5- /. ■>..# -> * aO V •'••^' ^ aP • » ^ " '^ .9^ ^ ^^^^^. 0*0 h.*^ v*«. civ- I.* -i^ ^ • 1 1 -IJ^^t ■^- %&^ rr. MEMOIRS OP THE MARQUIS DE LA FAYETTE, M^'m^asirtMtvaX in tfie Hcboltttionarg ^rmg OF THE INITED STATES OF AMERICA, TOGETHER WITH HSS TOUR THROUGH THE UNITED STATES. i^ BY FREDERICK BUTLER, A. M. WITH COPPERPLATE ENGRAVINGS. WETHERSFIELD : PUBLISHED BY DEMING & FRANCIS^ A. Francis, printer. 1826. A-.'z-^S DISTRICT dP CONNECTICUT, SS. Be it rememberedf That on the twenty-second day of June, m L, S. the forly-ninth year of the Independence of the United States of America, Deming & Franci?, of the said District, have de- posited in this Office the title of a Book, the right whereof they claim as Proprietor!?, in the words following, to wit : — " Memoirs" of the Marquis de La Fayette, Major General in the Revolutionary Army of (he United States of America, together with his Tour through the United States. — By Frederick Butler, A.M. With copperplate engrav- ings/' Iq conformity to an act of the Congress of the United States, en- titled, "An Act for the encouragement of learning, by securing the copies of Maps, Charts, and Books, to the Authors and Proprietors of such copies, during the times therein mentioned." CHARLES A. LNGERSOLL, Clerk of the District of Connecticut. A true copy of Record, exaniined and sealed by me, CHARLES A. INGERSOLL, Clerk of the District of Connecticut PREFACS. riie Author gave his name to the public for the publica- tion of the Memoirs of the Marquis La Fayette, so^n after he arrived in America, and before it was known that any oth- er writer Avould appear on the subject. Soon after this, one volume of Memoirs of La Fayette appeared in New York, by General Holstein, another in Boston, and a third in Hart- ford ; the two last are anonymous. It was the intention of the Author to have presented this work to the public at a much earlier day ; but soon after those works appeared, it was judged best to defer this, so as to embrace a sketch of the southern and western Tour of General La Fayette, and his visit at Bunker Hill, on the 17tb of June, where he engaged to be present at the dedication, of the .Monument. The Author feels himself much indebted to General Hol- stein for the particular knowledge he has acquired of the life of General La Fayette while in exile, and his retirement at La Grange, after his return to France. That the eventful scenes through which General La Fay- ette has been called to pass may be clearly understood, and tbe tirmness, integrity, and magnanimity of his character full}' realized, the Author has judged it proper and necessary to give a general sketch of the American and French Revo- lutions. If it should be inquired what connection the movement? of the French armies can have with the Memoirs of Gener- al La Fayette, after he fled into exile, or the expedition of General Bonaparte into Egypt and Syria, it must be remem- bered, that the successful campaign of General Bonaparte in Italy was the immediate cause of the liberation of General La Fayette, and family, and friends, from the prison of 01- mutz, by the peace of Campo Formio ; and that the defeat of General Bonaparte in Syria was the immediate cause of his return to France, and effecting the revolution in the gov* ernment of the 18th Brumair, (October,) that rendered it safe for the Marquis La Fayette to return into France under tbe Consv.lar Government. 4 PflEFACE. The other movements of the French armies were the im- mediate causes of those revolutions in the government of France, that raised the Consul to the imperial dignity, and ultimately proved his ruin. These changes in the govern- ment served to illustrate the character of General La Fay- ette, by shewing the firmness of his principles and integrity when he refused to give his vote to General Bonaparte as Consul for life, without a sufficient guarantee for the rights of the people ; and when he declined the flattering honors and emoluments of office, proffered him by the Emperov Napoleon to attach him to his government^ but more par- ticularly when he bared his breast to the storm that produc- ed the abdication of the Emperor Napoleon. The Author has cautiously avoided every description of remark, by way of panegyric ; the actions of the Marquis Lii Fayette, when fairly understood, are his highest possible eulogium. ^^Jn^ compiling the Tour of General La Fayette through tu5 vnlted States, the Author acknowledges himself indebted to the several Gazettes of the country, and has given the de- scriptions generally, in the original language of the several writers, in order to preserve the true spirit of the scenes. For it is fully believed that no person could do justice to those proud triumphs, like those whose pens were inspired by the cheering spirit of the several occasions. The only merit the Author claims in the narrative of tht> Tour, is that of having selected the numerous detached de- scriptions, and arranged them in their present order : a task not altogether less arduous than to have written the whole narrative. In making this compilation it was found difficult to give the quotation marks, or editorial credits, because so many of the narratives are necessarily composed of detached descrip- tions from several Gazettes, and interwoven by the Author, so as to complete their unity ; it has been therefore judged most proper to give this general credit.* The Tour of General La Fayette exhibits to the world the proud triumphs of civil liberty ^ unparalleled in the an- nals of the world. * Iq doing this the Author has followed the example of the Author of the Boston Memoirs, CONTENTS. CHAPTER I. Page 'J he descent and connections of La Fayette - 13 The fiwours of the Court of Louis XVI - - 14 Commencement of the American Revolution • *' iSession of the 2d Congress — they appoint Colonel George Washington as Commander in Chief of the American armies - - - - - *' General events of the war - - - 15 Marquis La Fayette embarks for and arrives in America 17 His reception by Congress and the Commander in Chief 18 Battle of Brandy wine ----- 19 Philadelphia taken by the British - . • «- Battle of Germantown - - - - - ** Marquis La Fayette vested with a Major General's command --.--_, go General Burgoyne taken with his whole army - " Treaty between America and France - - *' American commission^^rs accredited at the Court of % Versailles - - - - - -21 French Minister sails for America, on board the Toulon fleet *' Expedition of the Marquis La Fayette - - 22 Sir Henry Clinton evacuates Philadelphia - - *' Battle of Monmouth «< CHAPTER H. The Toulon fleet arrives in America from France and lands the Frei ch Minister, and arrives at Newport 23 Marquis La Fayette detached to aid in the reduction of that place ----«« Battle off that port between the French and English 24 Retreat of the Americans from before Newport - 26 Resolution of Congress in favour of the Marquis La Fayette " General La Fayette's reply - - •* Remarks of General Washington - - 26 1* 6 COI^TENTS. Page Washington's letter to Congress r - 27 La Fayette's letter to Congress - - " Resolves of Congress - - - 28 The President's letter to the Marquis, and his reply 29 General La Fayette sails for and arrives in France 30 Letter of Dr. FrankUn to General La Fayette, accom- panied with a sword - - - '■' General La Fayette's reply - * - - 31 CHAPTER III. General La Fayette succeeds in his negociations at Paris 32 Embarks again for America ; arrives at Boston - " General Washington's letter to Congress - '* Resolve of Congress, and La Fayette's letter - 33 Resolve of Congress - - - - " General La Fayette repairs to Head (Quarters ; writes to Samuel Adams - . - - 34 Mr. Adams' reply - - - - 35 Doings of Massachusetts General Court - - 3G Sir Henry Clinton's expedition to Charleston - " Fall of Charleston - . . - 40 Southern war under Cornwallis and General Greene *' French armament arrives at Newport _ _ << General Washington meets the French officers at Hart- ford 42 Treachery of Arnold - - - •' CHAPTER IV. General La Fayette detached to Virginia to catch Arnold — Borrows of the merchants at Baltimore 2000 guinea?, to supply the army - - - 43 Enters the lists with Lord Cornwallis ; general movements " General La Fayette's letter to General Greene - 44 General Washington meets the French officers at Weth- ersfield - - - - - 40 'Washington's letter to the Governors of the Northern States ,--.-" Count Rochambeau joins General Washington with the whole French army - - - *« Count de Grasse arrives at the Chesapeak from France 41 CONTENTS. 7 Poge General Washington puts in motion the whole allied army to co-operate in the conquest of Lord Cornwallis 47 Battle off the mouth of the Chesapeak - - 48 The allies form a junction at Williamsburg - '» Washington's general orders - - - 49 Seige of Yorktovvn General Ln Fayette storms a redoubt - . 50 Washington's general orders - - - a Fall of Yorktown, and capture of Cornwallis - 51 Washington's general orders, and letter to Congress " Resolves of Congress - - - - 52 General Washington repairs to Philadelphia — state of public feeling - - > . 53 Address of Monsieur Bandole . - - "• CHAPTER V. Marquis La Fayette addresses a letter to Congress 55 Resolves of Congress - - - - 56 La Fayette's reply - - - - 57 General La Fayette sails again for France - - <' His reception by the king, the Court, and the nation 6C His visit to the king of Prussia - - 59 His letter to Sir Henry Clinton . . tt Sir Henry's reply - - - - 60 The British evacuate New York - _ « General Washington resigns his commission - *< Defmitive treaty arrives from France , . c Genpral Washington invites General La Fayette to re- visit America - - - - 61 CHAPTER VL The Marquis arrives at New York - - 6i Address and reply - - - - 62 Visits General Washington at Mount Vernon - 63 ' Marquis arrives at Hartford on his way to Boston - 64 Arrives at Watertown . - - - - 65 Arrives in Boston . ... 67 Resolves of Congress - - - 68 Marquis La Fayette takes leave of Congress - 60 ^ CONTENTS. General La Fayette naturalized by the U. States generally 70 GenenU La Fayette embarks at New York for France '• CHAPTER VII. General events of the French Revolution - 71 Marquis La Fayette arrives in France - - 72 The Marquis is called as a member of the Assembly of the Notables - - - - 73 The king dissolves this Assembly and the Parliament of Paris check the measures of the king - '• The king orders the States General to be convened 74 They resolve themselves into the National Assembly " Remarks of Marquis La Fayette as a member of the Assembly - - . . Adventures of the prison - - - " CHAPTER XV. Important events in France - • - 151 Sketch of the character and suflferings of Madame La Fayette in France » - - 162 10 CONTENTS. Page Madame La Fayette's liberation - - 153 journey to Vienna, with her two daughters - 154 interview with the Emperor of Austria - 155 departure for Olmutz - - - 156 interview with her husband in the prison of Olmutz, %vhere she remained with her two daughters, in close confinement ■ - - - 157 CHAPTER XVI. General Holstein, under the fictitious name of Peter Felflmann, commissioned by La Fayette's friends at Hamburg, to repair to Olmutz and contribute to the relief of the prisoners - - 160 His adventures at Olmutz - - 161 CHAPTER XVH. General movements of the French armies - 166 Rise of General Bonaparte - - - 168 Campaign of Italy - - - - 169 General operations of the campaign in Germany 1 72 Peace of Campo Formio, by which the prisoners of Olmutz are to be set at liberty - - Ho CHAPTER XVIII. Conditions of liberation attempted to be imposed on La Fayette, and his two companions, by the Emperor of Austria - - - - ^"^ They all depart for Holstein CHAPTER XIX. Expedition from Toulon to Egypt - - " Battle of Aboukir - - - - 121 Conquest of Egypt by Bonaparte ; return to France Revolution in the government of France, and return of General La Fayette and his family - - ISS CHAPTER XX. General La Fayette under the Consular government 1 83 General La Fayette's interview with the Consul Address of General La Fayette to the First Consul 184 178 CONTENTS. n CHAPTER XXI. Page War between France and England, and Austria - 184 New Revolution in the government of France - 187 Russia joins the coalition against France - " General movements of the armies ; Battle of Austerlitz " Peace with Austria and Russia - - '^ Emperor Napoleon crowned king of Italy - 188 Battle of Trafalgar - - - - '* New coalition against France — battle of Jena - 189 Peace of Tilsit ; Berlin decree - - *« Treaty of Fontainbleau — Intrigues with Spain - 1 90 Joseph Bonaparte upon the throne of Spain — War, &c. " Coalition of England and Austria against France-War, &c. 191 General movements in the Austrian war - 192 Peace with Austria — Continental system - 193 General movements for the Russian war' - 194 CHAPTER XXII. The Emperor Napeleon commences the Russian war 195 General movements of the grand army - " Battle of Smolensk — of Borodino - - <' Destruction of IMoscow — Retreat of the French 197 Flight of the Emperor Napoleon — Ruin of the French army - - - - 198 Battle of Leipsic — Banishment of Napoleon — Restora- tion of the Bourbons ... qqq Recovery of the Emperor Napoleon — Battle of Wa- terloo - - . . . 201 Napoleon in England - - - 202 CHAPTER XXIII. Character of La Fayette by Madame de Stael 203 Description of La Grange - - - 205 Visit of Charles J. Fox - - - 206 The tamily at La Grange - - - 208 Death of M idame La Fayette - - 209 Part taken by La Fayette at the abdication of Napoleon 210 The family at La Grange continued - - 212 La Fayette proposes to revisit America - 216 Invitations to La Fayette - - - 217 La Fayette embarks for America - - 221 12 cbNTENTS. CONTEJVTS OF THE TOUR. CHAPTER I. Page Landing of the Nation's Guest at New-York — his visit to the Eastern States, in 1824 - .. 223 CHAPTER H. Visit of La Fayette up the Hudson river - 238 CHAPTER HI. The General commences his tour for Washington city 35 1 Visit to the tomb of Washington - - 384 Reception by Congress - - - 394 CHAPTER IV. A summary of the Southern and Western Tour of the General, and his return to Boston - 399 CHAPTER V. Reception of General La Fayette by the Legislature of Massachusetts - _ . 4(jt Proceedmgs at Bunker Hill - - - 404 General La Fayette leaves Boston for Maine - 415 CONCLUSION - - - - 416 I. Portrait - - - - . - II. General La Fayette storming a redoubt at York- Town - - .■ ■ HI. Interview between La Fayette, wife, and two daughters, in the prison of Olmutz - 157 IV. La Grange, or La Fayette's castle of residence in France - . . . 20!: V. Landing of General La Fayette at Castle Garden, in New York, 1824 ' - - - 225 MEMOIRS OF THE MARQUIS DE LA FAYETTE. CHAPTER I. r-HE MARQUIS LA FAYETTE IN EARLY LIFE IN FRANCE, AND IN CONNECTION WITH THE AMERICAN REVOLUTION. Gilbert Mottie La Fayette, now marquis de la fayette, was born in France at the Chateau de Chavagnac, in the pro- vince of Auvergne, now department of Haute Loire, Sep- tember6th, 1757. He sprang from the ancient and illustri- ous family of Mottie, which, for several centuries past, he. added the name of La Fayette.* Early in the 15th century, the Marshal de La Fayette defeated and killed the Duke of Clarence at Beauge, and thus saved his country from falling entirely into the power of Henry V. of England. Another of his ancestors, though not in a direct line, Madame de La Fay- ette, the intimate friend and correspondent of Madame de Sevigne, and one of the most brilliant ornaments of th^ court of Louis XIV. was the first person who ever wrote a romance, relying for success on domestic character, and thus became the founder of the most popular department in mod- ern literature. His father fell in the battle of Munden, and therefore survived the birth of his son only two years. This elevated descent, with an inheritance of 200,000 francs per annum,! secured for him all the advantages of edu- cation peculiar to the higher ranks of life in France, which. * This name has long held a dislinguished rank in the nsilitaTy aud literary annals of France, t $40,000 a year. 2 14 MEMOIRS OF according to the fashion of the age, united a knowledge o! tactics with classical and polite literature. At the age of 17 he became allied by marriage to the illustrious house de Noailles, which greatly increased his fortune and respecta- bility, and blest him with the happiest connubial enjoyments. Louis XVI. then filled the throne of France, and the dig- nity of his throne, was highly exalted by his recent alliance with the House of Austria, in his marriage to the Arch Duch- ess Maria Antoniette. The Queen had bestowed her favours upon young La Fayette, before his marriage, and introduced him into the number of her household ; and under her pat- ronage he obtained the rank of a commissioned officer. At this eventful period, the controversy between Great Britain and her North American colonies had arrived at the crisis, that shed the first blood at Lexington, and opened a civil war in America. This crisis interested the feelings and passions, as well as the politics, of the court of Versailles. France remembered that the peace of Paris, in 1763, had stripped her of all her vast possessions and prospects in America, and that her ancient enemy and rival had been enriched and strengthened by the acquisition ; she exulted in the quarrel between England and her colonies, and secretly fanned the fire. The colonies were not unmindful ot the feelings of France ; their sages and patriots had learned these fully in the struggles which they had experienced with the British crown, through a period of ten years, that led to the crisis now before them.* On the 1 9th of April, 1775, the war opened in America with the battle of Lexington. On the 10th of May, Ticon- deroga and Crown Point were taken by the Americans. — The same day the second general Congress met at Philadel- phia. On the 15th of June, Colonel George W^ashington was chosen, by Congress, Commander in Chief of the American armies. * Great Britain bad rommenced a system of duties on merchan, dize in America in 1764. She passed her famous Stamp Act in 1765, which the Americans so manfully resisted, that she repealed it in 1766. In 1767, Great Britain pursued her system of revenue in America, by duties on paper, glass, tea &c. which excited a spirit of oppositio that led to open hostiUtiea in 1775. LA FAYETTE. 15 On the 2d of July, General Washington arrived at Cam- bridge and took the command : just 15 days from the date of his commission. On the 10th of September, General Washington detached Colonel Arnold, at the head of 1000 men, to penetrate into Canada, by the way of Kennebec river, and co-operate with General Montgomery in the capture of Quebec. On the 18th of October, the town of Falmouth, (Massa- chusetts,) was laid in ashes by the British. On the 1st of January, 1776, the British burnt Norfolk, in Virginia. On the 17th of March 1776, the British evacuated Boston. " On the 26th of June a powerful naval armament, under the command of Sir Henry Clinton, commenced an attack upon Charleston, (South CaroHna) ; but on the 28th they were repulsed with great loss and disgrace. At the same time, the British armament, from Boston, ar- rived at New York, by the way of Halifax, and were joined at the Hook by a fleet from England, under Lord Howe, on the 12th of July. On the 4th of July, Congress passed the Declaration of In- dependence. On the 27th of August, was fought the battle of Long Isl- and. On the 16th of September, General Washington evacuated New York, and General Howe took possession. On the 29th of October, was fought the battle of White Plains. On the 16th of November, the British stormed Fort Washington, and put the garrison to the sword. When Gen- eral Washington beheld the awful scene, he wept with the feelings of a compassionate father. The shock was felt with the keenest sensibihties throughout the American army ; General Lee wept with indignation, and cursed the unrelent- ing foe. General Greene abandoned Fort Lee on the 18th, and joined General Washington, with his garrison of 3000 men ; and on the 22d, General Washington retired to Newark.— General Howe pursued. General Washington continued to retire, and on the 8th of December, crossed the Delaware r%i Trenton, and secured the boats upon the river. The arr- Tfty of General Washington was now reduced to about 2000 men. 16 MEMOIRS OF While General Howe was delayed at Trenton, General Washington, by the aid of General Miflin, collected a body of Pennsylvania militia, and on the night of the 25th re-cros- sed the Delaware, and commenced an attack upon the British army, and took a regiment of Hessians, with all their camp equipage, &,c. General Washington followed up the blow, un- til General Howe was compelled to abandon New Jersey and return to New York. General Montgomery had penetrated into Canada by the tvay of lake Champlam in the autumn of 1775, and joined Colonel Arnold before Qiiebec. On the 31st of December, he attempted to carry the city by storm, and failed, with the loss of his life. The next season General Sullivan, (who htid succeeded General Montgomery) abandoned the siege of Q,ue- bec and retired out of Canada, before a superior British ar- my. General Carlton, at the head of the British army, made himself master of lake Champlain, which closed the cam- paign of 1776. Early in the year 1775, Congress sent Silas Dean to the court of Versailles, as agent in behalf of the colonies. — In December 1776, Dr. Franklin joined Mr. Deane at Paris. They were not acknowledged by the king in their diplomatic capacities ; but were courteously received in Pa- ris, and by the French people, as illustrious strangers ; and the cause of the American colonies, through their influence, was cordially cherished. Louis XVI. secretly furnished sup- plies of arms, amunition and clothing, for the American com- missioners, under cover of mercantile transactions, througli the House of Beaumarchais, and others, in Paris ; and while he secretly promoted the revolution in America, he held out the olive branch to Great Britain. Under this train of things the campaign had opened in America in 1776. Great Britain had hired of the Prince of Hesse Cassel ^0,000 men and transported them to New York, to strength- en her army, and had put forth all her efforts to crush the rising colonies of America. At this eventful crisis, the character of Washington, the hero and father of his country began to interest the atten- tion of Europe, particularly th« maratime states of France, -Spain, and Holland. At this time, the young La Fayette, hav- ing matured his plans, by his intercourse with the American commissioners, resolved to tear himself away from the honors LA FAYETTE. IT Df the court, and the tenderest and most endearing ^cohnuLiall ties ; embark in the cause of suffering humanity, and shed his blood in the contest of freedom and the rights of man. — The sacrifices made by the Marquis La Fayette were truly great ; but the cause in which he engaged was great, and the champion that espoused it was exactly suited to the exigences of the times. He w is young and ardent in his feelings ; rich, and of noble descent ; possessed the confidence of the court and of the nation ; and his talents and zeal were fully ade- quate to the perilous enterprise. In short, the Marquis was ill all respects the character calculated to serve the best inter- ests of America in their fullest extent. When the Marquis announced his intention of embarking for America, the king openly opposed it, and the American commissioners had not funds to provide for his conveyance ; but these embarrassments served only to heighten his zeaL He hired a vessel at his own expence, and when he took leave of the American commissioners, at Paris, he thus ex- pressed himself: " Hitherto I have only cherished your cause : I now go to serve it." In the month of January, 1777, the Marquis La Fayette em- barked for America, at Passage, in Spain,* and arrived in Charleston, (South Carolina.) on the 19th of April. Charleston had suffered severely in the siege of June^ 1776 ; these sufferings were the first objects that met the at- tention of the Marquis La Fayette on his arrival, and afforded him an opportunity to display his liberality. He purchas- ed clothing and arms for the garrison of fort Moultrie, and presented them through their commander, General Moultrie. The dignified zeal and deportment of this young stranger, cheered the hearts of the patriots of South Carolina, and great- ly interested the feelings of every description of character. * On the very borders of France and Spain, a leller de catchei overtook him, (by Ihe instigation of Lord Stormont, the English Ambassador,) and he was arres^d and carrrtd back to Bordeaux. There, of course, his enterprise was near being finally stopped ; but watching his opportunity , and assisted by one or two friends, he dis- guised himself as a courier, with his face blacked and false hair, and rode on, ordering post horses for a carriage which he had caused to follow him at a suitable distance for this very purpose, and thus fairly passed the frontiers of the two kingdoms, only three or. four hours be fore his pursuers reached them.— JV*or//i Afiteritan Eenieic. 2» i8 MEMOIRS OF From Charleston, the Marquis repaired to Philadelphia, and presented to Congress the despatches of the American Commissioners, at Paris, and at the same time proffered his services, as a volunteer, in the cause of America,^ without compensation. Struck with admiration at such a display of disinterested magnanimity, Congress immediately accepted his services, by the following resolution, July 31st, 1777 : '* Whereas, the Marquis La Fayette, in consequence of his ardent zeal for the cause of liberty, in which the United States are engaged, has lelt his family and friends, and cros- sed the ocean, at his own expence, to offer his services to the said States, without wishing to accept of any pecuniary pay, whatever ; and as he earnestly desires to engage in our cause, Congress have resolved that his services be accepted, and that in consideration of his patriotism, his family, and il- lustrious relations, he shall hold the rank and commission of « Major General, in the army of the United States." At this time, the campaign of 1777 had been opened iiv America, under the following movements : General Burgoyne had succeeded General Carlton in the command of the forces in Canada, and had crossed lake Champlain, at the head of a well appointed British army of 10,000 men, taken Crown Point, and Ticonderoga, and was marching upon Albany, iir the style of a conqueror. Sir William Howe had embark- ed at New York with a strong armament, landed at the head of Chesepeak bay, and was marching upon Philadel- phia ; and General Washington had drawn off his army from 1)efore New York, and marched to oppose him. The city of New York still remained the strong hold of the British army in America. The Marquis, now Major General La Fayette, repaired' immediately to head quarters, near Brandywine Creek, r Delaware,) and presented himself to his Excellency the Commander in Chief of the American armies, by whom he was kindly received, and cordially welcomed. At the same time, he presented to his E«iellency the sum of 60,000 francs, for the public service.* On the morning of the 1 Ith September, General Howe BostoB Memoirs. LA FAYETTE, i9 advanced upon the American army with his whole force, and commenced the action of Chadd's-ford. General Washing- ton met the enemy with a firm determination to oppose his passage, and thus cover Philadelphia. The action became warm and bloody, and General La Fayette displayed great talents, zeal and fidelity, in the cause he had so nobly es- poused, and at the head of his brave troops received a sev^ere wound in his ancle, early in the engagement ; but he wrap- ped it up with his sash, and kept his station until the actios was closed, and General Washington had taken his position upon the heights in his rear. So pleased was his Excellency with the conduct of the young General, that in his communications to Congress, he thus expressed himself: *' From the disposition that Gen- eral Layette discovered at the battle of Brandywine, he pos- sesses a large share of bravery, and military ardour.'* General Washington fell back upon Philadelphia ; General Howe advanced, and on the 26th, after various skirmishings, he entered the city ; but the main body of the British army took post at Germantown, 7 miles north of Philadelphia* On the 4th of October, General Washington surprised the British army at Germantown, and gained advantages that promised a signal victory ; but a thick fog suddenly arose and parted the combatants, and General Howe drew off his army to Philadelphia, where he was closely investetl through the winter. The action of Germantown drew forth this shrewd r**- mark from Dr. Franklin : — Not that Howe had taken Phil- adelphia, but '* that Philadelphia had taken Howe." As soon as the wound of General La Fayette was healed, he joined General Greene in New Jersey, and at the head of a body of militia attacked and defeated a body of Hes- sians. General Greene in his letter to General Washington » thus expressed himself : " The Marquis La Fayette, with about 400 militia, and the rifle corps ^ attacked the enemy's picquet last evening, killed about twenty, wounded many more, and took about twenty prisoners. The Marquis is charmed with the be- haviour of the militia and rifle corps ; they drove the ene my until dark. The enemy's picquet consisted of about 300, and were reinforced during the skirmish. The Marquis iss determined to be in the way of dangero" ^0 MEMOIRS OF This commaoication of General Greene was transmitted by General Washington to Congress, soon after, with a re- quest, *' that the Marquis might.be vested with an immediate command, agreeable to his rank." The request was soon after granted, and the Marquis was authorized to select for his immediate command, a corps of young men, consisting ot 1200 ; it was soon after augmented to 2000. His military career, as Major General, now commenced : and such was his zeal, activity and courage, that his every movement endeared him to the army, and called forth fresh proofs of affection from the Commander in Chief ; he soon acquired the appellation of " Washington's adopted son." General La Fayette devoted himself to training and dis- ciplining his troops, and as a proof of his aifection, he pre- sented each of his officers with an elegant new sword, and each of his soldiers with clothing, arms, and accoutrements, complete, at his own private expense. His division soon became the flower of the American army. On the 17th of October, General Burgoyne surrendered to General Gates the whole British army under his com- mand, at Saratoga, State of New York, which closed the campaign of the north, gloriously. On the 1st of December, the ship Alamand arrived from Marseilles, in France, with 48 pieces of brass cannon (4 pounders) with carriages complete ; 19 nine-inch mortars : 2500 nine-inch bombs ; 2000 four-pound balls ; a quantity of intrenching tools ; 3000 fusees — 1 1 10 for dragoons ; 18000 pounds of gun-powder ; and 6 1 ,000 pounds of brimstone ; from the House of de Beaumarchais. This seasonable sup- ply was then supposed to have been purchased by the Amer- ican commissioners ; but has since been found to have been forwarded by the order of the king, as a mark of his royal favour. Although the Marquis La Fayette had now been in America about nine months, yet an intimate connection coup- led this act of royal munificence with the services of the Blarquis. On the 16th of December, Mr. Gerard, the French min- ister, presented to the American commissioners the prehm- inaries of a treaty between the two nations, and on the 16th of February, 1778, the treaty was signed, which produced great excitement in the councils of Great Britain. On the *31st of March, the Ameiican conamissioners "weve admitted t© LA FAYETTE. 21 a public audience at the Court of Versailles, and presented to his Majesty, by Mr. Vergennes, the French minister, in character of the Ministers Plenipotentiaries of the United States of America. On the 13th of April, the Toulon fleet, consisting of twelve ships of the line and four 'frigates, sail- ed fo«- America, bearing Mr. Gerard, as minister to the U. States. In the same month, the American Commissioners transmitted the news of the treaty to Congress, by the French frigate* La Sensible ; and on the 5th of May, General Washington announced it to the army, at Valley Forge. The joy inspired by this treaty, was felt by Congress, the army, and the nation, like a shock of electricity, and produced new- movements in the war. On the 7th May, General Howe detached a battalion oi infantry from Philadelphia, to destroy the skipping and stores at Bordentown ; the enterprise succeeded, and the enemy destroyed two frigates, nine large ships, six privateers of from 10 to 16 guns each, twenty-three brigs, besides several sloops and schooners, together with provisions, camp equipage, mil- itary stores, &c. to a large amount. At this .eventful moment. Sir Henry Clinton arrived at Philadelphia, with orders to succeed General Howe in the command of the British army. On the 18th, the British officers took leave of Sir William Howe, by honouring him with a magniticent entertainment, that continued 12 hours, accompanied with a most splendid exhibition of fireworks, &LC. ; and his Excellency retired to England, General Washington detached the Marquis La Fayette, from his camp at Valley-forge, with about 2500 men, to ap- proach the city of Philadelphia, and add, if possible, to the amusements of the scene. The Marquis promptly obeyed, crossed the Schuylkill, and took post on Barren hill, 12 miles in advance of the American army, and within view of the city of Philadelphia. Sir Henry Clinton soon learned the situation of the Marquis, and on the night of the 19th, detached General Grant, with about 7000 men, with field pieces, to surprise the Marquis, and cut off his retreat. General Grant marched out upon the Frankfort road, cros- sed over through the old York and White marsh-roads, and entered the road that led to Barren hill, about two miles in the rear of the Marquis. Sir Henry, at the same time, sent another detachment to engage the Marquis in front. The 23 jy^MOIRS OF Marquis soon learned the movements of the enemy, and filed off his detachment, with such adroitness that he gain- ed the Matron Ford, (distant one mile,) and crossed over before the enemy were prepared to push their attack, and thus eluded the enemy, and saved his detachment. General Washington, in his letter to Congress, -pronounced this *' a timely and handsome retreat." On the 18th of June, Sir Henry Clinton, agreeable to or- ders from his court, evacuated the city of Philadelphia, and put the whole British army in motion, to return to New York. The American army, under General Washington, followed close in their rear. The two armies were each about 10,000 strong. On the 21st, General Washington de- tached General Wayne, with 1000 chosen troops, to rein- force General Maxwell's advance guard, and directed the Marquis La Fayette to advance and take command of the whole. On the night of the 25th, General Washington moved forward his army from Kingston, and arrived at Cranbury early the next morning, where they were detained by heavy rains, through the day, and the Marquis was ordered to check his pursuit, and file off to the left, towards English- town, which he accomplished on the 27th. The next day General Washington ordered General Lee, with a strong de- tachment, to reinforce the advance guard, and take the com- mand, with instructions to commence an attack. General Washington put his whole army in motion, at the same time, to support General Lee. A skirmishing ensued ; but the doubtful niovements of General Lee prevented a general action. The enemy suffered severely, and the American troops lay on their arms through the night, impatient for the attack the next morning ; but Sir Henry withdrew his army in the night, and made his escape to Sandy-FIook, in order to embark his army for New York. The extreme heat of the weather rendered a pursuit, by forced marches, imprac- ticable ; General Washington therefore detached a strong party of light troops to watch the motions of the enemy, and drew off his army to the North River, to cover the fortress at West Point. General La Fayette acquitted himself so honorably in this whole affair at Monmouth, that he merited, and received, the commendations of the Commander in Chief. LA FAYETTE. 43 CHAPTER XX. TH2 MARQUIS -LA FAYETTE, IN CONNECTION WITH THE AMERI- CAN REVOLUTION, CONTINUED. On the 8th of July, Count De Estaing entered the Capes of the Delaware, with the Toulon fleet, after a passage of 87 days. Lord Howe had been gone only ten days from Philadelphia, and Sir Henry Clinton had evacuated that city just twenty days before, and was then embarking his army at Sandy Hook, for New York. The French fleet was about double the force of the Eng- lish, both in number of ships and weight of metal. Count De Estaing landed Mr. Gerard, French minister to the United States, who was most cordially and respectfully received by Congress, and on the 9th, sailed for Sandy- Hook, where he arrived on the 11th, and blockaded the English squadron in the harbour. All possible efforts were made by Count De Estaing to attack the English fleet, but he found it impracticable to cross the bar with his heavy ships. On the 22d, agreeable to advice from General Wash- ington, he set sail for Newport, to co-operate with Generals Sullivan and Greene, in destroying the British fleet and army at Rhode Island. Admiral Byron's fleet arrived at Sandy-Hook a few days after the French fleet had sailed, in a broken, sickly, dis- masted and distressed situation ; but the Cork provision ships arrived at New York in good order. Count De Estaing arrived off Point Judith on the 29th of July, and Geneial Sulhvan waited upon the Count to concert measures of mutual co-operation. General Washington, at the same time, detached4he Marquis La Fayette, with 2000 men, to co-operate in the reduction of Rhode Island, which augmented the torce of General Sullivan to 10,000 men Sir Robert Pigot, who commanded at Newport, received a reinforcement of five battalions, which rendered his force about 6000 strong. Thus balanced, the parties commenced their operations. Count De Estaing entered the harbour of Newport with his fleet, on the 8th of August, without opposition ; General Pi^ot had ordered the British armed vessels at Newport t» 24 MEI^OIRS OB^ be destroyed on the 5th, te prevent their falling into the hands of the enemy ; they consisted of four frigates, and several smaller vessels. On the 9th, at eight in the morning, General Sullivan be- gan to cross with his army, from Tiverton, and the enemy abandoned their works at the north end of the island. At two in the afternoon, Lord Howe appeared off Point Judith, with a fleet of twenty-five sail of the line, and came to an- chor for the night. On the 10th, Count De Estaing, eager to meet the enemy, took advantage of the wind and put to sea. The two fleets manoeuvered through the day, without coming to action. On the 11th, a violent gale commenced, which continued through the 12th and 13th, and parted the fleets ; dismasted the French admiral's ship, destroyed her rudder, and greatly damaged several others. On the 14th, the gale abated, and close and severe actions commenced between several single ships of the two fleets, in which both were much damaged ; but nothing decisive took place. The Count collected six of his ships, covered his disabled ones, stood in for Newport, and came to anchor. General Greene and the Marquis La Fayette waited upon the Admiral en board his ship, and pressed him to enter the harbour again, and complete the enterprise ; but the fleet was so shattered by the storm, and the officers were generally so averse, that the Count declined, and soon after he weighed anchor and stood for Boston. The troops under General Sullivan had gained the north end of the island, advanced upon the enemy's lines, and were in readiness to co-operate with the French fleet ; but their sufferings were so severe in the storm, that the army was in a deplorable state, and had General Pigot known their situation, anattackmust have provecfruinous. On the 15th, the troops had recovered their misfortunes, and waited with anxious impatience to act in concert with the fleet, until the 24th, when to their grief and astonishment, they saw them weigh anchor and set sail for Boston. The mortification of General Sullivan was greater than the pride of an American soldier could sustain, and he expressed himself unguardedly in his general orders on the occasion. The Marquis La Fayette, accompanied by General Haa- cock, at the request of Generals Sullivan and Greene, re- LA FAYETTE. 25 paired to Boston to confer with the Count De Estaing, and \£ possible, persuade him to return to his station. When General Sullivan had learned that all further co-op- eration from the Count must be abandoned, he made his ar- rangements to withdraw the troops from the island. At the same time, he received advice from General Washington, that the enemy at Newport would soon be reinforced. Great address now became necessary to effect a retreat, in the presence of an enemy, flushed with the delivery they had 60 recently experienced, and the flattering prospects before them. But General Sullivan, with the assistance of General Greene and the Marquis La Fayette, who had now returned from Boston, conducted this, in the presence of an enemy, whose sentinels were not more than 400 yards distant from those of the Americans ; and on the first of. September, the retreat was effected, without the loss of a man, or any part of his artillery or baggage. The Marquis La Fayette acquitted himself so honourably* m this affair, that Congress passed the following resolution* expressive of their approbation of his conduct : " In Congress, September 9th, 1778--Resolved, That the President be requested to inform the Marquis La Fayette, that Congress have a due sense of the sacrifice he made of his personal feelings, in undertaking a journey to Boston, with a view of promoting the interests of these States, at a time when an occasion was daily expected of acquiring glory m the field ; and that his gallantry in gomg a volunteer to Rhode Island, when the greatest part of the army had retreated, and his good conduct in bringing off the picquets and out-sentries, deserves particular approbation." The President of Congress communicated this resolve to The Marquis, in a polite note ; to which the Marquis made the following reply : " Sir — I have received your favour of the 13th instant, ac- quainting me with the honor Congress has been pleased to confer upon me, by their most gracious resolve. Whatever pride such approbation may justly give me, 1 am not less af- fected by the feelings of gratitude, and that satisfaction of thinking my endeavours were ever looked upon as useful in the cause in which my heart is so deeply interested. Be so 3 26 x>I£!MOIRS OF good, Sir, as to present to Congress, my plain and hearty thanks, with a frank assurance of a candid attachment, the only one worth being offered to the representatives of a free people. The moment I heard of America I loved her ; the moment I knew she was fighting for liberty I burnt with a de- sire of bleeding for her ; and the moment I shall be able to serve her, at any time, or in any part of the world, will be the happiest of my life. I never so much as wished for oc- casions of deserving those obliging sentiments I am honored with by these States, and their representatives ; and that so flattering confidence as they have been pleased to put in me, filled my heart with the warmest acknowledgments, and most eternal affection. I pray you to accept my thanks, for the polite manner in which you have communicated the resolve o{ Congress ; and I have the honour to be, kc. <. LA FAYETTE." Agreeable to notice given to General Sullivan, by General Washington, Lord Howe appeared off Newport, with the British fleet, and a reinforcement of 4000 troops ; but learn- ing that the American army had made good their retreat, he sailed for Boston, and on the 3d September appeared off the mouth of the harbour ; but finding the French fleet safely moored within the harbour, hedetached a part of the fleet upon a marauding expedition, and returned himself, the next day, to New York. *' It is not a little pleasing, nor less wonderful," said Gen- eral Washington in one of his letters, " to contemplate, that after two years manoeuvering, and undergoing the strangest vicissitudes, that perhaps ever attended any one contest, since the creation, both armies are brought to the very point they set out from, and the offending party in the be- ginning, is brought to the spade and pick-ax, for defence. The hand of Providence is so conspicuous in all this, that he must be worse than an infidel, that lacks faith, and more than wicked, that has not gratitude enough to acknowledge his obligations." The failure of the expedition against Newport, led Gen- eral Washington and the Marquis La Fayette clearly to fore- see, that unless some more specific arrangement could be made with the French Court, for the command of such ar- maments as might in future be sent to the aid of America, no LA FAYETTE. 27 operations could be relied upon with any degree of cer- tainty. To effect such an arrangement, it was agreed that the Marquis La Fayette should return to France, at the close of the campaign, and General Washington wrote the following letter to the President of Congress accordingly : ''Headquarters, Oct. 6thy 1778. Sir — This will be delivered to you by Major General the Marquis La Fayette. The generous motives that first in- duced him to cross the Atlantic, and enter the army of the United States, are well known to Congress. Reasons equal- ly laudable, now engage his return to France, which in her present circumstances, claims his services. His eagerness to offer his duty to his Prince and country, however great, could not induce him to quit the continent, in any stage of an unfinished campaign. He resolved to remain, at least, till the close of the present, and embraces this moment of suspense, to communicate his wishes to Congress, with a view of having the necessary arrangements made in time, and of being still within reach, should any occasion offer for his distinguishing himself in the field. The Marquis, at the same time, from a desire of preserving a relation with us, and the hope of having it yet in his power to be useful, as an American officer, solicits only a furlough, sufficient for the purpose above mentioned. A reluctance to part with an officer, who unites to all the fire of youth an uncommon maturity of judgment, would lead me to prefer his being ab- sent on this footing, if it depended on me. I shall always be happy to give such a testimony of his services, as hisbrave» ry and conduct on all occasions, entitle him to ; and I have no doubt that Congress will add suitable' expressions of his merit, and of their regret on account of his departure. I have the honor to be &;c. GEORGE WASHINGTON." The Marquis took leave of his beloved General, at his quarters, at Fishkill, October 6th, 1778, and repaired imme- diately to Philadelphia, where he opened his business to Con- gress by the following letter : *' Philadelphia, October Sth, 1778. Whatever care I should take not to employ the precious; instants of Congress in private considerations, I beg leave: lO lay before them my present circumstances, with that con- £8 MEMOIRS OF fidence that naturally springs fi^om aflfection and gratitude.— - The sentiments that bind me to my country, can never be more properly spoken of, than in the presence of men, who have done so much for their own. As long as I thought I could dispose of myself, I made it my pride to fight under American colours, in defence of a cause which I dare more particularly to call ours, because I had the good fortune of bleeding for her. Now that France is involved in a war, I am led, by a sense of duty, as well as of patriotism, to pre- sent myself before my king, and know in what manner he chooses to employ my services. The most agreeable of all will always be such as to serve the common cause, among those whose friendship I had the happiness to obtain, and whose fortune I had the honor to follow in less smiling times. That reason, and others, which I leave to the feel- ings of Congress, engage me to beg from them the liberty of going home the next winter. As long as there were any hopes of an active campaign f did not think of leaving the field. Now that I see a peacea- ble and undisturbed moment, I take this opportunity of wait- ing on Congress. If my request is granted, I shall so man- age my departure, as to be certain, before going, that the campaign is really over. Inclosed you will receive a letter from his Excellency, General Washington, wherein he ex- presses his assent, to my obtaining leave of absence. I dare flatter myself, that I shall be considered as a soldier on fur- lough, who most heartily wants to join again his colours. — - Should it be thought that I can in any. way be useful to Amer- ica, when I am aa*ongst my countrymen, I hope I shall aT ways be considered, as one most interested in the welfare of these United States, and one who has the most perfect affer- tion, regard, and confidence for their representatives. With the highest regard &:c. LA FAYETTE." Congress took the request of the Marquis into their mos? serious consideration, and passed thereon the following re- solves : " In Congress, October 21st, 1778— Resolved, That tho Marquis La Fayette, Major General in the service of the United States, have leave to go to France ; and that he return at such time as shall be most convenient to him. LA FAYETTE. 20 Resolved, That the President write a letter to the Mar- quis La Fayette, returning him the thanks of Congress for that disinterested zeal, which led him to America, and for thf services he has rendered to these United States, by the ex- ertion of his courage and abilities, on many signal occasions. Resolved, That the Minister Plenipotentiary of the United States, at the Court of Versailles, be directed to cause an el- egant sword, with proper devices, to be made, and presented, in the name of the United States, to the Marquis La Fay- ette." * The President, agreeable to his instruction, inclosed the foregoing resolves, to the Marquis La Fayette in the follow- ing letter : '' Philadelphia, October 24tk, 1778. • Sir — I had the honor of presenting to Congress your lettei soliciting leave of absence : I am directed by them to express? their thanks for your zeal in promoting that just cause in which they are engaged, and for the disinterested services you have rendered to the United States of America. In testimony of the high esteem and affection, in which you are held by the good people of these States, as well as ac- knowledgement of your gallantry and military talents, dis- played on many signal occasions, their representatives in Congress assembled, have ordered an elegant sword to be presented to you, by the American Minister at the Court 8f 7 Versailles. Inclosed within this cover, will be found the acts of Congress of the 21st instant, authorising these de- clarations, and granting a furlough for your return to France, to be extended at your pleasure. I pray God to bless and protect you ; to conduct you in safety to the presence of your Prince, and to the re-enjoyment of your noble family, and friends. I have the honor to be, kc. H. LAWRENS.^^ The following reply of the Marquis will shew the feehng? of his heart : ''Philadelphia, October 26th, 1778. Sir — I have received your Excellency's obliging letter,* en- closing the several resolutions Congress have honored me with, and the leave of absence they have been pleased tc grant. Nothing can make me happier,«^than the reflection 3* 30 MEMOIRS OF tliat my sein^ices have met with their approbation. Thr glorious testimonial of confidence and satisfaction respecttill ly bestowed upon me, by the representatives of America, though much superior to my merit, cannot exceed the great ful sentiments they have excited. I consider the noble pres- ent offered to me in the name of the United States, as the oiost flattering honor. It is my most fervent desire, soon to employ that sword in their service, against the common ene- my of my country, and their faithful and beloved allies.— That liberty, safety, wealth, and concord, may ever extend, and bless these United States, is the earnest wish of a heart glowing with a devoted zeal and unbounded love for them, and the most sincere affection for their representatives. Be pleased, Sir, to present my thanks to them, and accept yourself the assurances of my most respectful attachment, LA FAYETTE.'^ The Marquis La Fayette repaired soon after to BostoL embarked for France, and arrived in Parrs on the llth oi February, 1779, where he was received by his Majesty With a cordial welcome. The Marquis early communicated to his Majesty, and to the Minister of State, the Count de Vergennes, the object of his visit, and clearly pointed out to them the necessity' of giving more effectual aid to the United States, and of placing that aid under the immediate direction of Congress, and the Commander in Chief. The example of the Count De Esta- ing was before them, and. the Ministry, as well as the King, were fully impressed with the weight of the argument, and liis Majesty signified his pleasure, that more considerable forces and supplies, should be sent to America. The Min- ister issued orders for the equipment of an armament, des- tined for the American service, and disposal of Congress, and the Commander in Chief. When the Minister of the United States had procured a sword, agreeable to the resolve of Congress, he forwarded |f, to the acceptance of the Marquis La Fayette, then at Havre, accompanied with the following letter : "Passy, Aug. 24th, 1779. Sir — The Congress, sensible of your merit towards the United States, but unable adequately to reward it, deter- mined to present you with a sword, as a small mark of their LA FAYETTE. 31 grateful acknowledgmentg. They directed it to be orna^ merited with suitable devices. Some of the principal ac tions of the war, in which you distinguished yourself by your bravery and conduct, are represented upon it. These, with a few emblematical figures, all admirably executed, make its principal value. By the help of the exquisite ar- tists France affords, I find it easy to express every things but the sense we have of your worth, and our obligations to you. For this, figures, and even words, are found insuffi- cient. I therefore only add, that with the most perfect es- teem, I have the honour to be, &c. B. FRANKLIN." To the above the Marquis returned the following reply ''Havre, Aug., 29th, 1779. Sir — Whatever expectations might have been raised from ihe sense of past favors, the goodness of the U. States for me has ever been such, that on every occasion it far sur- passes any idea I could have conceived. A new proof oi that flattering truth, I find in the noble present, which Con- gress have been pleased to honour me with, and which is offered in such a manner by your Excellency, as will ex- ceed any thing, but the feelings of my unbounded gratitude-r Some of the devices I cannot help finding too honourable u reward for those slight services, in concert with my fellow soldiers, and under the god-like American hero's orders, I had the good fortune to render. The sight of these actions, where I was a witness of American bravery and patriotic spirit, I will ever enjoy with the pleasure that ^becomes » heart glowing with love for the nation, and the most ardeni zeal for their glory and happiness. Assurances of gratitude, which I beg leave to present U> your Excellency, are much inadequate to my feelings, and nothing but those sentiments may properly acknowledge your kindness towards me. The polite manner in whicli Mr. Franldin was pleased to present that inestimable sword, lays me under great obfigations to him, and demands my par- ticular thanks. With the most perfect respect, I hare the honour to be, &c LA FAYETTE/' MEMOIRS OF CBAPTSR X». THE MARQUIS LA FAYETTE, IN CONNECTION WITH THE AMERI- CAN REVOLUTION, CONTINUED The Marquis La Fayette devoted himself to the best inter- ests of the United States with as much zeal and assiduity in France, as he had done in America. He secured the inter- est and confidence of the king, the ministry, and the nation, in the cause of America, and brought them clearly to see. that more immediate and effectual aid must be sent out to the United States. The reputation he had at Court, before he left France, added to the influence of his noble family, and the reputation he had acquired in America, enabled him to accomplish all the objects of his mission, to his satisfaction. In the spring of 1780, the Marquis La Fayette, by per- mission of the king, embarked for America, and arrived at Boston some time in April, and proceeded immediately to Head Qjuarters, where he was received by the Commander in Chief, with that joy and affection, that is known only to !»uch Idndred souls. The Marquis announced to General Washington, that a strong armament would soon follow him from France. From Head Quarters, he proceeded directly to Philadelphia, where he was received by Congress with those markg of distinction and regard, to which his constant and indefatigable zeal, in support of the American cause, as well as his signal services, gave him such just pretensions. The tidings he brought from France cheered the hearts of Congress^ the Commander in Chief, and of the army, and the nation. New energies and new efforts kindled in every breast. The following letter of General Washington accompanying, the Marquis LaFayette, to Congress, will shewthe sense he en- tertained of his services, as well as the emotions of his heart. " H&ad Quarters y Morristown, May I3th, 1780. Sir — The Marquis La Fayette does me the honour to take charge of this note, i am persuaded Congress will partici- pate in the joy I feel at the return of a gentleman, who has so signally distinguished himself in the service of this coun- try ; who has given so many and such decided proofs of his at- tachment to its interests ; and who ought to be dear to it by every motive. The warm friendship I have for him, con- LA FAYETTE. 33 spires, with considerations of public utility, to afford me a double satisfaction in his return. During the time he has been in France, he has uniformly manifested the same zeal in our affairs, which animated his conduct while among us ; and has been, upon all occasions, an essential friend to Amer- ica. He merits, and I doubt not Congress will give him. every mark of consideration and regard in their power. I have the honor to be kc. GEORGE WASHINGTON. To his Excellency the President of Congress." This letter had the desired effect, and produced in Congress the following resolve : " In Congress, May 16th, 1780— Resolved, ThatCongres.^ consider the return of the Marquis La Fayette to America, to resume his command in the army, as a fresh proof of the distinguished zeal, and deserving attachment, which have justly recommended him to the public confidence and ap- plause ; and that they receive with pleasure, a tender of fur- ther services of so gallant and meritorious an officer." When this resolution of Congress was communicated to the Marquis he addressed to Congress the following letter : ''Philadelphia, May I6th, 1780. Sir — After so many favours, which on every occasion, and particularly at my obtaining leave of absence. Congress were pleased most graciously to bestow on me, 1 dare pre- sume myself entitled to impart to them the private feelings \vliich I now so happily experience. In an early epoch in our noble contest, I gloried in the name of an American soldier, and heartily enjoy the honor I have of serving the United States ; my satisfac- tion is, at this long wished-for moment, entirely complete, when putting an end to my furlough, I have been able again to join my colours, under which I hope for opportunities oi indulging the ardent zeal, the unbounded gratitude, the warm, and I might say, the patriotic love, by which I am forever bound to America. I beg you. Sir, to present Congress with new assurance of my personal respect, and my grateful and affectionate senti- ments. I have the honor to be, &c. LA FAYETTE, To hisExcelhncy the President of Congress." 34 MEMOIRS OF The Marquis had negociated for America, at the French Court, and obtained 8uppUes adapted to her wants, and now announced that a fleet and armament would soon follow him from France. Congress immediately resolved, " that bills, to the amount of £25,000 be drawn on Dr. Franklin, Minister at the Court of France, and that bills to the same amount be drawn on Mr. Jay, Minister at the Court of Spain, and the money be applied to the immediate use of the armies." Extensive arrangements were immediately made to fill up the armies by regulars and militia ; extensive supplies were collected, and preparations made for a vigorous campaign. The Marquis La Fayette repaired again to Head Quarters, where he soon, was intrusted with the command of a select corps of the Light Infantry, of the continental army. This afforded him a new opportunity for the display of his munifi- cence. He presented each officer of the corps with an ele- gant sword ; and the soldiers were clothed in uniform, prin- cipally at his expense. He infused into this corps a spirit of pride and emulation ; viewing it as one formed according to liis own wishes, and worthy of his entire confidence. They were the pride of his heart, and he the idol of their regard ; constantly panting for an opportunity of performing some sig- nal achievment, worthy of his and their own characters. The corps was probably equal for discipline and bravery, to any in the world. On the 30th of May, the Marquis addressed the following letter to Mr. Samuel Adams : • " Dear Sir — Had I known that I should have the pleasure of meeting you at Boston, and holding confidential conversa- tions with you on public and private matters, I should have anticipated the uneasiness I was put under by the obligation of secrecy, or previously obtained the leave of breaking that so strict law in your favor. Now, my dear sir, that Con- gress have set my tongue at liberty, at least for such men as Mr. Samuel Adams, I will, in referring you to a public letter from the committee of Congress, indulge my private feelings in imparting to you some confidential ideas of mine on our present situation. As momentary visits did not entirely fulfil the purpose of freeing America, Fra^ice thought they would render them LA FAYETTE. x. selves more useful, if a naval and land force were sent for co-operating with our troops, and by a longer stay on the coast of the continent, would give to the States, a fair oppor- tunity of employing all their resources. The expectations are very sanguine at Versailles, and ought to be more so, when that letter shall be received, by which you know Con- gress engaged to furnish on their part, Jive and twenty thousand Continental troops, that are to take the Jicld by the beginning of the spring. On the other hand, my dear sir, all Europe have their eyes upon us : they know nothing of us, but by our own reports, and our first exertions, which have heightened their esteem ; and by the accounts of the enemy, or those of some dissatis- fied persons, which were calculated to give them a quite dif- ferent opinion ; so that, to fix their own minds, all the na- tions are now looking at us ; and the consequence of Ameri- ca, in the eyes of the world, as well as its liberty and happi- ness, must depend upon the ensuing campaign. The succour sent by France, I thought to be very impor- tant, when at Versailles : now that I am on the spot, 1 know it was necessary; and if proper measures are taken, I shall more heartily than ever, enjoy the happiness I had of being somewhat concerned in the operation . But if things stood as they now do, I confess, that whether as an American soldier, whether as a private man that said a great deal, and knows Congress have ordered much more to be said on the future exertions of America, — who took a particular delight in praising the patriotic spirit of the United States, I would feel most unhappy and distressed, were I to tell the people thai are coming over, full of ardour and sanguine hopes, that wc have no army to co-operate with them, no provisions to ^ead the few soldiers that are left, &c. &;c. But I hope, my dear sir, it will not be the case ; and more particularly, depending upon the exertions of your state, I know Mr. Samuel Adajns' influence and popularity will be, as heretofore, employed in the salvation and glory of America. If proper measures are taken for provisions, if the States do immediately fill up the continental battalions by good drafts, which is by far the best way ; if all the propositions of the* committee are speedily complied with, I have no doubt, bui that the present campaign will be a glorious and decisive one, ^nd that we may hope for every thing that is good - if. on the 36 MEMOIRS OF contrary, time be lost, consider what unhappy and dishonora- ble consequences would ensue from our inability to a co-ope- ration. Your State began the noble contest ; it may be gloriously ended by your State's exertions, and the example they will once more set the whole continent. The reception I met with at Boston, binds me to it by the strongest ties of a great- ful affection. The joy of my heart will be to find myself concerned in an expedition, that may afford peculiar advan- tages to them ; and I earnestly hope it will be the case, m the course of this (improper measures are taken) glorious cam- paign. I flatter myself, you will be yet in Boston, and upon this ex- pectation, I very much depend for the success of the combin- ed expeditions. Such a crisis is worth your being wholly en- gaged in it, as it will be glorious and important ; and I may say it now, because necessary for the support of the great cause, in which you acted so early and decisive a part. What you mentioned confidentially to me at Boston, I have duly noticed, and shall ever remember with the attention of a friend. For fulfilling the same purpose, I wish we may be under particu- lar obligations to you on this occasion. Give me leave, my dear Sir, to suggest to you an idea which I have lately thought of ; all the continental officers labor under the most shameful want of clothing. When I say shameful, it is not to them, who have no money to buy — no cloth to be bought. You can conceive what may be theirs and our feelings, when they will be with the French general, and other officers ; and from a general idea of mankind, and human honor, it is easily seen how much we should exert our- selves to put the officers of the army in a more decent situ- ation. I beg, my dear sir, you will present my respects to your jamily, and believe me most affectionately, Yours, LA FAYETTE." To the above Mr. Adams communicated the following re- " Boston, June 1780. My Dear Marquis- Yesterday, your very obliging letter of the 30th of May, was brought to me by Mons. Guinard. The succour coming from France will be so seasonable and LA FAYETTE. 37 important, that if America is not wanting to herself, she will have it in her power, by the blessing of heaven, to gratify the utmost of her wishes. His most Christian Majesty's expect- ations from us must needs be great ; and gratitude to so gen- erous an ally, as well as a due attention to our own safety, in- terest and honor, lay us under the strongest obligations to be in readiness to co-operate with the greatest advantage. I have long been fully sensible of your most cordial and zealous at- tachment to our great cause ; and to your personal represen- tation to his Majesty, in addition to the benevolence of his royal heart, I will take the liberty to attribute his design to afford us such aid, and for so long a time, as may put in our power to employ all our resources against the enemy. It fortunately happened that the General Assembly of this State was sitting, when the letter and inclosures from the com- mittee of Congress came to the President of the Councils They were immediately laid before the Assembly, and I have the pleasure to assure you, that the filling our battalions by an immediate draft, furnishing the army with provisions, and ev- ery other measure, for the fulfilling of the just expectations of your sovereign, and of Congress, on this most important oc- casion, are the objects of their closest attention. I had for several months past been flattering myself with the prospect of this aid. It strongly impressed my mind from one circum- stance which took place when you was at Philadelphia the last year. But far from certainty ; I could only express to some confidential friends here, a distant hope, though as I conceived, not without some good effect : at least it seemed to enliven our spirits, and animate us for so great a crisis. If it were possible for one to be forgetful of our all-impor- tant cause for a moment, my particular friendship for you would be a prevailing inducement with me, to make my ut- most feeble exertions to prevent your disappointment after the great pains you have taken to serve us. I have endeavoured, and shall continue those endeavours while I stay here, to bright- en the dark side of the picture, which your imagination has painted in one part of your letter before me — God forbid thai we should be obliged to tell our friends, when they arrive » that we have not a sufficient army to co-operate with them» nor provision to feed the few soldiers that are left. I think f may venture to predict, that this State will comply with the Requisition upon her, to give the utmost respectability to our 4 38 Mi;j\IOIRS OF army, on so promising an occasion. I was in the Council Chamber when I received your letter, and took the liberty to read some parts of it to the members present. I will communicate other parts of it to some leading members of the House of Representatives, as prudence may dictate, par- ticularly, what you mention of the officers want of clothing. I thank you, my dear Sir, for the friendly remembrance you had of the hint I gave you when you was here. Be pleased to pay m}'' most respectful compliments to the Commander in Chief, his family, &c. and be assured of the warm affection of your obliged friend and very humble servant, SAMUEL ADAMS. Marquis de la Fayette." The Legislature of Massachusetts did immediatel}*", viz. on June 5, 1780, pass a resolve for raising four thousand men, as a reinforcement of the continental army. The preamble to the resolve was as follows ; — " Whereas arequision has been made to this court for a reinforcement to the continental army, in order that it may be able to act vigorously the ensuing cam- paign, and the present situation of affairs requiring the ut- most exertions at this period, affords the most flattering pros- pect of putting an end to the distressing war, if the army is reinforced at this juncture, and enabled to improve the great advantage offered." To carry this resolve into effect, the Brigadier Generals through the State were directed, im- mediately on receipt of the resolve, to issue orders for call- ing the companies together, and raising the men required from each town, by voluntary inlistments, or by drafting them, on failure of a full number being otherwise raised. On the 26th of December, 1779, Sir Henry Clinton em- barked 7000 troops at New York, and set sail for Charleston, (S. C.) under convoy of Admiral Arbuthnot, where he arrived the last of January, 1780. On the 11th of February, Sir Hen- ry landed a body of troops upon the south side of John's Island, distant about 30 miles from Charleston. The legislature of South Carolina was then in session, and they delegated absolute power to Governor Rutledge, for the defence of the State, in all cases, excepting that of the life of the citizen without legal trial ; and he called on the,militia to meet in general rendezvous, for the public defence, but LA FAYETTE. 39 his call was very partially obeyed. He next summoned the militia by proclamation, and threatened with confiscation of property, all such as should disobey ; but even this was dis- regarded ; and had Sir Henry marched directly to Charleston, the resistance would have been but feeble. General Lincoln, who held the southern command, and then in Georgia, repaired immediately to Charleston, and took the command of only about 1400 continentals, and 1000 militia, for the defence of Charleston. General Lincoln exerted himself to strengthen his lines, in defence of the city, and did all that the most able commander could have done, to give the enemy a warm and spirited reception. On the 29th of March, Sir Henry moved forward his light troops, grenadiers, and infantry ; crossed Ashley river, ad- vanced to the distance of 3000 yards from the American lines, nnil commenced his operations. Admiral Arbuthnot entered the harbour, with such of his ships as could be floated over the bar ; and the American frig- ates retired up to the town, landed their crews and guns, and joined in the defence. On the 10th of April, Sir Henry had so far completed his approaches, that he summoned the town ; but the General returned a spirited reply ; and the operations of the siege went forward. Admiral Arbuthnot availed himself of a strong breeze, pas- sed fort Moultrie, and anchored under the batteries of the town. On the 12th. Sir Henry opened his batteries upon the town ; but the fire was received and answered with firmness and spirit, eight days successively. On the 28th, Sir Henry received a re-inforcement of 3000 men, from New York, and on the 20th he advanced a parallel to the distance of 300 yards from the American lines. General Lincoln called a council of war to deliberate ; but the council were divided in sentiment. On the 23d, Sir Henry advanced his 3d parallel to the dis- tance of 100 yards from the American hues ; and the besieg- ed made an unsuccessful sally, and returned with loss. On the 8th of May, Sir Henry renewed his summons, and offered terms : General Lincoln replied, by proposing a con- ference ; but this was rejected with a threat that hostilities =hould re-commence at 8 o'clock. The eventful hour arrived ; 40 MEMOIRS OF an awful, solemn silence ensued, but neither party fired a goi- AH was anxious suspence for one hour. At 9 o'clock tli*; garrison opened their fire upon the besiegers, who in their turn opened their batteries upon the town, and a terrible shower of shot, bombs and carcases, poured in, which threat- ened to overwhelmn it in one general destruction. The town was repeatedly on fire ; many houses were burnt, and the en- emy at the same time advanced their last parallel to the distance of 20 yards ; and on the 11th, they prepared for a general assault, by sea and land. The critical moment had now ar- rived when life and property were both at stake ; and the people, by their leaders, called on General Lincoln to re- new the conference, and accept the terms of the enemy : this request was enforced by the Lieutenant Governor and Council. The mihtia threw down their arms, and all parties became convinced that all further resistance was desperate- General Lincoln renewed the correspondence with Sir Hen ry, and accepted his terms ; Sir Henry complied,Vand the next day the convention was signed, and the city of Charles- fon was delivered up to the enemy, May 12th, 1780. Upon the fall of Charleston, General Gates, who was then in Virginia, was appointed to succeed General Lincoln in the command of the south. By the 1st of June, the States of Georgia and South Carolina were wholly subdued, and the onemy saw his way clear to advance into North Carolina. Sir Henry Clinton returned to New York in May, and left Lord Cornwallis to finish the southern campaign. His Lordship gained a signal victory over General Gates at Cam- den, (N. C.) on the 16th of August. General Greene, by ap- pointment from General Washington, arrived soon after, in North Carolina, and took the comni :nd of the southern de- partment. General Gates retired. General Greene retreat- ed before his Lordship, as far as Guilford, near the confines of V'irginia, where he gave him battle ; and such was the severity of this action, that his Lordship made a retrograde movement to recover his losses, and General Greene, at the same time, eluded his Lordship, and made a movement to car- ry the war into the south again. Lord Cornwallis moved forward to Petersburg, (Virginia,) where he was re-inforced by a body of 1800 regulars. On the 10th of July, the armament from France, announc- ed bv the Marquis La Fayette, arrived at Newport, (R. L) LAFAYETTE. 41 consisting of two ships of 80 guns, one of 74, four of 64, two frigates of 40 each, a cutter of 20, an hospital ship pierced for 64, one bomb ship, and thirty-two transports, under the command of the Chevelier de Terney ; also, 4 old regi- ments of land troops, together with the legion of De Lu- zerne, and a battalion of artillery — total, 6000, under the command of Lieutenant General Count De Rochambeau. Th^ese illustrious allies were received with the highest ex- pressions of joy and respect. General Heath received the Count, at his landing, and put him and his troops in possession of the island, where they were handsomely accommodated. The General Assembly of Rhode Island, then in' session at Newport, by their special committee, presented the Count with a complimentary address ; to which the Count replied, with assurances, " that a much greater force w*ould soon fol- low him, and that his whole powers should be devoted to the service of the United States. The French troops (added the Count,) are under the strictest discipline, and acting un- der the orders of General Washington, will live with the Americans as brethren. I am highly sensible of the marks of respect shewn me by the Assembly ; I beg leave to assure them, that as brethren, not only my life, but the lives of the troops under my command, are devoted to their services." The same honors were paid to the French Admiral ; and the same respectful notice was returned. The Marquis La Fayette met the French officers at New- port, and witnessed the respectful attention, as well as the ;eneral hilarity of the occasion. General Washington recommended to the officers of the American army, in general orders, to wear black and white :ockades, as a compliment to their illustrious alhes. The arrival of the French fleet, gave a shock to the Brit- sli at New York, under the command of Admiral Arbuthnot, ■vhich consisted of four ships of the line only ; but they were reinforced on the 20th by sis ships of the line, under Admi- ral Graves, and felt themselves secure. Sir Henry Clinton meditated an attack upon the French, at Newport, and immediately embarked 8000 men, and moved •vith the fleet up to Huntington bay, to be in readiness to act iccording to circumstances. Massachusetts and Connecticut took the alarm, and detached 4* .n MEMOIRS OF large bodies of militia to Rhode Island, to co-operate with their illustrious allies. General Washington made a diversion, and moved his whole force down to King's Bridge, determined to act offen- sively against New York. This movement changed the views of Sir Henry, and he made a hasty return to the defence of his strong hold. In the month of September, 1700, General Washington left Head-Quarters, with his suite, General Knox and the Marquis La Fayette, to meet Admiral Terney and Count Rochambeau at Hartford, (Conn.) agreeable to appointment ; and on the 2 1st, the parties met accordingly. The avowed object ot this conference was to concert measures for the reduction of aTew York. The conference closed on the 27th. At this moment, an express arrived from the fortress at West Point, announcing the traitorous designs of General Arnold ; and General Washington flew to the relief of West Point. On his arrival, he found the fortress dismantled, and that Arnold had made his escape to the enemy in New York. While his Ex- cellency was employed in repairing the fortress, a prisoner was announced, who proved to be the unfortunate Major An- dre, who had volunteered his services to Sir Henry Clinton, to negotiate this treacherous plan with General Arnold. His character was that of a spy ; his fate was death ! Let us pas? over the distressing scene ; the righteous sacrifice touched the feelings of every American breast. The feelings of General Washington may be seen by the following extract from his private correspondence : " In no instance, since the commencement of the war, has the interposition of Divine Providence appeared more con- spicuous, than in the rescue of the fort and garrison at West Point. Andre has met his fate, and with that fortitude which was to have been expected from an accomplished man, and a gallant officer ; but I am mistaken, if Arnold is not under- going at this time the torments vf a mental Ae//." On the 18th of December, died at Newport, (R. L) his Ex- cellency Charles Louis de Terney, knight of St. John of Je- rusalem, late Governor of the Isles of France and Bourbon, and Chief Commander of the French squadron in the Amer ican seas. On the 6th of May firilowing, he was succeeded by Men- sieiir de BarraSo I.A FAYETTE. 43 CHAFTER ZV. AMERICAxV REVOLUTION CONTINUED GENERAL LA FAVETTi. COMMANDS IN VIRGINIA. In the month of January, 1781, the Marquis La Fayette was detached by the Commander in Chief, with his brave corps, to take the command in Virginia, atid co-operate with with the French fleet, against the marauders, Arnold and Phihps, who were ravaging, and laying waste the tinest set- tlements. When the Marquis reached Baltimore, such wa? the destitute state of his army, his military chest, and the public credit, that he was constrained to borrow of the mer- chants 2000 guineas, upon his own private credit, in order to procure supplies necessary to enable him to proceed. His soldiers were mostly destitute of shoes. By the aid of this loan he advanced to Richmond, where he was joined by the Baron Steuben, on the 29th April, at the head of the Virginia militia.. The Marquis watched the motions of the enemy, and checked their operations with gi'eat zeal and activity : but his force was not sufficient to cover Petersburg. Gen- eral Philips entered that city on the 9th of May, where he died on the 13th. A plan had been laid between the Commander in Chief and the Marquis La Fayette, to catch the traitor Arnold ; but Lord Cornwaliis moved forward from Guilford to Wilming- ton, in Virginia, by forced marches, and left General Greene to pursue his march to the south. On the 30th of May, his Lordship entered Petersburg, where he was reinforced by the army of General Phihps, to the number of 1800 men. Cornwaliis put himself at the head of his whole force, and marched upon Richmond, to dislodge the Marquis, who was; now destined to enter the lists, with about 3000 men only, against his Lordship, at the head of a powerful and victo- rious army. Flushed with his victorious career, his Lord- ship, in one of his communications to Sir Henry Clinton, thu^ expressed himself : " The boy cannot escape ?«e." The Marquis evacuated Richmond on the 27th, and thus eluded hi? Lordship's movement. The Marquis, on the 7th of June, was joined by General ^Vayne, with about 800 Pennsylvania militia. 44 IVffeMOIRS OF His Lordship next made a movement to destroy the store^^ of the Marquis, which had been removed from Richmond to Albemarle ; distant two days march. The Marquis apprised of his intention, intercepted his movement, by throwing him- self into an old cross-road, considered by his Lordship as im- passable, and taking a strong position, that covered his stores. His Lordship abandoned the enterprise, and made a hasty re- trograde movement upon Richmond, which he gained in two days. The Marquis pressed close upon his rear, June 17th. On the 19th, the Baron Steuben rejoined the Marquis, and the next day his Lordship eracuated Richmond, and moved, by a hasty march, to Williamsburg, where he took a strong position, protected by his shipping, and at the same time re- ceived a strong reinforcement from Portsmouth. The British, in these movements, destroyed more than 2000 hogsheads of tobacco, and a number of brass and iron -ordnance ; but they gained few recruits in Virginia. The Marquis watched the motions of his Lordship, andi checked his movements, with such adroitness, as to force him to evacuate Williamsburg, July 4th, and retire to Portsmouth. General Wayne, supposing that the main body of the British had crossed James river, at the time of the evacuation of Richmond, moved forward with his 800 Pennsylvanians, and commenced a sudden attack upon what he supposed to be his Lordship's rear guard ; but to his surprise he discovered his Lordship at the head of the British army ready to receive him. General Wayne saw but one alternative, and this he promptly adopted ; advanced to the charge, at the head of his advance column, consisting of 500 men, and the conflict became sharp for a short time ; he then availed himself of this first impres- sion, and hastily withdrew, leaving his Lordship in as much surprise as he found him. No pursuit followed, from a cau- tious fear, that this might have been a stratagem of the Mar- quis, to draw him into an ambuscade. His Lordship crossed James river in the night, and retired to Portsmouth ; and the Marquis, with his little band of heroes, indulged themselves in a few day* of repose. The Marquis, in his letter to General Greene, of July 8th, m speaking of this affair, thus expressed himself : " From all accouats, the enemy's loss is great. We had none killed, but many wounded. Wayne's detachment suf- fered most. Many horses were killed, which rendered it im- LA FAYETTE, 45 possible to move the field pieces. But it is enough for the glory of General Wayne, and the officers and men under his coRiAiarid, to have attacked the whole British army, with only a reconnoitering party, and to have obliged them to retreat over the river. I have the honor to be, fcc. LA FAYETTE. JVear James River, July ^th, 1781." Under date of July 1 Ith, an officer of rank in the army of the Marquis, gives the following account of this masterly movement : *' In the attack upon the main body of the Brltisli army, the enemy had 300 men killed and wounded ; and among the latter were several officers. Their precipitate retreat tlK' same evening, to Jamestown Island, and thence to the other side of the river, is a tacit acknowledgement, that a general action is not their wish. We hear that the British officers are much mortified at the issue, and confess they were out- generaled. This manoeuvre upon our part, was a bold, but necessary measure." Extract from the general orders of the Marquis La Fay- ette, July 8th, 1781 : *' The General is happy to acknowledge the spirit of the detachment under general Wayne, in the engagement witJi the whole of the British army, of which he was an eye-wit- ness. He requests General Wayne, and the officers and men under his command, to accept his best thanks. The bravo and destructive fire of the riflemen, rendered essential ser- vice. The fire of the light-infantry checked the enemy's progress round our right flank. The General was much pleased with the conduct of Captain Savage, of the artillery, and is satisfied, that nothing but the loss of horses occasioned that of the two field pieces. The zeal of Colonel Mercer's corps, is fully expressed in the number of horses he had killed." On the 6th of May, 1781, Monsieur de Barras arrived at Boston, in the Concord Frigate, to succeed the late Cheve« lier de Terney, in the command of the French squadron a< Newport. Immediately upon his arrival at Newport, the Count de Rochambeau announced to General Washington, 46 MEMOIRS OF I I the despatches he had received from France. General Wash- ington immediately requested an interview with the French officers, at Wethersfield, (Conn.) The General, with his suite. Generals Knox and du Portail, met the Count de Rocham- beau and the Chevalier de Castellux, accordingly, on the 21&t of May. The ostensible object of this meeting was to con- cert measures for the reduction of New York. This confer- ence continued about one week, with the greatest harmony and cordiality ; when the illustrious chiefs returned to their posts. General Washington next communicated, by letter, the following requisitions to the Governors of the several North- ♦?rn States : " On the calculations I have been able to form, in a con- cert with some of the most experienced French and Ameri- ican officers, the operations in view will require, in addition to the French army, all the continental battalions, from New- Hampshire to New Jersey, to be completed." He after- wards added-: *' As we cannot count upon their being full, and as a body of militia will moreover be necessary, I havet called upon the several States to hold certain numbers in read- iness, to move within a week of the time I may require them." These despatches, as well as several others, of the Gener- al, were intercepted by one James Moody, who was employ- ed by the British adjutant General, and conveyed directly to New York. Sir Henry Clinton took the alarm, and began to exert himself to strengthen his works, to resist the expected attack. Count Rochambeau immediately upon his return at New- port, marched the whole French army, to join General Washington before New York, including a reinforcement ot 1500 men, which had arrived at Bostor*, from France, on the 8th of June, and had joined him the 14th ; in the whole about 7,500. At the same time, General Washington put his army in motion towards New York, without any other baggage than a blanket and a clean shirt ; and on the 3d of July, General Lin- coln approached so near to Fort Independence, that he was sharply attacked by about 1 ,500 British troops. General Lincoln made a retrograde movement^ to give the Duke de Luzerne, with the French legion, and Colonel Sheldon, with his American dragoons, an opportunity to turn their flanks, LA FAYETTE. 47 and cut off their retreat ; but the party hastily retired, and the stratagem failed. On the 4th of July, General Washington moved his army towards White Plains ; on the 6th, he was joined by Count Rochambeau, and the van of the French army ; on the 8th, the whole French army arrived, and encamped in a line with the American army. On the 21st, General Washington wrote to the French Ad- miral at Newport, as follows : "I hope there will be no oc- casion for a movement to the southward, for the want of force to act against New York, as I flattered myself, that the glory of destroying the British squadron at New York, is reserved for the King's fleet under your command, and that of the land forces, at the same place, for the allied arms." These communications, as was intended, were intercepted by Moody, and conveyed directly to Sir Henry Clinton, at New York. On the evening of the 18th, precisely at 8 o'clock, the al- lied armies commenced a grand movement, marched from their encampment down to New York, and at 4 in the morn- ing were drawn up in order of battle. General Washington, Count Rochambeau, with all the other general officers, and engineers, reconnoitered the works of the enemy, through- out their whole line ; the next day they renewed their re- connoitering, and in the afternoon drew off their troops, and returned to their encampments, where they arrived at half past 12, at night. These movements confirmed Sir Henry Clinton in the be- lief of the intercepted letters, and led him to withdraw A strong force from under the command of Lord Comwallis. then in garrison at Portsmouth, Virginia, where he was close- ly watched by the Blarquis La Fayette. At this period, a letter from Count de Grasse to General Washington, announced his arrival at the mouth of the Ches- apeak bay. The allied commanders despatched assurances that they would put their troops in motion to co-operate with him. General Washington still kept up the alarm of Sir Henry Clinton, by sending forward a detachment to construct ovens for the French army, opposite toStaten Island, as preparato- ry to the attack upon New York. At the same time, the al- lied armies crossed North-river, and raoverd by forced march? 48 ayEMOIRS OF es to Philadelphia, and from thence to the river Elk, where they expected to have met the transports of Count de Grasse, to convey them down the bay ; but at that critical moment the British Admiral Graves appeared off the mouth of the Chesapeak, with 24 ships of the line, and Count de Grasse, after having despatched the Marquis St. Simon with 3300 land troops to reinforce the Marquis La Fayette, slipped his cables, and put to sea, to meet Admiral Graves. At 4 o'clock in the afternoon of September 5th, the action commenced, but it was not so much an object with either commander to fight as to gain, and possess the bay. Only 15 ships, on each side, were engaged ; yet the French had so decidedly the advantage that both fleets continued to manoeuvre, in sight of each other, to gain the bay, and both at the same time exerted themselves to repair their damages, and renew the conflict ; but on the 10th, Count de Grasse again entered the bay, and the British Admiral Graves stood away for New York. During this period of manoeuvreing, Count de Barras en- tered the bay, with his fleet from Newport, consisting of 8 ships of the line, besides frigates and transports, victualers,, $zc. and proceeded to land his ordnance stores, to carry for- ward the siege. During these operations, the Marquis La Fayette, uniting the experience of age to the fire of youth, hovered about Lord Cornwallis, so adroitly, as to check, and cramp all his movements, until he had made himself secure, in his strong post at York Town. De Barras immediately upon his arrival, sent up his trans- ports, to convey the allied armies down the bay. When Count de Grasse returned into the bay, he despatched for that service, all the frigates he could spare, and by the 25th o^ September, the allies were all landed at Williamsburg. General Washington and Count Rochambeau having reached that place on the 14th, embarked on board a vessel m waiting, with their suits, to visit Count de Grasse, on board the Ville de Paris ; where they were most cordially, as well ;iS respectfully received ; and a plan of future operations was arranged, to accomplish the enterprise. The Marquis La Fayette, with the troops of the Marquis St. Simon, joined General Washington and Count Rocham- beau, at Williamsburg, where the whole allied forces united, amounted to 12,000 men. iiBiiiiiir^fa^ LA FAYETTE. 49 Governor Nelson called into service the militia of Virginia, und took the field in person. On the 27th of September, General Washington issued the ibllowing orders. '*If the enemy should be tempted to meet the army on its march, the General particularly en- joins it upon the troops to place their principal reliance upon the bayonet, that they may prove the vanity of that boast "which the British make of their peculiar prowess^ in deciding battles with that weapon.''^ The next morning the whole army moved forward to the distance of two miles from York-Town ; encamped about sunset, and lay on their arms through the night. Count de Grasse, at the earnest and pressing solicitations of General Washington, by letter, and the personal address of the Marquis La Fayette, who was the bearer, moved his whole fleet up to the mouth of York river, and his Lordship was closely invested in York-Town. On the 6th of October, the trenches of the allies were opened upon his Lordship, at the distance of 600 yards. On the 9th, the American line began to play upon York- Town, with 24, 18, and 10 inch mortars, which continued through the night. The next morning the French opened a destructive fire from their batteries, without intermission, for about eight hours ; and on the succeeding night a terri- ble fire was kept up from the whole line, without intermis- sion, until morning. The horrors of this scene were great- ly heightened by the conflagration of two British ships, set on fire by the shells of the allies, and consumed in the night. The next morning, October 11th, the allies opened their second parallel, at the distance of 200 yards, and another British ship was consumed by their shells. On the 14th, General Washington ordered two battalions to advance to the second parallel, and begin a large battery in the cebtre, and in advance. The enemy met this move- ment with an incessant fire from two redoubts, in advance of their works, as well as from their whole line, that contin- ued through the night. General Washington detached the Marquis La Fayette in the morning, at the head of the American light infantry, sup- ported by the Baron Viominel, from the line of the French, to advance and storm these redoubts, which had so annoyed them through the night. Lieut. Colonel Hamilton command- ^0 MElVfOIRS OF 6r3 MEMOIRS OF France. Congress immediately appointed Mr. Carroll, Mr. JMadison, and Mr. Cornell, a special committee to act, and re port upon the letter of the Marquis La Fayette. Journal of Congress, November 23d, 1781.—" On report of a committee consisting of Messrs. Carroll, Madison, an({ Cornell, to whom was referred a letter of the 22d, from Major General the Marquis La Fayette ; Resolved, '• That Major-General the Marquis La Fay- ette, have permission to go to France ; and that he return nl such time as shall be most convenient to him. "That he be informed, that upon a review of his conduct thro ugh the last campaign, and particularly during the period in which he had the chief conmiand in Virginia, the many new proofs which present themselves, of his zealous attachment to the cause he has espoused, and of his judgment, vigilance, gallantry, and- address in its defence, have greatly added to the high opinion entertained by Congress, of his merits and military talents. "That he make known to the officers and troops whom he commanded, during that period, that the brave and enterpris- ing services with which the}' seconded his zeal and efforts, and which enabled him to defeat the attempts of an enemy far superior in numbers, have been beheld by Congress with particular satisfaction and approbation. " That the Secretary of Foreign Affairs acquaint the Min- isters Plenipotentiary of the United States, that it is the de- sire of Congress, that they confer with the Marquis La Fay- ette, and avail themselves of the situation of public affairs in the United States. " That the Secretary of Foreign Affairs. further acquaint the Blinister Plenipotentiary at the Court of Versailles, that he will conform to the intention of Congress, by consulting with, and employing the assistance of the Marquis La Fay- ette, in accelerating the supplies which may be afforded by iiis Most Christian Majesty for the use of the United States. " That the Superintendant of Finance, the Secretary of ForeignjAffairs, and the Board of War, make such communi- cations to the Marquis La Fayette, touching the affairs of their several departments, as will best enable him to fulfill the purpose of the two resolutions immediately preceding. " That the Superintendant of Finance take orders for dis- LA FAYETTE. 57 charging the engagements entered into by the Marquis La Fayette, with the merchants of Baltimore, referred to in the act of the 24th of May last. " Ordered that the Superintendant of Finance furnish the Marquis La Fayette with a proper conveyance to France. ** That the Secretary for Foreign Affairs feport a letter to his Most Christian Blajesty, to be sent by the Marquis La Fayette." Impressed with a sense of the honor done him by the fore- going resolutions, the Marquis addressed the following reply. •'' To the President of Congress — Sir — I have been honored with the resolutions which Congress have been pleased to pass in my favour. Testi- monies of their esteem and their confidence that are so very dattering to me, could not but excite those exalted senti- ments of gratitude, which I am unable sufficiently to express. 31}'^ attachment to America, the sense of my obligations, and the new favours conferred upon me, are so many everlasting ties that devote me to her. At all times, and in every part of the world, my heart will be panting for opportunities to be employed in her service. With unspeakable pleasure, I shall transmit the resolve of Congress to the brave and vir- tuous troops, whom it has been my happiness to command I have the honor to be, k,c. LA FAYETTE.'