- ■1 N c» « (Li W i:OH »- -a r "O J3 o ^.'^JSjis — ■ fi ^ •" c 'o „ <« c o 1- .5 o 4-1 2 ±: * (l> " I- :« O 'l' " o VIEW OF MASSACHUSETTS. 49 0> O) c* O* 0> eo ^D <-i L/^OS— O u-,x -I VO N OD i^vO CO •*< VO •-« O) I cc -o CO •oo>cooccooo*»ocococ-» <*:>«■/ f-T t-*^ o x" cfT t-" w f^ o" >! 00 o' 0 'O M eo «TT< 1-4 «CN --CO GJl ?0 O o »~ I- O CO *- "- ',0 COC-«C'«»Oi-CNO -r X X -;— -f- O X M« t- CK f •o -r «~ X ^ t) NH (N X O to o< O tC CO 't* «0 CN 1^ fO «c »o »o t- CH t- o fc- o C_i O 1-- o C o> X o 0-t 1 o fN X to to C3> -4 o "N ■^ *« •^ ■" "^ "" " M ?< ■"■ •^ " CN *^ 1 »^ «o -1 !N T^ - •* >-. 00 o 00 '•iZi CO -r ,^ i-i -3 o. ^ -> X z. ■^ 1 .X - CO >- o< l->J c ^ t^ O) X •H to o> ac t- - so CO w >> . . _ _ _ /* - ^ <0 I- O Ci to C n" '-i — CO i-j X «jO>fO) >-e«ooo«oo — ot-co '^ i-* t- -a .o ..H o o X C7i o tO»Ot~t-0)'1*X '-'C^'OiO I-4SO i-i no* ^H,-ji CN I t^ '^ ^ o< t-> — i to -Z O) OJ — o to 0< o t- t- ; o t- •o "^ o "T- —— — n» «o O) to o -^ ■* •— 4 CO o r- —1 w ^-1 CN O 1 CO j t- c:a ■31 CN t~ CO s- 1^ CO «-! 'O »-^ -^ — • — * 4-H '^ •^ CO — -H 1-4 o» c* 1 CO 1 ^ ryi CN ■-H c^ ■1< CO TO 1 — e>o M c< a- — o Cft iO o C74 ■o — . 'O •o o »o o • — ^^ to c<". rr ,J-, _ -^ Ctt »^ — « t- t- CO — • o c* o C35 05 X — < t- o to f t- X X o to O) CO o _ ^^ (l> CO "^ CO 2\ ■" ■* " c^ -» f ,3 ac CO lO CO io t- in CO 'O —4 rp rj- -J« 4-H o« ■v -r r>< 'O -H __, 'Ti "T o N o o to o^ t>- t- o c» o V) rr r- «^ •M t- r> ■tJ -^ "^ o« ■--■ "■^ ^« i ■— ' ■^ —4 — « CO <>^ 1 ■g »f) ^1 , 01. a- ;, 'i^ ■-0 X t^ — A- ■_3 'O Ol -*4 50 1 1^ »o C75 •o t- *o o rr X to n> »- C3 ti* o -tl Tf CO X 00 0-. f to CO X (N •o LO f— Tf o- o -r t> "«< c< CO - 1 CN to CO CO O- , ..J , _^ r ,~ ■<* -t ■^ .-^ — ■ 'O ■o c< "7^- T^ ~~^ ^o o "'O" "x ~T. I .1 a ^ X CN to — 1 CN » X X — X C3> o »o o ■^^ i CO T?l o to 1- o ■N o CO X .^ ■"* '"' ■"^ c^ ^^ " (X ;^ 1 "^ •n "" "^ (N ■"* ~ CO 3 t- to o •O t- c* X C^ c- X — c- o« — o .-o -f — -O /. — i^ o — © o — X :r I 12 X — O c- CO O) — --r . ; — ' -1* ^ lOCOX— 4'OOCO— 40— iO--« ':J< C-* — -CN '^■— '^tg 3 CO -< - O LrvvO CTS o t~~ -CO- — NQVO-OvfO-, |tO t~ -^ -)' — ^ " CO eo c. — 73 COOjX — OXt--'0>XX^_ — -^ (N — CO ^ ■»*- r^ - O 0\ — N — — 04 >0 OsO l^ I--- ly-, C?\ H- ro r^ I- 't-vi' •^ — — ►- N -:, I M - -_> IS OC a. JO ^^ a\ o ■»+• o c c; CU CL, o c 3 *- ^ S4' *: X 5 -a ^ 2 c^ ^CL, A'Cl, j£ c^-5 2-5 ^ o t"-fl cu ff a j> W 2 -— >s U Q ^S f^ S 5 i^ 2 O^'ci Pi! w w 3^ ^ ^ en !-. Q^ Dh Ph s 5 c- •= "^ '~' -o -C .£2 „ c =: t; -V- <.^uaKEIiJ^^^S^ 50 VIEW OF MASSACHUSETTS. O ,', C\ r- \js t^ O CO 00 '+ 00 VC VO rj- Ti- CO N N r~ t^ covo N tN. ?,^ «^ CN O CO rt- C\ t-- CO >- M N VO \C Lo O ONQO On O O I— 1^ ^-« N T}- 1-1 CO "^ >J^ CO *^ t^ i-t N - - N ►" «s () »^ c — c ^ (S If. u o CN C>--i l^ I>- o ^ - ON ^O C-, u N^ -r- ON -^ t^ >^-> Tl- 00 ^ o CO covo rf On N On l^ CO — VO c'j coi ■^OO c* O "00 '-' Tl- N l^ VO i^ N so ! -1- O — coco - O coco N L/A t~. N 1-0 u OO VD "^ C\ — O N SC t~- N O :o t- o CN O >- '^ - CO O M VO i^ CO Tl- rhoo yz L-x O ON '-0 C\ O oc On -tj- - CnnO - - 00 p» fen-^' CO CO VC OO N I/-, u- CN vc O to CO lo 1-- T^ I^OO -"i- tJ- N ■^ VO c*-a iM <^~> •-^ p- 1 1-^ — HI <. ^ - ON — r- Cn O CO L/-\ n:^ CO ^ O O ■<1- CN o» CO r^ c^ Ct ^^ v^ \ wA — J> 3n CO O CO CJ '4-CC .. i^CnOnO n r-^r~~NOOJ'^ « VOCOCOM LON CO Tt" ►- c * CO -;*- - vc CO O c<- -^ - cc u-N c^ c< r^ ij-N c* T N r^ i^ CO I-- • — o ^ M O "^ c* t^ t- VO ■^ o ITN X^SO »j-\ On >-' c< >^ () P< o^ 1-^ w^ ON l^ 00 lr>, r^ t~~ (.• ON ++ CO rr 1-1 VC 06 CO O CO O c< 1^ C4 VO 9. "-• CO PJ N c N ^ " '" M 1-1 ri -' " " ON u-> c d !>• - OS O r^ G^ - 0> vD M -+ Os C>, 1- t^ P> CO NO N CT\ N Tt- •- r^ LO r* O lo vC' >j~ ^ -h •—• CO CO CO Lr-. CO -+• rl- rr.oo () C) CO -4 O , — O pj 0\ Cn CNCC ,~- VO »N CO r-- " r^ cj On CI On «o M -^t- ^^ c« o N -4- N N c/- CO ■"■ — w CI — "- N " ~ c» N VO •5 i6 o N 'J^ -^ C4 O 1-- CO r^ uo C?\ c< On O VO r-- t1- CO <.0 CO |vo o" t^ CO ^ r-- N ON - ■V ^ -- TT"" o n Ni- ^ "^ V^ fl CO O ^ . CO OO U-i ly^ C) , - ,, . . ■.: . ^ ^-^ . . .. OVOco—t-O^O^OOOl- • n , . l^ ur> r-- On "^ c <^ o\ VO O VO ON - ^t '^ M VO HH CO CO — CC o VI j\ (■'■i ^ CO -T-*:/ — oi> t^ >-o — v_ c-j CO j i<-A coiO 1^ O On Lo CO CO On On Onoo Lr- r-^ 't- IS o oc ri-vo ►-» o VO M T^ o -^ CO M ^ CJ C^ N^ CO — -H M M "^ l-l —1 c« •-< " M "S t^ c cf: o N . t-- CO rjTi Ov to M u^ ^ ;) ON r-oo ' r O lO CO *M () t-^ t-~| tr, »^ ■^ o CO CO r-00 or. O t^ G> 'J- VO ON JO CO CO () ON N CO 1 On o\ ^ C4 Cl CO — "1 »-» — '-' IS — I- Cft tr» o CO I" « VC _ o CO 0\ M 1 '^ c> coco O u- CO M C) VO VO N ON 'i- '*• V_J to CO NO o .-1 U-N 1 CO t-- t^ —1 M "^ to l-~- O to to t-- o Ij^ M »^ •■ CO M CI |VO N " •"I — " " " ■-■ - VC '^t- N — _> _ ./T/ O VC 1-- — v-^ O :j\ oc. — ct ■4- o to 'O r-) CO t^vo VO vo CO CO t^ t^ O VO 00 00 CO — CO CJ l^ t^ -r CM c< CO l-< "" " p» H" M *^ ^^ c< o -s VO o o CI CO VO CO CO GC VO 5nO-. N -> "O N lO"— >0 t- " OC ON 0\ N CM- t- 1-1 CO ,?»co «'. a. o <-3 coco VO ■+ 1-1 «o t^Mcococooi — Mt^r CO 11 OS o CO o o rf C^VO "-^ rTL' -^ COVO --- - .'^ <^ voocvc— voa^NNe-'.o CO VC N — ■* »0 On cooc ~ 1 o '^ CO ac o c<-j ■;:; I CO NO -■ CO •ri< - 21 to VO o •n- to 'C CO 00 C^O to c< C3 — rO VO On '- - O CO C4 — CO CO 00 u-J '^i^ O^ ONOO - « CO VO c< M CO CO l~ CO Pedrick's Island, Pembroke, Plymouth, P. * 4C, s. E. by s. Piympton, P. Kochester, P. SritnPte, P. Wareham, P. < Barnstable, P * 65, s. E by s. Brewster, P. Chatham, P. Dennis, P. Marshpee, U. Kastham, P. Falmouth. P. Harwich, P. Orle.ns, P. Provincetown, P. Sandwich, P. Truro, P. =c a I. h < z * P-' a CT at ;2i n m VIEW OF MASSACHUSETTS. 51 \o i^ fO—'-ooacoo-> — o cr)»,«^«i->-i"« >-i ri»« '4- N.-.'^ — -+ vC -^ vo \0 C7\<3 t^ ^^ — LO I^ u^ VO c" 0> -"t- ro urs •^ N o 0^ M M T^ c\ i^ Lo i^ O O UN O ON •o o ■^- -^ l>- I^ «M »o VO N »J-i ^ VC VD VD N !>. 1^ rt- VO P^ i~^ » ■+00 CO ^» 00 o r»- ■^- »- ro — cr-.OO — O r~~ CN VO C7\ oo t-- O OS O CO- <^ VO o fO vo r^ r< covo 00 t- I- C\ Cn N 00 -5t- oo O Lo O Tt-| O l/^ o VO oc "+ c<-.eo Q — - — vo cv^ T-O? c J.^ •^ 6\ CN o ' - t— CH r^ CH •-''-' >- Cn CO VO c:^ • A C^ L<-^, — en ^ 1 - t^ M - VC vC tc l-r> N M -r O '*- l~- eo v^ » O - «0 CN t-OC "^ G\ vc ^ C\ ^- i-oo -i- O \x ^* 1-1 M c^ r^ VO N vO c<-, CO cr-, «s N CO CI o ri CO a\ N VO M w "" - loo 1^ O CO O O O LoVO — oo— >>L< ^ u-iOO O O — — CO oo CO -Tj- r-> «- O « « ^ « oo ri- ON CN r--0 lo CN CO O 0\Ky "00 CN N lO M — CO-* — '-"- l-O — — "^ — — Vt I— r* VO CO 00 CO ■^ N cc - o lO ri- CO CO VO O CO o OC "■!"" _ ~:r: l^ LO TT" LO -^ CM LO N On cs r^ r-- O '^ r- oo rj On CO VO VO o LO 00 C\ — oo ^ o c< t-^ ' I^ UN C7N LO C4 «o (—1 lO CO •— i t-- ^m CO c<.> C\CC' '■ M c^ '^ *^ ■^ '^ •^ " ■^ ^4- " '" CO ^^ •-o CO TT On N - r^ CO — VO Lo ON -^ -o O Cv M l^ CO CO VC M _ CO "I CM — — ^ VO lo CO O N r^vo VC >-ooo O CO jv^ - - -. « CO o oo CO -± •^ - -+ ON O ci r^ ~ O -^"-jco - - Tj- - CM |vo t-^ 00 rf ON On NO u--, CO i-o GnoO On >o 0,CO M ^ M M VO r^ Lovo oo tv| CO CO >-i ON ICO" NO -I NO - r-- Tj- On r^ « <-i CO lo '^ — O tJ- CO — Tj- C< CM CO M CO O O On - -^ VO VO OvvS \o ><:? NO Lo On ~ rh to " C^ t1- M CO O "FT o "on' ?* 'i VO VO UN O O CO (M ^ c-i lo cove c< CO UN CO CO — fM M cj ^ ►- 1-1 On Cn CO OV N CM — On r-OC 00 t--DO Ov 'i- - r- M — CO tM M q tM CO VO ■o n UN fM ^> — U".— >-^ CO O r^ CO r^ o N -" CM — — — O* fM NO LO lo b' to CO U\ -^ >0 •/-, ^. O -+--'>- «*• 00 t^ OC rh t~^ t-^ o ^ C9 _ On t^ CM S On -r t^ CM wo CO -'" ^ ^ -O « >- o w ;;; j^ H 2 " >^ o , Ch C ^^ o „ >. -r. ci i^ - o 1^ c 5 t: r* r • — 'o^ohci: r^ « N 9 g. E 2 o ? 72 V2 Zi w tij *^ ^t^O\CA o->00 ON t~» t^ to ■>^0 t^OOO — MN00 — — ONT1- C7\ >H « M — — i-NN*<^>-N"- »? N OC «^ O i-r, N L»> en tJ- »n u^ O d t-» CO Oi _ •+ -t- rt- On to O t--co->+-X00'O — O c» CO r>^ '.O 'I- c^ ^o l^ t-- — r-- '-r\ CO CO WD Tt- O NC f^_ — ^Mlr^L/^_».»^i •*- VO vD »< CO »- lO O TO O cou-iCOC\Onio — VOCO c< Q\ «=£= *■« l-i4 CO t-- -< N — — >- "S 1- "I — >-i N c» »>< < ^ , ^ L«>VO 0\ - O tJ-;^ ^- Ch CO •+ CT) O lo Os i^io- — t-^— ONr^"->c»o Vl uo rj- -- 0\ I COOO VC VO CO 00 -. — — On "* •O'J i>--^o On-ncoc fOOO I t^ — ro — « Lr, - f, CO CO CO — N ro t}- N COM — C« tOT^-'O— rJ-K* - — y. !'