fSBHR H -. *- ■ B ■ MRU Classi , '■•,-■• - ' - Book___ DEPARTMENT OF COMMERCE BUREAU OF FISHERIES HUGH M, SMITH, Commissioner PACIFIC SALMON FISHERIES By John N. Cobb APPENDIX UI TO THE REPORT OF y. S. COMMISSIONER OF FISHERIES FOR 1916 Bureau of Fisheries Document No. 839 WASHINGTON GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE 1917 * ono gr a n, ... • ■-•:•■ ■:-:-,- ■■■■ ■:■- -f, ! ' " ■■.".. > U. S. B. F— Doc. S39. Plate I. DEPARTMENT OF COMMERCE BUREAU OF FISHERIES HUGH M. SMITH, Commissioner PACIFIC SALMON FISHERIES By John N. Cobb APPENDIX III TO THE REPORT OF U. S. COMMISSIONER OF FISHERIES FOR 1916 Bureau of Fisheries Document No. 839 WASHINGTON GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE ■^ 9>*tf ADDITIONAL COPIES OF THIS PUBLICATION MAT BE PROCURED FROM THE SUPERINTENDENT OF DOCUMENTS GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE "WASHINGTON, D. C. AT 25 CENTS PER COPY D. of D. JUN 13 191? «4 CONTENTS Page. Introduction ■ 7 I. The species of salmon and the runs 8 Chinook, quinnat, or king salmon 8 / Sockeye, blueback, or red salmon 10 Silver or coho salmon 12 Humpback or pink salmon 12 Chum or keta salmon IB Steelhead trout 13 Age of salmon at maturity 13 Marking salmon 15 Ocean home of the salmon 18 II. Fishing grounds and history of the fisheries 21 Washington 21 Columbia River 27 Oregon 32 California 36 Alaska 40 Southeast Alaska 40 Prince William Sound and Copper River 51 Cook Inlet 53 Afognak Island 54 Kodiak Island 54 Chignik Bay 59 Alaska Peninsula 60 Shumagin and Sannak Islands 62 Bering Sea 62 Nushagak River and Bay 62 Kvichak River and Bay ,, 66 Naknek River 67 Ugaguk River 68 Ugashik River 69 Kuskokwim River 70 Arctic Ocean 70 British Columbia 71 Salmon fishing in the headwaters 74 III. Apparatus and methods of the fisheries 7(; Gill nets 76 Haul seines 77 Diver nets 7b Dip nets 78 Squaw nets 78 Purse seines 89 Traps or pound nets 81 Indian traps 84 Wheels 85 Reef nets 86 3 4 CONTENTS. III. Apparatus and methods of the fisheries — Continued. Page. Trolling 87 Bow and arrow 92 Spear and gaff 92 Sport fishing for salmon 92 Dangers to the industry 94 IV. Fishermen, other employees, etc 97 Fisheries of boundary waters 99 V. The salmon fisheries of Siberia 104 Species of salmon 104 Fishing districts of Siberia 105 Fishery rights and regulations 105 Apparatus employed 107 Abundance of salmon 107 Freezing salmon 108 Canning salmon 109 Salting salmon Ill VI. The salmon fisheries of Japan 114 Canning industry 115 Fishery methods 116 Fish culture 117 VII. Methods of preparing salmon 118 Canning : 118 Early days of the industry 118 Handling the salmon 121 Dressing 121 Cutting 122 Salting 123 Filling the cans 123 Washing the cans 124 Capping 125 Soldering 125 Testing 126 Cooking 126 Sanitar y cans 127 Repairing cans v 128 Lacquering 129 Labeling 131 Brands 131 Boxing or casing 134 Can making 134 Canning smoked salmon 134 Home canning . . i 135 Mild curing 1 35 Pickling 137 Dry salting 138 Smoking 138 Freezing 139 Utilizing salmon eggs 141 Miscellaneous products 143 Meal, fertilizer, and oil 144 Shipping salmon direct to consumer 146 VIII. Nutritive qualities of salmon 1 47 CONTENTS. 5 Page. IX. The salmon output in 1915 149 Statistics of the catch 149 Pack of canned salmon in 1915 153 X. Statistical data for other years 156 Canning industry of Pacific coast from 1864 to 1915 156 By species and waters 157 Pickling industry 175 Mild-curing industry 177 Yukon Territory, Canada 177 Market prices for canned salmon 178 Opening prices for a series of years 179 XI. Trade with outlying possessions 182 Hawaii 182 Porto Rico 182 Philippine Islands 183 Alaska 183 Guam 183 Tutuila, Samoa 184 XII. Foreign trade in salmon 185 Exports of canned salmon 185 Exports of fresh and cured salmon 198 Imports of fresh salmon 204 Imports of cured salmon 204 XIII. Salmon culture 205 Obtaining the spawning fish 205 Taking the eggs 206 Fertilizing the eggs 207 Hatching apparatus and methods 208 Handling eggs in hatchery 210 Removal of dead eggs by the use of salt solution 210 Feeding and planting the fry 214 Packing eggs for shipment 214 Rearing salmon fry 215 Food 216 Salmon hatcheries on the Pacific coast 216 General statistics 217 Acclimatizing Pacific salmon in eastern waters 221 California 222 History 222 Output 225 Distribution 226 Oregon 230 Hatcheries on coastal streams 230 Distribution 232 Columbia River and tributaries 235 Washington 240 British Columbia 245 Alaska 249 PACIFIC SALMON FISHERIES. By John N. Cobb. INTRODUCTION, The most valuable commercial fisheries in the world, excepting only the oyster and herring fisheries, are those supported by the salm- ons. Of these the most important by far are the salmon fisheries of the Pacific coast of North America, where California, Oregon, Washington, and Alaska, including also British Columbia, possess industries representing millions of dollars of investment and millions of output annually. In Siberia the fishery is increasing in impor- tance annually as means of transportation become better, while Japan is also becoming a large factor in the salmon markets of the world through her investments in the salmon fisheries of Siberia and, to a lesser extent, through fisheries prosecuted in her own waters. In this revised report considerable new material has been added, while some of the chapters have been entirely remodeled and mate- rially enlarged. The statistical data have been brought up to Janu- ary 1, 1916. a The salmon fisheries of the Pacific coast. By John N. Cobb. Bureau of Fisheries document no. 751, 180 p. 1911. 7 L THE SPECIES OF SALMON AND THE RUNS. The Pacific coast salmons are all included in the genus OncorTiyn- chus. With them the fishermen incorrectly class the steelhead trout, which really belongs to the closely related genus Salmo. As long ago as 1731 the species of OncorTiyncJius were first made known by Steller, who, almost simultaneously with Krascheninikov, another early investigator, distinguished them with perfect accuracy under their Russian vernacular names. In 1792 Walbaum adopted these vernacular names in a scientific nomenclature for these fishes. Five species of salmon (OncorTiyncJius) are found in the waters of the north Pacific, ranging northward from Monterey Bay on the American coast and Japan on the Asiatic, the extreme northern distribution of certain of the species having not yet been accurately determined. The five species are: (1) OncorTiyncJius tschawytscTia, quinnat, tyee, chinook, spring, or king salmon; (2) OncorTiyncJius nerJca, blueback, red, sukkegh, or sockeye salmon; (3) OncorTiyncJius Tcisutch, silver, coho, or white salmon; (4) OncorTiyncJius Tceta, dog, keta, or chum salmon; and (5) OncorTiyncJius gorbuscTia, humpback or pink salmon. CHINOOK, QUINNAT, OR KING SALMON. The largest, best known, and most valuable of these is the chinook or king salmon (0. tschawytscha) . It is found throughout the region from the Ventura River, Cal., to Norton Sound, Alaska, and on the Asiatic coast as far south as northern China. As knowledge extends, it will probably be recorded in the Arctic. In the spring the body is silvery, the back, dorsal fin, and caudal fin having more or less of round black spots, and the sides of the head having a peculiar tin-colored metallic luster. In the fall the color is, in some places, black or dirty red. The fish has an average weight of about 22 pounds, but individuals weighing 70 to over 100 pounds are occasionally taken. One was caught near Klawak, Alaska, in 1909 which weighed 101 pounds without the head. The Yukon River is supposed to produce the finest examples, although this supposition is not based on very reliable observations. The southeast Alaska fish average as high as 23 pounds in certain sea- sons, followed by an average of about 22 pounds in the Columbia River and about 16 pounds in the Sacramento. In most places the flesh is of a deep salmon red, but in certain places, notably southeast Alaska, Puget Sound, and British Columbia, U. S. B. F.— Doc. 839. Plate II. FIG. 1.— CHINOOK SALMON. BREEDING MALE. FIG. 2.— SOCKEYE SALMON. ADULT MALE. FIG. 3.— SILVER SALMON BREEDING MALE. U. S. B. F.— Doc. 839. Plate III. FIG. 1.— CHUM SALMON. BREEDING MALE. FIG 2.— HUMPBACK SALMON. ADULT MALE. FIG. 3.— STEELHEAD TROUT. PACIFIC SALMON FISHERIES. many of the fish, the proportion being sometimes as much as one-third of the catch, have white flesh. A few examples have been taken with one side of the body red and the other white, while some are found with mottled flesh. No reasonable explanation of this phenomenon has yet been given. In its southern range the quinnat strikes in at Monterey Bay in sufficient numbers to justify commercial fishing about the middle of April, where it is seen feeding upon the inshore moving schools of herring and sardines, continuing until in August. There are two runs of spawning fish in the Sacramento, the first or " spring run" beginning in April and continuing throughout May and June, these fish spawning mainly in the cold tributaries of the Sacramento, such as the McCloud and Fall Rivers. The second or "fall run" occurs in August, September, and October, and these fish spawn in the riffles in the main river between Tehama and Redding, also entering the tributaries in that vicinity. The two runs merge into each other. It is also claimed that there is 'a third run which comes in December. In former years the San Joaquin and the American and Feather Rivers of the Sacramento system had large runs of salmon, but ex- cessive fishing and the operation of various mining and irrigation projects have practically depleted them. The Eel and Mad Rivers of northern California have only a late or fall run, while the Klamath River 'has both a spring and a fall run, and Smith River has a spring run alone. Rogue River in Oregon has both a spring and a fall run, and the Umpqua and several other coast streams of Oregon have small early runs. The Columbia River has three runs, the first entering durino- January, February, and March, and spawning mainly in the Clack- amas and neighboring streams. The second, which is the best run enters during May, June, and part of July, spawning mainly in the headwaters. The third run occurs during late July, August, Sep- tember, and part of October, and spawns in the tributaries of the lower Columbia. In Puget Sound chinook salmon are found throughout the year although it is only during the spawning season that they are very abundant. In the Fraser River, a tributary of the Sound, the run occurs from March to August. In the Skeena River, British Columbia, the run occurs from May to July, the same being approximately true of the Nass also. In Southeast Alaska they are found all months of the year. From March to the middle of June they are abundant and feeding in the numerous straits and sounds; in May and June the spawning fish enter the Unuk, Stikine, Taku, Chilkat, Alsek, and Copper Rivers in large numbers, and in a few smaller streams in lesser abundance. In August, September, and October they are again to be found in 10 PACIFIC SALMON FISHERIES. large numbers feeding in the bays and sounds, while during the winter months a few have been taken on trawls set for halibut, showing that they are living in the lower depths at this time. In Cook Inlet the run occurs during May and June and is com- posed wholly of red-meated fish; in the rivers of Bristol Bay the run comes in May and June, and the same is true of the Togiak, Kusko- kwim, and Yukon Rivers, although fish may be seen in the upper courses of the Yukon in July, the lateness here being due to the immense distance the fish have to cover. SOCKEYE, BLUEBACK, OR RED SALMON. The sockeye or blueback salmon (0. nerlca), which forms the great- est part of the canned salmon of the world, when it first comes in from the sea is a clear bright blue above in color, silvery below. Soon after entering the river for the purpose of spawning the color of the head changes to a rich olive, the back and sides to crimson and finally to a dark blood red, and the belly to a dirty white. The maximum weight is about 12 pounds, and length 3 feet, with the average weight about 5 pounds, varying greatly, however, in different localities. Observations of Chamberlain ° in Alaska show that the average weight of a number of sockeyes taken from Yes Bay was 8.294 pounds, while the average weight of a number from Tamgas was only 3.934 pounds. Evermann and Goldsborough 6 report as a result of the weighings of 1,390 red salmon, taken from as many different places in Alaska as possible, an average weight for the males of 7.43 pounds; for the females, 5.78 pounds; or an average weight for both sexes of 6.57 pounds. A run of small, or dwarf, males accompanies certain of the main runs, these being especially noticeable in the Chignik Lagoon, Alaska, run. This species usually enters streams with acces- sible lakes in their courses. These fish are occasionally found landlocked in certain lakes, especially in the State of Washington, and are always much smaller in size than the sea-run fish. In Bumping Lake, near North Yakima, Wash., they are quite abundant and are mature when about a pound in weight. Despite the fact that these fish have a soft mouth, anglers consider them very gamey. They take bait, the fly, and the trolling spoon. A few specimens of the sockeye have been taken as far south as the Sacramento River. In Humboldt County, Cal., small runs are said to occur in Mad and Eel Rivers. Only an occasional specimen appears in the coastal streams of Oregon. The Columbia is the most a Some observations on salmon and trout in Alaska. By F. M. Chamberlain, naturalist, U. S. Fisheries steamer Albatross. U. S. Bureau of Fisheries Document no. 627, p. 80. b The fishes of Alaska. By B. W. Evermann and E. L. Goldsborough. Bulletin Bureau of Fisheries, Vol. XXVI, p. 257. PACIFIC SALMON FISHERIES. 11 southern river in which this species is known to run in any considerable numbers, entering the river with the spring run of chinooks. From here south the species is called blueback exclusively. A considerable run enters the Quinault River, Wash., and there is also a small run in Ozette Lake, just south of Cape Flattery. In the Puget Sound region, where it is known as the sockeye, this species ascends only the Skagit River in commercial numbers, although a small run appears in the Lake Washington system of lakes and, possibly, in the Snohomish, Stillaguamish, and Nooksack Rivers. The greatest of all the sockeye streams is the Fraser River, Brit- ish Columbia, and this stream has been famous from very early days for its enormous runs of this species, a peculiar feature of which is that there is a marked quadrennial periodicity in the run. The maximum run occurs the year following leap year, the minimum on the year following that. The greater part of the catch of the Puget Sound fishermen is made from this run as it is passing through Washington waters on its way to the Fraser. The fish strike in during July and August on the southwest coast of Vancouver Island, apparently coming from the open sea to the northwest. They pass the Straits of Juan de Fuca, Rosario, and Georgia, spending con- siderable time in the passage and about the mouth of the river. Small numbers run as early as May and as late as October, but the main body enters about the first week in August. The sockeye occurs in most of the coastal streams of British Columbia, and is usually the most abundant species. The prin- cipal streams frequented are the Skeena, Rivers Inlet, Nass, Lowe Inlet, Dean Channel, Namu Harbor, Bella Coola, Smith Inlet, Alert Bay, and Alberni Canal. In Alaska, where this fish is generally known as the red salmon, it is abundant and runs in great numbers in all suitable streams, of which, in southeast Alaska, the following are the most important: Boca de Quadra, Naha, Yes Bay, Thorne Bay, Karta Bay, Nowiskay, Peter Johnson, Hessa, Hetta, Hunter Bay, Klawak, Redfish Bay, Stikine, Taku, Chilkoot, Chilkat, Alsek, Situk, Ankow, etc.; in central Alaska, Copper, Knik, Kenai, Susitna, Afognak, Karluk, Alitak, Chignik; in the Bristol Bay region, the Ugashik, Ugaguk, Naknek, Kvichak, Nushagak, and Wood. It also occurs in the Togiak, Kuskokwim, and Yukon Rivers, which debouch into Bering Sea, and probably occurs in the Arctic streams of Alaska. The run in western Alaska begins usually early in June and extends generally to the early part of August. It begins earlier in Prince William Sound, however, and sometimes extends into September in southeast Alaska. The duration of the run averages about the same in each section. 12 PACIFIC SALMON FISHERIES. SILVER OR COHO SALMON. The silver or coho salmon (0. Tcisutch) is silvery in spring, green- ish on the upper parts, where there are a few faint black spots. In the fall the males are mostly of a dirty red. The flesh in this species is of excellent flavor, but paler in color than the red salmon, and hence less valued for canning purposes. This species has a maximum weight of about 30 pounds, with a general average of about 6 pounds. The silver salmon is found as far south as Monterey Bay, where it appears during the month of July and is taken by the trollers. From Eel River, in California, north, it is found in most of the coastal streams. It usually appears in July and runs as late as November, the time of appearance and disappearance varying some- what in different sections. Owing to its late appearance compara- tively few, and they usually in the early part of the season, are packed by the canneries, most of which shut down in July and August. This fish also tarries but a short time about the mouth of the stream it is to enter, and is wary of nets, which makes it rather unprofitable to fish for the latter part of the season when it is running alone. HUMPBACK OR PINK SALMON. The humpback or pink salmon (Q. gorbuscha) is the smallest of the American species, weighing from 3 to 11 pounds, the average being about 4 pounds. In color it is bluish above, silvery below, the posterior and upper parts with many round black spots, the caudal fin always having a few large black spots, oblong in shape. The males in fall are dirty red and are very much distorted in shape, a decided hump appearing on the back, from which deformity the species acquires its name. The flesh is softer than in the other species; it is pale in color, hence its canned name, "pink" salmon. The southern limit of the fish is the Sacramento River, but only occasional specimens are found here and in the rivers to the north- ward until Puget Sound is reached. Here a large run appears every other year, the only place on the coast where such is the case. The humpback occurs in varying abundance in the waters of Brit- ish Columbia, but it is in the waters of southeast Alaska that it ap- pears in its greatest abundance. Many of the canneries in this region depend mainly upon the humpback for their season's pack, and the canned product now occupies an excellent position in the markets of the world. The fish spawn in nearly all of the small, short streams. In central and western Alaska the runs are much smaller and the humpback is not much sought after by the cannery men, who are usually able to fill their cans with the more valuable species. In southeast Alaska the run begins in June and continues until September, or even later in some places. In western Alaska the period is somewhat shorter. In Puget Sound it continues until late in the fall. PACIFIC SALMON FISHERIES. 13 CHUM OR KETA SALMON. The chum or keta salmon (0. Tceta) reaches a maximum weight of 16 pounds, the average being about 8 pounds. When it first appears along the coast it is dirty silvery, immaculate or sprinkled with small black specks, the fins dusky, the sides with faint traces of grid- ironlike bars. Later in the season the male is brick red or blackish, and its jaws are greatly distorted. Its flesh is quite pale, especially when canned. It is especially good for freezing, salting, and smoking. This species has a wide distribution. It is found as far south as San Francisco, but is not utilized commercially in California except on Eel River* It is found in most of the coastal streams from here north, being especially abundant from Puget Sound northward to southeast Alaska, both inclusive. In this region it is being utilized in greater abundance each year, as the market for it widens. In central, western, and arctic Alaska the species occurs in varying abundance, but is utilized sparingly, except by the natives, with whom it is the favorite species dried for winter food. The run of chum salmon comes later than that of any other species except the coho. In Alaska it begins in June, but the height of the season does not occur until late in August or early in September, and fish are found as late as November. In Puget Sound they run from about the middle of August till late in November, and practically the same is true in the Columbia River. STEELHEAD TROUT. The steelhead trout (Salmo gairdneri) is commonly classed as one of the salmons by the fishermen of the Pacific coast, and it has been included in this report on this account. In different localities the average weight is placed at from 8 to 15 pounds, while extreme sizes reach 45 pounds. The excellent quality of its flesh causes it to be highly prized for the fresh and frozen markets, but owing to its pale color only limited quantities are canned. The principal center of abundance of this species is the Columbia River. It is found from Carmel River, Cal., north to central Alaska, and possibly has an even wider range in Alaska. It seems to be found in the rivers during the greater part of the year. In the Columbia River the spawning season is from February to May, in Puget Sound in the spring, and in southeast Alaska in May and June. The best commercial fishing is in January, February, and March. In Califor- nia the catching of this species is restricted to hook and line fishing. AGE OF SALMON AT MATURITY. As practically all salmon which have the opportunity spawn but once and then die, knowledge of the age at which this occurs is of great interest both from an economic and scientific standpoint. Many attempts have been made to solve the problem with the sockeye 14 PACIFIC SALMON FISHERIES. and king salmon, the most important commercially of the five species, by means of marking artificially reared fry, usually by clipping one of their fins before they are liberated, as noted elsewhere in this report, but with unsatisfactory results. Fortunately, certain experiments carried on in Tomales Bay, Cal., and in New Zealand, where king fry were planted in streams not frequented by the species in question and the return of the adults noted, have yielded some interesting and accurate information on the subject. These indicated that the age was four or more years, as no run was reported until the fourth year. A more certain method of determining the age of salmon has been developed in recent years through the adaptation by American scientists of the discovery by European investigators that the ridges observed on the scales of certain fishes indicated a period of growth of the animal itself. Dr. Charles H. Gilbert, of Stanford University, as early as 1910, applied this method to the determination of the age of the various species of Pacific salmon. As to its application to the Pacific salmon and the general method followed, Dr. Gilbert has the following to say: While the method is new as regards Pacific salmon, it has been experimentally tested and fully approved by the Fisheries Board of Scotland in the case of the Atlantic salmon, and is now universally accepted as furnishing reliable data as to the age and many other facts in the life history of that fish. It has been shown to be applicable also to various species of trout, and its value has been demonstrated in fishes as widely divergent as the carp, the eel, the bass, the flounder, and the cod. Descriptions of this scale structure and its significance have appeared in a large number of papers, both scientific and popular. It will suffice here to repeat that the scale in general persists throughout life, and grows in proportion with the rest of the fish, principally by additions around its border. At intervals there is produced at the growing edge a delicate ridge upon the surface of the scale, the successive ridges thus formed being concentric and subcircular in contour, each representing the outline of the scale at a certain period in its development. Many of these ridges are formed in the course of a year's growth, the number varying so widely in different individuals and during suc- cessive years in the history of the same individual that number alone can not be depended on to determine age. For this purpose we rely upon the fact that the fish grows at widely different rates during different seasons of the year, spring-summer being a period of rapid growth and fall- winter a season when growth is greatly retarded or almost wholly arrested. During the period of rapid growth the ridges are widely separated, while during the slow growth of fall and winter the ridges are crowded closely together, forming a dense band. Thus it comes that the surface of the scale is mapped out in a definite succession of areas, a band of widely spaced rings always followed by a band of closely crowded rings, the two together constituting a single year's growth. That irregularities occur will not be denied, and this is natural, inasmuch as growth may be checked by other causes than the purely seasonal one. Also a considerable experience is requisite for the correct interpretation in many cases, and a small residue of doubtful significance has always remained. This element is too small to affect the general results, and further investigation will almost certainly eliminate the doubtful cases altogether.^ a- Age at maturity of the Pacific coast salmon of the genus Oncorhynchus. By Charles H. Gilbert. Bul- letin U. S. Bureau of Fisheries, vol. xxxn, p. 4, 5. PACIFIC SALMON FISHERIES. 15 As a result of his investigations up to this point, Dr. Gilbert pre- sented the following conclusions drawn from the data collected: 1. The sockeye spawns normally either in its fourth or fifth year, the king salmon in its fourth, fifth, sixth, or seventh year, the females of both species being preponder- atingly 4-year fish. 2. The young of both sockeye and king salmon may migrate seaward shortly after hatching, or may reside in fresh water until their second spring. Those of the first type grow more rapidly than the second, but are subject to greater dangers and develop proportionately fewer adults. 3. Coho salmon spawn normally only in their third year. The young migrate either as fry or yearlings, but adults are developed almost exclusively from those which migrate as yearlings. 4. Dog salmon mature normally either in their third, fourth, or fifth years, the humpback always in their second year. The young of both species pass to sea as soon as they are free swimming. 5. The term "grilse," as used for Pacific salmon, signifies conspicuously undersized fish which sparingly accompany the spawning run. They are precociously developed in advance of the normal spawning period of the species. So far as known, the grilse of the king salmon, coho, and dog salmon are exclusively males; of the sockeye, almost exclusively males, except in the Columbia River, where both sexes are about equally represented. The larger grilse meet or overlap in size the smaller of those. individuals which mature one year later at the normal period. 6. Grilse of the sockeye are in their third year, of the king salmon in their second or third year, of the coho and the dog salmon in their second year. 7. The great differences in size among individuals of a species observed in the spawning run are closely correlated with age, the younger fish averaging constantly smaller than those one year older, though the curves of the two may overlap. Since 1910 Dr. Gilbert has devoted much of his time to investiga- tions 6 along this line, especially on the sockeye, with most interesting and valuable results. His observations on the sockeye runs of British Columbia indicate that they consist principally of four and five year fish and that these two classes appear during successive seasons in widely differing pro- portions; that each stream has its distinctive race of sockeye, the progeny returning at maturity to the parent stream; that sockeye fry rarely survive when they proceed to sea within the year in which they are hatched; and that sea feeding, with the consequent rapid growth, is the most important factor in producing early maturity, an equal number of years in fresh water producing comparatively little effect. MARKING SALMON. A favorite recreation for quite a number of Pacific coast people has been the marking of salmon fry in order to find out the age at which they return to spawn, the rate of growth, etc. Scattered through the reports of the various State fish commissions, and occasionally o Ibid., p. 21, 22. » Contributions to the life history of the sockeye salmon. (No. 1.) By C H. Gilbert. Report of British Columbia Commissioner of Fisheries for the year ended Dec. 31, 1913, with appendixes, p. R53-78. Con- tributions to the life history of the sockeye salmon. (No.2.) By C H. Gilbert. Report British Columbia Commissioner of Fisheries for the year ended Dec. 31, 1914, with appendixes, p. N45-75. 1(5 PACIFIC SALMON FISHERIES. in the reports of the United States Bureau of Fisheries, are to be found detailed reports of such markings and the sometimes remarkable results attained, apparently, at varying periods subsequent to the marking. All sorts of marks were employed. The favorite was the removal of the adipose fin, the experimenters appearing to be of the belief that the fish would miss this the least of any. However, the entire or partial removal of nearly every fin was practiced by some one or other of the many experimenters. Sometimes a V or a U was punched out of the tail or the gill cover, and in one or two instances a tag was employed. In time these marking experiments became so numerous, and so imperfect a record was kept of them by any central authority, that frequently it was impossible to tell, when an apparently marked specimen was obtained, where and when it was marked, and as a result but little dependence could have been placed upon them even had there been no other factors conspiring to vitiate then value. Fishermen are continually finding in their nets salmon which they feel sure have been marked by some hatchery. Scores of times in the course of his various investigations of the fisheries of this coast the writer has been told of or shown specimens which the fishermen thought had been marked. Many of these marks were on the side of the fish and represented an M or W. depending upon the angle from which viewed, and it was impossible, generally, to convince the fisher- men that this mark was caused by the twine of his gill net pressing on the side of the fish. The obvious fact that a fish could not survive when in the fry stage the infliction of such a mark did not occur to them. Frequently the scars left by the suctorial organs of the lamprey eel have been mistakenly supposed to be hatchery marks. ' One of the most interesting cases of salmon marking, and one which drives home the necessity for accepting reports of returns from such markings with extreme caution, is that of F. M. Chamberlain, then naturalist of the Bureau of Fisheries steamer Albatross, on the Xaha Stream hi Alaska. In August, 1903, 1.600 red salmon fry. reared for the purpose from the 1902 eggs, at the Fortmann hatchery of the Alaska Packers Association, near Loring, Alaska, were marked by Mr. Chamberlain by excising both ventrals with fine curved scissors. The fry were released in the Xaha Eiver as soon as marked, at which tune they were about three months old. In 1900 between 50 and 100 adult reds with ventral fins missing were reported by the superintendent of the hatchery at Yes Lake, which is located on the northern side of Behm Canal (Xaha being on the southern side") and some 15 miles farther up the canal than the PACIFIC SALMON FISHERIES. 