* When he transmitted the foregoing resolve of Congress, to the troops he had lately commanded, he observed to them, •'In the moment the Major General leaves this place, ho wishes once more to express his gratitude to the brave corpus of light infantry, who, for nine months past, have been the companions of his fortunes. He can never forget, that, with them alone, of regular troops, he had the good fortune to mau'xuvie before an army, which, after all its reductions, was still six times more numerous than the regular force he had under command." In Dec. 1781, the Marquis La Fayette sailed again for France, where he was received by the king, the court, and the whole city of Paris, with such acclamations of joy, grati- tude and respect, as were justly due to the man who was con^ as MgMOIRS OF sidered qs the pride and ornament of his country. All heart? glowed with affection, and all classes of the people vied with each other, in honoring the young hero of America. *' After the king had listened to the history of American affairs which La Fayette had related, he inquired, with hia usual frankness and good nature, " But what was you doino- all this time ?" for the young General had not said one word about himself. Louis bestowed upon the Marquis many ex- pressions of his favour, and the Qeeen complimented him with her miniature. Madam La Fayette, shared also in the honors of her hus- band. Voltaire, at that time the idol of France, upon a pub- lic occasion, at the Duke de Choiseuls, approached Madam La Fayette, and dropping upon his knee, in the most respect- ful manner, complimented her with an eulogium upon the patriotic virtues of her husband. After this, no person will be surprised, that La Fayette attracted such public attention ; for wherever he appeared, crowds were drawn around him, crying, " long live La Fay- ette." Dr. Franklin, the American Minister Plenipotentiary at the court of Versailles, soon became acquainted with the merits of the Marquis La Fayette, and in his correspondence with General Washington, thus expressed himself: '* I received but lately the letter your Excellency was pleased to do me the honor of writing to me, in the recom- mendation of the Marquis La Fayette. His modesty de- tained it long in his own hands. We became acquamted. however, from the time of hi« arrival in Paris ; and his zeal for the honor of our country, his activity in our affairs here, and his firm attachment to our cause, and to you, impressed me with the same regard and esteem for him, that your Excellen- cy's letter would have done, had it been immediately deliv- ered to me." After remaining six weeks in Pans, and perceiving that the. enthusiasm did not abate, he hastened to quit the capital, and make a journey, with his young wife and son George, now three years of age, to one of his estates in Touraine. Even this journey, was a triumph ; for no sooner was it known that General La Fayette was about to arrive in any place, than the bells were rung, a procession was formed, and the magistrates LA FAYETTE. 59 welcomed him with little less than regal honors. The city of Orleans, in particular, detained him a whole week. Frederick the Great, King of Prussia, had attracted the at- tention of Europe for a longtime, and the Marquis took this opportunity to pay his respects to this great man. On his way to Berlin, he was honored with the same marks of atten- tion in Germany, that he had witnessed in his own country. " It is said that persons rode 600 miles to see him." The Marquis La Fayette arrived at Potsdam, in Sept. 1782, at the time of a general review.* As soon as the king heard that General La Fayette was pre- sent, he despatched an aid-de-camp to invite him to the pal- ace of Sans Souci, where he was courteously received. After the king had expressed his admiration of Washington, and La Fayette, and the firmness with which the American revolution had beenconducted, he presented the Blarquig with his miniature, set in diamonds, adding, that " he hoped this little memento would sometimes recall him to his recol- lection.'* After the return of the Marquis to France, he became closely engaged in the affairs of the general negotiations, un- til the treaty was closed, and the general affairs of the peace arranged, he then addressed the following note to Sir Henry Clinton, to correct an aspersion, that reflected upon his own honor, and that of his brave companions in arms in America. '' Paris, April 29, 1783. Sir — Upon a perusal of your printed correspondence, I must beg leave to trouble you with an observation ; not that I have claims to set forth, or relations to criticise. A sen- tence in your letter of — is the only one I intend to mention. *' Having said to Lord Cornwallis, that he may be opposed by about 2000 continentals ; and, as La Fayette observes, a body of ill-armed mihtia," you are pleased to add, " as spir- * '* At (his place were assembled 50,000 men from every part ot the kingdom, who, for three successive days, went through the evolu- tions of battles, sieges and storms, under the immediate command of the king himself" *• As the discipline and tactics of the Prussian army were in high re- pute, vast numbers of foreign officers and strangers of distinction, were attracted together on these occasions. Their encampment resembled an immense c\ty''>^Holstein. 9 6(MHp MI^MOIRS OF itless as the militia of the southern provinces, and %vithout any service ;" which reads as if it was a part of my letter. HovV far your description is undeserving, I think experience has proved ; and that it came from me, no American will believe. But your correspondence is so public, that, with full rehance on your candour and politeness, I have taken the liberty to transcribe the passage, and to return it to you, Sir, as its true author. At the same time permit me to assure you, &lc. LA FAYETTE." The reply of Sir H. Clinton. " London, May 29 y 1783. Sir — In consequence of the letter you have done me the honor to write me, I have read over the publication in ques- tion ; and I confess the remark alluded to, from the manner in which it is introduced, appears to make a part of your let- ter. You have certainly, Sir, a right to this acknowledge- ment, and permit me, at the same time, to add the assurances, &c, H. CLINTON." On thef^25th of Nov. 1783, the British evacuated the city of N. York, and the Americans took possession, with great dignity and good order. His Excellency Gen. Washington took an affectionate leave of the officers who had been his brave companions in arms ; retired to Philadelphia, and ex- hibited his accounts to the comptroller, in his own hand wri- ting. He then retired to Annapolis, where Congress were then sitting (by adjournment,) and on the 20th of Dec. 1783, resigned his commission as Commander in Chief of the Amer- ican armies. This was a sublime, a momentous scene ; the affections and emotions of Congress, and of a numerous and splendid audience, did homage to his virtues, by these. tears of grati- tude, that flowed spontaneously upon this solemn, this inter- esting occasion. The father of his country retired to his seat in Virginia, there to enjoy in the bosom of repose, the prayers and bene- dictions of a free and grateful people. The definitive treaty between Great Britain and the Uni- ted States, accompanied with the joint letter of the American Commissioners, bearing date, Passy, Sept. lUth, was laid be- fore Congress on the 13th of Dec. and referred to a special LA FAYETTE. ^6) committee for consideration ; who made their report on the t4th of Jan. 1784, to the acceptance of the nine states, then present, and thus the treaty was ratified, and the seal of the United States affixed thereunto, with the signature of his Ex- cellency Thomas Miflin, president of Congress, General Washington announced these events to his adopted son, the Marquis La Fayette, by letter, and pressed him once more to return to America and enjoy the embraces of his friends and companions in arms. The numerous and pres- sing invitations from his American friends, called the attention of the Marquis to these shores of peace, of happiness, and freedom. His heart obeyed the call, and on the 1st of July he embarked at Havre, on board the packet ship Courier. CHAPTER VX. THE MARQUIS LA FAYETTE RE-VISITS AMERICA. The Marquis La Fayette arrived safe in New York, on the 5th of August, 1784. -Here opened to view a scene in all respects the contrast of the one that presented itself on his first landing in America in 1777. Then the city of N. York was possessed by astrong British army ; Gen. Burgoyne at the head of a second, was marching upon Albany, victoriously ; and Gen. Howe at the head of a third, had landed at the ferry of Elk, and was march- ing upon Philadelphia. Now every hostile Briton had aban- doned the shores of America ; peace, happiness and concord, waved their banners over the 13 United States, and the joy that beamed in every eye, welcomed the young hero to that land of freedom, whose cause he had so nobly bled to defend. No sooner was his arrival announced, than soldiers and citizens, with one heart, pressed to meet him with their con- gratulations, and bid him welcome to his adopted country, the land of liberty and peace. The next day the Marquis was invited to a sumptuous dinner, when his brave compan- ions in arms, once more met him in their mihtary dresses, to give an expression of former days to the hilarity of the 6 62 MEMOIRS OF scene. Here were displayed those feelings of fraternal joys v hich none but kindred souls can feel or express. From the congratulaticns of N. York, the Marquis retired to Philadelphia, where the same scenes again awaited him. His former companions in arms, large bodies of militia, and all the citizens of the first respectability, assembled to meet him, and conduct him into the city ; and in the evening they greeted him with a grand illumination. The next day the corps of revolutionary officers deputed Generals St. Clair, Wayne and Irvine, as a committee to wait on General La Fayette, with the congratulations of the inhab* itants cf Fernsylvania. The folio';ring address, and reply, will shew the feelings of thft occasion : " We, the officers of the Pennsylvania line, deeply impres- sed with a grateful remembrance of your zeal and activity in the cause of our country, beg leave to welcome your return to this city. *' We very sensibly feel all the warmth of affection arising from the intercourse of the field ; and while we look on the scenes of distress that freedom had to encounter, we can nev- er forget, that when destitute of foreign friends, you gener- ously stepped forth, the advocate of our rights. The noble example you gave, by early bleeding in our infant cause, im- prosses us with an idea of your zeal and patriotism. A re- cc'lection of the fortitude and patience with which you have since encountered every difficulty, particularly during that important crisis^ v/herein you were called to the chief com- i^and in Virgin'va., endears you to us as a soldier ; and while we mingle with the class of citizens, we can never forget the influence your conduct had, ia leading us to tlie libert}' and independence we now enjoy. We have the honor to be, with the most perfect esteem, your verv obedient servants. In behalf of the line, A. ST. CLAIR. A WAYNE. WM. IRVING. Major General the Marquis La Fayette. Philadelphia, August 10, 1784." Reply : " Gentlemen — In the wished-for meeting with my brother officers, in your so kind reception, and most obliging ad» LA FAYETTE. 63 (iress, I am more happily, more deeply affected, than words can express ; but my heart has long been open to you gen- tlemen ; and from the value it has by your esteem and friend- ship, you may conceive what, on this occasion, must be my feelings of affection and gratitude. That I early enlisted with you in the cause of liberty, shall be the pride and satis- faction of my life. But while on the glorious conclusion I rejoice with those with whom I had the honor of being a companion in gloomy times, let me once more thank you for the peculiar obligations, which either as a commanding ofl&- cer in Virginia, or as a brother soldier and affectionate friend, ever bind me to the officers of the Pennsylvania line. I have the honor to be gentlemen, with the warmest sen- timents of esteem and respect, your most obedient servant. LA FAYETTE." This interesting scene being closed, the legislature of the State then in session, appointed a committee, composed of a delegate from each county, to present the Marquis La Fay- ette with an address in behalf of the Legislature. The fol- lowing extract will serve to show the feelings of the citizens of Pennsylvania. '* The representatives of the freemen of Pennsylvania of- fer to the Marquis La Fayette their sincerest congratulations upon his arrival at Philadelphia, and welcome him in the name of the State. " Enjoying the blessings of liberty and peace, we contem- plate with much satisfaction those distinguished persons, who disregarding the dangers of the seas, united their efforts to our own, to aid in terminating the war. Among those illus- trious individuals we rank you the chief. Your example and your zeal have animated and encouraged our own citi- zens ; nor did you leave us until we had attained the great object of all our hopes." On the 14th, the Marquis La Fayette took leave of his friends at Philadelphia, and proceeded to Baltimore, on his way to his paternal seat at Mount Vernon. He passed but one night at Baltimore, and the next day hastened to consum- mate his happiness in America. The father of his country with open arms, once more re- oeived to his bosom his adopted son. Here was a scene sur» 6'4 Mf:MOIRS OF passing the powers of the pen or the pencil to describe ; here were the spontaneous effusions of great souls, of kindred spirits, overwhelmned with the sense ot scenes that were past- exulting in the triumphs of the present, and rejoicing in the hopes of the future. Such another scene is not to be found on the whole historic page, because such noble actors are no where else to be found. Twelve successive suns rolled over the mansion where so much greatness and so much goodness were devoted to the highest intellectual enjoyments. On theSIst of August, the Marquis La Fayette once more tore himself away from the paternal embraces of his beloved father, and returned to Baltimore, on his way to Boston. At every stage through this long route he was met by those de- monstrations of joy, gratitude and affection, which flow only from free, generous and grateful hearts. Early in October, the Marquis La Fayette arrived at Hart- ford, (Conn.) where he was met, and escorted into town, by a large and respectable assemblage of citizens, under a dis- charge of artillery. The next day the corporation of the city honoured him with a public dinner, and the Mayor de- livered the following address : " Sir — The Mayor, Alderman, and Common Council, beg leave to welcome your arrival to this city, which owes its birth to the successful toils of those heroes, who signalized themselves in our late contest. We esteem ourselves hap- py in being honoured with the presence of a nobleman, who forsook the pleasures of his native country, risked his life and fortune in the cause of liberty ; and by his exertions, both in the council and in the field, so gloriously shared our toils, and contributed to our success. *■' And while we express our gratitude for your former as- sistance, permit us to entertain the hope from the continu- ance of your friendship, that the same hero, who aided the infant exertions of our country, and whom we are proud to claim as an American general, may still promote the estab- lishment of our empire, and be the means of continuing to us the favour of that nation, to whose assistance we are so greatly indebted for our liberty and independence. *' Amid the pleasure we feel on your arrival, we cannot but regretj^that you? visit to this city, as well as your tout LA FAYETTE. C5 m America, is likely to be of so short continuance ; yet we beg leave to assure you, that in every place you will be at- tended with our constant wishes for your happiness, and that neither ourselves, nor posterity, can enjoy the blessings you have contributed to procure, without the most grateful re- membrance of the benefactor. With sentiments of gratitude and respect, we have the honour to be. Sir, j^our obedient servants. [Signed.] THOMAS SEYMOUR, Mayor. Major General the Marquis La Fayette. Reply : " Gentlemen — Among the many enjoyments this visit af- fords me, 1 am happy to congratulate you upon those general blessings and private advantages, Avhich, ag a reward of vir- tuous efforts in the noblest cause, have attended the rising city of Hartford. '• From your too flattering expressions, gentlemen, I most gratefully conceive the extent of your friendship, so far overpassing those of my merits. But while I delight in the confidence of America, I am sensible in a measure of de- serving it by the warmth of my affectionate, boundless zeal ; and need not add what sense I have of that alliance, so well cemented by common eflforts, common triumphs, and the re- ciprocal esteem which every political principle and nation- al sentiment cannot fail, on both parts, so happily to cherish. " My stay in this country, gentlemen, will ever appear te me too short ; but before I leave it, I shall once more in- dulge the feelings of my heart, in presenting you personally with the respectful tribute of my gratitude, and my ardent wishes for the prosperity of this city. With the highest regard, I h'ave the honor to be, gentle- men, your obedient servant, LA FAYETTE." The next day the Marquis La Fayette set out for Boston, and was met on his way, at Watertown, by his old companions in arms, of the Massachusetts line, who honoured him with a public dinner, and the following address by General Knox j *' We, the late officers of the Massachusetts line of the continental army, embrace the first moment of your arrival, to welcome you with all the sincerity and ardour of fraternal 6» 06 MIMOIRS OF affection ; an affection commenced in the dark hour of our conflict, elevated and perfected through the successive vicis- situdes of the war. *' We beg leave to observe, that we have had repeated oc- casions to witness the display of your mihtary talents, and of joining in the approbation and applause, which our beloved Commander in Chief so often expressed of your conduct. We are deeply impressed with a sense of the various and important services you have rendered our country ; and it will be the pride of some patriotic and enlightened histori- an, to enumerate your actions in the field, and to illustrate your incessant efforts to promote the happiness of these United States. " We shall ever retain the lively gratitude for the inter- position of 3'^our august Sovereign, and nation, at a time when America was oppressed by a formidable enemy. By his in- fluence, and the powerful assistance afforded by his land and naval forces, the war has been happily terminated, and the independence of these United States firmly established, at a period much earlier than the most sanguine patriot could have expected. " A mind like yours, ennobled by a generous attachment to the rights of mankind, must enjoy the highest pleasure in viewing the people to whose cause you so zealously devo- ted yourseli', in full possession of that peace, liberty, and safety, which were the great objects of their pursuit. *' Animated by virtue, and the auspices of your own fame, may you go on to add to the splendour of your character, and heighten the glory of your country, by placing the name of La Fayette on the same list with Conde, Tiirenne, and her other immortal heroes. In behalf of the officers 6f the Massachusetts line, H. KNOX." Reply : " From the instant of our parting, gentlemen, I have been anxiously looking forward to this period. How far my pleasure is completed by your kind welcome, I leave, my beloved friends, your own hearts to determine. " While your affection and confidence ever made me hap- py, let me gratefully acknowledge, that for the marks of our , beloved General, 1 feltmj^self wholly obliged to the gallcuai LA FAYETTE. 67 troops I commanded. Could my conduct in any manner jus- tify your partiality, it will be the pride of my heart to think that America was my school, every one of you my broth- crs, and that I was adopted as a disciple and son of our im- mortal Commander in Chief. *' In the interposition of my Sovereign and nation, I en- joyed more than 1 could express ; every French citizen felt, with a patriotic king, in this happy alliance ; and from those troops who shared in our dangers, you meet with a peculiar regard and attachment. *' During my absence, gentlemen, my heart has been con- stantly with you. As an army, we are separated ; but for- ever, I hope, shall unite in brotherly affection. And non- that a glorious peace has terminated your labours, I rejoice to find your attachment to those principles, for zvhich you have conquered, ranks you among the most virtuous citizens of the Commonwealth. LA FAYETTE." The General Court of Massachusetts being then in session in Boston, the governor and council, and many of rlie mem- bers of the House of Assembly, together Avith the whole Massachusetts line of officers of the late army, were pres- ent at this interesting scene, and conducted the Marquis into Boston, attended by a numerous and splendid retinue of citizens. Tha next day the legislative body passed a resolution, *' That the Marquis La Fayette be invited, by the President of the Senate, the Speaker of the House of Representatives, and the Supreme Executive, to meet the two Houses of As- embly in the Senate room, to congratulate him upon his safe arrival in the United States, after the final establishment of peace, to which his friendly influence in Europe had largely contributed." The citizens of Boston vied with the Legislature in their testimonials of respect, affection and gratitude, and invited him to a splendid dinner at Faneuil Hall, accompanied by the Governor and Council, the clergy, seventy-tive officers of the late American army, and numerous other persons of eminence and worth. *' When General Washington's name was given as a toast, the Marquis rose from his seat, and with a tear starting in hi? ti8 MBMOIRS OF eye, began the act of applause, which was continued, and repeated again and again, by the whole company." " In other places the Marquis La Fayette also met a cor- dial and distinguished reception. His ardent attachment to America, and his great services in her cause, were still fresh m the recollection of all. It was known that he had advo- cated our independence in Europe, and exerted his influ- ence with his generous Prince to aid in its support. It was remembered, * that in the moment of our greatest misfor- tunes, he espoused the cause of America ;' that his milita- ry talents, and the ardour of his virtuous mind had been de- voted to our interest ; and while ' gratitude should be ac- counted a virtue, the name of La Fayette will not cease to be dear to Americans." In December, 1784, when the Marquis La Fayette was about to bid adieu once more to the shores of America, and re-visit his own native land, he addressed a note to Congress, and expressed a desire to take a respectful leave of that honorable body, before his final departure. Congress immediately appointed a committee to confer up- on the subject, who presented the following report : " That the merits and services of General La Fayette render it proper, that such opportunity of taking leave of Congress, be afforded, as may strongly manifest their esteem and regard for him." Whereupon it wa; resolved, "that a committee to consist of a member from each State, be appointed to receive the Marquis, and in the name of Congress, take leave of him. That they be instructed to assure him that Congress continue to entertain the same'high sense of his abilities and zeal to promote the welfare of America, both here and in Europe, which they have frequently expressed and manifested upon former occasions, and which the recent marks of his atten- tion to their commercial and other interests have perfectly confirmed. That as his uniforn and unceasing attachment to this country, has resembled that of a patriotic citizen, the United States regard him with particular affection, and will not cease to feel an interest in whatever may concern his honor and prosperity ; and that their best and kindest wishes will alTfays attend him.' LA FAYETTE. Gf^ Congress further resolved, " That a letter be written to his Most Christian Majesty, and signed by the President of Congress, expressive of the high sense the United States en- tertain of the real talents, and meritorious services of the Marquis La Fayette ; and recommending him to the particu- lar favour and patronage of his Majesty." The committee agreeable to appointment, received the Marquis La Fayette in the Hall of Congress, and in the name of that honorable bod}^, communicated to him their instruc- tions, with the resolves of Congress, and took an atfection- ate leave. The Marquis closed this interesting scene by the following reply : " While it pleases the Congress of the United States so kindly to receive me, I want words to express the feelings of a heart, which delights in their present situation, and in the public marks of their esteem. " Since Ijoined the standard of liberty, to this wished-for hour of my personal congratulations, I have seen such glo- rious deeds performed, and virtues displayed, by the sons of America, that in the instant of my first concern for them, I had anticipated but a part of the love and regard which de- vote me to this rising empire. " During our revolution, I obtained an unh'mited, indul- gent confidence, which I am equally proud and happy to ac- knowledge ; it dates with the time, when an inexperienced youth, 1 could only claim my respected friend's parental adoption. It has been most benevolently continued through every circumstance of the cabinet, and the field ; and in per- sonal friendships, 1 have often found a support against public difficulties. While on this solemn occasion, 1 mention my obligations to Congress, the States, and the people at large, permit ma to remember my dear military companions, to whose services their country is so much indebted. "Having felt both for the timely aid of my country, and for the part she, with a beloved king, acted in the cause of mankind, I enjoy an alliance so well rivetted by mutual affec- tion, by interest, and even local situation. Recollection in- sures it. Futurity does but enlarge the prospect ; and the private intercourse will every day increase, which independ- ent and advantageous trade cherishes, in proportion as it is justly understood. '^O IVipMOIRS OF *' In unbounded wishes to America, 1 ain happy to observe the prevailing disposition of the people to strengthen the confederation, preserve public faith, regulate trade ; and in a proper guard over continental magazines and frontier posts ; in a general system of militia, in foreseeing attention to the navy, to ensure every kind of safety. May this immense temple of freedom ever stand a lesson to oppressors, an ex- ample to the oppressed, a sanctuary for the rights of mankind 1 And may these happy U. States attain that complete splendor and prosperity, which will illustrate the blessings of their governments, and for ages to come, rejoice the souls of their departed lounders. " However unwilling to trespass on your time, I must yeti present you with my greatful thanks for the late favours of' Congress ; and never can they oblige me so much, as whem they put it in my power, in evxry part of the world, and to the latest day of my life, to gratify the attachment, which i will ever rank me among the most zealous and respectful! servants of the United States." In 1784, most of the States passed laws, naturalizing the iVlarquis La Fayette, and his male descendants ; a sample ofi which may be seen in the following act of the State of I Maryland : " Whereas, the General Assembly of the State of Mary- land is desirous of perpetuating a name so dear to all, and to recognize the Marquis La Fayette for one of its own citi- zens ; one who, at the age of eighteen, left his country, risk- ed his life in the vicissitudes of the revolution, &c. There- fore it is declared by the General Assembly of Maryland, that the Marquis La Fayette, and his male descendants for- ever, shall be, and each is hereby acknowledged, and held as citizens born in this State, and henceforth shall enjoy the rights, privileges and immunities of natural born citizens j provided that he conform himself to the constitution, and laws of this State." &c. I The Marquis La Fayette, with this parting leave of Con« gress, retired to New York, where a frigate was in waiting tc convey hina to France. He passed ten days in the cordial and social enjoyments of his friends, and embarked once more for the shores of big dear native land. •* From the forts on the battery, the standard of the United States waved to him its stars and its stripes ; and thirtcer. LA FAYETTE. Ti cannon announced the number of States that gjrieved over his departure.'* The character of the Marquis La Fayette in America, has uniformly displayed all that is great, noble, generous, benev- olent, patriotic, and valient ; and the latest generations will rise up to bless his memory. CKAPTSR VIE. ■ AUSES THAT LED TO THE FRENCH REVOLUTION GENERAL EVENTS OF THAT REVOLUTION. The labours of Martin Luther and the light of the re- ibrmation had disclosed the mysteries of iniquity, and shewn to a certain portion of Europe, the fallacy and corruption of auricular confession, the sale of indulgences, pardon and re- missions, the absurdity of purgatory, and a papal supremacy. The expansion given to the mind by the arts and sciences, led the philosophers of France, and of Europe, to discover the same mystery of iniquity through another channel ; and in their turn, to set at defiance the corruptions of popery, and the supremacy of the pope. The bull Unigenitus,* kin- dled the fire that rallied the parties to the contest. The power of the kings of France had been from the time of Clovis, Pepin, and Charlemagne, inseparably interwoven with the supremacy of the pope : of course, Louis XIV. supported the bull ; the parHaments,tbe body of the nation, together with many of the higher as v/ell as the lower or- ders of the clergy, opposed the bull — and the nation was divided into two great parties ; the pope and the king on one side, and the parliaments and the people upon the other ; but the death of Louis gave a check to the quarrel. The licentiousness which the duke of Orleans introduced at court, and diffused through the nation, diverted the quarrel, until Louis XV. came to the throne. The arbitrary spirit ^ Thedecisioa of the Popej in the quarrel betweeu the Jansenists and Jesuits. 72 MEMOIRS OF of Louis, led him to espouse the cause of the pope, and the Jesuits ; Parliaments as warmly espoused the cause of the people. Arbitrary power, united in the pope and king, to- gether with the absurd superstition of the church of Rome, became the subjects of dispute. Here, as in all such controversies, was displayed the ex- tremes of the passions ; liberty was arrayed against tyranny, licentiousness against superstition, and science and philosophy against ignorance and corruption : the conflict was violent ; Louis pushed his powers to the extreme ; the Parliaments wei'e firm ; Louis dissolved the Parliaments ; their spirits were unbroken ; the people clamored ; one Francis Da- mien, (a fanatic) stabbed the king ; this brought him to his senses : he recovered of the wound, and restored the parlia- ments. They now triumphed in their turn ; they demanded that the Jesuits, who had caused the quarrel, should be sup- pressed : Louis complied, abolished their order, gave them up to civil prosecutions, and banished them from France, The corruptions of their institute were discovered, and ex- posed to the world ; their colleges were seized ; their estates confiscated ; and they became the reproach of the world. Elated with this great victory, the Parliaments attempted to limit and humble the crown. They not Only refused to re- gister certain obnoxious edicts of the king : but commenced prosecutions against such authorities as dared to oppose them : here they were at issue again, and the contest con- tinued. At this period, the Marquis La Fayette returned from America to France, to become an actor in the distressing scenes of his own country. The revenue of France, had been greatly deranged by the aid she had given to the Uni- ted States, and there appeared no one competent to the task of restoring it. Numerous expedients were resorted to, from time to time, to accomplish the desired object, but they all proved abortive. At length the Minister of Finance, Monsieur Calonne, proposed to the King, to convene one of the great councils of the nation, that of the States General or of the Notables. The former consisted of deputies cho- sen by the three estates, viz. the nobility, clergy and the people ; but it had not been convened since the days of Louis XIIL in 1614. The Assembly of Notables consisted LA FAYETTE. of members selected from the higher orders of the state, from all parts of the kingdom, immediately by the call of the King, and was prefered, at this time by the minister, as be- ing most likely to favour the views of the crown. The King met the views of the Minister, and writs were issued accordingly, to convene the Notables on the 29th of Decem- ber, 1 786. The Marquis La Fayette was called as a member of this Assembly. On the 22d of February, through various delays, the Assembly was opened for the first time, and the Minister Calonne opened his plan for organizing and re- t«toring the finances of the kingdom ; but the Count Mira= beau was there, and opposed the plans of the minister with such violence as induced him to resign in disgust, and retire to England. Th-c views of this Assembly were wholly at variance with the object for which they were convened, and the rights of the crown ; the seeds of the old quarrel soon began to expand, and instead of bettering the state of the finances, they directed their whole strength to abridge the powers of the crown. Louis appointed the Archbishop of Toulouse to succeed the Minister Calonne ; ordered the Assembly to be dissolved, and attempted to raise a revenue by his royal edicts. The Parliament of Paris interposed, and declared that " whoever should attempt to enforce the edicts of the King should be declared an enemy to his coun- try." The King attempted to dismiss the Parliament ; bui before they dissolved their sittings they registered an opin- ion, " that no permanent tax could be legally imposed, ex- cept by the authority of the estates of the kingdom, viz. the nobility, the clergj^ and the people." This measure put. a veto upon the proceedings of the King, and he recalled the Parliament, and entered into a compromise, by giving up or recallmg his edicts, with an expectation that the Parliament would meet him upon this conciliatory gTound ; but he was deceived ; and the Parliament rose in their own estimation and demands. The King, in November, laid before them one edict, for raising about two million sterling, by loan, and an other, for re-establishing the protestants in their civil rights.. The Duke of Orleans, (first prince of the blood) entered his protest against the edicts, as an infringement of the rights of parliament ; the King retired in disgust, and the parliament sanctioned the protest. 7 74 MEMOIRS OF The King resented this outrage upon his authority, hy or- deringthe banishment of the Duke of Orleans, and issuing Uttres de cachet against two of the most refractory members : but the Duke was recalled, and the members set at liberty soon after. The King next removed the Secretary of Finance, and re- called Neckar. This was a change of men only ; a revolu- tion had commenced, and no change of measures could be ef- fected, but such as were carried forward m the general cur- rent of the passions of the day. M. Neckar proposed to the King to convene the States General, as the only possible expedient of relieving the em- barrassment of the finances ; the King consented ; the As- sembly of the States Gene?al was convened accordingly, and commenced their sittings on the 5th of May, 1789. The King opened the Assembly with a conciliatory speech, and besought them to remove the embarrassments of the nation ; but it had no effect. The passions that had kindled and kept alive the old quarrel were soon displayed in the States Gen- eral. The nobility and clergy were determined to carry all questions by a majority of their orders ; the commons objec- ted, who, being joined by several of the nobility and clergy, with the AbbeSieyes at their head, resolved, upon amotion of the Abbe, " that the commons, with such members of the nobility and clergy as had united with them, were the known and acknowledged representatives of the nation." This mo- tion was carried the next day, and the name of States Gener- al was changed to that of the Natio7ial Assembly. The power was now in the hands of the people, and they commenced their regular attacks upon the powers of the crown. To check this procedure, the King directed ex- pressly, that the three orders in the Assembly should sepa- rate ; but the commons opposed the order ; and upon a mo- tion of Count Mirabeau, voted *' that the person of each mem- ber should be considered as inviolable." The Marquis La Fayette was a member of this Assembly, and in the month of July following, he opened the subject of a constitution to the Assembly, by an address, which contamed the following memorable remarks : *' Call to mind the sentiments which nature has engraven uposi the heart of every citizen ; and which assumes a new LA FAYETTE. 75 force when recognized by all. For a nation to love libert)% it is sufficient that she knows it ; for a nation to be free, it is sufficient that she wills it." Overawed in some measure by the large assemblage of troops in and about Paris, the Assembly saw the necessity of a military force, to counteract the movements of the crown. They resolved that 40,000 citizens should be enrolled as na- tional guards ; and in two days, 270,000 men were enrolled in the city of Paris. The Marquis La Fayette was appointed Commander in Chief of the national guards, which was ap- proved by the King. The guards were without arms ; but they seized upon all that fell in their way. A vast mob assaulted the hospital of invalids ; took 30,0'^^0 muskets and 20 pieces of cannon. They next intercepted all the couriers of the court, and disclosed their despatches. The National Assembly sent a deputation to the King, with a demand, that the large body of troops in the Champ de Mars should be withdrawn ; to which the King replied, " I have already made known to you the measures the disorders in Paris have obliged me to adopt ; I alone have the right to Judge of the necessity, and in that respect can make no change." The troops, however, were withdrawn in the night. On the next day, the people, still in quest of arms, went to the Bastile, and sent a small deputation to the gover- nor, who were admitted ; soon a firing was heard within the prison ; this enraged the populace ; they flew to the Bastile with a strong military force, the governor fired on the mob with cannon and grape shot, which so enraged the populace that an immediate assault commenced ; the gover- nor displayed the white flag ; a parly ensued, and a second deputation was admitted ; a second firing commenced within the prison. This became the signal for a general assault ; a violent conflict ensued ; the prison was forced ; the gover- nor massacred ; the principal officers executed, and their heads exhibited upon poles, throughout the streets of Paris. The prisoners were set free ; the keys were carried to the National Assembly, and they decreed the destruction of the Bastile. This decree was immediately executed, by an in- furiated mob. The destruction of thfi Bastile diffused a general spirit of ?B MEMOIRS OF t^uthusiastn and triumph throughout the nation, and may he r-onsidered as the tocsin of that liberty, which eventually changed the political character of France. The King the next day repaired to the Hall of the Na- tional Assembly, and by a speech, attempted to soothe the violence of the proceedings. But it was now too late ; the die was cast ; negotiation was now at an end ; violence had commenced ; blood had been spilt ; and the nation was in arms. This explosion had disclosed the passions that had been in agitation for nearly a half century, and had been ripening for this scene since the days of Louis XIV. Alarmed for their safety, the princes of the blood, and ma- ny of the nobility, and clergy, abandoned their country, and fled into exile. The populace, enraged at this procedure, took vengeance on such as remained ; cut off their heads and exposed them upon poles, through the streets of Paris — Au- gust 4 . On the 15th of August, the Assembly decreed the inviola- bility of the King, freedom of opinion in matters of religion, liberty of speech, liberty of the press, and the rights of man. The alarm became general in Paris ; the King sent the plate of the crown to the mint ; the Assembly sent the plate of the church to the mint. On the 5th of October, an infuriated mob assembled at Ver- sailles, with an intent to murder the King and Q,ueen, and royal family. But the Marquis La Fayette put himself at the head of the national guards, and arrived in season to check the outrage, and save the royal iamily. The next day, he conducted the King and Queen, and royal family, to Paris, at the head of 60,000 men, and lodged them in the palace of the Thuilleries. The same night the Assembly sent to the King a deputation, with the declaration of the rights of man, which he accepted. On the 1st of November, the Assembly decreed the aboli- tion of all lettres de cachet, all arbitrary imprisonments, all dis- tinction of orders, and the confiscation of ecclesiastical es- tates ; a free toleration m rehgion, and an equality of privi- leges. These violent proceedings, in such rapid succession, alarmed the friends of the crown, and led the^ to attempt u union of effort, to check this mad career, and save the King and governmeiit from licentiousness, and restore the author- ity of the crown. This effort existed only in name, and ser- LA FAYETTE. 77 ved only to inflame the populace. The system of revolu- tion had long been matured, and every means was regularly seized to progress the plan. A government was now fixed in the National Assembly ; a military force was organized ; the Bastile was destroyed ; the King was a prisoner in his palace, and his prerogative was set at defiance with the de- cree of the rights of man. The clergy, who had so violently assisted the crown to enforce the bull Unigenitus, were now stripped of their power, by the act of free toleration, and the confiscation of their estates. Money alone was now wanting to consummate the views of the revolutionists ; this they knew could not be raised by taxes upon the people ; the Assembly therefore issued paper money, called assignats, and decreed the Jews of Spain, Portugal and Avignon, citizens of France, and their taxes abolished — January 1790. They next caused the civil oath to be administered to the King and the whole cit}'^ of Paris ; all religious cloisters to be abolish- ed, and their estates confiscated. The Minister of Finance, Neckar, sent in his resignation to the Assembly ; they de- creed a monument to be erected to the memory of J. J. Ros- seau, and that his widow and family be supported at the pub- lic expence. These were the general outlines of the pro- ceedings of the Assembly this year ; but the distractions of the city of Paris can never be described. In February 1791, the Marquis La Fayette addressed the following letter to one of the members of the National Assem- bly, then in the country : *' Paris is divided by factions, and the kingdom oppressed by anarchy. The violent aristocrats dream of a counter revolution — the clergy concur with them. The impartial monarchists are looking for a part to play, without the means of doing it. Among the fri^ds of the revolution, you have many honest men, some lose themselves in speculations — and some Jacobins, whose leaders spread trouble every where. As to the ministers, they are merged in the revolu- tion ; and have no rule, but to yield to the popular voice. The-^^ueen is resigned to the revolution, — hoping that opin- ions will soon change. The King wishes the happiness of the people, and the general tranquillity, to begin his own. As to myself, I am attacked by all the party leaders, who con- sider roe an obstacle not to be overcome, or intimidated. Add 7* 7^ MEMOIRS OF to this, the hatred of the aristocrats, and of the Orleans party ; of the Lameths, with whom I was formerly connected ; of Mirabeaii, who says I despise him ; the money distributed, the Hbels, the dissatisfaction I give those whom I prevent irom pillaging Paris — and you will have the sum of all which is going on against me. But except a few ardent heads who are mislead, the well meaning, from the highest to the low- est, are for me. " I stand well with the National Assembly, except a few disreputable Jacobins. I have little connexion with the court, for I can derive no use from it to my country ; and yet I am aware advantage is taken from my neglect to intrigue. Some friends are at work with me, upon a plan of conduct. by which the revolution will be consolidated, the good basis of the constitution established, and public order restored. The chief talents of the Assembly, Mirabeau himself, cannor but support this plan. Here then are courts established, and juries are decreed ; this is the moment to let our voice be heard with force, propriety and utility. " You have accepted the coalition which my heart and my patriotism have offered you. You lately said to one of my friends, " If La Fayette and I understand each other well, we shall establish a constitution." *' My first wish is to finish the revolution speedil}', and well, to secure the constitution on solid foundations, to em- ploy for that purpose, all I possess of national confidence, and personal means ; and then to be nothing more in France, than an active citizen. Adieu, LA FAYETTE." In April, 1791 , the King attempted to go to St. Cloud to pass the Easter holy-days ; a violent tumult ensued, and the Kins; and royal family were compelltd by the mob to return to the Thuilleries. Here, for the first time, Louis realized that he was a prisoner in his palace ; here, for the first time, the Marquis La Fayette began to realize, that it was easier to raise popular tumult, than to check and controul it ; and that what he and his friends, the Moderates, had contemplated afi it reform in the government, had now become a revolution in the hands of the Jacobins, irresistible and uncontroulable. ihe complaints of the King to the Assembly produced no mora effect^ than the remonstrances of the Marquis La Fay- LA FAYETTE. 79 ettc to the mob. The King was a prisoner ; the govern- ment subverted, ond the efforts of man could not controul the violence of the tornado. Disgusted with the proceedings, and enraged at the disobe* diencc of the national guards, the Marquis La Fayette i^sign- ed his command. This step alarmed the National Assembly ; they knew the Marquis La Fayette to be a brave, and an honest man, and felt themselves safe when he was in com- mand ; and they united their infiuence with the national gu;irds to induce him to resume the command. After repeated so- licitations and assurances, the Marquis complied with their wishes, and resumed the command of the miUtary. At this time, the minister at war announced to the Assem- bly, that the emigrants were assembled on the frontier, to in- vade France ; that they had been reviewed by the prince of Conde ; that their uniform was black, faced with yellow, and their motto, " Conquer, or die." This inflamed the As- sembly and the nation like a shock of electricity ; they de- creed the ashes of Voltaire worthy the Pantheon ; the pop- ulace assembled in the Palace Royal, and burnt the Pope in effigy. The violence of the new principles were now dis- played ; Voltaire was deified, and the Pope consumed. This v/as, in miniature, the triumph of the old parties ; the fall of superstition, and the triumph of philosophy ; but the triumph of the szvord of Charlemagne zvas yet behind the cur- tain ; this was in the hands of a set of men who had not yet disclosed it. The King, aware of the eventful crisis that awaited him, attempted to convey his family, by a secret flight, to Montme- dy, a strong town on the north of France ; but he was arres- ted at Varennes by the populace, and conducted back to Paris- under a guard of 30,000 men, and again committed to tht Thuilleries, June 29th, 179L The following Placards were posted upon the walls ot" Paris : '' Whoever shall applaud the King, shall be cudgelled ; whoever shall insidt the King, shall be hanged." The gen- eral alarm was great, but the Marquis La Fayette conducted the escort with great solemnity and good order ; and the Na- tional Assembly became permanent. They sent a deputa- tion to the King to inquire into the cause of his departure ; and he assured them it was not his intentioa to leave the no M^ioiRS Of kingdom, but only to reside at Montmedy, until the natioft be- came tranquil, and the constitution settled ; he remonstra- ted against the riotous abuse the Queen received in Paris, and expressed great anxiety for her safety. This movement of the King rekindled the flames of the revolution. Robes- pierre appeared in the Champ de Mars, at the head of a vast multitude, and petitioned that the king might be dethroned. At this critical moment, a coalition commenced between the Emperor Leopold and the King of Prussia, against France. On the 1st of August, the Minister at War announced that the emigrants, to the number of 8000, were assembled upon the Meuse and Moselle, under the Prince of Conde, and were supported by another body of 10,000, headed by the two brothers of the King. " On the 14th of September, the new Constitution was fin- ished, and presented to the King, by a deputation of 60 members, and the Assembly decreed, that the Constitution be solemnly published throughout France. The King re- ceived the Constitution, and repaired immediately to the Hall of the National Assembly to sign it. Pie closed his memorable speech upon this occasion with these words : " I come solemnly to consecrate my acceptation of the constitutional code ; and I swear to be faithful to the nation and the laws ; and to emplo}^ all the powers with which 1 am intrusted to maintain the constitution decreed by the Na- tional Assembly, and to cause the laws to be executed. May this great and memorable epoch, be the cause of re-estab- lishing peace, and union ; and become the basis of the wel- fare of the people, and the prosperity of the empire." The burst of applause which filled all Paris, and resound- ed through the nation, cannot be described. A grand festi- val was given in the Champ Ehsses ; one hundred thousand citizens danced upon the occasion ; and at the distance of every hundred yards, was constructed a highly illuminated orchestra, where the musicians played ; and the air re- sounded every half hour, with the dischatge of one hundred and thirty pieces of cannon, placed on the banks of the Seine. Upon a tree of liberty, planted upon the old site of the Bastile, was displayed the following inscription ; LA FAYETTE. Sf '• Here is the epoch of liberty. We dance on the ruins oj despotism. The Constitutio7i is finished. Long live patriot^ i^m^ This exhibition was given in order to make an agreeable impression upon the nation. .To render that impresFion more permanent, a vast amphitheatre was constructed in the Champ de Mars, that would contain more than three hundred thousand spectators. The 1 4th of Jul}^ was the day assign- ed for the king and all the authorities of France publicly to take the oath of fidelity to the Constitution. " The temple where the ceremony was to be performed, was erected in the middle of the Champ de Mars. In a large circle on this spot, twelve posts, between 50 and 60 feet high, were pla» ced at equal distances, except in front, where a large space was left between them, by the way of entrance. On each alternate post was fastened ivy, laurel, &c. so as to formu thick body, which entirely covered up the post. These greens were shorn into the form of Doric columns, of dimen- sions proportioned to their height. The intervening posts were covered with white cloth, which was so artificially folded, as exactly to resemble fluted pillars, from the bases of which ascended spiral wreaths of flowers. The whole was connected at the top by a bold festoon of foliage, and the capital of each column was surmounted at top by a vase of white lilUes. In the middle of this temple was placed the altar, hung round with lillies, and on this was placed the book of the constitution. The ascent to the altar was by a large flight of steps, covered with beautiful tapestry." " At a short distance from the altar was erected a throne for the King, and a magnificent pavillion for the Queen and royal family. Triumphal arches also were prepared through which the procession was to pass. '•Everything having been arranged and decorated, Uie important era was ushered in, by the firing of cannon, ring- ing of bells, and great parade. "At 10 o'clock the grand procession was formed. Gen- eral La Fayette advanced at the head of the national guards, followed by the electors of the city of Paris ; the principal members of the municipality ; the deputies of the National Assembly ; the deputies from the different departments ; a deputation from the army and navy, headed by two Marshal 82 >1£M0IRS OF of France. A body of national guards closed the proces- sion. " The King had been appointed, for that day only, su- preme commander of all the national guards of France, and he named General La Fayette as his delegate to perform the duties. " The ceremony was introduced by the celebration of mass, at which the Bishop of Autun, (Talleyrand,) officiated. General La Fayette, as commander in chief, first advanced to take the oath. AVhen he left th^ foot of the throne, and moved towards the altar, the trumpets be^an to sound ; and a vast band of martial music continued to play until he ascend- ed the steps of the altar. He then laid the point of his sword upon the Bible, which lay upon the table of the altar, and raising his other hand towards the sky, the music ceas- ed ; a universal silence prevailed, whilst he pronounced, '• We swear to be forever faithful to the Nation, the law, and to the King ; to maintain to the utmost of our powers, the Constitution decreed by the National Assembly, and ac- cepted by the King." As soon as he had finished, the trum- pets began again to sound ; but were drowned by the acclam- ations of Vive la Nation. " The members of the National Assembly then rose, and when the president pronounced the oath in his own name, each member repeated aloud, ' I swear,' &c. until the oath was closed." Again the trumpets sounded, and the people cried, Vive la Nation. After the same manner, all distinct bodies took the oath. Lastly, the King arose to take the oath, and stretching his hand towards the altar, repeated "I, King of the French, swear to employ all. the power that is consigned to me by the Constitutional Law of the State, in maintaining the Con- stitution, which has been decreed by the National Assembly, and accepted by me ; and I swear to put the laws in execu- tion." *' A signal being given that the King had taken the oath, the air resounded with alternate peals of artillery, and shouts of the people ; and thus the ceremony closed." , The Constituent or National Assembly closed its sittings on the 30th of September, J 791 . The new Legislative A?- LA FAYETTE. 83 aeuibly,beiug regularly chosen under the new Constitution, commenced its sittings on the 1st of October. The King of the French despatched letters to all the emi- grant princes, conjuring them to return to France ; but they had carried with them the seeds of the old quarrel ; they were not cordial to this new order of things ; it went directly to destroy all their power ; and they refused to return. The Count de Artois declared, that they had taken up arms to restore the Roman Catholic religion and its ministers, and to give the King his liberty and authority. The Assembly passed a decree to compel them to return ; but the King re- fused to sanction the decree. Thus balanced under the new order of things, new scenes^ soon opened to view. A society of Moderates, styled Feu- illans, was formed, and began to diffuse their influence and sentiments to regulate the government. This society breath- ed the opinions of reform, not revolution in government ; limited monarchy, such as was contemplated by the Marquis La Fayette and others ; not a republican system. This club called into view the Jacobin Club, which originated in an assemblage of about forty literary gentlemen, in the life- time of Voltaire, and m the reign of Louis XV. for the pur- pose of diffusing general information in France. The prin- cipal design of this club was to counteract the despotic pow- er of Popish'superstition, and through the means of a more general knowledge, to rouse up the nation to a just sense of their rights, and to inspire them with zeal to recover their ancient power and greatness. The club of the Feuillans or Moderates was opposed to this, and their opposition forced the Jacobins from their concealment. They came forward boldly ; and met regu- ' larly. Their numbers were small, but their names had great weight, and gave strength and influence to the club, un- til it soon bore down, and destroyed the Moderates. The great plan of this club was to discuss such questions as were most likely to claim the attention of the National Assembly, and thus to influence and controul that body. This club was regularly organized, with a president, secre- tary, &c. ; and the debates were conducted with the greatest order. Auditors were admitted into the galleries, wh© caught the spirit of the club, and by their applause, prg- 84 MEMOIRS OF claimed it through the nation. The influence of this Jaco- bin club soon became great, and gave law to the nation. At this eventful crisis appeared Condorcet's manifesto, ad- dressed to all states and nations ; the National Assembly de- creed it, and presented it to the King. Two sentences of this will be a sufficient sample of the whole : *' Peace, which imposture, intrigue and treason have ban- ished, will never cease to be our first wishes. France will take up arms, compelled to do so for her internal peace and safety ; she will be seen to lay them down with joy the mo- ment she is assured there is nothing to fear for that liberty, for that equality, which is now the only element in which Frenchmen can live." Condorcet was a Jacobin, and here disclosed the whole plan which had been so long concealed ; and in concealment, wrought such astonishing effects. The compact for a mil- itarv republic was formed, and the King, like Charles I. of England, was only a tool in the hands of the Jacobin club. In January, 1792, the National Assembly passed a decree against the emigrant princes. The King of Prussia publicly declared " that Louis XVI. having accepted the new Constitution, prevented his acting in his defence." The affairs of the revolution now began to excite a gen- eral alarm throughout Europe. They all knew what France once was, and what she had never ceased in her efforts to become again, viz. the empire of the west ; they dreaded a military republic in the heart of Europe, atmed with all the resources, military experience, and wild enthusiasm of France. The King of Prusssia and the King of Bohemia en- 'tered into a secret treaty, to prepare for the worst. This treaty was soon known in France, and excited alarm. Louis XVI. to secure his own safety, wrote immediately to the Emperor. *' I demand of the King of Bohemia an entire renunciation of all coalition and armament against France, and I declare to him, that if he does not do this, the King will regard him, from the present, as in a state of war." The Emperor died in 36 hours, and was succeeded by his eldest son Francis II. He immediately announced to the world, through his minister, that he had adopted the political system of the Emperor, his father. A general change now took place in the French ministry. LA FAYETTE. ;i.:. At this time, the Marquis La Fayette was appointed, at the request of the King, to take command of the army of the centre, in Flanders, to oppose a foreign invasion. General La Fayette accepted the appointment, and in his acceptance asiured the Assembly of " his determination to support thp Constitution." To which the President replied: *' The French natio?) who have sworn to conquer and to live free, will always, with confidence, present to their foes and to tyrants, thf- Constitution, and La Fayette." The Marquis retired immediately to his post, and used hi- utmost exertions to introduce a spirit of discipline and order into his department of the army ; but the factions of the National Assembly had extended to the armies, and the gen- erals w^ere all watched by commissioners delegated from that body, with powers to regulate and control their movements. Impressed with the ruinous absurdity of this procedure, the Marquis wrote the following letter to the Legislative body : At the entrenched camp of f Maubeuge, i6thJune^ll92. ^ '* Gentlemen — At the moment, perhaps too long deferred s in which I am about to call your attention to the highest pub lie interests, and to point out among our dangers, the conduct of a ministry f whom I have for a long time censured in m\ correspondence, I learn that, unmasked in consequence ot its own division, it has fallen a sacrifice to its own intrigues [This was the Brissotin ministry.] It is not enough howev- er, that this branch of the government has been delivered from its disastrous influence. The public welfare is in per- il — The fate of France depends principally on its represen tatives — The nation expect from them its security. But in giving them a constitution, France has prescribed to them the only means by which she can be saved. " Persuaded, gentlemen, that as the rights of man are the law of every constituent assembly, a constitution ought to be the law of the legislators, which that constitution shall have established. It is to you that I ought to denounce the too powerful efforts which are maldng, to induce you to depart from that course which you have promised to pursue. *' Nothing shall deter me from the services of this right of a free man^ to fulfil this duty of a citizen ; neither the ma- 8 86 MEMOIRS OF mentary errors of opinion ; for what are opinions when they depart from principles ; nor my respect for the representa- iives of the people ; for I respect still more the people^ whose sovereign will it is to have a constitution : nor the be- nevolence and kindness which you have constantly evinced for myself ; for I would preserve that as I obtained it, by an inflexible love of liberty. " Your situation is difficult — France is menaced from with- out, and agitated within. Whilst foreign powers announce the intolerable (inadmissible) project of attacking our na- tional sovereignty, and avow it as a principle ! at the same time the enemies of France, its interior enemies, intoxicated with fanaticism and pride, entertain chimerical hopes, and annoy us with their insolent malevolence. You ought, gen- tlemen, to repress them ; and you will have the power so to do, only when you shall become constitutional and just. You wish it, no doubt; but cast your. eyes upon all that passes within your own body and around you. Can you dissemble even to yourself, that a faction, (and to avoid all vague de- nunciations) the jacobin faction, have caused all these disor- ders ? It IS that which I boldly accuse — organized like a sep- arate empire in the metropolis, and in its affiliated societies, blindly directed by some ambitious leaders, this sect forms a corporation entirely distinct in the midst of the French peo- ple, whose powers it usurps, by tyrannizing over its repre- sentatives and constituted authorities. " It is in that body, in its public meetings, the love of the laws is denounced as aristocracy, and their breach as patri- otism. There the assassins of Dessilles receive their tri- umphs, the crimes of Jourdan find panegyrists. There, the recital of the massacre which has stained the city of Mentz, has also been received with infernal acclamations ! Have they become sacred because the Emperor Leopold has pro- nounced their name ? And because it is our highest duty to combat ihe foreigners, who mingle in our domestic quarrels, are we at liberty to refrain from delivering our country from domestic tyranny ? " Of what importance is it, as to the fulfilment of this duty, that strangers have their projects and their connivance, and concert with our internal foes ? It is I, who denounce to you this sect [the jacobms ;] I, who, without speaking of my past life, can repl^ to those who suspect my motives— LA FAYETTE. 87 • Approach, in this moment of awful crisis, when the char- acter of each man must be known, and see which of us, more inflexible in his principles, more obstinate in his resistance, will more courageously overcome those obstacles and those dangers, which traitors to their country conceal, and which true citizens know how to appreciate, and to brave for her." " And how could I delay longer to fulfil this duty, whilst every successive day weakens still more the constituted au- thorities, substitutes the spirit of party, for the will of the people ; whilst the audacity of the agitators, [the disorgan- jzers] imposes silence on peacable citizens, throws into re- tirement useful men, and whilst devotion to the sect or party stands in the place of public and private virtues, which, in a free country, ought to be the austere [severe, or strict] and only means of attaining to public office. " It is, after having opposed to all the obstacles, and to all the snares, which were laid for me,^the courageous and per- severing patriotism ef an army, sacrificed perhaps to con- spiracies against its commander, [La Fayette was the com- mander] that I now oppose to this faction, the correspon- dence of a ministry^ worthy representatives of its club — a correspondence, the calculations of which are false, its promises vain and illusory — its information deceitful or friv- olous — its advice perfidious or contradictory — correspon- dence, in which, after pressing me to advance without pre- caution — to attack without means — they finally began to tell me that resistance was impossible, when I indignantly repelled the cowardly and base assertion. What a remarkable con- formity of language, gentlemen, between the factions whom the aristocracy avow, and those who usurp the name of pat- riots! They both wish to overthrow our laws, rejoice in our disorders, array themselves against the constituted au- thorities, detest the national guards (the militia) — preach in- subordination to the army — sow, at one moment distrust, at another discouragement. "As to myself, gentlemen, who embraced the American cause at the moment when its embassadors declared to me that it was perilous or desperate — who from that moment have devoted my life to a persevering defence of liberty and of the sovereignty of the people — who, on the 14th of July, 1789, (after the taking of the Bastile,) in presenting to my country a declaration of rights, dared to say, ** that in order ,8 MEMOIRS OF that a nation should be free, it is only necessary that it should ui7/ so to be." I come, this day, full of confidence in the justice of our cause — of contempt, for the cowards who de- sert it, and of indignation against the traitors who would sul~ ly or stain it with crimes ; I am ready to declare that the French nation, if it is not the vilest in the universe, can and ought to resist the conspiracy of Kings who have coalesced against it ! •'It is not in the midst of my brave army that timid coun- sels should be permitted. — Patriotism, discipline, patience, mutual confidence, all the military and civil virtues I find here. Here the principles of liberty and equality are cher- ished, the laws respected, and property held sacred. Here ca- lumnies and factions are unknown. And when 1 reflect that France has maary millions who can become such soldiers, I lisk myself, to what a degree of debasement must such an immense people be reduced, stronger in its natural resources than in its artificial defences, opposing to a monstrous and discordant confederation, simple and united counsels and combinations, that the cowardly, degrading idea of sacrificing its sovreignty, of permitting any discussion as to its liberties* of committing to negociation its rights, could be considered among the possibilities of a rapidly advancing futurity ! '' But, in order that we, soldiers of hberty, should com- bat for her with efficacy, or die for her with any fruit or ad- vantage, it is necessary that the number of the defenders ol the country should be promptly made in some degree pro- portionate to that of our opponents ; that the supplies of all descriptions should be increased so as to facilitate our move- ments ; that the comfort and conveniences of the troops^ their clothes and arms, their pay, the accommodations for the sick, should no longer be subject to fatal delays, or to a miserable and misplaced economy, which defeats its very end. " Itis, above all, necessary that the citizens rallied round their constitution, should be assured, that the rights which that constitution guarantees, all be respected with a reli- gious fidelity ; which will of itself cause more despair to our enemies, than any other measure. *' Do not repel this desire — this ardent wish. It is that of all the sincere friends of your legitimate authority ; as- ired that no unjust consequence or effect can flow from a LA FAYETTE. 89 pure principle — that no tyrannical measure can save a cause, which owes its force, aye, and its glory, to the sacred prin- ciples of liberty and equality. Let criminal jurisprudence resume its constitutional power. Let civil equality — let re- ligious freedom enjoy the application of their true princi- ples. In fine, let the reign of the clubs be annihilated by you ; let them give place to the laws — their usurpation to the firm and independent exercise of the powers of the con- stituted authorities — their disorganizing maxims to the true principles of liberty — their delirious fury to the calm and constant courage of a nation which knows its rights, and is ready to defend them — in fine, their sectarian combinations, to the true interests of the country, of the nation, which in a moment of danger ought to unite all, except those, to whom its subjection and ruin are the objects of atrocious pleasure and infamous speculation. LA FAYETTE." General La Fayette, at the same time, addressed the follow- ing letter to the king : '* Camp of Maubeuge, June \6th, 1792. " iSir€ — I have the honour to send your Majesty the copy of a letter to the National Assembly, in which you will find expressed the sentiments which have animated me all my life. The King knows with what ardour and perseverance I have at all times been devoted to the cause of liberty and to the principles of humanity, equality and justice. He knows, that I have always been the adversary o{ faction, the enemy of licentiousness, and that no power which I thought illegal has ever been acknowledged by me. He is acquaint- ed with my devotion to his constitutional authority, and with my attachment to his person. Such, Sire, were the grounds of my letter to the National Assembly ; such shall be those of my conduct to the nation of your Majesty, amidst the storms raised around us by hostile or by factious combina- tions. " It does not belong to me. Sire, to give greater impor- tance to my opinions and actions, than what is due to the in- dividual conduct of a simple citizen. But the expression of my thoughts was always a right, and on this occasion becomes a duty ; and though I should have performed it sooner, if, instead of being in a camp, I had remained in that retirement 8* 90 MEMOIRS OF from which I was forced by the dangers of my country ; yet I do not think that any pubhc employment or private consid- eration exempts me from exercising this duty of a citizea; this right of a freeman. " Persist, Sire, supported by the authority delegated to you by the national will, in the noble resolution of defending oonistitutional principles against all their enemies. Let this resolution, maintained by all the actions of our private life, as well as by a firm and complete exercise of the royal pow- er, become the pledge of the harmony, which, particularly at this critical juncture, cannot fail to be established between the e^ec^€c?representatives of the people and their hereditaria representative. It is in this resolution. Sire, that glory and safety will be found for the country and for yourself. With this you will find the friends of hberty, all good Frenchmen ranged around your throne, to defend it against the plots or rebels, and the enterprizes of the factious ; and 1, Sire, who in their honourable hatred have found the reward of my persevering opposition ; I will always deserve it, by my zeal in the cause to which my whole life has been devoted, and by my fidelity to the oath I have taken to the nation, to the law, and to the King. Such, Sire, are the unalterable sen- timents I present to your Majestv, with my respect. LA FAYETTE." Soon after this, the Marquis La Fayette repaired to Paris, and appeared at the bar of the National Assembly, where he remonstrated and protested against the violence of their pro- ceedings. When he left Paris, to return to his army, he ad- dressed to the Assembly the following letter : " Gentlemen — In returning to the post where brave sol- diers are ready to die for the Constitution, but ought not, and will not lavish their blood, except for that, I go with great and deep regret in not being able to inform the army, that the National Assembly have yet deigned to come to any de- termination on my petition. [Alluding to the request in his letter to the Assembly a short time before, to suppress the Jacobin clubs.] The voice of all the good citizens of the kingdom, which some foctious clamours strive to stifle, daily call to the elected representatives of the people, that while there exists near them a sect who fetter all the authorities.. afld menaco their independence ; and who, after provoking LA FAYETTE. 91 • war, are endeavouring, by changing the nature of our cause, to make it impossible to defend it ; that while there is cause 10 blush at the importunity of an act of treason against the nnlion, which iias raised just and great alarm in the minds of alJ the French, and universal indignation ; our liberty, laws, and honour,;are in danger. Truths like these, free and gen- erous souls are not afraid of speaking. Hostile to the fac- tious of every kind, indignant at cowards that can sink so low as to look for foreign interposition, and impressed with the principle, which I glory in being the first to declare to France, that all illegal power is oppression, against which re- sistance becomes a duty, we are anxious to make known our fears to the legislative body. We hope that the prudence ol the representatives of the people will relieve our minds ol' them. As for me, gentlemen, who will never alter my prin- ciples, sentiments, or language, I thought that the National Assembly, considering the urgency and danger of circum- stances, would permit me to add my regrets and wishes to my profound respect. LA FAYETTE." " Noble and generous sentiments, worthy of the disciple of out great Washington — ' worthy of the philanthropic hero and firm friend of civil liberty' — worthy of the adopt- ed citizen of free and independent America ! Such were the opinions and sentiments ot Washington and his friends, in 1794, when our republic was assailed by foreign emissa- ries, and convulsed by secret associations at home, who, through ignorance or design, were advocates for measure* which would have thrown our countr}'^ into a state of anar- chy and misrule." A new court of inquisition commenced in France at this time, known by the name of the revolutionary tribunal ; and a new instrument of death was invented, called the guilo- tine, (from the name of the inventor.) These enthusiastic sons of liberty, who had inveighed so bitterly against the overbearing persecutions of the Pope and the King, were now, in their turn, become the instruments of a persecution ten-fold more bitter and bloody, than either ; not for ortho- doxy in religion, but under the sanction of the sacred name of liberty. They had yet to learn, that the maxim of •' compel them to come in," was as cruel and unjustifiable in 92 ]\fCMOIRS OF • social as in religious rights, and that when apphed to liberty* can no more be justified, than when appUed to the bull Uni- genitus, or the Alcoran. The Jacobins had carefully originated a new system of logic. — "The end justifies the means ;" which served " as a smoothing plane," for the violation of every moral princi- ple, and at once destroyed all the sympathies of the heart. On the 20th of June, 1792, a mob in Paris, of 100,000 men, armed with muskets and artillery, assaulted the palace of the King, in order to compel him to come into their measures, and sanction two decrees of the National Assem- bly, which he had declined. The gates were thrown open ; the mob entered the palace, and presented to the King tho red cap of liberty, on the end of a pike ; he took it, and put it on ; and the Q,ueen with great good humour, distribu- ted May branches and ribbands among the mob, as they pas- sed through the apartments, to the number of 40,000 men in arms. The King next day issued a proclamation concern- ing these tumults, and complamed of the violence done by the mob. The Minister for Foreign Aifairs announced to the Assembly, that Germany, Russia, Turin, Naples, Rome, Spain and Portugal, had conspired against France. The King, at the same time, announced that a Prussian army of 52,000 men were on their march against France. The Duke of Brunswick, at the head of these troops, published a clear and laconic manifesto. The king alarmed at this manifesto, addressed a letter to the President of the National Assembly, wherein he dis- claimed all connection with this movement, and declared, •* That it was to the nation that he owed himself, and that he was one and the same with her." As soon as General La Fayette heard of the riots of the 20th of June, he left his post, and repaired immediately to Paris. He was kindly received by the national guards ; a tree of liberty, ornamented with garlands, was planted before the door of his hotel, and he was greeted with the customary acclamations. On the 28th, he presented himself at the bar of the National Assembly, and in his address, avowed the sen- timents contained in his letter of the 16th, and then boldly demanded of the Assembly, in the name of the army, and all good citizens, "the punishment of the instigators and exe- cutors of the Tioleoces of the 20th of June. He also de- LA FAYETTE. 93 nandeda suppression of the Jacobin club, and that the Assem- y]y would take measures to prevent all attempts against the Constitution, from internal enemies, while the army was repel- ing foreign force from the frontiers." This movement of General La Fayette produced no other ^ifect than to rouse the vindictive passions of the Jacobins vgainst him. On the 8th of August, Jean de Brie, a violent Jacobin, mov- id an accusation against him, which was warmly supported by Brissot ; but the General triumphed over this foction, and was honorably acquitted. At the same sitting, Petion (Mayor of Paris,) appeared at he bar of the Assembly at the head of the commonalty, and iemanded, " That the King be excluded from the throne, and 1 ministerial government be appointed, until a new King could be chosen." This threw off the mask ; the King now reali- ^.ed his fate, and saw before him the grave of Charles I. He again attempted to escape in the garb of a peasant ; but was •ecognized by a centinel, and secured. Here appeared the result of the federation in the Champ de Mars, of the 18th of July. Their deputation now appeared at the bar of the As- sembly, August iOth, bearing a petition signed by many thou- sand citizens, preceeded by a pike, bearing a woollen cap,, with this label ; " Deposition of the King." x\larmed for his immediate safety, the King, attended by his Paris guards, the Q,ueen, his sister, and the royal children, re- paired to the Hall of the Assembly, and took his seat by the side of the President, and said ; " I am come among you to prevent a horrible crime convinced that while here I am safe." The collection of the mob in the morning, and the rage of the populace, had rendered it necessary for the King to take this step. Acts of open violence soon commenced ; the mob attacked the Swiss guards at the palace ; the guards made a firm resistance ; the conflict became desperate ; a horrible carnage ensued, and the guards were all shot down, or butch- ered, to a man. The mob entered the palace in triumph, and with unrestrained fury burst open the apartments, and carried off the treasures of the royal family ; and when they had laid waste this sanctuary of royalty, they retired, and dispersed. This horrid scene filled all Paris with terror and consteru- 94 J^pMOIRS OF ation ; the National Assembly were shocked with the out- j rage, and caught the general alarm : some members trembled for their own safety ; others retired or absented themseWes. j In the midst of this scene of distress, they ordered the roll to i be called ; decreed, and took the following oath ; " I swear, | in the name of the nation, to maintain liberty and equality, or j die at my post." They also decreed, '• That the French, people be invited to call a national convention ; and that as \ the executive power had been provisionally suspended, the r six ministers now in power shall become the executive, and I present the plan for appointing a governor for the young; Prince royal ; and that the King and royal family remain un- ^ der the protection of the Assembly, and be considered as -^ under the safe guard of the laws, and their defence be intrus- ted to the national guards of Paris." They denounced, as- traitors and infamous, all who should quit their posts; and I ordered these decrees to be proclaimed to all Paris, and( throughout the eighty three departments. ; These bold measures were received with applause through- , out the nation, and produced a torrent of addresses to the A«- , sembly, and of plaudits and congratulations. The ministers who floated upon the top of the popular tide, at this time, were Danton, Le Brun, Roland, Servon Monge, and Claviere. The royal family was next removed from the convent of the Feuillans, and confined in the Tem-j pie. As soon as the news of these scenes reached the Marquisr; La Fayette, he addressed his army in the following style : i " Citizen Soldiers — It is no longer proper for me to con-J ceal from you what is going forward^ the constitution yoa^ ^wore to maintain is no more ; a banditti from Marseilles, and' a troop of factious men, assailed the palace of theThuilleries ;1 the National and Swiss guards made a vigorous resistance ; ' but for want of ammunition they were obliged to surrender. General D. Aifrey, his aids-de-camp, and his whole family' were murdered. The King, Queen, and all the royal family,' escaped to the National Assembly ; the faction ran thither, holding a sword in one hand, and a torch in the other, and; forced the legislative body to supersede the King, which was; done to save his life. •' Citizens, you are no longer represented ; the National As-; H LA FAYETTE. 95 imbly is in a state of slavery ; your armies are without lead« •s ; Petion reigns ; the savage Danton and his satelhtes are asters. Thus soldiers it is your province to examine wheth- ' you will restore the hereditary representatives to the irone, or submit to the disgrace of having Petion for your ing. General La Fayette then attempted to renew the oath 1 the constitution, in his army, but failed ; the army had be- )me corrupt, and were no longer true to themselves, to their eneral, nor the nation." The Assembly apprised of the movements of General a Fayette, decreed his arrest, and sent a deputation to the -my to enforce the decree ; the General caused the deputa- on to be arrested, and imprisoned. This enr.aged the As- »mbly, and they decreed, " That the Marquis La Fayette 2 brought, dead, or alive, to the bar of the Assembly." This 3cree alarmed the Marquis, and he had now no alternative lit to flee his country. He accordingly invited his three iends, Generals Latour Maubourg, Alexander Lameth, id the commandant of Engineers, Bureau de Puzy, to come midnight, on the 19th of August, into his tent, in order to )nfer upon important affairs. " It was there decided, that ey would leave an ungrateful country, governedby a faction, ho sought the destruction of the most pure, and respectable ' her inhabitants ; that they would cross Brabant, and reach olland, from whence they could embark for America." Early the next day, the 20th of August, the Commander in hief, accompanied by his three friends, who had been roem- rs of the Constitnenf Ash sentinels, in order to prevent a surprise from the pa- oles of the enemy. What was the astonishment of these ficers when the General confided to them, in a concise and lergetic discourse, the state of France, the feelings of the my, and that the Duke of Orleans, the society of Jacobins, id the municipality of Paris, had devoted him to proscrip- )n ; that the corporation of the same city had caused the es of the medal struck in his honour, to be broken by the 06 MEMOIRS OF hand of the common executioner ; that he was declared th< enemy of his country, and a price set upon his head. H< finished, by telHng them, that he had determined to quit hi country, for a time, and that he should consider any as he enemy who should pro^pose to march against her ; that h( had rather perish a thousand times, than allow the blood of single one of his fellow citizens to be shed on his account. " This address inspired his suit with one general spirit! which was, to march directly to Paris, and disperse the jaco bin faction at once ; but the purpose of the General was fixec and he ordered and even supplicated his officers to return t camp, that their absence might not be injurious to them. I vain he represented to them the dangers to which they ex posed themselves, and their families, in emigrating; butnoth ing could oppose the resolution of Louis and Victor Latou Maubourg, Bureau de Puzy, Alexander Lameth, August Masson, Rene Pillet, and Cardingan, to accompany thei General and friend, and share his mit^fortunes. His faithfi valet de chambre, Felix Pontonnier, and Augustus D one of his servants, who since shared all his imprisonmen'; from Luxemburg to Olmutz, were eager to follow their mas ter. The others, after much intreaty, were persuaded to re turn and take back his escort of 160 men, though with gree reluctance. " La Fayette at length set out, with his seven companion harassed with disagreeable reflections upon his situatioi that of his family and country, and upon the dangers whic threatened him. After a rapid and uninterrupted journe they arrived towards night in the neighborhood of an advai ced guard of Austrians. Here tliey halted, and deliberat< upon the steps to be taken. It was nearly eleven o'cloct none of them knew the road, and the darkness was so gre as to render it impossible to find it. In this state of emba rassment, fearful at the same time of being pursued and ove taken by the French, they determined at all risks to procee and without discovering their names or rank, to demand the Austrian commander, permission to pass him, and ta] refuge in Holland, at that time a neutral territory. This re olution being taken. Colonel de Puzy, the only individi who understood German, advanced towards the Austrian ol cer, who received him very politely. He informed the that he and his companions had deserted from the Fren- LA FAYETTE. 97 army, finding themselves compelled to leave the country in consequence of intrigue and faction, and desired a safe con- duct into Holland. The officer expressed to him, in good French, his regrets that he was unable to give a decided an- swer, without first consulting his superior, but that in the mean time he and his friends were welcome to rest and re- freshment, as the night was cold and rainy. After de Puzy had returned to the General, and made his report, they ad- vanced towards the picquet, who, at first, alarmed at their numbers, placed themselves in a posture of defence. They soon after set out, accompanied by an escort, for the Austri- an head quarters, and were at length conducted to Luxem- burg. *' Immediately upon their arrival at this fortress, they were recognised by a crowd of refugees, who, looking upon them as the first promoters of the revolution, treated them with the utmost insolence and contempt. Amongst the most viru- lent of these enraged emigrants. Prince de Lambes rendered himself notorious, by his abuse of La Fayette, who seemed more particularly the object of his hatred. As soon as the Governor of Luxemburg recognised the General and his com- panions, he confined them in separate chambers, at the inn, where they had stopped, placing a sentinel at each door. They protested, in vain, against this proceeding, and wrote to the Duke of Saxe Teschen for the purpose of obtaining passports. Their refusal was accompanied by the useless and savage threat of a public execution ; and they remained in a state of close confinement till the Governor received orders from the court of Vienna, to deliver them into the hands of the King of Prussia. They were transported in a common cart, like criminals, under guard of a strong escort of cavalry, during the night, from Luxemburg to Wesel, and confined in the common jails of the country, when they found it necessary to stop. The valet-de-chambre of La Fayette alone obtained permission to ride in the same cart with his master. The Austrians sold their horses, arms, &c. and retain- ed the money. Arrived at Wesel, the populace collected io crowds, and insulted them in the most savage manner, ^ere they were again put in irons, placed in separate cells in the castle, deprived of all intercourse and exercise, and were dai- ly told "that the King intended to hare them hanged for wretch €s who deserred no favour." ■j8 memoirs of " La Fayette suffered excessive apprehension on account of his wife and three children, of whom the eldest was then, at the request of Washington, at Mount Vernon, and at length fell sick. General Maubourg was not permitted to see his friend, though at the point of death. But the disease chan- ced to take a favourable turn, and he began to recover. The King of Prussia, hoping to profit by his languid state, now offered to meliorate his condition, provided he would betray his country ; but he soon learned, by a decided refusal, La Fayette's contempt of his proposition. The rigour of his confinement was then redoubled, and soon after, the prison- ers were all put into a cart and transported to Magdeburg, and all information relative to their families refused, at a time too, when the French proscription was at its most alarming height. "In conveying them in this manner, it was thought public scorn would be excited ; but this expectation w^as disappoin- ted. The liveliest interest was every where excited in their behalf. They were confined a whole year at Magdeburg, in a damp, subterranean dungeon ; but notwithstanding this, their lot was more tolerable, as they were together, and allowed occasionally to walk an hour on the bastions. The following is an extract from a letter of La Fayette, while confined at Magdeburg, addressed to the Chevalier de Archenholtz, editor of the Minerva, at Berlin, and dated Magdeburg, 27th of March, 1793. *' Since my captivity, but one political paper has reached me, and that is your's for February. I appreciate, with deep sensibility, the justice you render my sentiments, and the ap- probation you bestow upon my conduct. Your commendli- tions are greatly beyond my deserts ; but your kind exagger- ations contain, at this moment, something so generous, I can- not withold from you my thanks, that you have enabled me to hear the voice of liberty honoring my tomb. My situation is peculiarly strange. I have sacrificed my republican par- tialities to the state and wishes of the nation : I obeyed the sovereign power, where I found it vested in the constitution. My popularity was as great as I could desire ; for the legis- lative body defended me better on the 8th of August, than it defended itself on the 10th. But I became obnoxious to the Jacobins, because I reprobated their aristocracy, which aim- ed at usurping all legitimate authority. LA FAYETTE. 9y '• From Constantinople to Lisbon, from Kamschatka to Amsterdam, every bastile is ready to receive me. The Hu- ron and Iroquois forests are peopled with my friends ; the despots and the courts of Europe, they are the only savages I fear. I am aware that the laws of England would protect me, though the court of St. James is opposed to me : but I cannot seek protection in a country at war with my own. America, the country of my heart, would welcome me with joy. Yet my fears for the future destiny of France, induce me to give the preference to Switzerland, at least for the present." " The King of Prussia now ordered La Fayette to be trans- ported to Silesia ; Maubourg solicited and obtained permis- sion to accompany him ; they were conveyed to Glatz, where soon after, Bureau de Puzy followed them. Alexan- dre Lameth, being dangerously ill, could not be transported along with his companions. His mother, who was distin- guished for her virtues, obtainedof Frederick William, after much solicitation, permission for him to remain in prison in his states ; and when at length peace was declared between this King and the French, she prevailed upon him to grant him his liberty. The King the more readily granted this, because he did not feel himself obliged any longer to use his former caution towards the court of Vienna, now exaspera- ted at him for withdrawing from the league. The prisoners were .at length transferred to Neisse, and although their dun- geon here was even more miserable and unhealthy than the former ones, yet. they rejoiced at the change, because it brought the three prisoners together again, and moreover, added to their society Madame Maisonneuve^ who voluntarilj came to share the fate of her brother Maubourg. " The King of Prussia, in order not to have his victims snatched out of his possession, when he made peace with France, concluded to send them into Austria. They were accordingly conveyed to Olmutz. " When they reached that place,they were stripped of what little the Prussians had left, which was in fact nothing but their watches and buckles, and two books, in which the word freedom occurred rather more frequently than suited the government ; whereupon La Fayette inquired " if they were contraband." They were each informed, as they were in- carcerated in their separate cells, that they would never lou MEMOIRS OF • again see any thing but the four walls of their prison house ; that they would never again hear a human voice; that their very names were proscribed, and that in future they would be designated in despatches togovernment, by the numbers of their respective cells ; and, lest they should destroy them- selves, knives, forks, and every thing that could boused for the purpose, would be interdicted. •^ The three prisoners, thus abandoned to their miserable reflections, were immured in the dungeons of the ancient castle of the Jesuits, the walls of which are twelve feet thick ; and into which air is admitted through an opening two feet square, which is secured at each end by transverse massive iron bars. Immediately before these loop holes was abroad ditch, which was covered with water, only when it rained, and at other times was a stagnant marsh, from which a poi- sonous effluvium was constantly exhaling ; and beyond this were the outer walls of the castle, which prevented the slightest breeze from passing to the captives, in these horrid dungeons, although the heat was almost intolerable. On these walls were, in the day time, four, and at night eight sentinels, with loaded muskets, constantly watching the pris- oners, and forbidden, on pain of one hundred lashes, to speak a word with them, and with orders to shoot them dead if they attempted an escape. The cellar of this castle had a large saloon^ two hundred feet long and twelve wide, in which was kept a guard consisting of an officer and twenty-five men, and a corporal and four soldiers, who alternately kept guard before the door of the prisoners . These soldiers were forbidden, while on duty, either to sing, speak, or whistle. " As this castle had served for a prison, for four years pre- viously to La Fayette's confinement, there had been con- structed for each cell two doors, one of iron, the other of wood, near two feet thick. Both were covered with bolts, and bars, and double padlocks. Every time the Inspector of the prisons entered, the whole guard stood to their arms. Four men were posted at each side of the door ; the ser- geant, with his sword drawn, remained without, while the otli- cer of the guard entered the inner door, with his sword also drawn. The men crossed their bayonets, while the Inspec- tor examined every corner and crevice, with the greatest minuteness. When the jailer entered with their wretched pittance, twice a day, it was scrupulously examined, partic- ularly the bread, which was crumbled to pieces for that pur- LA FAYETTE. 