. I' rj- r- -t- o t<-cojojO colocoi/^ON 0\ 'O CO "^-J— "^ 't-'^ t^ c< n! O ^ co' N T}-ur-,l«>../^iN ~-j04sCNC ^C l^'f-)- — OO r^OG COM OOO r-O »oOloco— OnOnOn N -"i-xvooo r~-coo r^ONO r^"-vc •*• — C, 1 CO D Qx X- ^A^ ~ <^. f« ^ VG •"• OO Onooco o i^c» '^>-oON «— — -< u-> N co^O •^ co\0 On CO - i^ ^ o O On «^ c^ '^'~- f^. -■^■ -ri- -r, ^ ^, c<~. O r-M i-oooc TJ-lJ-^~ i-^-x. r^rj-vc O co co^cc^oo OncoO r^t~-co\0 Tj-c^r^co CO — . M r* vo N rg X X _ O OO -'~\ ■o c. rr~ \j o 'T'O ■""^ (■« Tl- r>N C\ CO NO 1-" N N ■< NH N O <:« o c» ,_, *N < t-~ i^ CO '*- ^ C^ •^ ^O to •^ r^ — ■■4-00 to NO On CO f O r- o r^ r- f- CO CO to TrT "nT bi4 On O -J- CO r- "CNNO" ^"^ "to" M " NO On to r-VO 00 N \0 NO ■* ^ M N On c« CO 2 r* NO CO CO to rl- COOO -• CO r- CO to XI ThNO O — ON c-> r^ to to t^ t^ t^ CO s 4> "^ "* «s to " " " " " " " NH ^ c« OnO CO N i_i vn r-- ^ o OO N NO tox r^ — - ON tl- i-^ On ;-^ r\ — — -f- O «o M ■*• r- 00 Tt- o N ^ 0» CO '=1- 'i- O o 00 CO tO "i- ■5j- to OnO •^ loOO N — NO — 00 o v. o "^ CO " " (2^ "7^ o nC _ _ ND r^ lovC lo c*- V3 ON ,. gc » i; •^ to „ oc C^ ~u IS •^ u VO -n r^ ■^NO lo ON C) NO r^ 0\ 0\ t^ l-H »-• o> en On CO On m OO CO o- On NO ■^ o •^ r* C~ '^ *^ ^ " N ^( ^ " " " N r« c« c* yv - OO -•- >o O - O On On C^ ir» — rj- coNC coNC — — On CO 1-- ^ c< c<%X f< t- o-i ,>, "t- "O tJ-CX CO O •^r^ioooao — QNONONO t-~«oO c* c* r^ -i- t-~ or^ t~~ CO X OO On r^ ) toONCONO tI-OnNO m ■<+■ :: c< NO - LoCC MN— QOCCcoO''*- OnX On c4 ^ cO — CO r^ ■^ t~~oo — O NO O to co^o r- »*- c» ro lo f- C0 80 On On ---x r- -.- -j^^_ T^ONP^ r^coN c* w CO t^ -* ~ •'4-r--coONO O o toNO O "^vo to O ►- ON.f® "• "^COCO^l 1 O •^ >-•■■■■ .• "N o ^ M I • -^ f- C» On CO no m coc~-0000NONO •-« CO— loc^OO CO M "< fO — cove cc "« oc r--\0 '+ /; O OCi uoOO NO ao On •:♦- On - .^ M c» NO -H O OnioOO to— Oncooo n h -^oo Lot---r^ 0>oMMr^toONNOci — N — — -n-O* N mMN-^ — '-'•-•-ciNr^-iH — ^ » Oh ? !^ « - u ^ — jy B - I-' ■ '• rU lU N on ■^ y. ~ r-^ >/> c« CO -*- '^ I^ VO 1^00 N f> N ro rr> — 00 ii-i r-- CO o 00 N r-~ O t^ N '*- O vo 1 l>- CO vO 00 ^00 O I-- O <^ oo fOVO to O -^ CvOO Cv ^o -i- VTN O vo c o. O O GO toVO -+- O M r- o\ f^.'O ^r\ r-~. vo On C) covo >o OS CO 1— CO voVO CO •+ CO () o t^ t>- vo N N :/■■ ^ tr> r^ CN •*> ^ i^ r- •■-) VCJ •— « + ON CO o M to rj M »-4 CN o VO ■<4-oo ro r-00 VO OO -1- O N o vo CO CO Cv O -hvo () On r« li-N >-i N w CO vo M 1-* CO M vo 0\ -h i^ N -r M n CO o COCC On On o ON PH o\ -t- o> M 1-^ i_ Vo r> a\ •s VO 00 "^ (TV cy\ Ov GO Ov r~- 1 ^ vo 00 CN O LO lO lo Ti-vo -iC' N f> lo <^ N N N CO O) 04 N N q CO -^ N OO vo — — — ~ I - -;-7 i^ r-co OO -t- CO -p" (') toco ~'-\-' ~o c^ t^ — 00 C\ C) rh -t ON O () vo r) Cv N C-J Cn Cv CO CN -+- i^ OO N O t-^ t^ cooo CO Ov VO ov N 4- I - c< , O 1- -^ _ — o GO vo c^ ON VO — -H — 1^ O O o N r~~ vo TC 00 -t- Tt- o -« CO r^ CO () CO CO -+ r— ON CO () t-^ CO w r-cx •^00 M ON N t-- o O-l Cv CO <) r^ N r^ O C) o> lo O 00 •— k-^ r« t-l "" '"' t-* ■" '"' "" C) 1^ '" " — )-^ CO c» CO V<~( •^ COCO LO Ov >o Tt-VO -+ N — ON M t^ O •^ CO l^ c^ O ON c:> ac X- N CO r-OC ■^J" CO r-- a oo t-- O ON b- t~~ r^so CO OO NO t-^ t^ O CO CA f* t-- o •^VO On t-^ co o U^ ON 00 t^ r-. Ti- r-vo ON CO " "^ " 4- c< o c^l t^ vO o^ — LO(jO o o LO ovvo r^ CO O o •+■ LoVO t^ Cvco 04 l^ vo 00 00 l^ r-» CO o — VO () •"^ o\ CO 0\- n- M " " " "^ ^ " CO " " ^ co 0» CO c4 ON OO -{- •+ VO — r-~ lo o ^- cj 00 Vo cooo 00 t^ Cnvo n C-- O IS) O vo O) — -1-vo CO CO O -t O CvVO Lr> O 00 CO — COCNCO-+-+CVO -i-coCNr-~" c< voCv rj- u^ •^ lo O CO On<3 vo n Vo Cv t^ Vo 0\ VO ONOO 00 0\ " t^Cvcor^O COO) v^NOO — oOOv/^coOcoOvO'-Cn v/^OO — Ovvo coco covo t-~ vj-i 00 — < ONOO CO rj-vo Vo o» VO 11 M « vOno>o( — ~vo O M Vr,00 OO VO — -t- O _ M N — — rt- CO r^ 04 01 — 04 — O "N - CO -> (^ l-r> O — Vo N COCOOO'X. — ^>•C^'OV0CNV0 04C^^ot-- v0 O - vo OO U^ I>. Vo '-N O O CN OO M lo NO c-^ >^. '-- '- I- Ojj 0-< 00 N „ M N l-l l-l i-l M '^- O O !^ i-'O On — lo Vo CN r-~ O T -.-v -^ >.-, n- , v^N .-^ -- O ! - "M CO O CN O vo-+covoOXiOvovOONVo-OOVOCN •^ NO LOTS CO N C^CC cr -o CSVO Cv vo -"-VO M ocooco— CO— CvcoCn'^O^ONvO 1 o _ OO O CO lO o 0» 1 i 1 00 VO voVO VO Vo 04 t— VO vo 'O t~-CC CO c^ 1 vo - C> vo fo io"U o '5 o — f« Vo a* o o OO w -" Oh "r •^ -2 -2 ^ i; S g ii ;= 3 o - :,> o >kj: kJ hT .- ►J: :- ^ T-T I " '^' -^ rs u o v r: o x: I- s ^1 D-. -2 _ o c ►—I * f^ ^ ■*-' 1^ (-• *~1 OJ .= O .'" "T -5 'Zl "' "^ — '>^ b S ^ s^ VIEW OF MASSACHUSETTS. s »_ a JH: o -a 9J o <"- 0-rQCO-<00 Cs^ VO COX O . i-> l-~ N " •- " — — I M . «4 MMN<-iN>->r«>-».^ t-i (4 Ml IH f4 •^ u>,r^-;Lr,Oij^-t-- --'-. c\ Lore Lo -^r ■- "^ «-,:>:/ u-, -j >-■ c<-)0"i o i-~- t-~ r^ OvO O\0C\L- CMtJ-C>0 GNcolo'JO O .^ CO^J-tr^t- OOtO >^N cOtO O »^ CO MO CJ C^cocoOVCOOVOOD r~-VC t^roiou-iOOO con — OS — 0\0 •j^cor~-fO"« MVDf^. O — cor-»CNCO^Qo -T-t cot^ocO i^rO^OO '^ c^Lr^MLoO ■^ro^-i/>coC\C\t'- ^ r^ -rJ-N Loi'^v"- O r>.i-i M •+VOO *" cot^N — t^OD N '+-roN~VO"cO*^<>rt^'--^C?NSO loOOCTt^t^l^o't^co ~ O oc 00 ' ~ CO -^ Th lo r; M u-> -^ •- — N GO lo r-~ c O -^ Cn <-o -^ - i- O »j^io:7st-c?\ci L^xi-vooo o :>cnon'^ o — o\>j^o - u^r->LoPiao en •1 p» N CO — N N CO CON'>»tJ-(SCOM'^C4 Ni-<~MCO— CONCONCO •= O -= o CO r^ "-i L^ 1 , c^ (^1 r.-, -J- CO O CI 'iO -*■ C7\_;^ O 'X. ^ - -i cc O »; '^ ^-, -^ ■ I ^ ■ -. T — VT J ^^ v^^ iO ^ ON - U cc ^ — -I CC O OD '^ '•• V r^ C\ -^ O COCC O N -st- O ■»!- -t— C "-■ CO '-3 OS C?\ (^ CO ~ — ' to «-• ■^ N 'C 0\ 70 Cj lo X - ■ • - - " - - — - - '"- — ■'" fOCC O .- , - >S «0 l-^ O N c< O r^ ' • .-, v; lo C^ O - - c< t^ ^ _ T+- - On CO c* rt- CO CC C^ Cn O "~< lO - O .- Q ' A| tJ-(\(0 --i roTt-ij~icor^N Oncogc r^- r-^— On—- ■^r--'-' OO >- co — ' VO '-' c^ Lo.coO ON-"" "^O " 'iZi — locooo O\O\f^t-00 Po c^ -f- . -, , N '«~1 CO ■'■) fi* d ^o — CO troo CO ly- ^r i/^ to ! ~- — I" CO T? VO 11 c-. 'o;<- r^ 3Nvr l^ c^ —^ CC M v^ CI Cn O C\ c^ t^ 0\ -*- r-~ to ON tJ- N I ^^ " ■^ r^ '" " "^ ^ " n "" " -. ■»t- CO C\ t^VD u-\ys 00 I-I CO ^.- '^ t-- I-I CV ^- 'w' '-t- M I-I o vt. u- ^ -J 4 ^i^ MM — 1"^ ►^ 1^ 1-1 ^^ I-I n n bH n M o ;S. r-t -r _ CV^ ->- _ vG CO -^ _ VO CO to to r-l ri -i v.. •~^ r~^ vr-, ^ C"; M VO U t-- VO '+• t-- O CI toVO VO l-^ GO to rv| t-- C) ►- VO VO t«l to <<*- r^ CO Cj X: O JO ir-~ 1^ ^mi hH M M hH t^ 1-4 1^ p .^ ,^ ,:^ o _ V, ,„ ^/> 1-1 U\ T ;^ ^ -. •o ,- j\o 00 Vli "-^ ■^ ^ ^ -< ■^ CO >-i r^ i-i CI CO u M h-1 M wA N -+ -4- "^ii to M -f- « - VO O CO VO N ON M o COOC to '~\ rM _ I-I 00 CO ON>--' CO o to o; ^ •1 [ -. cr. 'o •o C, v u- r^" to r?1 tr-. ON Cv M r- t--VO VO rJ-CO X, -1- Ov CO -^ CO Cv r- to rj- r-- CI to ►I On N o On fH -H — 1 I-I <-• 1 '"' •^ 1 n 'i- • t/-< to •>! VO w ^ o o M r^ M I^ C4 C/N •o ^J — ■w\ •o >.; c^ ON u rj- to o I-I xi-QO r^ ON CO M 00 t) -^ hi to ON On ON t-~ tr- t^VO -+- to rt-00 C3 — On h- #^ *4 n -M •-» 1^ r-t *1^ n n ^1 f.* — * >^ o -t- M « Xj TO M ,-■; — . o CJ >^ l- V^ M Lr^ ) l^ •^i -• >-> On • On '-^\ CO l~^ -^OD VO o CI CO 'O r~- O VO CN H^ is* CO to O CC 00 ON X, LO r~ ON '4- -^ ■ON M O to •^ p ■^ "" ■^ " " " •" " "^ ^^ *^ I-I M w 1^ vO oc -• — ,■: v;3 coO C^ C) O M to M o O OC 00 to f. CO co ,, C<) ^; ON -« ■^ ON 0\ CI to t^ r^ -h I-I CO (JV TI--JO n On M NO t~~ tovo VO ON CO N «0 c< CO o> 111 n •« 1-^ ^— NH n N^ o -+ C) 'T; Ov — CO Tl- CO r^T — u- CC VO lO -+ () CO ^ M CO co -+-X On *1 ^ •1 O\co o 1-1 r* "^ " "" IN N "" ■* M •" N M N rm Ml •" " "^ "* N •^ N " ^ „-._ - _ ^ 2 -c -" c« t« -*• VIEW OF MASSACHUSETTS. gt e~ O VD O Nd N Tt- r- t^ On r- Cn M OS ON o o OS fO o vo t^ViV r-» r» - CO 00 ly-l^Tj •-• •-* ow VO o ^ N ^^ 0\ TT' oo 0\0 (J ^4 WMO t-~ >o» <^ M N N CO N N VO N r4 N rt c7\i^«o>^ Cs*^ COM iriO i^l^T^• ^ loO — OOO 'i-COOC 0\0 — C--0 — N i-^ r^ Ti- — TT -> T^ -^j- -T- — -< 'o i'^ U^ "^ t^ -^ (M -^ O — Lr^i i^ On l^ CC 00 -■ — c-» ^» -^ — (^ r~- O "-"-^ O CO « „ „ - vo >+• X. N ly-\ 11 t- ^ a. N On N c i^O — M fOOO '- O C coct o :X( NO oo vo On O Cj -H O r^ CO O t"NC NO •^SD On O TT f l^ — '■-O rj O rONO i"~ "-OOO O N CTi^-^NO N C< C-ro— -q NOujO-UN i>i-CN — CfJ Tj-OOO u^O00 Ti/>i C\-H- On CO O -^ — — «^ — « -H N VJ CCi r-« l^ O ''A '^ ^- ^ CSTt-'TONNO M ON •>:,-«, Cio ^^ -j' On;o O ^ O -^i- - tJ- c^ — 1 NO w. - i-- t-NO -t- o o n O — Onoc -OOl-OO CC 00 O On C l^ i^ -. t-- :i: — o r^ ON Lf>i t-. Ti- coGO 00 -• -^ On O -q- o w On n conO - CO c/0 — no Oj vooj CO On co - -^ — N - « CJ On CS NO t--NO tJ- T^ N - cn, cu -OaoO\ooiLo»j-\ooooTi-NOco Tj- Q-, (^ ^~t — i— vr 0\ ^r "J"! — t^ On CO — co •.