17 mouth of Naha Stream. Some of these also had the adipose removed, this mark having also been used on some of the fry. At the Fort- mann hatchery, where they were marked, only two of these fish were obtained in 1906. From then on until 1912, a period of 9^ years, the return of a number of these supposedly marked fish is noted each year at the two hatcheries in question, the number reported in the last-named year being larger than in some of the intervening years. In the latter year Mr. Chamberlain himself pointed out the impossibility of these all being from the fry he had marked and no further attention was paid to them. The principal thing that this and some of the other many experi- ments in salmon marking prove is that the percentage of salmon which accidentally lose, either through disease or the attacks of their many enemies, one or more of their fins, or portions of same, is much larger than most people suppose. Out of the many millions taken annually in commercial and fish-cultural operations it is not surprising that some should be minus such exposed portions of their anatomy and this percentage would doubtless be found to be considerable were particular attention directed toward it. As it is now, it is only occasionally that the fisherman notices such loss, or mentions the same when he does, unless his attention has been directed to it by particular inquiry. In the Chamberlain experiment, for instance, after 1907 considerable publicity was given to the search for such marked fish, and the writer, in his travels through southeast Alaska during the succeeding years until the end of 1911, frequently was told by fishermen that they had caught salmon with missing fins. Inquiry developed that while a few of the lost fins were the same as Chamber- lain had excised, a number were entirely different fins, showing that when the attention of fishermen was directed especially in this line many deformed fish would be found. The confusion resulting from the many marking experiments carried on by different people shows the absolute necessity of some central authority regulating them if any real results are to be achieved from this fine of endeavor. In 1908 the Secretary of Commerce, under authority of sections 11 and 12 of the Alaska fisheries law, directed that any persons desiring to mark and release salmon in Alaska first consult with and secure the written consent x»f the Commissioner of Fisheries or of the agent at the salmon fisheries of Alaska. It would be an excellent thing if some such control could also be exercised over these operations in the coastal States. During the year 1916 Dr. Charles H. Gilbert, of Stanford Univer- sity, assisted by Willis H. Rich, conducted salmon-marking experi- ments on an extensive scale. Late in the fall of 1915 a consignment 62425°— 17 2 18 PACIFIC SALMON FISHERIES. of 100.000 eggs of the red salmon was forwarded to Seattle. Wash., from the station of the Bureau of Fisheries at Yes Bay. Alaska, of which 50.000 were reshipped to the Anderson Lake hatchery of the British Columbia Fisheries Department, located on the ocean side of Vancouver Island. The remaining 50.000 were sent to the Bureau of Fisheries hatchery at Quinault Lake, on the coast of Washington. The intention was as soon as the fry, hatched from these eggs, had developed into fingerlings to mark each lot with a distinctive marking and plant them in waters near the hatcheries, with the object of proving that the adult fish would return to the stream in which they had passed their early existence, no matter where the eggs were taken. This plan could not be carried out at Anderson Lake, as the young fish resulting from the eggs, which were sent there, were not strong enough to survive the experiment. They were therefore liberated without marking. Those hatched at Quinault Lake were marked, however, and liberated in the summer of 1916. Dr. Gilbert has strong hopes that upon the return of the marked fish important data relating to the life history of the species will be obtained. OCEAN HOME OF THE SALMON, All sorts of conjectures have been hazarded as to the ocean home of the salmon after the young fish have gone to sea and disappeared ap- parently from the ken of man. Many have conjured up visions of vast schools of adult salmon surging along the coast hundreds of miles seeking for some suitable river in which to spawn, explaining in this wise the variations in the seasonal runs in different sections. Others think the fish go out into the greater depths of the ocean and there hide from man until the spawning instinct leads them back to the coast and thence to the stream in which they were born. Discoveries of recent years have quite altered this uncertainty, and we now are reasonably certain that the vast majority of the salmon are comparatively near our coast fine, while others stay in the bays, straits, and sounds virtually all the time when not in the rivers. Some years ago it was first noticed that king salmon would take the hook while in salt and brackish waters. At first only the anglers were interested in this fact, but as the demand for king salmon for mild curing became more insistent the commercial fishermen, attracted by the high prices paid, began to devote some attention to the fish during the early spring months, and soon trolling became a recognized branch of the industry. It was first taken up on a considerable scale in southeast Alaska in 1905. a As the demand for the fish increased, the fishermen extended operations until almost all of southeast Alaska waters were being fished. The length of the fishing season was also a Keport on the fisheries of Alaska. By John N. Cobb. Bureauof Fisheries Document no. 618, p. 19-21. PACIFIC SALMON FISHERIES. 19 increased until now only the severe weather of winter prevents them from fishing. However, the halibut trawls occasionally come up during the season with king salmon on them, showing that they are still on the ground. The above is also true to a certain extent of the waters of British Columbia and Puget Sound and to a lesser extent, so far as has been disclosed, of Monterey Bay and the Oregon coast. It has been known for some years that the silver, or coho, salmon would also take the hook under practically the same conditions as the king salmon, and the only reason this species has not been fished for to the same extent as the king has been because it was not large enough to be attractive to the mild curers, and hence there was a much lesser demand for it. It had been supposed that the other species did not feed when in coastal waters, but Marsh and Cobb a state quite differently: Other species of salmon, in addition to the king, are found to take the trollinghook. For several weeks in July trailers in Union Hay, in southeast Alaska, caught a number of cohos and humpbacks while trolling for kings. The humpbacks were caught mainly with a spoon, no bait being used. Most of them appeared to have been feeding on needlefish and herring, according to the cutter who dressed them. A few red salmon are reported to have been caught on the trolling line by fishermen operating for king salmon in the neighborhood of Mary Island, near Dixon Entrance. Several fishermen report having in previous years frequently taken dog salmon on a hook in the bays along Chatham Strait. In 1909, Mr. J. R. Heckman, of Ketchikan, Alaska, a well-known cannery man, told the writer that, while he was trying to install a floating trap near Cape Chacon, at the lower end of Prince of Wales Island, southeast Alaska, he on several occasions observed red salmon feeding on what he called a red shrimp. This was also observed in 1912, when Dr. Gilbert reported,* in connection with his observations of salmon fishing on Swiftsure Bank, off the Straits of San Juan de Fuca, that " during the past summer it was observed by Mr. J. P. Babcock and the writer that the sockeye on the bank were feeding extensively on a small shrimplike crustacean (Thysanoessa spinifera, Holmes), which floats in incredible numbers on the tides and forms a favorite food for the other species, as well as for the sockeye." 6 He also found all the other species feeding vora- ciously in this neighborhood. These observations would tend to confirm the belief which has been steadily growing in favor for some years that the salmon either spend the greater part of their life in the bays, straits, and sounds, or else in regions adjacent to the coast line. « The fisheries of Alaska in 1909. By Millard C Marsh and John N. Cobb. U. S. Bureau of. Fisheries. Document no. 730, p. 20. b The salmon on .Swiftsure Bank. By Charles H. Gilbert. Report of British Columbia Commissioner of Fisheries for year ending Dec. 31, 1912, p. 1J6. 20 PACIFIC SALMON FISHEEIES. The reason they had not been found in this region earlier is doubt- less due to the fact that during the fall, winter, and spring months the weather on the north Pacific coast is such that fishing operations can not be carried on along the open coast, while in summer the fishermen are all busy on the spawning runs and have no time to devote to fish not yet arrived at maturity, which are probably feeding along the coast as usual. H. FISHING GROUNDS AND HISTORY OF THE FISHERIES. WASHINGTON. Puget Sound. — Strictly speaking, the name Puget Sound should be restricted to that long, narrow arm extending south from the Strait of Juan de Fuca, but a practice has developed, and is now common among fishermen and others, of designating all the great water area in the State of Washington comprising Puget Sound proper, Strait of Juan de Fuca, Canal de Haro, Rosario Strait, the Gulf of Georgia, and the smaller straits, bays, and sounds, as Puget Sound, and this practice, for the sake of convenience, has been followed in this report. This great indentation in the coast, with its numerous islands and many fine harbors, has greatly aided the development of this portion of Washington and has been especially favorable to the prosecution of the salmon and other fisheries.' Numerous rivers and creeks enter the Sound, the more important of these being on the eastern shore and comprising the Nooksack, Skagit, Stillaguamish, Snohomish, Duwamish, Puyallup, and Nisqually. On the southern and western shores the tributary streams are nearly all small, the more important being the Skokomish, Quilcene, Dungeness, and Elwha. During the period when what is now the State of Washington was debatable ground between Great Britain and the United States, the Hudson Bay Co. annually salted considerable fish on Puget Sound and exported some to the Hawaiian Islands and Asia. The first fishing operations by Americans were soon after the set- tlement at what is now known as Seattle, about 1852. For many years the catch was sold either fresh or salted, and the industry was small, as the population, for some years, was sparse. The extension of the railroad to Puget Sound, thus furnishing an outlet to the rap- idly growing population in the Middle West, did much to aid the industry. This also gave opportunity to begin the shipping of fresh halibut and salmon to Eastern points. Ainsworth & Dunn, of Seattle, operating later under the name of the Seattle Fish Co., were the first successful pioneers in this branch of the industry, beginning about 1889, and carrying it on until they sold out in 1901, as noted later. In 1903 the San Juan Fishing & Packing Co., which had begun the fresh-fish business in 1899, bought the business from the Pacific Packing & Navigation Co. a. For some of the regions the historical data are fragmentary and can not be considered as other than historical notes. It is hoped that someone will write a history of the industry before all of the pioneers have passed away. 21 22 PACIFIC SALMON FISHERIES. In 1897 the Chlopeck Fish Co. (now the Booth Fisheries Co.), which had been operating in Portland for several years, started a fresh fish and freezing business at Seattle. The first salmon cannery on Puget Sound was erected by Jackson, Myers & Co., in 1877, at Mukilteo, in Snohomish County. The mem- bers of this firm had all been engaged previously in salmon canning on the Columbia River. The first pack was of 5,000 cases, composed wholly of silver, or coho, salmon. Later at this plant were put up the first humpbacks ever canned. In order to divert the minds of purchasers from the fact that the meat of the humpback was much lighter in color than the grades then known to the consuming public, the company printed on its label the legend, "Warranted not to turn red in the can." Even with this shrewd sizing up of the weak side of the consuming public the demand for humpback, or pink, salmon developed very slowly, and it was some years before it became a factor in the markets. Within a year or two after the opening of the above plant another was started at Mukilteo by a man named Bigelow. In 1880 the Myers' cannery was destroyed by a heavy fall of snow. It was rebuilt in West Seattle and was operated till 1888, when it was destroyed by fire. George T. Myers, now sole owner, built a new cannery at Milton, which was burned two years later, and he then came back to Seattle and built a cannery about where Ainsworth & Dunn's dock now stands. He remained here only one season, after which he moved to where the Pacific Coal Co.'s bunkers now are. Late in 1901 he sold out his plant to the United Fish Co., which com- pany moved the plant to the foot of Connecticut Avenue, where they continued operations for two or three years and then quit. In 1889 a man named Morse established a cannery at Seattle and operated it for only one year. The first Puget Sound sockeye cannery was built at Semiahmoo, near Blaine, by J. A. Martin and John Elwood about 1887 or 1888. It was bought in 1892 for $500 by D. Drysdale, who shortly after- wards rebuilt and greatly enlarged the plant. In the same year Mr. Drysdale demonstrated the commercial success of fish traps. Traps had been in operation before this, however. In 1893 Ainsworth & Dunn had a trap at Five Mile Rock, just beyond the light house at Magnolia Bluff (now a part of Seattle), and there had been a trap or two in Elliott Bay even prior to this. Traps had not been profitable in this section, however, owing to the cheapness and abundance of salmon, haul seines being cheaper and more profitable to operate. A man named Kirby, who came originally from Nova Scotia, and another named Goodfellow (now living at Point Roberts) put in the first trap for Mr. Drysdale. PACIFIC SALMON FISHERIES. 23 In 1893 A. E. Wadhams, who had operated on the Columbia River for some years, established a sockeye plant at Point Roberts. In 1894 both canneries were sold to their present owner, the Alaska Packers Association, an organization formed not long before this by a combination of a number of Alaska plants. In 1895 three new canneries were built at Anacortes — one by Philip S. Cook (later owned by the Porter Fish Co. and now by the Anacortes Fisheries Co.), one by the Anacortes Packing Co. (now owned by the Alaska Packers Association), and the other by the Fidalgo Island Canning Co. In 1896 J. R. Young and B. L. Williams built a small cannery at Blaine. They failed in 1900 through the failure of their trap fishing and J. W. & V. Cook Packing Co., of Portland, bought their plant and put J. L. Smiley in charge of it. In 1909 Mr. Smiley purchased this plant from the company and has since operated it. As Ainsworth & Dunn found that they were receiving more salmon than they could dispose of in a fresh condition (they were first, in 1889, to ship fresh salmon from here to eastern points), the firm built a cannery on the Seattle water front, at what is now Pier 8, about 1895 or 1896, and about 1897 built another at Blaine. About 1898 A. E. Devlin came up from the Columbia River and established a plant at Friday Harbor, which is now operated by the Friday Harbor Packing Co. In 1901 Ainsworth & Dunn sold all its fresh fish and canned salmon holdings to the newly organized Pacific Packing & Navigation Co. When the latter company failed and its assets were sold in 1904, the former firm bought back its Blaine plant and has operated it ever since. Mr. Ainsworth, the senior member of the firm, died in 1914, but the business is still operated under the name of Ainsworth & Dunn. The Pacific American Fisheries Co. was incorporated in 1899. The company purchased at the time of its organization the cannery and trap properties of the Island Packing Co., San Juan Island, and the cannery of the Franco-American North Pacific Packing Co., at Fair- haven. The last-named cannery had been built the previous year. By 1900 a number of canneries had been erected on the shores of Puget Sound, most of which were then in active operation. In 1901 the Pacific Packing & Navigation Co. was organized under the laws of the State of New Jersey, for the purpose of acquiring a number of salmon canneries on the coast. It was supposed to be backed by unlimited eastern capital, and its authorized capitalization was as follows: Common stock, $12,500,000; 7 per cent accumulative pre- ferred stock, $12,500,000, and 6 per cent debentures, $7,000,000. It actually issued $6,037,000 common stock, $6,963,000 preferred stock, 24 PACIFIC SALMON FISHEBIES. and $3,000,000 debentures. Subsequently the management effected an exchange of preferred stock for debentures, increasing the for- mer to about $7,500,000 and decreasing the debentures to about $1,650,000. The new company purchased a number of canneries in Alaska, also the following Puget Sound plants: Pacific American Fisheries Co.'s canneries at Fairhaven (now Bellingham) and Friday Harbor; the Ainsworth & Dunn canneries at Blaine and Seattle, and the Fair- haven Packing Co. cannery at Fairhaven. The company had a very short career, ending up in the bank- ruptcy courts in 1903, and when all its affaire were wound up the stockholders received nothing, while the bondholders got but an exceedingly paltry sum out of all the money put into it. Most of the canneries secured on Puget Sound were repurchased by their former owners or by new people. From this time on the industry fluctuated considerably, 41 can- neries, an increase of 10 over 1914, being operated in 1915. During the early years of sockeye canning they were not sold to the trade as sockeyes, but as Alaska reds and Columbia River salmon, for which there had been an established market for some years. H. Bell-Irving & Co., now of Vancouver, British Columbia, were the pioneers in the labeling of the fish as sockeyes, this being in 1894-95. Like all virtually new products, sockeye salmon had a hard fight for several years to secure a foothold in the salmon markets, and it was not until the Spanish- American war in 1898 caused a heavy demand for canned foods that its position became finally established. Queets River. — This river, which is about 35 miles long, rises in the northern part of Jefferson County and empties directly into the ocean in the northwestern part of Chehalis County, within the bounds of the Quinault Indian Reservation. A small salmon cannery was built at Queets, in Jefferson County, in 1905. Soleduck River. — This is a small stream, about 30 miles in length, which flows through the southwestern part of Clallam County and empties directly into the ocean. The Quillayute Indian Reservation is located here and the natives formerly caught salmon and marketed them on Puget Sound, but a small cannery, started at Mora, on this river, in 1912 and operated each season since, has furnished a market for the catch. Quinault River. — This river, which enters the ocean in the north- western part of Chehalis County, has a length from the ocean to Quinault Lake of about 40 miles, wholly within the boundaries of the Quinault Indian Reservation. This stream is especially noted for its long-continued annual run of Quinault salmon (0. nerka). These fish, which are noted for their especially red-colored flesh, make their appearance early in PACIFIC SALMON Fi&HERlES. 25 December, when the Indians generally catch them for their own use, as they fear -that, if the whites got hold of the fish, they might, throw away the hearts. Should a heart be eaten at this time by a dog or chicken, the Indians believe the run would not come; In January, when the fish bogin to be abundant, all danger of this seems to have passed, for the Indians then usually have a considerable number for sale, and these are generally shipped to distant markets in a fresh condition by the buyers. As soon as the canneries open at Moelips most of the fish are disposed of at that place. Tho run continues up to July 1. May and Juno are the best fishing months. There is a fall run of chinooks in this river, which usually arrives in August and ends about October 15. Tho silver salmon appear about October 1 and the run is generally over by November 15; tho dog salmon appear about November 1 and tho run is usually over by tho middle of the same month, while the steolhead trout run between November 20 and May 1. None of the latter are canned. Moelips, the terminus of the railroad, is about 10 miles from the river, and tho fish are all taken by team to this place. Twenty fish, weighing approximately 100 pounds, are put in each box, and these are piled onto the wagons until a load has been accumulated. Tho team owners get 50 cents a box for hauling the Loaded ones to Moelips and 5 cents a box for bringing the empty ones back. In 1915 the records of the Indian agent show that tho Indians fishing on the north side of the rivor caught 219,054 Quinault salmon, valued at $49,820, while those on the south side caught 135,353 of these fish, valued at $30,528.60, or a grand total of 355,007 fish, valued at $80,348.60. This does not take into account the results of tho fishing for tho other species of salmon and steolhead trout, which quite materially swell the total. Fishing is restricted to the Indians, who also make their own fishery laws, with the advice and approval of the Office of Indian Affairs, as the State laws have no force inside the bounds of the reser- vation. Under tho regulations now in force, a clear channel of one- third the width must be left in tho middle of the stream, which is from 250 to 300 yards in width. Each owner of a fishing location has to fish it in person; provided', however, that widows, orphans, minor children, old Indians, and those who are sick or havo other gainful occupations are allowed to lease their locations or hire some one to fish them, and then only with the approval of the officer in charge. During the Quinault season stake nets are used, while the pest of the time, as a result of the freshets, drift gill nets are used in the eddies. The stake nets are arranged in a rather peculiar manner. A line of stakes is run out for about one-third tho width at right 26 PACIFIC SALMON FISHERIES. angles to the shore, and to these are attached a net by short ropes. From each stake a section of net is run out and downstream, curv- ing inward like a hook at the end, the latter part being held in place by three stakes. The stake nets are 40 to 60 meshes deep, with 5^-inch stretch mesh, and are set 85 yards apart. A set of these as described above forms one fishing location. The chinook gill nets are usually 8f to 9 inches stretch mesh and 24 meshes deep, while the gill nets for silvers, chums, and steelheads are of 7-inch stretch mesh and 35 meshes deep. For some years the salmon from the Quinault River were brought to Hoquiam and Aberdeen for canning. In 1911 W. W. Kurtz, of the former place, began the erection of a cannery at Moclips for the purpose of packing these fish, and the same season his example was followed by Frank Shafer. Mr. Kurtz still operates his plant, but the other is now owned by the Pacific Fisheries & Packing Co. Grays Harbor. — This is the first important indentation on the coast of Washington south of Cape Flattery. It is about 40 miles long from east to west and about 20 miles wide in the widest part. The principal tributary is the Chehalis River, but there are a number of small streams which debouch into the harbor. In 1883 B. A. Seaborg, who operated a cannery on the Columbia River, established a plant at what was later to be the thriving city of Aberdeen, although at that time it was practically a wilderness. In 1902 the North American Fisheries Co. built a plant at Aber- deen. Shortly after it came into the possession of the Grays Harbor Packing Co., and on June 8, 1903, it was destroyed by fire. It was rebuilt and operated by this company until 1906, when it was sold to S. Elmore & Co., who still own it. The Hoquiam Packing Co. built a cannery at Hoquiam in 1904 and have operated it ever since. In 1910 two canneries were in operation at Aberdeen and Hoquiam, respectively, while in 1915 there were three at the former place and one at the latter in operation. Willapa Harbor. — The entrance to this harbor, which also includes Shoalwater Bay, is about 27 miles south of Grays Harbor. The har- bor runs east and west and is about 25 miles long. Shoalwater Bay extends south from it a distance of about 30 miles, its southern por- tion ending about a mile from the Columbia River and its west- ern side being separated from the ocean by a spit varying in width from three-fourths to 1 mile. The bay is shallow, excepting in the main channel. The principal salmon streams entering the harbor are the Nasel and North Rivers, in which most of the pound or trap nets are located. PACIFIC SALMON FISHEBIES. 27 In 1884 B. A. Seaborg, a Columbia River canner, established a plant on Shoalwater Bay, as the whole of Willapa Harbor was then known. About 1900 F. C. Barnes established a cannery at Sunshine, on the Nasel River, but the run of salmon on this river soon became so small that the plant was abandoned and the machinery moved to Mr. Barnes's cannery at South Bend. In 1904 P. J. McGowan, the Columbia River canner, opened a cannery on the North River. Mr. McGowan, who was over 80 years of age at the time, had turned the control of his important Columbia River canning interests over to his sons, but finding idleness not to his liking, started this cannery in order to have something to occupy his time. He operated it for several years and then abandoned the project. In 1912 the Chetlo Harbor Packing Co. established a cannery at Chetlo Harbor, but operated it only that year and in 1914. In 1915 only two canneries, both of them at South Bend, operated on Willapa Harbor. COLUMBIA RIVER. The Columbia, which is the largest river of the Pacific coast, rises in British Columbia, flows through Washington, reaching the north- ern border of Oregon about 75 miles west of the State's eastern boundary; from this point the river forms the dividing line between Oregon and Washington, its general course being westerly. It empties into the Pacific at Cape Disappointment. Its principal tributaries are the Snake, John Day, Deschutes, and Willamette Rivers, and through these the main river drains an enormous extent of territory. This river, which has produced more salmon than any other river in the world, has had a most interesting history. Many years before the white man saw its waters the Indians visited its banks during the annual salmon runs and caught and cured their winter's supply of food. Along the shores of the river at The Dalles for 15 miles were notable fisheries where various bands, who lived south and north, had their respective fishing locations, and to which all others were forbidden access. They used spears and dip nets in catching the salmon, the majority of which were dried and smoked for winter use. A favorite preparation of the Indians who resorted to the river was pemmican. This was the meat of the salmon cleaned of the bones, pounded up fine, and then packed in hempen sacks of home manufacture. A sack of pemmican weighed from 80 to 90 pounds and was worth in barter as much as an ordinary horse. 28 PACIFIC SALMON FISHERIES. It was about the year 1833 that a small trading sloop, under the command of Capt. Lamont, came into the Columbia River on one of her regular trips and dropped anchor near what is now known as St. Helens. While waiting several months for a return cargo the captain salted a number of barrels of chinook salmon, using old Jamaica rum kegs for the purpose. This is the first record of the export of this toothsome fish. In 1861, H. N. Rice and Jotham Reed began packing salted salmon in barrels at Oak Point, 60 miles below Portland. The first season's pack amounted to 600 barrels. The venture proved fairly profitable and was soon participated in by others. In the spring of 1S66 William Hume, who had assisted in starting the first salmon cannery in the United States on the Sacramento River in 1864, finding the run of fish in the latter stream rather dis- appointing, started a cannery for Hapgood, Hume & Co. on the Columbia at Eagle Cliff, Wash., about 40 miles above Astoria. The year this first cannery operated the following fishermen were operating in the river: Jotham Reed used a trap and a small gill net opposite Oak Point; Mr. Wallace fished a small seine from the shore of an island of that name a short distance below; John T. M. Harrington (who was later to establish the Pillar Rock cannery) , in conjunction with a man named Fitzpatrick, operated a seine at Tenasillihe, as did also a Mr. Welch; P. J. McGowan, who, with his sons, in 1884 started a cannery at McGowan, and later, at Warren- dale, Ilwaco, etc., operated two small seines at Chinook Beach; and Hapgood, Hume & Co. had two small gill nets about 125 fathoms in length and 32 meshes deep. The gill net of Mr. Reed was much smaller than these. At this period the river literally swarmed with salmon, and the cannery had no trouble in packing 4,000 cases, which it increased to 18,000 the next year and to 28,000 cases in 1868. In 1S67 a crude cannery on a scow was started by S. W. Aldrich, a ship carpenter. The scow was about 50 by 20 feet, with a cabin on it, and in one end of this he constructed a brick furnace in which he set a large cast-iron cauldron for a cooker. Along one side he rigged a bench and manufactured the cans. Aldrich was a regular jack-of-all-trades, as he did everything from catching the fish to canning and cooking them ready for the market. In 1868 a cannery was built near Eagle Cliff by one of the Humes, while in 1873 R. D. Hume built another at Bay View, Wash. He operated it until 1876, when Mr. Leveridge, of Leveridge, Wadhams & Co., of San Francisco, bought it and operated it during 1877 and 1878. George W. Hume took it then and a few years later sold it to David Morgan, jr., who got into financial difficulties, and the plant was ordered sold by the court. C. W. Fulton, of Astoria, later a United States Senator, had the matter in charge, but was unable to find a customer, and finally in desperation, offered it to PACIFIC SALMON FISHERIES. 29 W. H. Barker, of George & Barker, for S60O. ' Mr. Fulton closed with him the same day. It proved a most profitable transaction for the purchasers, who acquired a million and a half labels which could be utilized, the machinery was taken out for other plants, the timber on the land belonging to the tract sold, and the floating property disposed of for a considerable sum, after which the stripped plant and land were sold back to Mr. Morgan for $600, the purchase price. He sold it to George W. Hume, who wanted it to correct a title. It was sold for taxes a couple of years later and was bought in by B. A. Seaborg, who operated it for two years, since when it has been idle. George W. Hume was the first salmon canner to employ Chinese. This was at Eagle Cliff in 1872. At this period the white laborers in the canneries were recruited from the riff raff and criminal element of Portland. He had a Chinese working for him and through this Chinaman secured a Chinese gang from Portland. This labor proved so satisfactory that the custom soon spread to the other canneries. It was not found that the Chinese could do the work any better or quicker than the white laborers, but they proved more reliable in their work and gave less trouble. Of the 35 canneries on the Columbia River in 1881, it is said that about one-half had been established by the Hume brothers. G. W. and William Hume were partners in the firm of Hapgood, Hume & Co., on the Sacramento River, and established the first cannery on the Columbia. In 1881 William was the proprietor of two canneries, one at Astoria, Oreg., and one at Eagle Cliff, Wash. R. D. Hume, a third brother, in the same year had a cannery in operation on the Rogue River, and established three others, one at Eagle Cliff (then owned by William Hume), one at Rainier (then belonging to Jackson & Myers) , and one at Astoria. The fourth brother, Joseph, came to the coast in 1871 and some time later established a cannery on the river. One of the pioneer canners on the river was the late F. M. Warren, operating as the Warren Packing Co., who established a cannery at Cathlamet, Wash., in 1869. The same company is still operating the plant. Later another cannery was established at Warrendale, Oreg., and both are still being operated by this company. Mr. Warren was the inventor of a retort, patented on April 10, 1877, which was in use by the principal canneries on the coast for a number of years. John West was another pioneer. He built a cannery at Hungry Harbor, Wash., about 1869. In 1881 he moved his plant to West- port, on the Oregon side of the river. Mr. West was the inventor of a packing machine for placing the fish in the cans. In 1871 the firm of Megler & Jewett established a cannery on the present site of Brookfield, Wash., and named it in honor of Mrs. Meg- 30 PACIFIC SALMON FISHERIES. ler's birthplace, North Broolsfield, Mass. In 1876 the plant was greatly enlarged ' and J. S. Megler bought out his partner and took in Mr. Macleay, of Corbett-Macleay, wholesale grocers, of Portland and San Francisco, and changed the firm name to J. S. Megler & Co., under which title it still operates. In 1S79 Mr. Megler bought out this partner and owned the plant until his death in 1915, since when it has been operated by his widow. The first soldering machine used on the Columbia River was in this plant, while the steam box and lacquering machines were first put in use on the river in this plant. In 1874 the Adair brothers, S. D. and John, jr., erected a cannery at Astoria, the second one to be built there. Before packing began, A. Booth, the well-known Chicago fish dealer, and progenitor of the present Booth Fisheries Co., acquired a half interest in the plant, which was then named A. Booth & Co. John Adair, jr., was the manager. The brothers established canneries on the Fraser River and in some seasons exchanged places in operating on the two rivers. S. D. Adair sold out his cannery on the Fraser and bought one on the Columbia and operated it under the firm name of S. D. Adair & Co. After selling out his interest in A. Booth & Co., S. D. Adair formed a partnership with Wm. B. Adair under the style of S. D. Adair & Co. in 1881. The brothers were active in the industry for a number of years. J. O. Han thorn, under the firm name of J. O. Han thorn & Co., established one of the largest canneries on the river at Astoria in 1876. Mr. Hanthorn invented a rotary can washer for washing cans after they were filled ready for soldering and before the tops were put on. In the same year Marshall J. Kinney began his long and interesting career in the canning business by establishing a cannery at Astoria. The first fish trap, or pound, on the river was constructed by Mr. Graham, in Baker Bay, on the Washington shore, in 1879. In 1881 P. J. McGowan built some traps just below the bay. The traps were very successful at times. The first purse seine on the river was operated by William Graham & Co. in 1906. Below appears a list of the canneries operated on the Columbia River in 1881, together with the pack of each during the year in question: J. Williams (Oregon side) 9, 000 Astoria Packing Co 30, 000 Elmore Packing Co 7, 890 Astoria Fishery (M. J. Kinney) ' 26, 000 Wm. Hume ■, 20, 000 Geo. W. Hume 18,000 Devlin & Co 20, 000 Occident Packing Co 15, 000 PACIFIC SALMON FISHERIES. 