101 jose, by the officer on guard, to discover if there was any lote or communication whatever contained in it. A wretch- id bed of rotten straw, filled with vermin, together with a >roken chair, and an old worm-eaten table, formed the wholes urniture of each apartment. The cells were eight or ten laces deep, and six or eight wide ; and when it rained, the vater ran through the loop holes, and off the wails, in such ][uantities, that they would sometimes wake in the morning ,vet to the skin. A miserable lamp lighted them in the night, nd when the sun did not shine, which happened very fre- ijuently in this wet country, the prisoners remained almost n total darkness, during the whole day. Such was the situ- ition of these three illustrious men ; and their faithful fellows, Felix and Augustus, who had followed their masterthrough all his reverses, fared no better. The barbarous Austrians, born ;ind nurtured in slavery, were dead to all virtuous feeling, md sneered at their attachment to their master. Once in a (vhile, indeed, they were allowed to visit him, but not to approach within the door, and always with the accustomed ceremonies." CHAPTER VIIZ. FRENCH REVOLUTION, CONTINUED. In the last chapter we accompanied the Marquis La Fay- ette through his political career in the French revolutioOt to his flight into Germany, and imprisonment at Olmutz. We will now carry forward the general events of the revo- lution down to the time that Bollman and Huger attempted the liberation of the Marquis La Fayette. The riots in Paris, of the 10th ©f August, that overthrew the constitution have been noticed. We come now to the memorable 2d of September, 1 792. A decree of the Assem- bly, requiring that all the clergy should take the civic oath, had been but partially complied with : this opened the way for vengeance to fliU upon the old quarrel of Jansenist and Jesuit, with all the bitterness and fiolence of party. Agen- eral riot commenced in Paris — another horrid massacre en- 7* 102 MPMOIRS OF sued ; one ex-bishop, and about one hundred nonjuring priest? were butchered ; the prisons were all violated, the debtors released, and a general political massacre prevailed. Three or four thousand stained the annals of France with their blood, on'this memorable day, under the sanction of the mob, styled Septemberisers. The trophy of this infuriated mob of barbarians, was the mangled body of the princess De Lam- balle, borne in triumph to the temple, and exposed to the view of tl?e royal family, with her head elevated upon a pole, and presented before the window of their apartment. The Assembly passed a silent decree of approbation and applause, upon this murderous scene, by an oath, "that they held royalty in detestation ; and swore, that no king or monarch,' should ever be a stain upon the liberties of the people." At this time, fifty-four national prisoners of distinction, were arrested at Orleans ; and on their way to Saumer, they passed through Versailles, where they were attacked by the populace, and all butchered : the principal among, the sufferers, were, the duke of Brisac, and the bishop of Maudes : and on the same day, ninety priests were butcher- ed at St. Fermin. These massacres of the clergy were frequent and numerous in Paris, and throughout France, at : this time. The Assembly decreed, that the marriage covenant might i be dissolved at the request of either party, as upon the sim- ple allegation of incompatibility of temper, in either party^,' or other grounds. ' The declaration of war on the part of the German empire^ against France, was announced by the minister of foreign i affairs : and the Assembly declared war against Sardinia. A. new epoch was then announced in this scene of horror ; the \ convention had been elected, and were then formed in the palace of the Thuilleries : M. Gregoire, bishop ofBlois, at the head of twelve commissioners, said : " Citizens, the con- vention is constituted, and we are deputed to announce to you, that it is about to repair here to commence its sittings/' 1 The president then said — " The Legislative Assembly de- clares its sittings closed." October 9th, 1792, — The national convention opened its decrees, with death against all emigrants. The subject of aj new constitution next claimed their attention, and they ap- pointed a committee to frame one, and present it to the con- >'eation : this committee was composed of sixteen ; at their LA FAYETTE. lOf^ head, stood the noted names of Sieyes, Thomas Paine, Bris- sot, Danton, Condorcet, &c. At the motion of Barrere, (one of the members of this committee,) a decree was passed, '* inviting all the friends of hberty and equahty, to present to the committee, in any form, and in any language whatever, the plans, methods, or means, which they thought the best calculated to form a good constitution for the French repub- lic ;" passed with this addition — " Whoever shall attempt to establish royalty, or any other system of government, de- rogatory to the sovereignty of the French people, shall be punished with death." The eventful period, for which the national body was organized, was now arrived : the necessa- ry previous steps had been taken ; the public mind was now- prepared ; and the unfortunate Louis XVI. called to the bar of the convention, to pass through the awful scenes of Charles L of England, before the mock parliament. Upon his ap- proach, the president thus addressed the king : — " Louis, the French nation accuses you : the convention decreed, on the third of December, that you should be tried by itself : on the sixth it was decreed that yon should be brought to the bar : they are about to read to you the act. which announces the crimes imputed to you. You may sit down." The accusation was then read, in the usual form, and the King interrogated upon each charge, by the president — what he had to say in his own defence ? At the close, the King replied — " I desire a copy of the act of accusation, as well a;- of all papers intended to serve as proofs against me, and that I may be allowed council in my defence." Louis was then permitted to retire ; and after some debate, bis request was granted, and counsel allowed. Messrs. Tronchet and Le- monignon de Malesherbes, became counsel for the King ; the latter an old man of seventy-eight. The prosecution against the unhappy monarch of France, was conducted in due form ; and on the 17th of January, 1793, his punishment was deter- mined by an appel nominal ; (the question was put to each member, and his answer noted.) The president then announced that the total number of votes was 721 ; answers for imprisonment during the war. 319; answers for perpetual imprisonment, 2 ; answers for a suspension of the sentence of death, until the expulsion ol the family of Boarbons, 8 ; answers for a suspension of 1 >IEMOIRS OF death, unless the French territory should be invaded, S3 ; answers for death, with commutation of punishment, 1 ; an- swers for death, 368 ; — majority for death, 15. Impressed with the solemnity of the scene, the president then rose, took off his hat, and declared, in a low and solemn tone of voice, '• the punishment pronounced by the conven- tion, against Louis Capet, is death." Philip, duke of Or- leans, a relative of Louis XVI. was a member of the con- vention, and gave his vote, death : but Thomas Paine, voted only for banishment. This is that Philip, duke of Orleans, who requested the convention to give him a new name ; and received that of Philip Egalite, (or equality.) The fate of the King was announced on the 20th of January, 1793 ; all Paris was illuminated, and no person permitted to appear abroad ; the whole city was buried in the most solemn silence, and the military in large bodies patroled the streets. On Monday, of the fatal, solemn, awful 2 1st, about two o'clock in the morning, the gloom of silence was here and there interrupted, by voices of lamentation, in broken accents, expressing the distress of the feelings, and increasing the horrors of the gloom. Louis, with great composure and eminence of soul, passed Sunday in preparing for the solemn change. The morn of Monday came ; the queen, the princess royal, the dauphin, and Ma:lam Elizabeth, took their parting leave of the King. The distresses of this scene, may be realized by the sensi- bilites of a feeling, sympathizing heart, but never can be ex- pressed by the pen. Louis was calm, and possessed a digni- fied composure ; he retired for a few moments with his con- fessor, and devoted himself to the solemnities of religion. The stroke of eight from the Paris clock, announced the solemn hour ; the royal martyr was led forth to execution : placed in a coach between two soldiers, (or gens de arms) he was conveyed to the place de la Revolution, amidst a large military escort, and an immense concourse of people. Louis, with a firm step, ascended the scaffold, attended by his con- fessor, and several municipal officers ; with great compla- cency he beheld the multitude, and made an effort to address the spectators — but was stopped by an officer, who exclaim- ed, " come, come, no speeches, no speeches :" this was ac- companied by a flourish of music. Louis saw at once that his last hope was cut off, and exclaimed — ** I forgive my eR- LA FAYETTE. 105 iinies, may God forgive them, and not lay my innocent blood o the charge of the nation ; God bless my people" — hegave lis affectionate blessing to his confessor, stretched himself jpon the fatal guillotine, and with great serenity met his fate — 12 o'clock, January 21, 1793. Desperation now seized every department, and witnessed every measure m France. The nation vpas like a ship in he midst of a tempest, without a pilot, tossed with violence, md at the mercy of the waves, and the storm. The request )f the unhappy King to be buried with his fathers, was treat- ed by the convention with the silence of apathy ; and his 3ody was thrown into a pit with quicklime, and consumed^ One of the ex-king's guards, assassinated Le Pelletiere, one oi the convention, whose vote against the King was death ; and the convention attended his funeral on the 24th. The sanguinary scene was opened afresh, and the convention in their turn began to bleed ; the righteous vengeance ofheav* en never spared them, until they had, by their own blood, made some atonement for this outrage on the life of the King. Great heat and bitterness, now marked the proceed- ings of the convention. The barbarian Marat, outraged all common decency, in his attacks on the members in debate, with the opprobious epithets of " incendiary, assassin, vil- lian, scoundrel," &c. ; which called forth a decree, that ' whoever should use such injurious language towards an}' member should be expelled." Marat denounced the fram- ers of the decree, as conspirators. The convention were now at issue. The violence of those passions which had wreaked their rage and fury upon the unfortunate King, were now turned upon themselves. They denounced Con- riorcet as a traitor to his country, and he met his fate : to de- nounce and execute, were now synonomous terms. The famous Charlotte Corde, took vengeance on Marat, and sac- rificed him upon the altar of her country, by stabbing him to the heart ; for which, she suffered death in her turn, by a decree of the revolutionary tribunal. The enthusiasm of ihis heroine may be learnt from her last words : " 'Tis guilt brings shame, not the scaffold." During these distressing scenes in the interior of France, her armies, under Gen. Dumourier, and others, had been suc- cessful ; the allies had moved with caution, lest they should endanger the life of the King : they advanced into Flanders : \ MEMOIRS OP laid seige to, and took Valentiennes. This enraged the con- vention, they denounced the Queen, ordered her to be ar-- rested, and conducted to prison; August 1. The decree was executed the same night ; the Queen was roused from her repose, and hurried in a most unfeeling manner from her family, to her place of confinement, a cell, a dungeon, eight feet square — and doomed to lodge on a couch of straw I Struck with the horrors of the cell, she fell into a swoon, and ! passed the rest of the night in those violent struggles of na- • ture, which threaten momentary dissolution. The approach i of morn, witnessed the ravages of distress upon the graces of the Queen : she lived ; but ah! how changed. She languish- ed in this horrid cell, until the 15th and 16th of the month,, when she was summoned to her trial before this revolutiona- ry tribunal, and after the usual forms of trial, the jury, (after one hour) returned a verdict of guilty of all the charges al- leged. The president then rose, and after the usual cere- monies, pronounced the following sentence : — "The tribunal, after the unanimous declaration of the jury, in conformity to the laws cited, condemn the said Maria Antoniette, called of Lorrain and Austria, widow of Louis Capet, to the penalty of death ; her goods confiscated for the benefit of the repub- lic : and the sentence shall be executed in the place of the Revolution.'' The Queen received this sentence with the. same composure which she had supported through the whole scene. The trial spun out, through the night ; and at half past 4 o'clock in the morning, the Queen was re-conducted to her cell, in the prison La Conciergerie : no time was al- lowed her for reflection or repose ; " at 5 o'clock the gen- erale was beat — at 7 the whole armed force was on parade, cannon were planted upon the squares, and at the extremi- ties of the bridges, from the palace, to the place La Revo- lution — at lU o'clock, numerous patroles passed through the streets — at half past 11, the Queen was brought out of her cell, dressed in a white dishabille ; she was conducted to the place of execution in an open cart ; her hair from behind was cut off; her hands were tied behind her back, and her back turned towards the horse : or her right sat the execu- tioner ; on her left, a constitutional priest," (or one who had taken the oath to support the constitution.) The Queen pas- sed to her execution, insensible to the shouts oiViveAa Liber- ty, Abas la Tyrannief'Vive la Republic ; she beheld with in- LA FAYETTE. lOT difference, the vast military escort of 30,000 men, and the placards of Uberty and equahty, posted on the houses where she passed ; she ascended the scaffold in some haste, cast [ler eyes upon the populace ; with a look took leave of her palace, laid her head upon the guillotine, and met her fate at 12 o'clock, aged thirty-eight : the same place, and same liour, witnessed the death of her husband, just eight months md twenty-six days before. The executioner, according the usual form, exhibited the head from the four corners 3f the stage ; and the populace as usual, exclaimed, Five la Republic, Five la Liberty. Her body was thrown into a 5rave of quick-lime, in the same place and manner of her iiusband. Thus fell Louis XVI. thus fell Maria Antoniette — King and ^ueen of France : victims to the same passions which com- menced in the reign of Louis XIV. which occasioned Louis KV. to dissolve bis parliament, and which armed the knife of he assassin who stabbed the King, and by a wound restored :he parhament, and expelled the order of the Jesuits. The ame passions were rekindled ; and when transferred from ;he schools of the Jesuits, to the schools of the philosoph- rs were swelled into a mighty blaze, which inflamed the rvhole nation, and were now shedding torrents of blood, by he revolutionary tribunal, guided and controlled by the Facobin club. This club, which commenced under the auspices and di- -ection of the philosophers of France, had now become very lumerous, embracing all the choice spirits of violence and corruption in the nation." The King and Q,ueen were now dead ; and no longer the )bjects of that dread and hatred, which served as a rallying point, for the members of the revolutionary tribunal. The jame lire of ambition and revenge, which destroyed the royal family, now commenced its ravages upon their own lody. The allies pushed the war in Flanders. England dismis- sed the French minister, and proclaimed war against France. Horror and alarm seized on the convention : Bris- iot, with twenty other members, were denounced as con- spirators, and executed. The ravages of the revolutionary ribunal, were marked with blood, through the nation ; mobs, nsurrections and massacres, rendered all France, one great 108 MEMOIRS OF theatre of carnage, and one dark scene of horror. The rav- ages of the guillotine, threatened to exterminate the clergy all lied that could flee ; others resigned their ecclesiastical functions. Gobert, bishop of Paris, with all his grand vicars, divest ed themselves, at the bar of the convention, of their letten of priesthood : Lindet and Gregoire followed their exam- ple. — Seventy persons were guillotined in one day at Ly- ons ; on the next day sixty-eight were shot, and eight guillo- tined. An insurrection in La Vendee, now raged with violence : and the French arms under General Turreu, ravaged the' country. Philosophy now triumphed over religion, as wel as over the clergy : the convention abolished all religion and decreed, ** there is no God., and death is an eternal sleep. ^ CHAPTER IX. FRENCH REVOLUTION CONTINUED. The war in La Vandee now claims some attention. The( causes which produced these sanguinary and distressing scenes, were the triumph of philosophy over religion, ano the triumph of philosophers over every vestige to moral vir- tue, and the moral sympathies. They had announced that the clergy could never have raised this world and rendered it subservient to their domin- ion and control, if they had not fixed the lever upon the oth- er world. They had now struck away all support of the lev- er, and announced no God ; and further, that death was ar eternal sleep. That quiet after death, which had been pur- chased with so many pilgrimages, crusades, or holy wars— by whole lives of penitential self-denial, with the purchase of so much money to obtain the viaticum of the holy unction, was now rendered free to all, in the doctrine that "death was an eternal sleep." The churches of religion became republican tribunes, where republican principles were to be preached, and the disciples of the philosophers to become the orators of th« LA FAYETTE. 109 lay. The national convention decreed, *' that the remains )f Mirabeau should be removed from the Pantheon, and hose of Marat be put in their place." Under the sanction of these feelings and these principles, he war raged in La Vendee. Five hundred royalists, pris- oners in La Vendee, were shot, by order of the commissioner Leguino ; the commissioners, Turreu and Prieur, announc- ed to the convention a terrible action in La Vendee — six housand slain, and three hundred driven into ihe Loire : this reign of Robespierre drenched the convention and the lation with blood. January 1st, 1794, Thomas Paine was arrested, and a dep- itation of Americans appeared at the bar of the convention, ro petition for his release ; and to shew him not guilty, but a true apostle of liberty. Carrier made a report on the war in La Vendee, in which lie stated, that more than 400 leagues were in arms ; that he rebels were more than 150,000 ; that in one battle were dain more than 20,000 ; that 4 or 600 prisoners perished iaily, either by shooting or drowning, and that some pits con- ained 5000. Their mode of drowning was to crowd the lolds of vessels with prisoners, set them afloat on the river, •cuttle the vessel, and let them sink. At this time, the convention decreed the people of coloui uid blacks, in the French West India Colonies, all free. A terrible denunciation fell on thirteen members of the convention, and was sealed with the guillotine ; amongst the lumber, were, Danton, Lacroix, Phillippeaux, &c. Robes- pierre triumphed again. That jealousy and ambition which i-aged throughout the nation, and marked its ravages with olood, still raged in the convention, and rendered that body m aceldama. Old Malesherbes, who defended Louis XVI. at the age of >eventy-eight, was now accused of corresponding with the memy, and guillotined : and Madam Elizabeth, sister to the iing, met the same fate. Cecilia Regnault, imitating the ex- imple of Charlotte Corde, attempted to assassinate Robes- pierre and Collotde Herbois, and met the fate of Charlotte C^orde,the next day — July 27. The cup of vengeance was now full ; the tyranny of Robes- pierre and his party, had now become insupportable ; they •vere denounced, and theip arrest ordered ; a gens de arm? 10 no MEMOIRS OF • attempted to seize the tyrant ; he defended himself with a knife ; a conflict ensued ; he was subdued ; an act of out- lawry was passed against him ; he was ordered for immedi- ate execution, with Robespierre the younger, Couthon, St. Just, and fifteen or twenty others, creatures of the tyrant. Next in turn was arrested, Tinville, public accuser to the revolutionary tribunal. In the midst of these revolutionary scenes of distress, the world was struck with a republican rhapsody from Geraud, upon the subject of national education. After observing that France was elevated upon the pinnacle of earthly splen- dour, that the eyes of mankind were fixed upon those doc- trines and principles which had effaced the ignorance, degra- dation and slavery of fourteen centuries ; that the slaves of despotism had been struck with a mortal terror ; a protect- ing divinity had elevated her empire upon the smoking ruins of a throne, and on the bloody remnants of expiring factions ; he exclaimed : " Mandatories of a great nation ! Let us consecrate a du- rable monument to the rising generation ; the Areopagus of Europe ought now to consolidate the majestic edifice of our immortal revolution, on the immoveable basis of public in- struction. Before we abandon the helm of public affairs, let us announce to our constituents, with a true republican bold- ness, to France, to all Europe, that we contemplate with one inviolable maxim, that without public education, the empire of morals must be destroyed." That system of education thus contemplated, ought to be in operation many centuries in France, to accomplish that degree of intelligence and information, amongst the lower classes of her citizens, which could enable her to support a' republican government, even if she could be wholly divested of her monarchical prejudices and habits ; and her philoso- phers, with all their boasted light and wisdom, ought to have known this, or if they did know it, they ought not to have built their ambitious schemes upon a foundation, which must of course swim in blood. We have witnessed how the blood of the royal martyrs has again stained the convention. The following extract of a letter from General Danicamp will shew how the ijjjar raged in La Vendee. " I will prove LA FAYETTE. Ill that old men were murdered in their beds, that infants were murdered at their mother's breasts, and that pregnant wo- men were guillotined. I will tell you in what place, at what time, and by whose orders, I have seen magazines of all kinds burned. The practice of drowning was not contined to Nantz, it extended thirty leagues up the Loire ; I will demonstrate that the men who now assume the mask of phi- lanthropy, were then the murderers." Immediately upon this, Carrier, commissioner in La Vendee, was arrested and executed, for the horrid cruelties practiced by him in La V^endee. February 19th, 1796 — An armistice was concluded in La Vendee, and Garnot presented to the convention a list of the principle victories obtained in La Vendee this campaign — viz : " twenty-seven victories, of which eight Avere pitched battles: 121 actions of less importance; 80,000 enemies slain ; 91,000 taken prisoners ; 1 16 strong towns, or impor- tant places taken, 36 of them by siege or blockade ; 230 forts or redoubts ; 3800 pieces of cannon ; 70,000 muskets ; 1,000,000 lbs. of powder ; and 90 pair of colours — all with- in the space of seventeen months." May 5th. — Fresh scenes of distress awaited the devoted city of Lyons, and she was again doomed to a most shocking massacre. The noted Tinville, (who prosecuted the Queen) with his accomplices, were executed at Paris the 12th, and on the 20th, a most terrible insurrection broke out in Paris, on the part of the jacobins, to recover the blow they receiv- ed by the fall of Robespierre. The deputy Ferrand was as- sassinated in the convention, and his head carried through the hall stuck upon a pole. Nineteen persons were guillotined in Paris, for aiding the insurrection of the 20th of May. At this time, died in his prison, Louis, son of the late King Louis XVI. aged eleven years. An address from the insurgent chiefs of La Vendee, to the King of England, expressive of their grateful recol- lection of the succour afforded them during their arduous struggle, and their hope of future aid, shewed, that this in- surrection was an effort of England, to weaken the arms of France. This, with other operations on the part of England, led to a numerous meeting at Copenhagen-house, near Lon- don, to petition his Majesty to discontinue the war. ii^ MEMOIRS OF At this eventful period, France opened a new scene ; n new constitution was framed, adopted, and a new legislature were assembled, organized, and composed of a council of mcients, and a council of five hundred, with an executive of ^ve, called the directory, who were installed in Paris, No- vember 1st ; the plan of this executive was, that each should reign in his turn. On the 26th of December, Charlotte An- toniette, daughter of Louis XVI. was taken from the temple by the minister of the interior, conducted to bis own hotel, and from thence sent to Vienna, where she arrived safe— 1796. At this time, parties ran high in England ; Charles Fo.v flattered the populace, and disturbed the government y their m:ijesties were insulted in the streets of London, and the mob abused the King's servants. A revolution had commenced in Holland ; the stadtholder had retired to England with his family, in January, 1795. The national convention of Hol- land was organized March 1st, 1796, and citizen Paulus elect- ed president. An extract of the order of procession will be J specimen of the genius of the Batavian Republic. — '•' Amongst other displays in this splendid procession, appear- ed a waggon covered with cloth so as to conceal its wheels. having three benches ; on the hindermost, was seated an old man, bowed down with age, carrying a flag with this inscrip- lion : — ' I lived in slavery ; but 1 rejoice in dyingfree. — My posterity who are before me, will feel all the benefits^- On. the bench, before the old man, were seated two aged women,, vvho represented his daughters ; and before them were two men with their children on their knees. The horses were led by four young men, the waggon was surrounded by six burgeose with drawn swords, pi'eceded by a herald carrying a banner with this inscription : ' We will protect them that cannot protect themselves.' " The powerful effect of such a display of address to the populace, is more readily felt than described. The revolutionary principles which had spread into Eng- land, distressed the government ; the military were in con- stant readiness to keep the peace : the government ordered u national fast. The chief in the insurrection of La Ven- dee, La charette, was taken prisoner, and shot, April 1. Pichegru, who had succeeded La Fayette in Flanders, was now succeeded by General Moreau, and prince Charlea set LA FAYETTE. 113 out from Vienna to command the Austrian armies^ Mr. Pitt brought forward his budget for a loan of 7,000,000 ; and Thomas Paine amused the French directory, with a pamph- let upon the decay and fall of the English system of Finance ; which was ordered to be printed and distributed to all the members of the national council. On the 22d of June, the insurrection in La Vendee was wholly quelled, and the re- public ackhowledged. CHAPTER S. A GENERAL VIEW OF THE EFFORTS MADE TO LIBERATE GEN- ERAL LA FAYETTE FROM THE PRISONOF OLMUTZ BOLL- MAN AND HUGER ATTEMPT HIS RESCUE. The government of the United States claimed the impris- oned La Fayette as an American citizen, and a Major Gen- eral of the American army, and made overtures to the courts of St. James, Berhn, and Vienna, for his liberation ; but without effect. Such was the lively interest that President Washington took in the sufferings of his beloved friend, that he addressed a letter to the Emperor of Austria, to effect, if possible, his relief from the prison of Olmutz, of which the following is an extract': " It will readily occur to your Majesty, that occasions may sometimes exist, on which official considerations would con- strain the chief of a nation to be silent and passire, in rela- tion even to objects which affect his sensibility, and claim his interposition as a man. Finding myself precisely in this situation at present, I have taken the liberty of writing this private letter to your Majesty, being persuaded that my mo- tives will also be my apology for it. *' In common with the people of this country, I retain a strong and cordial sense of the services rendered to them by the Marquis de La Fayette ; and my friendship for him has been constant and sincere. It is natural, therefore, that I should sympathize with him, and his family, in their misfor- tunes : and endeavour to mitigate the calamities they experi- 10* 114 MEMOIRS OF ence, among which his present confinement is not the leas! distressing. " I forbear to enlarge on this deHcate subject. Permit me only to submit to your Majesty's consideration, whetheir the long imprisonment, and the confiscation of his estate, and the indigence and dispersion of his family, and the pain- ful anxieties incident to all these circumstances, do not form an assemblage of sufferings, which recommend him to. the mediation of humanity ? Allow me. Sir, on this occasion^ to be its organ ; and to entreat that he may be permitted toi come to this country, on such conditions, as yourj Majesty} may think it expedient to prescribe. •' As it is a maxim with me not to ask what, under similar! circumstances, I would not grant, your Majesty will do me^ the justice to belipve that this request appears to me to cor- respond with those great principles of magnanimity and wis- dom which form the basis of sound policy, and durable glory,-' On the 17th of March, 1794, General Fitzpatrick opened the subject of the cruel confinement, and melancholy situa- tion of the Marquis La Fayette, in a dignified speech to the| British House of Commons.* * The following interesting abstract, as reported in the Annual Re gister, for 1794, will shew theiseotiments of thie orators upon this mosttj iQtereating subject: General Filzpatrick observed, that the disapprobation shown by, the nnlnister on a former night, when it had been mentioned in the' house that the Ring of Prussia refused tc liberate Monsieur de la Fay- ette and three other state prisoners, on (he ground that they were the prisoners of the allied powers, was sufficient to exempt the character of the British nation from the odium of having any share in so exe- crable a transaction. He thought, however, that humanity, justice and policy required an interferance from this country, in behalf of this unfortunate man. The General entered into a very able review of the whole conduct of Mons. de la Fayette — his firm attachment to the constitution of 1789, which had been approved by this country — his loyalty, which was proved by the most signal services to the royal family — and his refusal to join the republie«n party, though allured by every honour which could flatter his ambition. When this party ob- tained the ascendancy, what was his conduct ! He resolved no longer to head the array, though he would not lead it against his country, but posted them so advantageously that General Clairfait was deteired fmm attacking it. When commissioners came to remove him from li\e cammand of the army, still faithful to the constitution and raonar- LA FAYETTE. 115 The whole British nation felt the magnitude and impor- tance of the subject, and their public prints expressed their chy he had sworn to defend, he consigned them to the civil power. He 60on afterwaids passed the frontier, with a deternriination not to join the enenaies of his country, and this was tlie cause of his dungeon and his sufferings. On neutral ground, (the bishopric of Liege") he was taken prisoner, and transferred to a fortress belonging to the King of Prussia, where he was offered his liberty, on condition of joining the army of the French princes. This he refused ; and then the offi^ cers of the King of Prussia claimed him as a prisoner of their master, not as a prisoner of war. La Fayette, and three other gentlemen, who had been members of the Constituent Assembly, were now con- fined in filthy and unwholesome dungeons, without the liberty of breathing the fresh air more than one hour in a day, and debarred from all communication with each other. The General humanely urged the obligation which this country lay under to protect Mons. La Fayette, according to the proclamation of the 29th October, which promised protection to all who should throw off anarchy and declare for monarchy. If we refused to interfere, what dependence could the royalists place upon our promises ? He urged that the con- duct of Mons. La Fayette in America ought to be no bar to such ac interposition, as we should have been happy to have saved, by such a step, the life of Louis the Sixteenth, whose conduct in the American war would never have been thought of as an obstacle. The General contiimed to urge the policy and humanity of this' interferance, and mentioned the intention of the President of the United Stales to make an application in favour of the unhappy prisoner. He corcluded, by moving for an address to his majesty, stating, that the detention of Mons. de la Fayette and his three friends in prison, by order of the King of Prussia, was injurious to his Majesty and the caupe of his allies, and beseeching him to intercede for their deliverance in such a way as he in his wisdom shall judge proper. This motion was seconded by Colonel Tarleton, who gallantly expatiated upon the merits of a General "who had once been his ad- versary. The Chancellor of the Exchequer denied toat the four persons men- lined in the motion, ever were the real friencfe of liberty, and thought their detention no infraction of the law of nations. The question, he said, was, whether this country was implicated to interfere, from mo- tives of justice, honour and policy ? The inteiferance required, would be setting ourselves up as guardians of the consciences of foreign states. This country had, he said, no participation in the matter, since TVTons. La Fayette had been taken prisoner before we were a party in the war. With respects to the gentlemen being entitled to the protection of this country on account of the proclamation at Tou- lon, that declaration was addressed only to such as were willing to come as friends and supporters of the genuine cause of liberty. This was not the case with Mons. La Fayette and his friends, He should he said, oppose the motion, as equally improper and unaecessary 116 MEMOIRS OF sympathy upon the occasion ; but Mr. Pitt, the then prime minister, stood aloof, as a cool deliberate calculator, ano Mr. Fo3f thought it was difficult to say which was the most extra ordinary, that this country should hesitate to interfere, or that ij:moirs of mount behind Boliman ; but the Governor, fat and clumsey ttb as he was, caught La Fayette by the arm, and in the struggle, the guard caught him behind, and was about to carry him off to the carriage, when Huger siezed the guard by the hair, and threw him upon the ground. The sudden fall of the guard (h; started the horse of Hnger, which wrenched the bridle from his arm, and gallopped off into the fields. Boliman, surprised by this accident, was about to dismount and assist La Fayette, who was then struggling with the guard, but Huger forbade him, and urged them both to be off as fast as possible, whilst he secured the Governor. The General held the guard up- on the ground, but the guard held the General so fast by the arm, that he could not disengage himself In the exertions of the moment, he seized the guard by the throat, but he still held on, and cried out for help ; the General attempted to thrust "his handkerchief into his mouth, to stifle his cries, when the guard let go his hold of the General, seized upon his fingers, with his teeth, and bit him most severely. The General wrenched his fingers from the teeth of the .guard : but left the skin and flesh behind ; and instantly mounted behind Boliman. Huger, discrying at that instant a peasant, (who was ploughing in a neighbouring field,) unhar- nessing his horse, for the purpose of coming to see what had caused the outcry, earnestly pressed Boliman and the General to be off, and leave him to the use of his legs, adding, I am an excellent runner, and can easily gain the neighbouring hills, and make my escape ; but one moment's delay from you, will ruin us forever. Thus pressed by necessity, Boliman and La Fayette gallopped away. Huger, in the mean time, having disarmed the governor, suddenly disengaged himself, and ran into the neighbouring wood. The Governor, struck with astonishment at the scene that had passed, proceeded to the assistance of the guard, and: halpedhim upon his feet ; for La Fayette had handled him. so roughly, that he was unable to rise without assistance, and' they crept into the carriage and returned to the castle. Boliman and La Fayette had not proceeded more than three miles before they heard the three alarm guns from the castle, to give notice that a prisoner had escaped. The Governor at the same time ordered all the officers to mount their horses, rmd commence the pursuit, and sent the soldiers to patrole LA FAYETTE. 127 le country in every direction, and alarm the neighbouring ountry. The pursuers soon secured Hugers horse ; and Huger limself was soon descried and pursued by the peasant, who ad been ploughing in the neighbouring tield. Huger elud- (1 the pursuit for a time, by crossing the fields where it was lifficult for the peasant to ride ; but the peasant, in the varmthof the pursuit, dismounted from his horse, and com- nenced the chase on foot. The contest now became une- qual, the peasant was fresh, and Huger was fatigued and so far exhausted, that he was soon overtaken. As his only alter- lative, he turned upon the peasant and offered him his purse, ;o secure his liberty, but the peasant refused it roughly, and seized him by the collar. Huger attempted to extricate him- self ; but his strength w-as so far exhausted, that he was constrained to submit ; his hands were bound, and under the guard of one of the patroles, he was barbarously con- ducted into the town, delivered to the Governor of the cas- tle, put into irons, and immured within the walls of a loath- some dungeon. When Bollman and the General heard the alarm guns, they urged on the speed of their horse ; but the roads were both muddy and slippery, from the rains that had fallen in the morning, and the almost exhausted animal slipped continual- ly, and at last stumbled and fell, and laid his riders prostrate in the dirt. They rose hastily, and finding their bones whole, attempted to remount their horse, but he appeared to be so far exhausted, that they agreed to give him a few moments rest ; then mounting again, they urged on their flight. Night had now overtaken them, and the clouds be- gan again to moisten the earth with a drizzling rain ; and the darkness shut out all objects from their view. In this de- plorable situation their minds were harassed with the most distressing anxiety. They trembled for the fate of Huger ; they dreaded the pursuit, they were anxious for their own safety, expecting at every step their weary horse would again stumble and plunge them into the mud. In this dis- tressing situation they arrived at the fork of the road, as be- fore described, which completed their agitation, and threw them into an inextricable dilemma. Bollman had forgotten the true road, and felt for the guide board • but such was the darkness that he could not discove? 128 MEMOIRS OF one letter upon it. General La Fayette, in a low whisper, - advised to throw up the reins, and let the horse choose hi? own way ; Bollman complied ; but the poor, fatigued animal turned directly about, in order to return to town. Bollman, in a rage seized the rems, and urged the horse into the left path^ for it had now become very narrow, and pursued his course. They had not travelled more than three miles, before the horse again stumbled, and threw his riders. The General fell upon a sharp stone that wounded his arm severely, and the blood flowed freely. Recovering from their fall, they, began to recover their senses, so far, as to suspect that ai'^ road so rough and narrow, could not possibly lead directlyi'* to Troppau. lu this state of perplexity, they concluded toj'^ turn about, and endeavour to gain the other road ; but the \\ noise occasioned by their fall had given the alarm to a patrol ing company of peasants, who now accosted them with the f' usual salutation : Who goes there ? They hastened to re-'' mount their horse, hoping that the darkness would enable them to elude their pursuers ; but they had not proceeded many pvices, before they were surrounded by six armed'''' peasants, under the command of a resolute leader, who com- pelled them to go forward about forty rods, to their quar- ters, which they tound to be a large barn. Here they learntCI that they had missed the road to Troppau, and taken the one to Braunseifien, in their dilemma at the fork of the roads. They had now travelled twelve or fourteen miles, and be- gan to feel themselves out of the reach of their pursuers ; but it is the custom in Austria, that whenever a soldier or prisoner escapes, the gates of the town are immediately closed, three alarm gun« are fired, and patroles of cavalry are sent out in the pursuit. All the magistrates of the cities and villages are obliged to give the alarm, by the ringing of bells ; and thus the alarm is heard over the country in a short time. The militia of the country, (termed land strum,) are compelled to assemble at a given place of rendezvous, re- ceive arms, and join in the parsuit. To reward them for their services, as well as to excite vigilance, the govern- ment give a handsome compensation for every prisoner so taken and returned. The alarm bell had been sounded in Braunseiffen ; the villagers had been assembled, and the party of patroles, that had taken Bollman and La Fayette, had been accordingly stationed in this barn. LA FAYETTE. , 129 The head of this guard was an honest man, who received e prisoners kindly ; invited them into the barn, and com- enced the necessary inquiries, respectfully. Bollman be- m his reply, by informing him, in Geriitan, " that they were vo English travellers, who were going to Troppau ; but had st their way." The officer seeing them covered with lood and dirt, was not satisfied with this answer, and requir- i some further explanations. Bollman proceeded to shew ow his companion had received a wound by a fall from their orse, which was then bound up with his handkerchief, he officer next inquired for their passports ; Bollman in- antly produced his, and added, my friend, through the arkness of the night, and the fall from his horse, had lost is portmanteau, and with it, his passport ; and that when ley discovered the light in the barn, they hastened forward, 1 expectation of finding a guide for their journey; upon hich he offered a round sum in gold to any one who would rocure them a good horse, and a guide. The defence was adroitly managed ; but it did noi satisfy lie officer full}'^ ; he paid them a handsome compliment, as entlemen, but added, that his duty compelled him to detain hem, until he could receive orders from the Mayor, and des- atched his messengers accordingl}'. The passport of Dr. Bollman was handed round amongst he guard, and being written in German, two of them could ead, or at least spell it, who assured their chief that it must 'e correct, because the visa of Vienna and Olmutz were very :xact. Bollman taking courage upon this, immediately re- umed his request, that they might proceed on their journey, md offered a much larger reward in gold, than before, to any )ne who would procure a guide and a good horse. But the )fficer persisted in his resolution, of waiting ibr the orders of he Mayor, adding his assurance, that he could not doubt of heir being gentlemen ; but the ringing of the alarm beHs •endered it impossible for him to permit them to proceed, vithout further orders. At this, he ordered a large fire to )e kindled, for the purpose of drying their clothes, a decent 'epast was prepared, and set before them, and a comfortable )ed of straw was provided. Despair now seized upon these mhappy adventurers, they clearly saw their fate before hem ; their appetites loathed the food ; fatigue hung upon heir limbs ; disappointment and alarm dejected their 130 MEMOIRS OF u spirits, and wretched as they were, they threw themselvesno down upon the straw, and sunk into a state of broken slum-iu] bers for the rest of the night. The officer of the guard, itl then ordered the horse to be brought in and fed ; the doors mi to be closed, and sentinels regularly placed to secure the#{ strangers until morning. Language cannot express, imagin- ation can not paint the tortures the minds of these unfortu- nate sufferers endured, through this distressing scene. A long three hours had now rolled away, when orders camejl from Richter, the Mayor of Braunseiffen, that the prisoners^ should be immediately brought before him. Before we en-u ter upon this new scene, it will be necessary to premise thatib Mr. Richter, the Mayor, is a wealthy manufacturer of cloth ; )it kind and generous in his feehngs, fixed and immoveable ini|( his integrity, and in all respects a plain honest man. ;t The following is an exact account of this adventure, given |) in the language of the Mayor, by Mr. Holstein. *' As soon as I saw them," (this was his account,) " I was sure they were gentlemen ; for I was struck with their ap- pearance, their dress, and their manners. But when I ob- served that their clothes were covered with mire, and stain- ed with blood, I hardly knew what to think. I immediately requested all persons present to retire, except my colleague, the curate, and the secretary of the municipality ; curious to know who they were, and how they came in such a strange predicament. Bollman then presented me his pass- port, told me that he was a Hanoverian, and of course a sub- ject of his Britannic Majesty, the friend and ally of Austria, and added, that his arrest had been very illegal. All this was said with so mur.h ease and propriety, that I was ex- , tremely perplexed, and hardly knew what course was best to adopt, when my associate and the curate, the gentlemen now before you,* advised me not to act with too much precipita- tion, but to wait for further intelligence from Olmutz. As soon as the two strangers saw us conversing and consulting together, in a low tone of voice, they began immediately to do the same. At length the Doctor rose from his chair, and ♦ We were all three seMed at table after dinner, over a bottle of ex- cellent old Johannisbergher, a well known Rhenish wine of thatnamcvj LA FAYETTE. 131 egged me to go with him into another room, as he wished ) speak ^vith me alone. This request, made with great ah- aptness, and with marks of extreme agitation, induced me fc first to suspect, that he harboured some sinister design ; ut immediately repelling this suspicion, I invited him to 'alk into that small apartment that you see there. We had :arcely entered and closed the door, when, with tears in is eyes, he asked me, ' whether I knew who was his com- anion. It is,' said he, ' the great, the good La Fayette, ^hom I have attempted to deliver from prison. Oh ! save im I I beg, 1 conjure you ! and I'll give you all the gold I ave about me, and bills of exchange for 20,000 florins, and )r thirty thousand more, if you want it. And if that's not nough, the General will promise you a hundred thousand orins at least. Oh ! save him ! for God's sake, save him ! : was I who brought him to this horrible condition — punish e, and let me be your prisoner, and let him escape I' He len threw himself upon the ground before me, embracing y knees, and sobbed, and wept, and pra^'ed to me, as if I ad indeed been a saint or a saviour. ' At the name of La Fayette, I felt such emotions as it ould be utterly vain to attempt to describe. Though I had iver seen him for a moment, he had ever been the object my profoundest esteem and veneration. In a state of great »d painful perplexity, and scarcely conscious of what I was )ing, I raised the young man from the ground, and asked m reproachfully, wh}^ as soon as my people had arrested m, he had not instantly written me a note undisguisedly, atingthe truth. In that case, I continued, I should have ;paired to the spot, and could have easily made such ar- mgements, as to enable 3^ou both to escape, without in the ast committing myself. Tell the General how much 1 ve, how much I revere him ; but tell him that I am ex- emely unhappy, that now it is utterly out of my power io sist his escape. There are too many persons who saw him rested, and he is, I am sure, too generous to ask me to do, hat would consign my wife and my children to inevitable iin. We had proceeded so far, when word was brought to e, that an officer had just arrived on horseback, with a mes^ ^e from the Governor, and desi^-ed to see me immediately, fi entering the parlour, I found seated by the side of La 132 MEMOIRS OF Fayette, the Governor's aid-de-camp, who, though he di not speak, seemed greatly enraged at what had taken place As soon as he saw me, he ordered me in the name of his e^ cellency, to apprehend and send to Olmutz, under a strori) guard, those two men, pointing to La Fayette and Bollmai and accompanying every thing he said with a violent oatt He then informed me of all that had happened ; but ever thing I heard, only excited my greater sorrow for their mi«i fortunes ; and I asked the aid-de-camp's permission, to offc him and the prisoners some refreshment, while the carriagi and the guard were preparing. My wife shed tears, on merr ly hearing that General La Fayette had been arrested, aft€' attempting to escape ; and indeed, all my children did thl same ; for we had fcequently spoken of the General wit great admiration, and though we had never seen him, we dil not love or esteem him the less. The two unfortunate mef refused to sit down to table with us, m spite of all my entre? ties ; but walked up and down the room in the greatest diji tress ; the sight of which, however, did not seem in thl least to affect the appetite of the hungry aid-de-camp. / length the carriage arrived ; and the aid, along with my asi sociate, got in with the two prisoners ; for I could not refua this mark of respect to a man whom I so deeply venerated especially, as a great concourse of people had already assetr, bled to witness, and watch our proceedings." " Such is the account which Richter gave me ; and I haV^ inserted here with almost literal exactness the informations received at several conversations with this respectable mar for it made upon my mind an impression, which, as long as live, nothing will efface. " When I repeated the substance of these conversatioc to General La Fayette, as we were one day seated in hi carriage, with his lady, and his daughters, on our way froi Olmutz to Hamburg, they all listened with marks of thl greatest emotion. Madame de la Fayette could not restral nor conceal her tears ; but taking the hand of her husban and mine, and pressing them warmly, " Oh my dear Felc mann,"* said she, *' how happy your story has made me|" ♦ The reader is already infofmed, Ihat I had adopted the fictitioi wauje of Feldmann, for reasons hereafter to be mentioned. LA FAYETTE. 133 or it assures me there are good men in every part of the vorld." ** Yes," observed La Fayette, " yes, even in Aus- 'ria.'^ CHAPTER SIX. jKEltJH OF THE AUSTRIAN POLICE PERSECUTIONS OP THE FRIENDS OF LA FAYETTE FATE OF PASSY BUFFERINGS OF LA FAYETTE AND HIS COMPANIONS. The cabinet of St. James held a sovereign controul over he government of Austria at this time, through the agency of ler principal ministers, Thugut and Saurau, who were the Wowed enemies of Prince .Charles, then Commander in CJhief of the Austrian armies. Through their instrumen- 'ality, Prince Charles was divested of his command ; but his reserving popularity caused the nation to frown upon the neasure, which opened the eyes of the Emperor to the in- ustice, as well as impolicy of the transaction, and he restored iiim again to the command. The jealousy of the ministers litill followed him, and so circumscribed his powers, by plac- ng him under the controul of a supreme council, which held heir sittings at Vienna, (the Ober-Hof-Kreigs-Rathj) that he yas under the necessity of obtaining the approbation of this '.ouncil, upon the smallest movements. The Baron Thugut and the Count Saurau were the most obsequious devotees of their sovereign, whose highest fa- ?^ours they enjoyed ; but to their equals and inferiors, they vere the most contemptible tyrants. They denounced, with he most bigoted intolerance, all who dared to indulge a lib- >ral, or philosophic sentiment, and pursued them with the everest persecution. They led their sovereign captive at heir will, by surrounding the throne with the creatures of heir power, who poisoned the royal ear with false encomi- ims upon their merits, and drew a veil over their follies and rrors. These are the men to whom General La Fayette and his riends are indebted for all their sufferings. Their persecu- ions were not confined to the prison of Olniutz, they were 12 r. 134 l^^PMOIRS OF brought home to tlieir own doors in the city of Vienna. The confirmation of this, the following narrative from Holstein, will fully shew. \ ** Mr. Joseph Francois Huber, encouraged by the mani-' fest dissatisfaction which the inhuman treatment of La Fay- ette, Bollman and Huger, after their attempt to escape, hadi occasioned, among the more enlightened and liberal classes at Vienna, had ventured to publish in a weekly Journal several i articles in favour of General La Fayette and his friends, ad-- ding, that in this respect, his opinion was supported by that; of the greater part of the people of Austria. A fortnights had scarcely elapsed, after the publication of these essays, , when the police interfered, seizing all the copies of the^ Journal, which remained unsold, and arrested the editor. On his refusing to give up the name of the author of the article in question, he was chained, and thrown into a dungeon, where bread and water were his only food. His enlargement was only effected by the return of Mr. Huber, who hadbeem for some time absent from town, and who, as soon as he was informed orthe circumstance, hastened to acknowledge, that he had written the offensive article, and insisted that his^ friend should be released from prison, and tried before a! competent tribunal. To this appeal, the minions of thei ministers replied, by throwing Huber into the dungeon which confined his friend, who was not released until two months after ; to punish him, as these petty tyrants declared, for his obstinate refusal to betray the confidence of Huber. The latter, in spite of all the exertions of his wife, and his numer«, ous friends, was transferred secretly, and by night, loaded with chains, to the subterraneous cells of Munkatsch, in Hungary, where he remained nearly three years, in a wet unwholesome dungeon, filled with worms, toads, and other nauseous reptiles ; and where he would have perished, be- yond a doubt, without the assistance of several officers, his I friends, who contrived to convey to him, from time to tim<^, supplies of clothing, and more wholesome food. *'I saw Huber at Altona myself, and the account he gave ir, of his sufferings, which are published in the Neueste Staau- Anzeigen, was deplorable indeed ; and sufficiently prove that the prisons of Austria, particularly at Munkatsch an^ Spielberg, near Brunn, the capital of Moravia, are eve worse than the old Bastile, of which so much has been sai ' Of these transactions, the Emperor Francis H. knew abs LA Payette. 135 lutely nothing ; and Huber and his friend owed their suf- ferings, exclusively, to the tyranny of Thugut and Saurau. All who understood the gloomy, suspicious, and ferociousf temper of these two ministers, knew themselves surround- ed by spies and informers, and feared, at every instant, ar- rest, confiscation and imprisonment." The following narrative, from the same author, will serve to shew the inquisitorial severity of the Austrian police, un- der the administration of the same ministers. " In the early part of 1796, I passed, for the first time, from Hamburg through Dresden, and Bautzen, to Prague, on a journey, incognito, to Olmutz, in order to ascertain ex- actly the condition of the prisoners, and the chances of es- cape. Sieveking, who had given Bollman letters of intro- duction and credit, gave me also, besides others, one for Balabene & Co. rich bankers at Prague. Travelling in a very elegant berlin, with four post horses, well provided with money and bills of exchange, and attended by a single domes- tic, I arrived at Prague on the morning of the day of the great festival, held in honour of the patron saint of Bohe- mia, St. Nopomuck. On this occasion there assemble an- nually, more than 50,000 strangers, who come upon a pil- grimage to Prague, to kneel at the shrine of the Saint, and to receive from the hands of his Ministers, pardon for their sins, and the gift of the holy absolution. This absolution is contained in little printed papers, which are sold in immense quantities, from the price of a few Kreutzers,* to two flor- ins a-piece, according to the greatness of the offence, and from their sale, the priests are enabled to realize incalcula- ble sums. "On my arrival at the gates of Prague, my carriage was stopped by the sentry. The officer of the guard came out, and obliged me to produce my passport, demanded my name, my last residence, place of birth, my rank, my business ia Prague, how long I intended to remain in the capital, and at what hotel I should lodge, &c. My answers to these ques- tions were placed in his port«folio. On my requesting him to return my passport, he told me, that his orders were to '" The value of the AiistrJan Kreutzer is rather less than that of the American cent. i3G MpiOmS OF send to the police the passport of all strangers, who arrivetf at the capital, and, if circumstances called for it, even the traveller himself; but, as you are a gentleman, he added, 1 shall dispense with this last requisition. " In consequence of the concourse of people, drawn to gether by the approaching festival, it was with the greatest difficulty that I could procure lodgings. I was at last suc- cessful at the hotel Romische Kaysevy the landlord of whicii met me at the door, and making me several low and obse- quious bows, called me your Excellency, and Monsieur le Baron. His servility disgusted me, and I told him I was nei ther an Excellency nor a Baron. He then saluted me with the title of Ihro Giiaden, (yqur Lordship, or your Grace,; until, to get rid of his fulsome compliments, 1 asked him ab- ruptly what paper he had in his hands. After a thousand ridiculous contortions and grimaces, I was allowed to under- stand, that it contained a list of questions printed by the or- der of the police, similar to the inquisitorial interrogatories which had already been put to me by the officer of the guard. At this I could scarcely controul my impatience and fi»und it difficult to summon sufficient self-command to write the answers, and sign the paper. The landlord ther told me, that if he unfortunately omitted to send to the police an hour after the arrival of a stranger at bis hotel, a papei filled up and signed, like the one he had presented to me, lie would be punished by a fine of a thousand florins, or by ait imprisonment for eighteen days. " Exhausted as lavas with fatigue, having travelled day and night from Hamburg, without scarcely a moment's repose. I was nevertheless so impatient to reach Olmutz, thatmy in- tention was to remain at Prague only long enough, to go to the banker's, and procure the amount of a bill drawn at sight bv Mr. Strasow, a banker at Hamburg. The letters of Sieve king were merely small slips of paper, scarcely two fingers isi breadth ; for, after the failure of Bollman, no One was wil- ling to incur the smallest unnecessary risk. On this account, Sieveking advised me to conceal them with the utmost care, which I accordingly did. As his hand- writing could not he mistaken, he did not sign any of these notes, and they con- tained simply these words : " The bearer is my intimate friend ; assist him in every thing , as you would me." The words 171 every things which were underscored, authorized LA FAYETTI!. 137 ne to draw Tor 50,000 florins, in case of necessity, as Mr. jjeveking explained to me himself. But I was already too veil provided, to make use of his letter of credit. '' This scrap of paper from Sieveking produced a wonder- "ul eifect. As soon as the Baron de Balabene had read it, he eceived me with open arms, begged me to tell him what ser- ^ice«he could render me, and paid me at once the amount of he bill of Strasow, in such coin as I preferred, notvvithstand- ng it was the day of the great festival. I thought it prudent, liowever, not to communicate my intentions to him ; not "rom mistrust, for Sieveking had recommended him as a man )n whom I could entirely depend ; but, as he could not in tny way assist my designs, it seemed unadvisable to make an mnecessary confident. ''On learning that I intended to leave Prague in an hour, he ibsolutely refused to let me go, till I had witnessed the fes- ivities of a day, so well meriting the notice of astranger, and I traveller. In short, I was obliged to remain. In the ourse of the day, we made an excursion on the Mulde, in a gondola, and landed on the beautiful islands of Gros and Klein '^''eneclig, where a large conco»irse of fashionable people had assembled. Afterwards, I saw the great procession, the )ridge on which is placed the statue of the Saint, superbly idornetl, and surrounded by more than ten thousand wax apers, by a multitude of priests, by an innumerable host of vorshippers, who lay prostate in the dust, and in short, by ill that imposing pomp and ceremonious magnificence, ob- jerved in all Catholic countries, and ab&ve all, in Austria, vhere superstition is so powerfully seconded by fashion. *'I had given orders to my servant to have my horse ready it eleven in the evening, wishing to redeem the time I had ost during the day, in order that I might reach Olmutz the lay but one after. Having urged me m vain to give up my ntention to travel by night, Balabene obtained from the jrovernor a pass, by which the gates of the town would be )pened to me ; for Prague is a fortified town, whose gates »re closed during the night, and none but men of distinction md family, are permitted to have passes, which they easily procure, by paying a few florins to the guard. " Highly gratified with the society of this amiable family, it whose house there had been given that day a magnificent 'ete, I took my leave, and was conducted to my hotel. Be^ 12* idt MEMOIRS OF fore I reached it, however, my servant, with every mark c ' consternation in his countenance, met me, and desired t< speak to me alone. From him I learned, to my great amaze ment, and I must confess, to my great embarrassment, thai the President of the police requested to see me, before! Itl he could give me my permit for the post horses. I immedi- ' ately set out, accompanied by the servant I had hired op in\ arrival,* for the residence of the President. On the way. he remarked, with a smile, " your excellency is too much oi : a gentlemen to have any thing to fear." " I was now shown the way through a long suite of apart4 ments, superbly furnished, into the closet of the President, who was alone, and although it was at least half past eleven at night, seemed engaged^busily in writing. As soon as the door opened, he asked the servant who was there : " It i- the gentleman your excellency! sent for," he replied, goinp, out and closing the door. *' Ah ha !" said the other, turning his broad red face towards me, but without raising his pon derous body from the chair. "Well! who are you ? This unmannerly reception and authoritative air, provokect me to reply in the same tone, " I am a traveller." " Fron. what place ?" " My passport will tell you." It lay by his side ; he unfolded it, and began to examine it. In the mean time, shocked at his incivihty in allowing me to stand, I took up one of the arm chairs, with which the large room was fil led, placing it directly in front of him, and sat down. He contracted his brow, looking at me over the passport, but i said nothing. After he had attentively examined all the visa of the different places through which I had passed, the names of which were on the back of the passport, he asked me if I knew any of the inhabitants of the city. " I do," I replied ; " I have passed the wliole day with the Baron de Bfdabene." *' Ah ! sir, are you acquainted with the nohlt Baron de Balabene ?" " So well, that he this morning paid me a large sum of money, and refused to allow me to leave him to-day." These words seemed to work a miracle. He rose from his seat, addressed me with Ihro Gnaden^ gave m^- * The greatest part of these servants, are spies of the police. t The reader is not to be surprised at this eternal repetition of title J]iei3 to recollect this took place ia Austria, not in America. LA FAYETTE. 130 As hand, told me he hud been misinformed, and declared itiis dehght at becoming acquainted with me. He suddenly, liiowever, seemed to recollect himself, desired me to excuse lim, passed into the antechamber, whispered to several of the servants, and among these, to the one I had hired, and hen returned and took a seat by my side. These manoeu- vres on the part of my mysterious host, began to make me uneasy ; for I had been warned by my friends at Hamburg, that I should have occasion for all my circumspection and prudence. I was soon reassured, however, by the entrance of several servants, who now came in, bringing glasses, and three or four bottles of wine. A small table was then brought near the soph a on which we were sitting, and on it were ar- ranged the wine and glasses, with cakes and preserves. My entertainer then asked me what wine I preferred ; " for 1 now see clearly," said he, " you are a gentleman^ and we must empty a bottle together, while we wait for oiy friend Balabene." " What! have you sent for the Baron ?" *' i have, and I hope you'll not take it amiss. Our sovereign's commands are so strict, that we cannot take too much pre- caution. I am the father of a very large family, and my fortune is small. 1 am surrounded with spies, and have sent for the Baron, that I may not be accused of having neg- lected my duty. About a fortnight ago, we arrested the dri* ver of a diligence, in whose possession we found a book, in the cover of which was secreted a letter, addressed to a very respectable man at Olmutz, and in which, among other things, mention was made of a French officer, who was travelling- incognito, the bearer of very interesting intelligence for General La Fayette, another French officer, with whom yoa are probably acquainted." As he uttered these last words, he fixed his eyes steadfastly on my face. But the stratagem did not succeed ; for, raising my glass, I drank to his health, and replied with the utmost indifference, ** I know the namf; of the man you mean very well ; it is mentioned in all the Gazettes ; but I did not know he was there — I thought he was at Magdeburg.'' At this, he laughed heartily, and tak- ing me by the hand, told me that my ignorance was the best proof that / was not the French officer ; and that, besides, I spoke German too well for a Frenchman. Balabene now entered, and confirmed the good opinion of the Presidept ; 140 i\fEMOIRS OF we finished our bottles, my host gave me the permit, an. wished me a very pleasant journey." One more instance of the vindictive persecution of thcj same ministers, from the same author, may serve to confirm the foregoing remarks. ** Passy, however, of whose generous exertions, in assist- Ij, ingthe escape of La Fayette we have spoken at large inthc L preceding chapters, could not elude the vigilance and ven-'L geance of Thugut and Saurau. According to the best infor- j^j mation we have been able to obtain, it appears, that about sixW, months after the enlargement of the prisoners, and our do- L parture from Olmutz, he was no more to be seen ; andifc/j^ji was strongly suspected, that he was thrown into the dungeons of Spielberg or Munkatsch. We therefore take this oppor- tunity, G|rnestly to entreat the friends of humanity in Aus- tria, (ifinndeed, this work can ever hope to cross the cordon i^^,^ of Austrian police,) to publish to the world, whatever infor- ij mation they may possess of the fate of this unfortunate man. By so doing, a very signal favour will be conferred on the families of La Fayette, Latour-Maubourg, and Bureau de Puzy ; and one at least as great on myself; for a close ■|j'| friendship, founded on the sincerest gratitude and esteem, had connected me with this excellent and benevolent mnn. With respect to the two tyrants who were the authors of the sufferings of the prisoners, I believe that the Count de Saurau is dead, and that Thugut drags out a miserable exi;? fence, deservedly despised by every one around him." CHAPTER ZUX J.A FAYETTE, BOLIMAN AND HUGER ARRESTED, AND IMPRIS ONED AT OLMUTZ. The capture of these three worthies we have noticed ; wr will now follow them through their future sufferings. As soon as General La Fayette was returned to the dun- geons of Olmutz, ** Braueps, the superintendant, ordered him to be immediately thrown iato chains, and the irons were LA FAYETTE. 141 closely fastened round his feet, that for more than three Dnths, he endured the most excruciating torture, of which, the while, the governor was absolutely ignorant ; for not- thstanding his previous professions, he never came now to sit tlie prisoners, nor took the least trouble to ascertain eir melancholy situation. Was this owing to fear, indiffer- ce, or insensibility ? Let Count de Arco justify himself, he may, if he be still living. From this moment, General i Fayette was treated with the utmost rigour. He had pre-- ous to his confinement, suffered a very severe fit of ilhiees Magdeburg, of which he had never been thoroughly cured, is anxieties, his fatigues, his anguish, and despair, at tind- g himself again in the power of his unrelenting jailer, so attered his nerves, that his fever returned, with redoubled olence. In this state he was allowed nothing for his bed, it a little damp and mouldy straw ; irons were upon his et, and a chain was put round his waist, and fastened to the all, which barely permitted him to turn, from one side to e other. No light was admitted into his cell, and he was 'en refused the smallest allowance of linen. " The winter of 1794 — 5 Avas extremely severe ; but his human jailers did not, on that account, relax from the rigor 'systematic and proscribed oppression. It seemed, indeed, ifficiently evident, that their object was to put an end to the dstence of their victim, by their ingenious device of irre- |)onsible cruelt3^ Worn down by disease, and the rigor of |ie season, his hair all fell from his head, and he became 'naciated to the last degree. To these physical distresses ere now superadded, those mental anxieties, which are, 3rhaps, still more difficult to endure. The only informa- on he could obtain, respecting the fate of his wife andchil- ?en^ for whom he felt the most painful solicitude, was that ley were conlined in the prisons of Paris ; and in reply to is inquiries about Bollman and Huger, his tormentors in- trmed him, that they were soon to perish by the hands of le hangman." While wc drop a tear of commiseration upon the suffer- igs of this great and good man, let us turn our attention for moment to the situation of Bollman and Huger, hi« brave id philanthropic deliverers. See the following interesting irrative from the Edinburgh Register for 1809, at page 519. 142 M£MOIRS OF *' The reader's attention naust now be confined to Huger^ the detail of whose sufferings the writer is better acquainted with than those of Bollman, having been informed of them bj Iiimself. The day after his entrance into the castle, Hugei received notice from the jailer, to prepare for an examina- tion before the chief magistrate of the city. As he was not conscious of having committed any very heinous crime, he was under no apprehensions for his life ; but expected, thai after he had told his story, and declared the motive of his actions, his judge might subject him to some slight punish- 'iient, perhaps a short imprisonment ; what then was \m amazement, when he heard himself accused of having enter cd into a conspiracy against the Austrian government. " The examination was carried on by means of an inter- preter, a young man of a benign aspect, who seemed to com passionate his situation, and who, when hegave such answer.* as he thought might tend to hurt his cause, made him repeat his answers, softening their import, assuring him that h( knew he did not exactly express himself in proper terms, ant desiring him to recollect whether he did not mean to answei in such and such a manner. Huger saw his good intentions and determined to rely on his judgment, especially after he had heard him say, in a low voice, ' I am your friend.' Af ter this, and many subsequent examinations, the magistrate informed him, he must not expect pardon, but advised him U prepare for the worst. This exhortation, so often repeated began to have some effect upon him ; and, considering h( was in the power of an absolute monarch, whose will wa? superior to law, he could not shake off some melancholy pre sages. His place of confinement was a loathsome dungeon without light ; he was fed with the coarsest food, chained U the floor during the night ; his own clothes taken from him and others sent him, that had been already worn by many ai unfortunate prisoner. Thus he dragged on the three firs months of his confinement. After that time he was remove( to a better room, into which glimmered a borrowed light better clothes, and more wholesome food were given him and his circumstances in every respect improved. *<• But still he was uncertain as to his fate, and the jailei was the only human being who visited him. One dav he LA FAYETTE. 143 was surprised with the appearance of his young friend the interpreter, Mr. W .* " Nothing could exceed his joy, at once more beholding a kindly human face. He informed Huger, that the court of Austria had believed that all the garrison of Olmutz had been engaged in the conspiracy ; that many people had been ar- rested on suspicion ; for it could not be believed that two such young men, as he and Bollman, could have formed and executed so daring a plan, without the aid of others ; but as no proofs had hitherto appeared, it was determined to bring them shortly to trial, and for that purpose lawyers were to be sent from Vienna to assist the magistrates of the city. Huger now for the first time learned the complete failure of their scheme, and that Bollman was under the same rooi with him. However sad the reflection was, that his friend's suiferings equalled his own, yet he could not express the joy he felt at being so near him. Soon after, he discovered that he inhabited the room above him. Thenceforward his treatment was much less rigorous ; even the jailer, who till lately had observed a profound silence, relaxed his caution, and came frequentlv to visit him ; and though a man of few words, yet as his presence broke the dreary solitude, he felt happy whenever he made his appearance. Many were the experiments he tried to hold a communication with Bollman, and at length he succeeded. " He discovered that the window, which threw a borrow- ed light into his cell, served likewise to throw light into that of Bollman. He picked a piece of lime from the wall, and with it scratched a few words upon a black silk handkerchief he wore about his neck, then fixing it upon a stick, he climb- ed up the side of the room, and raised the stick as near the common window as he could, until he had attracted the atten- tion of Bollman, who, after many efforts, made himself mas- ter of it, and returned an answer by the same method. De- lighted with having overcome this difficulty, they never suf- fered a day to pass without some communication. To W they were indebted for the means of rendering their situation "■ * The initials only of this excellent man's name are giren, for .necessary and obvious reasons. Editor of the Megister.*^'^' *'This may y)0?=ibly be our Professor Passy. 144 MEMOIRS OF still more comfortable, by engaging the jailer's wife in thei; interest ; a few presents, |and now and then a small piece o money, induced her secretly to bring them booka^ food, wine and warmer clothes ; and at length to procure a meeting be tween the two friends, at first short, but by degrees become more hardy, they were permitted to pass some part of ever day together. The following is an extract of a letter writtei by Huger to a near friend and relation, which, as it describe; his situation and feelings in a forcible manner, ought not to b< omitted : " I am equally ignorant how this affair may have beer represented, or what maybe thought in these times, of an at tempt to deliver Marquis de La Fayette. *"The motives which however, induced me to engage m it, cannot be judged by those who examine all similar en terprises according to their success or failure ; believe me it was neither unreasonably undertaken, nor rashly executed but failed from accidents, which prudence could not foresee To the mortification of a failure were added the miseries o a prison, which in Austria, exceed any thing known in Eng- land. In a small room, just long enough for my bed of straw with eight-pence a day for my support — at night chained tc the ground, and without books or light — I passed the first three months of my captivity. After this time my situation became gradually better ; but I was not allowed to write tc my friends, to be delivered from my chains, or permitted th€ smallest intercourse with the world, till a fortnight before m^ release. " ' In such a situation, the consciousness alone of having panion, Mr. Bollman, was in the same house, and our efforts to establish some communication, or to procure a momentary interview, afforded exercise for in- vention ; and, in proportion to the difficulty of effecting our LA FAYETTE. 145 wishes, the smallest success rewarded days of projects and expectation. I once also found means to disengage myself irom my chains, and felt an emotion beyond the power of words to describe.' ' ' The slave, liberated by the bounty of his master, expe- riences nothing similar to it ; he feels obligation for a favour conferred ; but a person formerly free, breaking the chain of tyranny and oppression, has the double enjoyment of overcoming his enemy, and regaining his liberty by his own exertions. Mine was but ideal for I was still surrounded v/ith walls and sentinels ; it was an event which might be of such consequence, that I did not permit the reality to inter- rupt the happiness it afforded me : and I probably felt more enjoyment at that moment, than in general, one half the world ever experienced in their lives, even those possessing freedom, wealth, and friends. My long captivity has not then been wholly miserable, nor without some pleasure.' " At length, at the end of seven months, they were inform- ed that the crown lawyers were arrived. The government by this time was satisfied that the attempt to liberate La Fay- ette was planned independently by two adventurers, and that it was not a plot laid by the secret agents of France, in which the garrison of Olmutz, at least was concerned, if it were not more widely extended ; and upon their trial, the sole fact of having attempted to rescue a state prisoner was alleged against them. " This fact being proved, they were remanded to their prison, to await the sentence which was to be pronounced against them by the supreme magistrate. They were now, however, permitted every indulgence but liberty. It was some days before they heard from W ; and when he came they were astonished and confounded to hear from him, that their punishment was intended to be imprisonment for life. He, however, consoled them, by hinting that if they could by any means procure money, this sentence might be changed to one much less severe, as it remained with the magistrate to pass what sentence he thought proper, or even to release them entirely. Bollman had no fortune, and as Huger had no credit in Austria, it would be a long time be- fore he could receive a remittance from London. W , their guardian angel, promised to do all he could for them. 13 Ue MEMOIRS OF " In the vicinity of Olmutz resided a Russian nobleman, j of most polished manners, joined to the greatest benevolence of heart. With him, W enjoyed a perfect intimacy and friendship ; they were congenial souls. W — — had made him acquainted with the whole of their story ; through him ^.he had been able to administer so frequently to their comfort ; and he now nobly offered to advance them whatever money they might want to accomplish their release, and to defray their expenses to Hamburg. Having thus removed the greatest difficulty, his next care was to sound the sentiments of the magistrate. This he could easily effect, as in the capacity of interpreter, he had constant communication with him. He soon discerned that the magistrate was not averse to his speaking in their favour ; and when he artfully insinu- ated that a large rew^ard would certainly attend his declaring himself inclined to pardon, he found he was listened to with more attention. Having gained this point, he very soon came to an eclaircissement. The magistrate made an exor- bitant demand ; W said it was useless for him to go to the prisoners with such terms, and as he knew exactly the state of their finances, he could at once mention what they had to give, and therefore the utmost he could expect. — *rhis sum was fifty pieces. He refused to comply for less than a hundred. In answer to this, W desired him to consider, that if he delayed his determination he might lose his prize altogether, for that great interest was making at Vienna, for the release of the prisoners, which he had no doubt would succeed, as amongst others, the English and American ambassadors had exerted themselves in their fa- vour. " This upright magistrate at last yielded to the impulse of avarice, and agreed, that if the prisoners would send him the money before they left the prison, they should be re- leased the next day. To this he answered, they were so distrustful of all about them, that he was certain they would rather await the result of the petition at Vienna, than part with their little stock of money at an uncertainty ; but he added, that he himself would become their security, and be answerable to him for the money, in case they did not pay it. To this he agreed, and W was authorized to nego- tiate with the prisoners. All matters being soon settled, the term of their imprisonment was first fixed at fourteen years, LA FAYETTE. 147 i\ien shortened to seven, soon after to one, then to a month, and lastly, to a week ; at the expiration of which, they were released from prison. " They immediately repaired to the house of the magistrate to -eturn him thanks for the many indulgences he had allow- ed them, and upon shaking hands with them at parting, the stipulated sum was put into his hands. It is not to be sup- posed they made a long stay at Olniutz ; no longer than was necessary to pour out their grateful acknowledgments to the Russian nobleman, and above all, to the noble minded, gen* erous W , to whose kindness they owed all the comforts they had experienced in prison, and to whose friendly and humane exertions they were ultimately indebted for their lib oration." CHAPTJSR ZIV. LA FAYETTE OBTAINS SOME RELIEF IN HIS CONFINEMENT. Thugut and Saurau having suspected Count de Arco of having been too indulgent to General La Fayette, before his attempted escape, removed him soon after, and he was suc> ceeded by Baron de Schroter, General of artillery. They dismissed, at the same time. Captain Brauers, the superintend- ent, and filled his place by Count Maquelico, an Irishman. They loaded with encomiums Richterthe Mayor of Braun- seiffen, and assured him " that his majesty had a proper sense of the zeal he displayed in the arrest of La Fayette and Boll- man ; and that in order to evince his satisfaction, his majesty had sent him a medal of gold, with a chain of the same, ac- companied with his gracious permission, that he might wear it on all great public occasions." " I have seen both the letter and the medal," says Holstein ; '' the sight of which produced upon me very disagreeable impressions, and I owe it to this excellent man to state, that it was only shewn to me at the particular and reiterated request of his friend Hirsch, who took me to see him at my first arrival at Olmutz." " The new governor de Schroter," continues Holstien, " was a man advanced^in life, of not unkind feehngs, but rude and abrupt in his deportment, and very mudh addicted to the Ms MEMOIRS OF pleasures of the table. General La Fayette remained in irons for more than three months after his arrival, and no one had courage enough to speak in his behalf. Kreutschke, the head surgeon, who had fortunately escaped suspicion, had however not forgotten his friend, and one day speaking on the subject to Hirsch, it was agreed, after consulting Passy, the professor, to ascertain, if possible, the new governor's sentiments with regard to the prisoners ; and this was ac- complished in the following manner. "^Hirsch kept decidedly the best table in Olmutz, and had his vaults abundantly stocked with excellent wines. Of this circumstance, de Schroter was disposed to avail himself ; and accordingly, from the day of the first entertainment which the banker gave in honour of the governor's appoint- ment and arrival, he made it a point to dine with him regu- larly two or three times a week, and the wine of course wa? never forgotten. Maquelico, who was also a good judge of \vine, though rather too poor to drink any of his own, gen- erally came with his excellency to these family dinners, as he called them. Hirsch, on one occasion, invited the gov- ernor to dine at his house on his birth day. The invitation was immediately accepted. At this dinner none were pre- sent but a few select friends, and among these the surgeon, the professor, and the superintendent. Hirsch took care to pro- vide a sumptuous repast, and to fill his neighbour, the gover- nor's glass, with every variety of wine. The guests were of course in jadmirable spirits, and when the dessert was served, the governor took occasion to offer a compliment in his usual style, on the magnificence of his host's hospitality, and the ex- cellen. flavour of his wines. To this, Hirsch politely replied, that he had undoubtedly made every effort to receive his excellency with the honours due to his rank ; but he beg- ged leave to observe, that there were many poor wretches, who would be satisfied with the thousandth part of their fare ; and he would take that opportunity, he added, to ask of his excellency on this, his birth day, one single, solitary favour. The Governor, whose conduct had now begun to show the progress of the wine, laughed with great good nature, and told him his request was granted before it was made. Em- boldened at this promising reply, Hirsch entreated him to extend some little indulgences to La Fayette, to take off his irons, and to allow him to leave his dungeon for an hour, in preseace; at least, of the assembled guard. Certainly, cer- LA FAYETTE. 149 tainly, answered de Schroter, and turning to the superinten*- dent, exclaimed, Maquelico, you may give orders that the irons be removed from the prisoner, and that he be allowed, from to-morrow, to walk for an hour — recollect ! for an hour, and no more — in the Jesuits' hall, (the name of the prison where La Fayette and his friends were confined.) This indulgence relieved in a measure the General's sufferings ; but he was unable to hold any communication with his friends, for although they came out at the same hour^ and to the same hall, yet each one of them was surrounded by four sol- diers, who allowed them only to walk within the prescribed limits, and forbade them to speak or make signs to each other, on pain of being remanded to prison immediately, and of forfeiting entirely the privilege of walking in the hall. " Previous to the attempt of the General to make his escape, he corresponded with his two friends without much diffi- culty, by means of the surgeon, who received for his servi- ces, on different occasions, many valuable presents, which Hirsch paid, from the very large advances of money which the iVmerican Consul at Hamburgh, Mr. John Parish, had placed at the disposal of the Olmutz banker. The Gener- al's valet-de-chambre, Felix, was occasionally allowed to remain in his master's prison. On one of these occasions, Felix told him, that in case of necessity, he had thought of a plan to enable him to converse with Maubourg and Puzy, by means of a kind of flute he had made of reeds, and which furnished the notes of a double octave, or sixteen tones, of which the combinations represented words, and even phra- ses. Pleased at the ingenuity of the scheme. La Fayette learned by heart this telegraphic dictionary, by means of which he was enabled to communicate his thoughts to his friends, without observation or suspicion. '* At first they attempted to take away Felix's flute, on pre- tence that it made too much noise, but on his earnest and repeated entreaties, they allowed him to keep it. As he played very slowly, Maubourg and Bureau de Puzy marked with a piece of coal, or wood, the corresponding phrases, un- til they had interpreted the whole of the intelligence con- veyed from their friend. When we were together at the chateau of Lehmkuhlen, in Holstein, after the liberation of La Fayette, I expressed some curiosity to see how this cor- respondence was effected. Felix was accordingly brought 13* loO MEMOIRS OF into the parlour where all were assembled, and performed on his flute the purport of several little notes which I gave him, and which Maubourg and Puzy, in a distant apartment, immediately interpreted. I mention this fact, to show that ingenuity will contrive resources under the most discourag-. ing circumstances, and learn to defeat the stratagems of tyranny itself. This happy invention, which we believe is entirely new, does very great credit to both La Fayette and his valet. "They had contrived another mode of correspondence, quite as curious as that which 1 have mentioned. As the surgeon seldom visited Maubourg and Puzy, they could not often avail themselves of his assistance ; and during the indis- position of Felix, the enchanted flute was silent, for want of a performer. The following expedient was then resorted to, Maubourg had purchased a young poodle, a species of dog : which, as every one knows, is very sagacious, and will fetch and carry remarkably well. " Each of the friends had his note prepared and rolled np in a small piece of wool, and brought it with him into the hall, where at three in the afternoon they were permitted to walk. Here Priaubourg, who had trained the dog well to his duty, threw the ball of wool, in which was concealed the note he had prepared to General La Fayette, and told the spaniel to fetch it. But the General, instead of the ball which Mau- bourg had thrown to him, put his own into the mouth of the spaniel, who brought it faithfully back to his master. Then Maubourg, who stood between La Fayette and Puzy, turned to the latter, and repeated the same manoeuvre with him. On returning to their cells, the three friends opened the balls, and read, with great pleasure, each other's notes ; prepared their replies, and the next day Mustapha played the messen- gers part with equal success. " These three gentlemen have frequently told me,that after exchanging their notes, the hour they were permitted to wnlk became no longer a privilege, and they were impatient to return to their dungeons to read each other's reply, which generally contained nothing of consequence, but was always very acceptable. " No person who has not been placed in similar circum- stances, can possibly appreciate the value which trifles hke these, oa such occasions, acquire. They told me too, that LA FAYETTE. 161 the jailers, the soldiers, and the whole guard, far from sus- pecting the meaning of Mustapha's manoeuvres, were the first, to laugh at his gambols, and admire his sagacit}'." CHAPTER XV. MADAME LA FAYETTE HER SUFFERINGS AT PARIS JOURNEV TO V^IENNA AUDIENCE OF THE EMPEROR INTERVIEW WITH HER HUSBAND AT OLMUTZ. The 20th of June, 1792, in which the royal dignity of Louis XVI. was wantonly degraded ; the ever memorable 10th of August, on which the power of the crown was tinally anni- hilated ; the bloody 2d of September, when the Jacobin mob tilled up the measure of all the crimes they had the power to perpetrate ; the ever memorable 20th of January, 1793, when the Convention passed their unhallowed sentence upon the unfortunate Louis XVI ; the awful solemn 21st of the same month, when the King bleduponthe scaffold under the axe of the guillotine, that scaffold upon which his unfor- tunate Queen and sister were soon destined to follow him, have all been noticed in their places. Tidings of these last scenes were conveyed to General La Fayette, while in prison at Magdeburg ; and his jailers, with more than savage barbarity accused him of being the cause of all the sufferings of the King and royal flimily. They also violated the dungeons of La Fayette and his friends, loaded them with insults, and threatened them with the ven- geance of their sovereign, even torture "ami death, as the prime instigators of the cruel death of Louis XVI. They went still further, and even threatened the lives of their un- fortunate domestics, Felix and Augustus, who were confined in another apartment. Fortunately, none of them under- stood German except Bureau de Puzy, they therefore could not comprehend the whole force of their threats ; but their gestures were sufficient to shew them, but too plainly, the meaning of their threats. They trembled for themselves ; but they trembled more for their families, which were theu i"a France, knowing as they did the state of public feeling, 152 MEMOIRS or and the fatal consequences to which they were exposed Their alarms were but too well founded, as the divisions h in the Convention, imprisonments, revolutionary tribunals, scaffolds, assassinations, &c. under the most cruel tyranny that ever disgraced the annals of history, have fully evinced. These days of terror and of blood, have long been past ; but when we call to mind the sufferings of our friends who were the victims of their rage, recollection calls them back To our view, with all their horrors. *' But how shall I delineate the character of that virtu- ous and admirable woman," says Holstein, " how express the profound veneration with which my heart is filled, how depict those qualifications, that rare and heroic devotion, the model of all that is great and noble, and exalted, which adorn- ed and characterized the too short life of this extraordinary female, whose claim to all the praise we can bestow, is en- forced by the recollection of how well she deserved the name o{ Madame La Fayette, We defy the ablest writer to do justice to the merits of this distinguished woman. We may form some feint idea of her noble character, but can never make the portrait of her virtues faithful and complete. It is entirel}"^ out of our power to describe the situation of Madame La P'ayette, when she was informed of the pro- scription, the flight, the fetters of her unfortunate husband. It was a blow that almost overpowered her ; but her firm- ness and courage, instead of abandoning her, rose with the occasion, only however, to subject her to the test of a still severer trial. She, together with her two daughters, the young Anastasia and Virginia, were confined in the prisons of j?aris, because the implacable foes of her husband could not glut their rage on him, they transferred their vengeance to his unfortunate family, and made the victims of their perse- cution, a mother and her two young daughters, whose only defence Avere their virtues and their tears. *vMadame La Fayette expected, every day, the prefer- ment of the charges against her. which, at that period, was a decree of death ; every day she wept over the fate of her husband and her unfortunate children, and every day she re- ceived the news that some of her relations and friends had fallen by the guillotine . The extensive property of her hus- band had been confiscated and sold ; a portion of her own had shared the same fate ; while her family, which was LA FAYETTE. 153 among the most opulent, as well as the most numerous, was ruined forever. As for herself, surrounded as she was hy the terrors of death, she still remained calm, and wept only for her husband and her children. Her boundless confi- dence in the decrees of that providence, which regulates the destinies of feeble mortals, consoled and supported her. She has often acknowledged to me since, that when the an- guish and agony of body and mind had almost deprived her of her senses, she had still resolution enough to suppress her tears, and repair to some corner of her prison, and there offer up a prayer to Heaven, without being perceived by her children, who were fellow prisoners with her in the same apartment. Afterwards, these young companions of her misery, shared in her devotions, and they furnished each other with mutual consolation." The revolution that put an end to the reign of terror, and hurled Robespierre and his satellites from their seats of pow- er, on the memorable 27th of July, 1794, has been noticed in a former chapter. By this important event, the numer- ous victims of his power, then confined in the prisons of France, were set at liberty, and the blood of the guillotine in a great measure ceased to flow ; but such was the bitter- ness against Madame La Fayette, and her innocent daugh- ters, that they could not obtain their release, until several months had elapsed, notwitstanding the exertions of her nu- merous friends. Nineteen long and tedious months had now rolled over her head, since her confinement commenced, before she was permitted to enjoy her liberty, and mingle again with the world ; during which, her health and spirits were greatly impaired and depressed ; but when she found herself once more at liberty to enjoy the society of her friends, her firmness and great strength of mind, added to her distinguished moral virtues, raised her above her mis- fortunes, and enable her to recover that interesting and ami- able vivacity, for which she was so distinguished. But her sufferings had so far impaired her health, that her friends and physicians pressed her to remain in the country for a few months, until her improving state of health should be estab- lished. This kind advise was as kindly received by Mad- ame La Fayette ; but new cares and new scenes awaited her. Her heart had ever been at Olmutz, since she learnt 154 i\yEM01RS OF that her husband was there ; but her own safety, and that ot her young daughters had divided her cares and anxieties, while she remained in prison ; now that she found herself at • liberty again, she resolved to throw herself at the feet of the Emperor of Austria, and obtain the release of her husband, or bury herself with him in the prison of Olmutz. Firm to her purpose, against the advice, the prayers and entreaties of her few family friends that remained, Madame La Fay- ette, with her two young daughters, the eldest of whom, Anastasia, was sixteen, and the youngest, Virginia, thirteen years of age, commenced her journey for Strasburg. To conceal her purposes and her character from the knowledge of the world, as well as to gain access to the Emperor of Aus- tria, her Imsbandh chief jailer^ she obtained an American passport from the Minister, resident at Paris, under the name of Madame Mottie, which was one of the christian names of her husband. To provide funds for such a journey, she was constrained to sell her jewels ; and to conceal her depar- ture from her friends and the world, she directed her porter in Paris, to announce to her numerous visitors, *' that Mad- ame La Fayette had gone to spend some time in the country." By this address she .actually arrived at Strasburg, before her departure from Paris was discovered. From Strasburg, Madame La Fayette proposed to go directly to Vienna, by the way of Lintz and Regensburg ; but learning that the- Archduke Charles, at the head of the Austrian army, occu- ])ied that country, and that a passport from him would be absolutely necessary to her safety, she despatched Colonel Louis Romoeuf, formerly aid-de-camp lo the Marquis La Fayette, with her name (Mottie,) and request to the Prince* The Archduke received her messenger with his usual civil- ities, and assured him, that he was under the painful neces- sity of refusing the request of Madame Mottie, '■^ because his hands were tied.^^ Madame La Fayette received the denial of the Prince with her usual firmness, and immediately recommenced her jour- ney for Vienna, by the way of Dresden. When she arrived in that city, she found two ladies of distinction, to whom she made herself known ; the one was the wealthy Duchess of Urselle, an emigrant from Brabant, and the other the Count- ess of Windischgratz ; the former a lady of great spi^it^^ LA FAYETTE. 