- cc O CO On -t r- t-- OO OnO C--CNNO -. 'V i'^ -o "•! >^ 1.S vO On CO JO r^ i^ OnNO co ©-nolo:?;!- — j\co'^00ir(-«r<0 oo NO ONwNC'J'O C^X-^CNCOi--Trt^ONON CO I o 1 "^l- "^l- CO CO i-:, O CO ;- M _ Q CO ONO OnOOONO N30 " 1-1 CS -< « CO -4-NO On O 1'-n"co'"0 On CONO O l~> CO rt o -1 Lr, NO ■cj- r^co r~- r-~ CO cocc CO J.-S'-O JJ t^ l-^ U-N,^v NO Tt-co r- o i^ ON CO — ON r^ — CS -» CO _ _- N l^ -^ f> CO -1- 1^ — • ►^ rt I-. r< CO fo ^r c4 's- 0^ -o c< Lo i O NO t-^ — r i-o r^ r) O O 1-1 -< r» N O O O -I 6 vbr^-ricoON- c^ 0\Mr-icoo — ONCJ-»co OnnO CI T^- l^ c^ t^ O CO OQ O i^c- CO 00 On O 'T M M -1 O CO. a C< M 1. CN oo GO t^ -i- M i--. '/^ - o NO oci CO On -ON-O WH CO „ c «or~-ii~iNONO •^— l/^0 cO'+OnO u-i \r^ - ^ >. • — 4> ./J b o vj > > > >> O c» O O - On — CO l-^ M — — »H N H- CO nNO cm $6 VIEW OF MASSACHUSETTS. o o o c _ O -Q « rof On — V? »j^>o V5 t^ r- N vo V^ vo 00 O '+-'<0 r-toN t--eoONO\NVO o CO cr w ONrJ O OvtoN l^ to VO C7\ -i-vo N r-'X oo -t-ve M -(-- r-co f<-. r-oo O O 0\TJ-0 u^-OC t~-CTvl:-"0 r- CN CO N ■H- N VO -+00 >+ eo >oVO OCC- r~.roCNQP •+<~oO en . M l^ •+■ -^ t^^ Tf-^lOO •+t--ri-'5t-d »^0C o ^ »000 00 •^ lr\\0 OO >J^ ,B- CA O O N 00 VO POOO "^ — o on^ouo«^— '-y c\ ■+VC N N — — N N f» — o iS 00 o - tJ- CO ■<*■ >-i "^ '■' C\ t--vo to Cv O r^ ro r^ c i»-, I — o "- C> f^ -1- »+-vo T-- r^ r<-) m fo CO p^ « oc Ov O ao Ci »0 r^o o t1- p» ^o >-i pj « — O M O VO lo »^ VO vc 00 to r- P» tJ- P^ P« en , o 6 •-I tn o to -t- p» p» « N PI ■1 N c< t^ V. L/- 0\ 00 O ■+ (^ t- 'l-vo -Hco VO CO On O VO - VO ri-vo r~-vo tooo 1^ tr, r^vo lo o r-- CO o o PI OO ON Ov On povo o r-- >- to PO to toVO PJ to Ov On E 1^ ON O OO r-^ M « Ovvo O r-- po On O N fOVO U-1 OvVO M p* VO r^ On O lo o - M o t/~ VO p) ►- O vc r- -^ •+ 'l- r»- '+ t}- OvVO VO 00 N- p« — O CO N fO OO tr>VO O ON OnVO - 00 00 — r^vo - VO >^ r-l vO PI 00 PI o o r~ p» o VO VO 00 VO VO p> O t1- - « p< rt — to -1- PO t-~00 00 Cv N >- tJ- i^ -^ Ovoo O 00 t^ P» ■^OO " o o O o o o\ t^ lovo OO t->vo O VO to I^vo fO — PO O r-- r-~ to CNeo Ov to OWO Ov tr> O OO - tJ- t^vo VO »o o M "-OOO — ro CO ^vo on CC OO CO Ov r- povo N -. lo PO CO N PO P< - VO p» ►H P* ^1 On CO to /. O ^ "o •+■ On -+-■:<' en r- ■+ 0\ pi oO o VO to t-- ovcc i^oc VO VO r^vo ri- PI CO r-- TfTi-cr-j-t-ONO^O P« PO t^ O t^ rj- tovO O o» to - r~-. 00 to •^ "^ — ■^ i-o v- -4-30 >- p» X P) » MM VO O r. -fc/j -^ O Ov O — O r- to 'O'O VO I P<" p» Ovoo t-« I- O t^ ^vo voo r^ioUOO OnO oc - — — pocototor^ p> O p» O ^o r^oo >- I-" MM — — - ■-< r^ PC vO — VT PO VO VO PO -*- VC VO 1^ CC p> co i^ ON CO VO t-» 0\^ -rr r~ ^*0 r^co "^ t*. On r~- o PO r- VO Ov - -t- t^ • • VO -vc ov^-~T^-tf^c--•-ao i~^ On -T CO ■ , VO - r^ OC ■>! ^O 'I Lo toCCr--p»»Ovo:cO'^toPitoO ' M M — MMmPOM — MM — — — * r, f^: . iu - c^ "3 >% ^ c: ^ 11 ^ 4J HI c 0) c > t; ON 5 P. ■J > -n ■cu O K i- c ;2 CN o o r-- to (-- l^ V' 1-^ M t^ PO to C) 00 ThOO t--. r-> p^> p< *"* ■" 1— l-H ?^ U5 U "C S i- ij ■ P I..I -n c -'Olo—Tl-*ON >— t~. i-T— T— T--^ HI -^ -H _^t^ cot- _ so LO ■«t-o* 'O cot- pi •o oo M -J- <-~ - Tfl £- ■_:■ s- OS N lO l-^ f~ -'^^ •o CO O CO CO •* r) c<-j so — — O w» 0■^ -i — - rr. a\ ^ O OO O ^ N-H — cocOXiOcorJ-oOco'OO OC »/> Os 'T- VO 00 OS to S080 t}-OSP500 CO— O Os O CO o» CO OSOO — c^ cooo o OS «-sc 00 X) — coso -r — Tt m 'rt ■^ ri- O r-'^-tO— COtoO 00 0\ CO Os CO ►- I- ■'l-OO — . O -^ r~ O Gst- — ' 00 t- -^ 'i- CO CO Tj-X) Oi— cocOtJ-OscoioN O-'- I/-,—, lo CO CO OSO Tf fOO coo M so -T- O VO t^ OS coM — -• coOst^i^--oc 00 OSOO VS CO 'O rh Os On CO OS -^- Osso r~ O r- O p> CS30 vo vo cc •--^0 cor-coTj-oo Os VO to to OS N VO CO O 'i-por^— — N 'i- O VO Os -sh covo VO >- VO O — — — M — "-MMN o O VO so cooo 00 -^t- •+ toSO - N tooo LoOsO Tf-issocoo t^OsOs cc ■4- c» r- CI V-VO OS V, iv> -r Os ^-. V- CO — so O r--so oo 1-- r^ O On OS c^ r^ CO osoo CO r~oo p< o vooo c^ VO CO O r^ \ N O -< Pt ,, _ - r-os— Ovjsco Tj-cX/ to M ■^'M «o lo O Os O OS09 t^ v^ CO toVO CO t-^ >!}- b 1 "i- ~-. CO CO Os i^ VO to O covo M « CS O GO CO M Os t^ CO OsGQO " (SOsOs Os cO -^ to t~- O r-- to OS CO P) CO O t}-00 OS - t~- u-i r-- p) so Os CO so Os so M SO C^ P» CO C -^QO C-- so o oo r^oo csso so - •-I -00 "■^ LoOS«OOt^tof^-+"-'CO-00 P» ft — OS P» — coOO locotJ-OcO-^Os toVOfU " N "if- to «!< OS r^ O ''}- so VO Osr^rJ-so -^000 CO. ^ r^ 0\ -oco CO ti~i i~~ — >^jz, •■' ri-co-rt-roso 1-oOVO CSX) SO OCO r« N p» ci -1 -. p» n " - ^- -o * 4^ -3 -n <.:: e rrt U2 -a •*-' -n k- ffi 1^ :z; t) X5 •u 2 Oh V2 W 5; -0 £^ P--I ^« c ^ c *» J= S -c m (D . _: o ^ ^^^ cw <^ a r, c oi 12 * c£a;a; ^ . 8 !> -a 1— ( 2* aJ ~ ^ ^ f^O _5 •= ^ ff "o fe '1^ o § -I I "s 3 -c W « U O K K-^ >-l ;S is- ;i. fiil X w yt OS ss VIEW OF MASSACHUSETTS. o ^ N Tj- N O N w n » i-i M CO tl >-( s bO u V bO bo VI < -o i>^ OS O C?\ N f* C/0 r»- '^^" -I- -I- C\ r)- P! OO VO n CO «^ -» o' - o ^'j i CO — cnl — t^ Ov cOiCC C\ O CO.' CO - CO - i O t- 'I- N ^.vo VO Th cr-, « cc. -. v^ On O O 'C CO - -^ C\Ui> co i— cOrJ-OOco — VJlr^-^ '^^ i-~vo CO c^ ~« N M •- w^'o )CO o co^ r- 10 -» covf: Lo -r r-~ r- '.:. t^ , , -+- ^- •+ •• ^FTrTrTTTT^k cp .. _ 1^ Lr^aT ^O CC O r-VC M r- O C-~OC CO CO O lo -4- 1^0 'a'-Nco "i-i TT'^ — tOCOCO T^'^cti^NCO — l^ iO CO JO CO tJ- -< 00 1-- , ^ o: !o tQ C\ . CO r- ^ >-i o OC 'Oi i— — -J- r- ( .' OC-co«J'oi^ro >^CO ■^vO'l-0\0\-«i-MOCO VC i^O\co«SC<:)Oi-f-c^ 1-f Ti-i-< O N CO 00 C con OO •<«- c< •S I-* rr;| 1-4 (-( ex •-' (^ . _■^0 — I ro '"t ^'- 10 — Oa "■ "1 »)- Oi M CO lo o -^ ■- '^ I— '■» lo — 00 M •^ I "^ t '^' '^1 r--'-oo coc* r^i^ior^ooc cococorj- •^oo <-> 0\'<> O ^ t^ " CO ty, f^ CO sy. ^ i^^ ^y 1~- CM vil; ,1- _ ■J- CO '•* — r-i ■-> M 00 -^ C\ N «i CO "* '-> CO 1^ Cv '- c-> M CO CO lo N lovO VD OsV3 C7\ -« Lo ^i- N ►< OW 0\ CO CO -t-VO Lo»» •c r- Wo -< ;.i — "^ i-< f w ^-< 1^ "" . ^ - •u , ■ Nj-vO >*:; 00 CO — C\ i-^cr r- •X t- >oO VO csco - SO loX VO so * coe , i-o loec aj ►- t^ •>< ^ C\ ON - - '*• c< CO «- o> T •^ U> E CM CV-j ^ ~ l-< -^ (M " *ii vC •i- v; i~ CC CA'O — ■ - . - c^o' <-'-.0C f-i rr <■■'• so ■^ » CI —' — ■<^- ^» .,^ *■ »-- 00 CO -h CO CO vr 1 — *-• t- ON C) r- t- «j C^J ts CO "- ^ r-N l-H »-* "-t M *>-t »-l r-i 1-1 N « *^ :ri >N ^ ■0 On JS VO sT. v.- vo -f C7\ 1- CO Oi I - 1^ CO -r 1-- r-. — c* C>) •« '^ r~- •<:^ lO it- 10 ON i-> r< c^OOO ►1 VC' \0 CO r» l~,>0 CO C?s V CO T^OO t- i^ v~- I— t7\ -:. r- Ci CA CO 1-- c^ CO n CO ■--: Tf- -0 rj i^:» OC •-I CO LO TT c r< CO -> 1 - 00 10 M Tt- fl <-! -> 1-1 N i-< CO I-* «>4 « d^i r<-. -r -r >J-s >-osO «-l c< ^ OS — -t-CO NO I^ <0 '■OCC 1^ O "5- CTSvG CO O »-< I- l^C/:. -rr J'-J - l-OO O cor^jo " u-v-^« MCC loO) 0\0 cof< M t^io;X) Osn •<*- t^ NC 2 oi -1 0' -i- lose OnC-O VO _ M — loVC - OS CO CO -. M 1- lOCO Vo N 'o >oOO Vo O CI ^;- vr v_ I.- VO •rJ- 1-- ON «S ^ <~- CO r-^OO t-- O O O 000 >- CO loO •rh cosO 0» CO CO i--- O ON -t- n fo ■^ - « t^ -1 M r--0 i^>oi-' Tt-roCsOsco (^so — ■^c* O r->'so O '-oOnvO ^ • 'N -vj-OO CO w 00 siJ to loOG f^ tJ- COV3 ri' '^ 'J"" OsVO " ON lo r>. ■I-, .-I *.|-4« — CO-« " ^•-s ^Os V0~«'rb~*-~"0 ~^ "n oToTi-"' »o CO >-•"< r^ 1-- c< -!- t^ ■'f- -^ co CO c<-,00 O N O C^ tJ- tJ-CO VO O C4 c^ ■<*• COSO (XI VO - l^ CO l^ 10 to 00 CO ■"^ C'J CO o\ i~~ c^ Lo O COSO CO lo cooo O i^ t^ l-^oo CO 10 so c^ ^ O Co -^N — ^ c4>M->>-- (^^-l•-lCO>-lC>^"• - ^ :■ . Jr iJ <" -' O p^ An 1-^ c/2 ;j» VIEW OF MASSACHUSETTS. n >-?>)-» k- "^ — O — O'O O •^O N vo Mt- — SC •+OD rh r^CiO — -^ ^ C<1 -^ -H N r^- N i-V r» \0 — — t-. 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CO O "> - u j:: c«-; C „i CO'I^ '13 t- 3 O ON Ex Ch Ph "*• o o "" CI 00 ■r3 E ri c .. c .ri M c :/'j C u c ^ ?