31 West Coast 15, 000 Badollet & Co 25, 000 Booth & Co 23, 000 Eagle Cannery 17, 300 Timmins & Co 8, 000 Fishermen's Packing Co 19, 000 S. D. Adair & Co 10, 000 Anglo-American Packing Co 10, 300 Hanthorn & Co 19, 000 Scandinavian Co 20, 000 J. W. & V. Cook 30.000 F. M. Warren 12, 000 J. West 12, 000 Jackson & Myers (2 canneries) 13, 000 Aberdeen Packing Co. (Washington Territory side) 17, 000 Jos. Hume, Knappton ?^i po 5 Pillar Rock Co ityj u00 J. G. Megler & Co 25, 000 Columbia Canning Co 8, 000 R. D. Hume & Co 8, 300 Cathlamet Cannery 8. 000 Jas. Quinn 5, 000 Cutting & Co 20, 000 Eureka Packing Co 20. 000 Hapgood & Co 13, 000 Eagle Cliff Cannery 10, 000 Total , 549, 115 The banner year in the canning industry was 1884, when 620,000 cases of chinook salmon were marketed. At this time the runs were so enormous that tons and tons of salmon were thrown overboard by the fishermen because the canneries were unable to handle them. As in other sections there came a time when the market began to be glutted by the packs of the numerous canneries, and it was found necessary to combine some of the plants in order to operate more cheaply and also to reduce the output. In 1885 W. H. Barker and George H. George, who had been con- nected with various canneries, formed a partnership as George & Barker and purchased the Astoria cannery of the Port Adams Packing Co., then 2 years old. Shortly before this a combination which was named the Eureka & Epicure Packing Co., had been formed and comprised the following plants: Knappton Packing Co., Knappton; North Shore Packing Co., just below Knappton; and the Eureka Packing Co. This combination got into financial difficulties and the reorganizes per- suaded George & Barker to join the combination and take charge, which they did. In 1897 the Eureka & Epicure Packing Co., the plants of Samuel Elmore, M. J. Kinney and J. W. Seaborg, all at Astoria; J. O. Han- thorn & Co., Astoria; Fishermen's Packing Co., Astoria; Scandinavian 32 PACIFIC SALMON FISHERIES. Packing Co., Astoria; Columbia Canning Co., add J. W. & V. Cook, Clifton, were combined under the name of the Columbia River Packers Association. In 1899 the association built a new cannery at Rooster Rock. Mr George was with the association until his death, but Mr. Barker left it to become general manager of the British Columbia Packers Association where he is at present, the dean of the Pacific coast cannerymen. At the present time (1915) there are 19 canneries in operation on the river, while large quantities of salmon are also frozen, mild cured, pickled, smoked, and sold fresh in the markets of the world. Commercial fishing is carried on mainly between the mouth of the Columbia and Celilo, a distance of about 200 miles, and in the Wil- lamette River. The most of it is in the lower part of the river, \P-Ain about 40 miles of its mouth. Bakers Bay, on the Washington or north side, and just within the river's mouth, is the favorite ground for pound-net fishing. The principal gill-net drifting ground is from the river's mouth to about 20 miles above Astoria, but drifting is done wherever convenient reaches are found much farther up the river. Most of the drag seines are hauled on the sandy bars in the river near Astoria, which are uncovered at low water. Wheels are operated in the upper river above the junction of the Willamette with the main river. Astoria is the principal center for all branches of the industry, but more especially for canning. Other places in addition to Astoria at which canneries are located are Ilwaco, Eagle Cliff, Altoona, Brookfield, Pillar Rock, and Cathlamet, on the Washington shore, and „at Warrendale, Rooster Rock, and Seuferts, on the Oregon shore. OREGON. Necanicum Creek. — This short stream is in Clatsop County and enters the Pacific Ocean about 10 miles south of the Columbia River. Its fisheries are of small importance. Nehalem River. — The Nehalem is a small coastal river that rises in the mountains of Clatsop and Columbia Counties, and flows into the Pacific Ocean in the northern part of Tillamook County. As early as 1887 there was a small cannery here, and the business has been followed ever since. In 1911 an additional plant was built and both have operated each year since, except in 1913, when one was shut down. Tillamook Bay and River. — Tillamook River is a very short stream which enters Tillamook Bay, the latter being in Tillamook County and about 45 miles south of the mouth of the Columbia River. Fishing is carried on mainly in the bay. The earliest record we have of canneries on this bay is of 1886, when two were in operation. From 1891 to 1910 but one was operated, but in 1911 another plant was started, and both have been operated each season since, except in 1913, when one was shut down. PACIFIC SALMON FISHERIES. 33 Nestucca River. — This stream enters the ocean in the southwestern part of Tillamook County. A cannery operated here in 1887 and the business has been carried on each season with but one intermission since 1905. Siletz River. — This river has its source in the mountains of Polk County and enters the ocean in the northern part of Lincoln County. The commercial development of the fisheries was hampered for many years owing to the fact that the river was within the boun- daries of what was then the Siletz Indian Reservation. The first cannery was established here in 1896, and it has operated nearly every season since. Yaquina Bay and River. — The Yaquina ("crooked") River is about 60 miles long; its general course is nearly west through the county of Benton. The river is narrow throughout the greater part of its length. A few miles from its mouth it suddenly broadens out into an estuary from one-half to three-fourths of a mile wide, which is commonly called Yaquina Bay. The river enters the Pacific about 100 miles south of the Columbia. Salmon canning was begun on this river in 1887, when two small canneries were constructed. The next year an additional plant was erected. The business has fluctuated considerably since then and there is now but one cannery, which has not been operated since 1911. The fishing grounds are all in the bay and the lower section of the river. The fishermen of this section are fortunate in that they have railroad communication with the outside world, the only place on the ocean side of Oregon, except Tillamook, so situated. In 1915 another railroad line from Eugene to the mouth of the Siuslaw River, at which point it connected with a line to the Coquille River, was opened for traffic. Alsea Bay and River. — Alsea River rises in the southwestern part of Benton County, and flows in nearly a northwesterly direction to the Pacific, a distance of about 60 miles. Like the Yaquina, the "bay" is merely a broadening out of the river just inside its mouth. The first cannery was established in 1886 and by 1888 there were three in operation. For many years but one was operated. In 1911 and each season since two canneries have been operated. The best fishing grounds are from the mouth of the river to about 5 miles inland. Siuslaw River. — This river has its source in the mountains of Lane County, and its course lies first in a northwesterly direction and then to the westward until the Pacific is reached. Through part of its course it is the dividing line between Lane and Douglas Counties . As early as 1878 there were two canneries operated on this river, but from 1879 till 1888 there are no data available showing the ex- tent of the fisheries. In 1896 A. W. Hurd built a cannery which was 62425°— 17 3 34 PACIFIC SALMON FISHERIES. destroyed by fire in 190S. At present there are two canneries, but of recent years only one has been operated. The opening of a railroad line from Eugene to here, thus furnishing an outlet for fresh salmon shipments, will doubtless greatly help in developing its fisheries. The salmon fishing grounds extend from near the mouth of the river to about 20 miles upstream. Umpqua Hirer. — With the exception of the Columbia this is the largest and longest river in Oregon. It is formed by north and south forks, which unite about 9 miles northwest of Roseburg, and the river then flows northwestwardly and enters the Pacific. Prac- tically all of this river is witbin the boundaries of Douglas County, one of the largest counties in the State. A railroad has recently been built along this river and in time there will doubtless be a large de- velopment of the fisheries of this region owing to the opportunities which will be offered for shipping fresh fish. With the exception of Rogue River, this is the only river in Oregon south of the Columbia River in which a spring run of chinook salmon occurs. As early as 1S7S there were two canneries located on the Umpqua, one of which was built by George W. Hume. The number has never been larger than this, and usually there has been but one operating. In 1912 there was but one, at Gardiner. In 1915 two were operated. Coos Bay and River. — Coos Bay is a navigable semicircular inlet of the ocean with numerous arms or branches. There is much marshv ground in the bay, and a number of sloughs, or small creeks, which empty into the bay from both sides. Coos River proper is an unimportant stream, but a few miles in length. North Bend. Marsh- field, and Empire are the principal towns on the Bay. A branch railroad is being built to these points from the main line of the South- ern Pacific Railway, and as soon as this is completed the fishing in- dustry will receive a great impetus. Heretofore this region has de- pended upon steamers and sailing vessels plying to Portland and San Francisco for its communication with the outside world, and this slow and infrequent means of shipment has very seriously handi- capped the fisheries. Salmon canning began here in 1S87, when two canneries opened for business. The business has fluctuated considerably since, most of the time but one cannery being operated, and such being the case in 1915. Fishing is carried on mainly in the bay. A few set nets are oper- ated in the river. CoquiUe River. — This river is formed by three branches, called the North, Middle, and South Forks, which rise in the Umpqua Moun- tains and unite near Myrtle Point, the head of tidewater, about 45 miles by river from the mouth of the stream. It is a deep and slug- PACIFIC SALMON FISHERIES. 35 gish river, with no natural obstructions to hinder the free passage of fish. Jts fisheries have been seriously hampered by the lack of rail- road communication, but this has recently been remedied, as the rail- road to Coos Bay connects with a short line now in existence between the Coquille River and Coos Bay, and thence on to the Siuslaw and from there to Eugene. The principal towns on the Coquille River are Bandon, Prosper, Coquille, and Myrtle Point. Bandon is the shipping port. Pickled salmon were cured and shipped from this river very early, the first recorded instance of any considerable quantity being in 1877,- when 3,000 barrels of salmon were sent to San Francisco. The salt shipments were important until within recent years. The first salmon cannery was erected in 1883, at Parkersburg. In 1886 another was built at the same place, and the following year still another was erected close by. This was the largest number ever in operation in any one year. Since 1909 two canneries have been operated, both at Prosper. The fishing grounds are from the mouth to Myrtle Point, about 45 miles inland. Sixes River. — This small river is located in the northern part of Curry County, and is about 40 miles in length, entering the Pacific a very short distance above Cape Blanco. The salmon caught here are either salted or shipped fresh to the canneries on the Coquille River. Elk River. — This is another small stream about 40 miles in length, which enters the Pacific just south of Cape Blanco. As on the Sixes River, the salmon are either salted or sold fresh to the canneries on the Coquille River. Rogue River. — This river has as its source Crater Lake in the Cas- cade Mountains, on the western border of Klamath County, flow- ing a distance of about 325 miles to the ocean, which it enters at Wedderburn. Its principal tributaries are the Illinois, Applegate, and Stewart Rivers. Owing to canyons and falls in the main river between the mouth of the Illinois River and Hellgate, the latter near Hogan Creek, which runs through the town of Merlin, naviga- tion and fishing are impossible in that section. Except at the mouth of the river the population is very sparse until about the neighbor- hood of Hogan Creek, where the river approaches the railroad, and from here on for some miles there are numerous growing towns. Owing to the fact of there being both a spring and a fall run of salmon in this river, the fisheries early became of importance, al- though sadly hampered because of being compelled to depend wholly on vessel communication with San Francisco, many miles away. In the early years the salmon were pickled and shipped to San Fran- 36 PACIFIC SALMON FISHERIES. cisco. In 1877 R. D. Hume, who had been canning salmon on the Columbia River, removed to the Rogue River, and established near the mouth a cannery which he operated every season (except 1894, when the cannery burned down) until his death in November, 1908, after which date it was operated by his heirs. Mr. Hume also oper- ated a large cold-storage plant at Wedderburn for several years. The development of the fisheries of the lower Rogue River was very much hampered by the monopoly which Mr. Hume acquired and maintained until his death. He bought both shores of the river for 12 miles from its mouth, and also owned an unbroken frontage on the ocean shore extending 7 miles north from the mouth of the river. As a result of this, independent fishermen could find no convenient places for landing, which was necessary in order to cure, handle, and ship the fish caught. Since Mr. Hume's death the property has been sold to the Macleay estate, but the people of Oregon, upon an initia- tive and referendum petition, voted in 1910 to close Rogue River to all commercial fishing, and it was so closed in 1 911 and 1912, but reopened in 1913. A second cannery was built here in 1915 by B. A. Seaborg &Co. In the upper river ranchers living along the banks have engaged in fishing for a number of years, the catch for the most part being sold fresh. In recent years, as the country has developed, this fishery has become fairly important. Ghetco and Windchuck Rivers. — These two unimportant streams empty into the Pacific in the lower part of Curry County, not far from the California line. The former is about 20 miles and the latter about 25 miles in length. Both have runs of salmon, and small fish- eries have been maintained for some years, the catch being either pickled or sold to the California canneries. CALIFORNIA. Smith River. — This river, which is the most northerly one in the State, rises near the Siskiyou Mountains, and runs in a westerly direction to the Pacific Ocean. The river has only a spring run of salmon, and the early recorded history of the fisheries is fragmentary. The pickling of salmon was the main business at first and has been important ever since, as the cannery, which was first established in 1878, operated irregularly, and seems to have shut down entirely in 1895. Canning began again in 1914 by H. E. Westbrook and continued in 1915. Klamath River. — This is the most important river in California north of the Sacramento. It issues from the Lower Klamath Lake in Klamath County, Oreg., and runs southwesterly across Siskiyou County, passes through the southeastern section of Del Norte County, PACIFIC SALMON FISHEEIES. 37 keeping its southerly course into Humboldt County, where it forms a junction with the Trinity River, and thence its course is directed to the northwest until it reaches the Pacific Ocean. The Klamath River is important as a salmon stream because it has both a spring and fall run of salmon. In 1888 a cannery was estab- lished at Requa, at the mouth, and this has been operated occasion- ally ever since. The pickling of salmon has been done here for a number of years. Some years part of the catch has been shipped fresh to the cannery on Smith River or to the Rogue River (Oreg.) cannery. Since 1908 the cannery has been operated continuously by the Klamath River Packers Association. Humboldt Bay and tributaries. — The shore line of Humboldt County is bold and high, except in the vicinity of Humboldt Bay, where it is rather flat. The latter is the only harbor along the county shore, and it is quite difficult of access, owing to the bar at the entrance, upon which the sea breaks quite heavily. The bay is about 12 miles long and about 3 miles wide. Mad River, which has its rise in the lower part of Trinity County, runs in a northwesterly direction, then makes a sharp turn and enters the bay from the north side. Eel River, which has its rise in Lake County, far to the southeast, runs in a northwesterly direction and enters the bay at its southern extrem- ity. Small railroads running south from Eureka traverse the shores of both rivers for some miles. A railroad now runs from the north side of San Francisco Bay to Eureka, and it has aided very materially in extending the market for salmon caught in these rivers. Mattole River. — This is a small and unimportant river in the south- ern part of Humboldt County, and is said to have a good run of salmon each year, but no commercial fishing has as yet been carried on here. Some salmon fishing is now (1915) carried on at Fort Bragg, in Mendocino County. The Noyo River debouches into the ocean at this place. Shipping salmon from here is now possible, owing to a branch railroad having been built to the coast at this point. It is probable that, as other points in the region between San Francisco and Humboldt Bays are made accessible by the railroad, the salmon fishery will be expanded very considerably. Sacramento and San Joaquin Rivers. — These two rivers are the most important in California. The Sacramento is quite crooked, the distance by river from Red Bluff to San Francisco being about 375 miles, while the distance by rail between these two places is only 225 miles. The river rises in several small lakes in the mountains about 20 miles west of Sisson, in Siskiyou County, and for nearly half its length flows through a narrow canyon. The upper portion is a typical mountain stream, with innumerable pools and rapids. A 38 PACIFIC SALMON FISHERIES. little above Bedding the river emerges from the canyon and widens into a broad shallow stream. Below Sacramento it runs through a level country and is affected by tides. Sloughs are numerous in this stretch, some connecting it with the San Joaquin. The Sacramento and San Joaquin Rivers join as they empty into Suisun Bay. The principal tributaries of the Sacramento which are frequented by salmon are the Pit and McCloud Rivers and Battle Creek. At one time salmon frequented the American and Feather Rivers, but min- ing and irrigation operations along these streams either killed them off or drove them away. The San Joaquin River has its source in the Sierra Nevada Moun- tains. Flowing westerly and forming the boundary between Fresno and Madera Counties for a considerable distance, it then turns abruptly to the north just where it is joined by Fresno Slough, which drains Lake Tulare. From here its general course is northwesterly until it joins the Sacramento River, near the latter's mouth. The Chouchilla and Fresno Rivers are the principal tributaries of the San Joaquin. The principal fishing grounds for salmon are Suisun Bay, the lower part of San Joaquin River, and the Sacramento River as high as the vicinity of Sacramento. Drift gill nets are used almost exclusively in this section. From Sacramento to Anderson there is considerable commercial fishing, more particularly with haul seines. Owing to the early and excellent railroad facilities which the fish- eries of the Sacramento River have enjoyed, they have not been handicapped so seriously as most of the other Pacific coast rivers in finding profitable outlets for the catch. Soon after the first trans- continental line was opened the shipping of fresh salmon to eastern points began, and it has been an important feature of the industry ever since. The chief event in the history of the salmon fisheries of this river is the fact that the canning of salmon on the Pacific coast had its inception here in 1864. The circumstances leading up to this event and its consummation are interestingly told by R. D. Hume: The first salmon cannery of the United States was located at Washington, Yolo County, Cal. A part of the building was originally a cabin situated on the river bank outside of the levee just opposite the foot of K Street, Sacramento City. It was built in 1852 and occupied by James Booker, Percy Woodsom, and William Hume. William Hume came to California in the spring of 1852, bringing with him a salmon gill net which he had made before leaving his home at Augusta, Me. In company with James Booker and Percy Woodsom, Mr. Hume began fishing for salmon in the Sacramento River just in front of the city of Sacramento. William Hume had been salmon fishing in the Kennebec River in the State of Maine with his father, where his father and grandfather had been engaged in the same business since 1780, and their ancestors in Scotland had for pleasure pursued the sportive salmon on the Tweed and PACIFIC SALMON FISHERIES. 39 Tay for centuries before. In 1856 William Hume went back to Maine, and on his return to California the same year was accompanied by his brothers, John and G. W. Hume, who also engaged in salmon fishing in the Sacramento River. Among the schoolmates of G. W. Hume was one Andrew S. Hapgood, who had learned the tin- smith's trade, and who a short time after G. W. Hume left for California went to Bos- ton and entered the employ of J. B. Hamblen, a pioneer in the canning business, and was sent by him to Fox Island on the coast of Maine to engage in canning lobsters. The canning of lobster was a new and growing industry, and Mr. Hamblen, to increase his business, a short time after sent Mr. Hapgood to the Bay of Chaleur, an arm of the sea which divides the Province of Quebec from that of New Brunswick, where, in addition to the canning of lobster, they also canned a few salmon. I believe this was the first salmon canned on the American Continent, and I am informed that the busi- ness in a small way is still carried on in that section of the country. In 1863 G. W. Hume went back to Maine, and while there visited Mr. Hapgood at Fox Island, to which place he had been again sent by J. B. Hamblen to take charge of the works at that place. During the visit of G. W. Hume to his friend Hapgood a talk about salm- on was had, and it was agreed that if salmon on the Pacific coast were as plentiful as represented by Mr. Hume much money could be made in a salmon -cannery business. The plan decided on was that G. W. Hume, on his return to California, should try and induce his brother William to engage in the business with them, and, if he succeeded in so doing, Mr. Hapgood should purchase the necessary machinery and come out to California in time for the spring season of 1864. William Hume being agreeable to take part in the enterprise, Mr. Hapgood set out on the journey and arrived at San Francisco on March 23, 1864, and a few days later at the location where the operations were afterwards conducted. * * * * * * * For a considerable time after the salmon-canning business was inaugurated the pack- ers suspended operations in the early part of July of each year, as at that time the market would take only goods which showed a rich oil and the best food values. & The business languished after the firm established its cannery on the Columbia River, but in 1874 was renewed again by others and continued with varying success until 1905, when it ceased tempo- rarily, owing to the smaller quantity of fish available and the diffi- culty of competing with the mild-cure packers and the fresh-fish deal- ers. Several times since small packs have been made when, for some reason, mild-curing was unprofitable. Monterey Bay. — The first harbor south of San Francisco is Mon- terey Bay, a large indentation cutting into Santa Cruz and Monterey Counties. Only a portion of it is well sheltered, however. For a number of years it had been known that salmon frequented the waters of this bay for the purpose of feeding on the young fishes which swarmed there. Sportsmen frequently caught them with rod and reel, but it was not until the early eighties that the industry was established on a commercial basis. It has since grown very rapidly. The catch has either been mild cured at Monterey or shipped fresh. A few were canned in 1915. o The description of the machinery used and the methods of canning have been quoted in full under " Canning" elsewhere in this report. bThe first salmon cannery. By R.D.Hume. Pacific Fisherman, Seattle, Wash., vol. n, no. 1, January, 1904, p. 19-21. 40 PACIFIC SALMON FISHERIES. ALASKA.^ Alaska is the most favored salmon-fishing region. Many rivers, some of great length and draining enormous areas, intersect the dis- trict in every direction, while the number of small creeks is countless. Almost every one of these have runs of salmon of varying abundance. The principal streams entering Bering Sea are the Yukon, Kus- kokwim, Togiak, Nushagak, Kvichak, Naknek, Ugaguk, and Ugashik; in central Alaska the Chignik, Karluk, Alitak, Susitna, and Copper Rivers are the main streams, while in southeast Alaska are found, among many others, the Anklow, Situk, Alsek, Chilkat, Chil- koot, Taku, Stikine, and Unuk Rivers. Most of the fishing in Alaska is carried on in the bays into which these rivers debouch. In south- east Alaska, which is composed largely of islands, the fishing is carried on mainly in the bays, sounds, and straits among these. Even before the purchase of the district from Russia in 1867 our fishermen occasionally resorted to southeast Alaska and prepared salted salmon. The salmon fisheries did not become important, how- ever, until canning was begun. SOUTHEAST ALASKA. One of the most favorable sections for carrying on fishing opera- tions is southeast Alaska. Here a narrow strip of mainland, about 30 miles wide, separates British Columbia from salt water and forms the "panhandle" of Alaska. Outside this is a fringe of numerous islands, large and small, close to the coast line, conforming to its irregularities and separated from it and from each other by deep straits and channels. These islands, about 1,100 in number, extend from the coast an average distance of about 75 miles and along the general contour for about 250 miles. Some of these islands are very large, indented with deep bays and sounds, and they in turn fringed with smaller islands. The largest streams in this region are the Unuk, Stikine, Taku, and Chilkat, all of which take their source in the interior and drain con- siderable areas. The other rivers are usually streams, and the greater number are simply outlets to a lake or system of lakes. All species of salmon are to be found in this region, but the hump- back is by far the most abundant. This region has been the favorite fishing ground for the smaller operators, although a few of the largest canneries in Alaska are located here. Of recent years transportation facilities have been exceedingly good and fairly cheap, while the nearness to the States a The material for the history of the salmon fisheries of Alaska for the period from the inception of salmon canning to 1900 was obtained almost wholly from the following excellent and valuable reports by Capt. Jefferson F. Moser, U. S. N., to whom I am deeply indebted for this and other valuable data: The salmon and salmon fisheries of Alaska. Report of the operations of the United States Fish Com mission steamer Albatross for the year ended June- 30, 1898. By Jefferson F. Moser. Bulletin U. S. Fish Commission, vol. xvni, p. 1-178. Alaskan salmon investigations in 1900 and 1901. By Jefferson F. Moser. Bulletin U.S. Fish Commission, vol. xxi, p. 173-398. PACIFIC SALMON FISHERIES. 41 and the considerable resident population which could be drawn upon for labor have been big factors in its development. The Russians did considerable salting of salmon. Petroff, in his report in the Tenth Census on the "Population, industries, and re- sources of Alaska," writes as follows of the Redoubt near Sitka: "The once famous Redoubt or deep-lake salmon fishery on Baranof Island, which at one time during the Russian rule supplied this whole region, and whence 2,000 barrels of salmon were shipped in 1868, now lies idle." One of the earliest operators in southeast Alaska was a Greek, or Slav, named Baronovich, who married the daughter of Skowl, one of the old-time chiefs of the Kasaans, and received from him the fishery on Karta Bay, a part of Kasaan Bay, and one of the best red salmon streams south of Wrangell Narrows. Baronovich built a saltery here, kept a store and traded with the Indians. He died some years ago, and for some time after his death his sons operated it. It finally collapsed a couple of years ago. For a number of years a saltery was operated at Klawak, on the west coast of Prince of Wales Island. In 1878 the North Pacific Trading & Packing Co. purchased the saltery and erected the first cannery in Alaska here. A pack was made the same year, and the plant has operated every year since. In 1899 the cannery burned down, but it was immediately rebuilt on the opposite side of the bay. For some years this plant was operated almost exclusively with native labor, and at the present time the majority so employed are natives. The same year that the above cannery was established the Cutting Packing Co. built a cannery at old Sitka, and operated it in 1878 and 1879, after which time it was closed down. In 1882 the machinery was taken by another company to Cook Inlet. In 1882 M. J. Kinney, of Astoria, under the name of the Chilkat Packing Co., built a cannery on the eastern shore of the inlet and made a pack the same year. The cannery changed hands several times and finally was burned in 1892, and not rebuilt. The cannery packed every year from 1883 to 1891, both inclusive, except in 1888, when it was closed. In 1883 the Northwest Trading Co., built a cannery on Pyramid Harbor, a little bay on the western side of Chilkat Inlet. It was operated by this company in 1883 and 1884, was idle in 1885, and in 1888 was sold to D. L. Beck & Sons, of San Francisco, and operated by that firm. In the spring of 1889 it was burned, but was rebuilt at once and a pack made that year. In 1893 it joined the Alaska Packers Association, which operated it, except in 1905, until the end of the season of 1908, when it was finally abandoned. On the north shore of Boca de Quadra, about 8 miles from the entrance, a cannery was built in 1883 by M. J. Kinney, of Astoria, and 42 PACIFIC SALMON FISHERIES. operated under the name of the Cape Fox Packing Co. from 1883 to 1886. Late in the last-named year it was sold and moved to Ketchi- kan and operated there under the name of the Tongass Packing Co. during 1887, 1888, and until August, 1889, when it was burned and not rebuilt. In v 1886 Rhode & Johnson erected a saltery at Yes Bay. The fol- lowing year the firm became Ford, Rhode & Johnson. In 1887 work was begun on a cannery which was finished in 1888. Packing was begun in 1889 under the name of the Boston Fishing & Trading Co. In 1901 it was included in the Pacific Packing & Navigation Co. con- solidation, and when that concern failed was purchased in 1905 by the Northwestern Fisheries Co. In 1906 the cannery was purchased by C. A. Burckhardt & Co., who have operated it each year to date, either under that name or subsequent incorporations known as the Yes Bay Canning Co., and the Alaska Pacific Fisheries. In 1887 the Aberdeen Packing Co. of Astoria, Oreg., built a can- nery on the Stikine River, about 8 miles above the mouth. In 1889 the cannery was moved to Point Highfield, on the northern end of Wrangell Island, and operations commenced under the name of the Glacier Packing Co. In 1893 it joined the Alaska Packers Associa- tion, who have operated it continuously, except in 1905. The Loring cannery of the Alaska Packers Association was built in 1888 by the Alaska Salmon Packing & Fur Co. of San Francisco and operated by the Cutting Packing Co. For a number of years pre- vious to this time a saltery had been in operation here. When the Alaska Packers Association was formed in 1893 it joined that organi- zation. The cannery has been operated every year since it was built, and in some seasons has made the largest pack of any in theTerritory. Shortly after William Duncan and his community of Tsimpsean Indians had settled, in 1887, on Annette Island, which island had been set aside by the Federal Government as a reserve for them, plans were under way for a salmon cannery, but funds came in so slowly that it was not until 1S90 that any pack was attempted. In 1891 it was in full operation, and operated from then continuously until 1913, when the plant was shut down for that and the two suc- ceeding years. Much dissatisfaction had been expressed by the natives over the operation of this and other industrial plants on the island, and finally the Federal authorities took possession of prac- tically everything, as guardian of the natives, and early in 1916 leased the cannery to P. E. Harris & Co., of Seattle, the understand- ing being that they were to employ natives when available. Un- fortunately the plant burned down just before the fishing season began. James Miller operated a saltery on Burroughs Bay, on Behm Canal, in 1886 and 1SS7. In 1888 Andrew and Benjamin Young, of Astoria, Oreg., built a cannery here and operated it under the PACIFIC SALMON FISHERIES. 