156 and vivacity, with amiable and interesting manners. These ladies were strongly attached to the character of the Marquis La Fayette, had taken a lively interest in his misfortunes, and soon became warmly engaged to promote the best inter- est o{ his wife. They introduced her to the Prince of Ros- enburg, with many others of their numerous acquaintance, who all took a lively interest in her, and sought to promote her best interest and happiness. The Prince, the Dutchess and Countess, became the intimate associates of Madame La Fayette and daughters, at Vienna, and the Prince de Rosen- burg procured for her an audience of the Emperor. This audience was conducted with so great address, that it was concealed from the view of the Ministers and the Court for a long time, and was known only to the Prince de Rosen- burg, the Dutches of Urselle, the Countess of Windishgratz, and a few other particular friends, whom they had initiated into the secret. Madame La Fayette took her two interesting daughters with her, and accompanied by the Prince of Rosenburg, and the Duchess de Urselle, presented herself before his Majes- ty. This was one of her most trying scenes ; justice, be- nev^olence, humanity, happiness and misery, were balanced before her, in the suspense of hope and fear. But she sum- moned all her courage, and in the majesty of herself spread her request before the Emperor. She besought his Majesty, in the name of justice and humanity to liberate her husband ; assuring him at the same time, that he had committed no offence against the dignity of his crown, or of his person ; that he had been proscribed by the factions of his own coun- try, and had fled into banishment, with a view of seeking an asylum amongst his friends in America ; and that by the for- tune of war he had now become a prisoner to his Majesty, and was immured in the prison of Olmutz. She plead most tenderly, feelingly and interestingly, with his Majesty, that he would grant her request, and release her husband ; and presented the [dear pledges of their love before him, to en- force her arguments and intreaties ; at the same time she be- sought his Majesty, that should he not see fit to grant her re- quest, he would permit her' and her two daughters, to visit her husband at Olmutz, and share his imprisonment. Madame La Fayette surpassed herself in this most trying and interesting scene ; the heart of his Majesty was open to 166 MEMOIRS OF » her address ; her eloquence made strong impressions, and excited in the Emperor strong emotions of sensibiht}^ as well as of embarrassment. He paused for a moment, and after the most profound reflection, thus addressed Madame La Fayette, in French : " Madame, this affair is complica- ted. / have not the power to do what I would wish ; but I grant, with much pleasure, what is in my power, by permit- ting you to join the Marquis La Fayette, and if 1 were in your place, I would act as yon intend to do. Marquis La Fayette is well treated ; but the presence of his wife and children will be an additional source of gratification to him." The Emperor went still further, and authorized Madame La Fayette to write to him, upon her arrival at Olmutz, and to'direct her address directly to his Imperial Majesty ; and graciously assured her of the esteem that he entertained for i her, and the desire he had of doing every thing that he was ' able, to promote her best interest. During this interview, the Emperor eyed attentively the two interesting daughters of Madame La Fayette, and when he had closed his address to her, he appeared to be strongly impressed with the mag- nitude of the subject ; and labouring under the most evi- dent embarrassment, he silently withdrew. The friends of Madame La Fayette were well acquainted with the benevolence of the heart of the Emperor, and they as well knew the true character of his Ministers ; they therefore prepared her mind for the disappointment she now received, by assuring her, that his Majesty would not grant her request for the release of her husband. She however, received great consolation from the apparent emotions of his heart, and the gracious assurances he had been pleased to give her ; and under the buoyancy of new hopes, commenc- ed her journey directly for Olmutz. When she arrived at Brunn, she addressed several letters to her friends, partic- ularly the Duchess of Urselle and the Countess of Win- dischgratz, expressing her joy and admiration, in her usual- ly strong and elegant style. She also expressed the grati- tude of her heart, in a letter to the Prince de Rosenburg, for his generous and noble attention, at the time when every ray of hope and prospect of enjoyment had been banished from her mind, and assured him of the happiness she now enjoyed, in consideration of the gracious assurances of the Emperor. LA FAYETTE. 167 How false and illusory are the smiles of Princes, and how strongly are we led to believe, what we strongly wish, even to hope against hope ; and how fully were these truths verified in the case of Madame La Fayette. When she ar- Mved at Olmutz and beheld that castle that held the idol of her heart, within its dreary walls, all her delusive enjoy- ments and prospects, vanished ; and when she entered the dungeon of the prison, and was ushered into the presence of her husband, how shocking was the reality, how appaling the sight — here let us pause. — Her two daughters — yes, her tlaughters witnessed and partook of the scene. We need not renew the description of the sufferings of La Fayette, they are already before us. — But the contrast. yes ; Madame La Fayette and her two daughters felt thf awful contrast^ between the reality, and the so recent assur- ;inces of the Emperor, the Marquis La Fayette is well treated. CHAPTER ZVZ. CAUSES THAT OPERATED IN FRANCE TO PREVENT THE LIBER ATION OF LA FAYETTE, MAUBOURG . AND PUZY DETAIL OF THE SUFFERINGS OF THE PPaSONERS AT OLMUTZ, CONTIN- UED. In our Memoirs we have accompanied the two friends of La Fayette, Latour Maubourg and Bureau de Puzy, to the prison of Olmutz, with their beloved General. We will now take a view of their families, and the distractions oi France. Madame de Latour Maubourg and Madame Bureau de Puzy had been imprisoned, together with Madame La Fay- ette, in Paris, where they remained through the reign of teV ror, to the fallofRobespiere, when they regained their free- dom, and attempted, but in vain, to follow their husbands to the prison of Olmutz. They were not permitted to enter the dominions of Austria, and were therefore constrained to continue at or near Paris. Madame La Fayette, by her inno- cent stratagem, accomplished her purpose, as was noticed in the last chapter. 14 158 ^lEMOIRS OF Notwithstanding the reign of terror had been overthrowi in France, and the tyrants had been hurled from their seats the government was still revolutionary, and continued to ex hibit an extraordinary picture of the mad extravagance of th human passions. These were wonderfully displayed in th rapid progress of political events that followed each othe in quick succession. Amongst the more prominent may b named, the alliance with Spain, the disguised intrigues c England, to prolong, under the mask of negociating a peace the arrogant and discordant government of France, the bol indiscretions of the royalists, the bloody revolutions ad proscriptions that followed each other, and the distracte state of the nation at large ; all which will fully shew wh the cries of the three unhappy prisoners at Olmutz wer heard in silence. Other causes there were that had their ir fluence in stifling their cries, and checking the exertions of tU government for their rehef. The Jacobins, that proscribe General La Fayette, and compelled him to quit his army ani his country, dreaded his popularity, integrity, courage, am beneficient principles, and when they felt themselves secui from the influence of his power and bis virtues, they ovei^ whelmed him with obloquy and reproach, without giving hii^ or his Inends qn opportunity to clear up his character, by s\^e^r< ing the fallacy and absurdity of their views and measures, j The mass of the French people unquestionably had eve been in the interest of La Fayette ; but there was nota leac er among them who dared to raise his voice m favour of man, once the idol of the nation, for his patriotism and viii tue ; but now a proscribed outcast and fugitive, immured i a dungeon. This was not the fate of La Fayette alone ; b far the greater part of Ihe first authors of the Frenc Revolution, such as the notables, the members of the cor stituent assembly, the nobility, and the officers of the arm; had either gone into voluntary exile, had died, or perished c the scaffold under the axe of the guillotine. The army alor afforded protection to honest men in France, and of cours there was not virtue enough in the government to render e: sential service to La Fayette, or his unfortunate companion: Carnot and Barthelemy were the only real friends of poli ical order and genuine liberty, to be found among the Direc tors, and these wejre either expelled, persecuted, or arrested the remainder were blindly led by a set of artful entriguer; LA FAYETTE. 169 [ such as Barras, Uewbel, and La Reveillere Lepaux ; and their whole administration was an incongruous mixture of tyranny, imbecility, solemn pretension, and barefaced cor- ruption. Who can wonder then that there was neither en- ergy nor virtue to be found in such a government, to listen ' to the cries of the sufferers at Olmutz, or to stretch forth the arm of relief. Perhaps all the reasons for their silence have not yet been assigned ; may they not have feared the liberation of the Marquis La Fayette, and his return to France ? was he not the friend of order and the rights of the people ? could he not have effected an entire change in the Directory, who had now lost the confidence of all honest men. Had he not still in France thousands of friends who would have recognized his virtues as soon as he returned, and have ralHed round the champion of the constitution of 1791. In short, could not La Fayette have subverted the govern- ment of the I.'irector}^ and have given to his country a more rational system ; did not the Directory know all this, and was it not of itself a sufficient reason why they were deaf to the cries of the sufferers of Olmutz ? It is true, that the friends of General La Fayette did fre- quently press the Directory to use their power and influence to effect the liberation of General La Fayette and his fellow prisoners ; but they were always answered, that the affairs of the government, of the armies, and of the nation, were too pressing to admit their present attention to the subject, how- ever urgent in itself. These cold refusals soon excited mm- mers in France, and these murmers at last reached the ears of the Directory, at an audience granted by the President Barras to Madame de Puzy ; and in which she received the most positive assurances " that some attempt should be made in favour of the prisoners." These assurances led the friends of the unfortunate sufferers to cherish the pleasing hope that their husbands and friends would ere long be restor- ed to their country, and their embraces. Towards the close of the year 1796, " the Directory issu- ed orders to their Generals, Bonaparte and Moreau, to seize the first favourable opportunity to claim the three prisoners, at Olmutz, at the hands of the Austrian Emperor." Thus far the Directory were faithful to their promises. We will now turn our attention to the situation of the other officers that followed General La Fayette into exile. We 160 BfEMOIRS OJ have formerly remarked, that twenty three officers attendcrl the General from camp, under the view of reconnoitering the posts of the enemy ; but when he disclosed to them his situ- ation and the decision he had adopted, Victor Latour Mau- bourg, Bureau de Puzy, Alexander Lameth, Auguste Masson, Rene Pillet and Charles Cadignan, insisted upon sharing his misfortunes, fled into exile, were taken and delivered into the hands of the Prussians, and were confined at Wesel. The three first followed their General to Magdeburg, where La- meth remained sick, and the other two followed him to Olmutz, where they now remain. The three last were con- ducted from Wesel to Namur, where they were confined in chains, for a time, but were finally stripped of their watches, money, horses, and everything of any value about them, and then set at liberty. The government of France had treated them with more severity than the Prussians, for the for- mer ordered their names to be entered upon the list of emi- grants, their property confiscated, and their families impris- oned. Thus reduced to penury and want, and in a foreign land, they were constrained to rely upon their own pei^onal exertions to procure a support. Under all these privations and sufferings they were true to themselves and to their country, and refused to join the standard of the emigrants under the Prince of Conde. Such were the characters who composed the staff of General La Fayette, and gloried in sharing his fortunes. We will return now to Olmutz, where we left Madame L;i f a3'ette and her two young daughters, incarcerated in th«^ castle with her husband, and endeavour to learn the particu- lars of their subsequent sufferings. Early in the year 1796, several characters of the first re- spectability at Hamburg determined to despatch some faith- ful messenger to Olmutz, to enquire into the situation of the viufferers, and if possible, contribute to their relief or com- fort. They finally selected General Holstein, a particular friend of General La Fayette. As soon as he had consented to undertake the mission to Olmutz, Mr. Archenholtz, one of the association atj Hamburg, purchased a German bible, had it elegantly bound, and caused a letter, addressed to Mr. Gilbert (La Fayette), to be concealed within the cover, con- LA FAYETTE. i^i vexing to him the tidings of their tiesigns.* They furnished him with important dispatches, money, bills of exchange, and letters of credit, to the amount of two hundred thousand flor- ins of Austria. He assumed the character of a Swedish merchant, and the fictitious name of Peter Feldmann ; and having obtained a passport from the Swedish Minister, he set out from Hamburg, in March 1796. Travelling in the style of a Swedish nobleman, he arrived safe at Olgiutz, delivered his letters to Hirsch, the banker, and others, and soon learnt " that the prisoners were all in tolerable health, and would be delighted to hear of his arrival, particularly Madame La Fayette, who was in very low spirits, in consequence of not having heard from her son George, for some time past, who * He then inclosed Ihe bible in a paper, then in a pasteboard, and finally in a tarpaulin cover, and addressed it to Mr. Hirsch, banker at Olmulz. He then delivered this package to the driver of a dili- gence, who was going to Hanover, with orders to deliver the same to the next driver, and so on in succession, until it should arrive at Ol- mutz, its place of destination. When the package arrived at Peters- wald upon the frontiers of Bohemia, it was announced to the agent of the police by the bearer (driver of the diligence) that it contained a bible, he immediately intercepted it, and delivered it over to the Pres- ident of police at Prague for condemnation, under the authority of the following decree of the Emperor. " In order that seditious and philosophical opinions may not enter our empire, to trouble and annoy our faithful subjects; in order that the infamous Jacobinism, and murderous and execrable doctrines pro- mulgated by the assassins of the King of France rhay not find their way into our peaceful dominions, we decree," &c. The President caui?ed the package to be immediately opened, and examined, and an apparent elevation upon one of the covers, caused a suspicion that led to the discovery of the letter addressed to Mr. Gilbert (La Fayette), which stated '•'' that a French ojfieer, a friend of the prisoners^ was about to come and render them a vtry great service.'''' The package being addressed to Mr. Hirsch, the President sent the same, with the letter, directly to the President of the police at 01- mutz, in order that Hir-ch might be closely watched. The President* who was the intimate friend of Hirsch, opened the whole affair to him, •which excited his violent resentment. He charged the President of Prague with unworthy suspicions, 'and motives and accused bim boldly, of a conspiracy against his lienor, with a design to ruin him^ and threatened to complain personally to his Majesty. The spirit shewn by Hirsch satisfied the President, and the affair passed over ; but when the stranger arrived direct from Hamburg, six weeka after, the suspicions of the President revived, aad he watched the parties with a jealous eye."— jHb/«<«n. 14* 162 3ft:M0IRS OF was then in America, nor of any of her friends who were abroad." He then deUvered the following note, to be con- veyed by the surgeon to General La Fayette the next morning. " An old and true friend of your family, my dear General^ is just arrived Avithin the walls of Olmutz. He is impatient to hear from yoa, and will contrive to put into your hand.s letters from many of your dearest friends, who, as well a.« your son George, are in perfect health. Preserve your courage, and depend in all cases, as long as he lives, upou vo'ir warm and faithful friend P. FELDMANN." The surgeon, faithful to his trust, delivered the note to; Madame La Fayette the next morning, because she was not so closely watched as her husband. The joy and astonishment occasioned by this letter can never be imagined, much more described. They devoured its contents again and again ; but who this faithful friend, this P. Feldmann could be, was utterly out of their power to conjecture. Madame La Fayette endeavoured, by signs to the surgeon, to obtain some description ot the Feldmann, whether he was old or young, tall or short, stout or slender, with such oth- er enquiries as circumstances would permit, in order to guess, if possible, who this friend could be ; but the surgeon was as ignorant as the}'^ were, having as yet not seen him. General La Fayette, as soon as the visit was closed, direct- ed his faithful servant, Felix Pontonnier, to wind his flute, and give notice to Maubourg and Puzy, that good tidings had arrived by the hands of an unknown friend.* Early the next morning, Feldmann, by the assistance ofhi- servant, collected his packages from his carriage, where they had been secreted within the lining, and secured them safely in his own chamber, at his quarters. The same day he dined with Hirsch, by special invitation, in company with several strangers, to whom he was introduced, as his old and particular friend Baron de F^eldmann. Kreutschke, the sur- geon, arrived soon after his visit to the prison was closed. Felix had recentlf^been permitted to vieit his master. LA FAYETTE. 163 and brought Madam La Fayette's reply to the note he ha(i deUvered to her. Hirsch dehvered the same to Feldmann as soon as a convenient opportunity offered, and at the sami^ time told him about Madame La Fayette's curious enquiries. Feldmann retired as soon as possible, broke the seal, and read as follows : '* Whoever you may be, my dear generous Mr. Feldmann, who, in defiance of all dangers have reached our miserable prison, accept 1 intreat you, our warmest and sincerest ac- knowledgements for all you have done. As Marquis de Ln. Fayette has been obliged to give his word that he will not write to any one out of the prison, he regrets exceedingly that he is thus deprived of the pleasure of expressing him- self, the sensations tlie receipt of your letter created, and has charged me, on the part of himself and his daughters, to assure 3^ou of our gratitude and never failing attachment. NOAILLES LA FAYETTE.'' Feldm.ann, as soon as he thought he could conceal the emotions which such a note, from a character possessing the high and exalted virtues of the then suffering Madam La Fay- ette, returned to Hirsch, and told him, " that it was abso- lutely necessary that the surgeon should devise some pretext for siieing the prisoners again in the course of the day, ad- ding, that he might ofier him a purse of one hundred ducats, as a reward for his zeal and tidelity, and as a proof of his ac- knowledgement for his former attention. The surgeon accepted the offer, and agreed to visit the prisoners again at noon, when the jailer should go in to de- liver them their food, and told Hirsch, that the message must then be ready. Feldmann then returned to his lodgings, divided his packages into three parcels, and prepared the first at the time set by the surgeon, and contidentially in- closed his true name. At the hour appointed, Hirsch called upon Feldmann and received the package, carefully folded and sealed ; but with- out superscription. This package also contained a long let- ter from Feldmann to Madame La Fayette, announcing his intention of rescuing her husband, unless forbidden by the danger of destroying herself and children ; it being impossi- ble to remove them all. He assured her, that no perils should deter him from his purpose, if they approved it ; but 1G4 MEMOIRS OF added, that a reasonable time should be devoted to cool afid deliberate consideration. He then disclosed the mode pro- posed to conduct the correspondence, &c. In this packe he inclosed several sheets of fine paper, with pens, pencil?, &c. and added a square of chocolate, to be delivered by the surgeon to Madame La Fayette, with assurances, that the same should be repeated every day. At the sight of this packet, Hirsch expressed great sur- prise, at first, but was soon persuaded to unite his exertions with those of the surgeon to effect its delivery ; with the conditions however, that the one hundred ducats should not be paid, until Madame La Fayette should have acknowledged the receipt of it, with all its contents. Kreutschke, the sur- geon, took the package, and about two o'clock repaired to the house of the jailer, whose wife was then preparing the food, and told him, that he had a desire to examine the diet of the prisoners personally, particularly that of Madame La Fay- ette ; and in order to ascertain whether her appetite had re- turned, he would visit her with him, when he should go in to carry her food. The surgeon was a man of such pleas- antry and good humour, that he was generally esteemed, and well received by the soldiers, as well as by the inhabitants ; therefore the officer of the guard expressed no surprise at ■ this second visit of the doctor, for he assigned his reasons with an air of seriousness and good humour. He invited the officer to dine with him the next day, adding, that as he should make no account of this visit, it would be unnecessary for him to make a note of it. Thus gold unlocks the prison doors. The surgeon did not attempt to pass the packages to Gen- eral La Fayette, because he was too closely watched by the guard ; he therefore felt of the pulse of Madame La Fayette, and then throwing his eyes around their cell, in all directions, expressed some concern, on account of the moisture that freely oozed through the walls of their dungeon. He thea opened the door that led into the daughters' apartment, as if to examine that also ; he entered the room, and when con- cealed from the view of all but Madame La Fayette, who carefully watched his motions, he slipped the package under the straw bed, and returning into the General's apartment, coolly s£ud, the yoaog ladies' room is not quite so moist as this." LA FAYETTE. 165 Madame La Fayeite was strongly agitated, between hope and fear, and changed colour, butKrentschke, by an expres- sive look, soon composed her. The jailer and the surgeon soon withdrew, and left the prisoners to their own enjoyments, Hirsch called on Feldmann in the course of the evening, and related the whole affair, as above ; adding, the doctor will certainly bring you a letter from Madame La Fayeite to-mor- row. The next day the surgeon delivered to Hirsch for Feld- mann the expected letter from Madame La Fayette, in which she kmdly acknowledged the receipt of the packet, and ad- ded, *' that after a family consultation upon his proposition to attempt the liberation of the General, (in which they thank- ed him v;armly for all he had done, or wished to do ; but at the same time said,) they preferred to remain in the prison, and wait tranquilly the result, rather than to endanger, for the welfare of one member, the happiness of the whole fam- ily ; that the General had strongly opposed the proposition, because, said he, when Messrs. Bollman and Huger made, the attempt to liberate me, I was alone, of course no one was exposed on my account, but now my escape must necessa- rily involve the safety of Madame Ln Fayette., and our two daughters." Feldmann felt the force of the argument, and while he silently applauded the decision of the General, concluded U* abandon all further thoughts of the plan. Madame La Fayette in another letter to Feldmann, soon af- ter, inclosed an introduction to Professor Passy, whom she re- quested him to visit, as a friend worthy of particular esteem and notice. He accordmgly delivered the introduction, and con- tinued to repeat his visits frequently, while he staid at 01- mutz. Passy treated his new friend very courteously, but carefully avoided calling on him in the evening, lest it should excite some suspicion. At the request of Feldmann, Mr. Hirsch took him into his carriage, to give him an airing ; on their way, they visited the spot where General La Fayette mounted behind Ball- man, the barn where he was arrested, and from thence to Braunseiffen, where he introduced him to Richter, the May- or, who was a wealthy manufacturer in this little borough, and occupied the very house where La Fayette was delir ercd again to the jailers of Olmutz. Mr. Hirsch was God 166 MEMOIRS OF father and an intimate friend of Mr. Richter, and introduced Feldmann as a rich Swedish merchant, who visited Austria and Silesia for the purpose of purchasing large quantities of linens and other manufactures of the country, which were intended to be forwarded to Stockholm, by the way of Ham- burg." At dinner, was present, agreeable to invitation by the re- quest of Hirsch, the farmer, who had two years before arrest- ed La Fayette and Bollman, in capacity of sergeant of the guard, at the barn. The subject was introduced at table, and as it was soon understood by the conversation of Hirsch, that Feldmann was friendly to the General, the Mayor and the farmer conversed freely, and related many anecdotes of General La Fayette, that were interesting and entertaining. The Mayor detained his guests two days, and then they re- turned to Olmutz. CKAFTSR XVXI. rilE FRENCH REVOLUTION CONTINUED MOVEMENTS OF THI^ ARMIES PEACE WITH AUSTRIA RELEASE OF THE THREt. PRISONERS AT OLMUTZ, BY THE PEACE OF CAMPO FORMIO. The operations of the armies of France have been omit- ted for a separate detail, that they might not interrupt a full view of the distresses of the interior, and that the operations and general occurrencies might be more distinctly marked. The movements under Generals Dumouner andLa Fayette, have been noticed in part. The origin of the Jacobin club has been noticed, the power it assumed, its abuse of that power, and the bloody persecutions that followed, to the fall ot Robespierre, the last tyrant of the Jacobin faction. Under this government. General Dumourier carried the arms of France into the heart of Austrian Flanders, and sub- dued Belgium, watched and controlled by commissioners irom the Jacobin club. These sowed the seeds of French philosophy and French liberty, by establishing revolutiona- ry clubs in every city they entered ; and the Belgians, by their numerous addresses to the French government, offered LA FAYETTE. 167 Uieir congratulations upon the success of their arms, and prayed to be incorporated with the French Repubhc. But the low state of the finances of France, led General Dumour- ier to levy contributions upon the conquered provinces, which excited some uneasiness ; he next, by order of the commissioners, seized on the plate of the churches, to raise funds for the support of his army, which so excited the in- dignation of the Belgians, that they resented the outrage, rose in arms, joined the Prussians, and drove the French out of Belgium. Dumourier, as well as La Fayette, became alarm- ed for the fate of the King, and attempted a compromise : but failed, and were driven into banishment by the violence of the Jacobins. General Pichegru, who succeeded Dumourier in the com- mand, in 1794, with these examples before him, healed the breach with the Belgians, by his popularity ; secured the conquest of the low countries, and penetrated into Holland ; but the Dutch made a stand, by inundating their country. The frosts in January, 1795, became so severe, that the French were able to cross the ice, and enter Amsterdam. The Stadtholder and bank were removed to England before the fall of the city ; and the other provinces of Holland were soon overrun by the French, and the Batavian Republic was organized in March, 1795. The French government were so jealous of their Gener- als, lest a Caesar or a General Monk should appear among them, and overthrow their power, that they watched them close, by their Jacobin commissioners. The success of Pichegru rendered him a victim of Jacobin jealousy, and he was succeeded by General Moreau. The campaign of 1795, opened a new field of military operations inHhe revolution. The French government now contemplated the conquest of Germany and Italy ; and to effect their object, they directed General Pichegru, at the head of one army, to penetrate into Germany, upon the Rhine and Moselle ; General Jourdan, to lead a second upon the Meuse ; and General Bonaparte, to lead a third into Italy, icross the Alps. In December of this year, a new constitution was framed, adopted and organized ; and the national government consisted of a council of ancients, a council of five hundred, and an 168 ]\rEMOIRS OF executive of five, called the Directory. Under this new government, the military operations of 1795, commenced. The successes of this campaign on the side of Italy, unde the command of General Bonaparte, render it necessary tha some particular notice be taken of the origin of this youm hero. Napoleon Bonaparte, Commander-in-Chief of the army o^ Italy, was born on the island of Corsica, in the year 1769 ; h< was educated partly in France and partly at the militar^^ school, at Padua ; he entered the French service as a milita ry adventurer, and passed without much notice, until thci memorable 10th of August, 1792, when he so distinguishec himself by his miiitar)^ talents, that the Directory appointee him to the command of the army of Italy. Being interro gated by some of his friends with the question, " are you no too young to take the command of so distant an expedition V he replied, " I shall be older when I come back." At this time, the minister Irom the interior took Charlotte Antoinette, daughter of Louis XVI. from her confinement in the temple, and conducted her to his own hotel ; supplier her with every thing necessary for her journey, and sent her with suitable attendance, to her friends in Vienna. Whei she arrived at Bassle, she refused to carry further the splen did apparel, with which she had been furnished by the Frencl ministers, adding, that she forgave the French people for al the sufferings they had occasioned her, and was very wel pleased to have escaped their fury ; but could not consen to be indebted to their bounty. Every possible effort was now made to increase the ardoi and military zeal, which the revolution had kindled ; to thi; end, the Directory ordered the noted Marseilles hymn, Ca Ira and other republican airs, to be performed every night, at al places of public resort and amusement. On the 21st, at Paris, was celebrated the anniversary o the last King of the French. This was the first anniversary since the death of Louis XVI. The Directory, with th< other public functionaries, moved in a grand procession t< the Champ de Mars, where they took the oath of fidelity U the Republic, and hatred to royalty. The spirit of the French revolution had now extender into England, and called up the attentionof that nation to thi passing events of the day. A general meeting of the com LA FAYETTE. 169 mittee of the Whig club, (so called,) was held at the Shakes- peare tavern ; the Right Honourable Charles Fox was called to the chair. The attention of the meeting was called to the sedition bill, (so called,) and the bill for the more effectual preservation of his Majesty, and a spirited declaration was adopted, and ordered to be printed. On the 1st of February, their Majesties were grossly in- r^ulted by an assemblage of ruffians, as they passed from Drury- lane theatre to Buckingham house : one of the mob wound- ed one of his Majesty's servants with a stone, as he stood behind the carriage ; a second broke the window of the carriage with a stone, which lodged in the lap of one of the ladies in waiting, who sat, at that time, in the carriage. These proceedings gave just alarm to the king, the court, and the nation, but the military kept the peace, and a gener- al fast was observed, by appointment, throughout England. About the same time, General Charette, Commander-in-Chief of the insurrection in La Vendee, was taken and shot. The German papers also announced the arrival of Charlotte An- toinette, daughter of Louis XVL at Vienna, where she was cordially received, and presented in due form to their Majes- ties. The princess is said to have made a brilliant appear- ance. The campaign of Italy now claims some attention. The first movements of General Bonaparte, at the head of the ar- my of Italy, was to cross the pyrenees, and dictate a peace to the King of Spain. He next returned into France, crossed the Alps, and appeared upon the plains of Italy. He met the Austrian army of Lombardy at Montenotte, commanded by General Bolieu, and gained a very signal victory, on the 14th of April. At Millessimo he gained a second victory over the Austrians and Piedmontese ; and at Mondovi he gained a third. In his despatches to the Directory, he announced, that he had gained three successive victories, and that he had taken twenty-one stands of colours. On the 24th of May, General Bonaparte approached the city of Milan, and addressed to the astronomer, Oriani, and the municipalities of Milan and Pavia, the following note': '* The sciences which do honour to the human mind ; the arts which embellish life, and transmit illustrious actions to posterity, should be peculiarly respected, in all free govern- 15 170 MEMOIRS OF ments. All men of genius ; all those that have obtained a distinguished rank in the republic of letters, are Frenchmen, whatever may be the country in which they were born. The states of Milan did not enjoy the consideration to which they were entitled. Inclosed in the recesses of their labo- ratories, they esteemed themselves happy, if the kings and priests were kind enough to do them no harm ; at this day it is not so. Opinions are free in Italy. Inquisitions, intoler- ance, and despots, are no more. 1 invite the learned to as- semble, and to propose to me their views, their names, or the assistance they may want, to give new life and existence to the sciences, and the fine arts. All those who are desir- ous of going to France, shall be received with distinction by the government. The people of France set a greater value upon the acquisition of a learned mathematician, a painter of reputation, or any distinguished man, whatever may be his profession, than in the possession of the richest and most abundant city. Be you then citizens, the organs of these sentiments, to all persons in the Milanese, destinguished for their learning." On the 31st of May, the keys of the city of Milan were presented to General Bonaparte, and a deputation of the council general, with the Archbishop at their head, accom- panied by the noblesse, in their splendid carriages, went forth to meet him, and conduct him into the city. He was preced- ed by a large detachment of infantry, accompanied by his guard of Hussars, followed by carriages, and the Milanese national guard. When he arrived at the Roman gate, the national guard lowered their arms before him. He then continued his order of march to the Archducal palace, des- tined for his quarters. The music of the national guards, and of the French troops, played marches and symphonies, alternately. A dinner of two hundred covers was elegantly served in the palace ; the tree of liberty was planted in the square, and the multitude assembled upon the occasion, shouted Vive la Liberty^ Vive la Republic ; a splendid ball closed the scene in the evening, and the Italian ladies com- plimented ♦he French officers, by dressing in the national colours of France. On the 1 tth of May, General Bonaparte gained the me- morable action, at the bridge of Lodi, eighteen miles south- east of Milan, in the following manner, viz. General Wurm- LA PAYETTE. 171 ser had taken post with his whole force, behind the Adda, and planted a strong park of artillery at the bridge, deter- mined to make a firm stand against the French army. At sight of the enemy, General Bonaparte ordered the charge, and the troops advanced in columns to the attack ; but the destructive fire of grape shot, caused the French to halt, and shew some disorder ; General Bonaparte seeing the critical moment, instantly advanced, seized a standard, and exclaimed, " follow your general ;" the bridge, and whole park of artillery were taken, the Austrians broken, and a decisive victory was gained. On the 4th of June, General Bonaparte entered Verona, and on the 19th, he took possession of Loretto and Ancona, cities of the Church. On the 28th, General Bonaparte an nounced to the Directory, that an armistice had been con- cluded upon between the French troops, and the King of Naples. July 6th, General Bonaparte announced to the Directory by letter, "that he had gained a most brilhant victory at Castiglione, after an action of five days, successively ; and that the Austrians, under General Wurmser, had lost in this action, 6000 killed and wounded, 15,000 taken prisoners, and seventy field pieces, with all his caissons, &c. At the close of the action, a singular adventure took place, that will serve to shew the adroitness of General Bonaparte. The General repaired, with 1200 of his guards, to the village of Lonado, to reconnoitre the enemy ; when a body of 4,000 Austrians, which had been severed from the main army in the action, appeared before Lonado, and .summoned the place ; General Bonaparte ordered the messengers into his pres- ence, and thus accosted them : " Go tell your General that the Commander in Chief of the army of Italy is here, with his brave troops, and that if his whole division do not lay down their arms in eight minutes, he, with all his general officers, shall be answerable for the insult, and be sacrificed without mercy." The whole division of 4,000 surrender- ed immediately. At this time, his Holiness, the Pope, alarmed for the safe- ty of the ecclesiastical states, published an edict, prohibiting all malediction against Frenchmen. After the action of Castiglione, General Wurmser fell back under cover of Mantua, and secured his retreat by that strong i1t >J^MOIRS OF fortress, the key of Austrian Italy on the side of Tyrol, which prevented General Bonaparte from penetrating to Vienna. A division of the French army of Italy, under General Berthier, invested Mantua, and summoned the city ; but the commanding officer returned the following reply : " July 17th.— The laws of honour and duty compel me to defend, to the last extremity, the place entrusted to my com- mand. I have the honour to be, with perfect esteem and consideration, Sir, LE COMPTE CANTO DE IRSEES." On the 28th of July, a division of the French army of Italy, entered Leghorn, and seized property to the amount of 8, 000,000 livres. On the 3d of August, General Bonapai-te defeated again, the Austrians, under Marshal Wurmser, near Mantua. On the 14th, General Bonaparte announced by letter, to the ex- ecutive Directory, that he had defeated the Austrians at Corrona, Montebaldo, and Proabolo, and pursued them ta Roveredo, on the 15th ; from whence they retreated to Trent. On the 17th of September, General Bonaparte again defeated the Austrians, at Cavela ; he then despatched his aid-de-camp, General Marmont, to Paris, who was pre- sented to the Directory by the Minister of War, with the following address : " Posterity will scarcely believe the evidence of histor}'? that in one campaign, all Italy has been conquered ; that three armies have been successively destroj^ed ; that upwards of fifty stands of colours have been taken, and remain in the hands of the conquerors ; that 40,000 Austrians have laid down their arms ; in fine, that 30,000 Frenchmen have per- formed all these prodigies, under a young warrior, twenty- five years old." We will leave General Bonaparte to invest Mantua, and take a view of the armies of the Rhine, &c. On the 23d of June, General Moreau crossed the bridge at Strasburg, and took the strong fortress of Kehl ; and on the 28th, he gained the victory of Renchen ; took 1200 prison- ers and ten pieces ot cannon. On the 17th of July, Gener al Moreau defeated Prince Charles, near Ettengen, and on the I8th, the French army entered that city : and the same LA FAYETTE. 173 livres in cash, and 2,000,000 in articles of supply for his army. General Moreau pushed his victories across the river Nee- kar, and concluded an armistice with the Margrave of Ba- den. The circle of Suabia soon followed ; but General Mo- reau received a severe check by Prince John, of Lichten- stein, near Kircheim. General Moreau attacked the Austri- ans at Neresham, and carried the place, with the capture of 450 prisoners. These numerous successes alarmed his Imperial Majesty, and he issued the following proclamation, addressed to his faithful subjects, &;c. " Behold the still smoking ruins of Italy, and the most in- human excesses committed there ! Behold the devastation which the once flourishing territories of GernMiny have suf- fered, inundated by the armies of the enemy : and you can- not remain dubious about the terrible fate which threatens every country and every nation, on being mvaded by such terrible enemies." On the 12th of September, a terrible action was fought between the armies of General Jourdan and Prince Charles, that continued seventeen hours ; both armies suspended the conflict upon the field, through excessive fatigue. The next day. General Moreau took possession of Nordlingen, and General Jourdan drove Prinee Charles from Donawert, at the same time, and compelled him to cross the Danube. On the 17th, General Jourdan took possession of Newmark and Castel, and the Austrians were driven behind the river Nab. The Emperor of Germany again became alarmed, and issued a proclamation, calhng on Bohemia to organize a bodj of militia for the defence of the state. On the 22d, General VVirtensleben joined Prince Charles with a strong force, and the Prince attacked and defeat- ed General Jourdan, and drove him from the Nab, with the loss of 7000 men. The Elector of Bavaria made overtures of peace to Gen- eral Moreau, on the 25th ; and the same day, General Moreau 15* 174 MEMOIRS OF gained another victory over the imperialists, near the Lescli^ Augsburg and Munich were the trophies of this victory. At this time, a treaty of alUance ofl'ensive and defensive,, was conchided between the French Repubhc and Spain ; and a treaty of peace was concluded between the French, and the Elector of Baden. Prince Charles pursued his successes, and drove General Jourdan from Amberg, Forechum, Bamberg, and Schwein- fert, and be re-crossed the river May ne. Prince Charles again defeated Jourdan, and he retreated to Hamellberg, with the loss of 4000 men. At the same time. General Morean gained a complete victory over the Austrians,upon the river Iser ; but when General Moreau found that Jourdan, in his retreat, had been overpowered, and that he, when left alone, was greatly exposed to the attacks of the enemy, whenever they might be able to unite their forces, commenced a sea- sonable retreat. When he entered Suabia, he found him- self so hard pressed by the pursuing foe, that he made a stand, and commenced a successful attack, and defeated General La Tour : the Austrians lost about 5000 men, and twenty pieces of cannon. On the 21st of October, Spain declared war against Great Britain. On the 22d of October, Lord Malmsbury, Minister Plenipotentiary from the court of St. James, arrived in Paris, to negotiate a peace • but the Directory were not cordial to the measure, and on the 20th of December they demanded his ultimatum. His Lordship gave in his ultimatum, and the Directory ordered him to leave Paris in forty-eight hours. On the 21st of January, 1797, the French Repubhc again celebrated the anniversary of the execution of Louis XVI. General Bonaparte invaded the dominions of the Pope with such success, as to threaten Rome ; and his Holiness the Pope submissively sued for peace, which was granted. The General then turned his arms successfully against the rein- forcements of the Austrians, sent to the relief of Mantua ; but Generals Jourdan and Moreau continued to retire before Prince Charles, and re-entered France at the bridge of Stras- burg, leaving a strong garrison in the fortress of Kehl. Prince Charles carried Kehl by storm after a siege of forty days, in order to march to the relief of Mantua ; but that city had fal- len into the hands of General Bonaparte about the same time LA FAYETTE, 175 Prince Charles garrisoned Kehl,and drew off his army into the Tyrol, to co-operate ag;ainst the army of Italy. General Bonaparte advanced into the Tyrol- to meet him, a seven^ action was fought, and General Bonaparte was victorious : and Prince Charles retreated with precipitation into the heart of Austria. The Emperor took the alarm, and sued for peace ; a truce of six days was granted by General Bonaparte, a conference was opened, the preliminaries? were drawn, and the peace of Campo Formio guaran- teed to France all her conquests in Italy. This treaty stipulated with the Emperor of Germany for the release of the Marquis La Fayette, and his fellow prisoners, from the prison of Olmutz. A general sketch of the successes of the war, then publish- ed in Paris, announced as follows : " that from the 8th of February, 1793, to the 19th of February, 1797, France had gained 261 victories, including 31 pitched battles ; killed 152,000 of the enemy ; taken 197,784 prisoners, 288 strong- places, 319 forts, camps or redoubts, 7,965 cannon, 187,762 guns, 4,319,150 pounds of powder, 207 standards, 5,480 horses, &,c." Lord Malmsbury was sent by the British court, on the 30th of June, to Lisle, to negotiate a peace ; but he returnet? on the 1st of September without being able to eifect his pur- pose. At this time, the republic of Genoa was united to France, under the name of the Ligurian republic. General Bonaparte now returned to France, November 24th, 1 797, after having accomplished, in one campaign, more than all the Kings of France, since the days of Charlemagne, had been able to accomplish, notwithstanding the vast amount of blood and treasure that had, from time to time, been ex- pended by Louis XL, Charles VIII., Louis XII., Francis I., Charles IX., Henry IV., and Louis XIV., and XV-, through their whole lives. The young hero was not only *' older when he came back j'"" but illustrious in arms ; and the trump of fame had proclaimed the successes of this ever memorable campaign, to France, to Europe, and to the world. i-e MEMOIRS OF CHAPTER XVIII. LIBERATION OF THE PRISONERS FROM OLMUTZ. THEIR REST DENCE AT HOLSTEIN, AND RETURN TO FRANCE. We have seen in the last chapter, that the sufferers at Olmutz owed their release entirely to the successes of the army of Italy, and the esteem and regard of General Bona- parte. It is true, the Directory had signified to Generals Bonaparte and Moreau, that the release of the prisoners at Olmutz should be required, whenever an opportunity might offer ; but such was the reluctance of the Austrian govern- ment to release them, that General Bonaparte, with the advice of Major General Berthier, was constrained to make their release a sine qua non, before he could effect it, as may be seen by the following narrative : '' Conformably to the previous stipulations at Leoben, the victorious French troops entirely evacuated the Austrian territory in Tyrol, Carinthia, &c. Bonaparte went further still, and desirous of evincing his confidence in the Austrian Emperor, he delivered into the power of the officers of the Grand Duke of Tuscany, the city and fortifications of Leg- horn. But he repeated daily his inquiries of the Austrian commissioners, Cobentzel, Mervelt, Degelmann, and the cel- ebrated Marquis de Gallo, Neapolitan ambassador at Vienna, in whom the Emperor had the fullest confidence, '* whether the prisoners at Olmutz were free or not ?*'^and when the commissioners hesitatingly replied, that they believed they were, but that they were not certain, he angrily dissolved the session, saying, ** gentlemen, you may take my word, that if these prisoners are not instantly set free, I sign no treaty of peace with his Imperial Majesty." " This firmness on the part of the young and victorious French General, threw the commissioners into great embar- rassment ; and courier after courier was despatched to Vi- enna, to hasten the liberation of the Olmutz prisoners. The Baron de Thugut, and the Count de Saurau, enraged at the thoughts of losing their prey, made every attempt to delay their enlargement under various pretexts ; and as the feeble Francis II. had no will of his own, these two ministers would LA FAYETTE, 177 lave undoubtedly triumphed, unless General Bonaparte had ent Colonel Louis Romoeuff, one of the former aids-de-camp f General La Fayette, to Vienna, to demand from the Em- )eror explicitly the immediate liberation of the prisoners, vith an accompanying threat, that unless they were freed in me month from the date of the demand, he would march vith his whole army to the capital, and throw open their prison himself." I shall not attempt to paint the feelings of the sufferers at Olmutz, when the tidings of their liberation were arnounced to them, nor the affecting scenes they passed through at Iheir first interyiew with their friends, particularly of their fellow prisoners, La Fayette, Maubourg, Puzy, Madame L;> Fayette and her daughters ; such a scene can never be de- scribed by the pen or the pencil. The term of five years had now closed upon the confinement of the three first, and that of twenty-two months upon the confinement of the three last. The severity of this confinement need not be describ- ed here ; it has already been fully shewn. Previous to the liberation of the Marquis La Fayette, the Emperor sent his Minister, the Marquis de Chasteler, to pro- pose to him certain conditions, for his acceptance, by which he hoped to controul his future conduct, after his liberation. The nature of this negotiation may be lull}'^ understood by the following reply of the Marquis La Fayette : *' The commission, with the execution of which Lieuten- ant General the Marquis de Chasteler has been charged, seems to me to resolve itself into the consideration of three points : 1st. His Imperial I\Iajesty requires an authenticated statement of our exact situation. I am not disposed at pre- sent to complain of my grievances. Several representa- tions, however, on this subject, may be found in the letters of my wife, transmitted or sent back by the Austrian gov- ernment ; and if his Majesty is not satisfied with the perusal of the instructions sent, in his name, from Vienna, I will cheerfully communicate to M. de Chasteler all the informa- tion he can possibly desire." "2d. His Majesty the Emperor and King, is desirous of obtaining an assurance, that upon my liberation, I^hall imme- diately leave Europe for America. This has been often my ilesire and my intention ; but as my consent, at this moment. i78 ])1EM0IRS OF to his Majesty's request, would constitute an acknowledge- ment of his right to impose such a condition, 1 do not feel disposed to comply with this demand. "3d. His Majesty, the Emperor and King, has graciously done me the honour to signify, that inasmuch as the princi pies I profess are incompatible with the safety of the Austri an government, he cannot consent to allow me to enter his territories again, without his special permission. To this, I have only to reply, that there already exist antecedent obli- C gations of which I cannot possibly divest myself, partly^'i. towards America, but mostly towards France ; and I cannot! engage to do any thing which might interfere with the rights of my country to my personal services. With these excep- tions, I can assure the Marquis de Chasteler, that my invari- able resolution is, not to set my foot upon any territory under the dominion of his majesty the King of Bohemia and Hun- gary." To close the negotiation. La Fayette and his two friends, Maubourg and Puzy, signed the following engagement : " The undersigned engages towards his Majesty the Empe- ror and King, not to enter, at any time whatever, his hered- itary provinces, without first having obtained his special per- mission ; it being always understood that the rights of the undersigned's country over his person are explicitly reserv- j ed and retained." These preliminaries being settled, General La Fayette, Madame La Fayette, with their two daughters, and two friends, Maubourg and Puzy, in company with General Holstein, set off for Hamburg, where they arrived soon after, and found lodgings prepared for them by their friends Archenholtz, Sieveking, and others ; and the next day Mons. Reinhardt, the French Minister, gave the Marquis and family, and friends, an excellent dinner ; and they honoured the occasion by mounting the tri-coloured cockade, in testimony of their not having joined the emigrants ; but of their being true patriots. The next day a number of distinguished American gentle- men, at Hamburg, gave a splendid dinner to the liberated sufferers, and their friends, on board of an elegant American ship, then at anchor at that port. These scenes of festivity and social enjoyment served to dispel the gloom that had so LA FAYETTE, iTt* ng hung over their minds, and to cheer their hearts for new ijoyments. To crown the happiness of the hberated suf- rers, George Washington La Fayette arrifed from Amer- a and joined his family. This unexpected event opened scene which revived all their sufferings, all their distresses, id when they recounted their afflictions, and mingled their ys, imagination alone can paint the feelings of their hearts, • describe their emotions. Soon after the arrival of their son, the Marquis and Mad- ne La Fayette and daughters, accepted the invitation of a anovarian Baron, and retired with him to his Chatteau of shmkuhlen, near Eutin, in Holstein, to spend some time. I this Chatteau, Malle. Anastasia, eldest daughter of the arquis, was married to M. ChajLes de Latour Marbourg, other of the late prisoner and sufferer at Olmutz. This teresting event renewed the scenes of hilarity and social joyment, and gave a new zest to the courteous hospitality their friend. General La Fayette, about this time, received a legacy of 4,000, bequeathed to him by his two sisters, which was w transmitted to him by a gentleman in London. When they had closed this visit at the Chatteau of Lehm- hlen, General La Fayette and lady, and two daughters, th their son-in-law, retired to the Chatteau of Wettmoldt, elegant retreat, which had been purchased by the Count Tesse, (a distant relation of Madame La Fayette, upon B mother* side,) soon after he emigrated. The General d family enjoyed themselves highly at Wettmoldt, in the 2iety of their aged uncle, who was a nobleman of the old lool, and grand cordon of the order of St. Esprit. They aid not accord in sentiments upon the subject of politics, 1 although their disputes were sometimes warm, they re always in good humour, and always parted friends. At this pleasant retreat the Marquis amused himself with cal cares ; studied the agriculture of the country, and irnt of ^e peasants of Holstem the art of raising cattle } sheep, which became very useful to him when he re- ned to France, and retired to La Grange. General Latour Maubourg retired with his family from hmkuhlen to the village of Plon, three miles only from ettmoldt, where in philosophical retirement he enjoyed, in 180 MEMOIRS OF common with his beloved General, the courteous esteem ai regard of the nobility of Holstein. General Bureau de Puzy retired to Altona, where he w joined by the mother of Madame de Puzy, and her husbai M. Dupont de Nemours, and they all embarked togeth for New York, in America, where they were received with [ that attention, and courteous hospitality so justly due to tl friend and fellow sufferer of General La Fayette. As a pa ticular mark of respect due to his talents, he was invited superintend the public works, then erecting by the nation government for the defence of the city of New York ; W he declined the invitation until he had obtained the approb! tion of the French government. When the fact was maci known to the first Con^ (Bonaparte), he recalled him France immediately, ana appointed him to the command the Legion of honor, and Prefect of several department! particularly of Genoa, where he died on the 2d of Febri ary, 1800, sincerely lamented by his friends, and all wl knew him. General La Fayette and family, and General Latour Man bourg and family, retired from their happy retreats in a shci time, by the way of Holland, to France. rHE FRENCH REVOLUTION CONTINUED ADVENTURES I GENERAL BONAPARTE, &LC. As soon as the hero of Italy returned triumphant in France, the Directory began to assemble and equip the To Ion fleet, for a secret expedition. On the 9th of Apr* 1798, General Bonaparte, who had been appointed to command, left Paris, and repaired to Toulon. On the 19t he set sail with his armament, consisting of 17 ships of t line, having onboard 15,000 land forces, destined for forei, service. The English supposed this armament to be desti edfor Ireland, and Lord Nelson was stationed off the Strai of Gibraltar to watch their motions accordingly. As soon as his Lordship had knowledge of the sailing LA FAYETTE. 181 Jie Toulon fleet, and that it was bound up the Mediterrane- , he commenced his pursuit, and at Malta learnt that the French in their passage had captured that Island. Lord Nel- son next touched upon the coast of Egypt, and examined the bay of Aboukir, in quest of the French, but not finding them, he sailed for the coast of Syria, but the French were not there ; and he returned again to Egypt, and discovered the French fleet anchored in the bay of Alboukir, in the form of a crescent, close under the batteries, at the distance of one cable's length from each other, with the admiral's ship, the Le Orient, in the centre. Lord Nelson had missed of the French, at sea, by sailing to the coast of Syria, and thus given them an opportunity to anchor in the bay of Aboukir, and land General Bonaparte with his army. His Lordship commenced an immediate at- tack, by running the one half of his fleet between the French and the land, and the other half without their line, so as to inclose the one half of the French fleet between two fires. The van-ship of the English fleet grounded, in passing with- in the French line ; but the others commenced a terrible ac- tion, and betore the one-half of the French that were not en- gaged, could slip their cables and come into action, the other half were taken or distroyed, and the Le Orient took fire and blew up with a terrible explosion ; the remainder were all taken in the bay, except two, which were afterwards taken at sea. General Bonaparte, with his army, were upon the heights of Alexandria witnessing the scene. He then ad- vanced to Grand Cairo, received the submission of the Beys of Egypt, and settled the government. He then established a protecting force at Cairo, and marched into Syria, to con- quer the land of Palestine, and plant his eagles upon the walls of Jerusalem ; but he was met at Acre by the squadron of Sir Sidney Smith, who repulsed the French from their attack, upon Acre, with so great loss, that General Bonaparte was constrained to abandon the enterprise, and return into Egypt. At Cairo, he gave a grand fete in honor of the conquest of Syria ; then appointed General Kleber as his successor in the command of the army of Egypt, with sealed orders ; embarked on board a frigate, and set sail for France, August 24th, 1799. On the 18th of October, he arrived at Paris, put himself at the head of a small military force ; dissolved the sitting of the government ; caused a new copstitution to 36 182 MEMOIRS OF #11 be framed and adopted, with an executive of three consul; General Bonaparte was elected First Consul. Immediately upon this revolution in the government, Ger eral La Fayette returned with his family into France. During the absence of General Bonaparte abroad, nei scenes had been opened, and new and distressing events ha occurred. A new coalition had been formed in Decembei 1798, between England, Russia, and Austria, against France!, and the Russian General, Old Fi.eld-Mareschal Suwarrow had taken the command of the Austro-Russian army, and ha^ re-conquered Italy. General Suwarrow himself had beet beaten in Switzerland by the French General Massena. an« retired in disgust to Russia, where he was disgraced ; but the Austrians were then pushing the seige of Genoa. The Firs Consul assembled an army of reserve at Dijon, in France^ crossed the Alps, for the relief of Genoa, met the Austrian General on the plains of Marengo, gained a signal victory! and recovered Italy ; June 4th, 1799. On the 10th, he seti tied an armistice for Italy, established the Cisalpine Republic and returned to his capital. An attempt upon the life of the Consul was made with the mfernal machine, so called, as he passed to the opera, with an intent to destroy him by an explosion of gun powder ; but the machine exploded just after he had passed, and he es- caped unhurt. The French pushed their conquests in Italy, and upon the Danube, with such success, that the Emperor of Austria sued for peace, which caused the convention of Luneville, be- tween Austria and France; January 28th, 1801. On the - 3d of February, the definitive treaty was signed. At the same time, the English, under the command of Lord Keith, commenced the conquest of Egypt, which was accom- plished in one campaign, and the French army, by capitula- tion, were taken and sent back to France. On the 1st of October, 1801, the preliminaries of a Gen- eral peace were signed at London, and the storm of war was once more hushed in Europe. LA FAYETTE, 183 XX. ENERAL LA FAYETTE UNDER THE CONSULAR GOVERNMENT — GENERAL OCCURRfeNCES. In the last chapter the return of General La Fayette to 'aris was noticed. He began to have some confidence in the ew consular government, and hailed the prospects of sound- r politics. He respected the First Consul, who as the young ero of Italy, had relieved him from the prison of Olmutz, nd was ever ready to express the gratitude he felt for the lessing he enjoyed. The Consul had saved France, and he aw the necessity of securing the best talents of the nation 1 his interest, in order to render permanent the new govern- lent. He invited General La Fayette to a conference, at iie palace of the Thuilleries, and received him alone in his abinet ; and under the mask of the frankest confidence, at- empted to sound him upon the subject of politics, and the ireseut state of things in France ; but La Fayette conversed nth great caution, which shewed a want of confidence in the •resent order of things. The First Consul, whose peculiar alent it was to see through the hearts of men, saw in this Dterview what he had to expect from General La Fayette, nd felt a coldness seize his heart, which he ever after re- ained. He however cautiously concealed this, and retained ^a Fayette as a General of division, and pressed him to the cceptance of the office of Senator ; but La Fayette declined, 'ven against the solicitations of his friends ; and in a note to he minister at war, assigned the following reasons : " Associated, from their commencement, with the institu- ions which have triumphed in Europe ; united in heart with he Generals of the Republic, I have never ceased to be their '.ompanion ; and I cannot pretend to aspire, after so many 'ictories which they have achieved, to become their sue* :essful competitor." Here was a display of the noble sentiments of General La Payette. Although he once possessed a fortune of 200,000 Tancs a year, which, by his misfortunes in the revolution, ivas now reduced to less than 10,000 ; and although he had lieiore him the unsoHcited offer of one office as Senator, with m jyiEMOlRS OF #^ i 36,000 francs a year ; and another, as Count of the Empire worth 18,000 more, yet true to himself and his principles, h nobly declined both. The true reasons he had not yet full;' assigned ; but when the First Consul consulted General L Fayette upon the subject of his appointment as Consul fo life, he then, with the true frankness of himself, thus die closed his sentiments to the Consul : , *' General," said La Fayette, " before venturing upon sue a step, France and her best subjects expect from you a guar anty of their liberties. As soon as they are satisfied upo this point, they will comply with your wishes unasked." When General La Fayette was called upon for his vott he delivered the following ; " I cannot vote for such a magistracy, until the liberties o the people are secured ; in that case I vote for Napoleon Bonaparte." General La Fayette, at the same time, addressd to th«i First Consul the following note : *' General — When a man who is deeplj'^ impressed witl; a sense of the gratitude he owes you, and who is too ardent ; lover of glory to be wholly indifferent to yours, connects hi: sufi'rage with conditional restrictions, those restrictions no only secure him from suspicion, but amply prove, that no on« will more gladly than himself, behold in you the chief magis- trate for life, for a free and independent republic. " The 18th of Brumair saved France from destruction ; anc I felt myself reassured and recalled by the liberal declara tion, to which you have connected the sanction of your hon or. In your Consular authority, there was afterwards dis cerned that salutary dictatorial prerogative, which under tht auspices of a genius like yours, accomplished such glorious^ purposes ; yet less glorious, let me add, than the restoration of liberty would prove. " It is not possible, General, that you, the first amidst that order of mankind, which surveys every age and every country, before the stations of its members, in the scale, can he determined, that you can desire that a revolution, marked by a series of stupendous victories and unheard of sufferings, shall give nothing -io the world, but a renovated system ol LA FAYETTE. 16§ irbitrary government. The people of this country have )een acquainted with their rights too long to forget them for- •jiver ; and perhaps they may recover and enjoy them better lOWj than during the period of revolutionary effervescence, \nd you, by the strength of your character, and the influ- Bnce of public confidence ; by the superiority of your tal- ents, your powers, your fortunes, in re-establishing the lib- forties of France, can allay all agitations, and subdue all dan- r^ers. " When I wish then to see the career of 3'our glory :rowned by the honours of perpetual magistracy, 1 but act in correspondence with my own private sentiments, and am nfluenced, exclusively, by patriotic considerations. But all ny political and moral obligations, the principles that have ajoverned every action of my life, call on me to pause, before I bestow on you my suffrage ; until I feel assured that your mthority shall be erected on a basis that shall be worthy of the nation and yourself. ' I confidently trust. General, that you will recognize here, as you have done on all other occasions, a steady ad- herence to my political opinions, combined with the sincer- est prayers for your welfare, and ^he deepest sense of my obligations towards you." Here is a display of the unvarying character of the Mar- quis La Fayette. The sentiments contained in this letter, glowed in his breast before he embarked for America, in 1 777, and neither the struggles of two revolutions, the horrors of a five years imprisonment, nor the overwhelming power and popularity of the First Consul, could for a moment change or suppress them. Although by the latter he jeoparded all his future prospects of favour from the Consul ; yet he was true to himself, and to that nation, whose interest he cherished more faithfully than his own. The Consul re- turned no answer to this letter ; but his coldness shewed the feelings of his heart, and La Fayette retired to his Chatteau La Grange, 30 miles from Paris, where he devoted himself to the pursuits of agriculture. 16* lae ayiMOiRS of CKAFTER KX.X. FRENCH RLVOLUTION CONTINUED OPERATIONS OF THE AK MIES WAR WITH SPAIN WITH AUSTRIA PEACE WITH AUSTRIA. The peace of Europe continued to June 7th, 1803, whert England declared war against France. General Bonaparte had been elected Consul for ten years ; then soon after for ten years more, after the first ten should have expired, and afterwards had been elected Consul for life, by a subscrip- tive vote of more than three millions of citizens, and his pop- ularity had excited general apprehension in Europe, partic- ularly in England, who had now become alarmed at the hos-; tile movements upon the French coast. The Consul announced to the nation, that England had tieclared war, and he made great preparations to repel hen aggressions, and if possible, carry the war into her own do- minions. The English, previous to the declaration of war against France, had evacuated Egypt on the 16th of May, and called I home their fleet and troops for the defence of their own isl- and. The Consul sent a strong militarj^ force into Germany,, and seized on the Electorate of Hanover, the hereditary do- minions of George 1 II. King of England, June 1 8<^3. At the same time he made great preparations upon the French coast for the invasion of England. The spirits of the French peo- ple were highly excited, and delendaest Carthago (Carthage is about to be destroj^ed), became the order of the day ; boats, gallies, and small crai\, were collected from the ports of France and Holland, and assembled at Boulogne ; soldiers were daily trained in the exercise of embarking and disem- barking, which spread a general alarm throughout England. Jealousy, distrust and apprehension, generally prevailed hi the British nation ; parties ran high m the cabinet ; the goT- ernment and the people were alive to their common safety, and the military kept the peace. Austria took the alarm, and joined in a new confederacy with England against France, to give a check to the more* fnenls of the First Consul j and assembled a strong army »t V LA FAYETTE. 187 Ulm, in the kingdom of Wurtemburg, upon the Danube, un- der the command of General Mac. The Consul caused Generals Pichegru and Moreau, to be arrested and imprisoned in Paris ; the former died in his con- linement, and the latter was banished, and tied to the United States, where he remained until 1813, A new revolution took place in P'rance, May 5th ; the con- ;=ular government was abohshed, and an imperial government established ; and the First Consul was vested with the im- perial dignity, and crowned by the Pope, August 11th, 1804. The Emperor continued his movements upon the coast against England, and the threatened invasion became daily mere popular in France, and more alarming in England. This year the Emperor Alexander of Russia, (who had succeeded to the throne upon the death of his lather Paul,) and had joined the coalition against France, made great move- ments to co-operate with Austria in the war. The Emperor Napoleon, who had watched these movementswith a jealous eye, now put himself at the head of the army of England, (so called,) and by a sudden movement crossed the bridge at Strasburg, and advanced to Ulm, October, 1805. General Mac was struck with astonishment at the rapidity of the move- ment, and abandoned the city without resistance, and retired down the Danube. The Emperor Napoleon pursued, and by forced marches penetrated to Vienna, took it the 14th of November ; left a garrison to protect the city, and filed off his army into Moravia, to meet the Emperor Alexander. The two young Emperors now, for the first time, became competitors in the field. The two armies were encamped in sight of each other for several days, preparing for the combat, when the Emperor Napoleon made a hasty retro- gade movement, which led the Emperor Alexander to suspect that his enemy was about to make his escape. He accord- ingly put in naotion his army, to pursue, and at the same time detached one division to gain the rear of the Emperor Napo- leon, to check his movements. Napoleon saw the result ; he had out-gen«raled Alexander, and exclaimed, ** they will all be given into my hands before night." He ordered ^ charge to be made upon the detached division, as it was about to turn bi« flank ; the onset was violent ; they were over- thrown with great slaughter ; put to the sword, or driven at the point gf the bayonet, into a neighbouring lake. A gen» 188 IVIEMOIRS OF eral charge was then ordered upon the main body of the Russian army ; the conflict was short, the carnage great, and the victory decisive ; December 2d, 1805. The two Empe- rors drew off their armies, and settled a peace. The Empe- ror Napoleon settled a peace with the Emperor of Austria, and returned into France, and re-commenced his operations against England. The rapid and unobstructed movements of Napoleon, from Strasburg to Ulm, were the first fruits of the confederation of the Rhine, Avhich commenced as early as 1796. The Emperor Napoleon assumed the government of Hol- land, by changing their constitution, and placing at their head a tool of his own, under the title of Grand Pensionary. England, at this time, issued letters of marque against Spain . to prosecute the war of 1804. On the 1st of May, 1805, the Emperor Napoleon was crowned King of Italy, and the Franks again beheld upon the throne of Charlemagne, an Emperor of the west, whose head had been honored with the iron crown of the Romans. The spirit of the nation kept pace with the rapid strides of the government ; but the conscription began to gall, and the conscripts began to be sent to the armies chained in pairs. The sullen voice of murmur began to dampen the spirit of patriotism and the voice of applause. During the time of these great movements, the combined fleets of France and Spain lay secure in the port of Cadiz ; but for the want ot supplies they were constrained to change their position, and they put to sea, in order to gain the port of Toulon. Lord Nelson, with his blockading fleet, pursued : the combined fleet was soon overtaken off the cape of Tra- falgar, moving m the form of a crescent, under an easy sail. Lord Nelson, at sight of the enemy, made signal to bear down in two divisions, break through the line, and commence the attack. The signal was obeyed, the attack commenced, and the thunders of the Nile and of Copenhagen, were re- newed in the battle of Trafalgar ; Lord Nelson was victori- ous, and the combined fleet was generally taken, sunk, or destroyed, and the few that remained escaped to Toulon. But Nelson the great, the pride and ornament of Old England, crowned with his death the victory of Trafalgar ; October 21st, l'805. The year, 1866, opened with a new coalition befvveer LA FAYETTE. i89 England, Russia, and Prussia, to protect the latter against the encroachments of France. But the Emperor Napoleon was prepared, and opened the campaign with the battle of Jena, (a strong town in Lower Saxony,) in which he gained a sig- nal victory. The King of Prussia retired into the heart of his dominions ; the Emperor Napoleon pursued, and took up his winter quarters at Eylau. The Prussian King, hoping to take advantage of the French amidst the frost and snow of Prussia, attempted to surprise the Emperor Napoleon in his camp at Eylau ; accordingly, at dead of night, in the severity of winter, the King led on his troops and commenced the at- tack ; a sharp conflict ensued, and both parties claimed the victory, but the French held their quarters at Eylau. When the spring opened, the Emperor Napoleon re-com- menced his operations, and Dantzic and Konigsburg became the trophies of his victories ; the Prussians retired behind the river Pregel, where they were joined by the army of Rus- sia. The Emperor Napoleon advanced, the two armJes met at Friedland, another desperate conflict ensued ; Napoleon was again victorious, and the allies sued for peace. The Emperor Napoleon dictated the peace of Tilsit, which set» tied the fate of Prussia, and guaranteed the peace of Germa- ny, June 26, 1806. The Emperor Alexander became the friend of the Emperor Napoleon, returned with his army into Russia, and on the 27th of July, he declared war against England. The Emperor Napoleon passed his Berlin decree, which mterdicted all English commerce with the continent. This^ opened a general blockade of the continental ports, by the English ships of war, from Riga to Bayonne, and involved the neutral powers in sharp collisions with the billigerents, led to the general embargo in America, which commenced in December, 1807, and lasted seven years, and resulted in a war with England, in 1812, which was closed in 1815. All further coalition against France, now being closed, the Emperor Napoleon led back his victorious army into France, recommenced his operations against England ; re- paired to his palace, and found himself at liberty to turn his attention to the peninsula. The Emperor Napoleon now felt himself secure upon his throne, and aspired to the dominion of the world. He nc* 190 MEMOIRS OF gociated a treaty with Spain, at Fontainbleau, by which he engaged to co-operate with her in the conquest and parti- tion of Portugal ; with some assurances, that he would aid in the recovery of Gibraltar. Charles IV. than an old man, lilled the throne of Spain, and his son Ferdinand VII. was heir apparent to the crown of his father. The Emperor Napoleon moved a strong military force down to Bayonne ; passed his Bayonne decree, in support of his Berlin decree, and commenced an intrigue with Charles IV. and F'erdinand VII. until he drew them both into his camp, and secured them as prisoners, in France. He next sent General iVIurat, Grand Duke of Berg, to Madrid, with a strong force, to take possession of the kingdom. Charles IV. and Ferdinand VII. made a formal surrendry of the kingdom of Spain to the Emperor Napoleon, who conferred it upon his brother Joseph. The Spaniards at Madrid resented this outrage upon the sovereignty of Spain, and massacred about 5000 of the French, at Madrid. The French, in tbeir turn, butchered about as many Spaniards. The Junta of Spain assembled at Seville, and declared war against France ; the Enghsh fleet at Cadiz gave support to the measure, and protected the southern coast. The Emperor Napoleon gave a constitution to Spain, and placed his brother Joseph upon the throne, and supported him in person, with the victorious army of Germany. He then carried the war into Portugal, and the south of Spain. The army of Portugal penetrated to Lisbon ; but the Eng~ lish protected the city with a strong naval armament. The army of the south drove the Junta from Seville, and invest- ed them in Cadiz. At this time, the French in Italy entered Rome, subvert- ed the government of the Pope, and seized on his ecclesias- tical estates. The Emperor Napoleon erected the Repub- lic of Holland into a kingdom, and placed his brother Louis upon the throne. Sir Arthur VVellesley, at the head of a British army, gain- ed the action of Vimeria, over the French in Portugal, and they evacuated the country, by a convention, October 1st- 1808. Under this order of things in Europe, the Emperor Na- poleon invited the Emperor Alexander to a conference at LA FAYETTE. 191 fclrfurth, (a strong town in Lower Saxony, in Germany, then n the hands of the French,) which he accepted ; and the :wo Emperors passed a week together, with great etiquette, \n(\ parted with mutual assurances of friendship. The Emperor Napoleon, upon his return to France, ad- Iressed a letter to the Emperor Alexander, styling him Ejn- oeror of the East. The Emperor Alexander returned the :ompliment, and styled him Emperor of the West. The two Emperors made a joint overture to England, for oeace ; but it was rejected, and the English sent a strong brce into Spain, to support the patriots. The Emperor Alexander commenced a war with the furks ; and the English entered into a negociation with the jrand Seignior, to protect the Turks. The English assembled a strong army at Salamanca, in pain, December, 1808. The Emperor Napoleon again entered Spain at the head f a strong force, to protect King Joseph, and by a succes- sion of victories, compelled the English to embark at Cor- mna, and killed their General, Sir John Moor. Napoleon returned to Paris. The rapid progress of the French arms in Prussia and iJpain, again alarmed Austria, and the Emperor entered into mother coalition with England, against France. Prince CJharles was vested with the chief command, and took the ield at Ulm, at the head of a numerous and well appointed Austrian army. The tidings of this new coalition reached the Emperor NFapoleon, when upon the coast, superintending the army of England, so called. He repaired immediately to Paris, drew m immense loan from the bank, protected it against all im- proper runs, with a military force ; again put himself at the lead of the army of England, crossed the bridge at Stras- burg, and by forced marches, appeared before Ulm. The successive victories of Puffenhoffen, Tam, Abens- 3urg, Landshut, and Echmul. on the 20th, 21st, 22d and 23d )f April, 1809, announced to Prince Charles the approach Df the conqueror. The two armies met at Ratisbon, a terri- ble action followed ; Prince Charles was beaten, and retired upon the left bank of the Danube ; the Emperor Napoleon pursued upon the right bank ; and by forced marches, en- ered Vienna on the 20th of May. After a repose of two 192 MEMOIRS OF days, he recommenced his operations, moved down to Lo bau, caused a bridge of boats to be thrown across to the islP and (Lobau,) and from thence to the opposite bank of tht'^'] Danube, and put his army in motion to cross over. Prince Charles had fortified the heights of Aspern anc Esling, upon the opposite bank, with an immense park o artdlery, and awaited his approach. When about one half of the army of the Emperor Napole- on had gained the opposite bank, Prince Charles caused th( bridge of boats to be destroyed, by an immense raft of float4 ing logs, and commenced a furious attack. Napoleon, for the first time, saw himself out-generaledJ and to save his army, was compelled to adopt desperate measures. He ordered the bridge to be immediately re^^ paired , and an assault made upon the Austrian camp : Prince Charles was firm ; he renewed the assault^ but againi failed ; he then ordered Mareschal Lannes, to charge the cen- tre of the Austrian camp, at the head of the French cavalry, and carry the whole park of artillery : Mareschal Lannes advanced to the charge, in the true character of himself, and the shock was terrible ; the assault failed, and Mareschal Lannes fell in the action, gloriously. The Emperor Napo- leon availed himself of the impression made by the shock, drew oif his army, re-crossed the Danube, and again uniting^ his army, marched back to Vienna, and took up his quarters for one month. The tribute of respect paid by the Emperor Napoleon, to the memory of Mareschal Lannes, was, to cause his body to be conveyed in a coach of state, back to France, covered with a black pall, and under a military escort. Prince Charles retired down the Danube, and fortified his^ camp upon the plains of Wagram. The Emperor caused his position to be closely reconnoi- tered, and again put his army in motion, crossed the river at| Lobau, under cover of a dark rainy night, and by a circuitous march through unfrequented by-roads appeared in the morn-i ing, in the rear of the Austrians. The Prince was now out-| jreneraled, an action commenced, the conflict was terrible ;1 the Austrians were routed with great carnage, and a remnant' of the army fled into Hungary. The Emperor Napoleon ad- vanced down the Danube as far as Presburg ; gave the army a few days of repose, and returned to Vienna ; settled a LA FAYETTE. 193 >eace with the Emperor ; again dismembered his empire by •unning a hne from Switzerland to Hungary, and annexing he Tyrol and the country of the Grisons, to the dominions )f France, in Italy. The Emperor Napoleon led back his victorious army into "rauce, and again commenced operations upon the coast, for he invasion of England. The continental system, (so called,) or general non-inter- course with England, commenced with the Berlin decree, in 1806, and now extended into France, Spain, Italy, Holland, jrermany, Austria, Prussia, Denmark, Sweden, Norway, and he cities of the Hanseatic league. The Emperor of the French, now saw himself upon the throne of Charlemagne, IS Emperor of the West, with an extent of dominion, and a copulation far greater ; enriched with all the treasures of :ommerce, and adorned with all the refinements of the sci- ences, and all the elegance and splendour of the arts. A hrone unrivalled in the annals of the world. But the am-, bition of the Emperor was not yet satisfied. In the full :areer of his military honours, under his consulate, he had iiarried Josephine, the favourite of the Director Barras, who had filled the throne as Empress, with honour to her- Iself and husband ; but she remained without issue. Napo- jieon now felt the necessity of giving permanence to his Liirow^n, by a new alliance ; to effect this, he divorced his jwife Josephine, and offered his hand to the Archduchess Maria Louisa, of Austria. The overture was accepted, and the Emperor despatched the prince of Neufchatel into Aus- tria, to celebrate the nuptials, and escort the young Empress into France. When they arrived at Paris, the nuptials were again most splendidly celebrated. The Emperoi caused the war in Spain to be prosecuted with vigour, and devoted the season of 1810, to hymeneal enjoyments, in visiting his dominions, in company with the Empress. The Emperor of Russia waged successful war against th^ Turks, this season, which so far excited the jealousy of tM Emperor Napoleon, that he again began to press him to enter into the continental system, against England. But the Em- peror Alexander was firm to his purpose, and rejected the demands of Napoleon. 17 194 JHEMOIRS OF The Emperor of France now saw one check to his ambi tion before him, and he resolved to remove it at a blow. H accordingly entered into a secret alliance with Austria anr Prussia, to furnish each an armed force to join him, in hum! bling the Emperor Alexander. To carry into effect so vas' ^^ an enterprise, it became necessary to bring the war to close in Spain : he accordingly sent General Massena witl 70,000 men, to strike the decisive blow upon Portugal ; bu the English again protected Lisbon, with their naval arma *"" ment, and Lord Wellington, at the head of the English ano^j Portuguese army, finally succeeded in driving the French ou of Portugal, November, 1810. The Emperor reinforcec General Massena, and he again advanced, and Lord Welling? J ton retired back into Lisbon, where he was closely invested The Emperor of France could now assemble an army o: 800,000 men, and the invasion of England became so alarmn ing, that her system of finance would have been endangered Jl^f had not the free trade of Spanish America been thrown open to her at this time ; this supplied her colonies and augmen ted her revenue. The nation was alive to their interest and safety, and the Minister held the controul of the purse and loans to any amount were tilled as soon as called for. On the 20th of April, 1811, the Empress of France pre- sented the Emperor with a son, who was called Napoleon Francis Charles Joseph. The Emperor Napoleon now considered the war upon the peninsula, as.,being nothing more than a field-day exercise, a war of posts, to display the talents of the great captains engaged ; and began to put his vast machines in motion, to carry the war into Russia. To effect this, the whole Chris- tian world was in commotion, and became one vast theatre of intrigue. These intrigues of Europe, extended to the United States of America, distracted their councils, inflam- ed the passions, and not only led them into the continen-J tal system of 1807, but actually involved them in the war ofl 1812. LA FAYETTE.. 195 XXII. RENCH REVOLUTION CONTINUED WAR WITH RUSSIA OVER- THROW OF THE EMPEROR NAPOLEON RESTORATION OF THE BOURBONS TO THE THRONE OF FRANCE. That ever memorable year, 1812, opened upon Europe nd the world, a succession of scenes and events, that blast- ;d the ambition, and ruined the high hopes and enjoyments tf the Emperor of France. He again pressed the Emperor Alexander to adopt the continental system, and demanded hat Riga be put into his possession, and garrisoned with •"rench troops. Alexander rejected this demand with a irmness suited to the dignity of his character. Then the Emperor Napoleon called into the field the troops of Aus- ria and Prussia, and by requisitions upon all his dominions, assembled an army in Prussian Poland, to the number of ) or 600,000 men. The. Emperor of Russia assembled an army of observa- ionin Russian Poland, under the command of Prince Bagra- tion ; renewed his coalition with England, and sent the Rus- sian fleet to London, as a pledge for the general exigencies of the war ; and through the mediation of England, concluded a peace with the Turks. These preliminaries being settled, the armies were soon in motion. The Emperor Napoleon took up his head-quarters at Warsaw, and advanced to attack the Prince at Wilna ; the Pnnce withdrew, and Napoleon pursued. The Prussian army, at the same time, entered Russia, by the way of Riga, under the command of General Mc Donald, to penetrate, if possible, to Petersburg. The whole Christian world was now leagued against Rus- sia, except England, Sweden, and the peninsula ; Denmark Jiad furnished the fine horses of Holstein, to fill the cavalry of the French armies ; and even America had declared war against England. Thus balanced, the Emperor Napoleon continued to ad- vance, and the Prince continued to retire, until he arrived at Smolensk, where he made a stand. The two armies met, and soon became engaged ; a desperate action was fought, Napoleon was victorious, and the Prince retired again to- ut MEMOIRS OF wards Moscow ; but the city of Smolensk was seen, sooti after the action, smoking in ruins. The Emperor Napoleon announced all his movements, id^"' regular bulletins, under the commanding appellation of the"'*^ successes of the grand army. ^^^ The grand army moved forward from the blood-stained "" iields of Smolensk to the hills of Borodino ; here the Prince was reinforced, and again made a stand. The Emperor Na- poleon beheld from the heights the object of his wishes ; the spires of Moscow reflected to his view the rays of the de- f^ dining sun, and fired him and his army with the bright pros- r pect of reaping the rewards of all their toils. The Emperor t"' cherished the ardour of his soldiers, and led them on to the £ attack. The Russians made a firm resistance from a formid- able redoubt, lined with artillery, that commanded the heights of Borodino. A desperate assault commenced, and the re- doubt was carried at the point of the bayonet, before the day closed ; the Russians retired, and night closed the scene. Solemn w^as the scene that followed. The two armies passed the succeeding day in reconnoiteringand strengthening their positions, to prepare for the combat that was to follow^ Night again closed the scene without a blow ; but the next day opened to the combatants a new scene. The sun rose clear, and his first beams caught the eye of the Emperor Na- poleon ; ^tis the Sim of Ansterlitz, he exclaimed with em- phasis. A strong Russian column, under the command of Prince Bagration, commenced an attack to recover the redoubt that he had lost by the attack of the French ; but it was now impregnable, and vomited forth death into the advancing col- umns, and broke their ranks. A general engagement follow- ed ; the French overpowered the Russians, and compelled them to give way ; but they soon concentrated their forces and returned to the charge, in solid columns. The conflict now became desperate, and the tield was warmly disputed, until the French, overpowered by numbers, gave way, and retired from the combat. This was a proud triumph to the brave defenders of their country ; but the Prince Bagration crowned with his death the victory of Borodino. The Emperor Napoleon published in general orders : " Soldiers, this is the first victory I ever lost, you must wipe out the stain with the blood of the Russians." The losses LA FAYETTE. 197 this action were truly severe, but not decisive. General itusoft* now succeeded to the command, and led off the issian army to Moscow ; and as he passed through the city, removed the inhabitants, with their principal wealth and >asures, together with all the fire engines ; and when the nperor Napoleon entered the city at the head of his army, ntusoff formed his army into three divisions, and invested m in Moscow. Rastapchin the governor, let loose the con- cts from the prisons, and tired the city. In one hour the ty of Moscow was wrapped in flames throughout, and de- royed with a terrible conflagration. The Emperor Napo- on beheld the awful scene that blasted all his views, and cclaimed with astonishment, " An ocean of flame." The rench army were not appalled at this awful scene, for they resaw not the consequences ; butgare a loose rein to their jssions, and rioted in their excesses amidst the ruins of [oscow. The Emperor Napoleon saw at once his situation, nd made overtures of peace to the Emperor Alexander. he Emperor amused him with a vain negotiation, until he ad collected his forces, and sent orders for the army of the )annbeto withdraw from the Turkish war, and advance upon he rear of the French. The Emperor Alexander then pub- icly announced in his manifesto, " I will never make peace o long as Napoleon Bonaparte, or any of his family, are ipon the throne of France." Napoleon now saw his fate before him. To continue in floscow was impossible, to retreat was peeilous, and to treat vith the Emperor, hopeless. He was quick and decisive in lis determinations ; he wreaked his vengeance upon the Kremlin, by destroying that cradle of all the Czars of Russia, collected his remaining treasures, drew out his army and :ommenced his retreat, in order, if possible, to regain the :ities of Poland. But the old veteran Kutusofi", indignant at :he rapacity of the French, pressed upon his rear, and soon overtook the spoil incumbered foe. Harassed by the Rus- sians, murdered by the Cossacs, and stung with the seTfer- ities of a Russian winter, this mighty conqueror was sooo stripped of his artillery and baggage, by the death of his hor- ges ; and the spoils of Moscow, with the spoils of the French, ?oon fell into the hands of the Russians. The retreat of the French soon became the flight of a confused mass, without •tiscipline, without order, without supplies ; a prey le death 17* n»3 ^ ^lEMoiks or • in every ibrm, destroyed by, and destroying evety thing m their route. That hero that had led them victorious into Russia, had neglected even one solitary preparation to secure their return ; and he who had so recently been the idol, now became the reproach of his army. No longer safe amids! his myrmidons, he fled from Krasnoy, on the banks of th- Dnieper, alone, and in disguise, to secure his safe return to w. France ; just at the critical moment when the army of the Danube appeared in his rear to cut off his retreat. The horrors of this scene were so distressing, and so fatal, that the mighty force which had advanced into Ptussia under the appellation of the grand army, before it reached Poland. " vanished like the baseless fabric of a vision, and left not wreck behind."* * " The winter,'' says counte de Se£,ur, *• now overtook us ; and byH | filling up the measure of each individual's sufferings, put an end to \ that mutual support which had hitherto sustained us. Htnceforwar the scene presented only a multitude of isolated and individual stru , gles. The best conducted no longer respected themselves. — All frater nity of arms was forgotten, all the bonds of society were torn asunder — excess of misery had brutalized them. A devouring hunger had n duced these unfortunate wretches to the mere brutal instinct of se preservation, to which they were ready to sacrifice every other coi. sideration ; the rude and barbarous climate seemed to have communi cated its fury to them. Like the worst of savages, the s'rong feil upon the weak, and despoiled them; they eagerly surrounded the dying, and often even waited not for their last sigh before they stripped them. When a horse fell, they rushed upon if, tore it in pieces, and snattheci the morsels from each other's mouths, like a troop of famished wolve? However, a considerable number still preserved enough of moral feel- ing not to seek their safety in the ruin of others, but this was the last effort of their virtue. If an officer or comrade fell alongside them, or under the wheels of the cannon, it was in vain that lie implored Ihtm, by a common country, religion and cause, (o succor him. He obtain- ed not even a look ; all the frozen inflexibility of the climate had pa.-^- sed into their hearts ; its rigidity had contracted Iheir sentiments as well as their features. All, except a few chiefs, were absorbed by fneirown sufferings, and terror left no place for pity. Thus that egc- tism, which is often produced by excessive prosperity, results also from extreme adversity— but in which latter case it is more excusable ; the former being voluntary, the latter forced ; one a crime ofthe heart, the other an impulse of instinct and altogether physical : and indeed, upon the occasion here alluded to, there was much of excuse, for to stop for a moment was to risk your own life. la this scene of univer- sal destruction, to hold out your hand to your comrade or your sink- I LA FAYETTE. 191» The army of Prussia under McDonald, returned, as they entered, by the way of Riga, and the army of Austria separa- ed from the French, and escaped total ruin. The Emperor S"apoleon repaired to Paris, assembled his senate, disclosed \ng chief was an admirable effort of generosity. The shghtest act of Humanity was an instance of sublime devotion. '' When unab?e from total exhaustion to proceed, they halted for a )noment. Winter, with his icy iiaiuls, seized upon them for his prey. It was then, that in vain, the.«e unfortunate beings, feeling themseU'^es benumbed, endeavoured to rouse themselves. Voiceless, insensible and plunged in stupor, they move:} for^yard a few paces, like automatons ; but the blood, already freezing in their veins, flowed languidly through their hearts, and mounting to tlieir heads, made Ihem stagger like drunken men. From their eyes, become red and inflamed from the continual view of the dazzling snow, the want of sleep, and the smoke of the bivouacs, there burst forth real tears of blood, a( companied by protound sighs; they looked at ihe sky, at us, and upon the earth, with a fixed and haggard stare of consternation , this was their last farewell, or rather reproach to that barbarous nature that tortured them. Thus dropping upon their knees, and afterwards upon their hand:--, their heads moving for an instant or two from right to left, while from their gasping lips escaped the most agonizing moans ; at lengih, they fell prostrate upon the snow, staining it with a gush of liv- ing blood, and all their miseries terminated. Their comrades passed over them without even stepping aside, dreading to lengtlicn their march by a single pace ; they even turned not their heads to look at th«;:m, for the slightest motion rf the head to the left or the right was attended with torture, the hair of their heads and beards being frozea into a solid mass. •« Scenes of still greater horror took place in those immense log- houses, or sheds, which were f )und at certain interA'als along the road> Into these, soldiers and otficers rushed precipitately, and huddled to- gether like so many cattle. The living, not having strength enough to remove those who had died close to the fire, sat down upon their bod- ies, until their turn came ta expire, when they also served as deatli beds to other victims. Sometimes the fire communicated itself to the wood of which these sheds were composed, and then all those within the walls, already half dead with cold, expired in the flames. At Joupranoui, the soldiers set fire to whole houses, in order to warm themselves for a few moments. The glare of these conflagrations at- tracted crowda of wretches, whom the intensity of the cold and of suffering had rendered delirious ; these rushing forward like madmen, gnashing their teeth, and with demoniac laughter, precipitated them- selves into the midst of the flames, where they perished in horrible convulsions. Their famished companions looked on without affright, and it is but too true that some of them drew the half roasted bodies from the flames, and ventured to carry to their lips the revolting food.