« Cj h ^?:i^^ < Ni'S ^ =CT. t; o NO ■« -" 3 ■5 -O T3 »^ « rt O o POO GO • - VO OO 0\ a\ 0\Q0 - 'i- O VD VO OO VO (U f^l O ON- NOO lonVO - COt-^CONVO CO ^ o rj-VO CO CO -H CO t^O c» N M CO VO ^ *-" ■rt- • vO»0 ■-r«i-iTj--;l-vc i-"- COOVO -^ „ o c* — r-» CO N to »- lovO ■rj-VO ON ~ M o\ -CO N voo tJ-nvo r^T*-o t^f-t- fe o NtJ-NN— NC0'^N"-«-"1S CO CO ctvOOD c-OOvaoOVOvO coco— Ovct , ^ o t^ N CO ■*■ r- CO - coco VO ON -♦- O O OO r}- O ►- 00 T^0O -^O CON O^ t^to OO *^ o tJ-0-<*-'+*^ iot^Cvr:ffOCOio VO — VO ^ CS-vO 1^ CO 00 CO 00 — . CO N () — Co VO U r^o c» VO t1-vO N VO CO VO N Ovoo 1— . c« rJ-CO CO o Tt- rj- N ON O '+• " On 00 lO OS •J^l » ^ c< CO u N •<4- CO c< >-« •" N r»- '*- «o N t-- O 00 VO Co CNOO •^ r-io co-^< ^ ; ■* 00 H- i-i VO t^ c <) r- O CO OnQO CO CO i^ 04 '4- o co CO CO o c< VO CO N CO CO Ov co«r CO c< CO CO OO c^ >; ***' O CO t--QC OnO On VO i> VO CO CO r^ O CO On On Co r^ On N t~- o o On OP t~- N CO rt- ON Co ♦o NH CO o o «o n" CO vO~ N •^ CO CO lO N N N CO CO j ^ c» Co co ■»+• coO -+• CO Tl- CO CO •*• VO On i-~-0 t-- Ovvc N ^ O o • o c» 00 VO N t~ N On*« 'J- tJ- CO ^l-QO CO -< Co t^ Ov<« 00 ^ N CoOO CO r^oo •* OS <^ rj* O ■<*- tJ- CO CO r^ OV tJ- CO CO Co OO " __ .^_ __ VO u "^ W ~ O in 7i o63 165 153 216 59 1 1 1 2 13 2 2 2 8 6 5 Lincoln. Cumberland. Oxford. 4,204 3.446 2,118 1S2 71 '53 141 122 28 107 Aggregates ir Do. in M^ss 1 the Co achasett mmonwealtb, 3 Proper, 64,51c 3,228 2,835 40,941 2.435 2,089 Total of th e formei '» - . 70,573 D 0. of til : latter, . - 45.465. A difTerence of opinion prevails relative to the military policy of the United S*ate«, and the efficiency of this kind of defence. Ail real military men agrfe that tlie present system must be radically changed, to render it adequate to the exigencies of the country ; and believe that this may be effected, without resort- ing to a standing army in time of 'peace. Various plans have been proposed, founded upon the basis that every citizen should be armed, but only a pait dis- ciiilined ; the latter being always held ready for the national stryice. On the immense unnecessary expense, however, of the extensive militia establishment of our country, and the glaring inequality attending the mode in which that bur- den is sustained ; and on the inefHciency of this species of force, of which in- subordination is an invariable and necessary characteristic, in conflicts with regu- Iat troops, it is perh:>.ps useless to dwell, against th^t overwhelming popular con- fidtoce, which the system and the character of the force have inspired, and K 62 VIEW OF MASSACHUSETTS. which it IS to be feared, no persistency in this waste of treasure, and unequal tax- ation, no opinions, and no disasters, willevei shake. That the militia or Massa- chusetts Proper are not esfceeded by any in the union is undoubtedly true ; and that the American militia are equal to any in the world, will not be contested : but it is believed that militia are universally iricompetent to the purposes of war. Gen. Washington, in a letter to Gov Reed of Pennsylvania, dated October 18, 178c, which was a circular to the Executives of the several States, and has never it is presumed been till recently before the public, observes, that " it is tiaie we should get rid of an error, which the experience of all markind has exploded, and which our own experience has dearly taught us to reject : the carrying on a war wii.h miiitia, or wliich is nearly the same thing, temporary levies, agninnt % regular, peroianent, and disciplined force. The idea is chimerical, and that wc have so long persisted in it, is a reflection on the judgement of a nation so en- lightened as we are. as well as a strong proof of the emjnre of prejudice over rea- son. 1( we continue in the infaiuition, we shall deserve to lose the object for which we are contending. America has been almost amused out of her liberties. We have frequently lieard the behavior of the militia extolled, upon several occa- sions, by men who judge only from the surface, by men who had particular views in misrepresenting, by visionary men whose credulity easily swallows every vague story, in support of a favorite hypothesis 1 solemnly declare, I never was wit- ness to a single instance, that can counfenance an opinion of militia or raw troops, being fit for the real business of fighting. I have found them useful as light par- ties to skirmish in the woods, but incapable of making or sustaining a serious at- tack. Tt.is firmness is only acquired by habits of discipline and service. I mean rot to detract from the merit of militia : their zed and spirit upon a variety of occasions have entitled them to the highest applause ; but it is of the greatest im- portance we should learn to estimate them rightly. We may expect every thing from ours, that mili ia are capable of ; but wc must not expect fiom any, services for which regulars alone are fit." The same sentiraents are contained in other pubic communications from "our first and greatest revolutionary character : and if every thing from the pen of Washington did not carry with it a paramount au- thority, our own subsequent experience, and above all, the present situation of the military establishment of the United States, should stamp an additional value on the dehberate opinions of or^e who so often conducted the soldiers of America to victory." Col. Henry Lee, a distinguished partisan officer during the American war, in his recent work, entitled *' Memoirs of the War in the Southern Department of the United States," says, that " whenever the commiinjent of our militia in bat- tle with regulars occurs, the heatt of the writer is rent with painful emotions ; knowing, as he does, the waste of life resulting from the stupid, cruel policy. Can there be any system devised by the wit of man, more the compound of in- humanity, of murder, and of waste of rciources ? Ought any government to be respected, which, when peace permits substitution of a better system, neglects to avail itself of the ipportunity ? Were a flither to put his son, with his small-sword diawn for the first time, agaipst an txpcrlenced swordsman, would not his neigh- bors exclaim, murderer ! vile murderer ! Just so acts the government ; and yet our parents are all satisfitd ; although, whenever war takes place, their sons are to be led to the altar of blood. Dreadful apathy ! shocking coldness to our progeny ! Convinced as I am, that a government is the murderer of its citizens, vhich sends them to the field uninformed and untaught, where they are to meet men of the same age and strength, mechanized by education and discipline for Luttlc, 1 cannot withhold my denunciation of its wickedness and folly ; much as VIEW OF MASSACHUSETTS. 63 I applaud, and must ever appLiuJ, those instances of armed citizens vying with our best soldiers in the lirst duty "f 'nan to liis country.'' Steuben, Hanison, and other iffi.ers of distinction, have attempted, by their pubhcatiuns, to inspire our country !ien witii correct views on this vastly important subject ; and in support of the prcc diig opiniuns, nmy be safely .idded, wliatever our country can boast ct militaiy c^perieiKe and science : but the confidence of GUI citizens in the militia, t!iou;^h entertained in defiance of our revolutionary history, and the testimony of our best cfRcers, will probably continue to be the great and radical vice in our modes of thinking on militaiy afTiiis ; and our coun- try may perhaps be aroused too late, from the slumbers of this false and danger- ous security. Manufactures. The manufactures of Masachusetts are very extensive. Domestic fabrics, which are almost universaiiy wrought, even in the families of the most independ- ent gentlemen in society, constitute a vast aad invaiuable resource, and already compose the general dress of the inhabitants. Besides large manufacturing estab- lichments in various p'aces, numerous mech.'