43 name of the Cape Lees Packing Co. in 1888, 1889, and 1890. It was closed in 1891 and 1892. In 1893 it became a part of the Alaska Packers Association, and was dismantled the following year. About 1888 a saltery was established on Thorne Bay, Prince of Wales Island. The following year it was sold to the Loring can- nery. In 1892 it was sold to Robert Bell, who moved it to the upper end of the northwest arm, on the western shore. Salting was not carried on each season, as it was sometimes found to be more profit- able to sell the fish fresh to the canneries. The plant was finally abandoned. In 1889 Messrs. Sanborn and Ellmore, of Astoria, built a cannery in Pavlof Harbor, Freshwater Bay, on the eastern side of Chichagof Island, and operated it under the name of the Astoria & Alaska Packing Co. It made a pack that year and in the spring of 1890 was moved to Point Ellis, on the eastern side of Kuiu Island, pack- ing that year and also in 1891. It was burned in May, 1892; only one building was left standing, and it and the site were purchased by John H. Mantle, of Wrangell, who operated a saltery on each arm of the bay. Mr. Mantle began operations here in 1893. In 1889 the Baranof Packing Co. built and first operated a can- nery at the Redoubt, about 12 miles below Sitka. It was also oper- ated in 1890 and then moved to Redfish Bay, on the western coast of Baranof Island. It made its first pack here in 1891 and was then operated every year until 1898, when it was sold to the Alaska Packers Association and dismantled. In 1889 the Thlinket Packing Co., organized at Portland, Oreg., built a cannery at Point Gerard, on the mainland opposite Point Highfield, at the head of Wrangell Island. It was operated that and the subsequent year. In 1901 this company built another cannery at Santa Anna, on the north side of Cleveland Peninsula, and made a pack the same year. In 1901 both plants became part of the Pacific Packing & Navi- gation Co. In 1902 the Gerard Point plant was closed and was not opened again. In 1903, 19Q4, and 1905 the Santa Anna plant was closed also. Early in 1905 these plants were purchased by the Northwestern Fisheries Co. at the assignee's sale of the old corpora- tion's properties. The Santa Anna plant was operated in 1906 and has been operated each year since. The Chilkat Canning Co. put up a plant at Chilkat village, on Chilkat Inlet, in 1889. It was operated from 1889 to 1893, and then sold to the Alaska Packers Association. It was held in reserve for some years but was finally dismantled. In 1889 D. Blauw, of Tacoma, Wash., built a saltery on Grouse Island, Boca de Quadra, and dry-salted dog salmon. He operated only one season. 44 PACIFIC SALMON FISHERIES. In 1890 a cannery was built by the Bartlett Bay Packing Co. on Bartlett Bay, Icy Straits, and operated by Williams, Brown & Co., of San Francisco. A saltery was constructed here prior to that date, and in 1889 a pack of 4,300 cases was made in a crude way. In 1891 the ice piled up in Glacier Bay to such an extent that the can- nery could do almost nothing. It was not operated after this date. In 1893 it became a part of the Alaska Packers Association and was dismantled in 1894. About 1890 a saltery was established on the north shore of the mouth of Quadra Stream, on Boca de Quadra, by Clark & Martin. It was operated intermittently until about 1898, when it was aban- doned. The same parties also established a saltery at Ketchikan shortly after the one on Quadra Stream was built, and operated this until about 1898, when the plant was turned into a steamer wharf and warehouse for the new town of Ketchikan which was building up around it. In 1896 the Pacific Steam Whaling Co. built a cannery on the northern side of Hunter Bay, near the southern end of Prince of Wales Island, and made a pack the same year. Miller & Co. had a saltery at this place and it was purchased by the company and removed to make room for the cannery. Miller & Co. also had a saltery on Nutqua Inlet, which was built in 1896, and this also was sold to the canning company. In 1901 the cannery became a part of the Pacific Packing & Navigation Co. It was closed in 1904. Upon the dissolution of the company in 1905 this plant was pur- chased by the Northwestern Fisheries Co., which company, after keeping it closed in 1905 and 1906, has operated it each season since. The Quadra Packing Co. built a cannery on Mink Arm, in Boca de Quadra, in the spring of 1896 and made its first pack that year. In 1901 the plant was purchased by the Pacific Packing & Naviga- tion Co. It was closed in 1904, 1905, and 1906. Upon the dissolu- tion of the company in 1905 the plant was purchased by the North- western Fisheries. Co. It was reopened in 1907 and has been oper- ated each season since. In 1897 a saltery was built on Taku Point, near the head of Taku Inlet. In 1898 and 1899 it was operated by the Quadra Packing Co. In 1900 the Icy Straits Packing Co. operated it. In 1897 a small saltery was in operation by Cyrus Orr at Point Barrie, Kupreanof Island. In the same year Walter •Kosmikoff operated a small saltery at Shipley Bay, on Prince of Wales Island. In 1900 he sold it to the Icy Straits Packing Co. Fred Brockman in 1897 built and operated a small saltery on Sarkar Stream, Prince of Wales Island. Mr. Brockman' operated this saltery intermittently until his death in 1915. PACIFIC SALMON FISHERIES. 45 In 1897 Banter & West were operating a saltery at Sukkwan, on Sukkwan Island. In the same year Miller & Co. started another saltery on Kassook Inlet, on Sukkwan Island, while Thomas Mc- Cauley was operating a saltery on Whale Passage. In 1899 the Icy Straits Packing Co., consisting of stockholders of the Quadra Packing Co., built a cannery and sawmill at a point on the southeastern shore of Wrangell Narrows, about a mile south of the northern entrance to same, and named the town site Petersburg. The cannery was ready and operated in 1900. In 1901 it became a part of the Pacific Packing & Navigation Co. It was closed in 1903, 1904, and 1905. In 1905 it was purchased at the sale of the company's properties by the Northwestern Fisheries Co. In 1906 the Pacific Coast & Norway Packing Co., which had been operating a cannery at Tonka, on Wrangell Narrows, purchased this plant and transferred its activities to the latter. In 1915 the plant was leased to the Petersburg Packing Co., composed of stockholders of the old company. In 1900 the Western Fisheries Co., of Portland, built a cannery at the head of Dundas Bay, and made a pack the same year. In 1901 it became a part of the Pacific Packing & Navigation Co. It was closed in 1904. At the assignee's sale of the company's properties in 1905 this plant was purchased by the Northwestern Fisheries Co. and operated in 1905 and each subsequent year. In 1900 the Fidalgo Island Packing Co. built a cannery on the southern side of Ketchikan Creek. A pack was made the same year. The plant was closed in 1903, only a little salting being done that year, but was opened in 1904. It was closed again in 1905, but opened in 1906. Since then it has been operated each season to date, except in 1909. In 1900 the Pacific Coast & Norway Packing Co. operated a floating saltery while prospecting for a cannery location. In 1901 the com- pany built a cannery at Tonka, about midway of Wrangell Narrows on the western side, and made a pack in that and subsequent years until 1906. In that year the company purchased the Petersburg cannery and thenceforth operated from there. The Tonka plant was dismantled a few years later. In 1900 the Royer-Warnock Packing Co., of San Francisco, built a small cannery on Beecher Pass, which connects Duncan Canal with Wrangell Narrows, using the old Buck saltery for the cannery proper. It operated only the one season. It was a hand-pack plant. The Taku Fishing Co. in 1900 built a cannery on the southern side of the entrance to Port Snettisham, and made a pack in that year. In 1901 it became a part of the Pacific Packing & Navigation Co. The plant was closed in 1902 and not opened again. 46 PACIFIC SALMON FISHERIES. In 1900 the Taku Packing Co., organized in Astoria, Oreg., built a cannery on the western shore of Taku Inlet, and made a pack the same year. In 1901 it became a part of the Pacific Packing & Navigation Co. It was closed in 1904 and not reopened again. In 1905 it became the property of the Northwestern Fisheries Co. In 1900 the Chilkoot Packing Co., organized at Aberdeen, Wash., built a cannery at the head of Chilkoot Inlet, and operated the same year. In 1901 it became a part of the Pacific Packing & Navigation Co. It was closed in 1904 and not reopened again. In 1900 the Great Northern Fish Co. operated a floating saltery. Its principal business was salting dog salmon for the Japanese trade, and it operated only one season. J. E. Rice, of Whatcom, Wash., in the same year packed dog salmon on Karta Bay for the same trade. The Pacific Packing & Navigation Co. (an account of whose incep- tion, operation, and failure appears under Puget Sound) was organ- ized in 1901 and acquired the following canneries in Alaska: Can- neries of Pacific Steam Whaling Co. at Nushagak, Bristol Bay; Chig- nik, Alaska Peninsula; Uyak," Kodiak Island; Kenai, Cook Inlet; Orca, Prince William Sound; Hunter Bay, southeast Alaska. Also the Hume Bros. & Hume canneries at Chignik and Uyak; the Thlinket Packing Co. with canneries at Gerard Point and Santa Anna; the Western Fisheries Co. cannery at Dundas Bay, Icy Straits; Chilkoot Packing Co. cannery at Chilkoot Inlet; the Taku Packing Co. can- nery at Taku Inlet; the Taku Fishing Co. cannery at Port Snet- tisham; the Boston Fishing & Trading Co. cannery at Yes Bay; the .Chatham Straits Packing Co. cannery on Sitkoh Bay; the Icy Straits Packing Co. cannery at Petersburg, Wrangell Narrows; and the Quadra Packing Co. cannery at Mink Arm, Boca de Quadra. The company met with financial disaster in 1904, and at the resulting sale most of its properties were bought by the North- western Fisheries Co., a corporation formed for the purpose. Of the Alaska canneries the Sitkoh Bay plant was sold to George T. Myers & Co., while the Orca plant was leased to Capt. Omar J. Humphreys, from whom the Northwestern Fisheries Co. later on secured it. The San Juan Fishing & Packing Co., of Seattle, established a cannery and cold-storage plant in 1901 at Taku Harbor, a small bay on the mainland a short distance south of Taku Inlet, and made a pack the same year. This plant was purchased in 1903 by the Pacific Cold Storage Co. and operated by it in 1903, 1904, and 1905. In 1906 it was leased and operated by the Taku-Alaska Packing Co. From 1907 to 1911 the plant was leased and operated by John L. Carlson & Co. In 1911 the plant was purchased by Mr. Carlson and the name changed to the Taku Canning & Cold Storage Co., under which name it has been operated each year since. PACIFIC SALMON FISHERIES. 47 In 1901 the Chatham Straits Packing Co. built a cannery on Sitkoh Bay, Chichagof Island. The same year this cannery became a part of the Pacific Packing & Navigation Co. Upon the dissolution of the latter, early in 1905, this plant was purchased by George T. Myers & Co., which company has operated it to date without a break. In 1901 F. C. Barnes, of Portland, Oreg., built a cannery at Lake Bay, on the east side of Prince of Wales Island, and made a pack that season. This cannery was operated in 1902, but was closed in 1903. It was reopened in 1904, and operated each season after that. In 1910 it was incorporated under the name of F. C. Barnes Co. In 1901 the Union Packing Co., organized in Tacoma, Wash., built a cannery on Kell Bay, an arm of Affleck Canal, on the southern side of Kuiu Island. In 1904 this plant was moved to the Kvichak River in Bering Sea. Buhring & Heckman operated a small saltery in Union Bay, on the north side of Cleveland Peninsula, in 1901. Packing was carried on aboard a barge. In 1901 the Muir Glacier Packing Co. put up a saltery on Ideal Cove, Dry Pass, near Wrangell. It has operated mainly as a mild- cure station. It was closed down in 1903, but open in 1904. It was then closed in 1905, 1906, and 1907. It was opened in 1908 by K. J. Johansen and operated in 1908 and 1909. In 1902 the Kasaan Bay Co. built a cannery on the north side of Kasaan Bay, Prince of Wales Island, and made a pack the same year. It was shut down in 1904 and 1905, but reopened in 1906 by Gorman & Co., of Seattle, who had purchased control of the company. Shortly after the closing of the packing season the plant burned down, but it was rebuilt in time to operate the following season. In 1909 the plant was closed, but was reopened in 1910. On September 12 of that year the plant was again destroyed by fire, but was rebuilt in time to operate the following season. On October 29, 1911, the plant was once more destroyed by fire, but was rebuilt in time to operate in 1912. In 1915 the plant was purchased and operated by the Anacortes Fisheries Co., a subsidiary of the Booth Fisheries Co. In 1902 the Alaska Fish & Lumber Co. built a cannery at Shakan, on Kosciusko Island, near the head of Prince of Wales Island, and made a pack the same year. It was shut down in 1904. In 1905 the property was taken over by the Shakan Salmon Co., a new company composed largely of members of the old corporation, who operated it that season. In 1906 Gorman & Co., of Seattle, obtained control of this cannery and operated it each season under the name of the Shakan Salmon Co. until 1915, when it was sold to the Anacortes Fisheries Co., a subsidiary of the Booth Fisheries Co. 48 PACIFIC SALMON FISHERIES. In 1902 the Columbia Canning Co. built a cannery on the southern side of Chilkoot Inlet, and made a pack that year. In 1910 C. A. Burckhardt & Co., under the name of the Chilkoot Fisheries Co., pur- chased and operated this plant. In 1911 the name was changed to that of the Alaska Pacific Fisheries. The only cannery in this section lost to Alaska by action of the Federal Government was that of the Wales Island Packing Co., which was built on Wales Island, near Dixon Entrance, in 1902. As a result of the action of the Alaska Boundary Arbitration Commission in declaring Wales Island a part of Canada in 1903, this cannery automatically ceased to be an American one. After the change of government it lay idle for some time, but is now in use once more by Canadian parties. In 1902 the Thlinket Packing Co. built a cannery on Funter Bay, on the west side of Admiralty Island, and made a pack that year and every subsequent year to date. The same year the Pillar Bay Packing Co. built and operated a cannery near Point Ellis, on Kuiu Island, and has operated it each season to date. In 1902 the Alaska Fisheries Union, organized in Seattle, built a cannery on the east side of Chilkat Inlet, and made a pack that year. After operating to 1905, the plant was in that year leased to and operated by the Lynn Canal Packing Co. The plant was. purchased in 1906 by the Pacific American Fisheries. In 1908 it was moved to Excursion Inlet and has been operated each season to date. The Tacoma Fishing Co. in 1902 established a saltery and halibut station at Tee Harbor, on Lynn Canal, and made a pack that year. Later it became the property of the International Fisheries Co. In 1910 the plant was purchased by the Tee Harbor Packing Co., which established a cannery and operated first in 1911. It has been operated each season since. The Seattle-Scandinavian Fish Co. built a saltery on Snug Harbor, Tenakee Inlet, Chicagof Island, in 1902, and made a pack. It packed in 1903 also, but shut down in 1904. The plant was leased in 1905, and then shut down for good. The Alaska Fish & Mining Co. built and operated a saltery at Kevilla, on Tongass Narrows, during the single season of 1902, while the Rice Fisheries Co., in the same year, built and operated a saltery on Boca de Quadra. The LTnited Fish Co., of Seattle, salted at Tolstoi Bay, east side of Prince of Wales Island, 1903 and 1904. In 1907 the Alsek Fisheries Co. did some salting on the Alsek River. Malcolm Campbell was interested in the above company and in sub- sequent years operated under his own name. In 1910 the St. EHas PACIFIC SALMON FISHERIES. 49 Packing Co. established a cannery near the saltery and made a, pack the same year, and in 1911 and 1912. Since then the plant has been closed and was sold in 1916 to Libby, McNeill & Libby. The Astoria & Puget Sound Packing Co., in 1908, built and operated a cannery on Excursion Inlet. It was closed the following year, but has been operated each year since. The year 1911 witnessed a considerable increase in the number of canneries. Among the new plants built and operated were the follow- ing: Hidden Inlet Canning Co., Hidden Inlet, Portland Canal; Hawk Fish Co. (later changed to P. E. Harris & Co.) ; Hawk Inlet, Admiralty Island; Lindenberger Packing Co., Eoe Point, Behm Canal; Deep Sea Salmon Co., Cape Edwards, Chichagof Island; L. Gustave & Co., Skowl Arm, Prince of Wales Island (changed in 1912 to Skowl Arm Packing Co.), and M. E. Lane (a small hand-pack plant), Mjers Chuck, Cleveland Peninsula. An innovation in Alaska salmon canning this year was when the old ship Glory of the Seas was fitted out as a floating cannery by the Alaska Fish Co., and operated in Hawk Inlet, Admiralty Island, and at Ketchikan. Quarters for the crew were built over the cabins on the quarter deck, the latter being reserved for officials. The remain- der of the upper deck was used for receiving, dressing, and cleaning the fish, which were brought on board by means of a portable elevator attached to the side of the ship. The "iron chink" and the sliming and cleaning tanks were also on this deck. The fish were carried in chutes to the second deck, where a line of sanitary machinery had been installed. The retorts were placed on the forward part of the second deck. The third deck was used for cooling and storing the pack. No lacquering or labeling was carried on aboard the vessel. In 1912 this plant and the ship William II. Smith, the latter by the Weiding & Independent Fisheries Co., of Seattle, were operated. The William H. Smith also did some freezing of salmon. In 1913 the Glory of the Seas was sold to the Glacier Fisheries Co., which operated it as a cold-storage plant. The floating cannery and cold-storage ship William H. Smith was not operated in Alaska during this season. In 1912 still more canneries were built, among these being the fol- lowing: Admiralty Trading Co., Gambier Bay, Admiralty Island; Alaska Sanitary Packing Co., Wrangell; Canoe Pass Packing Co., Canoe Pass; Herbert Hume Packing Co., Nakat Inlet, Portland Canal; Hoonah Packing Co., Hoonah, Icy Straits; Irving Packing Co., Karheen; Kake Packing Co., Kake; Kuiu Island Packing Co., Point Beauclaire, Kuiu Island; Lindenberger Packing Co., Craig, Fish Egg Island; Oceanic Packing Co., Waterfall; Point Warde Packing Co., Point Warde, Bradfield Canal; Pure Food Fish Co., Ketchikan; 62425°— 17 4 50 PACIFIC SALMON FISHERIES. Re villa Fish Products Co., Ketchikan; Sanborn-Cram Co., Burnett Inlet; Starr-Collinson Packing Co., Moira Sound; Sunny Point Packing Co., Cholmondeley Sound; Swift, Arthur & Co., Heceta Island; Walsh- Moore Canning Co., Ward Cove, and Wiese Packing Co., Rose Inlet. In 1913 the plant of Swift, Arthur & Co. was used as a mild-cure station alone, while the name was changed to the Swift-Arthur- Crosby Co. The Alaska Fish Co. absorbed the Oceanic Packing Co. and transferred its activities to the former company's cannery at Waterfall. The following other plants were shut down: Canoe Pass Packing Co., Herbert Hume Packing Co., Point Warde Packing Co., and the Revilla Fish Products Co. In 1914 one new cannery was built. This was erected on George Inlet, Revillagigedo Island, by the George Inlet Packing Co. The canneries of the Point Warde Packing Co., located at Point Warde, and the G. W. Hume Packing Co. (formerly the Herbert Hume Packing Co.), at Nakat Inlet, which were not operated in 1913, were reopened in 1914. The cannery of the Swift- Arthur-Crosby Co. was also reopened. The Walsh-Moore Canning Co. changed its name to the Ward Cove Packing Co., while the Sanborn-Cutting Co. took over the cannery operated by the Kake Packing Co. The canneries of the Admiralty Trading Co. and the Skowl Arm Packing Co. were closed in 1914. The plant of the Kuiu Island Packing Co. burned down in the fall. In 1915 the Admiralty Trading Co. did not operate. Late in the summer it was sold to the Hoonah Packing Co., which company expects to operate it in 1916. The new canneries tins year were the Doyhof Fish Products Co., at Doyhof, on Wrangell Narrows, and Edward Verney & Son (a hand plant), at Metlakahtla. The name of the Irving Packing Co. was changed to the Karheen Packing Co. The Straits Packing Co. purchased the Skowl Arm cannery of the Skowl Arm Packing Co. and operated it. At one time salteries were of considerable importance in this sec- tion, but the establishment of canneries, with the consequent heavy demand for fresh salmon, induced most of the salteries to sell their high-grade fish to the canneries and pack only the cheaper grades. Many of them quit the business as a result of the competition, while others were forced out by the low prices prevailing at times for salted salmon. As many of the salters moved from place to place, and fre- quently changed their operating name, it has been difficult to keep track of them, and in this review only those are listed who attained to some prominence either through longevity or largeness of pack. James Millar, one of the earliest whites to take up his residence here after the purchase of Alaska, and his sons were very active in starting and operating salteries, and it was an unusual tiling during the period previous to 1910 when one of the family was not operating such a plant. PACIFIC SALMON FISHERIES. 51 Jacob Louth established a saltery on the south arm of Moira Sound about 1900 and operated it for some years. John C. Frey established a saltery on Etoline Island in the nineties and ran it until his death in 1904, when John H. Mantle purchased and operated it until about 1910. Anderson & King built a saltery on Cholmondeley Sound, Prince of Wales Island, in the nineties. In 1904 it was operated under the name of A. E. King. After Mr. King's death his widow operated it from 1906 to 1909. In 1910 the saltery was purchased by C. A. Burckhardt & Co., who built a cannery on the site and began opera- tions in 1911. In 1912 the name was changed to the Alaska Pacific Fisheries. The Alaska Fish & Development Co. built a saltery on Pleasant Bay, Admiralty Island, in 1903, and operated it from 1903 to 1905. In 1907 it was operated by the Alaska- American Fish Co., but has been closed since. Yakutat Bay is the only harbor available for vessels from Cape Spencer to Prince William Sound. In 1902 C. A. Fredericks & Co., of Seattle, Mulvey & Wilson, of Yakutat, Jewell Fish Co., and Ankow Fish Co. all established salteries here. While their primary purpose was the salting of herring, considerable salmon was also salted. These plants operated only the one season. In 1904 the Yakutat & Southern Railway Co. built a cannery here. This plant is noted for being the only one that hauls its fish by railway from the fishing streams to the cannery. The railroad is a little over 9 miles in length, and for some years an engine which had seen service on the elevated railroads of New York City and was discarded when the latter were electrified was used. A more modern engine is now in use. The fish are carried in open freight cars. Later this company was purchased by Gorman & Co., and now is the property of Libby, McNeill & Libby, although operated under the original name. PRINCE WILLIAM SOUND AND COPPER RIVER. The great indentation known as Prince William Sound, and the Copper River delta, a short distance south of the sound, have not been exploited as much as many other portions of Alaska, due largely to the limited means of transportation and the consequent heavy expense of operation. The principal source of salmon supply is the Copper River, which has its source far back in the interior and discharges through its numerous mouths an immense quantity of water. Owing to the constantly shifting shoals in the delta, special knowl- edge is needed in navigating them, while special flat-bottomed vessels are required as run boats. The gill net is the only important appa- ratus in use. 52 PACIFIC SALMON FISHERIES. In 1889 a company known as the Central Alaska Co. built a can- nery on Wingham, or Little Kayak Island, about 15 miles west from Cape Suckling. It made a pack that year, and the following spring was moved to Thin Point, on the southern side of the Alaska Penin- sula. The Peninsula Trading & Fishing Co. built a cannery on the same island in 1889. In 1891 it was moved to one of the sloughs of the Copper River delta, known as Coquenhena, and operated in 1891. It was closed in 1892 and 1893. The Pacific Steam Whaling Co. oper- ated it until 1897, when it was abandoned. In 1916 the Hoonah Packing Co. built and operated a cannery near the mouth of Bering River. Louis Sloss & Co., of San Francisco, built a cannery under the title of Pacific Packing Co. in 1889 at the extreme eastern end of the sound, close by the present site of Cordova, and called it Odiak. The cannery was closed in 1892. In 1893 it joined the Alaska Packers Association and was operated each season until 1905. In 1906 the buildings and site were sold to the Copper River & Northwestern Rail- road Co., which was preparing to build a railroad from Odiak to the headwaters of the Copper River. In 1889 the Pacific Steam Whaling Co. built a cannery close by the Odiak plant, but in the spring of 1895 it was moved to the spot now known as Orca, about 3 miles north of Cordova. Except in 1892, it has been operated ever since. In 1901 it was taken into the Pacific Packing & Navigation Co. combination. When the lat- ter' s assets were sold in 1904, this cannery was not included in the sale, as at the time the plant was under lease to Capt. Omar J. Hum- phrey. In 1905 it was sold to the Northwestern Fisheries Co., which had purchased most of the Alaska plants of the defunct company, and they have operated it since. In 1915 the Copper River Packing Co. built a cannery on the Cop- per River at Mile 55, and made a pack the same year. The cannery uses no run boats, but has an arrangement with the Copper River & Northwestern Railroad Co. to haul the fish from the fishing stations to the cannery, and bring the finished product to Cordova for ship- ment by steamer. The Canoe Pass Packing Co., which had built a cannery at Canoe Pass, southeast Alaska, in 1912, and had not operated it subse- quently, in 1915 moved the machinery to Cordova and installed it in a rented building and made a pack. This year (1916) the Carlisle Packing Co. built a cannery at Cor- dova, while the Clark-Graham Co. built one at Eyak, a few miles away. PACIFIC SALMON FISHERIES. 53 COOK INLET. While this great inlet has an abundant supply of salmon, it is one of the most difficult sections in all Alaska in which to fish successfully. The tides and currents in the inlet are strong and treacherous, increas- ing in height and force as its head is approached, where the tide comes in with a bore which is extremely dangerous to small craft. Shoals make out a long distance from shore and are continually changing. The first cannery to be built on the inlet was in 1882, when the Alaska Packing Co., of San Francisco, built one at Kasilof , on the right bank of the Kasilof River at the mouth, utilizing the available machin- ery from the cannery built by the Cutting Packing Co. at old Sitka in 1878. In 1885 this cannery was sold to the Arctic Fishing Co. In 1890 the loss of its cannery ship forced it to close that season. In 1893 it joined the Alaska Packers Association. At the height of the season of 1905 the plant was burned. It was rebuilt the next spring and has been operated each year since. The cannery of the Northern Packing Co. was built in 18SS on the eastern side of Cook Inlet, at Kenai, at the mouth of the Kaknu River. It was operated up to and including 1891. In 1893 it joined the Alaska Packers Association, but has not been operated since 1891. In 1897 the Pacific Steam Whaling Co. built a cannery at Kenai, but did not install the machinery and operate it until the next year. In 1901 this cannery was taken over by the Pacific Packing & Navi- gation Co. In 1903 the plant burned down. Upon the sale of its assets in 1905 the site passed to the Northwestern Fisheries Co. In 1910 the company put up a new plant here and has operated it con- tinuously since. During the period when the site was unused a mild- curing establishment was operated here by the San Juan Fishing & Packing Co. in 1907 and 1908. This plant was burned down just before the fishing season of 1916 began. In 1890 George W. Hume, of San Francisco, built a cannery at Kasilof, on the right bank of the river, about half a mile above its mouth. It was operated in 1890, 1891, and 1892. In 1893 it joined the Alaska Packers Association and was consolidated with the plant of the Arctic Fishing Co. C. D. Ladd operated a saltery on the left bank and at the mouth of the Chulitna River, about 6 miles above Tyonek. This saltery was purchased by the Alaska Salmon Association in 1899. The follow- ing spring it erected a cannery here and made a small pack. It was operated also in 1901 and 1902, and then abandoned. In 1907 J. A. Herbert & Co. established a saltery at English Bay and operated it until 1910. 54 PACIFIC SALMON FISHERIES. In 1911 the Seldovia Salmon Co. built a cannery at Seldovia and operated it continuously to date. Late in 1915 the company went into the hands of a receiver. In 1916 it was reopened by the Colum- bia Salmon Co. In 1912 the Fidalgo Island Packing Co., which already operated a cannery at Ketchikan, in southeast Alaska, built a cannery at Port Graham, at the lower end of the Kenai Peninsula. A pack was made that year and each year since. The same year Libby, McNeill & Libby built a cannery at Kenai and operated that year and each subsequent year. In 1915 the Deep Sea Salmon Co., which operates a cannery in southeast Alaska, built a plant near Knik, on the west side of Cook Inlet, and made a small pack. AFOGNAK ISLAND. Afognak Island lies to the northwest of Kodiak, and it is separated from it by a narrow strait. In 1889 the Eoyal Packing Co. built a cannery at the head of Afognak Bay and operated it in 1889 and 1890. It became a mem- ber of the Alaska Packers Association in 1893. It has not been operated since 1892. The Russian- American Packing Co. in 1889 built a cannery imme- diately above that of the Royal. It was operated in 1889 and 1890. In 1893 it became a member of the Alaska Packers Association. It has not been operated since 1890. In accordance with an act of Congress approved March 3, 1891, the President, by proclamation of December 24, 1892, set aside the whole island and within 1 mile from the shores thereof as a fish-cultural re- serve for the use of the United States Commission of Fish and Fisher- ies. As a result of this action both canneries were forced to move from the island entirely. KODIAK ISLAND. This island has been the scene of some of the best fishing in Alaska. The Russians early settled here, one of the most fertile spots in the usually sterile soil of Alaska, and undoubtedly they must have prosecuted the fisheries from an early date, although but little data are extant showing their operations in this line. Karhik River and Lagoon. — One of the greatest salmon streams in the world is the Karluk River, and although extensive fishing opera- tions have been carried on for many years, it still produces, annu- ally, a large pack of canned salmon, and has the distinction of having produced more salmon than any other river in Alaska. An exceptionally heavy run occurred in 1916. PACIFIC SALMON FISHERIES. 