^* 200 MEMOIRS OF his misfortunes, and assembled another army in two month*, put himself at their head, and marched into Saxony. The Emperor of Russia followed up his victories, and en- tered Prussia with his victorious army. The Emperor of Austria, at the head of 100,000 men, entered Bohemia, and fixed his quarters, in character of mediator for his son-in-law Napoleon. The crown Prince of Sweden, formerly Gen- eral Bernadotte, Prince of Pontecorvo, in the service of Na- poleon in the Prussian war, now took the field with 100,000 Sw^edes against his former Emperor ; and the Sovereigns of Russia and Prussia fixed their quarters at Dresden, in Saxon}'. The Emperor Napoleon was encamped at Leipsic. The allies amused the Emperor of France with a negotiation, until they were ready for action. The Emperor of Austria then declared his mediation closed, decided for the allies, and the action began. The conflict was sharp and bloody : the French were true to their Emperor ; but were over- powered by numbers, gave way in disorder, and fled : a horri- ble slaughter followed. When the victory was announced to the sovereigns of Russia, Austria and Prussia, they fell immediately upon their knees, and gave thanks to God. The Emperor Napoleon, with the wreck of his army, fled into France, and took shelter in his capital ; the allies pursu- ed, invested the city ; took him by capitulation, and banished him to the island of Elba. The English, Spanish and Portu- guese had driven the Fren^ch out of the peninsula, and with the Duke of Wellington at their head, entered France to co- operate with the allies against Napoleon. They restored the dynasty of the Bourbons, in the person of Louis XVIII., and protected him with a strong force, under the command of the Duke of Wellington. The Emperor of Russia and King of Prussia visited Eng- land, and from thence repaired to Vienna, and opened a Con- gress, to adjust the elainas of the several powers, that had arisen out of the war. We have now fully disclosed the views of the Jacobins of France, when they drew the sword of Charlemagne, and commenced the bloody career of a military despotism in France. The blood of more than a million of those deluded sons of liberty and equality had now stained the field of Eu- rope, from the Tagus to the Wolga, and all they have gained in compensate their sufferings, is the privilege of again hug- LA FAYETTE, 201 ng their chains, under the former dynasty of the Bourbons. ould they have been persuaded to hsten to the voice of La ayette, and rallied round the constitution, and the King, the rospect was then favourable, that they might have enjoyed constitutional monarchy, like that of England, which was^ I they could justly have expected ; and as much, if not more, aan they could then have enjoyed with tranquility. It is? be hoped, that their errors and sufferings will prove a use- i\ example to the world. The Congress of Vienna had been engaged six months in Ijusting the claims of the sufferers in the war when they ere alarmed with the tidings, that Napoleon was in Paris nd at the head of the army. They felt the alarm, closed aeir sittings, repaired to the arm.ies, and took the field. The Russian and Austrian armies took their stand upon the thine, to secure the bridge of Strasburg ; the English and Prussian armies took post in Flanders, with the English rmy in advance about 15 or 20 miles. One French army li^as posted on the east to guard the bridge of Strasburg, or l/atch the Russians and Austrians, and another in Flanders to vatch the English and Prussians. The Emperor NapoIeoD ortified his capital, and attempted to renew the conscription ; ut failed. He then left Paris in the night, according to cus- om, put himself at the head of the army of the north, and ommenced an attack upon the English army, commanded by jord Wellington, who received him with firmness, and the lonfiict became severe and bloody. The English retired in jreat order ; and the Prussians advanced. On the second lay, the two armies formed a junction, and the action became ;eneral. On the 3d day, the action was renewed with spir- t, but the French were exhausted, and being overpowered >y numbers, were broken and fled. The Emperor, whoso 11 was at stake, rallied them to the combat, again and again ; lutthe allies opened a battery upon his centre, with a terrible ;arnage ; he drew up his guards to support his centre ; they irere cut down and distroyed. Napoleon exclaimed, " tis ime for us to go.'* He abandoned the remnant of his army, led into France, repaired to Paris, and again attempted to enew the conscription, and resist the enemy, but failed ; he 20^ MEMOIRS OF then resigned his crown to his son,* fled for the coast, dehv- ered himself up to the captain of an English man of war, and was carried to England. The allies advanced to Paris, entered the city ; restored Louis XVIII. to the throne, under the protection of the Duke of Wellington, and thus secured the tranquility of Eu- rope. The allied sovereigns again repaired to Vienna, resumed theirsittings, and sentenced the Ex-emperor Napoleon to the island of St. Helena for life ; where he diedm the ye^T 182L •'Such and so various are the scenes of life.''^ CBAPTSR XZXIZ. -ENERAL LA FAYETTE AT LA GRANGE HI'S CHARACTER BY MADAME DE STAEL DESCRIPTION OF LA GRANGE BY LADV MORGAN VISIT OF CHARLES J. FOX TO LA GRANGE DEATH OF MADAME LA FAYETTE THE PART TAKEN BY GEN- ERAL LA FAYETTE IN THE RESIGNATION OF BONAPARTE &C. FARTHER DESCRIPTION OF THE RETIREMENT AND AMUSE- MENT AT LA GRANGE. In the preceding chapters, a full view has been given ot the French Revolution, to shew — 1st, That the old quarrel of Jansenists and Jesuits was the true origin, or cause of the French Revolution. 2d, To shew how the Philosophers and Jacobins cherished this quar- rel, in order to bring forward their plans of a military re- public. 3d, To shew the effects of this republic upon * •' I was desirous," says Lady Morgan, " to learn how Bonaparte f=eemed affected at the moment that General La Fayette, at the head of the deputation who came to thank him in the name of the cham- ber, for his voluntary abdication, appeared before him. '' We found him,' said General La Fayette, * upon this occasion, as upon many others, aclins: out of the rules of ordinary calculation; neither affec- ting the pathetic dignity of fallen greatness, nor evincing the uncon- trollable dejection of disappointed ambition, of hopes crushed, never to revive^ and of splendour quenched, never to rekindle. We fouiu; LA FAYETTE. 203 Vrarice, upon Europe, and the world. 4th, To contrast the whole with the wise principles and views of the Marquis La Fayette. Europe is again hushed to peace. Before we turn our attention to the description of Chatteau La Grange, and the scenes of retirement in which General La Fayette was en- gaged, a sketch of his character, from the pen of Madame de Stael, may not be uninteresting. "The Marquis La Fayette," says Madame de Stael, •'having fought from early life for the cause of America, had early become imbued with the principles of liberty, which form the basis of that government. If he made mis- takes with regard to the French revolution, we are to ascribe them all to his admiration of the American institutions, and of Washington, the hero citizen, who guided the first steps of that nation in the career of Independence. La Fayette, young, affluent, of noble family, and beloved at home, relinquished all these advantages at the age of nineteen, to serve beyond the ocean, in the cause of that liberty, the love of which has decided every action of his life. Had he had the happiness to be a native of the United States, his con- duct would have been that of Washington : the same disin- terestedness, the same enthusiam, the same perseverance in their opinions, distmguished each of these generous friends of humanity. Had General Washington been, like the iMarquis de La Fayette, commander of the national guard of Paris, he also might have found it impossible to control the course of circumstances ; he also might have seen his efforts baffled by the difficulty of being at once faithful to his en- gagements to the king, and of establishing, at the same time, the liberty of his country. " M. de La Fayette, I must say, has a right to be consider- ed a true republican ; none of the vanities of his rank, ever him calm and serene : he received us with a faint, but gracious smile — he spoke with firmness and precision. I think the parallel for this moment was that when he presented his breast to the troops drawn out against him, on his return from Elba, exclaiming, ' I am your Em- peror, strike if you will.' There have been splendid traits in the life of this man, not to he reconciled to his other modes of conduct ; — his character is out of all ordinary keeping, and to him the doctrine o£ probabilities could never, ia any instance, be applied." i04 MEMOIRS OF j entered bis head : power, the effect of which is so great i^ France, had no ascendancy over him : the desire of pleasing in a drawing room conversation, did not with him influence a single phrase ; he sacrificed all his fortune to his opinions^ with the most generous indifference. When in the prison! of Olmutz, as when at the height of his influence, he was equally firm in his attachment to his principles. His man ner of seeing and acting, is open and direct. Whoever has marked his conduct, ma}' foretel with certainty, what he will do on any particular occasion. His political feeling is that of a citizen of the United States ; and even his person isi more English than French. The hatred, of which Marqui* de La f ayette is the object, has never embittered his tem- per ; and his gentleness of soul is complete ; at the samec rMr. Philippon, (a most respectable merchrtnt,) where an Ic^ant dinner was provided, and a large party waiting to re- ceive him. — In the course of the entertainment, a stone was thrown by some miscreant in through one of the window?, which passed c lose to the head of one of the gentlemen. On the morning of the ISth, crowds again assembled to witness the embarkation of the General, and the streets presented the same appearance, as the evening before. A party of sol- diers was drawn up opposite the Cadmus, on the custom- house quay, where it was supposed the embarkation would t.ike place. — Every impediment waa used to prevent ihe people from shewing any mark of respect. The Cadmus, in consequence of the tide's falling, was obliged to haul out into the roads. The General, accompanied by a body of g«^*ntlemen, arrived, and went on board the steam boat, which >% :i>! previously cleared by order of the Police, who would not allow him to embark whilst any one of the tov.nn-as on board. They also hauled down the tlag belonging to the boat, and would not let it be hoisted whilst ">!. La Fayette was on board. The gates were shut, to prevent the people go. eg to the pier-head to take a last view of the General. lIoN^ever, in this their elTorts were unavailing, as every boat thui could be had, was immediately filled, and folloT.eii the stoam boat to the Cadmus, then two miles od'. A gen-d'arm and a police officer went out in the Cadmus, to prevent any cne but the General and his suite going on board. On his coming along side, he was received with hearty and repeated cheers from the ship, which were returned tVom the boats, and a few persons on shore, who had got cut and assembled about half a mile from the pier, (to be out of the way of th^ military, as there was a strong gu^.rdat: the pier-head.) This closed the scene." As soon as the government of the United States had learnt, that it was the intention of the Marquis La Fayette to em- bai k for America at this time, the President caused the M^ }o\' ing orders to be issued trom the Department of War. Adjutant General's O^Sce, > Washington, llth August, 1824. f Orders — No. 64. The President of the United Spates directs, that General La Fayette, when he arrives in this couatry, be received at 19» 22^ MEMOIRS OF LA FAYETTE. all military posts with the honors due to the highest miiitarv rank in our service. The General-in-Chief pubhshes the foregoing to the army, by direction of the Secretary of War. i i We have witnessed the rising character of the young. Marquis La Fayelte in France, the early honours he eu- joyed at the court of Louis XVL his honorable and happy alliance with the ancient house of Noailles, his zeal in the cause of liberty, and the rights of man, that led him to America, in the year 1777 ; the distinguished and honour- able part he took in the American revolution, the zeal, courage and magnanimity he displayed in the righteous -cause through the war. We have witnessed the unbounded esteem and attachment that have been uniformly manifested for his person and character, by Congress, the Commander- in-chief, and by the officers and soldiers of the American army. We have followed him home to France, and witnes- sed the affection and confidence he received from the king, the queen, the court and the nation ; particularly the high popularity he justly acquired in the French Revolution, and the zeal he there displayed for the best interest of the gov- ernment and nation. We have seen how his best labours were blasted by the violence of the Jacobin clubs, and through their persecuting malice, have followed him into ex- ile, and a long five years imprisonn>ent in the dungeons of Olmutz. We have seen him agam restored to the bosom of his family and his country, and there called to witness a suc- cession of revolutions in the government of France, down to the fall of the Emperor Napoleon, and the restoration of the Bourbons. Through all these great and eventful chang- es we have witnessed |the vir tenax propositi^ without the slightest change or variation of those principles of true and rational liberty and of the rights of man, with which he t!ommenced his public career of glory in 1777. ■ We will now accompany him to the shores of his adopted country, and witness the scenes that are to follow, from the spontaneous emotions of more than 10,000,000 of free and ■grateful citizens, who, with open arms, are ready to hail him as the friend and benefactor of these United States. THE TOUR OF OENERAL LA FAYETTE rhrousH tiif UniUti State.s. CHAPTER X. LANDIXG OF THE NATION's GUEST^ AT NEW-YORK, AND HI^ VISIT TO THE EASTERN STATES IN' 1824. As soon as it was known in the United States that the Mar- quis La Fayette had once more embarked for the shores ot' his adopted country, a general joy pervaded the nation, and all cla:^es of citizens were prepared to take a lively interest in his arrival. The cities of New York and Boston particu- larly, anticipated the event with some degree of impatience, and entered into sach general arrangements for his recep- tion, as were best calculated to do honor to themselves and their illustrious guest. General La Fayette, accompanied by his son, George Wash- ington La Fayette. Mr. Augnste Le Vasseur a companion, and one servant, arrived in the harbour of New York on the morning of the 13th of August, in the ship Cadmus, captain AUyn, after a pleasant passage of 31 days from Havre. Th*' fact of his arrival was made known by the Telegraph at an early hour, and it spread through the city with electrical ra- pidity. Broadway was soon thronged, and the Battery crowd- ed with people, who sallied forth with the expectation that the hero and veteran of two revolutions, might come directly to the city. The arrangements of the city authorities, how- ever, for his reception, having been seasonably communica- ted to him, he landed at Statea Island, and was conducted to the seat of the Vice President, where he remained through the day, and passed the night. Fort La Fayette fired a salute 224 THE TOUR OF as the ship passed, and a handsome salute was lired as thr General landed. In the city the national flag was immediately hoisted anii displayed at all the public places during the day. The following interesting extract of the proceedings, upon reception of the Marquis La Fayette into Ihe city of New York, on Monday, the 16th of August, will shew the feelin^- of the citizens on the occasion. Arrangements of the Corporation. The committee of arrangements of the Corporation have the pleasure to announce to their fellow citizens the arrival of the distinguished guest of their country, the Marquis de La Fayette. The following are the arrangements made for his recep- tion in the city : The Committee of Arrangements of the Corporation, th(' Generals and other officers of the United States Army, the officers of the Navy, the Major Generals and the Brigadier Generals of the Mihtia, the President of the Chamber of Commerce, the Committee from the Society of Cincinnati, will proceed at 9 o'clock this day, to Staten Island, where the Marquis is lodged, and escort him to the city. Thej- will be accompanied by the steam boats, all with decorations, except that in which the Marquis is embarked, which will only have the flag of the United States, and the flag of New- York ; bands of music being in each. The Marquis' embarkation will be announced by a salute from Fort La Fayette, and the steam ship Robert Fulton. The forts in the harbour will also salute as the vesseL- pass. The masters of vessels arc requested to hoist their flags at mast head, and where convenient, to dress their vessels. The bells of the ci^ will be rung from 12 to 1 o'clock. The portrait room of the City Hall is appropriated to the Marquis, where, during his stay, he will after this day, be- tween the hours of 12 and £ o'clock, receive the visits of such of the citizeiis as are desirous of paying their respects to him. GENERAL LA FAYETTE. 25.: The Committee of Arrangements of the Corporation hav ing accepted the proffered services of the steam-ship Robert Fulton, and the steam-boats Chancellor Livingston, Oliver Ellsworth, Henry Eckford, Connecticut, Bellona, Olive Branch, Nautilus, &c. ; they were all superbly dressed with flags and streamers of every nation, and directed to meet and form an aquatic escort between the south part of the Battery and Governor's Island, and thence proceed in order w Staten Island. The spectacle, as the boats were assemblings was truly interesting and beautiful. The Battery was crowd- id with respectable people of both sexes ; Castle Garden, was tilled, and every boat that arrived to take its station, was completely crowded with elegant dressed ladies and gen- tlemen. The appearance of the Robert Fulton, as she came down East River, from the Navy Yard, escorted bv' he Connecticut and Oliver Ellsworth, all superbly decora- ted, was rich beyond description. Her yards were manned o the ronnd-tops, with about 200 seamen from the Consti- ation, who made an elegant appearance, and a battalion of narines, under the command of Major Smith, was on board, vith a band of music, and many of the Naval Oflicers upon uis station, together with several ladies and private gentle- men. Arrived at the place of rendezvous, the several vessels comprising the fleet took their station, and proceeded in reg- ular order to the quarantine, as follows : — First, the Chan- cellor Livingston, on board of which were the committee of the Corporation, Major General Morton and suite, a number of the members of the Cincinnati, including Colonels Wil- lette, Varick, Trumbull, Piatt, and others, together with a few ladies, several officers and professors from West Point, accompanied by the excellent military band attached to that institution. On the right of the Chancellor, and about a length in rear, was the Connecticut, and on the left, to cor- respond, was the Oliver Ellsworth. Directly in the rear ot the Chancellor, was the Robert Fulton, whose lofty masts and wide-spread arms, which Hterally swarmed with men, towered proudly above her less pretending, but not less gay and beautiful consorts. On the right of the Robert Fulton, about a length in the rear, was the Bellona, and on the left, the Henry Eckford, in a station to correspond ; and tire 226 THE TOUR OF squadron was closed bj' the Olive Branch and Nautilus. The signals exchanged, and the steam-boats having attained their stations, as above stated, the squadron got under weigh, amidst the cheers of thousands of delighted spectators. The view of this fleet will perhaps never be forgotten. It wa« not only unique, but bej'ond a doubt, one of the most splen- did spectacles ever witnessed on this part of the globe. The squadron, bearing six thousand of our fellow citizens, majestically took her course towards Slaten Island, there tn lake on board our long expected and honoured guest. At 1 o'clock the fleet arrived at Staten Island, and in a few minutes, a Landau was seen approaching the Hotel, near tlm ' ferry. The Marquis, the Vice-President, and the Ex-Gov- ernor Ogden, of New-Jersey, having alighted, a procession was formed, and the venerable stranger, supported by these gentlemen, followed by all the officers of the Island, and a crowd of citizens, passing through a triumphal arch, round which was tastefully entwined the French and American colours. As soon as the Marquis and suite entered on thr broad stairs, connected with, and leading to the steam-boar which was to convey him to the city, he was received by the committee of the Common Council, who conducted him on board the Chancellor Livingston. On entering this splendid vessel, the marines paid him militarj'^ honours. He was now introduced to the committees from most of our honoured Associations, and the General Officers, representing the In- fantry. The West Point band all this time was playing **See the Conquering Hero Comes," " On pent on etre mieux.^' "•' Hail Columbia," and the " Marseilles Hymn." The steam ship now fired a salute, and the whole squadron got under weigh for the city, in the same order as before, except that the Bellona and Olive Branch, flistened each side of the Cadmus, (the ship which brought the General from France,) decorated with colours, and filled with passengers, majesti- cally moved up the Bay. The sea was smooth and placid, and the breeze cool and agreeable. Decidedly the most in- teresting sight, was the reception of the General by his old companions in arms : Colonel Marinus Willette, now in his eighty-fifth year. General Van Courtland, General Clarkson, and the other worthies, whom we have mentioned. Colonel Fish, General Lewis, and several of his comrades were ab- sent. He embraced them all affectionately, and Colonel GENEllAL LA FAYETTE. 227 AVillette again and again. He knew and remembered them all. It was a re-union of a long separated family. After the ceremony of embracing and congratulations were over, he sat down along-side of Colonel Willet, who grew young again, and fought all his battles o'er. " Do you re- member," said he, " at the battle of Monmouth, I was vol- unteer aid to General Scott ? I saw you in the heat of bat- tle. You were but a boy, but you were a serious and sedate lad. Aye, aye ; I remember well. And on the Mohawk, I sent you lifty Indians, and you wrote me, that they set up such a yell, that they frightened the British horse, and they '•an one way and the Indians another." No person who ^witnessed this interview, will ever forget it ; many an honest tear was shed on the occasion. The young men retired at a little distance, while the venerable soldiers were indulging recollections, and were embracing each other again and again ; and the surrounding youth silent- ly dropt the tear they could no longer restrain. Sach sin- cere, such honest feelings, were never more plainly or truely expressed. The sudden changes of the countenance of the Marquis, plainly evinced the emotions he endeavored to suppress. He manfully supported this truly trying situa- tion for some time, when a revolutionary story from the ven- erable Willette, recalled circumstances long passed : the in- cident, the friend alluded to, made the Marquis sigh ; and his swelling heart was relieved, when he burst into tears. The sympathetic feelings extended to all present ; and even the hardy tar rubbed away the tear he could no longer restrain. The scene was too affecting to be continued, and one of the Cincinnati, anxious to divert the attention of the Marquis, his eyes floating with tears, announced the near approach of the steam-ship. The Marquis advanced to the quarter rail- ing, where he was no sooner perceived by the multitude, than an instantaneous cheer most loudly expressed the delight they experienced. The other steam-boats in succession, presented themselves, and passed, each giving three enthusi- astic cheers. The Marquis was delighted, ancf especially with the activity and quickness, with which 200 of our gal- lant seamen manned the yards of the steam frigate, previous to the salute. About 2 o'clock P. M. the fleet arrived off the Battery. What an impressive scene — 3000 men, mak- ing a splendid appearance, formed in line with a battering 228 THE TOUR OF train. The ramparts and parapets of the Castle, were hnec with ladies and gentlemen. The flag-staff, the windows, and even the roofs of the houses facing the Bay, were literally crowded with spectators. Hundreds of boats and wherr}^^ surrounded the Battery. The Marquis left the Chancellor Livingston in a barge, commanded by Lieutenant Mix, of the Navy, accompanied by the committee of the Corporation, and the Cincinnati, the Generals of Infantry, &c. ; and land- ed amidst the cheers and acclamations of 30,000 people, who filled the Castle, Battery, and surrounding grounds withiu sight. The Marquis now entered the Castle, which was tastefully carpeted from the landing place to the receiving rooms. He then partook of some refreshment, and was in- troduced to some distinguished citizens. Perceiving the restless anxiety ot nearly 3000 persons in the Castle, to see the General, the Marquis advanced to the centre of the erea of the Castle, and was greeted with loud cheers, expressive of as honest and generous feelings, as were ever spontane- ously manifested by any people on the face of the earth. From Castle Garden he proceeded with the appointed com- mittee, and the military and naval officers, to review the line of troops from the division of state artillery, under the command of Brigadier General Benedict. The muster was, on this occasion, unusually numerous and splendid, each corps vying with the others in paying a tribute of respect to the soldier of the revolution, the friend and companion of Washington. After the review, the General entered a ba- rouche, drawn by four horses, accompanied at the request of the committee, by General Morton, i The committee of the Corporation, accompanied by the General's son, George Washington La Fayette, and his sec- retary, Mr. La Vasseur, followed the carriages. The Gen- eral was escorted by a corps of cavalry, and at the head of the column of the troops, proceeded up Broadway to the City Hall. The crowds which had assembled to pay honour to the respected visitor, and to be gratified with a view of his person, were such as almost to* prevent the passage of the carriages and the troops. The scene could not but have afforded to the General the most delightful gratifications. — The houses to the very roofs were filled with spectators, and ^.0 the incessant cheers of the multitude, graceful females GENERAL LA FAYETTE. 229 sigaified their welcome by the silent, but not less graceful and affecting testimony of the waving of handkerchiefs. Arrived at the City Hall, the Marquis was conducted by the committee to the Common Council chamber, where thp corporation were assembled. The members of the Common Council rose on his entrance, and upon being presented by the Chairman, Alderman Zabriskie, to the Mayor, his hon our addressed him in the following speech : — Address of the Mayor, General — In the name of the municipal authority of the city, I bid you a sincere welcome to the shores of a country, of whose freedom and happiness you will ever be consider ed one of the most honoured and beloved founders. Your only contemporaries in arms, of whom indeed bu\ tew remain, have not forgot, and their posterity will never forget, the young and gallant Frenchman who consecrated his youth, his talents, his fortune and his exertions, to their cause — who exposed his life — who shed his blood, that they might become free and happy. They will recollect with profound emotion, so long as they remain worthy of the lib- erties they enjoy, and of the exertions you made to obtain them, that you came to them in the darkest period of their s?truggle — that you linked your fortune with theirs, when if seemed almost hopeless — that you shared in the dangers, privations and sufferings of that bitter struggle, nor quitted them for a moment, till it was consummated on the glorious field of Yorktown. Half a century has passed since thai great event, and in that time your name has become as dear to the friends, and as inseparably connected with the cause of freedom, in the old, as in the new world. The people of the United States look up to you as to on* of their most honoured parents — the country cherishes you as one of the most beloved of her sons. I hope and trust, sir, that not only the present, but future conduct of my coun trymen, to the latest period of time, will, among other slan ders, refute the unjust imputation, that republics are always ungrateful to their benefactors. In behalf of my fellow citizens of New York, and speak- ing the warm and universal sentiments of the whole people of the United States, I repeat their welcome to our comma r country. 20 ?30 TliE TOUR OF Permit rae to add, that the moment of my life, to which I shall look back with the greatest pleasure and pride, will be tliat, in \yhich it fell to my lot, to be an organ, for expressing, however feeble, a nation's gratitude. General La Fayette's answer. Sir— While lam so affectionately received by the citizens of New-York and their worthy representatives, 1 feel my- self overwhelmed with inexpressible emotions. The sight of the American shore, after so long an absence, the recol- lection of the many respected friends and dear companions, no more to be found on this land, the pleasure to recognize those who have survived, this immense concourse of a free republican population, who so kindly welcome me, the admir- able appearance of the troops, the presence of a corps of the National Navy, have excited sentiments, to which no hu- man language can be adequate. You have been pleased, sir, to allude to the happiest times, the unalloyed enjoyments of my public life ; it is the pride of my. heart to have been one of the earliest adopted sons of America ; I am proud also to add, that upwards of forty years ago I have been particularly honoured with the freedom of this city. I beg you, Mr. Mayor, I beg you, gentlemen, to accept yourselves, and to transmit to the citizens of New York, the homage of my profound, and everlasting gratitude, devotion and respect. The General and his son were then introduced to the members of the common council individually. After the adjournment of the Common Council, the Mar- quis received the marching salute in front of the City Hall, and again entered the Hall, accompanied by his son and suite, and in the Governor's room received the Society of the Cincinnati, composed of his surviving brothers and compan- ions in the field, a small number of whom still remain to meet and congratulate their long absent, but highly respect- ed friend and fellow soldier. Here also he was met by the officers of the army and navy, and many citizens and stran- gers. From the Hall he was accompanied by the Common Council, and many distinguished persons, to the City Hotel to dine, escorted by the militia. ,The whole exhibition, from the landing at the Battery, to the time of the dispersion of the people at the Park, was in GENERAL LA FAYETTE. 231 i\ high degree interesting and gratifying. The numbers col- lected were perhaps unequalled on any former festive occa- sion. The bells of the different churches rang a merry peal The houses through Broadway were filled with spectators of the first respectability, and the street was crowded with people. Ev'ery expression of good feeling was manifested from the windows, doors, and side-walks ; the stranger was welcomed with unfeigned cordiality ; and we think it must have afforded to the Marquis an unusual degree of delight to find that his services were remembered and acknowledged, nnd his name cherished by a free and grateful people. * The day Avas singularly fine for the occasion — the water scene exceeded in splendour and effect, any thing of the kind that has ever been exhibited here. The appearance of the military was highly creditable in equipments, movements, and discipline ; and we have not a doubt their appearance, when contrasted by his recollection with the suffeiing troops of the war of Independence, must have made a deep im- pression upon the Marquis' mind. In the evening all the public places were brilliantly light- ed, rockets were thrown up, and the streets were thronged to a late hour. Castle Garden, particularly where General La Fayette landed, and where he remained for some time, on his first reaching this city, was brilliantly illuminated last evening, and crowded with beauty and fashion. The following appropriate lines, were written while view- ing the procession upon the %vater, and will undoubtedly bt- considered as interesting, as well as appropriate to the occa* sion : Hail to the HERO ! who comes to re-visit The land where he peril'd life, fortune, and fame x Hail to the HERO ! his age shall inherit The honours his youth has won for his name. Hail to the HERO ! — shout millions of voices. Enjoying the freedom secured by his toil ; Hail to the HERO ! — a nation rejoices, To welcome its guest, return'd to its soil. >e32 THE TOUR OF On Wednesday morning, the 18th, in compUance with an invitation from Captain Rodgers, commandant of the Navy Yard, General La Fayette, attended by the Committee of Ar- rangements, and a select circle of ladies and gentlemen, pro- ceeded in the elegant steam-boat Chancellor Kent, to visit ■he Navy Yard at Brooklyn. The Marquis left his lodgings at the City Hotel, at half past 9 o'clock, in a carriage ; and as he entered it, he was warmly cheered by a large concourse of people who had assembled in front of the hotel to see him. The steam-boat # ^eft the dock immediately on his arrival on board, and the ^"t'elkin again rang with the cheers of the thousands on shore. As the James Kent, passed the Grampus, lying in the . , orth River, a salute of 21 guns was tired. The Kent then proceeded round the battery and up East River, until she came to anchor at thp dock erected in the harbor, where the steam-frigate is moored, when the Mar- quis and the ladies and gentlemen of the party disembarked — the United States frigate Constellation tiring at the same time a salute of 21 guns. On landing, he was received by three cheers from 200 sailors drawn up for the occasion. The General then went on board of the steam-frigate, and was much pleased with the construction of this formidable r«nd uniqe naval battlement. On returning, the jolly tars gave three more hearty cheers, and the General proceeded in a barge to the Navy Yard : when another salute of 21 guns was fired on his landing, and he was received by a battalion of marines. The General was then conducted on board the Washington 74, where refreshments were provided for the whole party. After refreshing himself, the General took a rapid survey ox the ships, and those now building, and returned on board the Kent, when another salute was fired by the Constitution. In re-passing the Grampus, another salute was fired, and the sides were manned and three cheers given by the patri- otic crew. At 1 o'clock, the boat again came to the wharf, and the General disembarked — having enjoyed a charming excursion, and been much gratified with viewing the works, and witness i^ng the admirable order and discipline preserved. Great credit is due to Captain Rodgers, and the officers, for the manner in which the compliment to the Marquis was conducted. 'general la FAYETTE. ^dS Upon the return of the Marquis La Fayette from theKavy Yard on Wednesday, he was introduced, with his son, to the Historical Society, at their room in the Institution, at 2 o'clock P. M. According to a resolution, passed the day before, they were made members of the Society. The President, Dr. ^osack, in his speech to the Marquis, said : " General La Fayette — In compliance with the unanimous resolutions of the New York Historical Society, I have the gratification to announce to you your election as an honoura- ry member of this institution, and to present to you a copy of their transactions. " In announcing to you the resolution of this society, permit me to observe, that it was the exclusive object m the for- mation of this institution, to collect, preserve, and record the materials appertaining to the history of our state and country. Among these, none have been so precious as those relating to the Revolution, in which you bore a memorable, and distinguished part, and to whom, under providence, our country is signally indebted for its independence, and the prosperity and success that have followed in its train. " In the name of this institution, I also tender to you their congratulations upon your safe arrival, which affords you the opportunity to witness the happy condition of that country in whose behalf, the sword of your youth was drawn, and personally to bear your testimony to the blessings which have followed the achievements that have been accomplish- ed by the united efforts of a Washington, and his illustrious companions in arms. General, my bosom glows at the asso- ciations which these events bring to our recollection, and every heart in this assembly throbs with inexpressible emo- tions at the sight of the hero who this day enters their Hall, and confers a lasting'honour upon the sittings of this Society. "Long, long, Sir, may you live to enjoy the homage so justly due, and spontaneously offered from the hearts of a free and grateful people, for the services you have rendered to this nation, to the world, to liberty, and to the ever memo- rable establishment of the only example on earth — a pure unmixed republican form of government. " The same heroic page that records these events, will also inscribe in golden capitals the immortal names of Wash- ^^'GTo^" and La Fayette." 20* n4 THf: TOUR OF ^' General La Fayette thereupon rose and replied as f'ol lows : — ^' Sir — With the most lively gratitude, I receive the hon- our which the Historical Society of New York have confer- red by electing me one of their members. '' Permit me also thankfully to acknowledge the flattenng manner in which you are pleased to announce this mark ot' their benevolence. '' The United States, Sir, are the first nation, on the re- cords of history, who have founded their constitutions upon an honest investigation, and clear definition of their natural and social rights. '* Nor can we doubt, but that, notwithstanding the combi- nations made elsewhere by despotism and aristocracy, against Ihose sacred rights of mankind, immense majorities in other Countries, shall not in vain observe the happiness and pros- perity of a free, virtuous, and enhghtened people." The President of the Society next addressed M. George Washington La Fayette as follows : ^' George Washington La Fayette — In accordance with the resolution of the New York Historical Society, I have also the honour to present you a similar evidence of membership, with that conferred upon your illustrious Sire. '^ May you, Sir, emulate his talents and his virtues ; and may the same undaunted spirit which led him to offer his life at the altar of freedom, animate the bosom of the son in the same glorious cause." To which the following reply was made : Sir — I cannot find words adequate to the feelings which I experience at this moment. # '' Permit me to beg of you to present to the members of this Society, the homage of my profound respect and grati- tude, for the unexpected honour, at this time conferred upon ine." The Marquis and his son were then conducted into the. Gallery of Fine Arts and the Lyceum, and afterwards return- ed to the City Hotel, accompanied by Dr. Hosack, Genera , Van Courtlandt, and Aldermen Hone and Wyckoff. GENERAL. LA FAYETTE. 23b In the evening the General gave a dinner to Captain Rodgers and the Naval Officers on this station — after whicli he rode out and made several calls. At a meeting of the Common Council for the despatch of business in the evening, (Wednesday,) Alderman Zabriskie made the following remarks : " Mr. Mayor — At the request of the committee, appointed by the Common Council, for the reception of General La Fayette, I rise with no ordinary emotions, to propose for the adoption of the Common Council, the two resolutions, now before me ; resolutions which I feel justified in asserting, will pass with the unanimous approbation of this Board. The first, sir, is a resolution, that a committee be appointed to wait upon General La Fayette, and request that he will be pleased to sit for his Portrait, to be placed either in this room, or in the Gallery of Portraits in the City Hall. This room in which we meet, to transact the municipal concerns of this city, is graced with the full length portraits of a Wash- ington, a Clinton, a Jay, and a Hamilton — individuals who have established a name which will be transmitted to future generations, and which will remain as imperishable as the principles upon which are founded the government, under which we have the happiness to live, and in the formation of which, they took a distinguished part. The Portrait Room in your Hall is embellished with the portraits of many of our most distinguished citizens, civil, military and naval, and who have contributed in no small degree, to establish a na- tional character throughout the world — and permit me, sir, to add, that there is no individual now living, whose portrait will be received with greater admiration and interest, than that of our illustrious visitor, General de La Fayette. His name is identified with liberty and the rights of man in this, and the trans-atlantic world. With these few unpremeditated remarks, I now beg leave to submit the Resolutions. Whereas the Common Council are desirous of perpetua- ting the memory of a man, who will be distinguished in the annals of our country, for his love of freedom and military glory — ^whose name will be associated by posterity with that of Washington, the illustrious founder of our Republic — and 236 THE TOUR OF as the portrait of one so venerated, will be always farourabk J to virtue and patriotism : ! Resolved, Therefore, that the honourable, the Majori General the Marquis de La Fayette, be requested to favour | this Common Council, with sitting for his portrait, to bei placed in the Gallery of Portraits of the Common Council, among those great and good men, who have done honour and I service to our country. Resolved, That the committee of arrangements be request cd to wait upon the Marquis, with a copy of this resolution, and on his acceding to the request, that they carry the same into effect. Resolved, In testimony of the high respect which this-! Common Council entertain for George Washington La Fay- ette, the son of the Marquis de La Fayette, whose virtues we trust he bears with the honoured name of his father, be made a Freeman of this city, and that the certificate of free- dom, handsomely engrossed, be presented to him in a GoLJ den Box. Resolved, That the committee of arrangements have the above resolution carried into effect. Alderman Doughty rose and offered the following resolu- tion : " Resolved, That the proceedings of this Board, in rela- tion to General de La Fayette, together with the address of( the Mayor to him, and his answer thereto, with his signa- ture in his own proper hand writing, and the signatures of the Mayor, Recorder, and the members of the Common Council, be handsomely engraved on vellum ; one copy thereof to be presented to the General, and one copy to be placed among the Archives of the Common Council. The committee of arrangements were appointed to carry this resolution into effect. The above resolutions were unanimously adopted by the Board. The Mayor read a letter from Captain Francis Allyn, ofi the ship Cadmus, presenting a portrait of General La Fay- ette to the Corporation, with a request that it might be placed in the City Hall. The Board accepted the same, ami passed a votes of thanks to Captain Allyn, the donor. GENERAL LA FAYETTE. 257 To an address of the Gentlemen of the Bar of New- York, assembled at the City Hall on Thursday morning, to pay the Marquis their respects, he made the following re- ply ^ " Testimonies of esteem from so respectable a body as the Bar of New York, are highly flattering. I most deeply sym- pathize with you, gentlemen, in your regret for our friend Hamilton, whose prodigious talents made him as eminent in your profession, as he had been in our military, when he deserved Washington's most intimate confidence. The truly i'epublican forms of the American institutions, cannot but endear them to every citizen of the United States. Yet, to any one, who, with an American heart, has had opportuni- ties of a comparison with those of other countries, the bles- sings of those institutions must appear still more conspicu- ous." The same attention was also paid the Marquis by the French gentlemen of the city, both residents and citizens. The num- ber of his countrymen present on this occasion, including the respectable and wealthy individuals of that nation, amounted to more than two hundred and fifty : and an address was delivered in their behalf by Mr. Chegary, in the Frenc^i lan- guage. Among the party collected, we understand he recog- nized an old fellow soldier, who had fought under him inthin country during the revolutionary war, and had served in the French army twenty-tive years. To the affectionate address of the French gentlemen the the Marquis La Fayette replied as follows : " It is a great happiness for me, on my arrival in this land of liberty, to receive the address of my countrymen. " At the moment of my departure, the testimonials of affec- tionate attachment of many of my fellow citizens, the part- ing accents from the shores of France, left in my heart the most grateful emotions. I delight to participate with you. the feelings which I experienced in this happj American land, to which I am bound by so many ties. VVe also, pat- riots of 1789, sought to establish the national dignity, the security of property, and the happiness of our beautiful France, upon the sacred foundations of liberty and equality. Notwithstanding our misfortunes, the cotcmporaries of that 2.38 THE TOUR OF epoch will inform yon, that the revolution of '89, has greatly ameliorated the condition of an immense majority of the peo- ple. Do not let us despair of the cause of liberty i it is still dear to the hearts of Frenchmen ; and we shall one day have the felicity of seemg it established in our beloved country." At 12 o'clock, the Nautical Society, chiedy composed of our most respectable masters of vessels, assembled onboard the ship Cadmus, Captain Allyn, where they were formed in regular order, and proceeded through some of our principal streets, to the City Hall. Here they were severally introdu- ced to the General, who received them in his usual frank and cordial manner. — Many of the members he recognized as old acquaintances, and expressed his gratification at meet- ing them, in the warmest terms. The packet ship Cadmus, in which the General arrived, was dressed with the flag of all nations : and in compliance with a public invitation, thousands of our citizens repaired on board in the course of the day, and partook of a cold col- lation, liberally prepared by Captain Allyn and her owners. After the Marquis' arrival at New York, he early announc- ed his? intention to visit Boston, where he had been particu- larl/ invited by distinguished individuals, and by the city au- thority ; especially as the commencement at the University in Cambridge, the literary jubilee of the State, was to be cel- ebrated in a few days. While in N. York, he received invi- ■ ations by committees or letters, from Philadelphia, Albany. New Haven, Hartford, and some other cities, to mako ;> visit to those places respectfully ; but his desire was tirst to visit Boston, if possible. The interesting and impressive visit at New York thus- being closed — at an early hour on Friday morning, a scene of general bustle and activity commenced, preparatory to the departure of the General for Boston. His suite consisted of his son, and M. La Vasseur, who accompanied him on his voyage from France, and four of the Alderman of N. York. The city corporation had provided an elegant carriag:! to ac- commodate him on his journey to Boston, and deputed four ofi their number to attend him on his route. x\t 7 o'clock, the Horse Artillery, commanded by Colonel Arcularius, para- ded in Broadway,* in front of Washington Hall ; and at 8 GENERAL LA FA'^ETTE. 239 >'clock, they took up their line of march to Harlaem, where :hey superceded the escort which accompanied him to ;hat place. This escort consisted of a squadron of cavalry, ;he Corporation in carriages, the Fayette Guards, the Gen- eral, Field, and Staff officers of the Artillery and Infantry of he city, and a number of citizens mounted. The General jreakfasted with Philip Hone, Esq. at half past 7, and re- paired immediately afterwards to his lodgings at the City ilotel, whence the whole cavalcade moved up Broadway, to Bond-street ; and thence up the Third Avenue. The streets vere thronged with people, and the General, who rode un- covered, repeatedly returned their expressions of kindness md attachment, by bowing. The General was met at Harlaem, on Friday morning, by jrideon Coggeshall and L. M. H. Butler, Esq'rs. a deputation Vom the town of New Rochelle, who presented him with he following address : " The inhabitants of the town of New Rochelle, have leputed Gideon Coggeshall and Laird M. H. Butler, to wait m Major General La Fayette, to express to him their hap- piness, on his safe arrival, in the bosom of that. country, for vhose liberty he so nobly fought and bled, and to request him ;o allow them the pleasure of expressing personally to him :heir feelings of gratitude for his important services, in that irduous struggle, from which emanated that glorious inde- pendence, now their proudest boast." The deputation joined the escort, on their taking up the line of march from Harlaem. At West Farms, at West Ches- ter, and East Chester, the inhabitants were assembled en aiasse ; and the waving of handherchiefs and scarfs, amidst :he most animated plaudits and cheering, gave the General I heartfelt assurance of welcome. The cavalcade of citi- 'iens on horseback, continued to receive recruits at every ;own. He arrived at East Chester about noon — the roads aeing filled with people, who cheered as he passed. He stopped at New Rochelle, and took refreshment at Peeler's :avern. A salute of 19 guns was fired, and the crowd of seople was very great. " Do you remember. General,'* 5aid one, " who began the attack at Brandywine ?" " Aha ! iTes — it was Maxwell, with the Jersey troops !" " So it ivas ! so it was I" replied the delighted interrogator. 240 THE TOUR OF •* Well, I was with his brigade !" A warm clasp of the hand was all the utterance to feehngs, which were meet reward for a life spent in the cause of liberty. A salute was fired on his arrival at Momaroneck, where a company of soldiers were paraded, with a band of music. Among the assemblage of persons collected, were three hundred from the manu- factory, principally children, together with all the villagers, who received him with shouts. The next stopping place was Pendfield's, at Rye, where he dined, and was entertain- ed during the whole time, with music from several bands. On stopping at Mr. Moreman's, at Sawpitts, three miles be- yond, to take a glass of wine, he was received by a large party of gentlemen on horseback, from that village. White Plains, and the neighbourhood, and several excellent bands of music. Two masts were erected here, one on each side of the road, bearing a red and white pendant ; and displaying the name of "La Fayette" over the road. The whole was handsomely decorated with evergreens. Having shaken hands with hundreds, young and old, and received their greetings, still accompanied by many citizens on horseback, from the villages all the way from Harlaem, &c. ; he passed on to Byram Bridge, the line of New York, where a salute was fired. At the Bridge he was received by a troop of Connecticut Horse Artillery, commanded by Colonel Hempsted, a fine looking body of men, who gave him a warm welcome with cheers. The first troop of New York Horse, under Colo- nel Arcularius, and the Connecticut squadron, escorted him to Putnam's Hill, where a salute was fired ; after which Colonel Arcularius' troop gave the General nine cheers, as their duties here closed. The General returned them his warmest thanks. The heights and grounds in every direc- tion were thronged with gentlemen and ladies. The following extract of a letter from a young Lady at Greenwich, bearing date Friday evening, August 20th, will further illustrate the reception of the Marquis on his route : " The news that the Marquis de La Fayette was to pass through this town to-day, was received yesterday afternoon. Nothing however was done, and I began to fear that old Con- necticut would disgrace itself ; but this morning, the spirit of '76 appeared to animate all ranks and descriptions. Or- ders were given for the troops to proceed to Byram, and GENERAL LA FAYETTE. 24 i jscort the General to Nor walk, where, it was understood, he New-Haven troop would be in waiting. Fortunately, it entered into the heads of a few, that an arch, erected over Putnam's Hill, would have a fine effect. A number of ladies volunteered their services in erecting and adorning it ; and he Reverend Doctor Lewis, who was himself a chaplain in he revolutionary army, was requested to write a short nscription. The inscription which was hung in the centre, surrounded by a wreath of sweet briar and roses, was as fol- ows : — " This arch, on the hill rendered memorable by the jrave General Putnam, is erected in honor of the illustrious, he Marquis De La Fayette — the early and distinguished :hampion of American liberty, and the tried friend of Wash- ngton." The arch was very tastefully enwreathed, and Tom its top waved the flag which the regiment of this place :arried in the battle of Whiteplains. " After waiting till nearly 5 o'clock, our ears were glad- 3ned with the sound of their approach. The cannon which tiad been previously sent on, fired, the church bell rang a nerry peal, and hundreds of spectators, of both sexes, sta- tioned on and about the hill, welcomed the General with loud iuizzas, and waving of hats and handkerchiefs. When the Marquis arrived at Tracy's Hotel, (within 40 rods of the irch,) he dismounted, and was there introduced to the ven- firable Doctor Lewis, who took him by the hand, and (as lear as T can recollect,) addressed him as follows : " ' Sir, — With the millions of America, I welcome you to [his land of freedom, and rejoice that God has spared mj^ life to see that veteran General, who so eminently distin- guished himself in procuring her liberties.' ** The Marquis then advanced to the arch, supported by he Reverend Doctor Lewis, and his son, the present minis- ter of the parish. The inscription was read to him b}'^ the latter. He appeared much pleased and affected, advanced a ew steps, bowed to the gentlemen who were stationed on one side of the hill, turned to the ladies on the other side, md said, — ' My friends, 1 am very much obliged to you for he attention you have paid to me, and feel happy to find nyself among you.' " He then walked down the hill, took his carriage, and proceeded on his journey, expecting to lodge at Norwalk, or Bridgeport to night. On parting with him, Doctor Lewi? 21 242 TilE TOUR OF said, ' Sir, America loves you' — ' And, Sir,' said the Mar- quis, ' / truly love America.^ " The cavalcade arrived at Stamford about half past five, having received a salute at Mianus's Landing ; and the pri-J vate Mansion of the Honorable John Davenport was thrownii open for his reception. The General remained at this bouse for half an hour, and received the visits of many hundreds of persons of both sexes. A salute was fired, the bells rung, and this beautiful town with its gay inhabitants, particularly} distinguished for many handsome women, exhibited all thee life and gaiety of a city. Hundreds of ladies and gentlemen ,1 for ten miles round, visited this town, to see and pay theiii respects to La Fayette. He left Stamford at six, intending^ if possible to reach New-Haven that night. He set outfromii here with fresh horses, the handsomest that could be procur- ed in the country — four fop each carriage. j The Connecticut troop which met the General at the line, accompanied him through Stamford, and proceeded untiil they met the escort provided further east. All business was suspended during the day on the wholet route ; — all persons were arrayed in their best attire, andi many remained for hours upon the road, waiting for theo cavalcade. Many old revolutionary soldiers met him on the route, and held hasty discourse on scenes and subjects which they never can forget. He arrived at Norwalk, at 8 o'clock P. M. where his arri- val was announced by a salute from the heights, and dis- charges of musketry. The bells of the churches and the academies rang merrily ; two companies of uniform militij were in waiting to salute him, and a band of music treated him to some popular tunes. An arch was formed across the bridge, with the following inscription : — " Welcome La Fay- ette," in large letters, on a white ground. On one side o\ the arch, the American flag was displayed, and on the othei a French flag. As the General had been expected from about 11, A. M. Norwalk was filled with people from the surrounding country, at an early hour in the day, who re- mained anxiously waiting until the time of his arrival. All business in the town was suspended. Among those assem- bled, were several revolutionary heroes, with bosoms beat GENERAL LA FAYETTE. 243 ing high, at the thought of shaking by the hand their old and beloved comrade, whose memory was associated with periods of trial and endurance, which few who experienced them, now remain to relate. Captain Gibbs, an old revolu- tionary officer, about the same age with the Marquis, and who was with him in the revolution, joyfully seized his old iViend by the hand, and introduced him into the village hotel. The General easily recognized him, although so great a length of time has elapsed since they have seen each other. Mr. Betts, who was also in the revolutionary service, had the honour of an introduction. The ladies and gentlemen of Norwalk, immediately repaired to Cook's Hotel, to bid the Marquis welcome — and such was the earnestness to see him, during the whole time he remained, that the house was crovvded to excess. A company of military from New- Canaan, were among the assemblage, having marched to Norwalk, to pay their respects to the " Guest of the Na- tion." The Marquis departed about 9 o'clock at night, leaving the open barouche, and taking the close carriage. At Saugatuck the militia were prepared throughout the day, to fire a salute ; but owing to the lateness of the hour when the cavalcade approached, it being 10 at night, the vil- lagers could do no more than give their loud huzzas, as the General passed. Mill River Bridge was handsomely decor- ated with colours, by the captains of the coasting vessels at anchor in the harbour. The General arrived at Fairfield about half past ten at night. In this beautiful town, great preparations were made to receive him ; but as he had not made his appearance at a late hour, it was supposed he would not arrive until the fol- lowing day. It was calculated that between 1000 and 120U persons were collected here, including the inhabitants. They all remained until late in the evening, still hoping that he might be on his way ; but they were at length reluctantly compelled to give up the hope, and all retired, except a few of the most distinguished inhabitants of the town,vTho remain- ed at the Washington Hotel, kept by Mr. Knapp, until the General arrived. But before we mention the manner in which he vv'as received, we must, in justice to Fairfield, state that the villagers had arranged themselves in beautiful order in the day, and so continued until night. The ladies formed them- selves on one side of the green, and the gentlemen on {\\o. '244: THf TOURl of other. The female children of the various schools \ver«- placed in a row immediately in front of the ladies, with their Instructors at their head — the male children being similarl} arranged in front of the gentlemen. An elegant table was spread at Mr. Knapp's Hotel— the young ladies of Fairfield having done themselves the highest honour by the taste, as well as patriotism they exhibited o»! the occasion. The decorations of the table were planned on a style of the greatest elegance ; the dishes were quite enveloped with ever-greens and scattering flowers ; and the due proportions were observed in the succession of viands, as well as in the harmony and contrast of colours, which maintained a kind of silent correspondence, from the oppo- site sides of a splendid cone, that occupied the centre. On taking their seats at the table, the guests might have suppos- ed themselves invited to a feast of wreaths and flowers, stud- ded with the " crimson hail" of winter-greens, c^an-berries and amare-dulcis. The table was like the bed of some fairy's enchanted garden, so entirely did the decorations over-shadow and conceal the rich collation beneath. When this verdant veil was removed, the scene was changed as sud- denly as at the dissolving of a spell, and the company could not repress their surprise. The General expressed his gratification at this specimen of fem:ile taste, and regretted that it should be so quickly destroyed, to gratify that of the gentlemen. At the table, in conversation, he said he remembered well the disasters of 1779 — he remarked that he had passed through this village in 1778, the year previous to its being burnt. He also declared the high gratification he felt witli the parade on Putnam's Hill, and that it gave him great hap- piness to recollect that the Flag displayed above the arch across the road, cut through the rock, was taken from the enemy at White Plains, in the revolutionary struggle. On enquiry being made by one of the city delegation, after the repast, for the bill of expenses, they received in reply that there was nothing to pay — that Connecticut had heard much of the cheapness of travelling on the New York canals, and how, " out there to the west," a man could afford to ride cheaper than he could walk, and was anxious to give a specimen of the cheapness of travelling on our own turn- pikes.— One of the city delegation remarked that the estimates GENERAL LA FAYETTE. 24^ of land travelling and transportation, must have been found- ed on observations of a different nature from this, or the canals would have had little to boast of. The General remained nearly an hour, and then proceed- ed to Bridgeport to lodge, accompanied by many of the in habitants. He arrived between 11 and 12 at night, and put up at Knapp's Washington Hotel. Here also preparations had been made to receive him, equal to those in any other place The military and citizens remained throughout the day and evening, expecting him. The original plan was, that the General should dine at this house. Late as it was when he arrived, several of the inhabitants heard of it, and repaired to the Hotel to welcome him ; but all honours were neces- sarily dispensed with until morning. At an early hour, a salute was fired, the bells were rung, and bands of music added life to the general scene of festivity. The General received the attentions of the citizens on the porch, where he had taken his station, shaking hands with them all, and joyfully recognizing among them, some of his old compan- ions in arms. He recollected Captain Brewster, formerly of the Revenue cutter, of New York ; also, Salmon Hub- bell ; and a number who were privates in the revolutionary army knew their old General, and had the honour of shaking him by the hand. Nearly all business was suspended in the town on Friday and the troops remained under arms from 1 1 in the morning until late at night. The Marquis left Bridgeport about 7 on Saturday morn- ing, escorted by the citizens on horseback, and depart- ed amidst the discharge of artillery, the ringing of bells, and the cheers of the people. He arrived at Stratford between 8 and 9, where he re- mained about half an hour — a salute was fired, the flags were hoisted, and the citizens formed along the Main-street, cheered him as he passed. He stopped at Mr. Marshall'v*; Hotel a short time, and then departed with the blessings of the inhabitants. In the following note to the Mayor of New Haven, the Blarquis had announced his intention to visit that city : Sir — With profound gratitude I have received the flatter- ing invitation contained in your letter of the 17th, which 21* 246 , THE TOUR OF your honorable committee were pleased to deliver to me. It could not but add to my former intention to visit your res- pected metropolis. I much regret that a previous engage- ment at Boston, does not permit my stay at New-Haven to be this time as long as I could wish. But I anticipate the honor and pleasure to express to you the morning after to- morrow, my high and grateful respects. — I have the honor to be, Sir, your most obedient servant, LA FAYETTE. Notwithstanding the above annunciation the citizens of New-Haven expected he would enter the city on the night of the 20th, and their preparations to welcome him were made on the most extensive scale — ^but owing to the assem- blages of citizens which occupied the roads, all eager to wel- come and salute him, he could only reach Bridgeport at mid- night. His near approach to New-Haven was nevertheless announced by a spontaneous illumination of the city, and at " the noon of night" its entire population was in the streets. The Governor's Horse Guards had been sent out to meet General La Fayette at the town of Orange, where they re- mamed through the night, and on the arrival of the General in the morning, relieved the escort from Bridgeport ; and, accompanied by that from Milford, and a great number of] citizens who had joined them on horseback and in carriages^ set out for New-Haven. They entered the city on Satur- day morning, under a handsome military escort, which con- ducted the General and suite to Morse's Hotel, where the General, with his suite, was received by the Mayor and other public authorities, Governor Wolcott and other distin- guished gentlemen, amidst loud and unceasing accalamations. Here he was met by the veterans of the revolution, the friends and associates of other days, several of whom he re- cognized and embraced as his companions in arms, and all were received with a brotherly and fond regard. After re- reiving the respects and congratulations of the citizens, to- i;ether with a large number of ladies, and many gentlemen from various parts of the country, some of whom came a dis- tance of forty miles to see him, he was saluted by the vari- ous military corps drawn up in front of the hotel, who passed him in review, attended by a division of the students of Yale College, in procession ; after whichj he took breakfast with GENERAL LA FAYETTE. 247 the Mayor, Aldermen, &c. with about one hundred invited guests, which was handsomely served up by Mr. Morse, at the expense of the city. From the Hotel the General was conducted to the Green in the centre of the town, where several companies of fine troops were paraded ; and it is difficult for a stranger to con- ceive of any thing equal to the scene here presented to the spectator ; that fine, level, and verdant piece of ground, sur- rounded by rows of shady elms, and just beyond, by the neat and often elegant mansions of the citizens, overtopped by three new and beautiful churches, and crowned with sucli cheerful and enthusiastic throngs ; enlivened also by the bells, and military instruments, and the gaiety of female dresses and foces, from a regipn proverbial for excelling in beauty ; at a distance also bounded b}'^ the venerable walls of Yale College, for a kind of classic horizon ; all this when actually before the eyes had not a little the effect of pure magic. The Address to him was presented by the Hon- orable Mr. Edwards. — To the foliowmg paragraph of it, were appended notes — that " In 1778 the General was en- camped in that town, v/ith a body of troops ; and that in 1785, he was presented with the freedom of the city." — " A gen- eration has passed away since our fathers saw you encamped on yonder fields ; they beheld your merits, and hastened to enrol your name as a fellow citizen." Governor Wolcott made him welcome to the State in a short and affectionate address. The reply was equally affectionate. — The intro- ductions to him were very numerous, and his recognition of many of his old companions in arms, w^as wonflerful. The venerable Colonel Tallmadge, of the old army, had rode all night to meet him ; and, without introduction, was recognized and embraced by him ; so also was Major Munson. Other rev- olutionary officers were introduced, and numerous events of times " which tried souls," were recalled. The scene was truly affecting, not a dry eye could be seen. The beautiful and accomplished Madame G. whom he had known in the Parisian circles, was recognized ; the presentation of Mr. Wadsworth, of Hartford, recalled to the General's feelings the merits of his worthy father, who was Commissary Gen- eral of the French army, when in America ; and the son of old Roger Sherman, recalled to mind the patriotic services of that venerable and truly honorable statesman and signer of the Declaration of Independence. An old soldier, on 248 TPTE TOUR OF being introduced, exclaimed; — ^^ I saw you. General, de- scend from your horse, and at the head of your division, ford- the Schuylkill, then four feet deep, on two cold nights of Novem- ber, in succession.''^ Then turning to the spectators, with brimfull eyes, he added, " Yes, he never shunned any fatigue or danger, and always led the way.''^ Those who have seen La Fayette when meeting the old soldiers, can only estimate the impressions of the scene. In one of his movements he was accompanied by between 200 and 300 students of Yale. — Of them was Stephanus Gallaty, the Greek youth fromScio. aged 14. The military parade was brilliant ; — the roar of artillery loud, and the acclamations and shouts of the people incessant. More than three hundred ladies, with their children, were introduced. His pleasure in Seeing this array of grace and beauty was visible. At the house of the Honorable Mr. Daggett, he was introduced to the widow of Colonel Barber, slain in the revolution ; and to Miss Ogden, grand-daughter, of General Wooster, killed at Danbury. He then visited the seat of Mr. Deforest, and partook of the hospitality of his amiable lady. He then was conducted to the University, and appeared struck with the immense improvements which every where presented themselves. Here he received the congratulations of the President and Faculty of the College, and visited the Library and Mineralogical Cabinet. He afterwards visited the widow of the late Governor Trumbull, who was in the family of Washington most of the revolution- ary war. As he passed the unique burying-ground of this city, he was pointed to the grave of Humphreys, whom he had long known and respected. He also passed and noticed the graves of Whalley, Dixwell, and Goffe, the English Com- mon wealthn>en, who sought and found an asylum in America. Returning by the Green, he passed the troops, who fired a feu de joie, and returned to the Hotel. About 3 o'clock the General took his departure, on the lower road, by East-Haven, Guilford, Saybrook, and Lyme, to New-London, on his way to Boston, escorted by the troops and civil authorities as far as East-Haven, there he pointed out the residence of the late Reverend Mr. Street, where he had been hospitably entertained forty-five years ago, and expressing a desire to see his descendants, was received by feis children and grand-children, and other ladies and gentle- GENERAL LA FAYETTE. Hy men of the town. Here he took leave of the escort from the city, arid proceeded on his journey, attended by a de- tachment of cavalry from Branford. At Branford his reception was verj'^ gratifying ; two com- panies of foot awaited him ; and a vast concourse of people assembled from all quarters to receive him, joined in ac- clamations at his approach. 7\t Old Guilford, a town no less interesting for its primi- tive republican New-England manners, than for the early date of its settlement, he was received with a cordial wel- come. Three companies of militia were paraded on the Green, and saluted him with artillery and small arms. Crowds pressed around the General ; and there were some of the older ones, who found they had not quite forgotten to feel again as they felt in the Revolution. In short, '* Guilford souls" will not speedily forget the day that brought the com- panion of Washington among them, to offer them his hand, and to remind them of the cause in which it once wielded the sword. In these towns he stopped but a short time, but long enough to receive and return the gratulations of many of the inhabitants. The children far and near got a furlough from the schools for the forenoon — the aiternoon is always unin- cumbered on that day — and they came pouring over hill and valley for many a mile around, led on by their parents and grand-parents, the dames and patriarchs of their villages and hamlets. All had some cousin or acquaintance on the high road, and thither they hastened to stand, and gaze, and shout. A most agreeable sight was often presented to the cavalcade as they passed ; almost every where the elder people were ranged in rows along (he path, with the chil- dren drawn up to the true preceptorial line before them. At Killingsworth he remained an hour, received similar attentions from the military and the citizens ; and then pas- sed on to Saybrook, where he lodged. Here the inhabitants, partaking of the same feeling which prevailed throughout this part of the country, had made pre- parations for receiving the General in the handsomest man- ner ; and as he was expected several hours earlier than he arrived, the table was spread and decorated, and a feast pro- vided suitable to the occasion. — To add to the various pro- ductions of many a well tilled farm, the neighbouring sea and 250 THE, TOUR OF river gladly yielded a choice store of dainties for this season of joy ; but night had set in before the cavalcade's appear- ance, and the people had only an opportunity to bid their visitor a hasty welcome. In the morning he was waited on by the inhabitants, and shewn every mark of respect, till half past 6 o'clock, when he crossed Connecticut river, and pur- sued his way towards New-London. He travelled with such great expedition, that he went from New-Haven to Saybrook in six hours, a distance of thirty-six miles, including all his stops upon the road. Such indeed was his anxiety to press forward, that on arriving at East-Guilford, to avoid delay while the horses were changing, he rode on half a mile in a one horse waggon, and was then overtaken by the carriage. The fact must be well understood that no charges Wiire made for the General and his suite, or any of the committee — all was free — food, lodging, gates, bridges, &c. The car- riages and horses which had been sent on with the General from New- York were dismissed at New-Haven, and new ones provided for his journey eastward, arrangements bring made for the necessary relays. It would have been impossible to have travelled through the towns of Connecticut without feeling a part of the en- thusiasm which pervaded all classes. Even the poor lads who drove the carriages entered fully into the common feel- ing, and seemed proud of their honours. They wore siik ribbons fastened to the button holes of their waistcoats, by way of distinction ; and while waiting to receive their illus- trious passenger, usually became persons of no inconsidera- ble interest and attention with the hundreds who stood around. *' Behave pretty now, Charley," said the driver of La Fay- ette's coach, to one of his horses, " behave pretty, Charley — you are going to carry the greatest mr.n in the world." On Sunday morning, the General left Saybrook, and hav- ing taken breakfast under the hospitable roof of Richard M'Curdy, Esq. in Lyme, he proceeded on his way to New- London, and being met by the Committee and a few citizens, in Waterford, he was escorted to the mansion of Judge Per- kins, where, with the spontaneous acclamations of a great body of citizens, and with heartlelt gratulations, he was re- ceived under a national salute of 24 guns from Fort Trum- bull. The General, withgreatdignity and composure, grace- fully saluted the citizens j when he was met and conducted GENERAL LA FAYETTE. 261 HI a respectful and affectionate manner by his old friend and companion in arms, General William North, to the hall as- signed him. He was there introduced to a committee from Norwich, and another from Stonington, who had repaired to New-London, to solicit him to visit those places on his tour. The citizens who wished it, were then introduced to the General, and from the cordial and polite manner in which they were received, were satisfied that the man whom they delighted to honor, was richly deserving of the respect shown him. Public service having now commenced, out of rever- ence for the day, and the feelings of the people with whom he dwelt, the General repaired to the Presbyterian meeting house, where the Reverend Mr. McEwen officiated, and thence to St. James' Church, where service was performed by the Reverend Mr. Judd. Afterwards he called to pay his respects to Madam Huntington, the widow of the late GcneralJedediah Huntington, and Madam Perry, the mother of the late Commodore ; when he returned to his quarters, and for about an hour devoted his time to receive the saluta- tions of ladies and gentlemen, who called on him. At three, dinner was announced, and he was seated in a small circle of friends, among whom were General William North, General Ebenezer Huntington, General Burbeck, and Doctor John R. Watrous, who were his companions when his noble and generous mind first put ferth its energies in the cause of our country. After a short sitting, in sweet and patriotic sympa- thy and friendly intercourse, he arose and departed with his suite, escorted by the committees of New-London and Nor- wich, for that city. On General La Fayette's arrival in the city of Norwich, a National Salute was fired. The concourse of people gath- ered in the different houses and along the street from the Wharf-Bridge to the Hotel, to get a view of the Nation's Guest, was immense. On his alighting at the Hotel, a per- tinent address from the Mayor wasdelivered, to which he re- turned an appropriate and feeling reply. After this ceremony, hundreds, and perhaps we may add thousands, eagerly pressed forward to be presented, congrat- ulating themselves on the pleasure they had in seeing their Country's Liberator, in this free and happy nation. In the evening, the General and suite, together with the city officers, and the Committee of Arrangements, sat down 25^ THE TOUR OF to supper. During the repast, reiterated cheers were fre- quently ascending from the people in the street ; to each of these bursts of enthusiasm the General arose and present- ed himself at the window, where the admiring multitude as pften echo'd it. After supper the General and suite left this for Plainfield, accompanied by the Deputation and an escort of citizens. The deputation continued with him to Rhode- Island line, where he was met by the Committee from Prov- idence. Astheprocessionleftthecity of Norwich, a National Salute was fired amid continued peals of the bells. — On his arrival at Jewett City the whole village was illuminated, as were all the houses between there and Plainfield, and also in the lat ter village, although they had, like the citizens of Norwich, but a short notice of the General's approach. A delegation from the Town Council and those associates of the Cincinnati composing the General Committee of the town of Providence, was despatched towards Hartford on Friday, with a view of meeting the General, and tendering him the earnest wishes of the inhabitants, that he would hon- our them with a visit. On Sunday morning, it was feared by the General Committee, that from a change in the General's expected route, their delegation might not be able to see him until he should have arrived in the State, and two gentlemen were despatched on the other two different roads to Connec- ticut, with similar instructions to those of the first Committee, the return of which gave information that the General, in company with the first committee, was at Eaton's, in Plain- field, and would proceed into town in the course of the fore- noon of Monday. Early on that morning, the troops and citizens were in readiness to meet him, and the western road was lined with citizens, crowding towards the point where the reception was to take place. Every horse and vehicle in the town appeared to be in requisition, and the windows on the streets through which the General w^s to pass, were thronged with females, waiting to greet the Nation's Guest. The Town Council and their associates received the Gen- eral about 2 o'clock, at the line of the town, where he alight- ed. He was then received with military honors, and con- ducted to the barouche prepared for his reception, and being seated, was greeted with a sponteneous burst of feeling, from the immense concourse of spectators. The procession wa?; GENERAL LA FAYETTE. S5S then put In motion, agreeablj to the order of arrangements ; and when formed, extended more than a mile. The General, uncovered, rode alone in the barouche, drawn by four white horses, bestowing through the whole march, the most com- plaisant smiles and greetings on all around ; shaking, most cordially, the hands of those who crowded around the car- riage and took advantage of every pause in the procession, to obtain the honor of a grasp of the hand of La Fayette — a cir- cumstance which every citizen will be proud hereafter to tell his children. As the General proceeded up the hill leading from Olneysville, he was again greeted with the shouts of a large collection of citizens, assembled on the high bank directly over the road. The Marine Artillery, stationed on the Dexter Training Ground, pealed their welcome as he passed, and the General soon entered the populous part of the town. In passing through High and Westminster-streets, and until he arrived at the court-house, he was welcomed by that most expressive token of affectionate interest, the waving of white handker- chiefs by the fair hands of the ladies, who crowded every building from which they could obtain a view of this distin- guished personage. Many females, we observed, in the ex- cess of their feelings, suspended this token of welcome, to gaze more intently at the object whom they appeared alone to see in the whole procession, and many a fine eye was wet with the gush ot a tear, which the rush of so many sublime and sympathetic emotions sent warm from the heart. On arriving in front of the State-House, the General aligh- ted, and was received in a peculiarly interesting manner. The poplar avenue, leading to the building, was lined on each side with nearly two hundred misses, arrayed in white, protected by a file of soldiers on each side, and holding in their hands bunches of flowers, which (as the General pro- ceeded up the avenue, supported by the Governor's Aids) they strewed in his path, at the same time waving their white handkerchiefs. The General was afterwards pleased to express the peculiar and high satisfaction he took in this simple and touching arrangement. On reaching the landing of the stairs, the General turned towards the multitude, and at the same moment, the veteran Captain Stephen Olney, (who served under the General re- peatedly, and was the first to force the enemy's works at 254 THE TOUR OF Yorktown, in which he was seconded, at another point; almost simultaneously, by La Fayette) approached the Gen- eral, who instantly recognized his old companion in arms, and embraced and kissed him in the most earnest and affec- tionate manner. A thrill went through the whole assembly, and scarcely a dry eye was to be found among the spectators, while the shouts of the multitude, at first suppressed, and then uttered in a manner tempered by the scene, evinced the deep feeling and proud associations it had excited. The General was then conducted to the Senate Chamber, where he was appropriately introduced to his Excellency, the members of the Committee, Town Cauncil, &c. After this ceremony, he came below, and there, in the most familiar manner, shook the hands of a number of ladies and gentlemen. — Among the rest, the venerable William Russell, now in his 85th year, was introduced to him. The General shook both the veteran's hands in a most affection- ate manner, and in an annunciation, that slightly marked a foreign accent, said he was extremely happy to take his old friend by the hand once more, as it recalled to his mem- ory the delightful associations of his youth. Mr. Russell appeared at first scarcely to comprehend the scene, but in a moment, as if the whole had rushed upon his recollection, he exclaimed in a voice broken by age and still more subdued by feeling, ' Oh, my dear Marquis, how happy am I to see you once more ! I remember well the time I served under you as a volunteer on Rhode Island !' The General was evidently touched, ^nd on this, as on several other occasions, the tear started to his eye. He then proceeded on foot to the accommodations provided for him, and after entering the Hotel, appeared on the piazza, and was greeted in the warm- est manner. For nearly two hours, he stood in his apart- ment, and in the most affable manner received the congratu- lations of every individual who chose to be introduced to him." • The Town-Council and Committee, with their illustrious guest and his suite, his Excellency the Governor of the State of Rhode-Island and his suite, the Honorable Jonathan Rus- sell, the Committee of Aldermen of the city of New- York, and the Committee attending from the city of Boston, and from the government of Massachusetts, with a few other GENERAL LA FAYETTE. 265 guests, repaired to the dining-hall, where ah elegant enter- tainment was provided. At about half past four, the troops (at the particular re- quest of General La Fayette, who expressed his admiration of their discipline and tine military appearance,) were drawn up lor review, in a line extending on Benefit-street, toward Pawtucket. The General then proceeded on foot, and was greeted, on entering the street, with the same joyous acclama* tions. Supported by the arm of the Governor, he walked in front of the line of troops, stopping to shake hands with all the principal officers. On arriving at the extreme wing he halted, and his carriage was drawn up for his reception ; which he entered, accompanied by his Excellency, Colonel Bowen and Zachariah Allen, Esq. (of the Council and Gen- eral Committee) and amid the cheers of the people, left the 'own. He was escorted into Massachusetts by the Town Council, Cincinnati, kc. and a numerous company of citi- zens on horseback andin carriages (many of whom accompa- nied him to Boston) where he was received by the Boston Deputation, and conveyed on his route. The General, on being asked if he was not fatigued with his exertions, promptly replied, that he experienced too much pleasure^ to find any time for fatigue. At Pawtucket, he was met by the aids of Governor Eustis, the Chief Magistrate of the State of Massachusetts, who had been despatched the day before to receive him at the line of ths Commonwealth, and to escort him on his way to the cap- ital. Although it v/as now evening, at several places on the road large bodies of militia were collected to salute him ; and assemblies of ladies and gentlemen w^ere occasionally met, who offered this illustrious stranger, but respected friend of their country, their tribute of applause and affection. He was too sensible of the sincerity and warmth of their feli- citations, not to delay his journey at several villages, and to reciprocate their kind and cordial salutations. It was nearly- midnight when he reached the town of Dedham, about ten miles from Boston. Most of the houses in this pleasant vil- lage were handsomely illuminated ; and a great number oi' the iniiabitants of both sexes were assembled to greet him. During the short pause he was able to make here, he was in- troduced to many of the principal citizens of the town anfl vicinity, who had been oetic talents had often delighted the public, and who had eceived the highest praise from those capable of apprecia- ingthe productions of genius. When the procession arrived at the steps of the State louse, near the head of Park Street, salutes were fired by a lattahon of artillery, on the eminence on the western part f the Common, and at the Navy Yard at Charlestown. Sa- utes were also fired by a battalion of artillery, placed on the reights of Dorchester, (now South Boston,) when Generol Ut THE TOUR OF La Fayette retiched the line of the city, at 1 1 o'clock. I'ho President of the United States had caused an order to be issu-il ' ed, on the first arrival of La Fayette, at New-York, requir-ilii ing, that he be received by the military officers of the na-ti tion, at all public posts, with the salutes and honors due tciiM( one of the highest rank in the army. m The Governor and Executive Council of the Common-ipf wealth were assembled in the spacious Senate Chamber totp receive La Fayette in the name of the Representatives of the( people, and in pursuance of their resolve of June preceding^' as well as in accordance with their own personal feelings andf| wishes. His Excellency the Governor, here addressed hiniii, with great feeling,* m the following concise and pertinent ■ speech : | " SIR, OUR FRIEND, i " In the name of the government, and in behalf of the citJi izens of Massachusetts, I have the honor to greet you witlilij a cordial, an affectionate welcome. I " A'Ve thank God, that he has been pleased to preserved you through the scenes of peril and of suffering, which have'! distinguished your patriotic and eventful life, and that we are*;], indulged with this occasion of renewing to you our grateful acknowledgements for the important services which you have rendered to our common country. " In the last surviving Major General of the American rev-j olulionary army, we recognize a benefactor and friend, from;!,] a distant and gallant nation ; who, inspired by a love of lib- erty, subjected himself in his youth to the toils and hazards of a militar}'^ life, in support of our rights. Under our illus- trious Washington, you were instrumental in establishing the liberties of our country, while your gallantry in the lield :securcd io yourself an Imperishable renown. ^ j " With the enjoyment of the blessings of independence,' we shall never cease to associate the name of La Fayett and our prayer to heaven will be for his health and prr> perity." To which the General, with much animation, replied : '•* Governor Euslis was so affected, that he had to call on one of i aids to read the greater part of the address. GENERAL LA FAYETTE, 26S « Sir, When, in the name of the people and government of is State, your Excellency is pleased so kindly to welcome 1 American veteran, I am proud to share the enjoyments of ich a reception with my revolutionary companions and other soldiers. Sir, I am delighted with what I see, I am ^pressed with what I feel ; but I depend upon you, as an d friend, to do justice to my sentiments." Afterwards, a great number of gentlemen were introduced La Fayette, in the Senate Chamber ; of whom were the idges and other public officers of the United States, of the |;ate and of the City ; members of the society of Cincinnati, ith their venerable and distinguished President, Honorabfe hn Brooks, late Governor of the Commonwealth. La lyette recognized his old military and personal friend at c first sight, and embraced him with great cordiality and Section. Some other veterans of the revolutionary army, ho were present, he also recollected ; and discovered strong notions as they approached him and took his hand. Indeed, ; was so eager to meet them, that he very generally first ized them, and clung to them with all the affection of a other. The scene was inexpressibly affecting. There as not a heart untouched — not a cheek unmoistened by e falling tear. To weep then was not weakness ; it was •oof of gratitude and of a generous feeling, which is an hon- to human nature. By particular request, and to gratify the wishes of the iople collected in front of the State House, General La ayette appeared in the colonade of this superb edifice, lere he was greeted with loud and continued cheers. He as theie conducted by the committee of arrangements to e residence provided for him at the head of Park Street, public dinner was given by the city authorities, in honor of eir noble guest ; and the invitation was extended to Sena- ors and Members of Congress, the Governor a5id Ex-Gov- 'nor of the Commonwealth, judicial and other public char- :ters. A committee of the society of Cincinnati called upon Gen- ial La Fayette at the residence of the Governor, in Roxbury, id before his entrance into Boston. They were anxious to fer him their congratulations at the earliest moment ; and 264 T|IE TOUR OF to bid him welcome to the land they had unitedly struggled to defend. And a few days after his arrival, the whole Soci-i ety waited on him, when their President made the following address : — " Sir, *' The Society of Cincinnati of the State of Massachusetts ; seize the earliest moment after your arrival in this city, o:| extending to you the hand of friendship and affection. W( offer you our most cordial congratulations on your safe arri^i val again, after the lapse of forty years, on the shores of out favored countr}^ once the theatre of our united toils, priva-i tions and combats, with a powerful foe, but now the peace ful domain of a great, a free, and independent people. W( hail you, sir, in unison with the millions of our fellow citii zens ; most respectfully hail you as a Statesman, as a Phiii lanthropist, and as the early, inflexible, and devoted friend: not only of our beloved country, but of the sacred principlef of civil liberty and human rights. But we greet you undec more tender and hallowed associations ; in the endearing ref iation of a brother-soldier, who, in the ardor of youth comi menced in the field with us your career of glory, in the hol^ cause of Liberty and American Independence. '' But here recollections crowd upon our minds too power ful for utterance. Words would but mock the deep emo tions of our hearts should we attempt to express them, ir contemplating the character, attributes, and services of lh( parental Chief, under whose auspices we trod together th( field of honor. To the profound veneration and love for hii memory that penetrates your bosom, we refer you as to i | transcript of our own. It would be vain to imagine the joj that would swell the great mind of Washington, were he stil living to recognize with our nation, the generous disinteres tedness, the glowing ardor, the personal sacrifices, and th«i gallant achievements of his much loved Fayette. But it ii equally vain to endeavour, on this occasion, to exclude sucl interesting reflections from the mind, or to deny it the mel ancholy pleasure of lingering on the solemn reality, that no a single individual of the General Staff of the army of th72 THE TOUR OF He seized the hands of these his old companions in armS; with great eagerness and emotion ; and while they, in the honest pride of their souls related their " hair-breadth escapes," which led the spectators almost to envy their claims to such honourable boasting, the veteran hero ex- claimed, " O m}^ brave Light Infantry ! My gallant troops !" Several aged citizens who were personally engaged in appos- ing the British forces, who marched to Lexington and Con- cord, for the purpose of destroying the Provincial stores col- lected at the latter place, were present at this interview, A gun was also shown to General La Fayette, from which was tired the ball, which killed the tirst of the regular troops slain on that memorable occasion. These meetings revived recollections important to be preserved, and served to re- mind the rising generations of the principles and deeds of their fathers. We trust they did not awaken any angry or hostile feeling towards an ancient enemy ; but served only to kindle our gratitude to Almighty God, for his gracious in- terpositions in our behalf, and to perpetuate our respect for the remains of those who offered up their lives for our free- dom and welfare. On Friday morning, committees from Portsmouth, New- port, Haverhill, Newburyport, and from Bowdoin College, waited on General La Fayette inviting him to visit those respective places ; where the people were desirous to see him, and to offer personally their welcome salutations. To a kind and affectionate invitation of the citizens of Portland to La Fayette to visit Mame, the General returned the following respectful answer : — << Sir — When I had the heartfelt gratification to embark on this happy visit to the United States, I anticipated the pleasure to pay my respects to the citizens of the State of Maine, and the town of Portland. That intention could not but be confirmed by the flattering invitation you have been pleased to transmit. 1 much regret that previous engage- ments, and the propriety not to defer for a long time my jour- ney towards the seat of government at Washington City, make it impossible for me, at this moment, to indulge my eager desire to visit the town of Portland. But on my return to this part of the Union, and most certainly before I leave the American shore, I shall have the honor, personally to GENERAL LA FAYETTE. 273 ofter to the citizens of Portland, the tribute of my respect and gratitude. Be pleased, Sir, to accept my respectful acknowledge- ments and regard. LA FAYETTE." The Selectmen of the ancient town of Plymouth were prompt in offering an invitation to General La Fayette to visit that place before leaving the United States. A letter from the Chairman, in behalf of that body and their fellow citizens, Avas delivered to him on the morning after his arri- val in Boston, by the venerable Dr. Thacher ; to which Ik; gave the following reply ;- - " Sir — Nothing could afford me a greater satisfaction than to have the honor to pay my respects to the citizens ot Plymouth ; nor will I leave the shores of America before I have enjoyed this heartfelt gratification. But my present, ilrst visit to this part of the Union, is shortened by previous engagements, and the obligation to go towards the seat of government at Washington City. I anticipate the time when it will be in my power personally to present the citizens of Plymouth with my grateful and affectionate acknowledge- ments for their kindness to me. Be pleased to accept the tribute of these sentiments, and to believe me with much personal regard, Yours, &c. LA FAYETTE." The Marquis La Fayette left his place of residence in Boston at 10 o'clock, accompanied by Governor Eustis and suite. Governor Brooks, the deputation from New York, the Blayor and committee of arrangements of Boston, and pro- ceeded to Charleston, which he previously engaged to visit, at this time. As he passed through the streets in the north part of the city, the people pressed around him, testifying their regard, and cheering him on his way with repeated ac- clamations. Raised arches, wreaths of ever-green, and variegated colours added to the brilliancy of the scene, fie was met at the centre of the bridge, which is the dividing line between Boston and Charleston, by the Chief Marshal and his aids, and conducted to the square, where a committee of the citizens of that town was in waiting to receive him. A procession was then formed, headed by two Marshals, and escorted by a regiment of Light Infantry, and a battalion of artillery, with martial music, consisting of the committee of 274 THE TOUR OF arrangements, General La Fayette, his son, and friend, who accompanied him from France ; the Governor and suite. Governor Brooks and General Dearborn, Judges of thev Courts, and members of the Supreme Executive Council of* the State ; deputation from New York, Mayor and commit- tee of Boston, officers of the army and navy of the United States, and of the militia of the State ; strangers of distinc- tion, and civil officers of the town of Charleston. It pro- ceeded to Bunker Hill, where the chairman of the commit- tee of the town, addressed La Fayette as follows : " Sir — In behalf of the inhabitants of Charleston, the com- mittee of arrangements present their respectful salutations to General La Fayette, and bid him a cordial welcome to this town. This joyful occasion revives high national feelings and recollections, and touches the springs of gratitude, by reminding us of that interesting period of our history, which gave to our country a gallant hero, and to the rights of man- kind a stedfast champion. While we participate in the thrill of delight which every where hails the visit of our illnsfrinus friend, we cannot suppress the peculiar emotion of our hearts on receiving you. Sir, on the memorable heights oi Bunker. On this holy ground, immortalized by the dead, and sacred to the names of revolutionary heroes. Over these heights, liberty once moved in blood and tears ; — her chariot on wheels of fire. Now she comes in her car of peace and glory ; drawn by the affections of a happy people, to crown on these same heights, with civic honours, a ftivourite son, whose early strength was given to her sacred struggles, and whose riper years are now permitted to behold the splen- dour of her triumphs. In the fullness of our hearts we give thanks to Almighty God, who has guided and guarded your high career of peril and renown. '' Permit us, beloved General, again to welcome you to our borders ; — to express our ardent hopes, that your valu- able life may be prolonged to the utmost limits of earthly happiness ; — that the land which has been enriched with the dew of your youth, may be honoured as the asylum of your old age ; — that the country which now blends your fame with the mild lustre of Washington, may henceforth hail you as a citizen of Washington's country ; — and that, during the residue of your years, you may live amidst the attentions, a^ GENERAL LA FAYETTE. 