.nic ans .ind trades, for the m,inufac- ture of articles of the first necessity in social life, every wheie abound, and are so familiar to the mind, that their immense importance is almost foigotten. At Springheld, in the county of Hampden, the United States have an exien- sive establishment for the manufacture of arms. The original seat of this manu- factory is also a military post, which is a perfectly level, elevated plat, situated about half ,1 mile east of tre village, from winch there is a gradut! ascent, flank- ed on the north by a deep ravine, and on the south by a less considerable one, with an extensive plain spreading m ihe rear, the adjacent parts being uncovered, fronting on the brow of the decuvity, and commanding an exiensive and beauti- fully variegated landscape. At the arsenal, theie is one brick building ^04. feet by 32, of two stories, di- vided into eight equal rooms, occupied by lock lin.rs, stockers, and linishers ; one brick forging shop 13c by 35,01 one scory, coi taming Icven double forges, used for forcing the lim is of the IjlK.;, screw pi.is, and ri-puri.ig tools ; eight dwelling houses, three stores, a carpeaters shop, coil, aud proof house. The water works are situated about a mile south of the arsenal, in three differ- ent sites, denominated the upper, middle, and lower water shops, on an excellent stream falling into the Connecticut, and exhi )iting, in a little distance, the great- est asseinbl.j-ge of mills and other water works, to be fjund in the state. The whole comprises five work shops. The upper v/o:ks have one shop 6^ by 33, of two stories, built of stone and brick. 'J'he lower story contains three water wheels, one for polishing, and two for grinding barrels, mounting, locks, and bayonets ; tlie upper rooms being occupied lor polishing barrels, locks, mounting, and ram rods, milling and slitting screw pins, milling tumblers, and makings screw pins and swivels : one stone shop 75 by 30, of one story, con- taining one trip hammer and ten forges, (bellows all biuwn by water,) eight of v/hich are used ioi welding barrels ; three dwelling houses, a store, and coal house. The middle works have one stone shop 84 by 45, of one story, which con. tains tliree water wheels and eight forges, (bellows all blown '.y water,) one wheel for a trip-hammer, one for gnnjiug barrels, and one for rough and smooth bor- ing barrels ; the forges are used lor a trip hamaier, barrel welding, forging bayo- nets, and repairing tools : one stons shoo 50 by 23, of one story, which also a* VIEW OF MASSACHUSETTS. contains three water wheels for three trip hammers, six forges for trip-hammcfS/ andforj>ing bayonets ; one dwelling house, two stores, and four coal houses. At the lower works, there is one shyp 45 by 32, of two stories, the lower one of hewn stone, and the upper of brick. The lower story contains three wa- ter wheels and five forges, on*:; wheel for a trip hammer, one for grinding ramrods and mounting, and one for polishing ; tiie forges arc occupied for a trip-hammer, and by mounting forgers. The upper room is used by mounting filers, and pol- ishers : one dwelling house, store, and coal house. About two hundred and twenty workmen, on ai: average, were employed dur- ing the year ending in September 1810, and manufactured 10,24.0 muskets. Many raw hands had been employed, who were at tliat period so improved, that it was presumed the same number would make f 2,oco in the next twp.lve months. In the year 1809, an extensive woollen manafrictory was established in the vicinity of Northiimpton, by the Messrs. Shepherds of that village, wi\ich is con- fined almost exclusively to the manufacture of superfine broadcloths. Tte es- tablishment, including buildings and machinery, cost forty thousand dollars ; and constantly employs in the different branches fifty workmen, consisting of men and beys. There is now turned off every day, a piece of broadcloth measuring twenty two yards, seven quarters wide, which is wove eleven quarters. Ten thousand dollars in wool is required to be had constantly on hand, to stock it. None but the best full bloeded merino wool is here made into superfine cloth, 01 can make it. This costs 1 dol. 50 cts. per lb. There is at present a scarcity of this article ; but in a few years, there will be a supply equal to the wants of the country, from the merino flocks which are spreading in all quarters. The wool heretofore mantifactured at this establishment, has been principally imported from Lisbon : but no difference is found in the fineness of the merino wool raised in the United States, and that imported. The cloth manufactured at this esti,"d at above 1 50.000 dollars. The abundance of copper- as which Tennessee ard Vermont afford, may also be mentioticd. The quanti- ty annually from those districts, is stated at 64,000 pounds. The quality of those sulphates of iron is declared to be very fine, and that dr'iggists and dyers may be supplied to any demand they may make. The preparation of suc;ar from the juice ot the maple tree is also important. Of this domtstic sweet, Ohio pro- duces annuaily, 3. 023.806 pounds ; Kentucky, 2,47 -sf^^y ; Vermont, 1,200,000 ; and Tennessee, 162.340 ; making a quantity of nearly seven millions of pound* in these states only, wherein the returns m.iy be conceived to be greatly within the truth. The number of gun powder mills are 207 ; which prcr;are ar.nuallv 1,450,000 pounds of ^.Min pouder. Furnaces, forger, and bloo/neries, kxe enu- lljirated to 530 : and the paper mills amount to i:;©. 1* «5 VIEW OF MASSACHUSETTS. SKCCcss : but some experience as one of the assistants of the Marshal of Massa- ehosetts, at the last census, in executing that part of the duty which relared to manufactures, as well as information from others, have convinced the writer, much to his regrtt, that in this section of the Union, serious obstacles in the way of a fwlland correct account, will still be found in a sentiment entertained and incul- cated by many of our most intelligent citizens, no^. excepting even some members of Congress, that such attempts are visionary and u?eless ; but more especially, in the too general misapprehension of the people relative to the objects of the law, usu 3 c 3 3 c a ijufi'jik. 617,60c 57,800 Nantucket, Duke's, Norfolk, 2 60c I 6,00c 21,25c 3,090,000 15.450 Worcester, 43 4.639 6,40c 600 Plymouth, Bristol, 1,025,00c 16,817 Barnstable, Middlesex, 2 40 c ] 44,800 5,6©c I 8,000,00c 90.OCO Essex, 1,775,00c y.775 Berkshire, (^5 ( 3,000 I 32,c®o 1, 20c Hampshire,* 1 I \A)^0 1,40 9, o«c 7'025 •2^ 2. ,Oiy 2 716,800 86,45 c i5,iyj,ooi. * Comprising in 1810, the territory that now forms the counties of Hampshire, Fra»-klm. and H Hmpden. VIEW OF MASSACHUSETTS. 67 Names ot Counties. Buttons. Yearly amount ->f straw b')nnet5 Brushes. Corn Brooms 1 Catj>iit. ~ :;2: o c N 3 3 ^ O 3 o c 3 C3 D i S Si 5 * 5 n 3 c 3 Number )f Pounds Number o*^ Factories. 3 c Suffolk., 20,O0C Nantucket, Duke's, Norfolk, 217,424 1,666 S,ooc 2,000 Worcester, 77,7^'^- i-'iynouth, 6; i 1 9 Bristol, Barnstable. 90,671 vliddlesex, 93'794 u-ssex, 2>35- Berkshire, Hampshire, 6.^,75^- 70,0004,00c 20,0C0 551^988 i,666l5,oo>. 70,000 4,00c z,ooo Cloth and Clothiers' Works. Names of i Cotton lactones. iWoolen Cloth. ( Carding Machines. 1'^ -S 2: "5 ? > ^ :5^ > ^ ~o ? ;> Counties. is! =■ ° c 9 E_ 5 J : ,1-1 P £0 3 1 . -rj: W l-t,) 6uiio;k, Nantucket, Duke's, ^ 6;000 480 Norfolk, 10 4 208 I28,575;i36,i59 8 ^^^(y^ 3'527 Worcester, 17 3^926 '5i>33'*i'7i.764 44 '^ 57,900 18,680 Piymouch, j 3 4'''C 1 5 4,500 8,930 Briotol, :'3 5.875 3c8,572;343.457 I 68601029c 1 1 < '5,000 4,280 Barnstable, ' 1 i ^ 7,coc 700 Middlesex, 4' 3^272 2:)4, 678240,600 b i ^7.355 5,808 Essex, 5 487 35»»^5| ^7.926 1 1 ^ 7,40© 2,992 Berkshire, 29 . 2 7,016 76,508 Hampshire, 2! I.20n' 10.000 20,000 j^ 259^799 ■_ :8oJ797,2?6 - 14,288 36,193 H 19 44S 3-;8.348 9 ?i.9c6 i 686o r C29C Names of 1 ..uorns. Fuiiinc; Mills. \ ^vinain;' Jenrntis. t-^z ^2; 1 > 7^ ><{)■> 12 : r "<; l>> Counties, • % 9 3 p -1 3 9 1" 9 3. 3 Suffolk, \ 1 Nantucket, 4.3OG 2,980 Duke's, 8g i7'775 12,442 2 4,00c 2 2, coo Norfolk, l,02J 19 '.59.^ 129,397 5 16,501 ■ < 2,375 Worcester, 4'594 836,72. 489,640 5^ .•92,30< S 32,083 Plymouth, ^.353 3+7. 69^ 162,284 1 2 23^65', } 3 '945 Bristol, 2.597 3 ' 9'9C5 144-492 1 1 32,50c i 5'4'i^ Barnstable, 327 41.72c 20,860 4 3,80c ) 634. Middlesex, 1,788 448,661 246 709 1 1 44.75^ ; 18,303 Essex, 1,426 259,053 io3,»i3 If 25,69c 24,140 Berkshiie, 2.633 527,226 181,058 47i 162,860 123,612 'ii ■fc3600C 2860C Hampshire, 5,-^? •»o54.558 966.fj4.f 67 221 229,074 2 19,891 2256414,048,205 2t)Ooj70 73s.,94fc 442,40 1.3b o3b00i- iri6w. 6S VIEW OF MASSACHUSETTS. Names of Play- ing Wnol Cards. Cabinet Work. ( y. a >• 1 :?2: ?