55 It will doubtless surprise most readers when it is stated that the river which has yielded so many countless thousands of salmon is only 16^ miles in length. The river has its source in two lakes; the larger of these is about 8 miles long and the smaller 3 miles long. The mouth of the river is about 2 miles above the canneries, and spreads out here into a lagoon. This lagoon has at the head a width of about 300 yards, and gradually widens until it is nearly half a mile across as it approaches the spit. The lagoon has a general east and west direction, is about 2 miles in length, and, except for the shingle spit which is thrown across its mouth by the action of the sea, its shores are bluff, rising from about 50 to 100 feet. The spit is three- fourths of a mile long with an average width of about 200 feet. The outlet of the lagoon is only 90 feet wide at its mouth. The western side of the mouth of the lagoon is Karluk Head, a precipitous mountain mass about 1,600 feet high. The outer side of the spit is where the fishing is carried on. Haul seines are used exclusively. As bowlders used to be common here it was necessary to remove a number of them in the early days when a seine shore was to be prepared. The red salmon run here is an exceptionally long one, the season extending from about the middle of June to about the middle of September. The other species of salmon also run here; sometimes humpbacks appear in large numbers. As the beach is open to Shelikof Strait, in which storms are frequent, seining is often interrupted. As early as 1867 the salting of salmon was carried on at Karluk. In 1870 the Alaska Fur Trading Co. and the Alaska Commercial Co. began to salt salmon and continued this on a gradually expanding scale. In 1882 Smith & Hirsch, who had been engaged in salting on Karluk Spit, built the first cannery on Kodiak Island. After opera- ting it until 1884 it was organized under the title of the Karluk Packing Co., and packed under that name every year until 1911, when canning operations were transferred to the new cannery in Larsen Bay. In 1893 it joined the Alaska Packers Association. The Kodiak Packing Co. in 1888 built a cannery on the eastern side of the spit and operated it in 1888, 1889, 1890, 1891, and 1893. It joined the Alaska Packers Association in 1893, but has not been operated since that season. The Hume Packing Co. built a cannery on the spit about 400 yards westward of Kodiak cannery in 1889. In 1892 it was consolidated with the Aleutian Islands Fishing & Mining Co., which had built a cannery about 100 yards westward of the Hume cannery in 1888. In 1893 the consolidation became a member of the Alaska Packers Association. This plant was not operated in 1900. 56 PACIFIC SALMON FISHERIES. In 1888 the Alaska Improvement Co. built a cannery on the left bank of the outlet, opposite the point of the spit and facing the Shelikof Strait. It was ready to pack in 1888, but was not operated on account of the loss of its cannery ship, the Julia Ford. In the spring of 1897 it was sold to the Alaska Packers Association and has since been operated by that company. In 1893 the Hume Canning & Trading Co. built a cannery on the beach under Karluk Head, about three-fourths of a mile northward of the Alaska Improvement Co., in what is known locally as Tangle- foot Bay. It was operated in 1893 and 1894, and in 1895 it was sold to the Alaska Packers Association and operated by that company. It has been closed since. The great increase in the number of canneries in Alaska in 1888 and 1889 caused such an enlargement of the pack that the markets became glutted, -and it was soon apparent that steps would have to be taken to reduce the output if the operators were to avoid bank- ruptcy. Capt. Moser in "Salmon and salmon fisheries of Alaska"" thus describes the attempts of the canners to find a working solution of this important problem and the final result of their endeavors: In 1890 the three canneries at Chignik combined under an operating agreement known as the Chignik Bay Combination, under which the plant of the Chignik Bay Co. was operated, the three canneries sharing the expense and dividing the output equally. This arrangement remained in force during the seasons of 1890 and 1891 . Its evident success in 1890 probably led to the local combinations on Kodiak Island in 1891, and then to the association which now exists. The large packs during this period and the glutted market caused the cannery inter- ests to devise some scheme to meet the conditions. The combination at Chignik in 1890 permitted the pack to be made there at a lower rate and, as previously stated, it was continued in 1891. The same year (1891) the canneries at Karluk. Uyak, and Afognak entered a combination, under the name of the Karluk River Fisheries, under which 'it was agreed that each cannery should have a quota of fish from the several localities, based upon the average packs of each cannery in 1889 and 1890. The estimated pack for the canneries interested was placed at 250,000 cases, and upon this estimate the apportionment of the work at each cannery was made. Under this agreement four of the eight canneries were closed . their quota being packed in the other four canneries as follows, viz, that of the Royal at the Karluk, of the Arctic at the Kodiak, of the Aleutian Islands at the Hume, and of the Russian-American at the Alaska Improvement. In the summer of 1891 the Kodiak Packing Co. and the Arctic Packing Co., both at Alitak Bay, also had a mutual agreement under which only one cannery, the Arctic, was operated, the quota of fish of the Kodiak being packed in the Arctic cannery. By these combinations the full pack of the Karluk district was made in half the number of canneries and the expense of packing very considerably reduced. In September, 1891, the Alaska Packers Association was formed to dispose of the unsold salmon of that season's pack (some 363,000 cases) and five trustees were ap- pointed to manage the business. This association was not incorporated and expired after the salmon were sold. a The salmon and salmon fisheries of Alaska. Report of the operations of the U. S. Fish Commission steamer A Ibatross for the year ended June 30, 1898. Bulletin U. S. Fish Commission, vol. xvrn, 1898, d. 18-21. PACIFIC SALMON FISHERIES. 57 The successful operation of these arrangements led, in 1892, to an arrangement in which nearly all (31) of the canneries joined, entering under the name of the Alaska Packing (not Packers) Association, for the purpose of leasing and operating and therefore controlling the canneries and reducing the Alaska pack for that year, it being found too great for the market's demands. All the canneries in operating condition in 1892 were members of this association except the following: Met- lakahtla Industrial Co., at Metlakahtla; Boston Fishing and Trading Co., at Yes Bay; Baranoff Packing Co., at Redfish Bay; Chilkat Canning Co., at Pyramid Harbor; Alaska Improvement Co., at Karluk; and the Bering Sea Packing Co., at Ugashik. The association was regularly incorporated on January 13, 1892, and shares were distributed on the basis of 1 for each 2,000 cases packed in 1891, and the profits were divided equally on all shares regardless of the amount of profits derived at the differ- ent points. Of the 31 canneries, 9 were operated by the association, while the others were closed, the Alaska pack being reduced one-half. The year 1893 found the Alaska- Packers Association organized and incorporated February 9. This association was formed from the canneries that had joined the Alaska Packing Association of 1892, except the Pacific Steam Whaling Co., at Prince William Sound, and the Peninsula Trading and Fishing Co., the latter's cannery hav- ing been moved from Little Kayak Island to the Copper River delta in 1891. The agreement of 1893 was similar to that of 1892, except that the amount of profit was taken into consideration in addition to the probable average quantity which could be packed at the different points. This was subject to adjustment for each district and no arbitrary rule was followed. Each cannery entering the association was obliged to purchase an additional amount of stock, equaling two-thirds of the number of shares received by it for its plant; that is, a company which received 1,500 shares for its plant was required to purchase 1,000 shares additional. The money received from this sale of extra stock was used as working capital. No shares were sold to the general public, the owners of canneries subscribing for the full amount. This association was then and is now (1916) the largest operator in Alaska, and, with its three canneries on Puget Sound, is also a factor in that region. At a number of its canneries the association has always main- tained physicians, whose services and supplies have been free to its own employees and to all natives applying for medical advice and medicines. This service has been of incalculable benefit to the latter, a large proportion of whom suffer from disease in some form or other. Alitdk Bay. — Alitak Bay, or the "South End," as it is termed locally, is a deep indentation, with several arms, on the south- western end of Kodiak Island, about 65 miles from Karluk. The seine is the principal apparatus used here. In 1889 the Arctic Packing Co. built a cannery in the southwest bight of Olga Bay, which is a branch of Alitak Bay and is connected with it by a long, narrow passage. In 1893 it entered the Alaska Packers Association. In 1889 the Kodiak Packing Co. built a cannery at Snug Harbor, a cove in the passage connecting Olga Bay with Alitak Bay, and op- erated it in 1889 and 1890. Its quota of fish was packed by the Arctic Packing Co. in 1891. In 1893 it joined the Alaska Packers Association and the same year was dismantled. 58 PACIFIC SALMON FISHERIES. TJydk Bay.—Vyaik Bay is on the northwestern side about the middle of Kodiak Island and is a considerable body of water with ramifying arms. On the western shore, near the entrance and about 18 miles from Karluk, is Uyak Anchorage. The harbor is formed by the main shore of the island and Bear and Harvester Islands, and is frequently used as an anchorage by cannery ships and the steamers from Karluk during bad weather. As there are no red salmon streams in Uyak, fishing is carried on elsewhere. Most of it is at Karluk Spit. In the spring of 1897 the Pacific Steam Whaling Co. and Hume Bros. & Hume built canneries on the main shores at Uyak Anchorage. In 1901 both plants became a part of the Pacific Packing & Naviga- tion Co. and were operated by it. In 1905 the Uyak plants were purchased by the Northwestern Fisheries Co. and the same year one of the plants was destroyed by fire and was not rebuilt. The remain- ing plant has been operated each year since. Five miles southeast from Uyak Anchorage is a narrow arm called Larsen Bay. It is 4 miles long. Immediately within the entrance on the northern shore is the site of the cannery of the Arctic Pack- ing Co., which was built in 1888, and operated in that year and 1889 and 1890, since which date it has been closed. In 1893 it became a part of the Alaska Packers Association and in 1896 it was dismantled. As the association had lost several ships while loading at Karluk, it finally decided to move its plants from that place, and in 1911 a cannery was built at the old site on Larsen Bay and from that 'time all cannery operations formerly carried on at Karluk have been per- formed at this plant. Uganuk Bay. — This bay is next to the eastward of Uyak. For several years a saltery was operated here by Oliver Smith, who sold it to the Alaska Packers Association in 1896. The same year the latter built a cannery on the bay. It made a pack in 1896 and a partial pack in 1897. This cannery was abandoned in 1900. Kodiak. — Salting operations have been carried on at this old Russian settlement for a number of years. In order to furnish work for the natives, the Alaska Commercial Co. and Blodgett & Blinn salted the catches made by them in 1906 and subsequent years until 1912, when the Kodiak Fisheries built a cannery and has operated it each year since. The Woman's American Baptist Home Missionary Society had carried on a home and school for native children on Wood Island, close to Kodiak, for some years. In 1902 the society established a salmon saltery here in order to furnish employment for the natives. No data are recorded in the official reports of further activities on the part of this plant. PACIFIC SALMON FISHERIES. 59 CHIGNIK BAY. Chignik Bay is on the southern side of the Alaska Peninsula and is the first important indentation after leaving Cook Inlet on the way to the westward. The hay is about 150 miles southwest of Karluk. On the westward side of the bay is a small deep hay known as Anchor- age Bay. Several of the canneries are located here and the trans- porting vessels of all the canneries make their anchorage at this point. In the extreme southwest corner of Chignik Bay is the entrance to Chignik Lagoon. At the head of this lagoon, from which all the canneries draw their supplies of red salmon, is the mouth of the stream up which go the schools. Chignik River is about 6 miles long, with an average width of 100 yards. The depth in the river is such that a boat can ascend only at high water. The river has its rise in two lakes, each about 10 miles long. Red salmon predominate in the runs, although all five species are to be found. A run of very small red salmon, weighing about 2 pounds, and known as Arctic salmon, appears here every year. Practically all of the fishing here is with traps, although gill nets and seines have also been used at times. This bay, next to Karluk Spit, has been the scene of more bitter fights for supremacy in canning than any other place in Alaska. In 1888 the Fishermen's Packing Co., of Astoria, Oreg., sent a party to Chignik Bay to prospect for fish, and they returned in the fall with 2,160 barrels of salt salmon. The next year, this company, operating under the name of the Chignik Bay Co., built a cannery on the eastern shore of the Lagoon, 2 \ miles from the entrance. The same year the Shumagin Packing Co., composed of capitalists from Portland, Oreg., and the Chignik Bay Packing Co., of San ■Francisco, built and operated canneries close to that of the Chignik Bay Co. All three of these companies soon arrived at a working agreement and finally combined into one organization. All were operated in 1889, 1890, and 1891. In 1892 they all joined the pool of the Alaska Packing Association, and the cannery of the Chignik Bay Co. alone operated. In 1893 they all became members of the Alaska Packers Association. Since 1891 only the cannery of the Chignik Bay Co. has been oper- ated. The Shumagin building has been moved alongside the former and the machinery consolidated, so as to form practically one large cannery. In the spring of 1896 Hume Bros. & Hume built a cannery on the eastern side of Anchorage Bay and made a pack that year and in 1897. 60 PACIFIC SALMON FISHERIES. The same spring the Pacific Steam Whaling Co., built a cannery one-fourth of a mile south of the Hume cannery, and made a pack that year and in 1897. In 1901 this plant, also that of Hume Bros. & Hume, became part of the Pacific Packing & Navigation Co. The failure of this company in 1904 threw its properties onto the market and most of them, including the two Chignik canneries, were pur- chased by the Northwestern Fisheries Co.. which in 1905 shut down the llnme Bros. & Hume plant for good and has operated the other plant ever since. In 1010 the Columbia River Packers Association built and operated a cannery on Anchorage Ray. and has operated it every year since. ALASKA PENINSULA. Of recent years canneries have been located on the Bering Sea side of the Alaska Peninsula, outside of Bristol Bay proper, but it is probable that their numbers will not be large in the future as the fisheries tributary to them are not very extensive, ami are also very much scattered, making transportation expensive. Port Heiden. — This important indentation on the Bering Sea side of the Alaska Peninsula, about midway between the Ugashik River and Port Moller, has never figured to any considerable extent in fish- ing operations. In 1012 and 1013 Gorman <$ Co. had the schooner Harriet G. located here throughout the season, engaged in salting salmon. Port Moller. — This great indentation in the Alaska Peninsula, be- tween Port Heiden and Nelson Lagoon, was neglected for many years for the more profitable Bristol Bay region. About 1902 the Bering Sea Packing & Trading Co. (there seems to be some confusion between this name and that of the Peninsular Packing Co.. the latter being the name the company was known by after the first year or two in the official records), established a saltery on Bear River, a tributary of Port Moller. and operated it until 1000, after which operations were suspended and but little is now left of the plant. In 1912 the Pacific American Fisheries erected a cannery on Port "Moller. but it was not operated until 1913. This concern has been successful mainly because of its introduction of purse seines in fishing operations. Nelson Lagoon. —Nelson Lagoon is on the Bering Sea side of the Alaska Peninsula, is about miles in length and about 2 miles in width. At its western end debouches the Nelson River, which is about a mile wide at its mouth. About IS miles from the mouth the river divides, both branches having their rise in lakes. There is an easy portage from the lakes to Pavlof Bay. on the Pacific side of the peninsula, and this route is used frequently by both white men and Indians. PACIFIC SALMON FISHERIES. 61 The run is mainly of red salmon, and gill nets and traps are utilized. During the last few years purse seines have been used in this region with considerable success. In 1902 Charles Johnson, who had operated on the Ugashik River, established a saltery here and operated it under the name of the Lagoon Salmon Co., and made a pack that and the succeeding year. In 1904 and 1905 it was shut down. It was reopened in 1906 and con- tinued to operate until it was sold in 1914, and in 1915 the new owners, the Nelson Lagoon Packing Co., built and operated a cannery here. ZJnalaslea Island. — This year (1916) the Pacific American Fisheries, having obtained a permit from the Department of Commerce, built a cannery at Unalaska, on Unalaska Island. This cannery is located inside of the Aleutian Islands reserve, and permit was given for its building and operation so that it might be possible for the Indians of Unalaska and Dutch Harbor to obtain work at home and save them the long trip to the Bristol Bay plants. Ozernoy. — In 1889 a cannery, under the title of the Western Alaska Packing Co., was built at Ozernoy, on the western side of Stepovak Bay, south side of the Alaska Peninsula. It packed that year and in 1890, but the fish were so scarce that the cannery was dis- mantled in 1891 and the site abandoned. Nothing was done with it for some years, but about 1905 Bostrop Omundsen located there and established a saltery. In the winter of 1912-13 August Lindquist purchased a half interest in the plant and it was operated under their joint names until the death of the senior partner in the fall of 1915; since then it has been operated by the former alone. Thin Point. — Thin Point is on the southern side of the Alaska Peninsula, near its extreme western end. A saltery was operated here for several years, until the Thin Point Packing Co. was organized by^ Louis Sloss & Co., of San Francisco, and the cannery was built in 1889. It was operated in 1889, 1890, and 1891, and was closed after that date. In 1890 the cannery ship Oneida, en route for this place, struck on the Sannaks in April and nearly all of the 77 Chinese on board were lost. In 1893 the plant became a member of the Alaska Packers Association. In 1894 the cannery was moved to the Naknek River, in Bering Sea, and became a part of the cannery of the Arctic Packing Co. The Alaska Packers Association operated a saltery at Thin Point in 1894, 1895, and 1896, and then abandoned the place. The cannery of the Central Alaska Co. was moved in 1890 from Little Kayak Island, near Katalla, to Thin Point. It operated during 1890 and 1891, was closed in 1892, and in 1893 joined the Alaska Packers Association, but was no longer operated. In 1895 the available machinery was moved to Koggiung on the Kvichak River, in Bering Sea. 62 PACIFIC SALMON FISHERIES. In 1908 Osmund & Andersen established a saltery at Thin Point and operated it in 1908, 1909, and 1910. In 1911 the Pacific American Fisheries built a cannery at King Cove, on the south side of the Alaska Peninsula, a few miles east of Thin Point, and in the fall purchased the saltery. The cannery was operated in 1911 and each year since. SHUMAGIN AND SANNAK ISLANDS. Small salteries have been operated at different places on the Shu- magin and Saimak groups! The plants have usually been rude and primitive affairs and were operated whenever the price of salted salmon was high enough to justify same. As the ownership, and the location in many instances changed frequently, no attempt has been made even to list them. BERING SEA. The great redfish producing section of the world is in the Bristol Bay section of Bering Sea. This bay lies in the eastern section of Bering Sea, inside of a line drawn from Port Moller to Cape Newen- ham, and a number of important rivers debouch into it, in all of which the annual runs of salmon, especially reds, are important. Bristol Bay is considerably off the line of steamship travel, and as a result the companies operating here are compelled to have ships in which to bring up their employees and supplies in the spring and to take back the men and prepared products in the late summer or early fall when the season has ended. Cannery ships belonging to the Nushagak plants are taken into the bay and anchored as near the canneries as possible. . Owing to shoals this can not be done on Kvichak Bay and the Naknek and Ugaguk Rivers. In the early days of the fisheries the ships running to the latter canneries were brought as close to the plants as possible, un- loaded by means of scows, and then taken to the Nushagak for shelter. When their numbers were too great to permit of this they were moored in the open about 5 miles off the point separating Kvichak Bay and Naknek River, where the anchorage is good and the vessels have very little trouble in riding out storms. Usually the captain and a boy are left aboard the ship. NUSHAGAK RIVER AND BAY. The Nushagak River, sometimes called the Tahlekuk, with its tributaries, and the Wood River, which enters the head of Nushagak Bay close by the mouth of the Nushagak, form a favorite resort of the red salmon, while all other species also ascend them. But little is known of the upper courses of the Nushagak River, except that they drain the region between Lakes Clark and Iliamna on the east and the Kuskokwim on the west. PACIFIC SALMON FISHERIES. 63 The river is said to be 200 miles long to the first lake, a large one. Beyond this lake there are three other smaller lakes, all connected by short stretches of river. The largest tributary of the river is the Malchatna, which enters it about 100 miles from the mouth. There are also several small tributaries, two of these being Tikchik River and Portage Creek. There are three or four Indian villages on the Nushagak, Kaknak being the largest. A launch drawing 3 to 3| feet of water can navigate about 120 miles from the mouth. It is neces- sary to use a "bidarka" to go into the upper reaches. There are four rapids, around which a portage must be made in each case. The river on its lower course is large, and flows a great quantity of water into the head of Nushagak Bay. Wood River is about 24 miles long from its mouth to the first lake. Shoals and bars are frequent in the river, the depth on these at low water being 2\ feet and at high water 4 feet. Aleknagik Lake, the first of the chain of three, is about 24 miles long, and has an average width of about 2 miles. Wood River is noted especially for the interesting counting expe- riment the Bureau of Fisheries is carrying on here. This very im- portant work was first taken up in 1908, as an indirect result of the order closing Wood and Nushagak Rivers to the commercial fisher- men, as noted below, and has been continued, with the exception of 1914, to the present time. This work is made possible by the gen- erosity of the Alaska Packers Association of San Francisco and the Alaska-Portland Packers Association of Portland, Oreg., who furnish the material and erect the barricade, also the labor needed throughout the season, while the Bureau of Fisheries furnishes the personnel required to carry on the direct work of counting the fish and making other observations. A rack or trap is constructed across the foot of Lake Aleknagik, at a constriction in the lake contour something more than 200 yards wide, for the purpose of intercepting all salmon entering the lake and passing them through gates or tunnels at such a rate and in such a manner that an accurate estimate of their numbers can be obtained. The pot of the trap is located near the left bank, and this has three gates by which the salmon can be passed from the pot into the lake. Each gate is 2 feet in width, and its bottom rests on a wooden plat- form covered with white oilcloth, so that the fish can readily be seen as they pass over it when the gate is raised. When fish are passing through a gate a small wooden frame with a glass center is arranged so it will float on the water, and in order to hold it in position it is fastened to the framework of the gate. This is for the purpose of making the water smooth so the fish can readily be seen even though the surface be disturbed by ripples, etc. When the fish are coming rather slowly every one is counted by means of a tally register as it passes out through the gates. When the 64 PACIFIC SALMON FISHEKIES. large run comes the following method is employed: An actual tally of every salmon passing through is made for one minute, and this is repeated 15 minutes later, the number passing through for one minute being regarded as the average for 15 minutes. A sheet with the whole day divided into quarter hours is kept ready at the gate and the number for one minute as taken from the tally register is immediately entered thereon by the attendant who made the tally. From these figures the total for the day is obtained. During only a small part of the season has it been found necessary to resort to this method of estimating the run. The following table shows for each year since 1908 the commercial catch of salmon made in Nushagak Bay, the number of fish passing from Wood River into Lake Aleknagik, the total of both and the per- centage of salmon that escaped the fishermen: Years. Nushagak Bay catch. Wood River tally. Total. Per cent of escape. 6, 140, 031 4,687,635 4,384,755 2,813,637 3, 866, 950 5,236,008 6,074,432 5, 616, 457 2,600,655 893, 244 670, 104 354, 299 325, 264 753, 109 (a) 259, 341 551,959 8,740,686 5, 580, 879 5,054,859 3, 167, 936 4, 192, 214 5,989,117 30 16 13.2 11.1 7.7 12.5 5,875,798 .4 * a Work not carried on this year. Snake River, a tributary of Nushagak Bay, is about 30 miles in length, very crooked, and has its rise in a single lake close by Alekna- gik Lake. There is an Indian village on the river just below the lake. Red salmon are abundant in this stream. Igushik River is about 50 miles in length and enters Nushagak Bay about 4 miles above Nichols Hills. So far as known it has its source in two lakes — Amanka and Ualik. A short distance below the first lake there are rapids and a small falls. The quite large Indian village of Yacherk is located here, and the natives do most of their fishing in the rapids. Peter M. Nelson established a saltery about 10' or 12 miles above its mouth in 1902, and operated it until he sold it to the Alaska Fishermen's Packing Co., who have operated it since. There is a small Indian village close by the saltery. Nushagak Bay, in which practically all the fishing is carried on, is about 35 miles long and from 5 to 15 miles wide. Sand bars and mud flats, which are visible at low water, occupy the greater part of its area. The drift gill net is the favorite apparatus in this bay, although a few traps are also used. The fish begin to run very early here. Kings usually appear about June 5, reds about June 5 to 8, cohos appear either late in June or early in July, chum salmon about the middle of June, and humpbacks about the same time. PACIFIC SALMON" FISHERIES. 65 Considerable fishing was carried on in both the Nushagak and Wood Rivers until in 1908, when, as a result of a hearing held by the Secretary of Commerce and Labor on December 16 and 17, 1907, it was decreed that beginning January 1, 1908, "it is hereby ordered that until further notice Wood River, a tributary of Nushagak Bay, in the district of Alaska, and the region within 500 yards of the mouth of said Wood River be closed to all commercial fishing, and that all commercial fishing be prohibited in Nushagak River proper." The earliest fishing by whites in the Bristol Bay section was for salting purposes by the trading companies, more particularly the Alaska Commercial Co., which had an important station at Fort Alexander on Nushagak Bay. Petroff , in the census report of 1880, refers to exports from this section of "from 800 to 1,200 barrels of salted salmon per annum from the Nushagak River." In 1883 the schooner Neptune visited the Nushagak on a salting trip. The next year the Arctic Packing Co. erected a cannery here and made a trial pack of 400 cases. This was the first cannery to operate in Bering Sea. It was located close to the Moravian mission. This cannery eventually became a member of the Alaska Packers Association, and has not been operated for several years. The second cannery to be built was by an Astoria company, the Alaska Packing Co., and it was erected on the western side near the head of the bay and about 1^ miles below the mouth of the Wood River. It has been operated every year to date, being since 1893 a member of the Alaska Packers Association. It is popularly known as the "Scandinavian" cannery. In 1886 the Bristol Bay Canning Co. was organized by San Fran- cisco parties, and built a cannery on the western shore of Nushagak Bay in a bend about 2 miles below the cannery of the Alaska Packing Co., at a place called Dillingham. It became a member of the Alaska Packers Association in 1893 and was operated each year until 1907. A couple of years later it was dismantled. This plant was popularly known as the "Bradford" cannery. The Nushagak Canning Co. built a cannery on the eastern shore of Nushagak Bay in 1S88, at a place known as Clark Point, 5J miles below Fort Alexander. This cannery also became a member of the Alaska Packers Association in 1893, but from 1891 to 1901 was not operated, but held in reserve. In the last named year a large double cannery was built here and put into operation and has been operated each year since. This company also built and operated a saltery on the Igushik River in 1886. Three years later it was moved to the mouth of the Nushagak. In 1893 C. E. Whitney & Co. purchased an interest in it and by 1899 owned it all. In 1902 the saltery was sold to the Alaska Packers Association, which closed it down. 62425°— 17 5 66 PACIFIC SALMON FISHERIES. In 1899 the Pacific Steam Whaling Co. built a cannery and com- menced canning on the eastern shore of Nushagak Bay at Fort Alex- ander, or Nushagak village. This cannery was purchased by the Pacific Packing & Navigation Co. in 1901 and upon the sale of its properties in 1904 became a part of the Northwestern Fisheries Co. It has been operated each year since the latter company acquired it. The same year the Alaska Fishermen's Packing Co., of Astoria, built a cannery immediately below that of the Pacific Steam Whaling Co., and operated it every year to date, control of the company passing to Libby, McNeill & Libby in 1913. In 1901 the Columbia River Packers' Association, the Alaska- Portland Packers Association, and the Alaska Salmon Co., all built canneries on the Nushagak and have operated them to date, except the last named in 1909, when its supply ship was wrecked. The Alaska Fishermen's Packing Co. also built a saltery here. The latter plant was abandoned in 1904. In 1903 the North Alaska Salmon Co. operated a new cannery on the Nushagak, a few miles below Clark Point. In 1910, on August 10, shortly after the packing season had ended, the plant of the Alaska-Portland Packers Association was completely destroyed by fire. The plant was rebuilt in time to operate the next season. KVICHAK RIVER AND BAT. The Kvichak River is about 80 miles in length, varies from 100 yards to a mile in width, and discharges a vast quantity of water. The influence of the tide is felt 30 miles from the mouth. The cur- rent is very swift, running in places as much as 7 miles an hour. The upper half of the river is filled with low, grassy islands, the channels in many places being quite narrow. A launch drawing 3 feet of water can reach Lake Iliamna with very little difficulty. In most sections there are over 2 fathoms of water in the channels. The river drains Iliamna Lake, the largest lake in Alaska, which is about 90 miles long and about 30 miles wide, and Lake Clark. There are a number of Indian villages along the shores of the river and lakes. Practically all of the fishing here is carried on in Kvichak Bay, gill nets being the favorite form, with also a couple of traps set in the lower part of the river. As it is not convenient for the fishermen to bring the catch to the canneries, large house lighters and scows are moored in convenient places and the fishermen live aboard the former, while the fish are put aboard the latter and taken to the can- neries by the run boats. The numerous shoals in the bay seriously impede both fishing and navigation. PACIFIC SALMON FISHERIES. 