27., \ou will forever live in the hearts of a grateful and admiring people." To this address the General replied : " With profound reverence, Sir, I treadf this holy ground, where the blood of American patriots — the blood of Warren and his companions, early and gloriously spilled, aroused the energy of three millions, and secured the happiness of ten millions, and of many. other millions of men in times to come. That blood has called both American continents to lepublican independence, and has awakened the nations of Europe to a sense, and in future, I hope, to the practice of heir rights. Such have been the effects of a resistance to oppression, which was, by many pretended wise men of the limes, called rashness ; while it was duty, virtue ; — and has been a signal for the emancipation of mankind. " I beg you, sir, and the magistrates, and the citizens of Charleston, to accept the homage of my gratitude for your kind welcome, and of those sentiments of affection and res- pect, which, for so many years, I have cherished towards their town." While on this memorable eminence, he was informed by Governor Brooks, of the recent association for erecting a monumental pillar on that hallowed spot, to perpetuate the remembrance of the justly celebrated battle of the 17th of June, 1775 ; when a few regiments of undisciplined militia, made a brave stand against a large regular British force, com- manded by Generals of great experience and courage. This great event, so important in the annals of our country, as it convinced the English government of the resolution of the colonies to maintain the liberty which they claimed, and of the daring courage of the American people. This event is to be commemorated in June, 1825, when fifty years will be completed, by an oration, and other public appropriate ser- vices and ceremonies. General La Fayette expressed great satisfaction of the proposal. He requested that he might be considered a subscriber for the monument ; and assured the gentlemen present, that it would be his wish and endeavour to attend the celebration. On his .visit to the encampment of the New-England Guards, the General, we are told, tried his skill in gunnery, 276 THE TOUR OF and directed one of the field pieces with such good aim, as to pierce the target. A large assemblage of the visitors of the encampment announced his success with reiterated cheerings. He then dined with Governor Eustis, in Roxbury, in com- pany with nearly two hundred of the most distinguished strangers now on visits here and citizens — of whom were many of the surviving worthies of the Revolution. — The front of His Excellency's seat was beautifully decorated, and lire-works were exhibited on the lawn. He returned to town" at 8 o'clock, and in the evening attended a bail given by Mrs. Sears, in Bacon street. On Saturday August 28th, numerous deputations, and rev- ^ olutionary characters, called on the General at his quarters. One of the latter exhibited the Firearm, by a discharge of which the first British regular killed in the war of the revo- lution was shot at Concord bridge, on the memorable 19th April, 1773. The event is recorded in the annals of that day. Satisfactory evidence was given, that the ball which did the first execution on the British advanced guard, was fired from this gun. The General appeared much pleased at seeing this relic, and suggested the expediency of perpetu- ating its identity, by inserting a plate on the stock, with an inscription, containing the particulars of the event. It be- longed to Capt. Buttrick,ancl was presented, it is understood, by one of his descendants, who promised to execute the sug- gestion of the General, and remarked, that the gun should be transmitted to the latest posterity of the original owner. A number of revolutionary reminiscences occurred in this in- terview, which we have not room to particularize. The General then repaired to the State-house, and receiv- ed the felicitations of the citizens of both sexes, who, during two hours, presented themselves in continued succession. One of the revolutionary worthies, (Jonathan Leonard of Canton, in Norfolk,) holding in his hand a number of old Continental bills, thus addressed the Guest: — "Here, Gen- eral, are some of our Old Friends, who helped us to carry on the war.'''' Among the presentations was an interesting Greek youth from Scio, named Pandies Ralli, whose father was one of the first martyrs in the present eventful strug- gle of the Greek Patriots, being one of the hostages execu- ted at Constantinople. This lad, we are informed, with hi? mother, and family, fled from the sack of Scio, and is no\^ GENERAL LA FAYETTE. 277 receiving an education, under the care of our Foreign Mis- sionary Society. He was noticed with much affection by the General. In the afternoon he proceeded to Medford, to dine with Governor Brooks, accompanied by the Mayor. On his way to Medford he passed through Charlestown and West Cambridge, and arrived at Medford about 3 o'clock. It was at a very late hour that the citizens of Medford as- certained-that the town would be honored with his presence ; but their preparations to welcome him were appropriate and elegant. The houses to the westward of the Governor's residence, and the meeting-house, were filled with ladies, the scholars were formed in line on the street, filled with the citizens, the bell rung a peal, a salute of artillery was fired, and several arches were thrown across the road, deco- rated with wreaths of flowers, and flags. — One of the archers bore this inscription, " Welcome to our hills and Brooks." Under this arch the Selectmen of the town were assem- bled ; — when Turell Tufts, Esq. their Chairman, delivered to him the following address : — "General La Fayette — The Selectmen of Medford, as the Representatives of the town, deem it a grateful and honora- ble part of their duty to bid you welcome. *' They are proud, Sir, that Medford is the birth-place of one of your companions in arms — A man, who, by his brave- ry in the field, his patriotism and civic virtues, contributed to acquire as much glory to ourxountry, as honor to himself. "jWe rejoice, Sir, that you both live to meet again, and to enjoy together the consolations fairly derived from your vir- tuous and heroic deeds. " The minds of our countrymen (racedyour course with anxious solicitude, through the French Revolution, from your first success in the cause of Liberty, until the spirit of op- pression confined you to a dungeon ; and their hearts were gladdened, when, by the influence of our Great and Good' Washington, their Friend was at last set free. — In the rich harvest you are now gathering of the expressions of esteem and gratitude of this numerous people, whose freedom and happiness your exertions so essentially contributed to estab- lish, we hope you will find some compensation for all your trials, sacrifices and suff'erings — and we feel much complacent 24 278 TH£ TOUR OF cy that, in this respect you have'gained so complete a triumph over the Monarchs of the world. " Again, Sir, we bid you a cordial welcome ! and hope^the testimonials of approbation you are receiving from every heart and every tongue, will forever remain an instructive lesson to mankind, that Patriots who endure faithfully to the end, shall not lose their reward." The followmg is the substance of the General's reply : " Sir — I am most happy, in visiting the town of my old brother Soldier and Friend, General Brooks, to be receiv- ed with so kind a welcome. You speak of some compensa- tion ! Compensation, Sir, — the smallest part of the delight which I have experienced, would more than repay me for all sufferings, past, or to come. *' I beg you, to accept my grateful acknowledgments for this cheering welcome." This welcome was repeated by the acclamations of the assembled citizens, which were renewed on his arriving at the Governor's residence. The civic arches and decorations were honorable to the zeal and good feelings of thecitizene, and to the taste »»f the ladies of Medford, who took a lively interest in this spontaneous tribute of gratitude. The General, in proceeding to Medford, passed through Salem (late Back) street, and the taste and patriotism of the citizens of the northern section, were displayed in numer- ous and elegant decorations of the street, incessant cheers, and waving of handherchiefs. His carriage proceeded slow- ly, and he appeared to notice all the arches (fifteen in number) under which he passed, and particularly one, (the produc- tion of the daughter of a Member of the City Government) which bore an inscription, formed on a white ground, with green buds, ^'Fayette — We will never for get thee.''' On his return from Medford, he called on BIrs. Amory at Weston, and attended a numerous party given by Mrs. Lloyd, in Somerset-street. On Monday the orders of the Commander in Chief, for a review of a 'portion of the militia, in honour of the visit of the surviving Major -General of the revolutionary army, our distinguished Guest, were executed with promptness and uncommon effect. The day was fine. At an early hour, a superb Brigade, (composed of five full regiments of infan- GENERAL LA FAYETTE. 27& try (two from Essex, and three from Middlesex divisions,) a regiment (six companies) of artillery, and the Salem Inde- pendent (Jadets) commanded by Brigadier-General James Appleton, paraded on the Common, on which tents and mar- quees had been pitched for their accommodation, and which with the commissary's tent, and the tents of the Suffolk Bri- gade, and the marquees attached to the Head-Qjuarters (where the Independent Cadets, commanded hy Lieut. Colo- nel Amory, did guard duty) exhibited an extensive encamp- ment. At the same time the Boston Brigade, commanded by Brigadier General Lyman, and composed of three full regi- ments of infantry, four companies of artillery, (including the Sea Fencibles) and a troop of dragoons, also paraded and. formed the order of battle at 8 o'clock. The whole field was commanded by Major-General Crane, of the first division. The line n^irly filled up the borders of the spacious train- ing-field, and exhibited a martial spectacle unequalled in ex- tent, brilliancy, and etficiency by any former military re> view. The corps of cavalry, artillery, and Hank compa- nies, were in complete and superb uniforms ; and in the whole line of infantry, the troops, with scarcelj'^ an exception, were in blue coats and white under clothes, with knapsacks, &c. complete. It was estimated that the number on the field exceeded 6500. General La Fayette, on foot, was escorted by the Cadets from his residence to the State-house, where he was receiv- ed by his excellency the Commander in Chief, and suite. They were then escorted to the Common. He was receiv- ed by loud shouts from the troops along the whole line. The General was then saluted by the Brigades, under Generals Appleton and Lyman, m succession. He then took a posi- tion in front of Head-Q,uarters, and received the marching salute of the whole division. Experienced judges, foreign and native, did justice to the discipline and steadiness of the whole movements. The line being re-formed, the troops were dismissed for refreshment, which was amply provided for them by the Commissary General. A spacious and well ornamented marquee had been order- ed to be erected by the Governor on the rising ground of the Common, for a collation for the Officers and invited Guests, it much exceeded any other arrangement of the kind ever mCi THi: TOUR OF seen here. In this (it may be called) edifice,* His ExceJ- iency, and the distinguished Guest, the Officers of the Field, (he Executive Council, Cincinnati, Civil and Judicial Officers, Foreign Consuls, Officers of the Army and Navy, Governor Miller, the Clergy, the City authorities. Strangers of distinc- tion, and General and Field Officers of the Militia not on du- ty, partook of a sumptuous and well-attended entertainment. A few toasts were given, which were received with acclama- tions, particularly that of the Commander in Chief, compli- mentary of the Guest, th«t of General La Fayette in praise of the line appearance and excellent conduct of the troops, and that of General Brooks, who gave the *' Commander in Chief of these troops.''^ The order of battle having been re-formed, the Brigade under General Appleton performed numerous evolutions, for^ mations, systems of attack and defence, with the utmost pre- cision and fine effect. They continued an hour. The stead- iness of the artillery, and alertness of the rifle and other light corps, were particularly noticed by military men. The Boston Brigade, under General Lyman, then occupi- ed an hour in similar evolutions, &c. and exhibited forma- tions for attack and defence — particularly those against cav- alry* by the formation of squares of regiments, and by the retreat within them, when hard pressed, of the skirmishers and artillerymen, each retiring with their colors and an allot- ted portable article essential to their utility ; then rushing out, remounting and firing their deserted guns, after the assail- ing cavalry is repulsed. This mode of defence was practiced with effect by the British army at Waterloo. The exercises being completed, and the usual ceremonies of the field performed, the troops were dismissed. The General was then re-escorted to his quarters, amidst contin- ued cheers. In the evening after the review, the General held a levee, at which several hundred ladies were introduced to him. He then attended a ball given by Mrs. Elliot, in Bacon- street. * The marquee was 176 feet by 60 ; containing six tables irO feet long, on which there were 1300 plates set,— which were afterwards in creased to 1600. The conation was prepared by Mr, Dudley Brad street. GENERAL LA FAYETTE. 28 > " Should il be supposed by the sober citizens of other coun- tries, or by those in our own, who did not join in these offer- ings of grateful admiration to La Fayette, and who therefore could have felt nothing of the enthusiasm which such scenes are calculated to produce ; that there was too much parade or an undue measure of sensibility manifested on this occa- sion ; it may be proper to observe, that no conclusion is to be drawn from this great rejoicing, that the people of Bos- ton, or in fact of the United States, are disposed to pay high- er regard to eminent men of the military, than in the civil department ; or that they have so little discrimination, as to bestow applause upon merely splendid achievements. It is believed to be a fact, that the most intelligent and sober part of the community were as ready to engage in these proces- sions and ceremonies, as those of the more common and unin- formed class of citizens. How could it be otherwise '? These are convincing proofs of the zeal, disinterestedness and devotion of General La Fayette to the cause of Ameri- can liberty and independence — of his bravery, activit3% judgment, constancy and fidelity — of his attachment to Wash- ington and other patriots, and of their regard for him ; and of his uniform support of regulated liberty in his ovrn coun- try. In his early days, he had risked every thing, and had done every thing which an individual could possibly endure or attempt, in our behalf. He had now, in advanced life, left his own beloved retirement in a distant hemisphere, to visit this land of liberty, and of his affections, to behold the prosperity, order, enjoyment and felicity of a great people. His character too, is unstained by bloodshed and crime ; it is consecrated on the contrary, by the prayers and tears, and benedictions, of all good men in America and Europe* Who will then censure or wonder, that he should be receiv- ed by the moral and sober people of America, with all that eordialit}'^ and enthusiasm, which were discovered on his arrival amongst us ? We do not forget Washington ; our beloved, and almost adored Washington — nor are we insen^- sible to the merits and virtues of other statesmen and heroes of our own country. But, surely we may be allowed to greet this old distinguished benefactor with a cordial wel- come, without subjecting ourselves to th.e charge of extras agance, or caprice. 24* THE TOUR OF *• The character of the militia in Boston, and generally through the state, has been much improved within the last tifteenyears. They have recently adopted a cheap uniform; and great improvements have been made in adopting the modern system of tactics. The independent companies need not decline a comparison with regular troops ; and, what is very important to the respectability of the militia, their of- iicers are intelligent and ambitious, and actuated by a patri- otic spirit, which is a pledge of fidelity and a stimulus to hon- ourable exertion. The high praise bestowed upon the mili- tia at this review, was justly merited." Extract of a letter from a gentleman in Boston to his friend in the country. *' Welcome La Fayftte, glowing from the heart, is in- scribed on every countenance I see^ — Bostonians know how to honour exalted worth, and deserve honour themselves, ibr the excellent manner in which they do it. The recep- tion of La Fayette has been brilliant, impressive, and deep- ly interesting. The concourse of people was vast, surpas- sing any thing ever witnessed in this city. Thousands have rushed from every part of our State to greet the arrival of thii distinguished hero and patriot, this beloved friend of ^^^ASHlNGTON, of America, and of mankind. This day has indeed been the festival of Freemen, sacred to the best feel- ings of the heart, vividly bringing to remembrance the bright days of our revolution, and consecrating anew to everlasting gratitude, the memory of those who achieved it. Every thing connected with the performance on this occasion, de- serves the highest praise. The decorations placed in the streets through which the General passed, were simple, neat and appropriate, and the proceedings throughout, marked with a promptness, order and deoorum, mingled with an en- thusiasm of feeling, which rendered the whole scene sub- lime, beyond the power of language to express. The address by the Mayor was excellent, and was delifM'ed with an ani- mation, which all who knew him, will be sure came warm from the heart. The streets through which he passed were full to overflowing ; windows, houses, and every thing that ould sustain a foot-hold, were occupied. Sometimes the idour of the citizens would bring them in contact with the Oen?rars barouche, and for a few minutes interrupt hi- GENERAL LA FAYETTE. 285 progress, and you would almost think it impossible for him to proceed ; but the delay was transient, and it seemed as if one consentaneous feeling of respect, operated to redress their eagerness. The ladies performed their part admira- bly, and one would thing that beauty had not merely caught fresh charms from the Graces — but glowed with new ardour reflecting from the altar of Patriotism. *' The exhi})ition of children, belonging to the schools of the city, was an interesting sight, and must have been highly gratifying. They extended from one end of the Mall to the other. Neatly dressed, and in perfect order, the little girls waved their handkerchiefs as he passed, and looked as if they recognized a Father and protector. If our venerable fore- fathers had done nothing more to endear and perpetuate their memory, than to establish free schools, they would have done enough, not only to merit all the honours we annually pay them, but a far more splendid Monument than we are now erecting in Plymouth, to evmce our gratitude. The interview with Governors Eustis, Brooks, and other members of the Cincinnati, was deeply affecting. 1 have not time to enter into further particulars. In all probability we shall none of us behold another scene so imposing. The worthies of our revolution are fast dropping away, and the furrows of time are deep on the few that remain. — If we but act our part in life as well as they have theirs, posterity will receive a rich legacy indeed." General La Fayette left Boston on Tuesday morning for Portsmouth, in the state of New Hampshire, intending to pass through Marblehead, Salem and Newburyport, on his way to the former place. A number of distinguished citi- zens, and a committee of the City Council accompanied him to the northern line of the city ; and the Governor's aids attended him to the extreme part of the state, adjoining New Hampshire. On his route he was greeted by the inhabitants of Chelsea, Lynn, and Marblehead, with great feeling and respect, alike honourable to themselves and gratifying to the friend and guest of the nation. Addresses were also made to him, in these several towns, expressive of their gratitude for his services, and of the lively sense they had of his pres- ent visit to the country. In passing through Lynn, General La Fayette was receiv- ed by the citizens with distinguished marks of respect. 284. T^E TOUR OF At about half past 8 oVlock, he arrived at the bridge, (over the draw of which was thrown a handsome arch,) under the escort of the Boston company of cavalrj^, which immediately joined the other battahon ; when the whole moved towards the Hotel. On the arrival of the procession at the Hotel, which was very handsomely decorated with flags and ever-greens, the following address was delivered to the General by John White, Esq. the Chairman of the Committee of Arrange- ments : "General — The inhabitants of this town have chosen me their organ, to greet you with a sincere and hearty welcome, ! on this joyful occasion. A duty on which I enter with ming- I led emotions of profound veneration, gratitude and affection J towards you, Sir, our nation's early, disinterested and unva- | rying friend and benefactor. i " The deep, intense, and indelible feelings of this free and | happy republic towards you, General, whoso eminently and successfully contributed to raise her to her present proud and powerful attitude among the nations of the earth, can be no more forcibly illustrated, than in that spontaneous horn- j age of the heart, which you see displayed around you, on your arrival upon our favoured shores ; and which, like a halo of glory, encircles you in your progress through our country. This, General, is a language not to be misunder- stood, compared with which the most laboured declamation must be faint and powerless. | *' Although your present appearance among us, like the , transit of a brilliant and beneficent planet, commissioned to j proclaim good will to man, in its rapid career among innu- j merable worlds, is short and fleeting, the emanations of the i bright and joyous light which it sheds around you, will coa- I tinue with us to guide our steps, and cheer our hearts to the latest moment of our existence. *' Permit me now, General, to express my individual joy at the happy consummation of those ardent wishes, which 1 had the honour to express to you twelve years since, in your native country — for you have re-visited us, and you see that *' all hearts and arms are open to receive you." To this the General made a very affectienatc reply. GENERAL LA FAYETTE. 285 The General was then conducted to the Hall, where he was introduced by the chairman to the ladies, committee of arrangements, municipal officers, revolutionary soldiers, clergy, and aiany citizens, but being engaged to breakfast at Marblehead, his stay was restricted to thirty minutes. On leaving the Hotel, the General ascended the barouche, with the chairman of the committee, and the procession pro- ceeded through the town. At the western end of the com- mon was erected a beautiful civic arch, most elegantly decor- ated with ever-greens, surmounted by a wreath enclosing the following inscription : " Welcome La Fajette ! Conqueror of hearts ;" on the top of which was perched a beautiful gilt Eagle. Sus- pended under the arch by festoons of evergreens was a wreath, surrounding this inscription. " Washington and La Fayette." After passing this arch, the procession entered between tvvolines of children of the town, neatly and prettily dressed, who threw boquets of flowers before the General, and into his carriage. Next in order were two long lines of the cit- izens, reaching to another very handsome arch of ever- green, under which was suspended a wreath surrounding these words: "October 19th, 1781." The procession continued over the common towards Market-street, through ivhich he passed, and at its entrance passed under a beauti- ful canopy, formed on one side by a majestic elm, and on the other by large treets planted for the occasion, united at the top, and tastefully hung with wreaths and garlands of flower. At this place was the following inscription : " Welcome La Fayette, to thee we owe the sweets of Liberty." On the entrance of the procession to Front-street, anoth- er beautiful arch was presented, to which was suspended, mder thirteen sun flowers, representing stars, this inscrip- tion : ' Thou gavest to us thirteen talents. Lo ! we have gained eleven more. — Receive our gratitude." Jnder this inscription were eleven other sun flowers. In Broad-street was another handsome arch, made entirely of rees, wreaths and garlands, on which was the following in^ icription : " The voice of ten millions welcome^" '2S6 THE TOUR OF • The procession then passed into Chesnut-street, and through part of Fayette-street, into Essex-street, where an- other magniticent arch was erected, most beautifully decora- ted, on the centre of which was inscribed " 1776," and be- low this, was inscribed these words : '' The man whom the people delight to honour. — Wel- come La Fayette. — Yorktown. — Monmouth." On the reverse, being the last arch, was this inscription : " Tho' lost to sight, to memory dear." The procession moved in fine style through this arch, and })roceeded to the eastern boundary line of the town, where the Lynn escort delivered their illustrious guest to the au- thorities of Marblehead. A salute of 13 guns was fired by the Lynn and Danvers Artillery, on the entrance of the Gen- eral upon the lines of the town, and another of 24 guns when he passed over the Common. All the bells of the town were rung while he was in it. On his entrance into Marblehead, he was saluted by 13' guns from a battery erected on the heights at the entrance of the town, and greeted by shouts of applause and welcome; from the whole population, who, with the troops of the towm were assembled for his reception ; and was conducted to the] house provided to receive him under a national salute of: 24 guns from Major Greene's battalion of Artillery. Here he was introduced to the Authorities of the town, by thd! Hon. N. Hooper, who had accompanied the General in his- carriage from Lynn, and was addressed in behalf of the town i b}' the Hon. John Prince, chairman of the committee ; after! which, our illustrious guest with his suite, and several stran-j gers of distinction, partook of a breakfast in the public hall, i arranged in a style of superior elegance. i After breakfast the General was conducted to anotherii apartment, where all the citizens, the officers of the brigade, and many strangers were most cordlaTIyTeceived by him ; among whom were several revolutionary soldiers, and the Pilot who landed him in Marblehead on his second arrival ini this country, whom he recognized, and saluted with marks of, the highest satisfaction. I, He also expressed a wish to have a particular interview with some of the descendants of the late General Glover^t; with whom he was formerly in habits of intimacy ; and waalj accordingly, with his suite, conducted to the house of Rob- f, GENERAL LA FAYETTE. 287 ert Hooper, Esq. On being introduced to Mrs. Hooper, daughter of the late General, he was much affected, and ex- pressed the highest interest at meeting a child of his old and particular friend. After being escorted through the principal streets of the town, he was accompanied by the Committee of Arrange- ments to the Salem line, under another salute of 24 guns, and the loud and gratulatory shouts of the warm-hearted inhabitants. His reception at Salem was very distinguished and splendid. At the entrance of the town, he was met by the Selectmen and committee, a numerous cavalcade, and a large body of citizens in carriages, and received a salute of artillery ; on advancing a short distance within the bounds of the town, the bells commenced ringing, and the escort was joined by a hatta M m^ of light infantry, and a body of seamen, of about two Hifidred, in blue jackets and white trowsers, with rib- bons on their hats, stamped with the name of La Fayette. With the hearty cheers of these hard}^ sons of Neptune, he General appeared to be peculiarly impressed. Over pouth Salem bridge were two tastefully decorated arches — )ne bearing the inscription " Welcome Illustrious Ciuef I Receive the pledges of thy Children to sustain with fidelity the yrinciples that first associated La Fayette with the destinies )f America.'^'' These arches were surrounded by an im- nense number of citizens, who made the air ring with their luzzas and welcomes. The figure of an Indian Chief char- cteristically dressed, bore labels inscribed " La Fayette and, jiberty. Welcome generous La Fayette.-^ The procession passed through the principal streets, ?hich were thronged with spectators ; while the windows the houses were crowded with females, all eager to see nd welcome the heroic visitor. Civic Arches, historical and patriotic inscriptions, memor- ble eras, wreaths of flowers and evergreens, banners and ags, were displayed in many of the streets, enlivening the 3ene, animating the cheers, and affording grateful recollec- ons. Central street was gaily dressed in colours,, and on an ele- mtarch were inscribed the names of distinguished patriols f the revolution, crowned with those of Washington and A Fayette. In North-street a similar arch bore the in- 288 THE TOUR OF scription : — *' Honor to him who fought and hledf^r the hap- piness and peace we now enjoy. ''^ Oq an arch at Buffum's corner, was inscribed, " La Fayette, the friend of Liberty, "joe welcome to the land of liberty. He did not forget us in our adversity — In our prosperity we remember his services with gratitude.''^ Near the above, another arch bore a likeness of La Fayette, surmounted bv an eagle. Near the avenue leading to e bridge, at which, in Febru- ary, 1775, Colonel Leslie, wi: a detachment of the British i 64th regiment, met with a rep^itie in an attempt to carry off! some cannon deposited in the vicinity, were banners, withi the following inscription : — eople, then delivered in the most interesting and elegant manner to General La Fayette the following Address : " General La Fayette — Sir — Forty years have elapsed since the inhabitants of this town had the pleasure to welcome you within its limits. Many who then hailed your arrival with pride and exulta-^ tion, have descended to the grave, and cannot greet you on your long desired return. But, thanks to a good Providence, many are yet alive who recollect with grateful sensibility the universal joy of that occasion. Your disinterested zeal in embarking in a cause, deemed almost hopeless — your per- sonal sacrifices in quitting a home endeared by all the bles- sings with which affection and virtue can adorn life — your toils and perils in the conflicts of war and the vicissitudes of a discouraging service — your modest dignity and enthusiasm on receiving the homage of a free people — these were all fresh in their memories, and gave an interest to the scene, which cannot be described, but which Time has hallowed with his most touching grace. I stand now in the presence of some, venerable in age and character, who were the de- lighted witnesses of that interview, and whose hearts again glow with the feelings of that happy day. ** To us of a younger generation — the descendants of your early friends and companions inarms — a different, but not less interesting privilege belongs. We are allowed the en- viable distinction of meeting, in his riper years, one, whom our Fathers loved in their youth. We welcome you to our country — to our homes — to our hearts. We have read the history of your achievements — your honours — and your sufferings. They are associated with all that is dear to us — with the battle grounds consecrated by the blood of our he- roes — with the tender recollections of our departed states- men — with the affectionate reverence of our surviving pat- riots. Can we forget that we were poor and struggling alone in the doubtful contest for Independence, and you crossed the Atlantic at the hazard of fortune and fame to cheer us in our resistance ? That you re-crossed it to solicit naval and military succours from the throne of France, and returned with triumphant success ? That your gallantry in the south- ern campaigns checked the inroads of a brave and confident enemy ? That your military labours closed but with the 26 390 TqE TOUR OF surrender at Yorktown, and thus indissolubly united yout name with the proud events of that glorious day. We can not forget these things, if we would. — We would not forget them if we could. They will not be forgotten, until Amer- ica ceases to be a Nation. " But we have yet higher sources of gratification on the pre- sent occasion. You have been the friend not merely of America, but of France, and of the cause of Liberty through- out the World. During a long life, and in the most trying scenes, you have done no act for which virtue need blush, or humanity weep. Your private character has not cast a shade on your public honors. In the palaces of Paris and the dun- geons of Olmutz, m the splendor of power, and the gloom of banishment, you have been the friend of justice, and the as- serter of the rights of man. — Under every misfortune you have never deserted your principles. What earthly prize can afford consolations like this ? The favor of Princes and" the applause of Senates sink into absolute nothingness in comparison with the approving conscience of a life devoted to the good of mankind. At this very moment you are real- izing the brightest visions of your youth in the spectacle of ten millions of people prosperous and happy under a free government, whose moral strength consists in the courage and intelhgence of its citizens. These millions welcome you to the shores of the West with spontaneous unanimity ; and the voice which now addresses you, feeble as it is, repeats but the thoughts that are ready to burst from the lips of ev- ery American." To which the General made the following very appropri- ate and affecting reply : *' On my happy return to this shore of liberty, I had anti- cipated the pleasure to revisit the town of Salem, to witness her so much increased prosperity, to recal with surviving old friends, our revolutionary recollections. But in the affectionate welcome of the new generations, I find additional causes for delightful gratification . *' You have been pleased, Sir, to allude to several circum- stances of my life. The first of them I have shared in com- mon with my dear companions during our American glorious struggle. In the transactions of another hemisphere, I have GENERAL LA FAYETTE. 291 made it a constant object not to be unworthy of the Ameri- can education it had been my happy lotto receive. " 1 request you, Sir, the gentlemen of the committee, and all the citizens of Salem, to accept of the respectful thank^ of a grateful and very anciently affectionate heart." A very impressive circumstance occurred in the delivery o* the Honorable President's address, which produced an elec- tric effect upon all present ; after enumerating the distin- guished benefits conferred upon our country by La Fayette, he said, " we could not forget them if we would — we would not forget them if we could" — A spontaneous assent was im- mediately returned by the crowd, No, never ! and was re- peated by thousands of voices accompanied by deafening shouts of applause. The General was then introduced to the citizens ot the town, and other gentlemen, among whom were several revolutionary officers and soldiers, who had come from various parts of the country to welcome their old General, who recalled to his memory many striking incidents which occurred in the revolutionary war, in differ- ent parts of the country while they were serving under his command. At 3 o'clock the General was escorted to Ham- ilton Hall by the battalion of Light Infantry. A company of about three hundred gentlemen, with their invited guests, partook of a very sumptuous dinner at the Hall, at which the Honorable Judge Story presided. This spacious and elegant Hall (which bears the name of the lamented friend of La Fayette,) was decorated with great taste and eleg-ince by the ladies of Salem, who contributed their share to the preparations for this welcome visit. The whole effect was beyond our power of description. The Orchestra was ornamented with wreaths and festoons of flowers and evergreens, encircling the inscriptions — Welcome, welcome, be the brave To the homes he fought to save. La Fayette, our friend in times which tried men's souls. La Grange. La Fayette in America ; Ou pent on etre mieux Qu' au sein de sa famille. Under the Orchestra was suspended a golden harp, beau- tifully ornamented. In a recess above the chair of our dis- 1>92 THE TOUR OF * tinguished guest wasabtist of Washington, crowned with ar olive wreath, the American Eagle holding a crown over thr head of La Fayette, and an elegant arch supported by col- umns containing the names of the Presidents of the United States. On each side of this were triumphal arches, and all werr decorated with wreaths of flowers and evergreens. Inscriptions were displayed in other parts of the hall ; among them the following : Hail, gallant chief, our country's early friend. Long life be thine, and brightening to the end. Though France claim thy birth, here at home shalt thou be. For thine is the love of the brave and the free. The columns were ornamented with wreaths of oak leaves and the room was hung with festoons of flowers, ever-green^ and flags. The elegant chandelier and lamps, mirrors and window curtains, were beautifully encircled with wreaths and festoons. Flowers, plants, and rich and beautiful paintings, were distributed in various places. The whole arrange- ment discovered great taste and elegance. Among the invited guests, were the son and suite of our illustrious guest. General Dearborn, his Excellency the Co- lombian Minister, Colonel Pickering and Colonel Lee, of the revolutionary army. Colonel Harris and Everett, aids of his- Excellency the Governor, General H. A. S. Dearborn, Gen- eral Wingate, of Portland, and the ordained clergy of the town. About half past 5 o'clock General La Fayette look leave of the company at the Hall, attended by a deputation from the Committee of Arrangements, who were instructed to accompany him to Ipswich, but the General intreated the committee to dispense with this attention, on account of the inclemency of the weather, and he was escorted out of town by the battalion of cavalry. Upon the return of the sub- committee to the Hall, the circumstance being reported, the following toast was given by their chairman : " The hero, who is as attentive to the little conveniences, as to the most important liberties of his friends." At Beverly and Ipswich he received from the assembled inhabitants, the same cordial welcome with which he had been greeted in other towns, through which he passed. The selectmen of these places waited on him, and oflered him the congratulations of their fellow citizens j the people GENERAL LA FAYETTE. 29c; greeted him with repeated cheers of " welcome, welcome La Fayette ;" and arches were erected at several public places, containing appropriate mottos. The houses of the villages throug!i which he passed, after the evening set in, were bril- liantly illuminated. The following address was delivered at Beverly, by the Honorable Robert Rantoul : " General — The inhabitants of Beverly bid you welcome. We welcome you to our country — that country which owes so much to your aid in the acquisition of her independence. We receive you not merely as the friend of our beloved country, but as the friend of man. Your labours, your sac- rifices, your sufferings in the cause of liberty, demand our gratitude. Tyrants receive the commanded adulation of their slaves, but to the benefactors of our race belong the spontaneous effusions of our hearts. Accept our sincere congratulations that you live to witness the order, the pros- perity, the happiness that results from our free institutions ; and may the evening of your days be solaced with the re- flection that those principles of government, to the support of which your life has been devoted, and which alone can secure the enjoyment of rational liberty, are fast spreading their influence through the whole family of man. Wishing you long life and uninterrupted happiness we bid you fare- well." It was evening when he arrived at Ipswich, and the weath- er was very inclement. The inhabitants had, therefore, assembled in the meeting house to receive him. Thither he was conducted by a committee of the town ; and on his en- trance, he was greeted with great exultation and joy. One of the committee addressed him as follows : 1 •' General La Fayette — I ** Accept from the people of Ipswich, their cordial coa- gratulations on your arrival in their country and within their own borders. To this ancient town, Sir, we bid you a joy- ful welcome. *' Haying devoted to our beloved country, m her weak and critical situation, the vigor of your youth and the resour- ces of a mind intent on the cause of freedom and humanity, 25* 294 THE TOUR OF • and committed to a common lot with her, your own destinies*- that country can never forget the services you rendered, and the sacritices you incurred, for her defence and protection, when assailed by overbearing power. '• We rejoice in having an opportunity of presenting our- selves in this house, consecrated to the worship of the God of our fathers, who has kindly raised up friends and patrons of the cause of our country and of liberty, to pay to you our grateful respect for your eminent labours. " Most of those who acted in, or witnessed the great scenes in which you bore so conspicuous a part, have now descend- ed to the tombs of their fathers. The present generation can rehearse only what they have heard with their ears, and their fathers have told them. But the name of La Fayette is . -not confined to any generation. While the liberties of Amer- ica shall endure, it will descend from fother to son, associated with those of the immortal Washington, and other heroes and sages of our revolution, as the friend of our country, of liberty, and of man. *' Illustrious benefactor — may the blessings of Heaven ever attend you, and may your remaining days be as happy. as your past have been perilous, useful and honorable." To which the General made the following reply : — '* Sir — The attentions paid me by my American friends, I receive with inexpressible gratitude. I regret that so many of my friends here, should be exposed on my account to this storm. 1 have ever considered it my pride and my honor^ that I embarked in the cause of Independence in this coun- try ; and I rejoiced when I found myself -xgain landed on the American shores. You, kind Sir, the people of this- town, aud all who are assembled in this solemn place, will please to accept my thanks for this expression of your attachment^ and receive m}' best wishes for your individual prosperity ;ind happiness." He reached Newburyport a little past 10 o'clock, where he passed the night. His lodgings were the same which Washington occupied, when he made his tour through the northern states, in 1789, the first year of his presidency. The following address was made to him, by the chairman of a committee of that town : GENERAL LA FAYETTE. 295 •' General La Fayette — ** The citizens of Newburyport are happy in this oppor- tunity of greeting, with the warmest welcome, a distinguished henefdctor of their country. " The important services, which you rendered this peo- ple in the day of their distress ; the devotedness which you manifested in their perilous cause, and the dangers which you sought for their relief, are incorporated in our history, and tirmly engraven upon our hearts. " We would lead you to our institutions of learning, char- ity and religion ; we would point you to our hills and vallies covered with flocks, and smiling in abundance, that you may behold the happy effects of those principles of liberty, which you was so instrumental in establishing. " Our children cluster about you to receive a patriot's blessing. Our citizens press forward to show their grati* tade. Our n ition pays you a tribute, which must remove the reproach that republics are ungrateful. *' As the zealous advocate for civil liberty, we bid you welcome ; as the brave defender of an oppressed people, we make you welcome ; as the friend and associate of our immortal Washington, we bid you welcome." General La Fayette replied in his usually courteous and animated manner, and evinced his great sensibility to the kind and friendly greetings with which he had been received. He here also met several veterans of the revolutionary ar- my ; a gratification which he enjoyed in almost every place he visited. Though the number is rapidly lessening, a few remain in mo.^t of the populous towns of the Commonwealth. One of those presented to General La Fayette at this place;, was Mr. Daniel Foster, one of the non-commissioned officers of the Light Infantry corps, commanded by " the Marquis" in 1780, and who brought with him the cutlass which he then gave to the non-commissioned officers of the select corps. [He also made a present of a handsome cut-and-thrust sword to each Officer of the Light Infantry, his favorite corps. 1 The. General greeted the old soldier with cordiality, and on see- ing his own mark on the blade, assured him he looked upon him as " one of his own family." He left Newburyport Wednesday morning for the capital of New-Hampshire. The escort contemplated to have at" 296 THE TOUR OF tended him on his way to the bounds of the state, was prevented by the heavy rain. It was at his urgent request that it was dispensed with. The committee of the town however, accom- panied him to Hampton, where he was met by a deputation from Portsmouth, and conducted on his intended route. When passing through Greenland, a procession of the citizens was formed, by which he was attended through the village. Here he was welcomed also by salutes from an artillery com- pany, by civic arches, and repeated acclamations of the as- sembled people. One of the arches was supported by two young ladies, representing Liberty and Peace. One presen- ted him with a wreath, adorned with flowers, and said, " Ven- erable sire^ condescend to receive this emhlera of the heroes glory ^ as the token of a nation's gratitude and love.^* The other presented him the olive branch, saying, " Good and > peaceful servant, peace and happiness await you.^^ He re- ceived these with complacency, took each young lady by the hand, and made an affectionate reply. He then proceeded to Portsmouth, where he arrived about ; noon. He was conducted into this town by an escort on I horseback, and a procession of carriages, (the whole extend- i| ing two miles) composed of the civil, judicial and legislative Ij authorities ; officers of the Unit-id States, and of New-Hamp- shire, &LC. &c. The margin of the avenue leading to the centre of the town, was lined with children, with the inhab- itants of both sexes in the rear ; who greeted him with their cordial welcomes and repeated acclamations. Salutes were fired, and the bells rang a joyous peal ; and the streets through which the procession passed, were crowned with arches, decorated with wreaths of ever-green and garlands of flowers. The procession moved through several streets to Franklin Hall : and here when General La Fayette alight- ed, the chairman of the Selectmen addressed him thus : *« Sir — The Selectmen of Portsmouth, in behalf of their fellow citizens, most respectfully and heartily bid you wel- come. " Enjoying, as we do, the happiness of a free government, we cannot but feel grateful to all, by whose exertions it was obtained. Those intrepid men among ourselves, who in the hour of danger stood forth in defence of their country's j rights, hare a lasting claim upon our regard. But in con- ] GENERAL LA FAYETTE. ^7 tending for the liberty of their country, they were striving to secure their own happiness, and the prosperity of their children. They found a motive for exertion in their own in- ;erest ; which, while it derogates nothing from the value of :heir services, places in light, the pure zeal and contempt if private advantage, which \ec\ you to our aid, from the •hores of a foreign land. Their love of liberty was necessa- I'lly the sentiment of patriotism ; yoiws was an ardent desire or the general welfare of mankind. *' After an absence of forty years form our country, most )f which have been passed in scenes of unexampled excite- nent and perplexity, it gives us peculiar pleasure to find /ou still the firm and consistent friend of liberal principles, Ye have watched the progress of your eventful life with un- ifTected sympathy ; whether at the head of the National jruards, in the dungeons of MagfTv^burg and Olmutz, in the I^hamber of Deputies, we have found nothing to lessen our esteem for the early friend of America. " Permit us then to receive you as our guest ; and to pay ou such honors as are in our power to bestov/. They are he voluntary tribute of warm 'and grateful hearts. We wish lur children to learn, that eminent virtue affords the highest laim to honorable distinction ; and that among a free people^ aerit will not fail of its appropriate reward. ' We beg you to accept our sincere wishes for your health nd happiness, and our prayers will be offered, that your xample may animate the wise and good in every nation, to ontend manfully and perseveringly for the freedom and hap- »iness of the world." To which the General made the following reply : "Gentlemen — It would have been to me an inexpressible ratification on this first visit to the eastern parts of the Jnion, after so long an absence, to have been able to present he several towns of New-Hampshire with my personal re- pect, and to have witnessed the great improvement of a tate, to which I am bound by early sentiments of attach- lent and gratitude. ' Obliged as I find myself, to take a southern course to- wards the seat of government, at Washington, 1 am happy 5 revisit at least the town of Portsmouth, where the re- e^8 THE TOUR OF memberance of past favors mingles with most grateful feel- ings for your present affectionate and flattering reception. *' I thank you, gentlemen, for your constant concern in i my behalf, during the vicissitudes to which you are pleased to allude. The approbation of a free, virtuous, and enlightened I people, would be the highest reward for any one who knows' how to value true glory ; still more so, when it is bestowed I on an adopted son. '' To the citizens of Portsmouth and their worthy Select-S men, I offer my most respectful and affectionate acknowledg-| ments." *l Governor Morril gave him the hearty welcome of the! State, in the following address : :| "General — Forty years .have rolled away since you left ji this asylum of liberty, for your country. During this event- ful period our cities have advanced, and villages have been reared ; but our Langdon, our Chilley, our Poor, our SulHvan, and our Washington, have passed from the stage of human ac- tion, and are gone to the land of their fathers. Although they are gone, their sons survive, and the patriotism and love of liberty which animated their breasts, and excited them tO) those glorious acts, during our revolution, in which you, Sir, shone so conspicuously, are now cherished in the bosoms of their posterity ; — and we rejoice to be numbered among them ; — and in the name of the patriotic citizens of New- Hampshire generally, allow me to say, that i: is with no ordi- , ry emotions we receive and welcome you to our State. j " We receive you, Sir, as the friend of our nation, of liber- ' ty, and the rights of man. " We welcome you as the magnanimous hero, who in ear- ly life, from the most pure and disinterested motives, quitted your native country, and repaired to these Colonies, then the seat of war, (contending for independence) to embark in the struggle for the preservation of those rights, and the ' achievement of those privileges, which are more precious to the patriot than life itself And, Sir, it is our ardent de- sire, that the gratitude of republics, but more especially of the Republic of the United States, and the smiles of Heaven, may rest upon you to the last period of your life." The General, in his characteristic reply, alluded ver}^ afifectionately to his departed associates 5 and the mteresting GENERAL LA FAYETTE. 299 hanges which had taken place since he left the country. It 3 not necessary to add, that he expressed with emotion his icknowledgements for the cordiality of his welcome. Numerous presentations took place ; — of which were at east thirty old soldiers. These scenes are always in the kighest degree interesting and affecting. They are all heart, —He recognized General Smith of Portland, who served as vaptain in his favourite Light Infantry for three years. On ilasping the hands of these associates in perils and adversi- y, he continually repeats " lam very happy. ''^ The dinner pas suraptiious. — The Hon. Mr. Parrott presided, assisted >y N. A. Haven, E. Cutts,jun. E. G. Parott, L. Boardman, 5. Penhallaw, E. Roberts, W. M. Shackford, and S. Larkin, ^sq'rs. The toasts were very good. The President associated "General La Fayette and the Ughts of Man." General La Fayette responded — " the town of Ports- louth — May the blessings of the republican institutions ever ive the lie to the narrow, selfish sophistry of European Ar- tocracy and Despotism." There was a very splendid ball in the evening, in honour f La Fayette, which he attended, and where a great num- er of ladies were presented to him. He left Portsmouth, 1 o'clock at night, to return to Boston, having engaged to e there on Thursday morning. While at Portsmouth he iceived pressing invitations to visit Exeter and Dover, but as obliged to decline them. He reached Boston about 7 o'clock, Thursday morning ; id after taking some necessary repose, he received a num- er of revolutionary officers and soldiers ; and deputations om several towns in the interior, lying on his route to Con- 2cticut. He then repaired to the Council Chamber, and ok leave of the Governor and other members of the iipreme Executive ; and afterwards set off for Lexington id Concord, and thence to Bolton, on his way to Worces- r. He left Boston at about two o'clock, in a carriage pro- ded by the State for his accommodation, and attended by e Committee of Arrangements of the city, and by the Gov- •nor's aids, who waited on him to the bounds of Connecti- it. When he left the city, he expressed the gratification d delight he had experienced from the interesting recol- ctions which had occurred to his mind, and from the great 300 THE TOUR OF cordiality and affection with which he had been received. The Mayor assured him, that he and others were happy in the opportunity they had to manifest their attachment and I respect to the early and faithful friend of the nation, and the : firm and uniform friend of civil liberty. When he passed through West Cambridge, the whole population of the town were assemble to honour the friend and guest of the nation, and to gratify their patriotic feelings by beholding this justly celebrated personage. The civic arch which extended across the road near the " meeting-house, in West Cambridge, bore this inscription : *' Welcome ! Friend of Washington ! Fayette ! Fair Freedom's champion !" Artillery corps stationed on the eminences adjoining the public roa:l saluted him as he passed ; and the country rung: with loud huzzas and joyful acclamations. At the line of: Lexington, he was received by a troop of horse, and caval- ' cade of citizens, who conducted him into that ancient town.,! On his way, he passed under an arch, bearing this inscrip-'l tion — *' Welcome, friend of America, to the birth place of American liberty. ^^ Salutes were again fired, and he was \ then conducted to the monument erected in memory of the attack of the British troops upon the mihtia of that place, , April 19th, 1775. He was here welcomed and addressed by/j one of the citizens, E. Phinney, Esq. in behalf of the town, as follows : " General— In behalf of the Committee of Arrangements, j and the inhabitants of Lexington, allow me, Sir, to tender j you the assurance of their most respectful and cordial wel- come to this town. Impressed with a sense of the impor- tant services you have rendered to this country, they meet| you on this occasion, and upon this ^memorable spot, with hearts swelling with every emotion which a generous love i for your exalted character, and a grateful remembrance of j the distinguished lustre of your deeds, can inspire. " On this hallowed ground, consecrated by the blood of! the first martyrs to liberty, was kindled that flame which] roused a nation to arms, and conducted them through peril! and blood, to a glorious independence. Here a small band ' of patriots, hurled the first signal of defiance to a host in.| arm?, and taught the enemies of their country, the appal- ^ GENERAL LA FAYETTE. 301 ng truth, that Americans dared to die in defence of their ights. *' These hardy and virtuous yeomanry of our country, )ffer yon the sincere tribute of their warmest affections. Imong them, your presence has awakened emotions too )Owerful for utterance. With the name of La Fayette, is issociated every comfort which sweetens the fruit of their oil, every charm which crowns the altar of domestic hap- )iness. Under the shadow of that glorious fabric, which our hand assisted in rearing, they repose in peace and se- curity. "Permit us, Sir, in common with grateful millions, to xpress our earnest solicitations, that a life which has, for so nany ^-^ears, been steadily devoted to the cause of rational iberty ; which has so long encountered without dismay the "rowns of arbitrary power, may be preserved for many years come, a blessing and an honour to mankind ; and when ou, Sir, and your brave associates in the war of the revo- ution, shall have ceased from your earthly labours, instead f the Fathers, may their children rise up to bless your nemory, and emulate your virtues." The General in his reply, alluded with sensibility to the 9leasure he felt in being able so early to visit scenes so me- norable. Near the monument, he was introduced io fourteen of the nilitia company, which had assembled at that time, and on »vhom the regular troops fired, when eight of the number vere slain. After this very interesting scene. General La Fayette [)roceeded to Concord, and was met at the line, between •hat place and Lexington, by a committee of the town, and a respectable cavalcade of the intelligent yeomanfy of the ncinity ; there was also an escort composed of several com- panies of the militia. The procession thus formed, moved lowards the village, and the disinterested visitor was con- ducted to a spacious bower, prepared for his reception, and ;astefully decorated with ever-greens and flowers, by the ladies of Corncord. As he entered the village, he received 1 salute from the artillery corps, and the vocal salutations of he inhabitants of both sexes, who had assembled to present Him their grateful offerings. The peals of the village bell 26 302 THE TOUR OF ^ prolonged the acclamations of the admiring throng. The* following inscription was to be seen in a conspicuous place in the arbor — " In 1775, the people of Concord met the enemies of liberty ; In 1824, they welcome the hold asserter of the rights of inan^ La Fayette." A sumptuous repast was pro- vided for the occasion ; and the tables were covered with all the delicacies the season and country could afford. When General La Fayette had entered the arbor, one ot^ the citizens addressed him in the following speech : *' The inhabitants of Concord, by this delegation, welcome you, General, to their village. We thank you for afibrding us an opportunity here to offer our humble tribute of grati- tude, for services long since rendered, but still held in lively recollection. You, Sir, now behold the spot on which the first forcible resistance was made to a system of measures cal- culated to deprive the whole people of these States of the privileges of freemen. You approved this resistance. A just estimate of the value of rational liberty led you disin- terestedly, to participate with strangers in the toils, the pri- vations, and the dangers of an arduous contest. From the ' 19th day of April, 1775, here noted in blood, to the memo- rable day in Yorktown, your heart and your sword were with us. Ten milUons of grateful people now enjoy the fruits of this struggle. We can but repeat to you. Sir, the cordial, affectionate, respectful welcome offered you at your first ar- rival on oui shores, and which we are assured will be reiter- ated wherever you move on American ground." . The General was, as usual, extremely happy in hife reply and alluded with sensibility to the memorable scenes < April 19th, 1775. The ladies of Concord and vicinity, were present at thi- civic and patriotic repast ; and it added much to the interest and splendour of the scene. Coffee was served up, as a counter-part of the entertainment ; and La Fayette appear- ed to be highly pleased with the hearty reception which he met in this hospitable town. Some revolutionary charactei called upon him here, who had not before seen him since 1 arrived, and were received with great cordiality. H- spoke of the gun which had been shown him in Boston, by an inhabitant of Coiicord or vicinity, and which was first fired against the ministerial troops of Britain, He said " it GENERAL LA FAYETTE. 303 was the alarm gun to all Europe and to the world ; for it was the signal, which summoned the civilized world to assert their rights, and to become free." The visit at Concord was necessarily short, as he had ^i- gaged to pass the niglJt at Bolton, about twenty miles distant. He left Concord at sun-set ; and was escorted on his route to Bolton, by a company of cavalry, and several gentlemen of distinction belonging to that place and vicinity. He was every where greeted by the people, who collected in com- panies at various places, to offer him their hearty welcome. The houses on the road were illuminated, and bonfires were kindled on the adjoining hills. The militia of Bolton were assembled to receive him, though it was late in the evening when he arrived. The Selectmen offered him their saluta- tions and welcome, in the name of the town. He passed the night at the hospitable mansion of Mr. Wilder, where taste, variety and elegance, contributed to render his reception ver}^ distinguished. Mr. Wilder had resided much in France, and was particularly acquainted with La Fayette and family. Committees from Lancaster and Worcester waited on him at Bolton, to learn his plans, and the probable hours of his being in those places, and to communicate the desires of the people, to present him their tribute of affection and regard. He visited Lancaster early on Friday morning, where all classes of the inhabitants were assembled to bid him wel- come, and to express the affectionate sentiments by which their glowing bosoms were animated. A corps of cavalry still escorted him — a national salute was fired^— and the turn- pike gate, at the entrance of the village, was ornamented with garlands of flowers and ever-greens, and displayed this inscription : — " The Free welcome the Brave." He was conducted through lines, formed by the citizens of both sexes, to an elevated platform, prepared in the centre of the village, and near the church ; where he was addressed by the Reverend Pastor — "General La Fayette — In behalf of the inhabitants of Lancaster, I offer you their cordial congratulations on your arrival in a country, whose wrongs you felt and resented ; whose liberties you so valiantly defended ; and whose inter- ests and prospects have always been dear to your souL '' We all unite with the few surviving veterans, who wer^ m THE TOUR OF with, loved, and respected you on the high places of the, field, in giving you a welcome to this village, once the chosen \ residence of savages, and the scene of their most boasted ' triumph ; and rejoice that you visit it under the improve- ments of civilized life, in prosperity and peace. " It gladdens us. that we and our children may behold the man, whom we have believed, and whom we have taught them to believe, was second only to his and our friend, the immortal Washington. We participate in your joy, on be- holding our institutions in vigour, our population extended, i so that, since you left us, from a little one we have become millions, and from a small band a strong nation ; that you see our glory rising, our republic placed on an immoveable basi«, all of which are in part, under Providence, to be ascribed to your sacrifices, dangers and toils. " We wish you health and prosperity. We assure yoti that wherever you shall go, j'^ou will be greeted by our fellow countrymen, as one of the chief deliverers of America, and ; the friend of rational liberty, and of man. It is especially our prayer, that on that day in which the acclamations and applauses of dying men shall cease to reach or affect you, you may receive from the Judge of character and Dispenser of imperishable honours, as the reward of philanthropy ami incorruptible integrity, a crov/n of glory which shall never fade." It is unnecessary to add, that this eloquent and pious greet- ing excited strong emotions in the General, and had an im- pressive effect on the assemblage who heard it. The following is a report of General La Fayette's reply : " Accept my thanks. Sir, for the kind welcome you havt; offered me in the name of the inhabitants of Lancaster. I:* returning to this country after so long an absence ; in receiv- ing such proofs of gratitude and affection wherever I go ; in witnessing the prosperity of this land — a prosperity you are pleased to say, I have been mstrumental in promoting ; — I feel emotions for which no language is adequate. In meet- ing again my former friends, in seeing the children and grand children of those who were my companions in the war of the revolution, I feel a gratification which no words can ex- press. I beg you to accept. Sir, and to offer to these peo- pie, my grateful, my affectionate acknowledgements." ' GE^NERAL LA FAYETTE. 306 The surviving soldiers of the revolution were then intro- Huced to him, and were received with those cordial and touching feelings, which cannot be described. He noticed with aftability the interest which the ladies discovered in pressing forward to greet him. After receiving attentions, and reciprocating heart-felt delight, forabout fifteen minutes 5 he remounted his carriage, and pursued his journey, amidst cordial huzzas and a salute of artillery. His approach to the flourishing village of Sterling, was an- nounced by a salute of artillery, and he was introduced by two beautiful companies of Light Infantry, under Captain Dana, of Sterling, and Captain Merriam, of Princeton. Un- der a spacious Arch of ever-greens and flowers, bearing a label in gold capital?, " WELCOME LA FAYETTE ; America'' s adopted Son, Brother and friend of Washington. Our land in trouble found a friend in thee. We'll not forget thee in prosperity." He was met by the Selectmen, who, by their Chairman, Mr. Isaac Goodwin, addressed him as follows : ^ " General La Fayette — " The Selectmen in behalf of the citizens of Sterling, wel- come your arrival at their village. The name of this town associates with it the recollection of another transatlantic hero, who like yourself. Sir, felt a sympathy for our fathers' wrongs, and whose sword was unsheathed for their redress. Lord Sterling, the gallant and the generous, now sleeps in the dust, but the memory of America's benefactors will survive the decay of time. The multitudes that hail your march through this part of our country are not the assemblages of idle crowds, seeking to gratify a morbid curiosity, but Sir, the men around you, are the independent possessors of their fields, and the defenders of their homes. From hoary age to lisping childhood, our whole population are eager of contri- buting deserved honors to the companion of Washington, ithe benefactor of our country, and the friend of mankind." To which in substance the General replied : "I feel grateful for my kind reception here , I rejoice in your prosperity, and am happy to be among you. The 26* 30t> i;he tour of name of your town recals the recollection of Lord Sterlini: He was my intimate friend as well as companion in arms, f venerate his memory, and when in New- York I had th* pleasure of calling upon his family." After reviewing the troops composed of Artillery, com manded by Captain Maynard, Light Infantry, and Infantry . (the latter commanded by Captain Holcomb) all in uniform, he continued his journey. At West Boylston his welcome was cordial and gratifying ; although his stop was necessarily very short. Another corps of cavalry, under Captain Estabrook, joined the splendid military escort. He was accompanied the whole distance from Boylston to Worcester by many citizens from the neigh- boring towns. The General entered the limits of Worcester about half past 10 o'clock, and was welcomed by a general burst of joy from a large body of citizens. Here, a barouche drawn by four beautiful greys was in readiness to receive him. He was accompanied in the barouche by the Honorable John Lincoln, Chairman of the Committee of Arrangements. On the road the escort was joined by a regiment of vol- unteer Infantry, under Lieutenant Colonel Ward. The road was thronged with people, all eager to greet the wel- come Visitor. When the Guest arrived at an arch of col- ours, near Doctor Paine's residence, he was welcomed by a salute, the ringing of the bells, and increased cheerings of the accumulated population. The grey-headed Veterans oC the Revolution, regardless of ceremony, pressed up to the barouche to shake hands as he passed along. Upon Court hill he passed under a triumphal arch, so tastefully decora- ^ ted by the Ladies as to attract the admiration of all who saw- it. The children of the Schools, ranged in interesting ordei- and ornamented with La Fayette badges, threw laurels iu his path, as he passed. These scenes are always peculiarl}- impressive on the heart. On a string of colors, extended across the street near the Bank, was the historical motto : — *•' Hitherto I have only cherished your cause, now I go to serve it.^* Alluding to his reply to the American Commissioners in France, in 1776. Undern-iath were inscribed : — " r*n\i^DYV.'iNF.. Jamestown, ValltuV -Forge, Yorktown.'^ GENERAL LA FAYETTE. SOI At these spots the cheering was increased and prolonged. He took breakfast, by previous invitation given at Bolton, with Judge Lincoln's Lady, whose spacious mansion, ele- gantly decorated, had been thrown open, and was filled to overflowing with Ladies, who greeted their Country's Ben- efactor with smiles and tears, while their handkerchiefs were waved in token of welcome. Before breakfasting, Judge Lincoln delivered in an animated and impressive manner, the following address :- — >. " General La Fayette — '" The citizens whom you see assembled around you, have ^;pontaneously thronged together, to offer you the tribute of their affection, their respect, their gratitude. " In the name of the inhabitants of Worcester, the shire of an extensive county of more than 75,000 population, in behalf of all who are present, and in anticipation of the commands of those, whom distance and want of opportunity occasion to be absent from this joyous scene, 1 repeat to you the saluta- tions, which elsewhere have been so impressively offered^ upon your arrival in this country, and your visit to this Com- monwealth. Welcome, most cordially welcome, to the pre- sence of those who now greet you ! *' Your name Sir, is not only associated with the memorable events of the American Revolution, with the Battle of Bran- dywine, the retreat from Valley-Forge, the affair near James- town, and the triumph at Yorktown, but the memorials of 2/o«r services and our obligations exist, in the Independence of the nation which was accomplished, in the Government of the people which is established, in the Institutions and Laws, the aiis, improvements, liberty and hi^ppiness, which are enjoyed. The Sword was beaten into the Plough-share to cultivate the soil which its temper had previously defend- ed, and the hill-tops shall now echo to the sea shore the gratulations of the independent proprietors oftheland, to the common Benefactor of all ranks and classes of the people. " Wherever you go. General, the acclamations of Freemen await you — their blessings and prayers will follow you. May you live many years to enjoy the fruits of the services and sacrifices, the gallantry and valor of your earlier days, devo- ted to the cause of freedom and the rights of man ; and may the bright examples of individual glory and of National hap- Ipiaes?, which the history of America ex-hibits, illustrate to 308 THE TOUR OP the world, the moral force of personal virtue, and the rici blessings of civiUiberty in Republican Governments." The General, in reply, said, in substance : " That he received with much sensibility the expressions i of kind attention with which he was received by the Inhab- itants of the town and county of Worcester — that he wasde lighted with the fine country which he had seen, and th? excellent improvement and cultivation which he witnessed — that he saw the best proofs of a great, prosperous and happy people, in the rapid advancement of the polite and useful arts, and in the stability of our free institutions — that he wa^ especially much gratified in the great improvements of thf face of the country, because he was himself a farmer — that he felt happy to observe such decided proofs of industry, sobriety and prosperity. — He begged the citizens to be assur- ed of his aftectionate and grateful recollection of their recep tion of him — he thanked them for all they had manifested towards him, for the kind expressions which had been ofler ed him by the committee, and, in a feeling impressive man- ^ ner, reciprocated their good wishes." || After the introduction of numerous Ladies, the troops paii' him their honors, and received evidence of his satisfaction a: their soldier-like appearance and conduct. He resumed hi- journey between 2 and 3 o'clock, and was accompanied by the Committee of Arrangements some miles on his way. Oii this occasion, speaking of the attentions he received^ he remarked, " It is the homage you pay to the principles ol your government, and not to /;ie." A company of Cavalry was sent from Sturbridge to escon the General from Charlton, and a company of Artillery was \ paraded to give him the usual salute. As soon as he came | within sight of the village, which was about two miles distant, the marshals of the day arranged the Ladies and Citizens in columns two deep, and tenor twelve feet distant, extendmg from Porter's Stage-house across the Common, and continu- ing some distance down the turnpike. Where the road meets the Common, two pillars had been erected about thirty feet in height, which supported a line tastefully ornamented with ever-greens, festoons, flowers and flags. Rows of ever- greens were planted, forming a beautiful ^Valk, within whick GENERAL LA FAYETTE. 309 he spectators were arranged. As the Marquis and his suite :ame up to the head oT the procession, he was received from bis coach by a committee, and introduced to a few citizens, ivhen he proceeded up the procession, attended by a band of iiusic, his suite, the delegation from Worcester, the Clergy^ and Committee of Arrangements ; the columns of spectators emaining on their posts. At a signal, cheers were given tvith all the ardor of enthusiastic patriotism. During the ntervals there was a profound silence, and the most perfect 3rder, except the reiterated echo of '* Welcome La Fay- ette, Friend of America," &;c. announced by single voices. Near the middle of the procession, and within the lines, vere arranged a large company of revolutionary officers and soldiers, some of whom had served under La Fayette. To 2ach one the General was introduced. The scene was ouching. As they grasped the hand of the venerable Hero, n a number of instances the tear was seen to roll down the urrowed cheek of the veteran soldier. Many seemed una • )le to reply to the kind expressions of their beloved Mar- juis, who himself was deeply affected. A thrill of feeling ndiscribably tender pervaded the numerous spectators. A lumber of hundreds of ladies there had the opportunity of aking him by the hand, who were in numerous instances nelted to tears at the expressions of his kind regards, togeth- r with the interesting associations which his presence awak- Mied. A company of small misses dressed in white, and Jecorated with garlands and flowers, attracted his attention, ind reached out their little hands to be received in his. He ;hen passed into the house amidst the most animated cheers md a thousand benedictions. — The whole was a scene of feeling, in which all the people seemed to be wrought up to ;he extreme of exquisite emotion. Never did we witness jmy thing that wore so much the aspect of the moral sublime. Grratitude, veneration, sympathy, and affection, all combin- ng in vigorous exercise, created a state of mind, such as /ery rarely exists, and which can be better conceived than iescribed. General La Fayette was to have been received on the lorthern line of Connecticut by a troop of horse from Tolland jounty, but it being uncertain what time he would be detain- .'d on the road, the troops after waiting a suitable time return- ed to their homes. Fourteen miles from Hartford he was 310 TyE TOUR or met by the first company of Governor's Horse Guards, com- manded by Major Hart. The General was expected in tow on Friday evening, and preparations were made to illuminatdfj Morgan-street, Main-street and State House Square, the com-i mencement of which was to have been announced to the< citizens by two discharges of artillery. The evening was dark and rain}' ; but notwithstanding the unfavourable cir- cumstance, our streets were crowded with anxious and inquis-' itive spectators, consisting not only of onr citizens, but visit-*- ors from a distance and the surrounding country. About 12, o'clock a discharge of gims from the out skirts of the town, or from East- Hartford (for we could not say which,) an- nounced, as was supposed by many, the approach of the Gen-{^ oral. "He is coming," was shouted by thousands — inslant-j ly the houses and stores of many of our citizens, particular^ about State House Square, presented the most grand ancl beautiful display of the light that can be imagined. Theif Hartford Bank, from the taste with which it was decorated; and the brilliant light which broke through from the win- dows attracted numerous spectators ; the elegant columns oi free stone in front of the building were entwined witW wreaths of ever-green, interspersed with flowers of variousi colours, and the doors arched and festooned with similar ma- terials. A superb arch stood erected on the west side of; the State House, adorned with ever-greens ; upon a trans- parent ground was inscribed " Welcome La Fayette^^ — within the scroll, at one end of the arch, was the inscription " York- Town''' — upon the other, " Jlfomnow?;/i." This transparent painting was brilliantly illuminated. The State House and Phoenix Bank, with many elegant mansions in different parts of the city, where preparations were made for a brilliant dis- play of fire works, were disappointed in this expression oi joy, by the arrival of a messenger, about one o'clock, withi the intelligence that the General would sleep at Stafford^ about twent)--six miles from town — the lights were sudden- ly extinguished, and the citizens retired to rest for the night. The sound of cannon again aroused us from sleep at dawi^ of day, and though the weather continued inclement, people poured into the city through every street. About 10 o'clock. A. M. a discharge o^ artillery, and the ringing of all the bellsj put it beyond a doubt that the General had indeed arrived} \ carriage was furnished by Daniel ^Wadsworth, Esq. who, GENERAL LA FAYETTE. 311 ith Henry L. Ellsworth, Esq. one of the city committee. I ad attended him from Stafford. He passed the hridge cross Connecticut river attended by his son George Wash- ngton La Fayette, Mr. Vasseur, his secretary, and Mr. Col- len, under the escort of the First Company of Horse Guards. Vt the entrance of Morgan-street was erected an elegant \rch, extending across the road, composed of ever-greens, vith an inscription, " Our Illustrious Citizen^ La Fayette,^'' ipon canvass — this again was surmounted with American col- )urs. The procession moved up Morgan-street, to its in- ersection with Main-street ; here the crowded assemblage of itizens commenced the acclamations of " Welcome La Fay- tte.'''' As the General with his escort moved leisurely down Jain-street, towards the State-House, shouts of loud huzzas >,reetedhim at every step. The General answered this tri- iSute of joy with bows and smiles, and a waving of the hand — le alighted at Bennet's Hotel, where he was received by the Vlayor of the City, and His Excellency Governor Wolcott. The following address was presented by the Mayor in behalf of the city corporation : ' General La Fayette — In behalf of my fellow-citizens, I jid you a cordial Welcome, to the city of Hartford : a place nany years since honored by your presence ; and though Tiost of those individuals, whose exertions were then united -vith yours to effect the freedom and independence of this favoured country have been removed ; still I trust you will hscover in their descendants the same spirit of hospitality tmd patriotism, for which they were distinguished. •'• This occasion. Sir, is peculiarly calculated to recall to mind, those great and interesting events, which have tak- en place since your first efforts in favour of an infant coun- try, with feeble means contending against superior and law- less powers. *' Your martial deeds, your counsels and personal sacrifices, have always been felt and acknowledged, by the people of {.he United States, and esteemed as signally instrumental, in effecting their independence, and securing those blessings which they now enjoy. " The best reward, for all this, I doubt not, you will find, in beholding the country filled with flourishing towns and villa- ges, inhabited by freemen, possessed of the knowledge of their native rights, and in a condition to protect and defend 312 THg TOUR OF them ; exhibiting universal and unequivocal proofs of sin- cere affection and gratitude, to the Illustrious Benefactor ci their country. " The names of Washington and La Fayette, with the pre- sent, and all future generations, will be associated, with lib- erty, freedom and happiness. " While expressing these sentiments, permit me to add my sincere personal wishes for your prosperity ; that your stay in our country may be long and happy, and that the best of Heaven's blessings may ever attend you." At the Hotel the General partook of a repast ordered by the Corporation, at which the Governor, Mayor, and Common Council, with several other distinguished citizens and stran- gers were invited guests. After resting about an hour, a barouche drawn by four elegant white horses, emblematical of the joyous occasion, received the General, accompanied by the Governor, from whence they proceeded to review the troops. As the carriage commenced its movements up Main-street, we were struck with a reflection upon the in- teresting coincidence, that on this very spot where stood his carriage. General Washington first met General Rocham- beau, at the head of the French army, after their arrival from France to aid in the cause of the revolution. Here Washmgton and Hamilton, and several other American offi- cers first shook hands in the presence of La Fayette, with the officers of the French army. This place too, was in front of the mansion where those officers convened from day to day to project and mature the seige of York- Town, which ended in securing our independence — the parent of those joys which this day lighted up the countenances of so many thousands. This surely was classic ground. The General's carriage was attended by others, in which were his son George Washington La Fayette, and the General's Secretary, Mr. Vasseur, Mr. Golden, General Terry, and others of the Committee of Arrangements. As he began to move, the immense multitude gave nine cheers. The mili- tary was supposed fo exceed one thousand, under the com- mand of General Johnson. We cannot detail the order o^ the military procession, nor could we do justice to their merits. It was difficult for the miUtary to make its way through the immense crowd ; every window was crowded; with ladies, waving their white handkerchiefs to the General^ GENERAL LA FAYETTE. 3tS [4s be passed the north line of the State-House, the pro- [cession wheeled towards State-street, and having reach- ed the front of the State-House, the General with his escort alighted and was conducted within the railing, where was an assemblage of children of about eight hundred ; the misses all dressed in white, wearing badges with the motto, "' JVous vous aimons La Fayette." A gold medal was pre- sented him by one of the children, which was inclosed in ?t> paper containing these lines : Welcome thou to freedom's clime, Glorious Hero ! Chief sublime ! Garlands bright for thee are wreath'd. Vows of filial ardour breath'd, Veteran's cheeks with tears are wet. *' JVous vous aimons La Fayette." Monmouth's field is rich with bloom. Where thy warriors found their tomb. Yorktown's heights resound no more, Victor's shout or cannon roar, Yet our hearts record their debt, " We do love you La Fayetye." Brandy wine, whose current roll'd Proud with blood of heroes bold, • That our country's debt shall tell, That our gratitude shall swell. Infant breasts thy wounds regret, ^^We do love you La Fayette." Sires, who sleep in glory's bed. Sires, whose blood for us was shed; Taught us, when our knee we bend. With the prayer thy name to blend ; Shall we e'er such charge forget ? No ! — " JVous vous aimons La Fayette.'" When our blooming cheeks shall fade, Pale with time, or sorrow's shade, When our clustering tresses fair, Frosts of wintry age shall wear, E'en till memory's sun be set, ^' We shall love you La Fayftte,^- 27 314 THE TOUR OF The General was then conducted into the Senate Cham ber, which was tastefully decorated with various ever-greens. where the Governor addressed the General, as follows : •' Dear General — -I rejoice in this opportunity of renewing 1 to you my salutations in this ancient capital of Connecticut, where a virtuous and enlightened people, have, during near- ly two centuries, enjoyed republican institutions, which were devised by themselves, and which have been administered by- agents, annually designated by their voluntary suffrages. The principles which you have advocated in council and de- fended in the field, have been here triumphantly established, and by the favour of Heaven, we hope to transmit them, un- impaired, to our latest posterity. " These principles are now diffused on every side, from j the ocean to the high plains of the Missouri ; and from the lakes to the gulf of Mexico. Over this great region, our sons and our daughters, parents of future millions, are rap- idly extending science, religion, industry, and all those arts which perpetuate and embellish powerful communities. — Literature and commerce augment our strength and re- sources. We are united with elevated spirits from every country, who have come here to enjoy all that freedom of opinion and of action, with which our own minds are imbu- ed. You can proceed to no spot where you will not be met by Patriots, who have aided your exertions in both hemis- pheres, or by their admiring relations, and in every class you will find an interesting proportion of Frenchmen, including numbers of the descendants of those early emigrants, who imbibed the liberal and gallant spirit of your Fourth Henry. Every class of citizens will mstantly recognize in you an illustrious benefactor of the United States, and of mankind, and they will unite in spontaneous benedictions, with ardent invocations to the Supreme Being, that your life may be prosperous, with a happy transition to a glorious immortal- ity." The following is in substance the verbal reply of General La Fayette : " Sir — I feel very happy in viewing such resources of strength in New England ; which resources should be cher- ished with union, as there is such a powerful opposition GENERAL LA FAYETTE. 315 abroad to*your free principles. I am delighted with the manifestations of feeling shown towards me ; — Pleased with the moral habits and character of the people of the State, exhibiting in action a pure Republic. I am also highly grat- ified with the fine appearance of your Military." The ladies were introduced to the General, and taken by the hand in the most affectionate manner ; but the want of time would not permit the introduction of a large concourse who crowded at the doors for admission. From this inter- esting ceremony, the General proceeded to review the troops, taking his station upon a platform under the elegant arch, erected at the west front of the State-House. The General surveyed the troops, apparently with the attentive sye of an officer long accustomed to command. He discov- ered much satisfaction at their elegant appearance, and was heard to say, particularly of the Governor's Foot Guards,, commanded by Major Olmsted, that it was equal in discipline and appearance to any company he had ever seen. A com- pany of old revolutionary officers and soldiers consisting of about eighty, and commanded by Judge Hillyer, passed in re- view near the platform, and each of them shook hands with the General. It is impossible to refuse these veterans a share in the honours of the day. There was a rush from every quarter to witness this scene — many of these had been wounded — some with one eye — and the health of all, more or less impaired in the services of their country. No! Sol- diers of the revolution, your country will never forget that to you, under the guidance of Providence, and led on by Washington and La Fayette, they owe the blessings of liber- ty and independence. Several old men were introduced to the General in the course of the day, whom he seemed, from their respectable deportment, to recognize as fellow- soldiers. One instance was noticed in particular, where the General observed, ^' I think. Sir, you belonged to the revo- lutionary corps." — " Yes, Sir," was the answer. From the review of the troops, the General was conducted to his barouche, and again passed down Main-street to the Hotel, and from thence was escorted on foot, to the mansion of Daniel Wads worth, Esq. Here a committee of gentlemen presented him with the sash worn by him at the battle of Brandy wine, which was used to bind up the wound :31ti THE TOUR OF he received, and afterwards presented by him to Geii eral Swift, of Cornwall. He thanked the gentlemen whf> presented it, for their attention. After spreading and ob- serving it critically, with a cheerful smile, he returned it to the committee. The General expected to have gonf through VVethersfield, (where preparations had been mad< to receive him in a handsome manner, and under an elegan' arch,) on his way to Middletown. But his engagements U- be in New York, and his extreme fatigue, would not allow < his complying with this arrangement. The steam-boat ha; now been waiting for three hours beyond its stated time. I' became necessary to hurry his departure. Having takei leave of the gentlemen and ladies present, he was attendc by some of the Committee of Arrangements to the steam boat, which left here about 4 o'clock P. M. amidst the salutes j of cannon, and the shouts of thousands of gratified and grateful spectators. The General and his suite arrived at Middletown, Uppei , Houses, about 6 o'clock. — When the Boat tirst appeared, a j salute of 13 guns was tired. — At the landing place, he was ' received by a deputation, composed of thirteen distinguisheci citizens of Middletown, with the first Marshal ; and escortet' by a squadron of cavalry, commanded by Colonel R. Wilcox proceeded to the bridge which crosses the northern line oi the city. — He was here received by the corps of Artillery. Riflemen and Light Infantry, under the command of Colonel, Walter Boothe, of the 10th Regiment of Infantry, who joiiir ed in escorting him to the large and elegant building occn pied by Mr. Charles Francis, where preparations had beei' made for giving him an elegant dinner. The windows and tops of houses were thronged with females, who were con- stantly waving their handkerchiefs, as expressive of theii feelings at seeing him. On his arrival at the house, he wa^ addressed by the Mayor, to vv'hich he made an appropriate reply. After which the Mayor presented him to the several members of the Common Council, gentlemen of the Clergy, and the veterans of the Revolution. He was then persuaded to take a seat in the Barouche, and was escorted through the principal streets in the city ; the houses were brilliantly illu- minated, and added much to the magnificence of the scene. On his arrival at the Boat, he was cheered by the multitude ri'ho had followed him. At 7 o'clock he again embarked on GENERAL LA FAYETTE. 317 le beautiful Connecticut, and though the evening was low- ring, all the villages on the river were illuminated, bands f music were playing, and cannon firing. Mr. Ellsworth, ne of the liberal proprietors of the Boat, had also provided band which answered the salutes from the shore. Before caching Saybrook, the weather cleared, the moon burst brth in its calm and serene splendour, to witness the enthu- iasm of the ladies of that and the neighboring towns, who, hough it was late at night, were drawn up dressed in white, m a platform, and music, cannon and brilliant illuminations vere prepared to honor the Guest of the Nation. He then ranquilly and safely descended the Sound. CKAPTXSR XI. PROCEEDINGS IN NEW-YORK ON THE GENERAL's RETURN FROM HIS EASTERN VISIT HIS JOURNEY UP THE HUDSON RIVER. General La Fayette returned from his Eastern tour, and landed in New-York, from onboard of the Steam-Boat Oliver Ellsworth, September 5, about 1 o'clock, P. M. A national salute was fired from the Franklin 74, at the Navy Yard, as lie passed. The citizens along the shores and wharves of East River, for two miles, kept up a continued acclamation for the whole distance. The Oliver Ellsworth was decora- ted with flags, and had on board a fine band cif music. He was received at the Fulton-street wharf by the Committee of the Corporation, and conducted to his lodgings at the City Hotel. The streets were filled with people, whose anxiety to see him was unabated. The anniversary of the birth day of La Fayette, the 6th September, when he attained his 67th year, having been selected by the Cincinnati veterans, to give him a dinner, he was escorted at the appointed hour to Washington Hall, by the La Fayette Guards. The room was splendidly and tastefully decorated : over the head of the General was sprung a triumphal arch of laurels and evergreens, in the centre of which appeared a large American eagle, with a scroll in its beak bearing the words " September 6th, 1757," (the 27* ^18 THE TOUR OF day and year in which he was born.) On its right, a scroll bearing, '' Brandy wine, 1 1th September 1777" ; on its left, '' Yorktown, 19thOctober, 1781." Jn the rear of the Gen- eral's chair was planted the grand standard of the Society, entwined with the national color of thirteen stripes. On the right was a shield, bearing a rising sun ; on the left, a shield with the State Arms. In the centre of the room, there was a splendid star, studded with others of less magni- tude. From this star two broad pendants from the Franklin 74, were crossed and carried to the four corners of the room. At the lower end of the room was a most exquisite transpar- enc}', executed by Childs, representing the Goddess of Lib- erty, with an eagle holding a wreath of laurels. In her left hand was a scroll with the word " welcome." On its right was a column, on which was placed forty muskets, forty pis- tols, and forty swords ; on its left a similar one ; beneath it a shield with thirteen American stripes, and thirteen stars sup- ported by two six-pounders, as likewise a coat of mail of steel, such as were worn by Napoleon's cuirassiers ; and on the right and left ten field drums. Around the room were tastefully displayed 60 banners, bearing the names of distin- guished ofiicers of the revolution, who had fallen in battle, together with the regimental standards of the corps of artil- lery, and a number of trophies of our navy, which were handsomely tendered by Captain Rogers, and Lieutenant Goldsborough. Colonel Varick, the President of the Society, presided at the table, assisted by General Clarkson, Colonel Fish, Gen- eral S. Van Rensselaer, Colonel Troup, and several other distinguished officers. On Tuesday, at 11 o'clock, General La Fayette, accom- panied by the Mayor, the Committee, and several o+her members of the Corporation, visited Columbia College. He was introduced into the college by Colonel Fish, Chairman of the board of Trustees, and received in the library by the President and faculty. President Harris then delivered a very appropriate address ; to which the General made a very pertment reply. On Wednesday, at 1 o'clock, the General embarked on bo ud the Chancellor. Livingston, to visit the fortifications of ihe harbour, and was received as he entered, by the West Point Band, sent down for the occasion, playing a tine miU- GENERAL LA FAYETTE. 31^^ taiy piece composed by their leader Willis. Among the guests, were the members of the Cincinnati, the Officers of the Navy, the Corporation and the General Officers of the Militia. Owing to the rain, the party did not land j\t Gover- nor's Island, but a salute was fired from the Ca&tle, as the Chancellor passed. On wearing the fortress at the Narrows, that bears ih- . name of our Guest, the sun burst forth for awhile, and as the boat approached, another pealing salute fiom the haavy cannon there mounted, awoke the echoes oi the neighboring heights, and told that he was come. The General was escorted on shore b}^ Colonels Maccrea and Bankhead, and received at the portal by Major Gates, com- manding the fortress, who conducted him to the square, where the garrison, consisting of only a company of United States artillerists, saluted him The whole party were then conducted around the fort, and no little admiration was ex- pressed, at its massive and almost impregnable walls, its firm and deep set arches, and apparent power, both for offensive and defensive war. A sumptuous table was spread, loaded with cold dishes, fruits, and every variety of delicacy, and tastefully ornamented. Over head and around it, was a con- tinue< witness his reception, and the tens of thousands at the villa-; ges above, which he was expected to pass before dark, v As j soon as it cleared away, so that the shores were discernable,, it was found that every height and cliff were covered with i people, anxious to do their utmost in honouring the guest of the nation. At Stony Point, in particular, there was a large collection of people, a flag was hoisted, and a salute fired ' trom a field piece stationed there for that purpose. One man, more eager than the rest, clambered down the rocks with the agility of a mountain goat, armed with a large musk- et, which a loud explosion gave us to understand was heavily charged. The boat was near in shore, and as the smoke cleared away, he waved his hand and exclaimed, " There, General, I give you the best I can !" The population at West Point, including the officers, pro- fessors, cadets, the artisans and their families, &c. &c. ordi- narily amount to about one thousand persons. But from day-light yesterday morning, until ten o'clock, the ladies and gentlemen from the country adjacent, continued to flock in sloops and other craft, in great numbers. The suspense.' from the hours of 9 till 12 was very anxious ; but at about fifteen minutes after 12, the welcome signal of his approach was given ; and th^e was instantly more bustle and confu- GENERAL LA FAYETtE. 