• >- ^ qo >- Counties. Cards N 3 S- g 3 fti l^ 3 Amt. UJ •-n •-'3 " Surtoik, i5,00C I 15 uco J, 000 24,000 Nantucket, Duke's, Norfolk, 82,50( ) 38,450 Worcester, ^ 953 6,998 23,61c Plymouth, 12.099 Bristol, 9,750 Barnstable, Middlesex, I 9,0007^,000 I4,40{ 33,000 28,850 Essex, 61,825 494 69,160 Berkshire, 4,000 166 2,500 Hampshire, 4 25,038 34 400 97.50 y.y5 3 7 6,M •. 14 400:3^.000 3 18,622! i,oy4i 96,060) Names of Counties. CmVbs. Candles. | 5 = 1 5 c 1-^ i r> Tallow. j Spermaceti. j No. of Amt. No. of Amount. 3 ^ - Pounds. Pounds. tjuttolk, 251,250 40,20( i Nantucket, i85,00C 146,300 Duke's, Norfolk, 1 85,00 e 27,75f Worcester, 4- 10,250 61,047 Plymouth, Bristol, 4,000 64( i80,00C 32,000 Barnstable, Middlesex, 1 166 .^33 841,000 l22,56f Essex, 7 8,92217,84. i I 155,300 25,91c Berkshire, I Hampshire, 507 i,40f 1 2 "■ 19,Q05 80,6-^ I i 1, 4^6 Qi;o 2 i7J 6 k-i5,00C 178,300 1 Names of Couiities. Cooperate. Cloc ks arc Chocolate. Coaches ScChaise. t, p u> > 3 Watfhts a; 1? 3 *^ <^ 3 ^ 3 n .Suffolk, '~? 21,00c Nantucket, 30,000 eo,ooo Duke's, Norfolk, .85 4,occ 65,500 13,10c 8.^ I2,0CC Worcester, 201 8,015 Plymoulli, 6c 2,40. h 1,00c Bristol, 85( 800 Barnst^.ble, Middlesex, ■0..32C I 40,000 lO.OCC 28'-^ 61,95 c PIsscx, I iCOjOCO 50.OOC 26. 34,80c Beikshire, 0,00c c,oco Hampshire, 1,14.^ 37/>9Ji 3,5 '8' 45( i6,18c — 3. 6b; ' 7 >/ 69,3^1 _44^i. 2 vo5, 50073,100 i^i,0/^ "VIEW OF MASSACHUSETTS. G9 Names of Couaties. Sudoik, Namuckct, Duke's, Norfolk, Worcester, Plyniouth, Bristol, Barnstable, Middlesex, Essex, Berksiiire, Hampsliire, Distilleries. 'Z\ Molajses o Grain. Cvoer. I No of 'Gallons. 23 1,305,00, 694.00c 413.OCC I 23 2,472, toe Amount. No. of i Amu ^ xno ot Galls. I Gallor";. Amt. 764,400 412,^00 227,15c i9>Scc 1,8 1 c 42,120 9,600 I, ICO :gc 5^ ^5 5' 136,50c ^4-4'35«!^3'73f^^ 42,590 3 I 6,4.^< 29,415 68,2^0 i S3-7^' I jSi.^86 JJucK. Fisher V. Glass. 1 Names of ' ;? Hemp. Cotton. Dagt^ing antl Tow Cloth Bar'!: aiack- Amt '^ 2: > . 3 Counties. ' Ji No. 1 Amt. P.e Ann 7n tieres' ces. — ■ 200 Yards Amt. retl. ' Suffblk, 40 1,000 600c 3600c Xantiicket, Duke's, Norfolk, 2,70c 22,275 vVorcester, Plymouth, 20 400 2,70c 22,275 Bristol, Barnstable, Middlesex, 140 3.000 l^Rsex, 1-325 33^'*^'.^ Beiksliirc, 500 7,600 Hampshire, 4 ',00035.000 f6crco3^oco ,3 c^.5 80.!? 13 20c f En^j/.nes. l^rass i.tiins. ; Loi:per. Ed!s. j Counties. N • 'i -■ c ■Ji > 3 tn c >^ r> s -^. C P 3 C P a- ^ • D- 3 No. of pounds. Suffolk, 1 40G0 1 12,9707, 1:50x7,059,13,828 '^»Hi 45551 ^!antuckct, Duke's, Norfolk, 4 3^-' 9,ccc Worcester, T I r,coc 4000 Plynidu'.h, BnsttJ, Barnrabie. ^liddiescx. 1275 ^?z'; f-.ssex, 560c icSoc Berkshire, riiinij^aite, 4^ t.1625 ~^ 40CO' 2] 1 2 976-", 1 •:;'" 32.159 l2^.^i.-< ?o.J<45 ^555 ^1 70 VIEW OF MASSACHUSETTS. Names of Counties. Foundeiies 1 iiiits Printers* Tr.k. | Brass and Pewter. \Jf^ l)i>SIM Ml Wum.jer )f Hats Amt. :^ y?' c 3 .No ot Pounds. Anjt n No ot Amt. made pounds 1 99,^8841,700 Yearly. r. Suffolk, 25i,5.-3 109,781 . 1,000 56,001. Nantucket, 1,000 2,00c l>uke's, 1,200 3 -00c Morfolk, 18.228, 41,92^ Worcester, 8,148 32 722 Plymouth, 3'957 14.225 Bristol, 8,669 18,23c Barnstable, Middlesex, 20,997 103,31. JOOO 3000 Essex, 27 506 58.585 Berkshire, 25 960 41,104 Hampshire, 16.380 44,067 99,28841,700,25 1,30)31109 70 1 142,645 415,167 oooo|buuo 1 Forges. 1 Names of Counties. 3 p CO Bar Iron. A -'chors- Hollo\ fons. V Ware Amt. Wrought Iron.j 3 /imt. •ri 3 /imt. No. lbs. Amt. buttolk. • • Nantucket, Duke's, Norfolk, Worcester, Plymouth, Bristol, Barnstable, 5 8 1 1 12 73 532 94 i,6So 11,540 65,89c 10,84c 400 84,712 57i 1,598 «5 2,500 1 1,500 72,30c 17,000 102,830 81,442 152,956 10,398 Middlesex, M ''»75<^ 2 40c 84,830 Essex, Berkshire, 9 221 26,460 40 8,000 80 1 6,00c 2d,562 14,100 Hampshire, 1 1 4 31 3'77c 200 12.5CC 49,fi00 i 1 ^7 97S ( 2l.(.)J,0 440,92,7 12 2,340^ • 33,200 .'V21,718 Names of Counties. buftoik, Nantucket, Duke's, Norfolk, Worcester, Plymouth, Bristol, Barnstable, Middlesex, Essex, Berkshire, Hampshire, Forges. RdgeTools. No. lbs. 44000 14001 No. of Pairs. l2,OOK 1,000 12,312 12,510 2,297 662 4.734 10,949 Amt. 105.475 6,000 89,948 62,500 12,265 5.179 27,889 61,025 42,228 + 12,509 Leather. Men's Shoes. No. of P.^irs. Amt. 1 i,ouU 25,750 i,500j 2,000 82,253 144,605 73,300 42,231 9,708 370,870 213,633 73,075 43,062 14,959 390,514 225,198 39,869 54,070 844,«64i973,033 Women's Shoes No. ot Pairs. 1,310,500 1,310,500 Amt. 816,250 116,250 VIEW OF MASSACHUSETTS. 71 NiilHt-S of Counties. buii jiK, Nantucket, Duk.'s, Noriolk, Worcester, Plymouth, Bristol, Barnstable, Middlesex, Essex, Berkshire, Hampshire, U5,00C 2,800 30,000 10,500 i6,oco 7-325 161, 6^5 X^^ Lead - Muskets. IT 1:;^ » , . •^3 -^ O <-r lA ?^ ■^ y: ^ Mines iD -^ pj — ■ . ^ « a. ^j p 3 n 7,00 6c o 2,400 ^ 3 ^0,400 1,000 4,170 17.70 6,500 3<3'2 I ,ricc 1 1,296 20,80c 3i'74« lo.ooo] 188,726 200 2 Too 8 4,095 710 1,000 22c 1,800 11,240 19,095 52,380 8,075 10,750 S,500 20,000 'J4i38p 229,085 3 5^ 3 s'^ 17,200 680 17,880 Marble VVoiks. 1 Nails. Names of Counties. S No. of Feet. ;> 3 a;' (A \Viuuiht. Cut. 1 tim-ili. ions. A int. Tons. r».nic. •■imt. Sutfolk, " Nantucket, Duke's, Norfolk, 500 111,499 Worcester, 5 5,218 1,575 679I 154,262 Plymouth, 310^ 73'457 Bristol, 12 59,180 669 133,800 Barnstable, Middlesex, 480 54?^ io©,oi6 Essex, 3,000 180 62,000 1200 Berkshire, i6'89,400 38,000 6 5,000 35 l,loo Hampshire, '.6 i.^ Si 2^25-6 160 (360 89,400 3»,t.«oo 36 5,2 1^69,2 ;^ S 29291! 644,990 Oil. Oil Mills Amount of Ores, Ochre, and Nitrous beds. Names of Sperrpaceti. Whale. 2: No. of Anit. Counties. No. of Cialls. Ami. No. of Galls. Amt Galls. surtoik. Nantucket, Duke's, Norfolk, 77,696 68,832 249.72^ 171,688 1,000 Worcester, Plymouth, Bristol, Barnstable, 9 i 4 15,900 90c 5.300 16,372 1,165 6,785 Middlesex, 600 900 Essex, 2 800 800 Berkshire, Hampshire, 77,696 68,832 7 7 9,460 1 1.5CO 9,460 11,500 150 200 249,72s 171,688 32 14,400 46,0«-2 1.550 1 VIEW OF MASSACHUSETTS. Names of Counties. Paper Mills. Powder Miils. | Rakes Writmp Priper Hangings. No. of pounds. Amt. -r U ® No. ot Resms - 5 5 Cordage. ' 1 wines. | No. of Tons. Amt. f ;> 3 g? > 15,000 ' i .-juiioik. '■3^5 530,00037^250 1 i COOC Nantucket, 2 23,000 12,420 Duke's, Norfolk, I 52 20,S00 Worcester, 1 2} SCO I,OOC 400 Plymouth, 4 355 108,700 4>575 i37>55o Bristol, 5 202 8o,Soo Barnstable, 2,OCO 60, COO Middi.-ex, I SCO io5,oeo} 3,75c 1,500 Ess-^x, 9 566 i8i.6oo20;COC 8,000 16,835 458.545I ikrksiiire, 1 3 i,ooc| Hrtnipjhirc, 3 2,So8i 961 b;5,2oc ___63 nv3«3 650,095 13CC0 1 300c iccoc 29 t,olMnr.i->ii rir.utf Factories. kwiiig racrone"?. of Spruce. Wheels. 3 ' ?t Silk. ^,. - ■\ii.r. N^'.of Amt. No. 1 Ann. [m. J' o d. \ ^ g ^ It>s ! - (/> -^ OutluiK, 1 Naniticket, Dukt.'s, No: folk, Vv''orcester, I 2; +,occ 15.I ,'^GO Ply mouth, 3,74; 10,000 liristo!, 14,400 3,6cc b^rnsuble, 1 Middlesex, 1 1 46,000,5,335 Essex, 58,000 18,34' , Bevksliire, '.2>-0| 2,5CC .',494 7,4^^2 Hitnipshire, 1 I '-■^i 6tR I 20 4>occ i,i;)0;2.50C| j,y,-y6 17,982 i I 18,40c q 7. 28 1 1036181 Soap. LoafSurar \ S'it i^p Milis, i . K'aiies of Ha!d. 1 S^fr. No oi 1 :^ -; 2: Counties, No. ot .\nit. jbdi- i .-vii.t. Pounds. Amt. 1 • 3-^1 Amt. Poinds. 300,000 1 reN. 1 __ • ^ 1 Ibufioik, 30,100; 322.00c 64,400 Nantucket, 80,000 R,COC Duke's, Norfolk, 62A,CCG 93,00(1 Worcester, Plymouth, Bristol, 4 9io'r456coj Bavnst,ib!e. I Middiesex, 777, ceo ^^■75c 1,240 : 5,60( > t I 300 80C00 Essex, 262,220 24,247!2,9?'C I2,80( ) 100,000 i8,cco' 690 93000 Berkshire, { Hanipslure, I r8,7oc ^•O .1^,720 2 ^^>.t.o97 f. iv>0 It. :',UUi' ■^2.4.0^ ^ i wO)'-^ 1 SOOvjI ^iq.ct:e. Names of i^^ ^ Counties. g P Sait, Works Surtoik, Nantucket, Duke's, Norfolk, Worcester, Ply.T.outh, Bristol, Burnet ibit, MidalciicX; Essex, Beikshire, Haiu;;shire i^-',orU->rs^ ^;iUvO;y3o^ N ' iNO. or ; Salt. Xxi^i-'Dei'- SmPs, Feet, j No. ut iBuf.hels. 3,ccc 24,550 1.200 ! I 2,094 '■2 7'3)4 [68,195 £,08P 4C( 1,0 jO Ann. ~666 4>VS8 2 -J I 635 ['9,1 j8 72,6 17 1, 20c I,2 0Oi 118,757 j.\o. of Pounds. rinit. 