67 The first fishing operations on the Kvichak were in 1894, when the Prosper Fishing & Trading Co. and the Alaska Packers Association each established a saltery and operated that year and in 1895; in 1896 the latter purchased the plant of the former and consolidated the two. In 1895 the Point Roberts Packing Co., which was owned by the Alaska Packers Association, built a cannery at Koggiung, the site of the former saltery, and operated it the next year. In 1900 there was a considerable development in this region. The Kvichak Packing Co., owned by the Alaska Packers Association, built a cannery on the northern point of entrance to Bear Slough, while the North Alaska Salmon Co. built two canneries about 1,000 feet apart on the left bank of the Kvichak, about 6 miles above Koggiung. The latter company built a cannery at Hallerville on the Alagnak River, a tributary of the Kvichak, in 1904. In 1913 a large new can- nery to take the place of the Hallerville plant was built on the lower side of Pedersen Point, lower down on Kvichak Bay. The second plant of the Alaska Packers Association, known as the Coffee Creek plant, was burned down in 1906. It was rebuilt in 1908 and operated again in 1909, and has been operated continuously ever since. In 1904 the Union Packing Co. established a cannery on the left bank a little distance above the canneries of the North Alaska Salmon Co., having moved this plant from its original location on Kell Bay, in southeast Alaska. It was operated until 1907, when it was aban- doned. About 1905 the Northwestern Packing Co. built a saltery on the east side of the bay. In 1908 it was sold to and operated by Nelson, Olsen & Co., who in 1910 sold it to the Alaska Fishermen's Packing Co., which the following year turned it into a cannery. In 1913 Libby, McNeill & Libby bought this and the Nushagak plant, and continued to operate them under the old name. NAKNEK RIVER. But little is known of the Naknek River for more than 10 or 15 miles from its mouth. It is said that the river is about 60 miles long, and has its rise in a lake which is of considerable size. With the exception of a short series of rapids, up which it is possible to haul a boat with a rope from the shore, the river is navigable for small craft. Shoals and banks, many of which uncover at low water, are abundant in the lower course of the river. Red salmon is the principal species entering this river, although all the other species are to be found here in lesser abundance. They 68 PACIFIC SALMON FISHERIES. appear here a little later than in the Nushagak Bay. Only gill nets are used in fishing. The first commercial fishing on the Naknek River was in 1890, when the Arctic Packing Co. built and operated a saltery on the east bank about 4 miles from the mouth. This plant was sold to the Alaska Packers Association in 1893, and the next year the latter built a cannery here, and made the first pack in 1895, and has operated it every year since. Ultimately the saltery was merged with the can- nery. In 1901 the association built another cannery about a mile nearer the mouth, and in 1911 still another was built close to the mouth. In 1890 L. A. Pedersen built and operated a small saltery on the right bank about 3 miles from the mouth. In 1894 the Naknek Packing Co. purchased the saltery and erected a cannery a short distance above. This saltery and another built on the shore of Kvichak Bay in 1897 were operated for some years. In 1907 the latter was turned into a cannery and operated by Mr. Pedersen under the name of the Bristol Bay Packing Co. The Naknek Packing Co. cannery has been operated to date. In 1916 the Red Salmon Canning Co. built and operated a can- nery between the plants of the Naknek Packing Co. and the Bristol Bay Packing Co. UGAGUK RIVER. According to the natives this river, which is frequently called the Egegak, or Igagik, is about 80 miles long from the mouth to Lake Becharof, at the head. The lake itself is about 45 miles long and 15 miles wide. The river is navigable for small boats to within 10 miles of the lake, whence there is a succession of rapids, around which it is necessary to portage. The lower part of the river has numerous shoals, some of which are exposed at low water. King Salmon River, the principal tributary, enters about 7| miles from the mouth. The red salmon is the principal species, although all the other species are found in much lesser abundance. Gill nets alone are used here. In 1895 the Alaska Packers Association established a fishing sta- tion on the right bank about 5 miles from the mouth and operated as a saltery until 1900, when the apparatus was moved to the cannery site. In 1899 the Alaska Packers Association, under the name of the Egegak Packing Co., commenced building a cannery on the left bank opposite and a little above the salting station. This plant was finished in 1900 and packs were made that year and each succeeding year except 1905 and 1906.' In 1903 the North Alaska Salmon Co. built and operated a can- nery on the opposite shore from the Alaska Packers Association, and has operated it each year to date. PACIFIC SALMON FISHERIES. 69 UGASHIK RIVER. This river has its rise in a chain of two lakes, but with the excep- tion of that portion below the upper cannery, about 25 miles, it is very little known to the whites. The river is very tortuous in its course. It has two known tributaries — King Salmon River, which enters through the left bank about 17 miles from the bar at the mouth, and Dog Salmon River, which enters through the left bank about 37 miles from the bar. From Smoky Point to the capes at the mouth the river widens very greatly, being about 20 miles across at the mouth. Shoals are numerous, but there is a channel with about 9 feet at low water. This river is essentially a red salmon stream, but the other species are also taken in small numbers, although the humpback is very scarce. This river is noted for the great f ailing off in the run of red salmon of recent years, 769,002 red salmon being taken in 1901, 1,640,973 in 1902, 1,703,536 in 1903, 564,492 in 1904, 432,779 in 1905, and 152,140 in 1906. Since 1906 the run has not improved. Gill nets are used here. C. A. Johnson was the first man to operate commercially on this river, having erected a saltery on the left bank, about 23 miles above Smoky Point, in 1889, and operated it continuously from 1889 to 1898, both inclusive. This saltery was merged in the cannery of the Bering Sea Packing Co. In 1894 Mr. Johnson established and oper- ated another saltery on the right bank of the river, about 12 miles from the bar, which he sold in 1899 to the Alaska Packers Associa- tion, who absorbed it in their cannery plant. The Bering Sea Packing Co., a branch of the Alaska Improvement Association, in 1890 built the first cannery on the river, this being located on the left bank near the first Johnson saltery. A small pack was first made in 1891. The plant was closed in 1892 and 1893, and as the location had proven far from suitable, it was, in 1894, moved to a point on the left bank, about 15 miles above Smoky Point, where it was operated until 1896. The next year it was sold to the Alaska Packers Association. The machinery and equipment were utilized in the latter company's cannery, and the old location abandoned. In 1893 Charles Nelson established a saltery on the left bank of the Ugashik, immediately above the last site of the Bering Sea Pack- ing Co. It was operated in 1893 and 1894, and then sold to the Alaska Packers Association, who closed it down. In 1893 the Alaska Packers Association also built a saltery on the left bank of the river about a mile below the last site of the Bering Sea Packing Co. It was operated each year until 1895, when it was merged into the association's cannery. 70 PACIFIC SALMON FISHERIES. In 1895 the Alaska Packers Association built a cannery, known as the Ugashik Fishing Station, on the right bank of the river imme- diately above the pilot station, which is about 12 miles from the bar. It made the first pack in 1896 and packed every year until 1907, when it was closed. In 1906 its outfit was destroyed in the San Francisco fire, and it was decided to operate it as a saltery, but the burning down of the Coffee Creek cannery of the association on the Kvichak, caused a change in the plans, and a part of the saved out- fit of the latter was sent to the Ugashik and the plant operated as a cannery. The Bristol Packing Co. built a cannery on the left bank of the river about 25 miles from Smoky Point in 1900. A pack was made the same year and the plant operated continuously until 1906, when it was shut down, and a small salting crew operated a portion of the plant. Eventually the plant was dismantled without operating again as a cannery. In 1901 the Alaska Packers Association built and put into opera- tion another cannery about 15 miles up the river from the other one. In 1906 this plant was shut down and eventually it was dismantled. In 1901 the Red Salmon Canning Co. also built and operated a cannery still farther up the river and has operated it continuously to date. KUSKOKWIM RIVER. This, one of the great rivers of Alaska, has been but little exploited as yet. Very little accurate data have been obtainable about the river until within the last couple of years, and this relates mainly to the bay and a few miles of the adjacent river, which the United States Coast and Geodetic Survey has charted. We know that the river has considerable runs of salmon, but usually ice conditions have been such in the spring that a cannery crew frequently could not get in in time to prepare for the run. In 1906 a salting outfit was sent here by Seattle dealers, but arrived too late for the run of fish. The outfit was cached at Bethel. During the last three years some mild curing of king salmon has been carried on here, but the lack of cold storage, both ashore and on the vessels operating to and from the river, has prevented any con- siderable development of this industry. ARCTIC OCEAN. Although it is known that there are good runs of salmon in some of the rivers debouching into the Arctic, the ice and other conditions have deterred people from attempting to extend their operations into this region. In 1912, however, the Midnight Sun Packing Co. built and operated a small cannery on Kotzebue Sound, in the Arctic Ocean. A small pack, mostly of Dolly Varden trout, was made in that and subsequent years. PACIFIC SALMON FISHERIES. 71 BRITISH COLUMBIA." Fraser River. — This, the largest river in British Columbia (it is over 1,000 miles in length), has been important from a fishery stand- point ever since salmon canning was taken up as a commercial proposition. The Hudson Bay Co. was the first to engage in the preparation of salmon for commercial purposes; the company bought the fish from the Indians and pickled them in barrels for export, mainly to the Hawaiian Islands and Asia. At times this export amounted to as much as 4,000 barrels a year. The company claimed a monopoly of the fisheries, but with the revocation of its license in 1858 this claim fell. Several salteries were subsequently established on the Fraser River by whites. In the early sixties some canned salmon was prepared in a small way for local use, but the industry was not taken up commercially until 1867, when Ewen & Wise started at New Westminster. In 1870 Deas & Co. started at Deas Island. Of these two the only one to continue was Ewen & Co., who had succeeded Ewen & Wise, and they continued in business until they sold out to the British Columbia Packers' Association in 1902. In 1872 Holbrook & Co. purchased a small cannery which had been started at Sapperton by Capt. Stamp sometime before, and operated it for a few years. In 1876 there were three canneries running, consisting of Holbrook & Co., Ewen & Co., and the British Columbia Canning Co. (Deas Island). The following year this was increased by English & Co. and Fin- layson & Lane, the latter quitting after one season, being succeeded in 1878 by Lane, Pike & Nelson. King & Co., the British Columbia cannery (Annieville), and the Delta cannery also commenced opera- tions the latter year. In 1879 Holbrook & Co., and Lane, Pike & Nelson dropped out, and Haigh & Sons (succeeded in 1884 by the Bon Accord Packing Co.) commenced operations. King & Co. were burned out in 1880, and Adair & Co., afterward known as the Wellington Packing Co., commenced. A year later Laidlaw & Co. commenced operations. In 1882 the British Union Packing Co., afterwards known as the Harlock Packing Co., commenced packing salmon. The British- American cannery and J. H. Todd & Sons (Richmond cannery) also began operations. a The author is indebted to Henry Doyle, of Vancouver, British Columbia, for practically all of the historical data relating to the canning industry of British Columbia, and hereby expresses his deep appreci- ation for this and many other courtesies. 72 PACIFIC SALMON FISHERIES. Joseph Spratt started a floating cannery, known as "Spratt's Ark," in 1883; he retired at the end of two years. E. A. Wadhams also began operations in 1883. In 1887 the Holly cannery was built on Lulu Island opposite Deas Island. The high water of June, 1894, partly destroyed it and the site was abandoned. No more additional plants were built until Hobson & Co. started in 1889. The Canoe Pass Canning Co. also started the same year, as did J. H. Todd & Sons with their Beaver cannery. The Anglo British Columbia Packing Co. was formed in 1891, tak- ing over the canneries formerly operated by the British Columbia Packing Co. (old Annieville plant), E. A. Wadhams, British- American Packing Co., Canoe Pass Canning Co., Duncan & Batchelor (Britannia cannery), and English & Co. (Phoenix cannery). In 1S92 the Terra Nova Canning Co. began operations, and the next year the Lulu Island Canning Co., Steveston Canning Co., Pacific Coast Packing Co., Canadian Pacific Packing Co., Short & Squair, and Butimar & Dawson (at Steveston), all commenced oper- ations. In 1894 the Gulf of Georgia Canning Co., Dinsmore Island Canning Co., Sea Island Packing Co., and the Fishermen's Packing Co. all built and began to operate canneries. Ttie Alliance Canning Co., Atlas Canning Co., Boutiliar & Co., and the Star Canning Co. commenced operations in 1895. There was considerable development in 1896, when the Anglo- American Canning Co., Fraser River Industrial Co., Hume & Co., Provincial Canning Co., Westham Island Packing Co., Westminster Packing Co., and the Vancouver Packing Co. all started canning. In 1897 the Premier Canning Co., Sinclair Canning Co., Western Fisheries, Cleve Canning Co., Welsh Bros., Currie, McWilliams & Fowler, Butimar & Dawson (at Canoe Pass), Colonial Canning Co., and the Fraser Canning Co. all began operating. The English Bay cannery was added to the list in 1898, but the Sinclair Canning Co. and Western Fisheries plants were both de- stroyed by fire at New Westminster and not rebuilt. The plant of the Steveston Canning Co. was absorbed that year by the Federation Brand Salmon Canning Co. and the cannery renamed the "Light- house" cannery. In 1899 the Greenwood Canning Co., Scottish Canadian Canning Co., St. Mungo Canning Co., Wurzburg & Co., and Acme Canning Co. all began active operations, while in 1900 the Great Northern Canning Co. was the only addition to the list. In 1900 the United Canneries (Ltd.) was formed to take over the Gulf of Georgia, English Bay, and Scottish Canadian plants, and the Canadian Canning Co. this year also absorbed the Star, Fraser, and Vancouver canneries. In 1901 the National Packing Co. built at Eagle Harbour. PACIFIC SALMON PISHEKIES. 73 Like the other canning sections, British Columbia suffered in 1901 from an oversupply of canned salmon, due to the large number of plants which had been erected and which were producing more salmon than market could be found for. At this juncture the British Columbia Packers Association was formed. It embraced 29 out of the 48 plants on the Fraser River and 12 of those situated in Northern British Columbia waters, including the following plants: Ewen&Co., Delta, Harlock, Wellington, Lulu Island, Terra Nova, Pacific Coast, Canadian Pacific, Short &Squair (Imperial cannery), Brunswick can- neries at Steveston and Canoe Pass, Dinsmore Island, Sea Island, Fishermen's Packing Co., Reliance Cannery, Atlas Cannery, Boutiliar & Co., Hume & Co., Anglo-American, Provincial, Westham Island, Westminster Packing Co., Premier, Cleve, Welsh Bros., Currie, McWil- liams & Fowler, Colonial, Greenwood, Wurzburg & Co., and the Acme Canning Co. In 1914 the corporation style was changed to the British Columbia Fishing & Packing Co!, Ltd. In 1905 the Burrard Canning Co., Steveston Canning Co., Butimar & Dawson, Unique Cannery, and the Vancouver Fish & Canning Co. were all built and operated. The latter was burned in the middle of the season. The following year the Great West Packing Co. cannery was built at Steveston; the Nye Canning Co. operated for part of the season on False Creek in Vancouver, and the Capital City Canning Co. built a plant at Victoria. STceena River. — The first cannery to be built on the Skeena River was in 1877, when a man named Neill built one at Inverness. In 1878 the Windsor Canning Co., consisting of Henry Saunders, W. H. Dempster, and John Wilson, of Victoria, established a cannery at Aberdeen. There were no additions until in 1883, when the Balmoral cannery, the British- American, and Robert Cunningham canneries were started. In 1889 the North Pacific was started and in 1890 the Standard. In 1891 the Anglo British Columbia Packing Co. bought the British- American cannery and the North Pacific Canning Co. cannery. In 1892 the Claxton, and in 1895 the Carlisle, canneries were built. The Peter Herman (afterwards the Skeena River Commercial Co.) and Turnbull canneries were built in 1900. The last named operated only four seasons. In 1902 the British Columbia Packers Association acquired the Balmoral, Cunningham, and Standard canneries. In 1903 the Cassiar cannery was built. The next year the Alex- andria Packing Co. was started. It was later acquired by the British Columbia Packers Association, as was also the Dominion cannery, which was built in 1906. There have been no additions to the canneries on this river since 1906. 74 PACIFIC SALMON FISHERIES. Rivers Inlet. — The first cannery to be built and operated on Rivers Inlet was in 1881 by Shot, Bolt & Draney, afterwards the British Columbia Canning Co. The Wannuck cannery was built in 1884, the Good Hope in 1895, the Brunswick in 1896, the Wadhams and the Vancouver in 1897. There were no changes until 1902, when the British Columbia Packers Association acquired the Wadhams, Brunswick, Wannuck, and Vancouver, the two latter being dismantled and the two former enlarged correspondingly. In 1906 the Beaver cannery was built by J. H. Todd & Sons, the Kildalla cannery by the Kildalla Packing Co., and the Strathcona cannery by Bain & Wilson, the latter afterwards being acquired by the Wallace Fisheries (Ltd.). Nass River. — The first cannery to be built on the Nass River was by Henry Croasdale in 1881, and it operated for four years. The Douglas Packing Co. built a cannery here in 1882 and operated it for two years. Both were then shut down owing to the fact that the locations were too far up the river for steamers to move the packs. In 1888 the plants were dismantled and removed to Nass Harbor and Mill Bay, respectively. In 1889 the Cascade Packing Co. commenced operations, but the plant was dismantled in 1893. In 1903 the Pacific Northern cannery was built near the mouth of Observatory Inlet, and in 1905 it was purchased by John Wallace, who moved it to Arrandale. In the latter year the Port Nelson Canning & Salting Co. started. In 1908 the Mill Bay cannery was purchased by the Kincolith Packing Co. In 1911 the Arrandale and Port Nelson canneries were bought by the Anglo British Colum- bia Packing Co., and in the following year the Nass Harbor cannery was bought by the British Columbia Packers Association. Vancouver Island. — The first cannery to be built on Vancouver Island was the one on Clayoquot Sound, which was built in 1895 by the Clayoquot Sound Canning Co. The Alberni Packing Co. cannery on Alberni Canal was first operated in 1903. In 1905 J. H. Todd & Sons built a cannery at Esquimault Harbor, as did also the Capital City Canning Co. the same year. Alert Bay. — The Alert Bay cannery of the Alert Bay Canning Co. was opened in 1881. SALMON FISHING IN THE HEADWATERS. Considerable salmon fishing is carried on in the headwaters of cer- tain of the larger rivers of the coast, of which no account appears in the data of the commercial fisheries. This is due to the fact that the fishing is usually of a desultory character, the fisheries are few in number and scattered widely, and while the catch in the aggregate is considerable it does not amount to much in any one spot. PACIFIC SALMON FISHERIES. 75 The Columbia River is a typical example of such a stream. Com- mercial fishing is usually considered as ending at Celilo, about 150 miles from the mouth. As a matter of fact, salmon fishing for market or for home use is carried on to a considerable extent along the main river and also on the Snake and the Yakima, tributaries of the Columbia. In nearly all cases hook and line and spears are used alone, but on the Snake River, near Lewiston, in Idaho, are several rather important haul-seine fisheries. Fishing is carried on at these places in the spring for steelhead trout and in the fall for chinook and silver salmon and steelhead trout. As many as 25 salmon have been taken at one time. While this may seem a small number to one habituated to the large catches farther down the river, in the aggre- gate it amounts to a considerable quantity. Considerable local fishing is carried on along the various Oregon streams above the sections usually fished by commercial fishermen. Most of this is done by ranchers living along the streams, and while by far the greater part is for home consumption a small proportion is sold. On the Yukon River and its tributaries considerable salmon fishing is prosecuted. Much of this is done by natives for the use of them- selves and their dogs, but at places white fishermen operate for a portion of the year and sell their catches in near-by settlements or at the mining camps. No effort has ever been made to secure statistics of the extent of this fishery. HI. APPARATUS AND METHODS OF THE FISHERIES. GILL NETS. The gill net is the oldest and most popular form of apparatus in use in the salmon fisheries of the Pacific coast. There are two kinds, drift and set, these names clearly expressing the difference between them. Fine flax or linen twine is generally used in their manufac- ture, although in some places cotton twine is employed, and it has usually 12 threads and is laid slack. They are hung in the ordinary manner — to a rope with cork floats to support the upper portion of the gear, and to a line with lead sinkers attached, which keeps the net vertical in the water and all its meshes properly distended. The nets are tanned, usually several times each season. Drift nets vary greatly in length and depth, depending upon the width of the fishing channels, the depth of water, etc. On the Sac- ramento River they average about 300 fathoms in length, are 45 meshes deep, and have a stretch mesh of from 7-J to 9^ inches. On the coastal rivers of Oregon these nets average about 125 fathoms in length, and are about 36 meshes in depth, the mesh varying with the species of salmon sought. On the Columbia River the nets aver- age about 250. fathoms in length and have a stretch mesh for chinooks of 9 to 9J inches. On the Willamette River, the principal tributary of the Columbia, they average about 75 fathoms in length, with meshes of 8 and 9| inches. On Willapa Harbor drift gill nets run from 100 to 250 fathoms in length, are 30 meshes deep, with stretch meshes of 7 and 8^ inches. On Grays Harbor they average 100 fathoms in length, the chinook nets run from 24 to 45 meshes in depth, with a stretch mesh of 9 inches, while the silver or coho nets are 35 meshes in depth, with a stretch mesh of 7 inches. In the Puget Sound region the nets average 300 fathoms in length, with meshes suitable for the particular species sought. In Alaskan waters the nets vary greatly in length and depth, depending upon the places where fished. Drift gill netting is prosecuted chiefly in the estuaries of the rivers in and near the channels. If the water is clear the nets are set only - at night, but should the water be muddy or discolored with glacial silt, fishing can be carried on either night or day. Night fish- ing is most common in the States, while day fishing is most common in Alaska. When fishing in rivers it is necessary to work in a straight stretch of water of fairly uniform depth and free from snags or sharp ledges, these being called "reaches." 76 U. S. B. F — Doc. 839. Plate IV. FIG. 1.— COLUMBIA RIVER POWER GILL NET BOAT. FIG. 2— REMOVING THE SALMON FROM A GILL NET. U. S. B. F.— Doc. 839. Plate V. PACIFIC SALMON" FISHERIES. 77 In setting the net the boat puller rows slowly across the stream while the other man pays Out the apparatus, to the first end of which a buoy has been attached. When about two-thirds of the gear is out, the boat is turned downstream at nearly right angles to her former course, so that the net, when set, approximates the shape of the letter L. The net is laid out at nearly right angles or diagonally to the river's course, 'so that it will intercept the salmon that are running in, and is usually put out about an hour before high-water slack and taken in about an hour after the turn of the tide. In Alaska the fishermen usually fish on both the high and low slack. The nets are allowed to drift for the time specified, the fishermen drifting along at one end, then the net is hauled into the boat over a wooden roller fixed in the stern, and the fish, which have become gilled in the meshes, are removed, stunned or killed by a blow on the head, and thrown into the bottom of the boat. Set gill nets are made in the same way as drift nets, in many in- stances being fragments of the latter, and are usually operated in the upper reaches of the rivers. They vary in length from 10 to 100 fathoms, from 35 to 65 meshes in depth, and have the same sizes of meshes as the drift nets, the size varying, of course, with the species sought for. Sometimes these nets are staked, sometimes anchored, while occasionally only one end is tied to the shore or a stake set in the water. On the flats off the mouth of the Stikine River, in southeast Alaska, a combination of the drift and set method is followed. A double set of stakes, about 6 feet apart, are set out from the shore for a distance of several hundred yards. An hour or two before slack water the fishermen pay out the net parallel to the line of stakes and about 50 feet from them. The tide drifts the net down until it is caught against the stakes, which retain it until slack water, when the fisher- man takes it up and repeats from the opposite direction on the next turn of the tide. HAUL SEINES. On the Columbia River, where this form of apparatus plays a prominent part in the fisheries, the nets vary in length from 100 to 400 fathoms; the shallowest end is from 35 to 40 meshes deep, but it rapidly increases in width and is from 120 to 140 meshes deep at the other wing. The "bunt," or bag, in the central part of the net is about 50 fathoms long. These nets are usually hauled on the numer- ous sand bars which are a very noticeable feature of the river at low tide. Buildings are erected on piles on these sand flats, in which the men and horses take refuge at high tide, when the bars are covered with water. Operations begin as soon as the beach or bar uncovers, so that the men can wade about. The net is placed in a large seine 78 PACIFIC SALMON FISHERIES. boat, with the shore end attached to a dory. At the signal the seine boat is headed offshore, while the dory heads toward the bar. As the seine boat circles around against the current the net is paid out in the shape of a semicircle. The dory men hurry to the bar with the shore end of the net, the idea being to get that in as soon as possible in order to prevent the escape of the salmon in that direction. As soon as this has been accomplished, the outer shore line is brought to the bar, when several horses are hitched to the line and begin to haul in the net, care being taken by the men to work it against the current as much as practicable, and to get it hi as speedily as they can in order to prevent the escape of salmon either by jumping over the cork line or finding some outlet below the footrope or lead line. The only other place on the coast where haul seines are important is at Karluk, on Kodiak Island, in Alaska. Here the seines are hauled upon the narrow gravel spit dividing the lagoon from the strait, aud practically the same method is followed as in the Columbia River. DIVER NETS. These are in use in the Columbia River, mainly throughout the middle and upper portions of the river. They vary from 100 to 200 fathoms in length and are used almost exclusively for chinook salmon. In construction they somewhat resemble a trammel net. Two nets are attached together side by side. The outer one, or the one toward the oncoming fish, has a larger mesh than the other, so that if the fish manages to pass through the first, it will be caught in the smaller meshes of the second. DIP NETS. These consist of an iron hoop secured to the end of a stout pole with a bag-shaped net fastened to the hoop. They are generally used at the cascades on the rivers, small platforms being erected upon which the operator stands while fishing. Indians formerly used them to a large extent, but, owing to the steady decline in the num- ber of Indians, and the appropriation of favorable spots by the whites for other forms of apparatus, they are but little used now. SQUAW NETS. This type is virtually a set net. It consists of an oblong sheet of gill netting, about 12 feet long and 8 feet deep, its lower edge weighted to keep it down, and its upper edge attached to a pole that floats at tho surface, and is held by a line or fines to another pro- jecting pole which is securely fastened to the shore, so that it will not swing around with the strain of the swift current on the net. A single block is attached to the pole, and through this passes a rope, U. S. B. F— Doc. 839. Plate VI. FIG. 1.— DIPPING SALMON FROM THE COPPER RIVER, ALASKA. FIG. 2.— FISH WHEEL, YUKON RIVER, ALASKA. U. S. B. F.— Doc. 839. Plate VII. FIG. 1.— A SCOW LOAD OF SALMON. FIG. 2.— PURSE SEINE CREW DELIVERING FISH TO CANNERY TENDER. PACIFIC SALMON FISHERIES. 