327 sion than there has been before witnessed on the Point, since the army of the revolution ; the clangour of arms, the thril- ling notes of the bugle, and the spirit-stirring drum, impar- ted life and animation to this wild and magnificent region. — The lofty bank of the Hudson was lined with spectators ; and the Cadets were in line, as if they had been summoned from their barracks by the wand of a magician. The James Kent, gorgeously decorated with flags, came proudly on, cutting away the foaming current, as though she dared Neptune and all his host to strife ; and came majesti- cally along side of the dock at half past 12. The General was here received by Colonel Thayer, the commander of the post, accompanied by Major Generals Brown and Scott, with their respective suites, together with the officers and professors upon the station, under a salute of twenty-one guns from a detachment of artillery, posted upon the bluff, directly north of the old barracks. A landeau was in readi- ness to receive the General as he stepped ashore, in which he ascended the hill to the plain, followed by a long proces- sion, consisting of the Cincinnati, the officers of the station, gentlemen from New- York, arid from the river towns above, delegates from the towns of Newburgh, Poughkeepsie, Cler- mont, Hudson and Albany, &c. kc. He was received on the plain by the corps of Cadets, whom he reviewed ; and afterwards received the marching s?lute in front of the mar- quee erected for him, and witnessed several evolutions, which evinced the perfection of disciphne. From the par- ade ground the General repaired for a few moments to the quarters of Generals Brown and Scott, at Mr. Cozzen's, where the ladies assembled in a spacious room adjoining the library, and partook of refreshments prepared for the occr sion. At half past two, the General was conducted by Cc^" nel Thayer to the splendid library of the institution, wY^^^ the corps of Cadets were individually presented to hi* by Major Worth ; the gentlemen upon the Point who h^ "^t previously been introduced, w^ere then presenteci a^er which the ladies were severally introduced. From the library, the General repaired to the MoS-room of the Cadets, elegantly fitted up for the occasio'5 and sat down to a dinner, which, whether we regard the quantity, quality, the variety, or the style in which it wasierved up, we may at once pronounce a sumptuous one. — IiiCludi'^g the 328 THE TOUR OF Officers, Cadets, the Cincinnati, Corporation from ?Nevi y^ork, and guests, more than four lYundred persons sat dowo at the table. Colonel Thayer presided, assisted by Major Worth. General La Fayette and General Scott were seated on the right of the President, andpeneral Brown and Colo- nel Varick on his left. At a crpss table at the head, were seated the members of the Cincinnati, and at another simihu- table, at the other end of the hall, were the members of the. Corporation of New York, with Mr. George Washington La Fayette, on the right of the Vice President. The room was tastefully and elegantly decorated. Festoons of ever-green were suspended from pillar to pillar, in every direction through the spacious hall. Back of the President's chaii hung the star-spangled banner. Over the chair was a large spread, and elegantly wrought eagle, with the words "Sep- tember, 1757," issuing from the streamer in his beak, and '^' York-Town" grasped in his claws. A crown of laurel, interwoven with roses, was suspended over the General's head. Over the window on his right, was the name of Washington, wrought in leaves of ever-green, and on tholoft that of La Fayette. At the other end of the hall hung n full-length portrait of " the Father of his Country ;" and upon the right wall, in the centre, that of Jefferson, and on Ihe left. President Adams. At 6 o'clock, the company rose from the table, and the General and his friends re-embarked on board of the James Kent, and proceeded to Newburgh. Through the whole distance of the Highlands, the hardy mountaineers who inhabit many of the glens manifested their Nfispect by showing themselves ever and anon, and discharg N their muskets from the crags and clifts which in some p'Vs seem to frown over the heads of the passing traveller, ^= % steam-boat ploughs her way close at the base of the mout-iiug^ In passing Cold Spring, a salute was fired from a pie(^ of artillery stationed near the shore for that purpose. A salu> vvas also fired from New-Windsor, (near the old Encam^ent of the Revolutionary Army.) Unfortunately, howevei, the delay occasioned by the morning accident, had detained he party so long that the shades of night began now to close ii, and on the arrival of the steam-boat at Newburgh the tvviJig}^ ijatj go far advanced as to render objects indis- tmct ?t a very short distance. A corps of infantry, in imi- GENERAL LA FAYETTE. 329 ibrm, were drawn up in handsome array upon the wharf, to receive the General, by whom he was escorted to the Or- ange Hotel, where he was received by the corporation of the village, by the President of which he was addressed. The General made a brief and pertinent reply to this ad- dress ; after which he entered an open carriage and was es- corted through the principal streets of the village, which were thronged with people, who were delighted with a glimpse of the General's face, caught even by the aid of a flickering lamp ; over the streets, at short distances, arches had been erected which were tastefully festooned with ever- greens and flowers, and on several of them were suspended appropriate inscriptions. On one of these arches was the following inscription : — " Thrice welcome La Fayette Co- lumbia's bright Occidental Star." Another arch was form- ed by the planting of two well grown forest trees, and bend- ing their tops together. The inscription suspended from this lofty arch was too high for the rays of our feeble lamp. The inscription upon another arch was, "LaFayette and Liberty — Welcome Illustrious Chief." But the arch which w^as far the most beautiful, was erected by the ladies ; indeed it ex- tended from the houses on each side of the street, and form- ed one grand and two smaller arches ; these were so rich- ly and beautifully ornamented with festoons and flowers, that they would have answered well for decorations to the por- tals of the temple of Flora herself; the inscription here was " Welcome our hero. La Fayette." Having returned to the Orange Hotel, an address was presented to the General by Johannis Miller, Esq. President of the Orange county Agricultural Society, in behalf of said Society. The General was then ushered into the grand saloon of the Orange Hotel, attended by the Committee of Arrangements, consisting of Messrs. Rose, Ruggles, Smith, Fisk, and others, together with the Trustees of the village. The ladies and gentlemen of the village, and several hundreds from the ad- joining towns, had then the honor of a presentation, and were received with the accustomed aff'ability and kindness of our illustrious guest, until, completely exhausted with the fatigues of the day, and of the preceeding night, he was compelled to seek a few hours repose. The hall of audience was orna- mented with much taste, and it was in this room that the sup- per-table was bountifully spread, at 1 1 o'clock, when the General was sufficiently refreshed to take a seat at the table 28* 330 THE TOUR OF • On the right of the chair were the words — " Brand^'wiae, nth September, 1777," encircled by a wreath of ever- greens, and on the left, the v/ords " York Town, 19th Octo- tober, 1781," formed in the same manner. At the other end of the hall was a portrait of Washington, and the whole apartment was splendidly decorated with festoons and flowers of every variety ol the season, and brilliantly illuminated by the light of several chandeliers, reflected from a large num- ber of elegant mirrors. The arrangements at this place were extensive and unusually imposing, but the time of the General's arrival was so late, that much derangment was the consequence. His arrival having been expected the day before, the people had been assembling for nearly two days ; and it was compu- ted that, independently of the troops on duty, there were at least 10,000 persons in the village. The public houses-were all illuminated ; and a splendid ball was given at Crawford'^ Hotel. At 12 o'clock, the steam boat Chancellor Livingston which had also been detained on her passage up by the fog, made her appearance from A.lbany, when the most of the guests from New York, both ladies and gentlemen, returned to the city. Among the former were the two Miss. Wrights, who have lately arrived from France, and whose " View of the American Society and Manners," has acquired some consid- \ erable notoriety. The General and his suite came on board of the Kent at about the same hour, and retired to rest, when the boat made sail, and before day-light anchored off Pough- keepsie. Our National Guest has no where received a more flatter- ing reception, than at the beautiful, ancient, and patriotic vil- lage of Foughkeepsie ; nor has more promptitude, vigour, and taste, been displayed in the arrangements at any other place* At sun-rise all hands were "piped" on deck, and a more im- ])osing spectacle has rarely been presented. The high bluffs below the landing place, were covered with troops in uni- form, and thousands of citizens were crowdingthe wharves, showing themselves in large groups from the neighboring heights, and windows of the houses standing within view of the river. All ages and sexes seemed to press anxiously for- ward to show their gratitude to their welcome visitor. At half past 6 o*clock, the boat got under way, and took a iwtik. GENERAL LA FAYETTE. 331 upon the river, while a salute was tired by a corps of artillery stationed upon one of the heights. When the General ap- peared upon deck, the welkin rang with the cheers from the crowds upon the shore, which were returned from the boat. The boat was then drawn up to the wharf, where a company of horse, many of the officers of General Brush's division on horseback, all mounted on elegant horses, and in complete uniform, together with several uniform companies, wer<^ drawn up in great order under the direction of Major Gen. Brush, assisted by Colonel Cunningham. General La Fay- ette was then conducted by Thomas T. Oakley, Genera! James Tallmadge, Judge Emott, and Philo Ruggles, Esq. to a barouche, with four beautiful white horses, in which the Gen- era! took his seat, attended by Colonel Huger, of South Car- olina, General Van Courtland, General Fish, and General Lewis. A barouche, also drawn by four white horses, was then drawn up, which was occupied by the son of General La Fayette, and gentlemen attending them. The procession then formed and proceeded up Main-street, to Academy- street, down Cannon to Market-street, and drew up in front of Mr. Forbus' hotel, where the General was received by the Trustees. After being conducted to the pleasant and ex- tensive piazza in front of Mr. Forbus' house, and after be- ing introduced to the clergy and gentlemen attending, he was cordially addressed by Colonel Henry A. Livingston. To this address, the General returned a neat and feeling reply. A procession was then formed, under the direction of the com- mittee, to the Foughkeepsie hotel, at about 6 o'clock, where the General sat down to a sumptuous breakfast, handsomely- served up by Mr. Myer. At the Jiead of the table hung the well-known and venerated portrait of Washington, and at the opposite end, the Grand Banner of St. Tammany. On each side of the hall, at suitable distances, were suspended banners, with the arms, name, and motto, of each state in the union, Over the centre of the table, hung a canopy formed of fes- toons of flowers and ever-greens, of various kinds, belted by a ribbon, on which was inscribed the names of the thir- teen original States. Over the folding doors, were the well known words of " Welcome La Fayette" made with great accuracy, wholly of pink-coloured blossoms of china-astor, n»d oa one pf the walls, were inscribed the names of Washing 332 THE TOUR OF ton and La Fayette, ivrought in laurel leaves, and encircled in garlands of flowers. Directly in front of the General's seat, stood a representation of the temple of Fame ; and the whole suite of apartments were decorated in a style to corres- pond with the above. Immediately after breakfast, and with a praise-worthy promptness, the escort was formed, and the General was at- tended to the boat with every possible mark of respect ; the troops again repaired to the heights ; and on hauhng into the stream, another salute was fired from the artillery, and afterwards several vollies of musketry were fired, with a precision which the General was pleased to say resembled very much the firing of regular troops. The shores were again lined with people, who cheered in all directions. Passing rapidly up the river, preparations were made for landing v/ith Governor Lewis, at the dock, near his elegant country seat. The boat arrived at about 12 o'clock, and on coming along side, carriages were found in readiness to con- vey the party to the mansion which stood at some distance from the road, which wound through a beautiful copse to the house. On alighting, the General and suite were intro- duced to the family, and were shortly after introduced into an apartment, where an elegantcollation was provided : peaches, grapes, and melons, were mingled with more substantial fare, and every variety of wine sparkled on the table. After re- maming an hour and a half, the General took leave of this hospitable family, and embarked, in order to continue his voyage to Albany. Soon afterwards, in passing the seat of James Thompson., Esq. a boat came off with a large basket of peaches, of enor- mous size, and excellent flavor, and with several elegant bouquets of flowers. In passing the landing at Kingston, (four miles from the village,) a large collection were found to have assembled ; a salute was fired from the shore, and hearty cheers given and returned. At this place. Colonel Henry Livingston, who commanded a Regmient under La Fayette in Rhode Island, and at Valley Forge, came on board. The General had just been inquiring of Colonel Fish, what had become of his old jtriend Henry Livingston, and received him most affection- ately. GENERAL LA FAYETTE. 33o Tiio steam-boat arrived at Clermont at about 4 o'clock in he afternoon, and came to anchor off the elegant mansion of Robert L. Livingston Esq. formerly the seat of the late ^'hancellor Livingston. Before the boat arrived at the dock, t was discovered that the groves were literally alive with >eopIe, of all ages and sexes, equally anxious with the hos- pitable proprietor, to manifest their respect for their ex- )ected guest, and greet his landing. But while the rock^ md glens, and even trees to their top- most branches, presen- ed this animated spectacle, the General, his suite, and friends, vere still more surprised by the appearance upon the lawn )f this romantic and secluded place, of a regiment of well- lisciplined troops, in uniform, drawn up to receive him. — There were several vessels at anchor in the stream, one oi vhich (a large sloop) was decorated v/ith flags, and a stream- er floated from her mast with the motto of " Welcome La i^ayette," in large letters. On 1 mding, a salute was fired rom this vessel, which was unexpectedly returned from a tield piece planted in a thick copse of trees upon the shore. The General then ascended the shore, and was conducted )y Gpnerak T-ewis and Fish, to the mansion of Mr. Living- ston, where he was received by that gentleman with the ut- Tiost courtesy and cordiality. — x^fter tlie friends of Mr. Liv- ngston, assembled on the occasion, had been presented, the General reviewed the troops upon the laAvn, by whom he was honored with afeii dejoie. At this moment, a long proces- sion of the ardent and honorable fraternity of Freemasons, consisting of a Chapter of Royal Arch Masons, and the mem- bers of" Widow's Son Lodge," of Redhook, emerged from a grove, and on being presented to the General, an appro- priate address was delivered by Palmer Cook Esq. W. M. of the atbrementioned lodge. I After a brief and pertinent reply, the General accepted of \\n invitation to visit the seat of Edward P. Livingston, Esq. which is situated but a short distance to the north, upon the ^ame elevated and beautiful plain. His reception was equally cordial and flattering as before. An excellent cold collation, [ogether with refreshments of every suitable kind, were served up. And while the company were partaking of these, the steam-boat Richmond, Captain William Wiswall, :ame gaily down, and anchored along side of the James Kent, [laving onboard Major-General Jacob Rutsen Van Rensse- 334 ^J»HE TOUR OF iaer, and suite, Brigadier-General Fleming, and suite, the Mayor of Hudson, (Rufus Reed, E*q.) Dr. Tallman, late Mayor, and Colonel Strong, as delegates from the city of Hudson, together with the Hudson Band, and two elegant uniform companies, under the command of Colonel Edwards, i This formidable addition to the company already on the ground, repaired immediately to the seat of Mr. E. P. Liv- ; ingston, from whence, after refreshments were served out to | them by Mr. L. and Commodore Wiswall in person. General La Fayette was escorted back to the seat of his liberal enter- tainer. As night ca~me on, the troops and crowd from the i country dispersed, and the Hudson troops were taken on \ board of the steam-boat James Kent, where refreshments were ordered, and the forward deck and cabin assigned to them for the night. In the evening the whole of Mr. L's. splendid suite of apartments were brilliantly lighted up, and an elegant ball was given in honor of the General's company. The assemblage was very numerous, and a brilliant circle of. ladies, arrayed in all the charm of health, beauty, and rich ' and elegant dresses, were contributing to the festivity and joy of the occasion, by " tripping the light fantastic toe," or by conversation sparkled with wit, or adorned by the graces of polished manners and education. Among the guests this evening, in addition to those already named, were the Hon- orable Edward Livingston, of New Orleans, the Honorable >, Walter Patterson, Captain Ridgeley, of the Navy, the Hon- orable Peter R. Livingston, A. Vanderpool, Esq. of Kinder- hook, Mrs. Montgomery, (widow of the gallant General who fell at Quebec,) and many others whose names are not recol- lected. During the evening a sumptuous supper was served up in a style of magnificence rarely, if ever equalled in this country. The room selected for this part of the fete ^ was an extensive Greenhouse, or Orangery, and the effect was indis- cribably fine. The tables had been made and fitted for this occasion, and were spread beneath a large grove of Orange and Lemon trees, with bending branches of fruit, and many other species of exotic shrubs and plants. Flora also, had profusely scattered her blossoms ; and the whole scene seemed to partake of enchantment. The beholder stood gazing, as if bound by the wizzard spell of the Magician The night was dark and rainy ; but this contributed to th< general effect of the fete, inasmuch as the darkness height GENERAL LA FAYETTE. 336 oAicA the effect of the thousand lamps by which the surround- ing groves were illuminated. There was also a fine exhibi- tion of fireworks, which had been prepared and brought from New-York for the occasion. It having been found incon- venient to provide suppers for so many on board of the boat, the whole detachment of troops were invited by Mr. L. to supper in the Green house, which invitation wa* accepted. At 10 o'clock. General La Fayette retired from this scene of gaiety and beauty, and at two the hall was closed, and the company separated, not only highly gratified with the enter- tainment, but with the manner in which it was got up and im- parted to his guests, by Mr. L. whose style of living closely approximates that of the real English gentleman, and whose wealth is equalled by his kindness and liberality. At 9 o'clock on Friday, the General again embarked, and proceeded on his way, and before 10 o'clock, was in sight of Catskill. And here was another animating spectacle. The long wharf which projects half a mile into the river, was oc- cupied by two battalions of troops in uniform. — The high- lands which nearly exclude the whole village from a view of the river, were covered with people, and on the arrival of the James Kent at the dock, a salute of 13 guns was fired from the artillery on one of the heights. The arrangements of General La Fayette rendered it absolutely necessary that he should be at Albany on that day to dinner, and hence it was utterly impossible for him to make any stay at Catskill. although he was earnestly pressed to dine by a very respect- able delegation. The General, to gratify the feelings of thousands who were assembled at the landing to hail his arri- val and bid him welcome, consented to land and pass through the principal streets, in an elegant carriage, accompanied by the Committee of Arrangements, and escorted by the milita- ry, and a large assemblage of citizens in procession. In front of Crowell's Hotel the procession halted, and the Gen- eral was received by the acclamations of a large concourse of people, eager to see, and embrace the Nation's Guest. Amongst the company was a body of the heroes of the revo- lution, whose furrowed features, silver locks, and tottering steps, bespoke age and hard service. But at the sight of their old General, they rushed forward to meet the quick- extended grasp of their old Commander. Among the num- ber, was an old servant who was with La Fayette when he 336 THE TOUR OF was wounded at the battle of Brandy wine. This was a touching scene, few eyes were dry, either among the actors^ or spectators ; but the General's time was so short, that he was constrained to leave the further honors that awaited himi in this place, bid adieu to the citizens, and embark for| Hudson. The boat arrived at Hudson a few minutes before 2 o'clock : i but the same reason that prevented a longer stay at Catskill, also rendered it impossible, consistent with his arrangements, to make any considerable stay here. On landing, the crowd was so great that it was almost impossible to proceed, not- withstanding the active exertions of Colonel Darling,' the Marshal of the day, assisted by the military. The General was conducted to an elegant barouche, drawn by four beauti- ful black horses, attended by four grooms in a special livery. After the General, followed a number of other carriages, with his retinue, and the different delegates from the river towns. The procession passed up Ferry to Warren-street, where an arch was erected, which for its size, 'and elegance . of construction, exceeded any that had been previously seen j on the tour. The whole street, which is more than a mile ' in length, was choked with the crowd. And the windows, as at Catskill, were filled with ladies, whose snow-white hands and handkerchiefs, were gracefully waved in the air, while the crowd in the streets were cheering, and the Gen- eral, with his usual condescension, was bowing, or endeav- oring to bow, to every individual in the multitude. About half-way up the street, stood another arch, elegantly adorn- ed ; and at the head of the town was a third, superior to all, on the top of which stood a colossal figure of the Genius of Liberty, well proportioned and painted, holding in her hand the American standard, which being of unusual size, floated in the air with an imposing effect. To each of the arches of which we have spoken, were suspended appropriate inscrip- tions. On arriving at the square, at the head of Warren- street, the procession wheeled and returned to the Court- house, when the troops and citizens opened to the right and left, and all that could, passed through, and up to the Court- I'oom. All the seats without the bar were filled with the •' Daughters of Columbia," forming a large and interesting group of well-dressed and beautiful females. The Court room was superbly decorated — displaying more labor, tastf GENERAL LA FAYETTE. 337 and skill, than any decorations of the kind that were seen on the route. At the entrance of the bar, on either side, stood a beautiful Corinthian pillar, with caps and cornices of the composite order of architecture, elegantly wrought and orna- mented with leaves and gold. On the top of each of these pillars was placed a globe, and the whole were united at the top by a chain of flowers of every hue, festooned with laurel and roses. T'he General was conducted to this rich and beautiful portal, where His Honor the Mayor delivered an interesting address. General La Fayette briefly replied to the address, after which the members of the Common Council were severally presented to him. A most interesting and afl'ecting spectacle was then presented ; sixty-eight veterans of the revolution, who had collected from the different parts of the count}^ formed a part of the procession, and were next presented ; and it so happened that several of them were officers, and many of them soldiers who had served with La Fayette. Notwithstanding that they were admonished that the great- est haste was necessary, yet every one had something to say ; and when they grasped his friendly hand, each seemed re- luctant to release it. One of them came up with a sword in his hand, which, as he passed, he remarked was " given to him by the Marquis," at such a place, "in Rhode Island." Another, with a tear glistening in his eye, as he shook the hand of the General, observed — " You, Sir, gave me the lirst guinea I ever had in my life — I shall never forget that.'" The officers of the militia were next presented, and after them, the ladies. But time would not allow of delay ; and many thous mds who were eagerly pressing forward, were disappointed in not being introduced to the man whom the\ had assembled to honour. In passing down the street, how- ever, on arriving opposite Allen's hotel, where arrange- ments had been made for the dinner, the solicitations were so warm and earnest, that the General was constrained tc» alight and take a glass of wine in the long room. And here, again, was presented a specimen of Hudson taste, which de- serves every commendation. The hall was decorated in a style of elegance, that would compare only with the Court- House. The General stopped but for a moment, when he re-entered his carriage, and returned to the boat — followed by the shouts and blessings of thousands. On leaving the 29 238 THE TOUR OF • dock, three cheers were given by themultitudp, and return-' ed from the boat — after which a salute was fired from the hill near the Observatory. In passing up the river, the docks^ at the village of Coxsackie, New Baltimore and Coeymans,! were crowded with people who cheered the General repeat- edly, and with as much enthusiasm as though they had had a nearer view. At Castleton, a large collection of peo- ple had assembled, and a salute was fired from a six pounder. In consequence of the unavoidable delays on the way, a freshet in the river, the contrary winds and tide, the James Kent did not arrive at her moorings at the Overslaugh, untill five o'clock (on Friday) — three hours later than was origin- ally contemplated. The consequence was, that the arrange- j ments of the committee for the city of Albany were deranged ; the committee themselves, consisting of Aldermen Townsend I and Humphrey, Colonel Bacon, and others, (in addition to the New York delegation, which had accompanied the General! from N. York,) who had been waiting to receive their guest, . were much fatigued ; and the troops, who had been on duty since 7 o'clock in the morning, without refreshment, were • nearly exhausted. On landing, the General was conducted! to a superb landau, drawn by four white horses, and car- riages were in readiness for the gentlemen accompanying:^ him. The procession was quickly formed, and moved rap- i idly on to Greenbush, escorted by a detachment of horse, J commanded by Major General Solomon Van Rensselaer,! Marshal of the day, assisted by Colonel Cooper. On arriv-l ing at the centre of the village, the General was conducted to ' a large marquee, erected beneath an arch, similar to those heretofore described, and bearing appropriate inscriptions, where he was received by the members of the ^Corporation, who welcomed him with an appropriate address ; after which, refreshments were served, and the procession moved on. Night was now rapidly setting in ; and the delay at the Ferry, for the want of a sufficient number of boats, render- ed it quite dark when the General landed in Albany. It was however, easy to discern, that the preparations for the event had been extensive, and that a prodigious assemblage of peo- ple were yet impatiently awaiting his approach. He was welcomed, in behalf of the citizens, by Stephen Lush, Esq. one of the oldest and most respectable of the inhabitants of Albany, who rode inthe carriage with him. A large detach- GENERAL LA FAYETTE. 31 u< iieut of troops were on duty, and a salute was fired by a corps of artillery, stationed near the Ferry-stairs, which was answered by the old Clinton field-piece, which has long «tood upon the hill back of Albany, to send its thunder forth, choing among the distant hills, on all patriotic occasions. On entering the city, the procession passed under an arch, inscribed " The Hero is Welcome." At the junction of Church and South Market-streets, stood another arch, large md beautiful, inscribed, " We remember thy deeds — We re- vere thy worth — We love thy virtues." At the foot of Beaver-street, near the Museum, stood a third stupendous arch, displaying by its festoons and the disposition and vari- ety of flowers interwoven with evergreens, much beauty in itself, and taste in the ladies, whose delicate fingers had form- ed and ornamented it. — On entering the foot of State-street, on the site of the Old Dutch Church, stood a temple, richly ornamented, around the pillars of which the ivy was gracefully entwined. On the top of the temple, stood a large living eagle, who proudly flapped his wings as the' chieftain passed. Many of the houses were illuminated, among which were the capitol, and the whole block of Greg- ory's buildings, including the houses of Chancellor Sanford, Mr. Gregory, Isaac Hamilton, Esq. and the extensive estab- lishment of Mr. Cruttenden. On the front of the latter was \ transparency, executed by Inman, of this city, represent- ing the reception of General La Fayette by the Genius of Liberty, who proflers him a scroll ; and in the back ground was seen the ship Cadmus, in which he made his passage from France. The elevated situation of these lofty build- ings, contributed to give the illumination a splendid and ele- gant appearance ; and the eff*ect was greatly heightened by the bright light cast upon the military, the cavalcade, and the immense concourse of people, who otherwise would only have been felt instead of seen. On alighting at the cap- tol, the General was conducted to the Senate Chamber, ' where he was received by the Honourable Ambrose Spen- cer, Mayor of the city, and the members of the Corporation-. He was addressed by the Mayor in the following words : *' Sir — Your visit to this country is received with univer* sal and heartfelt joy. Your claims upon the gratitude and the friendship of this Nation, arise from your heroic devo- Mo TI^p TOUR OF lion to its freedom, and your uniform assertion to the riglil.- of man. The progress of time has attested the purity of your character, and the lustre of your heroism ; and the whole course of your life has evinced those exalted virtues, which were first displayed in favour of the independence and . liberty of America. " In the hour of difficulty and peril, when America, with- out allies, without credit, with an enfeebled government, and with scanty means of resistance, contiding in the justice of her cause and the protection of Heaven, was combating far her liberties, against a nation, powerful in resources and all the materials for war, when our prospects of success were,, by many considered more than doubtful, if not desperate, you devoted all your energies and all your means to our defence : and after witnessing our triumphant success, your life ha- been consecrated to the vindication of the liberties of the old world. " When Franklin, the wisest man of the age, pronounced 3''0U the most distinguished person he ever knew, when Washington, the illustrious hero of the new world, honour- ed you with friendship the most sincere, and with contidence the most unlimited, they evinced their just discernment of character, and foresaw the further display of faculties anc! virtues which would identify your name with liberty, and demonstrate your well founded claims to the gratitude, the love, and the admiration of mankind. " The few surviving statesmen and soldiers of the Revo- hition have gathered around you as a friend and a brother — the generation that has risen up since your departure, cher- ish the same feelings, and those that will appear in the suc- cessive future ages, will hail you as the benefactor oi America, and the hero of liberty. In every heart you have a friend, and your eulogium is pronounced by every tongue. In behalf of the inhabitants of this ancient city, I welcomr you most cordiall}-", and tender to you their civic honours. i salute you as an illustrious benefactor of our country ; and I supplicate the blessings of Heaven on a life sanctified in the sublime cause of heroic virtue and disinterested benevo lence." To this address, which we beg leave to pronounce forci ble and elegant, the General returned the following reply - GENERAL LA FAYETTE. 341 '* Sir — The enjoyments of my visit to the beautiful and appy shores of the North River, cannot but be highly en- lancedby the affectionate reception, the civic testimonies oi" isteem, which are conferred upon me in this city, and by the nanner in which you are pleased to express sentiments so gratifying to my heart. Not half a century has elapsed since his place, ancient, but small, was my head quarters, on the Vontiers of an extensive wilderness, since as commander in he northern department, I had to receive the oath of renun- ,ialion to a royal distant government, of allegiance to the nore legitimate sovereignty of the people of the United states. Now, Sir, Albany has become a considerable 'city ; s the central seat of the authorities of the state of New V'ork. Those wildernesses rank among the most populous, the best cultivated parts of the union. This risiiig genera- tion, has, in two glorious wars, and still more so m her ad- mirable institutions, asserted an indisputable superiority over the proud pretenders to a controul upon her. '' To these happy recollections, Sir, you have the good- ness to add remembrances of my early admission among the sons and soldiers of America, of friendships the most hon- ourable and dear to me. I will not attempt to express the feelings that crowd on my mind, and shall only beg you, Sir. and the gentlemen of the Corporation, to accept the tribute of my respectful and devoted gratitude, for the city of Alba- ny and her worthy magistrates.^' The members of the Common Council and those friends who had been specially invited, having been introduced, the General was then conducted to the Governor's apartment, where he was received by his Excellency Governor Yates, who addressed him as follows : ♦' General — A million and a half of freemen congratulate you on your arrival in this state ; and as their chief magis- trate, and in their behalf, i bid you welcome. *' On your appearance, the recollection of former days recur to us afresh, but it is impossible to give our ideas utter- ance. *' Those among us whose immediate ancestors or connec- tions were actively engaged in that arduous and mighty effort for a nation's freedom— in which you so essentially contri- buted, experience emotions the most excjuisite, on this happy 29» 342 Tfft: TOUR OF and highly interesting occasion ; and if this be so with re- gard to them, who can describe the sensations of the few sur- viving revolutionary soldiers and patriots, your companions in arms. "■ It is impossible for language to depict the feelings of a grateful nation, emancipated from thraldom by your aid — happy in the full enjoyment of their rights and privileges' and flourishing in arts, on beholding their distinguished bene- factor, (who is so justly ranked among the most prominent of their deliverers) again revisiting their shores, after an ab- sence of two score years. " It is, General, one of the most pleasant circumstances of; my life, that I am favoured with the honour of personally addressing you ; and may the blessing of the Almighty al ways attend you, and may your course through life be a- happy as it has been glorious." This aflfectionate address was answered by General La Fayette, as follows : "Sir — The kind welcome you are pleased to express ii behalf of the free and happy citizens of the State of New York, is an additional claim to my gratitude towards them and a particular obligation conferred upon me by their res- pected chief magistrate. " The inexpressible feelings, which the presence of my revolutionary companions, and the afiection and esteem of the succeeding generations could not fail to excite, mingle in my heart with the delight I enjoy from the sight of the wonderful improvements, superior to the most sanguine anti- cipations, which, in the space of forty years, have so clearly evinced the power of enlightened patriotism under republ' can institutions. " I beg your Excellency to accept my affectionate and res pectful acknowledgements.'* The suite of the Governor having been presented to the; General, together with his Excellency's particular friends, he was conducted from the capitol to the residence of Matthew Gregory, Esq. (who mounted the ramparts with La Fayette and Hamilton at Yorktown,) where many of the most distin- guished gentlemen of the city and state, were assembled to puy him their respects. Among them were Governor Clirin i GENERAL LA FAYETTE. 343 ton, the Chancellor, and Judges of the Supreme Court, the Lieut. Governor, and principal officers of the state, &c. kc. After remaining here for the space of an hour, the General was attended to the lodgings prepared for him at Crutten- den's, and where a rich and bountiful supper was spread for the Corporation and lis guests, in "mine host's' best style — - which is saying enough upon that point. The Mayor presid- ed at this entertainment, assisted by Alderman Van Ingen ; and a number of toasts were drank byway of concluding the banquet. Over head, in front of the chair of the president, was the painted inscription — " La Fayette the Guest of the Nation,-' and on the reverse — "Yorktown, October 1 9th, 1781.'" Among the festoons were the words wrought with flowers — -' Flora's Tribute." On the right of the chair hung the portrait of La Fayette, painted in 1783 ; and on the left that of the late Robert Morris. Farther down the room, stood a marble pedestal, surmounted with the bust of Washington, crowned with a wreath of laurel ; and an American Bald Eagle hovered over the door. The wine was excellent, and the entertainment passed off with great eclat. After re- maining a short time in the drawing room, the General, ac- companied by the distinguished gentlemen before mention- ed, (excepting Governor Clinton, who did not attend, in con- sequence of the recent death of his son,) repaired to the Assembly Chamber of the Capitol, which was echoing to the music and the dance of a splendid ball, given in honour of the " Nation's Guest." The room was handsomely, though not profusely, decorated with wreaths and festoons, and the pillars entwined with ivy. The Speaker's Chair was en- tirely shrowded or enveloped in shrubbery of ever-greens and flowers, and in front, in the centre of a large and beauti- ful garland, was the following inscription — '' Welcome brave La Fayette ; we hail thee as the Nation's Guest and early friend." From the staff projectingforward from the gallery, floated a broad streamer, bearing the hero's name. Over the Speaker's chair, the well known full length portrait of Washington preserved its place, encircled by a wreath of laurel ; and the walls were hung round with banners, inscrib- ed with the names of the following General? of the Revolu- tion, viz. Schuyler, Lincoln, Hamilton, Lingan, Wayne, War- ren, Montgomery, Greene, Knox, Wooster. Heath, Gates. ^44 THE TOUR OF Clinton, M'Dougall, and Gansevoort. General La Fayetxc stayed but about an hour amidst this scene of pleasure and gaiety, during which time the ladies and gentlemen moved in procession before him, and were severally honoured with an introduction. At 1 o'clock, he retired to obtain that repose which the incessant fatigues of the week must have rendered not only desirable, but highly necessary. On Saturday morning, the General pose in excellent health and spirits, at an early hour ; and as the arrangements ol' the day required that no time should be lost, the calls of gentlemen commenced at a most unfashionable time. Among other gentlemen, Mr. Clinton called, pursuant to a request from the New-York Literary and Philosophical Society, oi which he is President, to present the General with a diplo- ma of membership. And in performing this duty, he ad- dressed the General in an appropriate manner. In replying to this forcible and elegant address of our dis- finguished fellow citizen, General La Fayette remarked ii^ substance, "• that the honour conferred on him was rendered the more gratifying to his feelings by the redection, that the evidence of it was presented to him by the highly respected son and nephew of two of his departed brothers in arms, and warm and personal friends and companions." At 8 o'clock the military were again under arms, and ap- peared before the General's lodgings, to escort him through a number of the principal streets, and thence to one of the elegant canal packet-boats, in which the Corporation had invited him to take a trip to Troy, and thence by land to Lansingburg, Waterford, and home by way of the Caboose Falls, where the boat was in readiness to receive him. The procession moved down State, South, Pearl and Lydius streets, to South Market street, and thence up the second lock, near the seat of the Patroon. The day was uncom- monly fine, and the military appeared to excellent advan- tage. — The crowd was moreover very great, the whole mass of citizens being in motion, and multitudes having flocked in from the surrounding country. It was 12 o'clock before the General, together with the Corporation and their guests, embarked on board of the "Schenectady Packet," which was gaily dressed for the occasion. The embarkation was announced by a salute from cannon stationed on the hill, near the seat of Elias Kane. Esq. The Albany Band occupied a GENERAL LA FAYETTE. 345 boat which preceded the packet, and a boat which followed was occupied by the officeis of the Albany Military Associa- tion and their friends. Next followed two or three large packet boats filled with spectators, and the banks the whole distance were lined with people. Among the guests of the Corporation were Governor Yates, Mr. Clinton, the Chan- cellor and Judges, General Lewis, Colonel Fish, Colonel Huger, the Hon. Peter R. Livingston, and many others. The boats were briskly propelled onward by six horses each, selected for the occasion. In passing the Half-way- House, a large basket of delicious grapes, in rich clusters, and adorned with flowers, was sent on board as a present to the General, from the Shakers at Neskayuna. At the United States garrison, at Gibbonsville, the General stopped, and was received within the walls of the arsenal by a salute of 21 guns. Having returned to the packet, the party moved on to the lateral canal, leading to the river, through which they descended and entered the Hudson by one of the " sprouts'* which form the Delta of the Mohawk. At this place eight row-boats, all dressed with flags, the broadest of which bore the popular name of " Clinton," were in readiness to tow the packet across the river, which service was expeditious- ly performed. The General landed at Troy on a platform,erected and car- peted for the occasion, and a salute was tired. He was receiv- ed by a deputation of the citizens, consisting of Messrs. Tib- bitts, Russell, Mallory, Dickinson, Cushman, Paine, and oth- ers, by the former of whom he was presented with a hand- some address. The crowd was here very great, but they were orderly ; and the military parade was rendered more formidable by the addition of two companies of uniform troops from Alba- ny. A procession was here formed, which was escorted through the principal streets — the General riding, as usual, in an open carriage, attended by Colonel Lane — to the " Troy House," kept by Mr. Titus. On arriving here, he was received by the Common Council of the city, and an ad- dress was delivered to him by Mr. Recorder Clowes. The concourse of people was immensely great ; and such was the anxiety to see the illustrious visitor, that he went out upon the piazza, and gratified the multitude as long as his time would allow. The piazza was handsomely adorned MG THE TOUR OF with festoons of ever-greens and roses, and in the centre wa;^ jierched a large living eagle, with a miniature of La Fayett<- upon his neck. While standing here, a deputation from the Troy Royal Arch Chapter of Masons, were introduced to him. They came with a request that he would favour the Chapter, then in session in the tabernacle above, with the honour of a visit. The request was immediately assented to ; and he was received, together with his son, with masonic honours. The officers and members having been severally presen- ted, the General retired to the dining-hail below, where a cold collation ryas handsomely and bountifully provided. While partaking of a little refreshment, the following notf was presented to him, and the invitation promptly and cheer- fully accepted : " To General La Fayette. — The Ladies of Troy, having assembled at the Female Seminary, have selected from their number a committee to request of General La Fayettt that he would grant them an opportunity of beholding m hi- person their own, and their country's generous and belov- ed benelactor." The General, prompt in his movements, together with those gentlemen of the party who chose, repaired to the Seminary ; and here a scene of deep and delightful interest transpired. On arriving at the gate of the institution, an ar- bour of ever-greens, which, like Jonah's gourd, sprang up in a night, was found to extend the whole distance to the building, which is about 200 feet. At the entrance of this arbour was the following inscription : — *' America commands her Daughters to welcome their Deliverer, La Fayette.'' At this place the General was met by the Committee of Ar- rangements, and Mrs. Colonel Pawling pronounced a pleas- ing address — which, as usual, received a brief and pertipenf reply. On entering the institution, the General was presented to Mrs. Willard, the principal, and afterwards the pupils were presented by her, for which purpose they were arranged in two lines along the hall leading directly from the arbour. — Two of the pupils, daughters of the Governors of Vermont and Michigan, then advanced and presented the following GENERAL LA FAYETTE. 347 i>ae*, entitled " La Fayette's Welcome," and written for the occasion by the principal ; And art thou, then, dear Hero come ? And do our eyes behold the man, Who nerved his arm and bared his breast For us, ere yet our life began ? For us and for our native land. Thy youthful valour dared the war ; And now, in winter of thine age, Thou'st come and left thy lov'd ones far. Then deep and dear thy welcome be ; Nor think thy daughters far from thee : Colunibia's daughters, lo ! we bend, And claim to call thee Father, Friend ! But was't our country's rights alone Impell'd Fayette to Freedom's van ? No ! 'twas the love of human kind — It was the sacred cause of man — It was benevolence sublime. Like that which sways the Eternal mind I And, benefactor of the world, He shed his blood for all mankind ! Then deep and dear thy welcome be : Nor think thy daughters far from thee I Daughters of human kind, we bend, And claim to call thee Father, Friend ! These lines were afterwards, by particular request, sung with great sweetness and pathos, by Miss Eliza Smith, of Worcester, Massachusetts, in the choruses of which the young ladies generally joined, and the whole was executed with much effect. The General was much affected, and at the close of the singing, with eyes suffused in tears, he said — " I cannof express what I feel on this occasion ; but will you. Madam, present me with three copies of those lines, to be given by me, as from you, to my three daughters." — It is wholly unnecessary to add that the request vvas complied with. The General then retired, and was conducted by the Committee of Arrangements back, through the arbour, along the sides of which the pupils had formed themselves inclose % 548 THE TOUR OF order, to the number of about 200. It was a most interest- ing spectacle, thrilling the soul with delightful anticipations. Female education was far too long neglected, even after the sombre clouds of the ignorance land prejudice of the dark ages had been dissipated. " The human mind," says Cicero. " without instruction, is like a field without cultuie." The visit of the General, to Troy, short as it was, afforded him great satisfaction. He talked much about it, and frequently spoke of his visit to the Seminary, as one of the most inter- estmgand dehghtful moments of his life. By this time the day was so far advanced that the visit to Lansingburgh, Waterford and the Falls, was necessarily re- linquished, though with great reluctance — particularly on the part of General La Fayette, as he wished both to gratifj'^ the wishes of those villages, and to enjoy a farther opportunity of examining that great work, from a short section of which he had that morning derived so much pleasure. It was how- ever necessary to embark and return to Albany, which was accordingly done — the whole party partaking of an excellent dinner on board of the boat. On landing at the head of the Basin, he was escorted as before, but through different streets, back to his lodgings. In the evening he visited Governor Clinton, and afterwards his Excellency Governor Yates, whence he was escorted to the steam-boat, where he embarked on his return to New- York at about 12 o'clock. General Muir was detached b} the Governor, with Majors Henry and Webster, aids of Ma- jor General Stephen Van Rensselaer, to accompany General La Fayette to New-York as an escort. On Sunday morning, the General stopped at Red Hook and visited Mrs. Montgomery, widow of General Montgom- ery, who fell in storming the city of Quebec, December 1 775, where he met a numerous collection of friends, and partook of a sumptuous dinner. About 2 o'clock, the General took an affectionate leave of Mrs. Montgomery and guests, find re- tired on board of the steam-boat, on his way to New- York. At 7 o'clock the boat came to at Fisbkill landing, and the General called on Mrs. Dewitt, grand-daughter of the former President Adams, where he was courteously as well as splen- didly received, amidst a numerous collection of friends assem- bled to greet their country's guest. To add to the enjoy- ments of this intervifijv, the General had the pleasure of GENERAL LA FAYETTE. 349 shaking cordially by the hand another of his brave Light In- fantry, adding, " the Light InHmtry were a brave corps, and under my inimediate command." *' Yes," returned the old soldier, '* and you gave us our swords and plumes." The General made but a short stay, took leave of his friends, and returned to the boat under a salute of three hearty cheers. The boat arrived at Courtland-street wharf, New-York, at: 3 o'clock in the morning, and at 5 the General returned to his lodging>, after a most delightful excursion. On Monday afternoon, in consequence of previous arrange- ments, General La Fayette partook of a dinner at Washing ton Hall, to which he had been invited by the Grand Lodge of this State. From 5 to 600 of the craft, decorated with their sacred symbols, were present. Language is inadequate to give a correct description of the scene. After the General's return to New-York, he received the following address, inclosing 150 dollars, which had beer, raised by a liberal contribution amongst the children of Cat? kill, after he left that village. " 77ie Children of the village of Cat skill, to General La. . Fayette:' " While the most distinguished civil honours of our coun- try have justly been paid to the friend of Washington, and the champion of liberty, we ardently pray, that our moral and religious privileges may be continued, promoted, and ap- preciated ; and as we are aware that the enlightening, civil- izing, and ameliorating influences of the Bible, are the strong- est and most efficient means of maintaining the glorious ad- vantages we enjoy : we, the children of the village of Cats- kill, solicit General La Fayette to permit us to constitute him a life Director of the American Bible Society ; presuming that you. Sir, will duly appreciate the motives which havf induced us to adopt this expression of our gratitude for SsC; vices too essential to American freedom ever to be forgotten. " The Gtineral was much pleased with the attention, anci returned his kind acknowledgements for the honor done hiii: Previous to the General's departure on Thursday mori; iiig, the Cincinnati Society, the Mayor, and the Honorabl Corporation of the city and county, and a large collection o. citizens, met by appointment in the audience chamber i:* the City Hotel, at 9 o'clock. Soon after they were a* 30 / 350 THE TOUR OF sembled, the Nation's Guest entered the room, and after saiu-^ ting round the semi-circle all his old companions in arms, and the Honorable Corporation, and the citizens, he was ad- dressed by Gurdon S. Mumford, Esq. as follows : " General La Fayette — * Sir — How inscrutible are the ways of Providence, and His works past jSnding out I I hold in my hand a relic — nothing less than the Cane of the immortal Franklin — this large gold- headed cane was bequeathed to our beloved Washington ; and by whom can this relic, now exhibited to you, be better transmitted to posterity than through the putative son of Ben- jamin Franklin, for such 1 may be permitted to call you, from the very affectionate manner in which he uniformly ad- vocated your disinterestedness and devotedness to the pros- perity of our beloved country. *' The hand that held this cane, when an American agent in London, at the time the Stamp Act was passed, wrote to his intimate friend, Charles Thompson, Esq. of blessed memory', but now no more on earth, that the Sun of Liberty was set. and that we must in America " light up the candles of indus- try and economy." " The hand that held this cane was among the foremost in signing our Independence. '* The hand that held this cane met Lord Howe, sent out to conciliate America. His Lordship expressed " the ex- treme pain he would suffer in being obliged to distress those he so much regarded." " I feel thanld'ul to your Lordship," replied Franklin, " for your regard. The Americans will show their gratitude, by endeavouring to lessen the pain you may feel on their account, in exerting their utmost abilities to take good care of themselves." " The hand that held this cane signed the definitive Treaty of Peace, which consummated our Independence. " You will recollect. Sir, that at three score years and ten. Dr. Franklin embarked in a merchant vessel for France, dis- regarding the risks he run, provided he was in the way of his duty — serving his country — and, providentially for these United States, he arrived safe in France. Suppose for a moment that he should have been captured on his passage to France, with a rebel commission in his pocket, what would liave been the inevitable consequences ? Most assuredly the GENEkAL LA FAYETTE. 351 same line of conduct would have been dealt out to him as was so severely adhered to by the British Government, in the case of another disinterested patriot, Henry Laurens, formerl}'- President of Congress, taken on his passage to Eu- rope, and immersed in the Tower of London during the remainder of the war. " With these impressions, permit me to deliver this relic into your hands for safe keeping, to serve as a memorial to future generations. " I wish you much health and happiness." To which the General replied — " Sir — I receive this relic with infinite satisfaction, and shall transmit it as requested. You make a great sacrifice, and evince great disinterestedness." Immediately on the conclusion of this ceremony, the General left the Hotel, and was escorted by the troop of horse of the second and third regiments, the battalion of the eleventh, the battalion of the third doing duty with muskets, and the battalion of infantry of the second regiment, to the steam-boat James Kent, at the foot of Courtland-street. — He was also accompanied by the Cincinnati Society, and a num- ber of distinguished citizens. The boat left the wharf amidst the repeated cheers of an immense multitude, assembled on the surrounding wharfs, to bid adieu to their much beloved guest. The General remained on deck (bowing with the utmost complacency,) until he could be no longer distinguish- ed by the spectators from the shore. CHAPTER XXZ. THE general's TOUR THROUGH THE MIDDLE STATES TO THE CITY OF WASHINGTON RECEPTION BY CONGRESS. On the arrival of General La Fayette upon the shore olT New- Jersey, he was waited upon by General Dayton, Colo- nel Kinney, and Major Kean, of the suite of Governor Wil- liamson, and conducted to Lyon s Hotel, where he was receiv- ed by the Governor himself, and introduced to a number of :im TH5 TOUR OT distinguished citizens of New-Jersey. While here, a lui basket of large and delicious peaches were presented to th< General, from the extensive fruitery of Mr. Taphagan. Th* General was accompanied to Jersey by the Mayor, Recorder Members of the Common Council, the Society of Cincinnati, and several other gentlemen, all of whom were politely in- vited to visit and join in the festivites at Newark, and dine with the company at Elizabethtown. After remaining a few minutes, the General, with his Excellency Governor Wil- liamson entered a superb carriage, drawn by four beautiful bay horses, and a cavalcade was formed, which proceeded leisurely towards Newark, escorted by a squadron of New- Jersey cavalry, and two companies which had been invited from N. York. Arrived at Bergen, it was found that the in- habitants of that little town had assembled at the Inn, and were so anxious to pay their respects to the General that he ivas constrained to alight for a moment. Here, unexpected- ly, he was formally addressed by a delegation from the town, and presented with a superb cane made from an apple-tree , under which W^ashington and La Fayette dined, when passing i through that town, during the revolution, and which was blown down by the violent gale of the 3d of September, in 1821. The imposing. The portico was lofty, and formed four granci Iriumphal arches, supporting what might be called a tower- On the top of this stood a large and tinely wrought goldeit Eagle, with a crown of laurel in his beak, and on one side a cornucopias, and the olive branch and cap of liberty in his talons. In the centre of this portico was erected a platform, on which v/ere two large chairs, and over that intended for the General, hung a canopy in the form of a cone, wreathed vsrith flowers of bright and various hues. In front of the portico, beneath tlie capital of the pillar, was the name o( La Fayette, in large letters wrought of white blossoms. Over the several arohes forming the portico, were the fol- GENERAL LA FAYETTE. oOy lowing inscriptions : On the West: "Now I am going to serve you." On the Soutii : '' For him whom a nation de- lights to honour." On the North: "We ne'er shall look upon his like again." Onthe East : " His laurels shall never fade." The cornices of the portico, within and without, were richly ornamented with flowers, wrought in the body of the work, so as to resemble festoons ; and the arches of the interior of the temple were also adorned with flowers. On each side of the portico, extending to the distance of one hundred and tifty feet, and running forward in a moderate angle, were colonnades of twelve arches each, representing the twenty-four states ; and, with the portico as a common centre, binding the whole, representing the union of the states. These colonnades formed extensive and beautiful bowers, and were filled with ladies, who advanced in columns after the General was seated, and were introduced. The workmanship of the temple and arbours, which we have at- tempted to describe, was as neat as the design was beautiful and classical. Every thing was interwoven with the great- est skill and compactness ; and by the aid of the verdant box, the artist was enabled to form cornices, capitals, and fret-work, with almost as much exactness as could be pre- served in sculpturing marble. It was indeed a fairy palace : and we can give no better idea of its appearance at a dis- tance, than by referring to the foliage in Mr. Vanderlyn't; picture of the Palace and Garden of Versailles. For the design and execution of this work, the inhabitants of New- ark are indebted to William Halsey, Esq. The General, in company with the Governor, and others, then proceeded to reviev/ the troops ; al^er which, he re- ceived a marching salute, and returned to the house of Major Boudinot, where a sumptuous collation was spread, which was prepared by Mr. Morton, of the Newark Hotel. The repast was moistened with a choice glass of wine. Before rising from the table. Colonel Ward, Chairman of the Com- mittee of Newark proposed the following toast, which was drank with rapturous applause — " Our distinguished guest. General La Fayette. — We thank France for her Son : May America not forget, and Europe feel to good purpose the in- fluence of his bright example." This toast was responded by General La Fayette as fol- lows : — The town of Newark, — And may her population^ 356 THE TOUR OF prosperity and industry increase in the same wonderful pi <- portion I have been dehghted to witness." The hour of four having arrived, the General retire(' and proceeded to Elizabethtown, accompanied by the Go\ ernor and suite, a long cavalcade of officers and private geit tlemen, and preceded by an escort. The General arrived at Elizabethtown on Thursday a lit- tle past 5 o'clock, and was received with the utmost enthu- siasm. Two large triumphal arches with suitable ornaments and inscriptions, were erected at conspicuous places and proper distances across the principal street, through which the procession passed. On arriving at River's Hotel, the General was received in due form by the Corporation, and an appropriate address delivered by Caleb Halstead, jr. to which a brief but pertinent reply was returned. At 6 o'clock the party sat down to an excellent dinner giv- en by the Corporation. The room in which it was served was ornamented for the occasion, and no where has more good feeling been manifested than here. The Grand Lodge of New-Jersey had convened at Elizabethtown to pay the- honors of the fraternity to their distinguished brother, and he accepted an invitation to visit them in the course of the evening, which invitation was complied with. From thence, at 10 o'clock, he was escorted to the residence of General Dayton, where he lodged. On Friday morning he break- fasted with Governor Ogden, after which he was introduced to the principal citizens of the place, and several surviving soldiers of the revolution. At 10 o'clock, preparations for his departure having been, made, the General entered a superb barouche, prepared by the Corporation for his use, aad proceeded for Rahway, es- corted as before, and attended by a numerous cavalcade of citizens in carriages and on horseback. On his arrival at Rahway, he was greeted by the assembled population of the village, and aa address was presented by a committee, who invited him to parlake of a collation, which invitation was accepted. — A splendid arch was thrown across the street, imder which he passed. A committee from Woodbridge here met the General, with carriages for himself and suite, and at 12 o'clock the party moved off for that village, accom- panied by Governor Williamson and his staff, kc. and arrived at 1 o'clock, where they halted on the green, and the Gea GENERAL LA FAYKTTE. 35T ral alighted. Here was a company of revolutionary vete- ans, formed in line to receive him, with labels *' 76" on heir hats. Their wives, children, and grand-children, in egular progression continued the line, down which the Gen- raJ passed, giving and receiving the most affectionate saluta- ions. At the end of the line, and at right angles with it. tood nine interesting girls, with each a large letter formed •y flowers on their breasts, spelling the name La Fayette. The device was a happy one, and attracted the particular ttention of the General, who was highly gratified by it. A ery impressive address was delivered to him by Mr. Str}ker, s'hich received a suitable reply. Another collation wa^ ere spread for the company, which having been partaken, he General prpceeded for New-Brunswick at 2 o'clock, and rrived at 4. /rwo beautiful arches of evergreens and ilow- rs were fopmed here, through which the procession passed, nd was conducted to the City Hall, where he was received n due form by the Corporation, and an address delivered by )r. Taylor, the Recorder. After receiving the congratula- ons of the citizens who were introduced, he was conducted D Follett's Hotel, where a splendid dinner wa.-* provided, in spacious dining hall, which was beautifully ornamented t'ith wreaths, festoons, inscriptions, &,c. &c. While at his place, a committee from the citizens of Monmouth wait- d upon him with an address, inviting him to pay them a visit, ^'his, however, he was not able to do, consistently with his ther engagements. Some conversation, however, took lace, respecting a celebration of the anniversary of the bat- le of Monmouth, on the 28th of June next, when it is hoped he General will make it convenient to attend. The Gen- ral passed the night at New -Brunswick, and departed at 7 'clock the next morning, tor Princeton, escorted by a squad- on of cavalry under the command of Major Vandyke. At an early hour in the morning, strangers and the inhab- ants of the neighboring country flocked into Princeton, to atch a glimpse of the Hero ; all was life and animation. A lit- le past 10 it was announced that the General was coming. He assed through the town accompanied by a numerous escort f cavalry, until he arrived opposite the centre gate of the College Campus. — The gate was thrown open, and the com- any assembled formed, the ladies on the right and the gen 358 ^ THE t OUR OF tlemen on the left, leaving an avenue for him to pass to a splendid temple erected in the centre of the Campus. Hav- ing entered the gate and proceeded half way to the temple, under the conduct of Captain Stockton, and J. S. Green, Esq. Marshals of the day, he was received by our committee, and addressed in an appropriate speech by Richard Stockton, Esq. in behalf of the citizens. This ceremony being gone through, he was led to a splendid temple. The front facing; the street was tastefully decorated, and in a conspicuous sit- uation over the entrance, in large letters, was placed the following motto : Literae virtutem celebrant : Salve Dux clarissime, nobis amicissime, nobis carissime, i La Fayette.* j The interior was carpeted, contained two sophas, and wa« decorated with the paintings of Washington and the battle of ;' Princeton, the battle of Yorktown, and the portraits of Drs. Witherspoone and Smith. The decorations, both of the temple and refectory, were the workmanship of the ladies, and did honor to their taste and skill. On entering the temple, the General was received by President Carnahan, and introduced to several gentlemen j present, when the President proceeded to deliver to him ai degree of L. L. D. which had been conferred on him during the presidency of Doctor Witherspoone, and is signed by the Doctor and several members of the Corporation at that time. The degree was accompanied by the following neat, elegant, and highly interesting address by Doctor Carnahan : *' General — Your arrival in the United States has been hail-i- ed with a joy as ardent as it is universal ; and permit me to say, we are happy to mingle our congratulations with those of our fellow-citizens in bidding the gallant soldier, the friend of Liberty and of Man, welcome to these shores — welcome to Nassau Hall. In common with others, we enjoy the rich * Translation — •* Letters celebrate heroism: Welconae most re- nowned General, most friendly to us, and most dear to our hearts.|i La Fayette.'" GENERAL LA FAYETTE. 3S0 i>lessings of freedom and independence, which your gener- ous aid, atatime of gloom and trial, contributed, under God, n an eminent degree to establish. ' Residing also on a spot renowned in the story of our glo- rious Revolution for one of the most brilliant exploits of our beloved and revered Washington, surrounded with objects that daily remind us of the arduous struggles of that eventful period, we cannot forget the generosity of that noble minded youth who came, like an angel from Heaven, to aid the op- pressed and to vindicate the rights of man. We stand on onsecrated ground. These classic groves, these venerable walls have witnessed other scenes than the peaceful contests of the Muses, and retired labours of virtuous youths, ambi- tious to ascend the hill of science. A mercenary and for- eign foe possessed these walls — a ruthless soldiery polluted these academic shades. But the wrongs of Nassau Hall were imply avenged. The sword of Washington, your compan- ion and friend, and the blood of the gallant Mercer redeemed this seat of science. • Fully restored to its original destiny by the peace that suc- ceeded the siege and surrender of Yorktown, (in which j^ou. Sir, bore a distinguished part,) this College has annually sent forth Alumni, who have held no secondary place in maintain- ing the freedom and independence of the nation, so ably achieved. Here young men from different States have acquired not only the elements of science, but what is of more importance in a government like ours, the love of liberty and the ven* eration of those brave men " who fought and bled in free- dom's cause." Here on each^ucceeding anniversary of our National Independence, our youth have vied with each oth- er in recounting the sufferings, the labours and the dangers that attended our Revolution — in celebrating the wisdom and magnanimity of our statesmen — the valour and heroism of our warriors. And permit me to assure you that on these occasions no name demanded and received a purer and more deserved tribute of praise, than that of La Fayette. Hence the love of liberty and of country that have ever distinguish- ed the sons of Nassau Hall. And if the memory of virtues so sublime, and services so useful, has cherished in our youths a devotion to the principles of 1776, how deep and how sal- utary must be the impression made by the cheering counte* 360 THE TOUR OF nance and livingVoice of one who exhibited these virtues and performed these services ? Happy Youth ! who have the^j felicity to see the man whose property and whose blood were freely given to purchase their inheritance, returning after a lapse of nearly half a century to behold the glorious res'ilis of his youthful enterprise, and to receive the thanks of a na- tion. Yes, generous Youth ! Long will you remember this day, and the important lesson that it teaches. — You have be- fore you a model of magnanimity and successful enterprise, equal to any of which you read in Roman or Grecian story." To which the General made the following reply : *' Gentlemen — While the name of this city recalls impo.' tant military remembrance, it is also connected with that oi the illustrious college, which, in diffusing knowledge and lib- 1 eral sentiments, has greatly contributed to tuin those sue- j cesses to the advantage of public liberty. Your library has] been destroyed ; but your principles were printed in th^ hearts of American patriots. I feel much 'obliged, Sir, t your kind recollection of the diploma, which the signature, of my respected friend Doctor Witherspoone, renders still ' more precious to me ; and I beg you, gentlemen, and you, ; interesting grand sons of my contemporary friends, to accept my affectionate acknowledgements." The General was surrounded by his Excellency the Gov- ernor of New- Jersey, the Professors of the College and Sem inary, the Reverend Doctor Green, &c. The General" son and secretary were also in the group. The company, (ladies, citizens, and students of college and seminary, and invited strangers,) having been introduced in turn to the General, repaired to the refectory, where m splendid entertainment was provided. After the repast, the General was conducted to the College Library, and thenc again to the temple, to view the picture of Washingtoi which decorated it. He said he thought it an excellent lik< ness of Washington when he first knew him. The Gener.. appeared highly pleased with his reception. From the tem- ple he was conducted to an elegant barouche, and left Prince- ton about half past 12 o'clock for Trenton. A lady of Princeton, a grand-daughter of Doctor Fronklin, presented La Fayette with an elegant breat-pin, inclosing a lock of the Doctor's hair. GENERAL LA FAYETTE. 36 J The Infantry and other mihtary, assembled at Trenton, consisting of Light Infantry and Cavalry, from the counties of Hunterdon, Somerset, Burhngton, and Gloucester, under the command of General Vliet, were paraded near the boun- dary line of the Corporation, to receive the General upon his arrival, and were there reviewed by him. After which a procession was formed, and he was conducted to the head of Warren street. This was announced by the firing o! cannon and the ringing of bells. The procession then moved down Warren-street, across the lower bridge, and down Bloomsbury street, until it came to Market street, up Market street to Mill Hill, over Mill Hill, and the Upper Bridge, into Greene street, up Greene street to Perry street, down Perry street to Warren street^ down Warren street to Second street, and up Second street until it came to the State House Yard ; the military then opened to the right and left, and General La Fayette and suite, preceded by the Committee of Arrangements, the Governor, and suite passed through. The Committee then opened to the right and left, and the General and Governor, and their suites, passed under the arch erected at the State House Gate, and was received by a choir of young ladies who greeted the General with an ode, composed for the occasion. The General was then escorted into the Assembly Room by the Governor, followed by the Committee of Arrange- ments, the General's suite, the Governor's suite, and other military officers. The General was received by the Mayor and Common Council, convened for the occasion, when a cordial address was delivered by the Mayor. To which the General returned a feeling and appropriate answer. The General was then conducted by the Mayor and^ Com- mon Council, attended by the Committee of Arrangements, and escorted by the ^military, to the Trenton House, where lodgings had been provided for him — and where a sumptuous dinner was served up — at which were the Governor and suite, Mayor and Common Council, and a large number of officers and citizens. In the evening the General attended a handsome enter- tainment, ordered by the Society of Cincinnati, at the City- Tavern, where he spent the evening with his brother 065- cers of the Revolutionary Army. 31 362 THE TOUR OF The day was uncommonly fine. An immense number oi spectators thronged the town from all parts of the adjaceni country. A spacious arch was thrown across the head of Warren street, and one near the intersection of Second street, hand- somely decorated with laurel, and ever-greens and flowers, appended in festoons. Over the front gate of the State- House Yard, where the General entered, the old arch was placed, which in 1789 was erected in honour of General Washington, by the citizens of Trenton, as he passed on to New York to take upon himself the office of President of the United States, Congress being then convened in that place. In the evening, the arches in Warren-street were hand somely illuminated. On Sunday morning he went to the Presbyterian Church, and in the afternoon visited Joseph Bonaparte, with whom he spent two hours. It was an interesting meeting — both were deeply affected, and warmly embraced each other. Returning to Trenton, the General dined with Colonel Cad- wallader, with Governor Williamson and suite, &;c. The Philadelphia Committee, and Secretary of State, &c. of Pennsylvania, and the aids of Governor Shultzp of Penn- sylvania, were introduced to him in the course of the eve- ning. On Monday, September 28th, the General crossed the Delaware at Morrisville, thirty miles from Philadelphia, where he was met by Governor Shultze and suite, under an escort of 250 cavalry. A vast concourse ol people were assembled to hail the Guest of the Nation, and bid him wel- come. The Governor received him upon his landing with ^he following address : " General La Fayette — The citizens of Pennsylvania be- hold, with the most intense feeling and exalted regard, the illustrious friend and companion of Washington. '' With sentiments of the highest veneration and gratitude, we receive the early and great benefactor of the United States ; the enlightened statesman, philanthropist and pat- riot of both hemispheres. " The sincere and universal joy which your arrival has diffused over the nation, is no where more deeply or enthu- GENERAL LA FAYETTE. 363 siastically felt, than in Pennsylvania ; whose fields and streams are rendered memorable by your achievements ; whose citizens were the followers of your standard, and the witnesses of your sacrifices and toils, in defence of Ameri- can liberty. The eventful scenes of your useful life are engraven on our hearts. A nation has rejoiced at your suc- cesses, and sympathized with your sorrows. **With ardent pleasure we have ever observed your strenuous exertions as the friend of man ; and whilst your great services, rendered in the cause of humanity, have commanded our admiration, the purity of your motives has insured the love and affection of Americans. " With the best feelings of the heart we now approach you, with the assurance that, if any thing could add to our happiness on this interesting occasion, it would be the hope of enjoying the distinguished honour of your permanent residence among us, and that a long and splendid life of use- fulne€smay be closed in this State, whose soil has been mois- tened with your blood, generously shed in the cause of vir- tue, liberty and independence." To which General La Fayette made the following reply : " Sir — On the happy moment, long and eagerly wished for, when I once more tread the soil of Pennsylvania, I find in her affectionate welcome, so kindly expressed by her first magistrate, a dear recollection of past favours, and a new source of delightful gratifications. The very names of this State and her Capitol, recall to the mind those philanthropic and liberal sentiments, which have marked every step of their progress. *' Pennsylvania has been the theatre of most important events ; a partaker in the arduous toils and meritorious sac- rifices, which insured the success of our glorious and fruit-- ful revolution. I particularly thank you, Sir, for your grati- fying mention of my personal obligation to the Pennsylvania line, nor will I ever forget, that on Pennsylvania ground, not far from this spot, I enjoyed, for the first time, the delight to find myself under American tents, and in the family of our beloved Commander in Chief. Now, Sir, Pennsylvania is in full possession, and reaps all the prosperities, and happy- consequences of that great national union, of those special in-stitutions, which, by offering in a self-governed people the TpE TOUR OF most perfect example of social order that ever existed, havt reduced to absurdity and ridicule the anti-popular argument- of pretended statesmen in other countries. In whatever manner J may be disposed of, by the duties and feelings it which you have been pleased to sympathize, I shall evei rank this day among the most fortunate in my life ; and whilf I beg your excellency personally to accept my cordial ac Icnowledgements, I have the honour to offer to him, as Gov ernor of the State, a tribute of profound gratitude, and re~ spected devotion, to the citizens of Pennsylvania." Having ascended his barouche and six, the General pro ceeded on his way ; and did not reach Frankford until sevei/ o'clock in the evening — such being the throngs which lined the roads, and the number of the welcomes oflered, and which he could not refuse. He passed ihe night at Frank- ford. At 9 o'clock on Tuesday morning, he left Frankford with a numerous escort of Dignitaries and citizens. The p'opn lation of the city poured forth at an early hour to meet him. Carriages, horsemen, and pedestrians, tilled every avenue from Frankford to Philadelphia, a distance of nearly live miles ; and the windows and stages were thronged witb females, all eager to welcome him. Loud and reiterated as were the acclamations, the voices could not give full utter ance to the overflowing hearts. In a field of forty or fifty acres, at the entrance of the city, a Division of Militia, composed of Calvary, Artillery, anr^ Infantry, were drawn up in hollow square to receive th* Patriot Hero, whose approach was announced by a salute oi one hundred rounds of artillery. This military spectacle is described as grand in the extreme. The General, uncover ed, was seen standing in his barouche by the whole field. Thecarof Saladin, it is said, could not exceed, in accompani- ments, that of La Fayette. The troops exceeded 5,400. After the review, which the General made on foot, he re- ceived the saluting honours in his barouche. The line of march into the city was then taken up. It extended nearly three miles, and passed through numerous streets. More than six hours were consumed in proceeding from Frankford to the State House, a distance of about four GENERAL LA FAYETTE. 365 miles. A full description of this procession, and the decor- ated arches cannot be given — the following is an outline : A cavalcade of 100 citizens preceded ; followed by 100 Field and Staff officers. — Then came a square of cavalry ; a band of Music, mounted, and a corps of 160 cavalry. — Next, a Brigade of Infantry (2000 strong,) with flank com- panies. Committee of Arrangements. General La Fayette and Judge Peters in the splendid ba- rouche. Then followed four other barouches, drawn by four hor- ses, with Governors Shultze and Williamson, and suites, the General's family, and distinguished individuals. Then three cars of large dimensions, containing 120 rev- olutionary heroes and worthies, each characteristically dec- orated. The cars bearing on the front, *' Washington," on the rear, •' La Fayette, and on the sides, " Defenders of orn^ Country," " The survivors of 1776." Then advanced 400 young men. Then the procession OF TRADES, led by a car, containing a body of Printers, at work at case and press — the latter striking off and distribu- ting copies of an Ode on the occasion, followed by the Typo- graphical Society, w^ith a banner, witih the inscription, '* La Fayette — the Friend of Universal Liberty, and the Rights of the Press.'' Then followed 200 Cordwainers, (with banners, badges, emblems, &c. The other trades were also decorated ;) — - 300 Weavers ; — 130 Rope-makers ; — 150 Lads, uniformly dressed ; — 100 Ship-builders ; — 700 mechanics of different professions, not enumerated; — 150 Coopers, with a car, containing a Cooper's shop, the workmen fitting the staves and drivmg hoops : — Then came 150 Butchers, well mount- ed and neatly dressed in their frocks ; — then 260 Carmen, mounted, with aprons trimmed with blue ; and a body of 150 Riflemen, in frocks, dressed with plaids, leopard skins, &c. A company of Artillery, with two pieces ; a Brigade of In- fantry, ( 1 800 strong,) and the New Jersey Cavalry. A body ©f 3u0 farmers closed the procession. Besides the above, there were the Red Men of the State, the La Fayette Association, the True Republican Society, the Washington and La Fayette Society ; and the Gernaaa Americaa Society. 31* Hm THE TOUR OF • The whole appearance of this truly Grand Proces- bion was, august and imposing. As it passed, La Fayette 1 La Fayette * sprang from the voices of a multitude that rolled on, and on, and on, like wave after wave of the ocean, in numbers we shall not presume to name, [but which were es- timated at 200,000,]-— La Fayette beat in every heart — La Fayette hung on every tongue — La Fayette glowed in every cheek — La Fayette glistened in every swimming eye— La Fayette swelled on every gale. The whole city and coun- try appeared to have arrayed themselves in all their glory , and beaut3s and strength, at once to witness and adorn the majesty of the spectacle ; and the fashionable part of the community seemed determined to exhibit the perfection of taste in the beauty of the decoration of their persons, and the richness of their attire. In Chesnut street, wreaths were cast into the barouche, as it passed, and many of them were from the fair hands of the Quakeresses. After the procession had passed through the principal streets, the front halted at the old State House, which con- tains the Hail in which the Declaration of Independence was signed in 1776. Here the General alighted, passed under a most magnifi- cent triumphal arch, and was conducted to the Hall, which is forty feet square, and was decorated in a most splendid man- ner. Among the decorations was a Statue of Washington, and Portraits of William Penn, Franklin, Robert Morris » Francis Hopkinson, Greene, Wayne, Montgomery, Hamilton, Gates, Rochambeau, Charles Carrol, M'Kean, Jefferson; Himcock, Adams, Madison, Monroe, and Charles Thompson. The portrait of Washington, by Peale, occupied the iirst place, and was most splendidl}^ decorated. Here were as- sembled the City authorities, the Society of Cincinnati, the Judges, Officers of the Army and Navy, and the Committee of Arrangements, all seated on superb sofas. The Governor of the State having been presented. General La Fayette, Judge Peters, and George Washington La Fayette were in- troduced, the company all standing. The Mayor of the city then welcomed the Guest, in the following address : " General — The citizens of Philadelphia welcome to their homes, the Patriot who has long been dear to their hearts. " Grateful at all times for the enjoyment of a free gov- "^rnment, they are, on this occasion, pecuharly anxious, but GENERAL LA FAYETTE. 367 unable to express a deep felt sentiment of pure aftection to- wards those venerated men whose martial and civil virtues, under providence, have conferred upon themselves and their descendants, this mighty blessing. *' Forty-eight years ago, in this city, and in this hallowed Hall, which may emphatically be called the Birth Place of Independence^ a convention of men, such as the world has rarely seen, pre-eminent for talents and patriotism, solemnly declared their determination to assume for themselves the right of self government, and that they and their posterity s?hould thenceforth assert their just rank among the nations of the earth. A small, but cherished band of those who breast- ed the storm and sustained the principles thus promulgated to the world, still remains. — In the front rank of these wor- thies, history will find, and we now delight to honour. Gen- eral La Fayette, whose whole life has been devoted to the cause of freedom, and to the support of the unalienable rights of man. *' General — Many of your co-patriots have passed away, but the remembrance of their virtues, and their services shall never pass from the minds of this people ; their's is au imperishable fame, the property of ages yet to come. But we turn from the fond recollection of the illustrious dead, to hail with heart-felt joy the dlustrious living, and again bid welcome, most kindly and affectionately welcome, to the Guest of the Nation, the Patriot La Fayette." To which the General replied as follows : " Sir — My entrance through this fair and great city, amidst the most solemn and affecting recollections, and under all the circumstances of a welcome, which no expression could adequately acknowledge, has excited emotions in my heart, in which are mingled the feelings of nearly fifty years. " Here, Sir, within these sacred walls, by a council of wise and devoted patriots, and in a style worthy of the deed itself, was boldly declared the independence of these vast United States, which, while it anticipated the independence, and I hope, the republican independence of the whole Amer- ican Hemisphere, has begun for the civiHzed world, the era of a new and of the only true social order, founded on the unalienable rights of man, the practicability and advaatage 3G8 THE TOUR OF • of which, are every day admirably demonstrated by the happiness and prosperity of your populous city. " Here, Sir, was planned the formation of our virtuous^ brave, revolutionary army, and the providential inspiration received, that gave the command of it to our beloved match- less Washington. But these and many other remembrances, are mingled with a deep regret for the numerous cotempo- raries, for the great and good men, whose loss we have re mained to mourn. — It is to their services. Sir, to your re gardfor their memory, to your knowledge of the friendships 1 have enjoyed, that I refer the greater part of honours, here and elsewhere received, much superior to my individual merit. '• It is also under the auspices of their venerated names, as well as under the impulse of my own sentiments, that I beg you, Mr. Mayor, you gentlemen of bath Councils, and all the citizens of Philadelphia to accept the tribute of m\ afiectionate respect and profound gratitude." The arches were very numerous, and extremely beauti- ful, tasty, and ingenious — uniting high moral feeling, with ardent patriotism. Some idea may be formed of them, by the following description of the one in Chesnut-street : It was constructed of frame work, covered with canvass, and painted in perfect imitation of stone, after the plan of the triumphal Arch of Septimus Severus^ at Rome. Its front 45 feet, depth 12, embracing a basement story of the Doric or der, from which the Arch sprung to the height of 24 feet from the pavement. The spandals on each front were decorated with figures of Fame, painted in basso relievo, having their arms extended and holding a civic crown over the key stone. The wings of the Ionic order, were decorated with statues of Liberty, Victory, Independence and Plenty, \\\\\\ suitable mottos. The whole surmounted by an entablature 30 feet, and supporting a flight of steps ; in the centre were the Arms of the city, executed by Mr. Sully ; on each side of the Arms were pla- ced statues of Wisdom diudi Justice, sculptured by Mr. RusHj with appropriate emblems. This splendid work of Art was designed by Mr. Strickland, and executed by Messrs. War- ren, Darley and Jefperson, scene painters. The super- ficial surface of painted canrass exceeded 3000 square feet GENERAL LA FAYETTE. o6l^ The Governor of Louisiana and many strangers and citi- zens were introduced. Among others, the General recog- nized an old friend in Colonel Ferret, and embraced him. The Colonel burst into a flood of tears, and was so complete- ly overwhelmed with emotion, as to be compelled to retire. He commanded a regiment in the revolutionary war, wiw wounded and knocked off his horse. At five o'clock, the General left the Hall, accompanie(( by the City Authorities, resumed his barouche, and was es- corted by six companies, under Colonel Williams, to the Mansion-House. In the evening he paid visits to Mrs. Mor- ris, and several other distinguisiied Ladies of his former ac- quaintance. In the eveningthe City was illuminated. Numerous trans- parencies were exhibited, which displayed exquisite tasto and elegance. A slight shower of rain threw a damp over the buoyant spirits for a short time, but it was soon over. Windows were arrayed with beautiful marble and alabaster, and decorated with the fairest contents of the green houses. The United States Bank was a perfect anomaly in illumina- tion. The lights were so arranged as not to be seen, and the doors being thrown open so as to discover the interior, the whole building presented the appearance of a palace of transparent marble. On Wednesday the General held a levee at the Hall of the State House, and thousands shook his hand. At this levee he received no less than fourteen Addresses, from the aged Soldiers ; the Clergy, presented by Bishop White ; the Philosophical and Bible Societies ; the University ; tho Chamber of Commerce ; the Bar ; the Young Men ; tht French Citizens ; the Washington Grays ; the La Fayette^ Association ; the Revolutionary Officers, and the Young La- dies of several Schools. His answer to each was peculiarly pertinent. He afterwards dined with the corporation. The following was his toast on the occasion.: " The City of Philadelphia, where American Independ- ence was first proclaimed, and where the Holy Alliance ol public order with popular institutions is every day happily demonstrated." In the evening he visited General Cadwallader, and re- ceived all the oflicers of the late parade. oTO THE. TOUR OF On Thursday he dined with his family ; and in the evening called on Doctor Griffith ; was at Mr. Huerta's Concert ; and afterwards waited on Mrs. Powell. On Friday he dined with Governor Shultze ; and before dinner called on Judge Peters, and Mrs. (Major) Jackson. After dinner, he called on the widow and daughter of Colo- nel Tousard, then visited Mrs. Nicklin, the daughter of the late General M'Pherson. In the evening he visited the Philosophical Society, and spent the remainder at the house of Mrs. N. Biddle. On Saturday he visited the Navy Yard, attended by the Governor and citizens of the first distinction, escorted by the United States Marines, a regiment of Militia, several inde- pendent companies, and a long civic procession. His arri- val at the Yard was announced by a salute, from the John Adams, commanded by Captain Dallas. He first alighted at Major Gamble's quarters, where he received an addres* from the Corporation of Southwalk. As he passed the green a number of children chaunted suitable pieces of music in honor of the Hero. He was then received by Commodore Barron and his officers, was addressed by the former, and took a view of the ships of war, &c. A collation was provi- ded in the Mould room by the officers of the station, at which over 500 Ladies and 200 Gentlemen were present. After refreshment the Commodore introduced the Ladies sepa- rately to the General, who took each by the hand, receiving from them very agreeable tokens of affection and admiration. The John Adams was beautifully decorated and manned on the occasion. The reception of the General by Mrs. Gam- ble was universally praised. After returning from the Navy Yard, the General dined with upwards of 400 Brethren of the Fraternity, at the Ma- sonic Hall. The scene was briUiant and munificent. Of the Masons present were Brothers George Washington La Fayette, La Vasseur, Commodore Stewart, Major Gam- ble, General Porter, and Colonel Victor Dupont, of Dela- aware, former aid to Brother La Fayette. In the evening he paid a visit to Joseph Reed, Esq. atten- ded the Concert at the Washington Saloon, and spent the remainder of the evening at the house of General Cadwalla der, in company with Mr. Adams, Secretary of State, an(l pther distinguished citizens. GEiNERAL LA FAYETTE. .>7f On the Sabbath he attended divine worship at Christ Church, and heard a sermon from the venerable Bishop White. He afterwards dined at the country residence of Judge Peters, in company with Mr. John Qiiincy Adams. Mr. Forseth, Mr. Breck, General Cadwallader, General Barnard, Major Gamble, and many others. The Grand Civic Ball given in honor of General La Fay- ette, on Monday evening, at the New Theatre, exceeded in magnificence and beauty any thing of the kind ever wit- nessed. Between fifteen and seventeen hundred ladies and gentlemen were present, exhibiting an unrivalled galaxy of fashion, elegance, and splendor. The company assembled early, and were nearly all present at 9 o'clock, when the Gen- eral arrived, forming for his reception a most imposing group and avenue. The details of this brilliant entertainment it is not in our power to give. Of the company present were Mrs. (Robert) Morris, the Misses Bollman, daughters of Doctor Bollman, who attempt- ed with Colonel Huger to rescue La Fayette from Olmutz» Governor Shultze, Governor Williamson, John Quincy Ad- ams, Esq., General Barnard, and distinguished citizens from many of the States, the whole amounting to nearly 200. Several thousand persons were present. Over 2000 pupils of the Schools of both sexes, were ar- ranged on Tuesday morning in the State House yard to receive and address General La Fayette.-The spectacle was beautiful and interesting. General La Fayette continued in Philadelphia a week. The limits of this work will not admit of a detail of all the splendid scenes through which he passed, the numerous ad- dresses he received, the displays of festivity and hilarity which awaited him at his every step. The whole was splen- did beyond description, and cordial beyond expression. On the 6th of October, La Fayette left Philadelphia on his journey to the south, by the way of Wilmington, Baltimore and Washington. He passed the Brandywine, and entered Wilmington, the capital of Delaware, on the 6th about noon. He was received with demonstrations of lively gratitude and joy ; and a sumptuous repast was provided for him. He then proceeded to Newcastle in that State, and was present at the marriage of Col. V. Dupont, formerly one of his aids in France. From this place he proceeded to Frenchtown, 372 THf; TOUR OF Agreeably to arrangement, the steam-boat United States.. captain Edward Trippe, left Baltimore for Frenchlown on Wednesday morning at 9 o'clock, with the committee from tlie corporation of that city, the military committee, and other gentlemen, who went with the committee by invitation. This deputation was accompanied by a most interesting member, Mr. Du Boismarten, a venerable Frenchman, whose head is whitened with 83 cold winters, many of them he had found not only cold, but cheerless and bleak. He is the personage who procured and commanded the vessel that first landed La Fayette upon our soil. At 3 o'clock the company partook oj an excellent dinner provided for the occasion. The boat arrived at Frenchtown about half past 4 in the afternoon. The Governor's Aids accompanied by an excellent squadron of Cavalry, under the command of Captain Jacob Hollingsworth, proceeded immediately to the I'elaware line, to escort the General to Frenchtown ; and there awaited the arrival of him who lives in the hearts of Americans. At about 8 o'clock in the evening, the Hon. John Quinc} Adams arrived at Frenchtown, in the Union Line, on his way to Washington. The Deputation waited upon him and in- formed him that he had been invited to be present at Balti- more to participate in the reception of General La Fayette, and desired him to come on board of the steam-boat United States. He thanked them kmdiy for this mark of respect and attention, and accepted the invitation. He was then con- ducted into the cabin and introduced to all present. .. The General, having been detained till very late at the nuptial party of his friend, Mr. Victor Dupont, did not arrive at the Maryland line till after 1 o'clock in the morning. He was there presented by Louis M'Lane, Esq. Chairman of the Delaware Committee, to the Aids of the Governor of Mary- land. The 1st aid announced to the General in very appro- priate and warm terms, in behalf of his Excellency Govern- or Stevens, a cordial welcome to the State of Maryland ; and informed him that they were ready to escort him to head quarters which were established at Fort M'Henry. The General was then seated in the carriage, drawn by four ele- gant greys, which had been provided him, and arrived at Frenchtown a little after 2 o'clock, to which place the Dela- ware Committee accompanied him. Mr. M'Lane there, on parting, made a most feeling and elegant address, and in be- GENERAL LA FAYETTE. 