334>23^ 3,3^9 "Woollen stockings. Ani7 No of P^i.s. 4,000 7,40e 3,oco 4000 4448 1180 22.^0 79,526. ■i34,23o.i3, 369 11,8001 8850 10,269' 7725 37-9'; I 284^:3 t-# VIEW OF MASSACHUSETTS. 1 Sheep. tssence of 8teel Thimbles. Factories ot ~^ -^ • aa /> Names of Counties. Mixed blood. Merino 3 Turpentine Tacks § N > 3 Nuniber of Tacks. Amx. burfbik, 52,0^0 Nantucket, 1O5OCC Duke's, Norfolk, Worcester, Plymouth, Bristol, Barnstable, 1 1,000,000 2000 2,500 Middlesex, Essex, i>939 ^000 90CO IS'- 1,60G 300c 90002777 I coco 5>465 Berkshire, n 1.z6z 89,602 Hampshire, T'-l 2 ' '- • ^ oc 2c62llO^ 14'! 600c 1 S' 002-"'7 irooo I 1.000,000 Names of Counties. Tanneries. | Morocco Hides. - Calve ^mt. Hogs. No. of Yearly No of , Amount No of / a-. 7^ 3 — SUns. Amt. Hides. 1 "kins '■ ' 5" ^ Suffolk, l-i,000 15,00c Nantucket, 2,800 16 3CC Duke's, I 350- 2,00c Norfolk, V4 "^hl^^' 22, coo 8.925 62,64-? 9'H5 I9.H5 Worcester, 78 18:681 119.785 '3-5^4 22,23 2 Plymouth, 8.805 45,930 2,720 4,9(361 Bristol, 42 2,6co IjOCO 8,498 38,69C 4,332 11,441 Barnstable, 1 1 1,570 8,3co Middlesex, 172,000 40,000 26,754 181,730 7.050 1^-9.^7 Essex, 61,700 51,660 34,593 197,626 'Or393 22,288 Berkshire, 5« 29,158 99,376 (0.570 1 1,460 2800 9IOC Hampshire,! «5 34,462' 2?o..2 79 8.f 94 18 579 28or 29PJ iui,80C 139,660 174,596 !,^.22,66i OJ.HHH 129,078! 9100 Tarmeries. Whip Fartories Waggon F^^ctor^es tarth- en Ware Wire Fac- lories. iWoodtn Ware. Names of Mieep. Counties. j>s)o. ot Amt. n i* '^. fci* Skins. N 2 300c 3 , Amt cr c 3 .^CCC Amt. Suffolk, 2700 Nantucket, Dukt's, Norfolk, 8,925 13,4073150 3150 12 000 Worcester, 10,95c 7,406 9912 2,700 PlynLOUth, 95c 700 200 2CC I2,C CO Bristol, 3'^»2 4,827 4.3CC Barnstable, . Middlesex, 5,938 3,549100c lOCC 65CC I'.Si-ex, •20,791 19,072 122CC lieikshire, 1 60c Z^COC Mani^ih.rc, 5,970 V170 1 64 c "'■'•6^'.coi _49i2 62, \l± 3^.' 40 7ojlI Z^^il .i.oui^jv i \i 700 J 3 I.e.. VIEW OF MASSACHUSETTS. fS Names of Coan:ies. Sheep' 5 Wool. Amount of manu- faclures in each county. Total amount through Massachusetts Proper. Dolls. 18,594,323* 17.500 17,500 3 UOilS. 2.478,391 547.695 37.50^ 1,564,096 1,682,804 1,077,720 1,278,266 187,160 2,882,724 3,147,269 1,540,061 2,170,629 SufFolk, Nantucket, Duke's, Norfolk, Worcester, Plym .uth, Bristol, Barnstable, Middlesex, Essex, Berkshire, Hampshire, 7.175 7: 00., * The manufactures of the District of Maine, in the year 18 10, so far as returned by the Marslial, amounted to 2,135,781 dollars. 35.00a H»'7i Commerce, Massachusetts is an extensively commercial state. The enumeration of the principal expoits from the District of Boston and Charlestown, will be found generally applicable to the whole state : but of the almost innumerable articles, which constirute the imports, it would perhaps be superfluous to attempt even a partial enumeration. Statement of the gross Amount, in dollars, of the Duties on Imports, Tonnage, Passports, Clearances, &c. ; ilie Payments for Debentures issued for Drawback on Merdiandtze exported, Bounties, Allowances, and Expenses of Collection ; the net Amjunt of Revenue •, and the Payments into the National Treasury for the several Districts in Massachusetts Proper, in 1810; with the Aggre- gates in the United States for that year ; the Payments for Boston, Salem, and other most comiuercial Districts in the Union, for four years, commencing from April, 1801 ; and the Tonnage in Shi-iping for those Ports at different periods. i8io. Gross ^Amount Payme.its for Net Amount jf Duties 00 Drawback, Sec. of Revenue. Districts. Imports. See. Boston, 2,816,922 611,598 2,205.324 Salem, 621,019 464,404 156,615 Marblehead, 63^573 24,097 39-476 Gloucester, 47^3°^ 21,061 26,240 Newburyport, I '9 447 63,069 56,37« Ipswich, 107 1,913 Plymouth, 30,616 13,169 17,447 Barnstable, 8,704 2,997 5'707 New Bedford, 12,583 1,063 11.520 Dighton, 3.^05 455 3,350 Edgartown, 2,545 3'i'5 Nantucket, 28,724 6,067 1,213.008 22,697 3'75J,346 2,544,714 Excess ot Detjc mures paid, ice. 1 Tr n Ipswicn OC ii.dj ue net Revenue, jart'n, 2,^76 2,542,338 1 ayments into the U. States' Treasury. 1,168,902 134,095 20,510 29,046 37,177 16,616 6,413 7,5 '2 3,226 1,970 5^95 6 1,431,423 16 VIEW OF MASSACHUSETTS. Payment into he U. States' Grovs Anioimi of Duties on Import*-', &c. i6'S9ST77' Net Amount of Rci'cnuc. 1810. Aggregates in United S^tcr. ILxcess of Dcucnruies jMid, .Sec m various Distrtcrs, 26.02Sn 'iVue net Rf. venue, i.''.,7 5 6, 'S3 i PayM'ents fot Dr.iwback, S:c 4. 14 f. 646 12,782,859 Treasury, 8,803,660 l^ayments into the TJ. S Treasury from April Tons. Tons. Tons. Bcrton, I So I, to Auri! 1804. 6%. 96 1 7804. 1811 6-.I.OS 400 Ui7,;soi 140,383 Saiem, I, c:? 4. ,49 P. 23.023 38,523 N.^w York, I 2,862,020 94,00 £ .66,363 Phnadclphi.!, 7'777>>65 74.168 81,163 BrJtirnore, 3 ^*^>i=9^'3 ^4-253 (^3,480 Norfolk, 1.761,673 ^7^59'i- 3--:i,B-19 Ch2r!e;t?p, 3,031,639 40,572 48,050 Summary of the Value of Expoits from M:issaciiusetts, including the District of Maine, for twenty cne (and from the United States for seventeen) successive Years Years. Massachusetts, Unif^d Str^'es. 179; 1 792 iTyi5. I 1704 2,519,650! 2,888,109! a,V\3o,5-i6l 5,292441 8,^9().202'2 J.oo(;.^68 '6,01 1,7.^0133,043,725 f79v 7,117.907 46,855,856 Years. 1790. Mass. 9,949-345 U. S. 67.064,097 1797- 7,502,047 51,294.710 ...'798:_ 8,639,252 61,327,41 1 T799 i8co 1 i8or. 1 1.421,591 f 1,326 876 14,870.556 78 665.522 70,971,78093.020.51 5 ! bO- Mass. 113 492,632 8,708,566 U. S '7r.9;7,i44 '''-3>800,0'>o ibc4 16,894,379 77,6yy.o? Foreion. Domestic. I Foreign. 1 Total. 5.697,051 13,738,60619.435,657 '42,387,002153.179,01995,066.0211 l^', cniv>ct I-, 18^5, 10 iS-rp 30. t^'.on I'Voni Oct. i , 1806, to tiep. 30, 1 8U7. ...>onief ic I i'oreiQn. 1 1 otal Y^-dfi ^ i' oreign Ivl'^j 6,621,69 1.4, 577,54'.l2 1, 1 99,24, U. .S. '43^904.,CO> 1x0.283. 23r| . 037.-^72 5 . A.)jine.tic. j Foreign. <^ji85, 748^3,926,377 i8,70'),CO0i59,643,558 Total. 20,1 12.125 'o^34355« i'eais. fior^ vJct. if 1 807. to Sep. 30. 1 808. Fro-n Oct. i . 1 808. to Sep 30, i 809. 1 Jjo.r.jslic 1 Forc'gii M..SS I 1 ;! 8,632' 3,aiC<,6 Tot..ii. I JJoiiitstic. 4,12 8 3.22! {3,032,729 Fcifcigd 6,119,56-^ rotal. »2, 142, 293 ^ Cuts }!■ rom Oct. i,l«0;^. toSep 30, 1 8 1 Q . From Oct 1 , l » i o, to ii^[). 3 0,1^11 Doniesiic. I Fortii'O. ^i Dv'iiiestic. •Jiss.l '?,76i.7'-i Foreign. Totul. j Doniesuc. I Fortigo. j lotal. j 7 , 2 5i,'"2 77it3.ot3,04>| 6,042,645! 5,192,820111,235,465 j VIEW OF MASSACHUSETTS. w ^ -ri w CJ 6 o "Z o 1) o t^ q^ o c^ r^ i^ ^- «^ o o o o o o o o <-0 v^ u: i; c o CO • o O o c>0 i/ t3 £2:- c 'C , X u '•J o u.-r;i o c (L> tj o CO r. — "w o •s P O o -g ^ o ■£ 3 O O o O J?' oc ZO o o I o o I o^ c I vo o 1 5 S « o OC ^J-^ C^ C\ CO O O uo ^- loO vc 'O i^ M M i-^ 1- CO -. ri- O ■/-! CO 1--VO V<-i ir-i CO l-r^ CO i^ ^4- —ad M VD CO r-- r-co 'h tc O cooD t^ ►-« \0 CO L--, -)- CO O CO p» i-^ ^--o O'^co'i-yDO ^coc>cy*>-'y" CO LoOO CsO i-iVD LoCOO"^ 1^ O Oo covO lor-^-M-i^CNCJ (^ ^COI- 1-1 — CN^OC CO — tJ- C4 i-( N kh LOVO f> C n» CO 3 ILf O O ^ 0\0 c< o CO r^',3 !>. 00 0\ L^v . C\ l>^ l-^ r^- ^ -5 c -o CO Oi '-' coVO CO O OCj vo CO — On OS 0\ -^ CO O oJ vo M >- CO N »^ I f- •- W UD 1 0^ u- c ^ ■a ec CO 0> c c ^ c --JJ Gh — t--N CV-. — r* l^VC '^ly>-4-~ O ■^vO ^'t-OO t^-cO r) coOv'O CC -i- vo - rV vo VQ -i- Oc' N 00' 0\ Cvcor~-VO — VO O C■^vOvO «-VC C^';^coC^— Th'^c^ tj-vo ^30 "^ -^ dv CO l-^ CNVO -4- vc "t- ZC i* -I -5* '.000 CO „- -) r- ^00 -j- CNc<-"CO~.^;Cf^'-' lo CC r» w o 5 t> Cv c -V- TJ J- c li; -r ^ ^ "CJ « J= -r. c: -^ «« !:, J= H '- iii; O w ^J^ pq p^ rt 52; W iz; Q «78 VIEW OF MASSACHUSETTS. A Table of the Exports, Tonnage, United States' Revenue, &c. &c. for the District of Boston pnd Ch■^r'e<5t^\vn Toofiiige o}|i'onna>;e ot Tonnaoe Total Vo.UC Ui V,trU- Ul •vcvcnue Registered Coasting of Fishing Value of Foreign Domes- on Im- Years. vessels vessels oth-; vessels Exports Articles tic Arti post and whicli be- erthan those other than Lxport- cJes Ex I'onnage longed to under 20 those undei "d. ported.* tiiis District Tons. 20 Tons. n the seve ral dates. !\ins. 95ths 85,563,60 Dollars. 