79 thus making a tackle for the mora convenient manipulation of the net. The dip-net fishermen of the Columbia River use this net, which derives its name from the fact that it used to be commonly operated by Indian squaws for taking salmon. But few are now in use, for the same reasons as given for the decline in the use of dip nets. PURSE SEINES. This form of apparatus is in quite general use in Puget Sound and southeast Alaska, and has proved highly effective in these deep, swift waters. These seines are about 200 fathoms long, 25 fathoms in the bunt, and 20 fathoms in the wings, all with a 3f -inch stretch mesh. The foot line is heavily leaded and the bridles are about 10 feet long. The purse line is made of 1^-inch hemp. The rings through which the purse line is rove measure about 5 inches in diameter and are made of galvanized iron. Purse seining for salmon in Puget Sound and waters north of same is one of the most important methods in use in the fisheries. lit the type of vessel used in this fishery there has probably been greater improvement than in any other branch of the fisheries of the coast. In the early days row scows were in use, but now vessels with power are used. In 1903 the first gasoline-powered purse seine boat appeared on the Pacific coast salmon fishing grounds in Puget Sound. The vessel was named the Pioneer and she was equipped with a 5-horsepower engine. The first season she easily demonstrated her vast superi- ority over the other purse seiners in the quickness with which she could reach a school of fish after it was sighted and in surrounding it with her seine. The next year there were a few more built or equipped, and the number has steadily increased until at the present time practically all except a few in southeast Alaska are equipped with motor engines. The first power seine boats were only about 30 feet in length and had small power. As they were few in numbers, there was virtu- ally no competition, and high power and speed were not a necessity. As the boats increased in numbers, however, competition became keener, and the first types of boats with their small power were quickly thrown into the shade by the newer types, which averaged between 45 and 55 feet in length, with 45 to 75 horsepower engines. When motive power was introduced in the vessels, it was natural that the fishermen should soon introduce winches for the purpose of hauling in the nets, as the whole work could then be done by the one engine. The purse seine vessels are built with rounded sterns. On an elevated section of the stern is set a movable platform on a pivot. 80 PACIFIC SALMON FISHEEIES. The after end of this platform has a long roller. The purse seine is stowed on this platform, the head rope with corks on one side and the foot line on the other, so that there will be no tangling when the seine is paid out. When the lookout sights a school of fish, the seiner is rundown close to it and a rowboat launched. One man takes his place in this with the rope from one end of the seine and acts as a pivot, while the seiner circles around the school, the crew paying out the seine as she moves along. When it is all out, the vessel runs along- side the rowboat and takes aboard the other rope. Attaching this and the rope from the other end to the power winch, the circle around the fish is rapidly narrowed, and the slack of the seine as it comes in is stowed back on the platform. Around the bottom of the seine and through galvanized iron rings about 5 inches in diameter, runs the purse fine. As this is hauled into the boat, the open space at the bottom is rapidly closed up just as a handbag would be through the drawing together of the pursing string at the top. During this operation the nonpower purse seiners have a man standing alongside the rail who throws a pole into the center in order to drive the fish away from the open section. He is so skillful in this work that almost invariably the pole comes back to his hand as the pressure of the waters forces it up again. When the bottom has been pursed up the fishermen hauling by hand can move more leisurely, but with the power winches in use the hauling in of the net is a comparatively easy matter, and the pole thrower is dispensed with. When all the fish are in the bunt and the latter alongside, the fish are generally dipped out by means of a dip net balanced on the end of a tackle. A fisherman lowers it into the seine, scoops up a load of salmon, and as the net is hauled up, guides it over the vessel, and then trips it and dumps the fish into the hold. The Puget Sound purse seiners meet the salmon off the entrance to the Strait of San Juan de Fuca and follow the sockeyes till they have passed out of American waters, what are known as the Salmon Banks, off the lower end of San Juan Island, being the principal rendezvous during the run of sockeyes. After this run is over they go up the Sound and fish for dogs and cohos, and later go to the head of the Sound and fish for dogs, cohos, chinooks, and steel- head trout. In southeast Alaska they follow the fish all over the bays, straits, and sounds of that section. Purse seines are used in a few other places, but the fishery is secondary to those with other forms of apparatus. This style of fishing is said to have been introduced on Puget Sound by the Chinese in 1886. U. S. B. F.— Doc. 839. Plate VIII. ,/t\ X 4 [ ! v>. V* FIG. 1.— FLOATING TRAP NET. FIG. 2.— PURSE SEINER HAULING IN NET, U. S. B. F.— Doc. 839. Plate IX. FIG. 1.— DIPPING THE SALMON FROM THE PURSE SEINE. FIG. 2.— BRAILING THE SALMON FROM THE TRAP NET. PACIFIC SALMON FISHERIES. 81 TRAPS OR POUND NETS. A trap is stationary and consists of webbing, or part webbing and part wire netting, held in place and position by driven piles. This piling usually is held together above water by a continuous line of wood stringers, also used to fasten webbing to or to walk on if necessary. In building, the "lead" is first constructed. This runs at right angles, or very nearly so, to the shore, and consists of a straight line of stakes, to which wire or net webbing is hung from top of high water, or a little higher, to the bottom, making a straight, solid wall. At a little distance inshore of the outer end of the lead begin what are called the "hearts." These are V-shaped and turned toward the lead, beginning at a distance of 30 to 40 feet on either side of same and running in the same general direction, the "big heart" or outer heart first, the inner heart, supplementing the first, being smaller, and the end of the outer heart leading into it. Some traps have only one heart. The narrow end of the inner heart leads into the "pot" and forms what is known as the "tunnel." The tunnel ends in a long and narrow opening, running up and down the long way, and is held in position by ropes and rods. Below this is what is known as the " apron," a sheet of web stretched from the bottom of the heart upward to the pot, in order to lead the fish into the tunnel when swimming low in the water, and to obviate the necessity of building the pot clear to the bottom, which would be expensive, as the pots of the traps are usually in quite deep water. If the trap is intended to. catch the fish coming from only one direction, the lead generally runs to and is attached to one side of the entrance to the outer heart on the side opposite to that from which the fish are expected. Some traps have "jiggers" (a hook-shaped extension of the outer heart) on each side, and sometimes on only one side, which help to turn the fish in the required direction. The "pot" is built out beyond the inner heart and immediately adjoining same. It is a square compartment, with web walls and bottom connected in the shape of a large square sack, fastened to piling on all sides. This pot is hauled up and down by means of ropes and tackles, either by hand or, as is most popular, by steam. The "spiller" is another square compartment adjoining either end of the pot (sometimes there are two spillers, one at each end), and is simply a container for fish. A small tunnel leads the fish from the pot into the spiller, whence the fishermen lift them out. This is accomplished by closing the tunnel from the pot, after which the ropes holding the front of the spiller are loosened and the net 62425°— 17 6 82 PACIFIC SALMON" FISHERIES. wall allowed to drop almost to the level of the water. A steam or gasoline tug then pushes a scow alongside the spiller and takes position on the outside of this scow. From the deck of the tug a derrick is rigged with a running line from the steam capstan through the block at the top of the derrick. This line is attached to the far end of a net apron, called a ''brailer," which is heavily weighted by having chains along each side and leaded crossways at several places. A small boat is run inside the spiller. and the men in this draw the brailer across the barge and let it sink in the spiller. The fish soon gather over it, when the steam capstan quickly reels it in, the net folding over as drawn in from its far side and spilling the fish out on the scow. Men on the scow pick out and throw overboard the unsalable and nonedible fish. The apron is then drawn back across the pot and the operation repeated so long as any fish remain. In this manner a trap with many tons of salmon in it is quickly emptied. Traps, like nearly all other fixed fishing appliances, are built on the knowledge that salmon, like most other fishes,, have a tendency to follow a given course in the water, whether a natural shore line or an artificial obstruction resembling one; also that the fish very sel- dom turns in its own wake. The trap has taken advantage of these natural tendencies of the fish, and is arranged so that, although the salmon may turn, he will continually be led by the wall of net toward and into the trap. If a trap is located in a place where fish play and where an eddy exists, and the fish run one way with the incoming tide and the opposite with the outgoing, it will fish from both directions; if located where the fish simply pass by, as, for instance, on a point or reef, it will fish from one side only. A variation of the trap, to be used in places where piles can not be driven, is the floating trap. An experimental trap of this variety was used at Uganuk, on Kodiak Island, Alaska, as early as 1896. Its use was abandoned in 1897, not to be resumed until some years later. A number of floating traps (of the type invented by J. R. Heckman, of Ketchikan, Alaska) have been and are being used in southeast Alaska, the first having been installed in 1907. The de- sign of this trap follows the shape of an ordinary Puget Sound driven trap. It is constructed of logs, 20 to 26 inches at the butt, bolted and braced together in one solid frame. Suspended from this frame through the logs are 2^-inch pipes extending down in the water 30 feet. Halfway down these pipes and also on the extreme lower ends are eyebolts, to which the web is drawn down and fas- tened. Thus the web is kept in place as well as if the pipes were driven piles. The lead is also a continuation of large piles or logs bolted firmly together with similarly suspended pipes and webbing. U. S. B. F.— Doc. 839. Plate X. FIG. 1.— RACKS AND RUNWAYS FROM WHICH INDIANS GAFF SALMON, CHILKOOT RIVER, ALASKA. FIG. 2.— THE POT AND SPILLER OF A TRAP NET. U. S. B. F.— Doc. 839. Plate XI. FIG. 1.— TROLLING FOR SALMON ON PUGET SOUND WITH POWER BOAT. FIG. 2.— PUGET SOUND PURSE SEINE BOATS AT RICHARDSON, WASH. PACIFIC SALMON FISHERIES. 83 The so-called wooden traps on the Columbia River are essentially weirs, being a modification of the brush weirs or traps used by the Indians for the capture of salmon long before the advent of the white men. They are built on shore, of piling and planks, the lat- ter arranged like slats with spaces between. The bowl, or pot, is provided with a movable trapdoor that can be opened during the closed season and on Sundays, so that the fish can pass through and run upstream. These weirs, after being built, are launched into the river, placed in proper position near the shore, and then ballasted so that they sink to the bottom. According to Collins, <* "pound nets were introduced on the Colum- bia River in 1879. In May of that year O. P. Graham, formerly of Green Bay, Wis., built a pound net on the river similar to those used on the Q&crttt u'akes. The success of this venture led to the employ- ment of more apparatus of this kind, and many fishermen went West to participate in the fishery." According to the same authority b H. B. Kirby, who had previ- ously fished on the Great Lakes, set a pound net in Puget Sound about 1883, but it was a complete fadure. On March 15, 1888, he again set a pound net, which he had designed to meet the new con- ditions, at Birch Bay Head, in the Gulf of Georgia. It proved a complete success, and was the forerunner of the present large number which are set annually in these waters. In Alaska the first trap was set in Cook Inlet about 1885. Brit- ish Columbia refused to permit the use of pound nets in its waters until 1904, when their use was allowed within certain limited regions. Some of these trap nets, especially on Puget Sound, have proved extremely valuable. The years 1898 and 1899 covered practically the high-water mark, as several desirable locations changed hands in those years at prices ranging from $20,000 to $90,000 for single traps, the original expense of which did not exceed $5,000. But few have brought such high prices since, however, owing to the popularity of a cheaper apparatus, the purse seine. The location of sites for these nets is regulated by law in Oregon, Washington, and British Columbia, but in Alaska the procedure is not well defined and has proved rather confusing to strangers. Some acquire the shore line by mineral location or by the use of scrip, while still others have merely a squatter's right. Under the existing fish-trap laws applicable to Alaska, a fish trap maybe operated anywhere along the coast of Alaska, 300 or more yards from the mouth of any salmon stream, and along the shores of all rivers — excepting those emptying into Cook Inlet, the streams on Afognak Island, and in Wood River — where the same are at least 500 feet wide. a Report on the fisheries of the Pacific Coast of the United States. By J. W. Collins. Report of Commis- sioner of Fish and Fisheries for 1888, p. 210. 1892. » Ibid., p. 257. 84 PACIFIC SALMON FISHEEIES. A clear water distance of 600 yards laterally and 100 yards endwise must be maintained between all traps. At the present time there is no law regulating the length of leads, the maximum depth of water in which the pot maybe driven, or the use or occupancy of the trap sites. It has been decided by the highest courts within the past year (1915) that title to the upland conveys no title to the trap owner who may be in front. The tide lands of Alaska are not of sufficient commercial importance as yet to enter into this controversy. At the present time there is no tide-land law applicable to Alaska affecting the upland owners or the trap-site locators. At the present time it is probable the canner who is on the ground first and installs a working trap can assert his right to any unoccu- pied trap site regardless of who fished it the previous season. As a general rule, however, the canners respect the rights 6f -¥h&als in the same fishing region, and a trap location once recognized as that of a certain individual or company is rarely jumped so long as the original locator cares to maintain a trap on it. Within the bounds of the forest reserve no land can be acquired except by lease, which may be secured from the United States for- estry agent, Ketchikan, Alaska. INDIAN TRAPS. The natives, especially in Alaska, have various ingenious methods of catching salmon. In the Bering Sea rivers they catch them by means of wickerwork traps, made somewhat after the general style of a fyke net. These are composed of a series of cylindrical and conical baskets, fitting into each other, with a small opening hi the end connecting one with the other and the series terminating in a tube with a removable bottom, through which the captive fish are extracted. Some of the baskets are from 15 to 25 feet in length and are secured with stakes driven into the river^bottom, while the leader, composed of square sections of wickerwork, is held in place by stakes. During the summer of 1910 the author found and destroyed an ingenious native trap set in Tamgas stream, Annette Island, south- east Alaska. This stream is a short and narrow one, draining a lake, about midway of which are a succession of cascades. In the narrowest part of the latter, and in the part up which the fish swim, a rack had been constructed of poles driven into the bottom and cov- ered with wire netting, so as almost wholly to prevent salmon from passing up. Just below, and running parallel to the rack and at right angles to the shore, was placed a box flume with a flaring mouth at the outer end. At the shore end the flume turned sharply at right angles and discharged into a square box with slat bottom U. S. B. F.-Doc. 839. Plate XII. FIG. 1.— A SCOW FISH WHEEL. FIG. 2.— PUGET SOUND SALMON TRAP. U. S. B. F.— Doc. 839. Platf. XIII. A STATIONARY FISH WHEEL. PACIFIC SALMON FISHERIES. 85 and covered over with boughs. The fish in ascending the stream would be stopped by the rack and in swimming around many of them would be carried by the current into and down the flume, eventually landing in the receiving box alongside the shore. WHEELS. Fish wheels are of two kinds, the floating or scow wheel, which can be moved from point to point if need be, and the shore wheel, which is a fixed apparatus. They operate in exactly the same man- ner, however. The stationary wheel is located along the shore in a place where experience has shown that the salmon pass. Here an abutment is built of wood and stone, high enough to protect it from an ordinary rise in the river. To this is attached the necessary framework for holding the wheel. The latter is composed of three large scoop-shaped dip nets made of galvanized-iron wire netting with a mesh of 3^ to 4 inches. These nets are the buckets of the wheel and they are so arranged on a horizontal axis that the wheel is kept in constant motion by the current, and thus picks up any fish which come within its sweep. The nets are fixed at such an angle that as they revolve their contents fall into a box chute through which the fish slide into a large bin on the shore. The wheels range in size from 9 to 32 feet in diameter and from 5 to 15 feet in width, and cost from $1,500 to $8,000, the average being about $4,000. A number of them have long leaders of piling running out into the river, which aid in leading the salmon into the range of the wheel. The scow wheel consists of a large square-ended scow that is usually decked at one end and open at the other. Several stanchions, some 8 to 10 feet high, support a framework upon which an awning is spread to protect the fish from the sun's rays and the crew from the elements. To one end of the scow are fastened two upright posts, which are guyed by wooden supports, while projecting from the same end is the framework which supports the wheel, the latter being con- structed in the same way as the stationary wheel, but on a smaller scale. In operation the scow is anchored with the wheel end pointing down- stream, and as the wheel is revolved by the current, the fish caught fall from the net into a box chute, through which they slide into the scow. As stationary wheels can be used only at certain stages of water, the scow wheel is a necessary substitute to be used at such times as the former can not be operated, or in places where it is not feasible to build a stationary wheel. The above forms of wheels are used exclusively on the Columbia River. An ingenious device is used by some of the wheelmen on the Columbia River in getting their catch to the canneries, a few miles farther down the river. The salmon are tied together in bunches and 86 PACIFIC SALMON FISHERIES. these attached to air-tight casks and sent down the stream. At the canneries small balconies have been constructed at the water end of the building. A' man armed with a pair of field glasses is stationed here, and as soon as he sights one of these casks he notifies a boatman, who goes out and tows in the cask and salmon. About 800 pounds of salmon are attached to a keg, and a tag showing the wheel from which shipped is tied to the fish. In 1908 the first fish wheel to be located in the coastal waters of Alaska was operated in the Taku River, in southeast Alaska. The wheel was set between two 4-foot scows, stationed parallel to each other, and each 40 feet in length. The wheel had two dips, each 22 feet in width and hung with netting. It could be moved from place to place, the same as the scow wheels on the Columbia River. It was operated throughout the king and red salmon runs, but caught almost no salmon, and was not set in the succeeding years. For many years the natives of the interior of Alaska have been resorting to the banks of the Yukon River and its tributaries in order to secure a sufficient supply of salmon to sustain them through the succeeding winter. The favorite apparatus of these natives is a type of fish wheel of local invention, which has been in use by them for many years, probably long before the white man first saw the Yukon. A square framework of timbers is constructed in the water and moored to the bank by ropes. A wheel, composed of three dips, is placed in this, the axle resting upon the framework. The shape of the dip is such that the salmon caught roll off it into a trough, down which they slide into a boat moored between the wheel and the shore. Although crude in construction, it is very effective and a large num- ber of them are set each season. The Columbia River fish wheel is a patented device. It was first used by the patentees, S. W. Williams & Bro., in 1879, and for several years they retained a monopoly in its use. A number are now operating on the river. The device was not new even when patented, as the natives of the Yukon River Basin had been using a precisely similar principle for an unknown number of years previ- ously, while a similar ''fishing machine," as it is called, had been in use prior to this time and is still used by white fishermen on the Roanoke River in North Carolina. REEF NETS. As the name indicates, this device is used around the reefs. Under natural conditions the reef is covered with kelp throughout its length, the kelp floating at the top of the water. A channel is cut through this, and in it is placed a tunnel of rope and netting, which flares at the outer end, in deep water, and into which is thatched grass, kelp leaves, or any other article resembling submarine growth, PACIFIC SA.LMON FISHERIES. 87 to hide the construction sufficiently to avoid frightening the fish. Short leads of kelp are also arranged on the sides so as to draw the fish to the tunnel, which is held in place by anchors. On the reef itself two boats are anchored parallel to each other and some feet apart. An apron of netting is fastened to the rear of the two boats, while the other end extends under the small end of the tunnel and is kept in place by men in the forward ends of the boats, who have lines fastened so the apron can be raised by them. The device can only be used with the tide entering the tunnel at the large end. When the fish have entered and passed through the tunnel upon the apron, the men raise the floating end of the latter and dump them into the boats. At one time this was a favorite device of the Puget Sound natives for catching sockeye salmon. They attribute its origin to one of the Hudson Bay Co.'s employees, who, they say, taught them a long time ago how to catch salmon in this way. Owing to the large number of men required to work them, and the fact that they can be worked only at certain stages of tide and in favorable weather, these nets gradually have been supplanted by other devices. In 1909 but five were used, and these were operated off the shores of San Juan, Henry, Steuart, and Lummi Islands, and in the vicinity of Point, Roberts. Even less are used at present. TROLLING. Each year the catching of salmon by trolling becomes of increasing importance commercially. For some years sportsmen had this ex- citing and delightful occupation to themselves, but eventually the mild curers created such a persistent and profitable demand for king, or chinook, salmon that the fishermen, who had previously restricted their operations to the use of nets during the annual spawning runs, which last but a small portion of the year, began to follow up the fish both before and after the spawning run and soon discovered that they were to be found in certain regions throughout nearly every month in the year. Trolling has several advantages from the fisherman's point of view over seine, gill net, and trap fishing. To engage in it, one does not require any very expensive gear, a boat, hooks, and lines being all that is required. Then, there are no licenses to pay and no seasons to observe in many sections, as the fishing is done in many instances beyond the jurisdiction of State waters. The fishermen comprise all nationalities. While the majority of them are professionals, men of all walks ot life are to be found engaging in the business, some on account of their health, others because of reverses in business or lack of work, while still others engage in it from pure love of the outdoor life. 88 PACIFIC SALMON FISHERIES. The Monterey Bay (Cal.) trollers use 48 cotton line generally. A few inches below the main lead an additional line is added, with a small sinker on it. This gives two lines and hooks, and as the main line has but the one lead, and that above the junction with the branch line, it floats somewhat above the latter, which is weighted down with a sinker. The main stem is about 20 fathoms in length, while the branch lines are about 5 fathoms each. These lines cost about $3.50 each. No spoon is used, but bait almost invariably. A few fishermen use a spread of stout steel wire, 4 feet long, with 5 or 6 feet of line on each end of the spread, two lines and hooks. On the upper Sacramento River (mainly at Redding and Keswick) some fishing is done with hand hnes. A small catch was made here in 1908, but none were so caught in 1909. Even as early as 1S95 trolling was carried on in the Siuslaw River Oreg., for chinook and silver salmon. About 1912 the fishermen living along the lower Columbia River discovered that salmon could be taken by trolling off the bar. A number of them went into the business regularly, while their num- bers were greatly swelled by the addition of many of the net fisher- men during the regular closed seasons on the river, these not applying to trollers. Some idea of the growth of this fishery off the Columbia River Bar may be gained when it is stated that in September, 1915, about 500 boats were engaged in it. At Oregon City and other places on the Willamette River a num- ber of chinook salmon are caught by means of trolling each year, mainly by sportsmen. A spoon is quite generally employed in place of bait. The fishermen claim that the salmon are not feeding at this time, as their stomachs are shriveled up. For a number of years the Indians living at the reservation on Neah Bay, Wash., have annually caught large numbers of silver and chinook salmon in the Strait of Juan de Fuca. A large number of white fishermen also engage in this fishery at the present time in the same waters, while others troll for the same species, but more particularly silvers, in parts of Puget Sound proper. The ordinary trolling fine, with a spoon instead of bait, is used. Many of the trollers use power boats, and in this event four and sometimes six hnes are used. One and sometimes two short poles are run out from each side of the boat (when two are used on a side, one is shorter than the other), the butt being dropped into a chock. Two hnes are generally trailed from the stern. At the end of each pole is a very short line with a small tin can attached. A few peb- bles are in the can, and as the launch moves slowly through the water with all her lines set, the troller knows when he has a bite by the rattling of the pebbles in the can. Eacn of the lines attached to a pole is also connected with the boat by a short fine from the PACIFIC SALMON FISHERIES. 89 side of the latter to a point on the line about 20 feet from where it is attached to the pole. When a fish is hooked, the fisherman merely pulls in the line by mean3 of the short piece and then can haul the fish in hand over hand. The most remarkable trolling region is in southeast Alaska: For some years the Indians here had been catching king salmon for their own use during the spring months, and about the middle of January, 1905, king salmon were noticed in large numbers in the vicinity of Ketchikan. Observing the Indians catching these, sev- eral white fishermen decided to engage in the pursuit, shipping the product fresh to Puget Sound ports. They met with such success that 271,644 pounds, valued at $15,600, were shipped. The next year several of the mild-cure dealers established plants in this region, thus furnishing a convenient and profitable market for the catch, and as a result the fishery has grown until in 1915 2,170,400 pounds of king salmon and 54,400 pounds of coho salmon were caught and marketed. The length of the fishing season has also lengthened until now the business is prosecuted vigorously during about seven months in the year, and in a desultory manner for two or three months more, only the severe winter weather pre- venting operations the rest of the year. In southeast Alaska the fishermen generally use either the Hen- dryx Seattle trout-bait spoon no. 5 or the Hendryx Puget Sound no. 8. The former comes in nickel or brass or nickel and brass, the full nickel preferred. The Siwash hook no. 9/0, known as the Vic- toria hook in British Columbia, is in quite general use. As a rule, but one hook is used, and this hangs from a ring attached to a swivel just above the spoon, while the point of the hook comes a little below the bottom of the spoon. Occasionally double or treble hooks are used. Some fishermen use bait, and when this is done the herring, the bait almost universally employed, is so hooked through the body as, when placed in the water, to stretch out almost straight and face forward as in life. There are a large number of power-boat trollers in this region. These trollers generally use one pole on a side and one at the stern. The rowboat trollers use but one line, which is attached to a thwart in the boat, handy to their reach when rowing, and trailing out from the stern of the boat. The trollers usually have temporary camps where they congregate while the fish are to be found in that section, moving on to some more favorable spot when the fish begin to get scarce. Reports from the trollers of southeast Alaska prove that all species of salmon will take the hook at some time or other in the salt waters of this region, an examination of their stomachs generally showing that, they are either feeding or in a condition to feed. 90 PACIFIC SALMON FISHERIES. A small commercial fishery is carried on in this region for coho salmon, mainly in August and September, in the neighborhood of Turnabout Island, in Frederick Sound. A Stewart spoon with two hooks on one ring is used, baited with herring in such a way that the fish is- straightened out and faced toward the spoon. The sportsmen of Ketchikan also fish with rod and reel for this species in the neigh- borhood of Gravina Island, using a Hendryx spoon (kidney bait no. 6), which is silvery in color on one side and red on the other. Although much smaller than the king, the coho salmon is more gamey. During the latter part of March the Gulf of Georgia, in British Columbia, is invaded by large schools of young coho salmon, locally called "bluebacks." They evidently come in from the sea by way of the Straits of Fuca, as their presence is at first apparent in the lower gulf, especially among the reefs and islands off Gabriola Pass. On their arrival these fish are only about a couple of pounds weight, but increase in size very rapidly, with correspondingly voracious appetites. They are to be found in the gulf throughout the spring and summer. By May the fish generally average close to three pounds each when dressed, while in July they are between four and six pounds in weight. A number of fishermen with power and row boats engage in this fishery, the fish being either sold to the fresh markets or to the canneries. Trolling lines and spoon baits of one form or another are used. In fishing from power boats the outer lines are attached to fish poles 15 to 18 feet long, rigged out on either side. Those poles are usually hinged at the foot of a short mast and lowered outboard by a halyard running through a block at the masthead, with the additional brace of a forward guy, which, with the drag of the lines aft, holds them in position. It has been customary to use from five to seven lines from each launch, the two outer fines leading from the ends cd the poles; the next pair are attached to intermediate tips fastened halfway out on the main pole ; while inboard lines are attached to smaller upright rods on either quarter. The outer trolls are brought within reach (the poles being practically fixtures) by means of a short piece attached to each fishing line 15 or 20 feet from the point where it is fastened to the pole and leading inboard. Recently, however, the Dominion authorities have decreed that a troller shall not use more than three lines from a boat when trolling for salmon. Should a man be alone in the boat three lines will keep him very busy if the fish are biting at all well. Spoons are generally used. All shapes are employed, from the ordinary Siwash patterns to wobblers; brass or silver wobblers, of no. 4 and 5 sizes, are largely used by the fishermen. Spinners of 2 to PACIFIC SALMON FISHERIES. 