3^3 half of himself and associates, took a most affectionate leave. The Aids of the Governor then conducted the General on board the steam -boat, where the Deputations received him upon the deck. Mr. Morris, President of the First Branch of the City Council, and Chairman of the Committee, advanced to the Guest and addressed him in a manner that evinced at once that he felt what he spoke from the bottom of his heart — it was as follows : *' General — The immortal Franklin, dwelling with rapture on the high destination which his matchless and prophetic mind foresaw awaited his country — ever alive for the success of its untried institutions, imagined the happiness of it would afford a patriot of the revolution who. had been. summoned from this world, could he, at a distant period, be allowed to return and see fulfilled all his fond hopes in relation to this our beloved country. ' Illustrious Sir — That which appeared but the ofispring of the musings and reveries of our Patriot Father, has substan- tially been realized in you. The distinguished part which you acted during the war of our Independence, and the se- quel of your life, furnish abundant evidence of the intense interest which you have entertained for our welfare — your chivalric exertions, in our behalf, having been crowned with peace, you gave a distinguished proof that no sordid or self- ish motive impelled your actions. You returned to the land of your fathers ! — blessings on your name and work proclaim- ed from every tongue. Between that and the present time, s an aera in which has occurred the most extraordinary 3vents recorded in history — when the empires of the Old IVorld have been convulsed to their foundations, and thrones lashed one against another. During the same period there las arisen in this our New World, a confederate Repblic, vhich had its origin with, and is acted upon and kept in mo- ion by the people, to whom this invaluable right belongs — a principle which the whole tenor of your consistent political ife has shown dear to you. Its fitfulness to conduce to our lappiness in peace, and protection in war, and every othej^ bject of legitimate government, has been confirmed by eve- y variety of event that could illustrate its wisdom and test ts durability. It has pleased Divine Providence to have pared and protracted your eventful life, that you might con- rast the origin with the present elevated station which thi? 32 374 THE,TOUR OF country has assumed among the nations of the earth ; and to realize the blessings enjoyed by ten milhons of people, "who, sitting under their own vine and fig-tree." with our coun- try's friend, and the Friend of Mankind! '\ "The Corporation of Baltimore, uniting with our common country, in the joy that swells every bosom, as the organ of public sentiment, have deputed us to advance, to receive and welcome you, and, as heralds, proclaim the lively and distin- guished pleasure our community holds in reserve, at the prospect of our city being again honoured by your presence, and to assure you, that would their sensations towards you bear any additional excitement, they would derive renewed strength from the gratifying manner, that you have recurred to an event in the revolutionary history, which affords an as- surance, they have maintained a place in your recollection. Although time has dmiinished the number of those who per- sonally knew you, and their survivors but a chosen few, who breasted the same storm, who mingled their blood with yours, in the same glorious strife. Nevertheless, there has arisen anew generation, who are restless and impatient to surv^ey the features of a man, whose talents, whose energies, whose virtues, whose disinterested serv^ices in the cause of liberty, have long since roused in their bosoms the raptures of en- thusiasm ; and who delight to repeat the never dying name of La Fayette." The General having but just left his Delaware friends and meeting so suddenly this reception, it affected him most sensibly — he pressed his hand to his heart and said / am grateful. He was then introduced by Mr. Morris to the gen-' tlemen of the Corporation — then to General Harper, who delivered a feeling address. General Smith and Colonel Bentalou stepped forward and announced to him the object of their mission, and the joy they felt in meeting him again. The General embraced theai in the warmest and most affectionate manner, and enquired particularly after his old friends and associates, " in times thai tried laenh sotds.'' — The meetinj^ of the General with the amiable, retiring, and venerable Mons. Du Boismartin, was of a most touching character to the sensitive mind — they helcl each other by the hand and conversed together in French for a considerable time. After the introductions were gon^ through, Captain Trippe announced tbr: he had an entertaim GENERAL LA FAYETTE. 376 ment ready for the company. They all followed the Gener- al to the cabin, and a little ai'ter 3 o'clock the General re- paired to the ladies cabin, prepared for his lodging room, and invited Mr. Adams to accompany him. The company then retired to their births. During the night, particularly the early part of it, the rain poured down in torrents, in which tlie Cavalry and the Governor's Aids were drenched, but they heeded it not. Just as the steam-boat entered the Patapsco, the threaten- ing clouds dispersed, the morning sun shone forth in its brightest effulgence, and seemed to bid " Welcome to La Fay- ette.''^ During the night the company were apprehensive the day would be unpropitious to Baltimore, but as " the bright Sun shone out," their hearts leaped for joy. On ap- ])roaching the fort, the steam-boats Mar3dand, Virginia, Phil adelphia, and Eagle, all beautifully dressed, with flags and streamers flying, came down the river, full of anxious citi- zens, to meet the United States, and passed transversely around her — as they passed, the people on board waved their hats, and gave the most hearty enlivening and oft re- peated cheering. The five boats, in regular order, the Uni- ted States leading the van, proceeded for the fort, during which, they came tilong-side, alternately, and the passengers saluted the General, which he received, uncovered, in the most cordial and delicate manner. The whole scene was most interesting — it was splendid — we cannot describe it. The imagination must take the place of the pen. The landing was a very interesting scene. The barge, commanded by Captain Gardner and manned by some of our most respectable ship masters, was the first that made for the shore — it contained General La Fayette, Mr. Secretary Ad- ams, General Smith, Mr. Du Boismartin, and Mr. Morris. In the second boat, George Washington La Fayette, Mons. La Vaiseur, Colonel Paul Bentalou, Mr. Patterson, and the Governor's Aids ; and the other members of the Deputation followed in succession. The General was received at the platform at Fort M'Henry, by Col. Hindman, of the Army of the U. States, and Edward G. Woodyear, Esq. a member of the committee of arrangement. The officers of the Army and Navy in Baltimore, the citizen volunteers of Fort M'Henry, during the bombardment, the Committee of Vigil- ance and Safetv of 1814. and the officers of the late 36th and US the; tour of 38th United States regiments of Infantry, had their stations, and the General passed through their line on his inarch up to the " star fort." Upon entering the gate the troops of the garrison presented arms — then opened to the right and left, which brought to hi& view the tent of Washington. Upors which His Excellency, Governor Stevens advanced from the tent, and greeted him with the following address : " General — In bidding you a hearty welcome ta the State of Maryland, whilst I gratify the honest feelings of my own heart, I express, but feebly, those of the people, whom it i^ my pride and pleasure on this occasion to represent. *'jBeneath this venerable canopy, many a time and oft have you grasped the friendly hand of our illustrious Wash- ington, aided his council with your animating voice, or shar- ed vvith him the hardy soldier's meal. The incidents whicii the association so forcibly recals^ however inspiring, it were needless to dwell upon. The recollection of them fills the mind with gratitude, a full measure of which is justly due to you, as the generous comjxinion of oar fathers, ti^.e gallant and disinterested soldier of liberty. " May the sentiments of gratitude towards the author of the blessings we enjoy, never be weakened in the bosoms of my countrymen, " On this ver}' ground, scarce ten years are past since our brave fellow citizens, have proved that they knew how to defend the liberty, which you nobly assisted them to achieve. Ten times an hundred years shall elapse, and the gloriou? example shall not be lost upon them. *^ You are about, General, to enter the city of Baltimore, which you have known in other days. In her growth and embellishment, you will behold a symbol of our national prosperity, under popular Institutions, and a purely Repre- sentative Government. Her monuments aptly illustrate the. feelings of my fellow citizens. *' In the column which has been reared to the blessed memory of Washington, we have an evidence of the vener- ation and permanency with which they cherish the memor} of your compatriots, the heroes of the revolution. In the column of latter date, you will discern the gratitude of free- men, for the services of those who devote themselves to the cause of liberty. GENERAL LA FAYETTE. 3^7 *' Welcome, thrice welcome, General, to the soil of Mary- land. Nothing that we can do, can too strongly express to you the affection and respect which we entertain for your person and your principles, or the joy with which we re- ceive you among us, as a long absent Father upon a visit to his children." The Governor then conducted him to the Tent, where he found the Society of the Cincinnati, the patriarchs of the rev- olution — here he was received and embraced by all of them — the scene was one of the most impressive and heart-touch- ing, that was ever witnessed — all were convulsed into tears, but they were tears of the most heart-felt joy and gratulation. Colonel John E. Howard, the hero of Cowpens, and President of the Cincinnati Society, when the first emotion had subsided, addressed the General in the name of the So- ciety, who in his reply, declared that "language could not express his feelings with meeting with his brothers in arms, in the Tent of their common friend, the beloved Washing- ton." He then most affectionately embraced his old friends, Charles Carroll, of Carrollton, one of the signers of the Declaration of Independence, General Beeson, General Strieker, Colonel Howard, and all the aged members of the association, while tears rolled down their venerable cheeks. He shook hands with the younger members in the most cor- dial manner, looked frequently with an enquiring eye round the Tent, and seemed deeply affected. On discovering part of Washington's camp equipage, he said in an under voice, " I remember 1" There was not a dry eye in the Tent. The General and invited guests then retired to an adjoin- ing Marquee, to an excellent breakfast prepared for the oc- casion, when many recollections of former days were brought forcibly to mind ; and when this repast •losed, the General was conducted to his barouche, accompanied as be- fore by all the civil and military authorities present. When he had tcJcen his seat, Charles Carroll, General Smith, and Colonel Howard, were handed into the same barouchf, which was followed by another containing George Washing- ton La Fayette, whose warm reception we should have noticed before. Colonel Bentalou and two other gentlemen, and other carriages followed. The General's barouche exceeds in beauty any thing of 32* 3T8 THE TOUR OF the kind in America ; it v/as built expressly for the purpose, by Curlet & Co. of this city. When the carriage drove from the outer gate of the fort, the General was received b\^ about one thousand cavalry, who formed his escort into the city, followed by thousands of citizens. On passing Federal Hill, a salute of twenty-four guns wa3 tired, to denote the number of States composing the Union, on the return of the General to America. Descending Federal Hill, the procession passed under a beautiful arch at the head of Forest-street. The crowd of citizens hailing him here, was extremely great, and the in- crease continued every step till he reached the magnificent arch at the head of Market-street, where his friends de- scended from the barouche, and he alone proceeded down the line of military, which extended far into Old Town, and trom this fact it may be collected that ten thousand troops were present. The appearance of Market-street was splen- did and animating — every house top, every door was tilled with spectators ; and of the multitudes of female beauty and fashion that crowded all the windows, and every street it would be no easy task to give a description. The streets were also thronged, but the greatest order prevailed, and the Nation's Guest passed along the vast line, cheered by a hundred thousand voices, and by the waving of handkerchiefs and flags. Having passed through a splen- did arch at Market-street bridge, he proceeded to Fell's Point, and returning by Pratt and Gay-streets, he descended at the Exchange, and entering the great hall, was received by the Mayor and Councils. The Mayor delivered an ap- propriate address, to which the General made an affection- ate reply, and after the usual ceremonies, he returned to iiis barouche, and proceeded to Light street, across which, at the entrance into Market-street, an elegant pavilion had been erected, into which he was conducted, accompanied by a number of distinguished persons ; and here he received the passing salute of one of the finest assemblages of military men ever seen in any American city ; language would fail in describing the interest and splendour of this ceremony which occupied two hours. At 5 o'clock, the General sat down to a very splendid din- ner, in the largest room in the suite of his apartments, at which, the Mayor presided, supported by William Patterson GENERAL LA FAYETTE. 379 and John B. Morris, Esq'rs. as Vice Presidents. The roow was elegantly illuminated, the glare of light thrown on the furniture and the numerous portraits of Revolutionary He- loes, produced the tinest effect — And the company was re- galed by the music of a band, next to none perhaps in this country. The Governor of Maryland and his aids — John Quincy Adams, Secretary of State, General Macomb, of the army of the United States, Colonel Howard, General Samu- el Smith, Mr. Curtis of Arlington, Generals Strieker, Stuart, Reed, Benson, Harper, Stansbury, M'Donald, and the Colo- nels commanding regiments from the country and in the city, ami a great number of others were present. The standard of the brave Count Pulaski, who fell at the assault upon Savannah, was proudly borne in the ranks of the corps of volunteers, fastened to one of the spears belonging to the Legion, entwined with Pulaski's sword and cross beU, now owned by Colonel Bentalou, as a pledge of affectionate remembrance, of his departed friend. In the evening the city illumination was splendid ; the Ex- change and the Banks exhibited a blaze of light. The Dis* pcnsary, Theatre, Museum, the Arches, the Pyrimids of fire near the Bridge on Market-street, and the brilliant revolving star, three feet in diameter, all had an imposing effect beyond the power of language to express. The whole scene was in- terspersed with transparencies, mottos and devices, all pecu- liarly appropriate to the occasion. At 12 o'clock on Friday, the General was addressed at the Exchange by Major General Harper, in behalf of the 3d di- vision, and the officers were all presented to him. The General next received the attentions of the citizens generaU ly, who shook him most cordially by the hand. About half past 7 the General arrived at the Masonic Hall, which was most splendidly illuminated, aud decorated for the occasion. The M. W. G. Master delivered a feeling and appropriate address ; to which the General returned a cordial and affectionate reply. More than 700 brethren were present, splendidly decorated in all the costume of the craft. From the Masonic Hall, the General repaired to the Ball Room, which for taste, elegance, and beauty, exceeded all the powers of description. This splendid Ball Room was BO hss than the theatre, specially fitted up for the occasioiK 380 THE TOUR OF I The reception of the General was also sublime and imposing beyond the powers of conception, and his introduction to this splendid circle of ladies was a scene most truly interesting. This ceremony being closed, a signal was given by a flourish of bugles, and instantly the dance began. This also was a brilliant scene, which continued until half past seven, when supper was announced. General La Fayette led the way, escorted by the managers, and the supper room exhibited a scene as splendid and imposing as the Ball Room. The cheerful conviviality exhibited in the supper room, the ap- propriate toasts that were drank, and the cordial hilarity of the guests, when taken collectivel}^ may be considered a': the finishing touch to this magnificent fete at Baltimore. General La Fayette left Baltimore on Monday for Wash- ington, accompanied by the Mayor, the Committee of Ar- I rangements, the aids of the Governor, and an escort of cav- airy to Rossburg, where he lodged on Monday night, and breakfasted on Tuesday morning. After which be was ac- companied and escorted as before to the line of the District of Columbia, where he was met by a committee, introduced to a superb barouche, escorted by a military cortege, and a cavalcade, and received a national salute of artillery. Here a brilliant Procession was formed, which was preceded by a corps of cavalry, and brought up by a cavalcade of citizens, the whole extending over two miles ; while the entire way- sides were thronged with citizens, who made the air again resound with the shouts of welcome. He was thus conduct- ed to the Capitol square, and passed under a Civic Arch, ele- gantly decorated and enlivened with appropriate inscriptions. Under the Arch were 25 young Ladies (representing the 24 States, and the District of Columbia,) dressed in white, with blue scarfs, and wreaths of roses, and each bearing a banner designating the State and District she represented. They had been escorted to the Arch by some Juvenile companies. As soon as the General arrived, Miss S. VV. Watterston, rep- resenting the District, and only eleven years old, advanced, and presented a very appropriate address. It is needless to express the feeling which the Guest manifested at the scene. He shook hands with each of the interesting group. After receiving the welcome of another group of young Ladies from Georgetown, he entered the Capitol, passed through the rotunda, and ^nterec' the Tent of Washington. Here GENERAL LA FAYETTE. 381 le was met by the Mayor, and other Authorities, Officers, Clergy, kc. &c. To an address from the Mayor, full of line eeling, the General made the following reply : " The kind and flattering reception with which I am hon- )red by the citizens of Washington, excite the most lively eelings of gratitude ; those grateful feelings, Sir, at every step of my haj^py visit to the United States, could not but enhance the inexpressible delight I have enjoyed at the sight )f the immense and wonderful improvements, so far beyond :!ven the fondest anticipations of a warm American heart ;. md which, in the space of forty years, have so gloriously Bvinced the superiority of popular institutions and sclf-gov- Brnment, over the two imperfect state of political civiliza- .ion, found in every part of the other hemisphere. In this lugust place, which bears the most venerable of all ancient md modern names, I have, Sir, the pleasure to contemplate, lot only a cenlre of that constitutional Union so necessary to hese States, so important to the interests of mankind, but ilso a great political school where attentive observers from )ther parts of the world may be taught the practical science Df true social order. " Among the circumstances of my life to which you have been pleased to allude, none can afford me such dear recol ections as my having been early adopted as an American oldier, so there is not a circumstance of my reception in kvhich I take so much pride, as in sharing those honors with :Tiy beloved companions in arms. Happy f am to feel that he marks of affection and esteem bestowed on me, bear tes- imony to my perseverance in the American principles I re- eived under the tent of Washington, and of which I shall, to jiy last breath, prove myself a devoted disciple. 1 beg you, Mr. Mayor, and the gentlemen of the Corporation, to accept iDy respectful acknowledgements to you and to the citizens uf Washington." After the customary introductions, the General reviewetl the military, amounting to 1600, and received a grand salute. The General accompanied by the Mayor, and attended by General Brown, and Commodore Tingey, proceeded to the President's House. The streets were lined with spectators, uidthe windows filled with ladies, all repeating benedictions 382 THC TOUR OF on the beloved Guest, and waving their handkerchiefs token of their happiness. _ On alighting, the General v/as received by the Marshal oi the District, and supported by General Brown and Commo- dore Tingey, of the Committee of Arrangements, and cod ducted to the Drawing Room, where the President advanced to him and gave him a cordial and affectionate reception The President had on his right hand the Secretary of State and Secretary of the Treasury, and on his left the Secretary of the Army and Secretary of the Navy ; while the Attorney General, General Jesup, Colonel Gibson, Colonel Towson Major Nourse, and Doctor Lovell, of the Army, Captains Rodgers, Chauncey, Porter, Jones and Morris, of the Nav) the Post-Master General, the Comptrollers, Auditors, and other high Officers of the Government, were arranged on each side of the room, to the number of 50 or 60. The in tervievv was impressive, and occasioned many grateful recol- lections. After an interchange of courtesies, and spending about 20 minutes in delightful converse, during which lib- eral refreshments were passed round, the General took his leave and rejoined his escort. He then passed in review the whole body of troops, and retired to his quarters at Gadsby'3 Hotel. After some time spent in his private room, a great number of Officers, Citizens, kc. were introduced to him After the ceremony of the procession, &c. a public dinne was provided, at which the Mayor of Washington presided assisted by the Presidents of the boards of Aldermen and the Common Council ; and at which were present the heads of departments, revolutionary officers, military and naval officers of the United States, members of the City Council, and many distinguished characters from different parts of tlie nation. His reception by Mr. Monroe President of the United States, was most cordial and honorable. He called on th President, the day of his arrival in Washington, as before mentioned. The next day he was with Mr. Monroe both at breakfast and dinner, and on Thursday, the President gave a public dinner in honor of La Fayette, at which were present the Heads of Departments, many distinguished public char acters from various parts of the United States, and the prin- cipal officers of the army and navy. While in Washington he also visited the Secretaries of State, of the Treasury, and d! GENERAL LA FAYETTE. 383 jf War, and Mrjor General Brown, of the United States irmy. General La Fayette rode orer to Georgetown on Thurs- day, having been earnestly invited by the Miiyor and corpo- ration to visit that city ; and the citizens demonstrated their gratitude and joy on the occasion, by a military escort, and a respectable procession. But the most acceptable offering was such as he had received in all other places, the sponta- neous and cordial salutations of the whole people. On Fri- day, he visited the navy yard, by invitation of the veteran Commodore Tingey. His reception here was remarkably brilliant and impressive ; he was accompanied by many dis- tinguished citizens and public functionaries ; and the atten- tions of the naval veteran were honorable to himself and highly gratifying to General La Fayette. He dined again on Friday with President Monroe ; and on Saturday proceeded on his proposed visit to Alexandria, and Yorktown. He was accompanied as far as the Potomac by the Mayor and commit- tee of arrangements from Washington, escorted by the George- town cavalry. On the south side of the river, he was re- ceived by the deputation of Alexandria, attended by many other citizens, and several officers of the army and navy of the United States. He entered the Ancient Dominion at Alexandria, at noon, on the 16th, every where accompanied, escorted, and wel- comed with the offerings of all hearts, hands, and voices. The parade of military exceeded 1500. In the procession was a car with " the tent of Washington. The procession passed through thronged streets, by crowded houses, under splendid arches, and amidst the roar of welcome, and shouts of transport. On the apex of a magnificent arch was perch- ed a live mountain Eagle, of extraordinary size, who spread his wings when the General passed, and seemed to unite in their welcome. On his way he was met by another of those interesting and affecting sights — a body of two hundred young boys and misses, who, while one of the latter chaunted a beautiful paean, strewed flowers in his path. He was here addressed by the Mayor, the Common Council, his brother Masons and others, ftalutes of artillery were fired at inter- vals. At the public dinner given to him, Mr. Secretary Ad- ams, Commodores Rodgers and Porter, General Macomb and other distinguished citizens, were ;q:iirsts. The toasts 384 THE TOUR OF were good and the volunteers numerous. " Our distinguish ed Guest — the People's prisoner," was one of them. The General held a levee in the evening. The public buildings and many private houses were brilliantly illuminated. On the Sabbath General La Fayette proceeded to Mount Vernon, and visited the tomb of Washington, his revered Father and Friend. While here, he was presented, bv Mr. Custis, with a ring containing a portion of the hair of the Sainted Hero, together with the masonic sash and jewel for- merly belonging to the Great Mason, accompanied with the following address : " Last of the Generals of the army of Independence ! At this awful and impressive moment, when, forgetting the splendour of a triumph greater than Roman consul ever had, you bend with reverence over the remains of Washington, the child of Mount Vernon presents you with this token, containing the hair of him, whom while living you loved, and to whose honored grave you now pay the manly and affecting tribute of a patriots and a soldier's tear. " The ring has ever been an emblem of the union of hearts from the earliest ages of the world ; and this will unite the affections of all the Americans to the person and posterity of La Fayette, now and hereafter. And when your descendants of a distant day shall behold this valued relic, it will remind them of the heroic virtues of their illustrious sire, who received it, not in the palaces of princes, or amid the pomp and vanities of life, but at the laurelled grave of Washington. " Do you ask — Is this the Mausoleum befitting the ashes of a Marcus Aurelius, or the good Antonius ? I tell you, that <^he father of his country lies buried in the hearts of his countrymen ; and in those of the brave, the good, the free, of all ages and nations. Do you seek for the tablets which are to convey his fame to immortality ? They have long been written in the freedom and happmess of their country. These are the monumental trophies of Washington the great ; and will endure when the proudest works of art have '* dis- solved and left not a wreckbehind." " Venerable man ! Will you never tire in the cause of freedom and human happiness ? Is it not time that you should rest from your labours, and repose on the bosom of a coub- GENERAL LA FAYETTE.. 58c> iiy, which delights to love and honor you, and will teach her children's children to bless your name and memory ? Surely, where liberty dwells, there must be the country of La Faj- ette. *' Our fathers witnessed the dawn of your glory, partook of its meridian splendour ; and oh, let their children enjoy the benign radiance of your setting sun. And when it shall sink in the horizon ot nature, here^ here with pious duty, we will form your sepulchre ; and, united in death as in life, by the side of the great chief you will rest in peace, till the last trump awakes the slumbering world, and calls your virtues to their great reward. " The joyous shouts of millions of freemen hailed yoiu returning foot-print on our sands. The arms of millions are opened wide to take you to their grateful hearts ; and the prayers of millions ascend to the throne of the Eternal, that the choicest blessings of heaven may cheer the latest days of La Fayette." General La Fayette having received the ring, pressed ii to his bosom, and replied — *' The feelings, which at this awful moment oppress m} heart, do not leave the power of utterance. 1 can only thank you, my dear Custis, for your precious gift. I pay a silent homage to the tomb of the greatest and best of men, my pa- terral friend." On Monday, the General proceeded down the Potomac tor Yorktown, in the steam-boat Petersburgh, accompanied by two other steam-boats. The steam-boat Virginia left York the same day at 1 1 o'clock, and proceeded down the river, followed by the steam- boat United States from Baltimore, and Virginia from Rich mond — at 12, at the mouth of the river, met the steam-boat Petersburgh, with General La Fayette on board, followed by the steam-boats Potomac and Richmond, the former from Alexandria, the latter from Norfolk. The General, accord- ing to previous arrangement, debarked from the Petersburgh, and came on board the Virginia, where he was met by the Committee of Arrangements ; the Virginia firing at the time a salute of 15 guns. After the General and his suite, who were accompanied by the Secretary of War, and several offi- 33 386 THE TOUR OF cers of distinction, both of the army and navy, had entered on board the Virginia, she returned to York followed by the steam-boats Petersburgh and Richmond on the larboard side, and the Potomac and the United States on the starboard : the Virginia following in the rear in the centre, thus forming, as it were, an elypsis, when they moved up in a very hand- gome style, the bands on board playing very appropriate airs, while the heights were thronged with troops and spec- tators, anxious to see, and pay their respects to the man whose career of hfe has never been equalled, and such a man will probably never exist again. — The feelings of all present were more or less excited when the General came on board the Virginia ; but when he was addressed by B. W. Leigh, Esq. in behalf of the State ; the manner in which the address was delivered, as well as the style in which it was written, together with the circumstances which gave rise to such an address on this spot, all manifested an appearance such as cannot be described. On the General's landing he was supported by Colonels Bassett, Harvie, Peyton and Tones, who introduced him to the Governor of the State : the latter received him with the following address : " General La Fayette — " Sir — On behalf of the people of Virginia, I tender to you a most cordial and hearty welcome to our State. " Jn you we recognize the early, the stedfast, the consis- tent friend. Whilst the United States in general owe you so large a debt of gratitude, for the liberal tender of your purse, your person, and your blood, in their behalf, the State of Virginia, is, if possible, still more deeply indebted to you. You were her defender in the hour of her greatest trial. At the early age of twenty-four years, with an army greatly inferior in numbers, and still more in equipments and disci- pline, you conducted your military movements with so much judgment, that the ablest officer of the British army could never obtain the slightest advantage over you ; and whilst that officer spent his time in harrassing our distressed State, you mancEuvred before him with the most unceasing caution and vigilance, with a steady eye, to that grand result, which brought the war to a crisis on the plains of York. " Forty-three years from that period, we have the happi- ness to find you in our country, the vast improvement of GENERAL LA FAYETTE. 38t which is the most conclusive evidence of the correctness of the principles for which you contended by tl^e side of Wash- ington. ' " I will conclude, sir, by the expression of a sentiment, which I believe to be strictly true ; — It is, that no man, at any time has ever received the effusions of a nation's feel- ings, which have come so directly from the heart." The General advanced, and grasping the Governor's hand, said, — " I am gratified Sir, most highly gratified, by the re- ception yon have given me on the part of the state of Vir- ginia. The happy conduct and the successful termination of the decisive campaign, in which you have the goodness to ascribe to me so large a part, were attributable much more to the constituted authorities and people of Virginia, than to the General who was honored with the chief military com- mand. I have the livehest recollection of all the scenes of my services in this State, and of all the men with whom it was my happiness and honor to serve — and happy as I was to assist and witness the accomplishment of American liberty and independence, I have been yet happier in the ?R?l!rfincr that the blessings which have flowed from that great event, have exceeded the fondest and most sanguine expectations." The procession formed, and the Nation's Guest," in an elegant barouche, drawn by four beautiful grey horses, mov- ed up into the town. The General dined with a select conipany of some 20 or 30, consisting of the revolutionary officers, &c. At night, some transparencies were exhibited over the door of his house, and under the Richmond mar- quee. On this day, Monday ICth, the reception was purely civic, not a soldier appeared under arms. But on the 19th the military spectacle was imposing and briHiant. Soon after breakfast. La Fayette walked from his quarters, to the tent of Washington surrounded by the Committee of Arrange- ments and others. Numbers were then introduced to him — many ladies, tht veteran soldiers of the revolution, citizens from other stsftes, and all quarters of Virginia. The clas- sic ground of Yorktown was converted into a camp ; and the harbor was filled with vessels, steam-boats, &c. In the midst of the camp the tent of Washington had a conspicu- ous situation, near the House where its illustrious owner bad J8« THE TOUR OF his Head Qjuarters in 1782. — To this the General repaired, and received the visits of the Ladies, strangers, &c. — after which he was introduced to Col. Wm. I. Lewis, of Camp bell, who delivered an address suitable to the occasion. Leaving this he passed under a splendid triumphal arch, erected on the spot where once stood the redoubt, which La Fayette stormed, and which bore the names of La Fay- ette, Hamilton, and Laurens. The other redoubt stormed by the French troops, bore an Obelisk, bearing the names of Viomenil, Dupont, Dumas, De Novilles, Rochambeau, and De Grasse. On every part of the battle ground were to be found balls, shells, and fragments of bombs, the interesting evidences of the ardor and peril with which the capture of York was characterized. — The General, in his splend,id ba- rouche, accompanied by the Governor of Virginia, Chief Justice Marshal, and Mr. Secretary Calhoun, proceeded to the arch, where he was received by General Taylor, and ad dressed as follows : . . ■General — On behalf of my comrades, I bid you wel- ]\ come. They come to orreet yo'J, ^.vith no pageantry, intend ed to surpri&'e by its novelty, or dazzle by its splendour. But they bring you, General, an offering which wealth coul(' not purchase, nor power constrain. On this day, associate( with so many thrilUng recollections ; on this spot, consecra ted by successful valour, they come to offer you this willin- homage of their hearts. . || "Judge, General, of their feelings at this moment by your own. Every thing around them speaks alike to their sense and sensibilities. These plains, where the peaceful plough- , share has not yet effaced the traces of military operations ; 1|| these half decayed ramparts, this ruined village, in which th(< ^ ' bomb's havoc is still every where visible, tell us of past war iare : and remind us of that long, arduous and doubtful strug- i\ gle, on the issue of which depended the emancipation of our jll country. " On yonder hillock, the last scene of blood was closed by the surrender of an army ; and the libertV of our nation permanently secured. With what resistless eloquence doe^ it persuade our gratitude and admiration for the gallani heroes, to whose noble exertions we owe the countless ble? things which our free institutions have conferred upon us ? " The spot on which we stand, was once a redoubt occn GENERAL LA FAYETTE. 389 pied by our enemy. With how rapid a pencil does imagina- tion present the blooming chieftain, by whom it was wrested from his grasp. Can we be here, and forget that superior to the prejudices which then enchained even noble minds, he perceived in the first and almost hopeless struggles of a dis- tant and obscure colony, the movement of that moral power, which was destined to give a new direction and character to political institutions, and to improve human happiness. Can we forget, that, deaf to the solicitations of power, of rank, and of pleasure, with a noble prodigality, he gave to our country his sword, his treasure, and the influence of bis example. " And when in the aged warrior who stands before us, we recognize that youthful chieftain, with what rapidity does memory retrace the incidents of his eventful life ? With what pleasure do we see his manhood realize the promise of his youth ? In senates or in camps, in the palaces of kings, or in their dungeons, we behold the same erect and manly spirit. At one time, tempering the licentiousness of popu- lar feeling ; at another restraining the extravagance of pow- er, and always regardless of every thing but the great object of his life, the moral and political improvement of mankind. " General — In the brightest days of antiquity, no artificial stimulus of rank, or power, or wealth, was required to excite noble minds to acts of generous daring. A wreath of laurel, or of oak, was at once the proof and the reward of illustrious merit. For this, statesmen meditated, warriors bled, and eloquence soared to its sublimest heights. The prize was invaluable ; for, it was won only by merit. It detracted, however, somewhat from its worth, that it was conferred by the partiality of compatriots, and in the fervor of admiration, inspired by recent success. •* Your life. General, illustrious throughout, in this also is distinguished. — Time, which dims the lustre of ordinary merit, has rendered yours more brilliant. After a lapse of nearly half a century, your triumph is decreed by the sons of those who witnessed your exploits. " Deign then. General, to accept the simple but expressive token of their gratitude and admiration. Suffer their leader to place upon your veteran brow, the only crown it would not disdain to wear, the blended emblems of civic worth and martial prowe^^jr. It will not paia you, General, to perceive ?3* 390 THE TOUR OF some scattered sprigs of melancholy cypress, intermingled ' with the blended leaves of laurel and oak. Your heart would tul-n from us with generous indignation, if on an occa- sion like this, amid the joyous acclamations which greet you every where, were heard no sighs of grateful recollection for those gallant men who shared your battles, but do not, cannot, share your triumph. The wreath which our grati- tude has woven, to testify our love for you, will lose noth- ing of its fragrance, or its verdure, though time hangupon its leaves some tears of pious recollection of the friend of your snarly youth : in war the avenger, in peace, the father of hi& country. "'In behalf then, of all the chivalry of Virginia ; on thii? redoubt, which his valour wrested from the enemy at the point of the bayonet ; 1 place on the head of Major Gen oral La Fayette this wreath of double triumph : — won by numerous and illustrious acts of martial prowess, and by v. life devoted to the happiness of the human race. In their i names, I proclaim him alike victorious in arms and acts of l! civil polit}'. In bannered fields, a hero — in civil life, the benefactor of mankind." La Fayette was deeply affected. There was a solemi earnestness in his manners, a touchmg sensibility in hi- whole xountenance, which most deeply impressed every ob server. Many wept — all were moved. When General Taylor had closed his address, he was about to tix the civir wreath upon the General's head. But the considerate vet eran, always himself, always attentive to the slightest propri e,ties of word and action, caught the hovering wreath as i approached his brow with his right hand, and respectful]; bowing, dropt it to his side, when he thus replied : " I most cordially thank you, my dear general, and your companions in arms, for your affectionate welcome, your kind recollections, and the flattering expressions of your friend- .ship. Happy I am to receive them on these already ancient lines, where the united arms of America and France have been gloriously engaged in a holy alHance, to support the tights of American Independence, and the sacred principle of the sovereignty of the people. Happy also to be so wel- comed on the particular spot where my dear Light Infcmtr comrades acquired one of their honourable claims to pub'. GENEKAL LA FAYETTE. 391 love and esteem. You know. Sir, that in this business oi" storming redoubts, 'with unloaded arms and fixed bayonets, the merit of the deed is in the soldiers who execute it ; and to each ot'them, I am anxious to acknowledge their equal share of honour. Let me, however, with affection and grat- itude, pay a special tribute to the gallant name of Hamilton, who commanded the attack, to the three field officers who seconded him, Gimat, Laurens and Fish, the only surviving one, my friend now near me. In their name, my dear Gen- eral, in the name of the Light Infantry, those we have lost, as well as those who survive, and only in common with them, I accept the crown withwhichyou are pleased to honour us, and I offer you the return of the most grateful acknowledge- ments." The General was not apprized of the address or the offering of the wreath ; but with his never-ceasing readiness he turned round, and drawing Colonel Fish to the front, said, •' Herejiolfof this wreath belongs to you.'''' " No, Sir," re- plied the Colonel " it is all your own." " Then," rejoined La Fayette, putting it into the Colonel's hand, " take it, and preserve it as our common propertij .''^ The whole scene was strongly marked with the moral sublime. After this ceremony, the line passed and paid the Guest military honours ; and the General then resumed his ba- rouche, and the military, in line of march, took up the es- cort. On a platform and gallery erected on the field, were "seated nearly 1200 ladies, and by their presence, gave addi- tional delight and splendour to the scene. — The General's attention was early arrested by this fair assemblage, and re- (juestingthe escort to halt, he directed the barouche to leave the line and drive up to the platform, where, stopping at in- tervals, he expressed the gratification and pleasure thes«i marks of attention were peculiarly calculated to afford. He resumed his place in the line, amidst the cheerings of the citizens and strangers, and the waving of handkerchiefs, and the procession then escorted him to his quarters in the town. The dinner which followed was sumptuous, and the toasts were excellent. In the evening there was a splendid display of fire-works. On Wednesday, the 20th., the General partook of a mihtary :392 THE* TOUR OF breakfast in the tent of Washington^ where ail the officers:^ ami soldiers in the field, were introduced. The most inter- esting of these interviews were with the soldiers of the rev- olution. One of them advanced, seized the General by the hand, exclaiming, " I was with you at Yorktown. I enter- ed yonder redoubt at your side. I too was at the side of the gallant De Kalb, your associate in arms, when he fell in the field." The tears streamed from the veteran's eyes ; and La Fayette showed by his countenance the sympathy he felt, •' Yes, my brave soldier, I am happy to have lived, to meet you once more." After a short time, La Fayette, respecting that inestimable spirit of equality which pervades all free institutions, went forth to salute the crowd of citizens who stood in the street. He was stationed at the gate, and the long line of gratified spectators passed by him. Each person seized his hand as he passed him. To all La Fayette extended some mark of kindness and consideration. The spectacle was deeply im- pressive. The variety of manners in the different specta- tors, was singularly strikmg. Some, as they approached, fixed their eyes on his face, and lingered after they had pas- sed, as if to drink in the last expression of its countenance. Others advanced with the deepest feelings of awe, *vith their eyes cast upon the earth. . General La Fayette, after the sublime scenes of Yorktown were closed, visited Williamsburg, Norfolk, Petersburg, and Richmond, by special invitations, where he was received with all that magnificent parade, and those splendid decora- tions, as well as civic feasts that have marked the whole pro- gress of his tour, from his first landing upon the shores ot America. The limits of this work will not admit of a par- ticular detail. Suffice it to say that the offerings of Ameri- can hearts in this glorious cause, are every where the same, whether expressed by addresses, triumphal arches, military parades, civic feasts, splendid balls, and illuminations, the smiles of the fair sex, or the sympathetic tear of the old heroes of the revolution. All these, and much more that cannot be expressed, were displayed to their full extent m Virginia. General La Fayette left Richmond on Tuesday, Novem- ber 2d, on a visit to his illustrious friend Mr. Jefferson, agreeable to invitation, and arrired at Monticello on Thurs- GENERAL LA FAYETTE. 3dJ uay, November 4th, where he was received by Mr. Jeffer son in a most feeling and affectionate manner. They flew I into the arms of each other, by a most cordial impulse, and remained locked in a silent embrace for several minutes, be- fore their feelings could find utterance. Language cannot, express the affectionate salutations that followed. Mr. Jef ferson presented his friend to his family and friends, who all gave him a cordial and affectionate welcome. The wholf scene was peculiarly interesting and touching. General La Fayette passed a wefek at Monticello, to enjo\ the repose of that beautiful seat, under the courteous hos{)i- tality of his beloved friend, which also afforded him some leisure to reply to his numerous correspondents.* The General closed his most agreeable visit at Mon- ticello ; took leave of that classic ground, and his ever dear and venerable friend, and departed for Montpelier, agreeable to his engagements, to meet the welcome congratulations of his much esteemed friend, Mr. Madison. Here he was also receive:! 7.'ith 0'^?n arms, and made welcome to the bosom of a family, whose every heart cheered niiT. ^vith a most cordi^', reception. His visit at Montpelier, as at Monticello, was peculiarly interesting and gratifying, but his stay was neces- sarily short, on account of his engagements to be at Wash- ington. He tore L-lmself away from this happy family, and again commenced his journey for the seat of government, where he arrived on Tuesday, the 23d of November, andtvas received with the highest testimonials of affectionate respect. He dined with the President on the same day, in company with the principal officers of the government and city. On Wednesday, he set out for Baltimore, accompani- ed by his Son and Secretary, the Hon. James Barbour of Virginia, and other gentlemen of the first respectability'. He was received at Baltimore with unabated cordiality ; at- tended the gre;it Cattle Show, kc. and was complimented with the delivery of the premiums. In the evening he attended the theatre, and returned the next day to Washing- ton. Upon the return of General La Fayette to Washington, both Houses of Congress, upon the report of committees. It is said that his unanswered letters exceeded 400. 394 THE TOUR OF specially appointed to recommend a suitable manner oi receiving General La Fayette, resolved as follows : *' In Senate Resolved, That the President of the Senate in- vite General La Fayette to take a seat in the Senate Cham- ber, agreeable to his wishes ; that the committee deliver the invitation to the General, and introduce him into the Senate Chamber, and that the members receive him stand- ing." Upon the report of a special Committee, the House pas- sed the following resolution : " Resolved, That General La Fayette be invited by the Committee to attend the House on Friday next, at 1 o'clock ; and that he be introduced by the Committee, and received by the Members standing, and addressed by the Speaker in behalf of the House. " Committee of invitation to consist of 24 members, a rep- resentation of each State." On Thursday, December Qth, at 1 o'clock. General La Fayette entered the Chamber of the Senate, accompanied by a Committee of that body. On entering the bar, Mr. Barbour, Chairman of the Committee, announced the pres- ence of the General in the following words : " We intro- duce General La Fayette to the Senate of the Uniterl States ;" whereupon the President of the Senate and the Senators, rose from their seats, and the General advancing to- wards the Chair of the Senate, was invited by the President to take a seat prepared for him on the right of the CHair. Soon after the General was seated, Mr. Barbour moved that the Senate adjourn. Mr. Llo}'d of Massachusetts concurred in the wish for the Senate to adjourn, to afford the Members an opportunity ol paying their individual respects to General La Fayette. The Senate then adjourned, and the Senators individual!}- , beginning with the President of the Senate, tendered him their respects, which were cordially and feelingly recipro- cated. On Friday, December 10th, the House Resolved, " That a messenger be sent to the Senate of the United States, re- questing that body to attend in the Chamber of Represen- tatives, this day, at 1 o'clock ; seats were ordered for the Senate, and that body shortly after entered, and took their s-eats accordinfflv. GENERAL LA FAYETTE. 395 At 1 o'clock, according to previous arrangement. Gen- oral La Fayette appeared, attended by the committee of 24 members of the House of Representatives, and was intro- duced to the House by Mr. Mitchell, Chairman of the Com- mittee. On the General's entry, the members and persons admit- ted on the iloor of the House, rose, and remained standing, uncovered. Mr. Speaker then rose, and, in behalf of the House, ad- Iressed the Nation's Guest, in the following eloquent strain, adorned by those graces of oratory, for which he is distin- ;uished : " General — The House of Representatives of the United States, impelled alike by its own feelings, and by those of the whole American people, could not have assigned to me a more gratifying duty, than that of being its organ to pre- sent to you cordial congratulations upon the occasion of your recent arrival in the United States, in compliance with the wishes of Congress, and to assure you of the very high satis- faction which your presence affords on this earl}'^ theatre of your glory and renown. Although but few of the members who compose this body, shared with you in the war of the Revolution, all have a knowledge, from impartial history, or from faithful tradition, of the perils, the sufferings, and the sacrifices, which you voluntarily encountered, and the signal services in America and in Europe, which you performed for an infant, a distant, antd an alien people ; and all feel and own the very great extent of the obligations under which you have placed our country. But the relations in which you have ever stood to the United States, interesting and important as they have been, do not constitute the only mo- tive of the respect and admiration which this House enter- tains for you. Your consistency of character, your uniform devotion to regulated liberty, in all the vicissitudes of a long md arduous life, also commands its highest admiration. Dur- ing all the recent convulsions of Europe, amidst, as after the dispersion of, every political storm, the people of the United States have ever beheld you true to your old principles, firm and erect, cheering and animating, with your well known voice, the votaries of liberty, its faithful and fearless cham- pion, ready to shed the last drop of that blood, which, here you so freely and nobly spilt in the same holy cause. S96 THE TOUR OF " The vain wish has been sometimes indulged, that Provi- dence would allow the Patriot, after death, to return to his country, and to contemplate the intermediate changes which had taken place — to view the forests felled, the cities built, the mountains levelled, the canals cut, the highways con- structed, the progress of the arts, the advancement of learn- ing, and the increase of population. General, your present visit to the United States is the realization of the consoling object of that wish. You are in the midst of posterity ! Ev- ery where you must have been struck with the great chan- ges, physical and moral, which have occurred since you left us. Even this very city, bearing a venerated name, alike endeared to you and to us, has since emerged from the for- est which then covered its site. In one respect, you behold us unaltered, and that is in this sentiment of continued devo- tion to liberty, and of ardent affection and profound gratitude to your ({eparted friend, the father of his country, and to your illustrious associates, in the field and in the Cabinet, for the multiplied blessings which surround us, and for the very privilege of addressing you, which I now exercise. This sentiment, now fondly cherished by more than ten mil- lions of people, will be transmitted, with unabated vigor, down the tide of time, through the countless miUions who are destined to inhabit this continent, to the latest posterity." To which address, General La Fayette replied, in a tone in which energy of character and sensibility of feeling were most interestingly blended, to the following eifect : ^^ Mr. Speaker, and Gentlemen of the House of Representatives : " While the people of the United States, and their honor- able Representatives in Congress have deigned to make choice of me, one of the American veterans, to signify in his person, their esteem for our joint services and their attach- ment to the principles for which we have had the honour to fight and bleed, I am proud and happy to share those extra- ordinary favours with my dear revolutionary companions — yet, it would be, on my part, uncandid and ungrateful not to acknowledge my personal share in those testimonies of kind- ness, as they excite in my breast emotions which no adequate- words could express. " My obligations to the United States, Sir, far exceed any merit f might claim. They date from the time when I had GENERAL LA FAYETTE. 397 the happiness to be adopted as a youn»2 soldier, a favoured son of America.— They have been continued to me during almost half a century of constant affection and confidence, and now, sir, thanks to your most gratifying invitation, I find myself greeted by a series of welcomes, one hour of which would more than compensate for the public exertions and ufferings of a whole life. " The approbation of the American people and their Rep- resentatives, for my conduct during the vicissitudes of the European Revolution, is the highest reward I could receive. Well may I stand, " firm and erect," when, in their names, and by you, Mr. Speaker, I am declared to have, in every instance, been faithful to those American principles of lib- erty, equality, and true social order, the devotion id which, us it has been from my earliest youth, so shall it continue to be to my latest breath. *' You have been pleased, Mr. Speaker, to allude to the peculiar felicity of my situation, when, after so long an ab- sence, I am called to witness the immense improvements, the admirable communications, the prodigious creations of which we find an example in this city, whose name itself is a ven- erated palladium ; in a word, all the grandeur and prosper- ity of these happy United States, which, at the same time they nobly secure the complete assertion of American In- dependence, reflect on every part of the world the light of a far superior pontical civilization. " What better pledge can be given of a persevering na- tional love of Hberty, when those blessings are evidently the result of a virtuous resistance to oppression, and the institu- tions founded on the rights of man and the Republican prin- ciple of self-government. No, Mr. Speaker, posterity has not begun for me — since in the sons of my companions and friends, I find the same public feelings, and permit me to add, the same feelings in my behalf, which 1 have had the happi- ness to experience in their fathers. •' Sir, I have been allowed, forty years ago, before a Committee of a Congress of thirteen States, to express the fond wishes of an American heart. — On this day I have the honor, and enjoy the delight, to congratulate the Represen- tatives of the Union, so vastly enlarged, on the realization of 34 398 THE TOUR OF those wishes, even beyond every human expectation, and upon the almost infinite prospects we can with certainty an- ticipate. " Permit me, Mr. Speaker, and gentlemen of the House of Representatives, to join, to the expression of those senti- ments, a tribute of my lively gratitude, affectionate devotion, and profound respect." After the General and the Members had resumed their seats, and a short pause ensued, Mr. Mitchell, the organ of the Committee of reception, moved an adjournment. The motion was agreed to, and the House was adjourned to Monday. The Speaker then descended from the Chair, and most affectionately saluted the General. His example was follow- ed by the Members of the House, individually, and some time was spent in this agreeable manner before the General retired. The sublime and touching realities of this whole scene surpass the powers of imagination ; every eye, every ear and every heart were wholly engrossed by the magnitude of the object before them. Nothing is to be found in the whole field of Grecian or Roman story, as a parallel to this. Of all the proud triumphs through which the veteran hero has passed since he first landed upon the shores of America, this was not only the most glorious, but must have been the most interesting to his feelings. The scene in the Senate was not less interesting and im- posing than that of the House ; and it is well understood, that General La Fayette is the only public character that has ever been received by the Senate of the United States. This virgin honor was reserved for the man who was truly the most deserving. On Monday, December 20th, Mr. Hayne, from the com- mittee to whom was referred the subject of making provision for General La Fayette, reported to the Senate a bill, provi- ding, that the sum of 200,000 dollars be granted to Major General La Fayette ; also, one complete and entire town- ship of land, to be located upon any of the public lands that remain unsold. GENERAL LA FAYETTE. 399 ^ On Tuesday, December 21st, this bill passed the Senate, -and on Wednesday, December 22d, the bill passed the House of Representatives. Some slight objections were made to the bill while under discussion in Congress, which were remarks by way of inquiry for information, rather than serious opposition, which led one of the members, in a conversation with General La Fayette, to offer a delicate apology ; but the General with great naivete interrupted him, by adding — " / too Sir am of the opposition. The gift is so munificent, so far exceeding the services of the individual, that had I been a member of Congress, I must have voted against it." CHAPTZSR ZV< A SUMMARY OF THE SOUTHERN AND WESTERN TOUR OP GENERAL LA FAYETTE. General La Fayette Commenced his tour from Washing- ton, through the southern and western states, about the first of March. In his course he visited the principal towns in the states of North and South Carolina, Georgia, Alabama, Louisiania, Mississippi, Tennessee, Missouri, Kentucky,* Illi- nois, Indiana and Ohio. He visited Pittsburg, and returned to Albany, by the way of Buffalo and the western canal. From Albany he proceeded directly to Boston, through Springfield j where he arrived on the 16th of June. * Extract of a letter from General La Fayette to a gentleman of Philadelphia, dated ^^_ . . , ^ Louisville, May 12. "In the night of the 8(h and 9th inst. we ran foul of a snag, which lay concealed two feet under water, and so well infiladed our steam- boat, that it pierced through our upper deck, and sunk the boat in a few minutes. We had time, however, to come out of the ladies' cabir;, before the water had penetrated through the partition, and all landed safely without any life being lost. The Paragon, which was descending the river in the morning,-was good enough to take us on Doard and bring us to this place. This accident is not imputable to 400 THP TOUR OF The author regrets extremejy that the limits of this woii. will not permit him to give a particular description of th*; interesting scenes that awaited the General throughout this whole tour. It must however, be remembered, that descrip- , tions of scenes the most interesting, of feelings the most sublime and touching, and of characters the most exalted/ loose their intended effect, by being too minutely dwelt up- on, pr too often repeated, and become irksome and tedious, j A general sameness necessarily prevails throughout the 1 whole ; as in the Atlantic so in the western tour of General ' La Fayette, all classes of citizens vied with each other in expressing the grateful emotions of their hearts to the guest of the nation, the veteran hero, and the patriot benefactor of America. The orators of the country, the surviving heroes of the revolution, the patriots and sages, the fair daughters of Co- lumbia, with their numerous offspring, and the whole mass ; of citizens, all with one acclaim welcomed the man whom their united hearts delight to honor. The same mihtary parades, civic feasts, cordial and affectionate addresses, tri- umphal arches, splendid balls, and soldiers tears, that shewed the joys of kindred souls, greeted the arrival of La Fayeti in every place he visited, throughout this extensive roul* from Washington to Charleston, to New Orleans, to St. j any ooe ; the conduct of the captain of the Mechanic was such as to entitle him to the thanks which you will see in the St. Louis Gazette. *' You will find in another part of that news-paper, an error, which I wish much to be corrected. It is, that I have only lost ray carriage and my hat ; the latter was most obligingly replaced by a naanufac- turer of Louisville. But amongst the lost trunks is that which con- tained all the papers which I had preserved during my journey — aU- my letters to be answered — and a great number of answers which i had prepared during twelve days navigation. This loss throws all my correspondence into confusion — I have not saved a single memoran- dum — and as to every thing anterior to the shipwreck, I must rely on the indulgence of my friends [One of the trunks has since been found and is on the way to its owner.] <' i eypect to be on the 28th or 29th of this month at Pittsburgh, and arrive at Boston on the 16th o: June, by the way of Albany. I hope to be at New York on the 4lh of July, thence go to Washington, taking Philadelphia in my way, to take leave of several respected friends, and embark for France oa the 15tb of August.'* GENERAL LA FAYETTE. 401 Louis, to Cincinnati, to Pittsburg, to Buffalo, to Albany, and to Boston, a distance of more than 4000 miles. These were not the momentary triumphs of a conqueror, who returns flushed with some recent victory ; but the tri- umphs of the hearts of othe? generations, who rise up to bless the patriot hero of their country, who took their fa- thers by the hand, led them to victory and glory ; and when he had given them an exalted rank among the nations of the earth, stepped aside, and left them to pursue their enjoy- ments of freedom, happiness and honor. Again, after a lapse of nearly fifty years, he comes, at the united voice of more than 10,000,000 of people, as free, as happy, and as independent, as the nature of man can possibly become, to receive the welcome plaudits of the nation. More than 3000 miles of the western tour of General La Fayette were a pathless desert when he last visited America ; now they can proudly boast of nine new and valuable states, covered with rich and flourishing cities, towns and villages ; possessing a free, a virtuous, and an intelligent population ; richly enjoying all that is essential to the happiness of man. Throughout this vast interior, the forests have bowed to the ax of the wood-man, cities, towns and villages, roads, eanals, manufactures, commerce, and the arts and sciences, have risen into being, as by the wand of the magician ; and the all-propelling power of steam has greatly facilitated the social and commercial intercourse throughout the vast circuit ©f this western route. The changes throughout the eastern or Atlantic tour, in a period of forty or fifty years, far surpass every thing of the kind, either in ancient or modern story, and must have been almost incredible to the patriot hero ; but the changes of the west are far greater, and must have appeared to him like so much of the section of a new creation. The sub- lime realities of this whole scene, when taken collectively, surpass the powers of the pen or the pencil, and are vast beyond the stretch of imagination. .n* iO% THE TOUR OF CHAFTSR V. RECEPTION OF GENERAL LA FAYETTE BY THE LEGISLATURE OF MASSACHUSETTS — -PROCEEDINGS AT BUNKER HILL. Oq Thursday, June 16th, General La Fayette, agreeable to invitation, met the Goyernor and Council, the Senate and House of Representatives, in the Representatives Chamber. The several branches of the government being cissembled, he was introduced by a committee, and seated by the side of the Governor, by the Speaker's desk. The Governor then rose and made the following address : " General La Fayette, '• The immediate Representatives of the people of Mas- .1 sachusetts, in the Executive and Legislative departments of | the government, have assembled on this occasion to oifer ■ you their cordial congratulations, on your return in healtli and safety to the capital of this Commonwealth, and in the J name of their constituents, to repeat to you the assurance ^ of respectful and affectionate interest, with which they shali ever regard your presence among them. " Your arrival in the country, on this happy visit to youi American brethren, was greeted by them with expressions of the liveliest satisfiction and joy. Your own observatioii eince, will bear faithful witness how true are their hearts to the language of salutation, v^ith which they first welcomed you. The population which has crowded your path-way, ' the prosperity which has smiled along your progress, in your tour through the Union, are but the fruits of events in which you largely and gloriously participated. The remem- brance of your early sacrifices in the cause of this country, , has excited the deepest sense of public obligation, and the breasts of millions of freemen will never cease to swell with ''■ratitude, in the recognition of your services, most gener- ously and effectually rendered to an oppressed and suffering people. A nation just to itself cannot be indifferent to the fame of its benefactors, and while liberty is dear to the en- joyment of Americans, the names of those who fought in its defence will be associated with every memorial of the scenes through which it became triumphant. "• In offering to you, General, the congratulations of the Government, upon your present visit, I have the highest GENERAL LA FAYETTE. 403 personal gratification, in further executing the pleasure of the Legislature, by tendering to you the hospitalities of the Commonwealth during its continuance." To which General La Fayette made the following reply t'Sir-^-The honour conferred upon me by the immediate Representatives of the State of Massachusetts, in the Ex- ecutive and Jjegislative branches, at the same time it fills my heart with the most lively, and the deepest sentiments of gratitude, recalls to my mind recollections equally grateful and endearing; and while I am so kindly welcomed by your Excellency, in this splendid State-House, I remember the remote times when similar favours have been received on the floor of Faneuil Hall — the consecrated cradle of Ameri- can, and! hope, of universal liberty. " In the long and happy series of visits through the sever- al parts of the Union, to which you have been pleased to allude. Bunker Hill has ever been my polar star ; and 1 now' rejoice to be arrived in time to join, on the grand half centu- ry jubilee, with my companions in arms, as being together the representatives of the early and unshaken devotion of our revolutionary army — of the patriotic wishes of such of us as are still on this land — of the dying prayers of those who are no more ; and permit me here. Sir, most deeply to mourn the recent loss of my two friends, your respected Pre- decessors, who had so heartily joined in the late welcome, I have hid the happiness after a long absence, to receive from the people of this State, and in this beloved city of Boston, which I never entered without feeling the warmest emo- tions of affection and gratitude. " While I have continually to admire the rapid wonders of creation and improvement, that have been the result of independence, freedom, and those republican mstitutions, which alone are equal to support the weight, and display the faculties of an extensive empire, I have particularly delight- ed in the sentiments of lellow feelings, and mutual affection, whereby the people of every part of the confederacy are strongly attached to an union, on which resides the safety of these states, and the hopes of mankind. " 1 beg. Sir, the gentlemen of the two houses of the legis- lature, and your Excellency, to accept my respectful thanks, and cordial devotion." 404 THE TOUR OF The General was then introduced by the Gorernor to the members of the Council severally, and by the presiding offi- cers of the two other boards, to the several members who came forward to pay their respects to him. BUNKER HILL MONUMENT. The celebration of the Fiftieth AnniyersTivy oC the memo- rable battle on Bunker Hill, and the ceremony of laying the Foundation Stone of an OBELISK to commemorate that great event, took place on the 17th of June. The day was temperate and fair ; — and all the arrange- .ments made to honour it, were executed with a punctuality and good order, which could only be effected by the entire union of all the hearts and hands in the ceremonies. The Grand Lodge of Massachusetts, having been requested to assist on the occasion, assembled at an early hour in the morning at their Hall, and soon after were visited by their illustrious Brother, General La Fayette, and their respected brothers George Washington La Fayette and Le Vasseur. The meeting was most interesting. After the fraternal greeting of Grand Master Abbott, the distinguished Guest expressed the great pleasure he felt in meeting his Brethren in the beloved City of Boston, on the anniversary of the battle of Bunker Hill, and in the Grand Lodge, whose first Grand Master had, in the true spirit of a Mason, shed his blood in defence of the liberties «md institutions of his coun- try, on that ever memorable occasion. The assemblage of the fraternity was very numerous. The Grand Lodges of Maine, New Hampshire, Rhode Island, Connecticut, Ver- mont, and New Jersey, were represented by their Grand Masters, or other distinguished members ; and the Grand Royal Arch Chapters of several States, by their Grand High Priests, and other officers. The distinguished Visitor was attended from and to his residence at Mr. Llo3^d's, by a dep- utation composed of past Grand Masters and Deputies. The Grand Procession was formed near the State House with the utmost precision and regularity, under the superin- tending direction of Brigadier General Lyman, assisted by a staffcomposed of Majors Brimmer and Aspinwall of Boston, Major Edwards of Brighton, Captains Sprague of Salem, Ford of Milton, Talbot of Dedham, and Young of Charles- town, Lieutenant Baxter, and Ensign Gardner, of Boston. GENERAL LA FAYETTE. 406 The Military Escort was composed of sixteen companies, and a corps of cavalry commanded by Lieutenant Parker, all volunteers, and in full uniform. Survivors of the Battle. — Those worthies were in eight barouches and carriages, and were about forty in number. — Each wearing on his breast a badge, " Bunker Hill ^ JunCy 17, 1775," and many bearing the implements of war they used in the fight. Then followed between one and two hundred Revolution- ary Officers and Soldiers, each bearing an appropriate badge. Their appearance was truly venerable. The Bunker Hill Monument Association, in full numbers, six deep, all wearing the badges, " B. H. M. A." The Masonic Procession succeeded. — This section of the Procession was very splendid, and exceeded two thousand of the fraternity, with all their jewels and regalia. The Grand Lodge of Massachusetts was fully organized, and bore the im- plements and vessels used in laying the foundations of ancient edifices. They were followed by the Grand Encampments of the Knights Templars of Rhode-Island, Connecticut, Vermont, Maine, New Hampshire, and Massachusetts, in full numbers with their banners, implements and regalia ; by the Grand Lodges of the above States ; by the Grand Chap- ters of Royal Arch Masons, and by various subordinate Chapters and Lodges, bearing banners. A full band of music was attached to the Masonic procession. Of the rega- lia of the Grand Lodge, was a gold Urn, borne by the Dep~ uty Grand Master, containing a relic of our departed Broth- George AVashington. Hon. Mr. Webster, President, and other officers of the B. H. M. Association. The Rev. Dr. Kirkland, the Rev. Mr. Thaxter, (a Revolu- tionary Chaplain,) and the Rev. Mr. Walker, Chaplains of the day. Directors and Committees of the Association. General La Fayette, in a coach and four, accompanied by Lieutenant General Lallemand, of Philadelphia. Mr. George Washington La Fayette, and the Generals suite in a carriage. 406 TH5 TOUR OF His Excellency the Governor. The Hon. Council, Senate, and House of Representativts, accompanied by the Adjutant-General, Secretary, Treasurer, &c. Governor Fenner, the Secretary of War of the United States, and others. Delegations from the various States. Delegation from the Pilgrim Society in Plymouth. Officers of the United States Navy and Army, and the Mili"- tary in Uniform. Citizens. In this order the whole proceeded from the State House^ about half past 10, and passed through Park, Common, School, Washington, Union, Hanover, and Prince-streets, to Charlestown River Bridge, and from thence through Maine, Green, and High-streets, in Charlestown, to the Monumental J^quare. The front of the procession had nearly reached the bridge when the rear of it left the Common. All the streets, the houses to their roofs, and in some in- stances to chimney tops, and ev^ry situation on which a foot- ing could be obtained lor a prospect of the procession, were filled with a condensed mass of well dressed, cheerful look- ing persons, of all sexes and denominations, many of whom had occupied their stations for several hours ; and who, at appropriate places, spontaneously rent the air with joyous and orderly acclamations, while the Ladies displayed their tokens of smiles, and waving handkerchiefs, as the proces- sion passed, particularly when the Guest was in sight. Arrived at the Monument spot, the various sections of the procession formed a square around it ; when the Grand Master of Massachusetts, accompanied by General La Fay- ette, President Webster, the Past Grand Masters, the Dis- trict Deputy Grand Master, bearing the Architectural Imple- ments, the Grand Wardens, bearing the Corn, Wine, and Oi7, in vases, the Grand Chaplain, Grand Treasurer, and Princi- pal Architect, repaired around the foundation stone, which having been squared, levelled, and plumbed, by the Grand Master, Brother Fayette and Mr. Webster, and declared to GENERAL LA FAYETTE. 407 be true and proper, the following deposits "were made in the cavUy of the Stone : 1. The oflSpial account of the battle of Bunker Hill, by the Provincial Congress of Massachusetts Bay. 2. Oflficial account by General Gage. [Both written oh parchment J and presented by Mr. John F. Eliot.] 3. All the printed accounts of the battle, viz. by Samuel Sweet, by H. Dearborn, Major General U. S. A. — and by a Bostonian, (Alden Bradford, Esq.) 4. Plan of the battle, and apian of Charlestown. 5. Circular Letter of Bunker Hill Monument Association, by Edward Everett. 6. Address of Bunker Hill Monument Association, by (William Sullivan. 7. Account of the battle of Lexington in an address deliv- ered at Concord, by Edward Everett. 8. Life of Josiah Q,uincy, jun. containing letters and/ar nmilies o£ the writings of revolutionary characters. 9. Coins of th':j United J: tates. 10. Medals of distinguished persons connected with \merica, presented by the Hon. Thomas L. Winthrop. The Medals bore the following inscriptions, viz. CoDiitia Americana GEORGIO WASHINGTON, lupremo l^uci Exercituum, Adsertori Libertatis. Hoslibus Prim* Fugatis ; Bostonia Recuperatae, xvii. MartiiMDCCLXXVI. BENJ. FRANKLIN, Natus Boston, xvii Jan. MDCGVI. " EripuitCoelo Fulmen, Sceptrumque Tyrannis.'* CHRISTOPHORUS COLUMBUS, atus An. MCCCCXLII. Co^ureti ad Gennam, Obiit in Valle. Oleti, Apud Hjspanos, An. MDVI. Comitia Americana GULIELMO WASHINGTON, Legionis Equit : PrcBfecto. tui parva milituna manu strenue prosecutua hostes, virtutis ing-enitjr prseclarum specimen dedit, in Pugna ad Cowpens, xvii Jan. MDCCLXXVI. 408 THE* TOUR OF Comitia Americana JOH. EGAR HOWARD, Legionis Peditum Prmfeclo. Qui in nutantem ^hostiiim aciem subito irruens, pvoeclarum beliiea: virtutis specimen dedit, in Pugna ad Cowpens, xviiJan. MDCGLXXXl. THADDEUS KOSCIUSZKO, Natus An. MDCCXLVI. Siechnowier Ducat Lithariae io Polonia : Obiit An. MDCCCXVII. Comitia Americana JOANNI PAVLO JONES, PrcBfecto Classis. Hostium Navibus Captis aiit Fvg^tis ad oram Sevtise, xxii Sept. MDCCLXX VIII. 1 1. A fragment of the Plymouth Rock. 12. One of each of the newspapers of the week. ', 13. Specimens of Old Continental Money, presented by j Messrs. Lemuel Blake and Ebenezer Clough, and by Major j Bass. 1 14. The Silver Plate, twelve by eight inches, bearing the following INSCRIPTION. "On the XVII. day of June, MDCCCXXV. at (he request of the Bunker Hill Monument Association, the Most Worshipful John Ahhot, Grand Master of Masons in Mapsachusetts, did, in the presence of General La Fayette., lay this corner-stone of a Monument to testify the gratitude of the present generation to their Fatherp, who, on the 17th of June, 1775, here fought in the cause of their country, and of free institutions, the memorable Battle of Bunker Hill, and with their ] blood vindicated for their posterity the privileges and happiness this land has t.ince enjoyed. Officers of the Bunker iliil Monument Asso- ciation. President, Daniel Webster ; Vice-Presidents, Thomas H. Perkins, Joseph Story ; isecretary, Edward Everett ; Treasurer, Nathaniel P. Russell. Directors, — Nathan Appleton. Loammi Bald- win, George Blake, Isaac P. Davis, Henry A. S. Dearborn, Franklin Dexter, Benjamin Gorham, Samuel I). Harris, Seth Knowles, Amos Lawrence, Theodore Lyman, jun. David L. Morrill, Francis J. Oliver, "* William Prescott, Daniel Putnam, Jesse Putnam, David Sears, Na- thaniel Silsbee, William Sullivan. Samuel Sweet, George Ticknor, William Tudor, John Wells, Oliver Wolcott, John C. Warren. Standing committees for collecting subscriptions, — Henry A. S.Dear- born, John G. Warren, Edward Everett. George Blake, and Samuel D. Harris. Committee on the form of the Monument,— Daniel Web- ster, L. Baldwin, G. Stuart, Washington Alston, and G. Ticknor. . President of the United States, John Qoincy Adams. Governor of' Massachusetts, Levi Lincoln. Governor of New-Hampshire, David L. Morrill. Governor of Connecticut, Oliver Wolcott. Governor GENERAL LA FAYETTE. iua of Vermont, C. P. Van Ness. Governor of Rhode-Island, Jame? : Fenner. Governor of Maine, Albion K. Parris. Alexander Parri?. Architect." These articles were deposited in a leaden box, and cov- ered with melted wax ; — the top of the box being soldered \ and secured.- — This was put in another leaden box, some- what larger ; the instertice filled with pitch, and the boj, hermetically secured. Thus prepared, it was placed on a large fragment of granite, and the Corner-Stone, having au excavation adapted to the box, was lowered, by operative Masons, over it, so as to receive it, and was then strong!} fastened by iron clamps to the subjacent granite. The Grand Chaplain, the R. W. Br. Allen, of Chelmi ford, then pronounced a benediction;, the Grand Master strewed the Corn, Wine, and Oil, and delivered the imple- ments ot Architecture to the Master Builder, with orders to €rect the Monument on the true principles of Masonry, tc which the Architect made the following reply : Most Worshipful Grand Master — 1 receive from your hands these implements of science and labor, belonging to my i:raft and profession^ with feelings of great personal diffi- dence, but still in the strongest confidence and faith that such is the triumphant spirit of the age, and such the num- bers, ability, and power, of those who have ordered the craftsmen to commence building, that the work will go bravely on, and the fathers who have this day come up, rest- ing each upon his staff, to see you lay the Corner Stone, will live long enough to witness the dedication at the completion, of the structure. The benediction being repeated, the Grand Master pro* nounced the ceremonies ended. The procession, which was inside the lines, then cheered, and salutes were fired on Bunker Hill by the Charlestown Artillery, Captain Sanders, and on Copps Hill in Boston, by the Sea Fencibles, commanded by Lieut. Lewis. The procession then moved to an amphitheatrical erea, where accommodations had been made on a most ample scale, for the accommodation of the auditors of the Address of the President of the Association. They included a large portion of the north-eastern declivify of the battle hill. In the centre of the base, a rural arch and bower, surmounted 35 410 THE TOUR OF by the AmerlGan Eagle, was formed for the government of the Association, and some of the Guests, in front of which, after the venerable Mr. Thaxter had addressed the Throne of Grace, the Orator, sub ccbIo, pronounced an Address, which none but its author is capable of doing justice to in a summary, and which will be printed and read with a pleasure equalled only by that which electrified the vast assemblage who listened to it for nearly one hour and a quarter. It is enough for us to say, that it was in every particular worthy of the celebrity of the orator ; and that his address to the silver-headed worthies of the Revolution, and to the distin- guished Guest of the Nation, filled every heart with trans- - j)ort\^'> On each side of the bower, seats with awnings, had l3een prepared, and were filled by over one thousand ladies, from all parts of the Union, presenting a spectacle of anima- ted beauty and intelligence, and ofiering a fine contrast to the other parts of the auditory. — The exercises commenced and closed with the following Hymns, sung by a powerful choir, to the two good old tunes. a ' FIRST HYMN. By Rev. John Pierpont Tune " Old Hundred,'^' O, is not this a holy spot ! 'Tis the high place of Freedom's birth :— God of our Fathers ! is it not The holiest spot of all the earth ? Quenched is thy flame on Horeb's side ; The robber roams o'er Sinai now ; And those old men, thy seers, abide No more on Zion's mournful brow. But on this hill thou, Lord, has dwelt, Since round its head the war-cloud curled, And wrapped our fathers, where they knelt In prayer and battle for a world. Here sleeps their dust ; 'tis holy ground, And we, the children of the brave, From thy four winds are gathered round. To lay our offering on their grave. I GENERAL LA FAYETTE. 411 Free as the winds around us blow, Free as yon waves below us spread, We rear a pile, that long shall throw Its shadow on their sacred bed. But on their deeds no shame shall fall. While o'er their couch thy sun shall flame : Thine ear was bowed to hear their call, And thy right hand shall guard their fame. SECOND HYMN. 4| By Rev. James Flint Tune''' St. Martins," M^ ^ O Glorious day ! that saw the array ' Of freemen in their might, \Vhen here they stood, unused to blood. \^Yet dared th' unequal fight. The sons are met to own the debt Due to their fathers' fame j And here they place the column's base To bear their deathless name. 'Tis not that here the victor's cheer Rung o'er the falling foe, — That earth here drank of many a rank, Th' life-blood's gushing flow. The pledge here given to earth and heaven v Freemen to live or die — This gives their fame its sacred claim To immortality. To God, who will'd a state to build, Based on the rights of man. Glory we give, who this day live To hail th' accomplished plan. The Guests and Subscribers to the dinner were then escorted to Bunker-Hill, where an edifice, covering 38,400 square feet of ground, had been erected, and ia which at twelve tables, running its entire length, 400 feet, 4000 plates were laid, which were all occupied. A spacious gallery con- tained an excellent band of music j and the following toasts, n^ THE TOUPt OF interspersed with songs, and martial airs, were announced b\' Mr. F. C. Whiston, amidst the most deafening bursts of ap- plause. — The scene defies dcFcription ; and as much order prevailed, as was dompatible with the festivity of the occa- sion and the magnitude of the company. 1st. The llth of June 1775. — The marble may moulder ; but while a heart beats in an American's bosom, there will be a tablet from which the record of that day's glory shall wever be effaced. An ODE. — By Rufus Dawes, Esq. ^ 2d. The Militia, — What more than to name the spot ^ whereon we stand, to proclaim its character to the world. .. T^ne — " Yankee jDooa'5'e." j 3d. The Committee of Safety. — The early guardians of 1 our nation's rights ; fearless, as faithful in the execution of ' their trust. Tune — " Rise Columbia.''^ 4th. The Martyrs of Bunker-Hill Battle. — We inhale the air they breathed ; we tread the ground they trod ; we surround the altar where their lives were offered ; we sweav devotion to their cause ! — (drank standing.) An ODE. — By Thomas Wells, Esq. 5th. Bunker Hill Monument. — Its proud summit shall j brighten with the morning's first beam, and the evening's | last ray ; it shall glow with a still richer and purer light ia II speaking f^etr deeds who repose beneath it. An ODE. — By Dr. Percival. tith. The Survivors of Bunker Hill Battle. -^The. gloom of that day may dwell on their recollection ; but in the bright- . ness of this, they feel, that they fought under the auspices of ' Heaven. Tune — " Adams and Liberty.''^ [After the 6th regular toast the following sentiment was given and cordially received : — ] The Orator of the Day. — A statesman and patriot, who j knows no party but his country, who feels no impulse but | her welfare. 7th. Lexington and Concord. — There the earnest was given, that a people, resolved to be frecj can never be enslav-* j ed! 'Tnne^'' Old Soldier,'' GENERAL LA FAYETTE. 413 Sth. The President of the United States.—*' Washings ton's March.'^ 9th. The Governor of the Commoiiwealth. — ** Goner- nor Brook'' s March.'' 10th. The Continental Army. — ^Whom victory could not elate, whom defeat could not depress ; their cause their country ; their trust their God ! An ODE. — By Reverend John Pierpont. 11th. The Memory of Washington. Dirge. 12th. The Continental Congress. — ^The embodied wisdom of the nation ; which wrought the freedom of one hemisphere, and promulgated the principles which will emancipate the other. 13th. The Memory of Warren. — Associated with this occasion ; his name comes to us " as the gentle rain from Heaven, refreshing the place beneath." After the regular toasts the President of the Association said, He rose to propose a toast, in behalf of the Directors of the Association. Probably he was already anticipated, in the name which he should mention. It was well known, that the distinguished personage near him, from the time when he first became acquainted with the object of the Asso- ciation, had taken much interest in it, and had expressed an intention to be present at the ceremony of laying the Corner Stone. This purpose he had kindly remembered, through the long course of his visits to the several States. It was not at all necessary to say — indeed it could not be said— how much his presence had added to the interest and pleasure of the occasion. He should proceed at once to the grateful duty which the Directors had enjoined on him, and propose to the company '-' Health and long life to General LA FAYETTE." On which General La Fayette rose, and thus expressed ^himself : Gentlemen — I will not longer trespass on your time than to thank you in the name of my Revolutionary companions in arms and myself for the testimonies of esteem and affec- j tion, I may say, of tilial affection, which have been bestowed upon us on the memorable celebration of this Anniversary •day ; and to-offer our fervent prayers for the preservation of 35* 4u Tut TOUR oy that liepublican freedom, equality, and self-governmenf, ' that blessed union between the States of the confederacy for which we have fought and bled, and on which rest the hopes of mankind. Permit me to propose the following sentiment : Bunker Hill, and the holy resistance to oppression which has already enfranchised the American hemisphere, — the next Half Century Jubilee's toast shall be — to Enfranchised Europe. By his Excellency the Governor. — That Monument, the : base of which was laid in 1773 — the Column of American fame, which time is strengthening to adamant, and raising with the spirits of those who laid it — to Heaven. By the Honorable James Barbour, Secretary of War — Bunker Hill — favoured spot, consecrated by valor, by grati- tude, and by eloquence. By the Delegation of the Pilgrim Society — 'J he Arm raised on this Hill in the cause of human rights — and nobly sus- tained by the strength of the whole body. Thus passed this great and splendid celebration. Heaven seemed to smile upon the day ; and nature never wore it more delightful aspect. Upon this subject a Boston writer remarks : — "' The human eye never opened on a more delightful morning; not a cloud obscured the smallest portion of the firmament ; and the seasonable showers of the day preced- ing had brightened the emerald hue of the earth. The whole tace of nature wore its loveliest aspect ; the flooring- was spread with her richest variegated carpet ; the canopy was ail azure and sunshine. The thousands of human be- ings, congregated to witness the spectacle, seemed to inspire with the breathing atmosphere, complacency and delight,; and every face, whether it belonged to the feeble veteran of the silver lock, the manly soldier decorated with plume and sword, the inquisitive and admiring child, or to woman, the still more interesting product of heavenly skill and goodness, .very fice beamed with gratulation, and reflected back the Hivide of the Creator." The Guest of the Nation had no vacant time during hi» late stay in Boston.— He forgets no one, and omits nothing, which lie ought to remember or perform. After the ardu- ous duties of Friday he passed the evening at a splendid GENERAL LA FAYETTE. 4I.< pally given by Mrs. Daniel Webster, in Summer-street, On Saturday he visited the venerable John Adams, at hW seat in Q,uincy ; received visitors at Mr. Lloyd's, where he dined ; and spent the evening at a large party given by Mrs. Lloyd. On Sunday he attended divine service in the Church in Brattle-street, and in Trinity Church. During the inter- mission he visited General Hull and Lady, at the residence of Mr. McLellan, in Winthrop-piace, where he met his gld companions in arms, General Cobb, General Huntington, Colonel Putnam, and others. — He then visited General Dearborn, and Honorable T. L. Winthrop, at their residen- ces. In the afternoon he visited the country house of the Honorable Thomas H. Perkins, at Brookline. In the eve- ning he called on Mrs. Ticknor, in Common-street, paid his respects to Madam Humphreys, the relict of his friend and companion in arms, General H. at her residence on Mount Vernon, and passed theresidue of the evening at Mrs. Rich- ard Derby's, in Chesnut-street. On Monday he breakfasted with Brigadier General Ly- man. About noon visited the Massachusetts General Plospi- tal, in company with the Governor, Lieutenant Governor, the Mayor, General Lallemande, Colonel M'Lane, Doctor Mitchell, &c. — He was received by the President, Directors, and P'nysicians ; examined all parts of the Hospital, and ex- pressed the high gratification he felt in the contemplation of the benefits to humanity flowing from this extensive and useful institution. He then visited the New England Muse- um ; received several deputations at his residence, dined with the Mechanic Association at 4 o'clock, and visited the , Theatre in the eveung. ♦c' On Tuesday mornino:, about 9 o'clock, the General and Ids suite, accompanied by Colonels Q,uincy and Davis, of the Governor's staff, set out from Mr. Lloyd's on his Eastern journey. The Legislature of Massachusetts have made provision for paying the expenses of La Fayette's late visit to Boston our of the State 'J>r a^ury. Grants h;ive also been made to the survivors of Bunker Hili bsittie who attended the late cel- ebration, of three dollars each, and one dollar for every twenty miles travel. m CONCLUSION. CONCLUSION. In these Memoirs is displayed a triumph unparalleled In the annals of the world ; not the triumph of the hero, the patriot, and the philanthropist only ; but the triumph of pri-nciples, integrity, and virtue, through all the extremes ot prosperity and adversity, from the summit of popular power to along tive years imprisonment, under the severities of the iron hand of despotism ; and yet true to himself, he remains unsullied with the touch of dishonor. Let America rejoice as a nation, in the happy moral effects she is now enjoying, and will probably continue to enjoy from the visit of General La Fayette. " It is doing much to unite us. It has brought those together that have been sep- arated by long lives of political* animositv. It helps to break down the great land-marks of party and makes a holi- day of kind and generous feelings in the hearts of the multi- tudes that throng his way, as he moves in triumphal proces- sion from cit}' to city. It turns the attention' of the whole people from the bustle and divisions of our wearisome elec- tions, the contests of the senate house, and the troubles and bitterness of our manifold political dissentions ; and instead of all this carries us back to that great period of our history, about which opinions have long been tranquil and settled. It offers to us, as it were with the very costume and air appropriate to the tirties, one of the great actors from this most solemn passage of our national destines ; and thus en- ables us to transmit yet one generation further onward, a ^ sensible impression of the times of our fathers. We arfe^ not only permitted to v/itness ourselves one of the foremost leaders and champions of the Revolxition ; but can shew him to our children, and thus leave in their young hearts an impression which will grow old there with their deepest and purest feelings. It brings, in fact, our revolution nearer to us, with all the high-minded patriotism, and self-denying vir- tues of our forefathers, and thus prompts us to turn our at- tention more towards our posterity, and excites in us an anxiety to do for them what we are so sensibly reminded our fathers did for us, under the most perilous sacriiices. .CONCLUSION. 417 •' Wc may yet iurlher addj^^^that America may rejoice in in the visit from General La Fayette on his oxi-n account. He enjoys a singular distinction, for it is a rare thing in the providence of God ; one that never happened before, and probably never will happen again, that an individual from a remote quarter of the globe, having assisted to lay the found- ation of a great nation, should be permitted thus to visit the posterity of those he served, and witness on a scale so vast, the work of his own sacrifices ; the result of grand princi- ples in government, for which he contended before they had been tried; the growth and maturity of institutions which he assisted to establish, when their operation could be calculated only by the widest and most clear sighted cir- cumspection. We rejoice in it, for it is, undoubtedly, the most gratifying and appropriate reward that could be offered to a spirit like his. in the beautiful phrase which Tacitus applies to Germanicus, /V;»7m?' /tima; for he must be aware that the ocean that rolls between Europe and America, ope- rates like the grave on all feelings of passion and party, and that the voice of gratitude and admiration that now rises to greet him from every city, every village, and every heart of this wide land, is as pure, and sincere as the voice of pos- terity." Well may the parties rejoice with each other in the noble examples of pure disinterested benevolence, as well as pure national gratitude, which they have exhibited to the world. May the union of these principles never cease to operate. until theii happy effects nre felt tfiroughout the world. ERRATA. I'age 72, at the close of the 39 paragraph, after the words "and the contest continued," add the following omission : In the midst of these disputes Louis XV died, -and was suc- ceeded by Louis XVI, 1774; but the great parties still contin- ued the controversy. The American revolution gave a diversion to the violence of the quarrel, for a time, but when that was clos- ed, it raged again with reneived violence, until the people, impa- tientof further restraint, were determined to govern themselves 81, line 8 from top, for July read September. 166, line 7 from bottom, for Generals read General. 167, line 12 from top, for were read was. 179, line 14 from top, for Marbourg read Maubourg. *' line 16 from top, for hiliarity read hilarity. 212, lines 10—11 from bottom, for Lehmkuhlen read Wettmoldt 238, line 13 from bottom, for respectfully read respectively. 351, line 4 from close of the chapter, for wharfs read wharves. 353, middle line, omit comma after the word Members. 354, second line of poetry, for beam read beams. 364, line 14 from bottom, for calvary read cavalry 374, Jine 11 from top, for would read could. H kl 89 ^ *bv^ .^'% 4° ^••^ ^^ .A^ a'^Va\ V,/ ;^fe\ ^^. 4V ^ 1^ y^yrT^:-^ 't