1809 Tons, v.hhs' Tons, 95th: )olIars Dollars • "dollars. iS.539.90 3=03 5'7 5 ,-988-77 :; 9 79S48 400902 y 600017 1810 100,080,74 30;220,I2 2,987,86 ■; IT 5099 i5254203.T89679 2789838 1811. 107.421^,19 30,207,08 2,751,28 5852017 jSr4377 304-^640 , 700666 Note. — There being many articles imported which are free of duty, and many that pay a specific duty, without immense labor, the value of Imports cannot be ascertained, but it is known that they greatly exceed in value the Exports. In 1807, there were 693 vesstls cleared out at this office for foreign ports ; of these, 37 were for France ; 73 for Spain, Italy, and the Mediterranean ; 51 for Holland, Germany, and the Hanse f owns ; 18 for England, Scotland, and Ire- land ; in fine, those for European, Asiatic, and African ports, and the Noith West Coast, altogether, were 229. The others were for the West Indies, and ©ther places in North and South America. Since that period, the channels of comnietce have materially changed. A General Enumeration of the Articles Exported. Domestic Articles. Flour, Corn, Rice, Cotton, Tobacco, Bread Stuff, Beef, Pork, Bacon, Butter, Cheese, Lard, Dried and Pickled Fish, Oil, Spermaceti, Whalebone. Lu.uber of all kinds, Ndval Stores, Beans, Pease, Potatoes, Apples, Candles, Soap, New Or- leans Sugar, Loaf Su^ar, Hops, Wax, Furniture, Beer, Boots, Shoes, N.E.Rum, Gin, Linseed Oil, Spirits of I'urpentine, Cables and Cordage, Nails, iron. Clo- ver Seed, Cotton Yarn, Onions, Vinegar, and Manufactures of various kinds. Foreign Articles Dye Woods, English, ludia, German, Russia, French, Scotch, and Irish Piece Goods and Hrird Ware, vVines, Spirits, Teas, Sugars, Coffee, Cocoa, Fruits, Spices, Molasses, Ind^gOjCotton, Cochineal, Manufactures of Lead, Paints, Cord- age, Hemp, Porter, Cigars, Cheese, Candles, Nails, Iron, Iron Hoops, Sec. State Debts and Credits. The revenue of this commonwealth is principally derived from an annual tax up- on polls, the estates, real and personal, of the citizens, and from the sale of public lands. The following abstract of the state of the Treasury of the Comnon wealth of Massachusetts, January i , 1813, exhibits the public stocks, and other particulars relative to our funds, that may not be uiiinttrcsting. Due Irorn the Comiuonwealth, viz. * Value of Rice, Cotton, Flour, Tobacco, Staves, and Naval Stores, exported (being piincipaliy the produce of the Soudiern States) in the year 1809, which it is presumed, bears a relative proportion in amount, to the Exporti of other ytais, 2,294,109 dollars. VIEW OF MASSACHUSETTS. 75 On warrants on the treasury files, for gratuities to soldiers, and on v;iricus ro'ls, ..... Urijaid January I, morning, of the several instalments of the public debt, that had become due at different periods, Interest on the public debt, unprovided for, due this day, Balance cf the [uMic debt unprovided for, On consolidated notes, army notes, and new emis^^ion bills out- standing, which may be redeemed agreeably to the act making provision for the public debt, estimated at - - Due to the Unien Bank, for money borrowed at the same, at sundry times, to pay on the instalments of the public debt, and the ordinary expenses of government, Due to the Boston Bank, for money bo! rowed at the same, for purposes as above, . - » - Dolls. Due to the Commonwealth, viz. On the taxes issued from the year 1805 to 1812, both inclu?iva. Due from the late treasurer of the commonwealth, and liis sure- ties, exclu:-ive of interest, and from the sher.lfs of the several coun- ties, on treasurer's warrants issued against delinquent collectors of taxes, . - . , . Kemainino due on bonds and notes, given for lands sold, &c. and deposited in the treasury office previous to January I, 1813, Remaining unpaid of the funded six per cenc stock of the Unit- ed States belonging to the commoriweaith, Do. of the three rer cent do. . - - The interest and reimbursement of principal due on the above stocks, and payable this day, - « . Cash oa hand, January i, morning, - - _ 12,197 16 17,644 90 549,058 48 N. B. Stock in the Bns'on Bank, 600,000 Do. in the Union Bank, 400,000 98,473 80 67,000 00 103,000 00 884,027 49 196.267 8f 66, ^uj 03 i3?,75i 52 304.881 52 249,760 2£» 19,268 59 8,496 c8 Dolls. 977,944 79 Banks. Dolls. 1,000.000 By the statutes incorporating banks in this commonwealth, it is provided, that if any loss or deficiency shall arise from the cfficifil mismansgement of the direc- tors of any bank, the stockholders at such time, shall be liable to pay the same ia their individual capacities ; but no stockholder shall be liable to pay a sum exceed- ing the amount of the stock actually then held by him : that the stockholders ia each corporation, when the act establishing it may expire, shall be held, in their individual capacities, to pay all bills which may have been issued by it, and may then remain unpaid, in proportion to the stock which they may respectively hold: that one tenth part of the whole funds of each bank shall always be appropriated to loans, to be made to citizt-ns of this commonwealth, wherein the directors shall exclusively regard the agricultural and manufacturing interest : that each corporation shall be liable to pay to any bona fide holder, the oiiginal amount of ary bank note, altered in the course of its circulation to a greater amount, not- wiihsunding such alteration : that each corporation shall pay by way of ux, to 80 VIEW OF MASSACHUSETTS. the treasurer of this commonwealih, for the use of th.e same, within ten days af- ter each semi-annual dividend, the half of otis percent, on the amount of the ori- ginal stock, which shall at the tiaie of said dividend have been actually paid in : that the conimonwe;ilth shall have a right, whenever the legislature shall muke provialon by bw, to subscribe a sum not exceeding, generally, one half of the capi- til stock cf each corporation, in addition thereto : and that whenever the legisla- ture shall require it, each corporation shall loan to the con:manwealth any suiu of nioney not exceeding ten per cent, of the amount of the capital stock actually paid in, ot any ono time, reinbutsable by five annual instalments, or at a shorter period, at the election of the co;-nmonwea!th, with the aonual payments of inter- est, at a rate not exceeding five per cent, per annum. A Tabh of the Bank's in Massachusets Proper and the District of Miine. Namesof lianks.l C^imties State, burtoik, ■Massachusetts, Do. Ti con, Do. EoiJton, Do. Merchants', Essex, Essex, Do. Salem, Do. G'oucestev Do. Marbiehead, Do. Beverly, Do. Mechanics% Do. Ncwburyport, Do. Plymouth, Plymouth. Taunton, Bristol. Bedford, Do. Phoinix, Nantucket. ^fci#Treket Pacific Do. Worcester, Worcester. Saco, York. Portland, Cumberland. Cumberlar,J, Do. Wiscasset, Lincoln- Bath, Do. Hall. & Augusta, Kennebeck. Kennebeck, Do. Towns. Boston. Do. Do. Do. Salem. Do. Do. Gloucester. Marblehead. Beverly. NewbVirypcrt Do. Plymouth. Taunion. New Bedfoid Nantucket. Do. Worcester. Saco. Portland. Do. Wiscasset. Bath. Hallowell. -Vugusta. Capital Bank Stock in the Commonweali Do. in Massi-.chusetts Proper, rncorpov.»nop Expiration. )ct^37i83i; Capital. [une 27,i8i I 300CC00 June 23,i8Ji Oct I, r83(. I 6oooro Do. Oct 3,1831. 1200C00 Do. Do. i8cccoo June 26,1811 Oct. I, 1831. 3COO00 Jane 18,1799 July I, 1819. 4000C0 June 23,181-2 Oct. 1,1831. 2 00000 Do. Do. 1 20000 Do. Do. 120000 Do. Do. 160000 Do. Do. 2 c 0000 Do. Do. 350000 Do. Do. I oocoo Do. Do. lOOCOO Do. Do. 2COOOO Do. D:>. I r 0000 Do. Oct. 3, 1831. TOCOOO Do. Oct 1, 1831 2 C 0000 Do. Do. 120000 [une 15,1709 July 1, 1 8 19. 300000 June 23,1812 Oct. I, 1831. 3CCOOO Do. Do. 250000 Do. Do. i 06000 Do. Do. 150000 Do. Do. I oocoo h, Dolls. 11,570,000 10,250,000 Errata.— Page 10, I'ne 6 -nom bottom, to 319 dolls. 17 cts. add 30 dolls, the proceeds of the hemp seed. P. Ti, 1. 15 from do. dele " hor '*' P. 18, I. 1 6 irom do. for ** they are present," read, they are at present. P. 45, 1- ' 5 f^on^ do. in part of the impresslvn, for " the upper has been incorporated from the low- er town," read, the lower hasij^en incorporated from the upper town. 89-<«