91 3 inches long are also popular. Copper, copper and silver, and brass spinners of the Siwash and Victoria patterns are very effective ; while red beads, feathered hooks, or a piece of silvery salmon skin placed on the hook as an additional bait often add to the attraction of a spoon. Quite generally the fishermen use single hooks on their spoons. Various lengths of line are used, but on the average about 60 feet for outside lines and 40 for inside are used. As fish can be landed much quicker with a short line, the fishermen generally shorten their lines to 20 or 30 feet when the fish are bitiag rapidly. Quite heavy lines are used from the pole to the sinker; from there extends a length of light line, and then a piece of wire, to which the spoon is attached. The sinker, which is usually between 2 and 3 pounds in weight when fishing from a power boat and about 1 pound when a rowboat is employed, is attached to the line about 18 feet from the spoon. The best fishing times are in the early morning and evening, without regard to tidal conditions. The low slack water is always favorable to good fishing. These fish are delicate flavored, but do not keep well, it being necessary to rush them to market if they are to be sold in a first-class condition. Considerable numbers of these fish are taken by both American and Canadian fishermen on Swiftsure Banks, off Cape Flattery. As complaint had been made in 1914 that these fish were immature and were unfit for canning because of their appearance after being out of the water some hours, H. T. Graves, acting commissioner of agri- culture for the State of Washington, which department is concerned with the wholesomeness of food products, made a thorough investiga- tion of their fitness for food. In a letter to the Pacific Fisherman, Seattle, Wash., and published in that journal under date of August, 1914, he states, among other things, the following: The question, therefore, for us to determine was to ascertain their value as a food product. The condition of these fish arriving at the various canneries was carefully noted; samples were selected for bacteriological analysis. The fish when first taken from the water are very soft when compared with the other salmon. After they have been out of the water 12 hours the fish easily separates from the bony structures, and in the course of ordinary handling in the time which elapses between the hour of taking from the water until they are offered for packing at Sound canneries, which is anywhere from 12 to 48 hours, they become badly broken up and present a rather ugly and distasteful appearance, to say the least. We found that many different methods of handling were being experimented with by the fishermen and by Puget Sound canneries, but without any noticeable effect. While from a physical observation one would imagine these fish as received at the Sound canneries to be unwholesome, a bacteriological examination by Dr. E. P. Pick, State bacteriologist, indicated that putrefaction was not present, although some of the specimens did contain a rather high bacteria count. 92 PACIFIC SALMON FISHERIES. BOW AND ARROW. On the Tanana River, a tributary of the Yukon River, in Alaska, the Indians hunt salmon in birch-bark canoes with bow and arrow. As the canoe is paddled along and the Indian sees the dorsal fin of the salmon cutting the surface of the muddy water he shoots it. The tip of the arrow fits into a socket, and when struck the tip, which when loose is attached to the stock by a long string, comes out of the socket and the arrow floats, easily locating the fish for the fisherman. SPEAR AND GAFF. Spears of varying shapes and styles have been in use by the In- dians from time immemorial and are still employed on many rivers in which salmon run. With the exception of the Chilkoot and Chil- kat Rivers of Alaska, practically all of the catch secured in this manner is consumed by the fishermen and their families. In the Chilkoot River the Indians have built numerous racks in the stream and on the banks, upon which they stand and hook the fish out with a gaff attached to a pole. The catch is sold to the cannery located on Chilkoot Inlet. SPORT FISHING FOR SALMON. The number of sportsmen who improve the opportunity presented by the appearance of feeding springs and cohos is increasing yearly, and in time this promises to far excel the sport salmon fishing of the Atlantic coast. On Puget Sound and lower British Columbia waters the anglers gen- erally use ordinary trout fishing rods and tackle, with preferably a short trolling tip on the rod when out for coho. Small spinners of silver or copper, of about an inch in length, or else the small double Tacoma spoons, are very good. A strong gut leader or trace of fine piano wire is frequently used, as the fish's teeth would cut through an ordinary line. Where iron wire is used the salt water rusts it rapidly, and unless the precaution is taken to dry off the wire and oil it after using it can not be used for more than a couple of days. Sinkers of an ounce or two in weight are generally employed with fine line. Many of the small spoons on the market have very cheap hooks, and these are apt to straighten out or break with the strain of a large fish. Hooks of the best steel will, however, stand up to this strain. One of the favorite spots for anglers is at the falls on the Willamette River at Oregon City, Oreg. When the spring run of salmon appears in April, hundreds of anglers, many of them from far distant points, appear to participate in the sport during this month and in May. Many noted sportsmen have fished for salmon at this spot. Among them was Rudyard Kipling, and his experiences were woven into a short story. PACIFIC SALMON FISHERIES. 93 The fishing ground is spread over a mile's length of the river, from Clackamas rapids to the deadline at the falls. It is not an uncommon sight to see 500 boats with from one to six fishermen and fisher- women dotting the river on favorable days during the season. Two methods of fishing are followed. The most popular is to anchor at the head of the Clackamas rapids or in swift water near the falls and allow the rush of water to spin the trolling hook. In the longer lengths of quieter water the sportsmen troll in slow motor boats or rowboats. An Inexperienced boatman is apt to find fishing in the rapids or near the falls somewhat dangerous, as the swift water may overturn his craft and carry him to his death before help can reach him. There is a fishway in the dam, so that the fish can pass up this and into the river above the dam. No fishing is allowed closer than 100 feet of the mouth of this ladder. Up to 1915 there was a second deadline, 600 feet from the falls, beyond which no commercial fisher- man could operate nets, but the Oregon Legislature in that year closed the Willamette to all net fishermen from the Clackamas rapids to the falls. The salmon in the spring run on the Willamette will average about 25 pounds each, but examples weighing 50 pounds and over are not uncommon. In 1914 the Salmon Club of Oregon was formed of anglers who desired to encourage the use of light tackle in the taking of large game fish, in place of the extremely heavy tackle heretofore used The following rules were adopted: The rods used may be made of any material except solid bamboo cane. They must not be less than 5 feet in length and weigh not over 6 ounces. The line must not be heavier than the standard nine-thread linen line. Any style of reel or spoon may be used and the wire leader must not exceed 3 feet in length. The angler must reel in his fish, bring it to gaff unaided, and must do the gafhng himself. If a rod is broken at any time during the struggle with the fish it will dis- qualify the catch. As a reward of merit the club awards bronze buttons to all anglers taking, on light tackle, salmon weighing 20 pounds or over; for a fish weighing over 30 pounds a silver button is given, and for any salmon over 40 pounds the lucky angler receives a gold button. Numerous additional prizes are also given by public-spirited citizens. The season for light tackle on the Willamette River and all other inland streams of Oregon has been fixed by the club from January 1 to July 1. In 1915 the first angler to win a gold button on the Willamette River did so on April 18, when he took a 42^-pound salmon. On the same day this same angler also won a silver button for a 32£- pound fish and a bronze button for a 26-pound fish. 94 PACIFIC SALMON FISHERIES. DANGERS TO THE INDUSTRY. Man is undoubtedly the greatest present menace to the perpetua- tion of the great salmon fisheries of the Pacific coast. When the enormous number of fishermen engaged and the immense quantity of gear employed are considered, one sometimes wonders how any of the fish, in certain streams at least, escape. High water or low water, either of which will prevent certain forms of apparatus from fishing to any extent while such conditions prevail, storms which impede fishing, and the hundred and one small things which in the aggregate are of considerable importance, however, all aid in assisting the salmon in dodging the apparatus and reaching the spawning beds in safety, while, unless the stream is completely blocked by a tight barricade, an indeterminate number of salmon will escape all the pitfalls man and animals may set for them. One very essential fact in connection with the annual runs of spawning salmon should not be lost sight of, and that is all salmon die. after spawning once, and if more are allowed to reach the spawning beds than are necessary for the perpetuation of the race the excess are an economic waste. An excessive number of spawn- ers on the beds is also harmful, in that the late comers stir up the gravel in which many of the eggs deposited by the early spawners have been sheltered, causing them to float up and become easy prey for the predaceous fishes and birds. In some sections an almost idolatrous faith in the efficacy of arti- ficial culture of fish for replenishing the ravages of man and animals is manifested, and nothing has done more harm than the prevalence of such an idea. While it is an exceedingly difficult thing to prove, the consensus of opinion is that artificial culture does considerable good, yet the very fact that this can not be conclusively proven ought to be a warning to all concerned not to put blind faith in it alone. When salmon are stripped by man, the eggs fertilized and retained in hatcheries until the young are born, and then planted as soon as the yolk sac has been absorbed, it is manifest that the only saving over the natural method is in reducing the loss in the egg stage. We know that many eggs, after being deposited naturally on the spawning beds, are devoured by other fishes, while sudden freshets and occasional droughts also claim their toll of eggs. It is highly probable, although we have no positive data on this point, that these losses far exceed those experienced in artificial salmon culture, and whatever this difference is it represents the extent to which salmon hatcheries should be credited as preservers of the industry, when the fry are planted immediately after the yolk sac has been absorbed. Many hatcheries, however, now hold the young fish until they reach the fingerling or yearling stage before planting them, thus greatly PACIFIC SALMON FISHERIES. 95 reducing the dangers to which the fish are subject during this stage of their career, and thus adding materially to the value of the method. , In the opinion of the author, the best way in which to conserve the fisheries of the coast is by enacting and enforcing laws under which a certain proportion of the runs will be enabled to reach the spawning beds and perform the final and most important function of their fives unmolested. If this is done, there can be no question of the perpetuation of the industry, and if it is then supplemented by the work of hatcheries, which would reduce the loss in the egg and early fry stages, assurance on this point would be made doubly sure. If unrestricted fishing is to prevail, however, with a dependence upon hatcheries alone to repair the ravages of man, the industry will suffer seriously, for, from the very nature of things, less and less fish will annually escape through the fishing zone, resulting in a continu- ally lessening quantity of eggs being obtained at the hatcheries, and finally the latter will have to close down from sheer lack of material upon which to work. Should eggs be brought to the hatchery from other streams, it would merely be " robbing Peter to pay Paul," and in the end the same result would follow in those streams. Fortunately these matters are becoming increasingly plain to the people of the various States, Provinces, and Territories concerned, and, while a few selfish persons in each are seeking solely their own enrichment by any means possible, the greater number of those interested in fishing operations want to see the industry perpetuated and are willing to do almost anything that will work to this end. Next to the fishing operations of man, the gravest danger to the salmon fisheries of the Pacific coast lies in the pollution of the rivers which the salmon ascend for spawning purposes. The salmon, both old and young, require pure cold water, and the immense runs which have annually ascended the streams for many years are doubtless due to the fact that such conditions have prevailed in them. The large increase in the population of the coast States within recent years, with the resulting increase of mills and factories, has greatly increased the amount of sewage from cities and towns and the waste from the manufacturing plants. Many of the latter have also con- structed dams without adequate fishways, and these also wreak great havoc to the industry by cutting the fish off from the upper reaches of the rivers upon which constructed. The emptying of sewage into streams ought to be made a crime. It is an exceedingly crude method of dealing with it, and, instead of disposing of the filth, merely transfers it from one place to another, making the water unfit for use at points farther downstream and spreading diseases and death amongst, not only the finny, but also human, users of it. 96 PACIFIC SALMON FISHERIES. Ill the present condition of sanitary science it is a comparatively easy matter to dispose of this filth by modern septic devices, and a number of cities are now disposing of their sewage in this manner. The irrigation ditch, a comparatively new product on this coast, while of great benefit in developing the arid lands in certain sections, as at present operated is a considerable menace to the salmon fisheries. But few ditches have screens at their head, and as a result many thousands of young salmon slowly making their way to their ocean home pass into and down these to an early doom. Every owner of such a ditch should be compelled to place at its head a screen with fine enough mesh to prevent absolutely the passage through the same of even the tiniest baby salmon. Next to man and his methods the trout is undoubtedly one of the greatest enemies of the salmon. The Dolly Yarden follow the salmon from the sea to the spawning beds, and when the eggs are extruded devour countless thousands of them. Many and many a time the writer has seen on the spawning beds female red salmon swimming around with a cloud of trout spread out behind like a fan, following her every movement, eagerly waiting for the moment when the eggs shall appear. In the summer, when the young are heading for the sea, the trout are lying in wait for them and again take their toll of countless thousands. Much is said by certain people of the ravages amongst the salmon of certain animals, as the seal, sea lion, bear, eagle, kingfisher, crane, duck, loon, and hawk. While in the aggregate the ravages of these animals are considerable, they are barely a drop in the bucket as compared with the direct or indirect ravages of man and his agencies. IV. FISHERMEN, OTHER EMPLOYEES, ETC In the early days canning was a haphazard business, and workmen came and went as common laborers do in the wheat fields of the West. As the business increased in importance and the need of skilled labor became imperative, men were put to certain work and kept at it from season to season, with the result that in a few years a corps of highly skilled laborers had been evolved, and this had much to do with the rapid extension of the industry. For many years Chinese formed the greater part of the cannery employees, the superintendent, foreman, clerks, machinists, and watchmen alone being white. No other laborers have ever been found to do the work as well or with as little trouble as the Chinese. In times of heavy runs, when the cannery would have to operate almost night and day in order to take advantage of what might be the last run for the season of the sometimes erratic salmon, the Chinese were always willing, even eager, to do their utmost to fill the cans, and, if fed with the especial food they insisted upon having and due regard was had to certain racial susceptibilities, the can- nery man could almost invariably depend upon the Chinese doing their full duty. The Chinese-exclusion law cut off the supply of Chinese, and as the years went by and their ranks became decimated by death, dis- ease, and the return of many to China, the contractors were com- pelled to fill up the rapidly depleting crews with Japanese, Filipinos, Mexicans, Porto Ricans, etc., with the result that to-day in many canneries special quarters have to be provided for certain of the races — more particularly the Chinese and Japanese — in order to pre- vent racial hatred from engendering brawls and disturbances. In Alaska the Japanese now compose about one-half of the cannery employees. While a few cannery men express themselves as well pleased with this class of labor, the majority find it troublesome. In Alaska and at a few places in the States Indians are employed in the canneries. In Alaska more would be employed if they could be secured. They make fair workpeople but are rather unreliable about remaining through the season. The supplying of this kind of labor is done largely through the contract system. In the large cities along the coast are labor agencies, mainly owned by Chinese, which make a specialty of fur- nishing labor for this work. In the agreement between the canning company and the contractor the company guarantees to pack a cer- 62425°— 17 7 97 98 PACIFIC SALMON FISHERIES. tain number of cases during the coming season and the latter agrees to do all the work from the time the fish are delivered on the wharf until they are ready to ship at the end of the season for a certain fixed sum per case. Should the cannery pack more than the guar- anteed number, which it usually does if possible, the excess has to be paid for at the rate per case already agreed upon, while if the pack for any reason should fall below the contract amount, the company must pay for the shortage the same as though they had been packed. The company transports the Chinese to the field of work and carries them to the home port at the end of the season. It provides them with a bunk house and furnishes fuel, water, and salt. The con- tractor sends along with each crew a "boss," who has charge of the crew, and furnishes their food, the company transporting this free. White men do the greater part of the fishing for salmon, many na- tionalities being represented, but Scandinavians and Italians pre- dominate almost everywhere. A number of Greeks are to be found fishing on the Sacramento, while Slavonians do most of the purse seining on Puget Sound. The native-born American is not often found actually engaged in fishing, but frequently is the owner of the gear or has a responsible position in the packing plants. A number of Indians participate in the fisheries of Alaska, and a few fish in Washington. The only Chinese engaged in fishing are in Monterey Bay. A number of Japanese also fish in this bay, which is the only place in American territory where they fish for salmon. A considerable number of Japanese engage in fishing in Canadian waters. At many places on the coast, particularly in Alaska, fishing is a hazardous occupation. In Alaska most of it is done in the bays, sounds, and straits, where storms are frequent, and the annual loss of life is heavy. The records of the Alaska Fishermen's Union show for its members the following losses of life by drowning: 1905, 10 men; 1906, 5 men; 1907, 10 men; 1908, 17 men; and 1909, 17 men. The fishermen early saw the advantages of organization, and nearly every river now has a union, which is subordinate to the gen- eral organization. One of the most typical of these is the Alaska Fishermen's Union, which has active jurisdiction over all sections of Alaska, except a portion of southeast Alaska. This organization enters into contracts with the salmon canneries and salteries, by which the rates of wages, duties, etc., of the fishermen are fixed in advance for a period of three years-. As a result of this mutual agree- ment upon terms but little trouble is experienced with the fishermen, who generally conform scrupulously to the terms of the contract, and strikes and bickerings, which were very common a few years ago, are now almost entirely absent. PACIFIC SALMON FISHERIES. 99 FISHERIES OF BOUNDARY WATERS. Waters which form the boundaries between States or between nations, and in which fishing is carried on by the citizens of both, have almost always proved bones of contention, and the Pacific coast has been no exception to the rule. The Columbia River, which forms the boundary between Oregon and Washington, affords a typical example of the evils which can result from a division of responsibility between two States. For many years each State enacted laws regulating the fisheries of the river with very slight regard usually to laws already in force in the other State. As a result of this the fishermen transferred their residence for license purposes from State to State as the laws of one or the other best suited their particular purposes. The fishermen and packers also were in apparently irreconcilable conflict as to the proper means to be taken to conserve the fisheries, and each session of the legislatures saw strong lobbies present to work for certain selfish ends, while the few earnest men who had the real welfare of the fisheries of the river at heart had difficulty in making the slightest headway against the influence of these lobbies. To further complicate the matter, in 1894 Oregon claimed that, under the provisions of the enabling act admitting it as a State, it had jurisdiction to the Washington shore, and proceeded to arrest Washington men who were fishing in what was the open season according to Washington law but the closed season under Oregon law.. In June, 1908, the voters of the State of Oregon had presented for their consideration two bills radically affecting the waters of Columbia River. One closed the river east of the mouth of the Sandy River against all fishing of any kind except with hook and line, and was originated by gill-net fishermen of the lower river for the purpose of eliminating fish wheels in the upper waters. This bill was the first presented to the people, and when it appeared the upriver men retaliated by presenting a bill affecting the lower river to such an extent that it practically prohibited the net fishermen from operating. Very much to the surprise of all concerned both bills were passed and became laws on July 1, to take effect, as provided, on August 25 and September 10, respectively. The Oregon master fish warden proceeded to enforce both laws, arresting all violators on both sides of the river, irrespective of whether or not they were operating under a Washington or Oregon license, and incidentally did the fisheries a great service by bringing prominently before the public the anoma- lous condition of affairs which was occasioned by the archaic system under which the fisheries of the Columbia were governed. The State of Washington appealed to the United States courts, which, after argument, issued an injunction preventing the warden from enforc- ing the laws so far as the Washington fishermen were concerned. 100 PACIFIC SALMON FISHERIES. In the meantime the attention of the General Government had been drawn to the apparently irreconcilable conflict between the two States, and fearing that in the m§lee the interests of the fisheries would be lost sight of, President Roosevelt, in a message to Con- gress, after reciting briefly the lack of harmony in jurisdiction by the States, recommended that the General Government take over the control of the fisheries of the Columbia, as well as other interstate rivers. This had the effect of bringing matters to a head, and negotiations were soon in progress looking to the preparation of a treaty between the two States by which uniform laws would be adopted, and thus each State have concurrent jurisdiction to the opposite shore of the river. The legislatures each appointed a committee of eight mem- bers to confer and frame joint legislation. The two committees met in Seattle, Wash., early in 1909, and agreed upon the following recommendations : First. A spring closed season from March 1 to May 1. Second. A fall closed season from August 25 to September 10. Third. A Sunday closed season from 8 p.m. Saturday of each week to 6 p. m. the Sunday following between the 1st day of May and the 25th day of August. Fourth. We suggest the mutual recognition by each State of the licenses issued to floating gear by the other State. Fifth. That the State of Oregon repeal chapter 89 of the session laws of Oregon for the year 1907, relative to the operation of purse seines and other like gear on the Columbia River. Sixth. We recommend the enactment of similar laws in both States carrying an appropriation of at least $2,500 in each State and providing for the destruction of seals and sea lions and the granting of a bounty on the same, to be |2.50 for seals and $5 for sea lions. Seventh. We recommend the repeal of both the fish bills passed under the provi- sions of the initiative and referendum in June, 1907, by the people of the State of Oregon, said bills being designated on the ballot as 318, 319 and 332, 333. The recommendations were enacted into law by both States, and at the same time the State of Washington in its bill also prohibited fishing for salmon within 3 miles of the mouth of the Columbia between March 1 and May 1 and between August 25 and September 10, or salmon fishing on tributaries of the Columbia, except the Snake, between June 1 and September 15; and also prohibited fishing for salmon by any means save by hook and line in the Kalama, Lewis, Wind, Little White Salmon, Wenatchee, Methow, and Spokane Eivers and in the Columbia River 1 mile below the mouth of any of the rivers named. The agreement was subjected to a rather severe strain, however, when it was discovered that the Oregon Legislature had failed to provide the same closed periods for the tributaries that were enacted for the Columbia, thus leaving the Willamette, Clacka- mas, Lewis and Clark, and Youngs Rivers and Spikanon Creek open to fishing for 15 days in March and 15 days in April, while the PACIFIC SALMON FISHERIES. 101 Columbia was closed. The cry of bad faith was at once raised by the Washington fishermen, and for a short time it appeared that the agreement would be broken at the very beginning. The Oregon Board of Fish Commissioners took the matter up, however, and by order closed these streams to all fishing during the times of closed season on the Columbia, and thus restored peace once more. This agreement continued in force until 1915, when the legislature of each State prepared for a thorough revision of its fishery code. In order to make this revision more effective, committees from both legislatures were appointed and held joint meetings in Portland, where they mutually agreed upon laws covering the fisheries of the Columbia River, and in order to make this agreement more binding the following chapter was inserted in the codes finally adopted: All laws and regulations now existing, or which may be necessary for regulating, protecting, or preserving fish in the waters of the Columbia River, over which the States of Oregon and Washington have concurrent jurisdiction, or any other waters within either of said States, which would affect said concurrent jurisdiction, shall be made, changed, altered, and amended in whole or in part only with the mutual consent and approbation of both States. As such an agreement between two States requires the approval of Congress, a bill ratifying same was introduced in Congress on December 16, 1915. This compact was not acted on by the 64th Congress. The conditions which prevail in Puget Sound adjacent to the boundary between Washington and British Columbia have also been the cause of serious anxiety to those interested in the perpetuation of the salmon fisheries. The great schools of sockeye salmon which are on their way from the ocean to the spawning beds in the Fraser River pass through this section, and it is here that the greater part of the fishing is done. The Province of British Columbia and the State of Washington are vitally interested in the preservation of these fish, but, unfortunately, they seem to be unable to agree upon any definite policy with regard to their conservation, although it would appear to the unprejudiced observer that it ought to be possible to find some common ground upon which they could agree. This condition of affairs on Puget Sound and similar conditions in other , boundary waters led the General Government to take up the matter, and on April 11, 1908, a convention was concluded between this country and Great Britain for the protection, and preservation of the food fishes in international boundary waters of the United States and Canada. Both Governments appointed international commissioners — Dr. David Starr Jordan for the United States and S. T. Bastedo (who was succeeded later by Prof. Edward Ernest Prince) for Canada — whose duty it was to investigate conditions pre- vailing in these waters and to recommend a system of uniform and common international regulations. After an exhaustive investiga- 102 PACIFIC SALMON FISHEEIES. tion the commissioners submitted recommendations, which included the following affecting the boundary waters dividing the State of Washington and the Province of British Columbia, these waters being denned as the Strait of Juan de Fuca, and those parts of Wash- ington Sound, the Gulf of Georgia, and Puget Sound lying between the parallels of 48° 10' and 49° 20': GENERAL REGULATIONS. S. Disposition of prohibited catch. — In case any fish is unintentionally captured contrary to the prohibitions or restrictions contained in any of the following regula- tions, such fish shall, if possible, be immediately returned alive and uninjured to the water. 4. Dynamite, poisonous substances, etc. — No person shall place or use quicklime, dynamite, explosive, or poisonous substances, or electric device in treaty waters for the purpose of capturing or killing fish. 5. Pollution of waters. — No person shall place or pass, or allow to pass, into treaty waters any substance offensive to fishes, injurious to fish life, or destructive to fish fry or to the food of fish fry, unless permitted so to do under any law passed by the legislative authority having jurisdiction. No person shall deposit dead fish, fish offal, or gurry in treaty waters, or on ice formed thereon, except in gurry grounds established by the duly constituted authorities. 6. Capture of fishes for propagation or ''or scientific purposes. — Nothing contained in these regulations shall prohibit or interfere with the taking of any fishes at any time for propagation or hatchery purposes, and obtaining at any time or by any method specimens of fishes for scientific purposes under authority granted for Canadian treaty waters by the duly constituted authorities in Canada and for United States treaty waters by the duly constituted authorities in the United States. 12. Capture of immature salmon prohibited. — No salmon, or steelhead of less than 3 pounds in weight shall be fished for, killed, or captured in treaty waters. 13. Salmon weirs, etc., above tidal limits prohibited. — No salmon and no steelhead shall be fished for, killed, or captured by means of a net of any sort, any weir or any fish wheel, above tidal limits in any river in treaty waters. 14. Close season for sturgeon. — During the term of four years next following the date of the promulgation of these regulations no sturgeon shall be fished for, killed, or captured in treaty waters. 15. Capture of fish for fertilizer or oil prohibited. — Fishes useful for human food shall not be fished for, killed, or captured in treaty waters for use in the manufacture of fertilizer, or of oil other than oil for food or medicinal purposes. 16. Naked hooks and spears prohibited. — No spear, grappling hook, or naked hook, and no artificial bait with more than three hooks, or more than one burr of three hooks attached thereto, shall be used for the capture of fish in treaty waters. This regula- tion shall not prohibit the use of a gaff in hook-and-line fishing. 17. Torching prohibited. — No torch, flambeau, or other artificial light shall be used as a lure for fish in treaty waters. The following regulations relate specifically to the waters named: STRAIT OF JTJAN DE FTJCA AND ADJACENT WATERS. The following regulations (62 to 66, inclusive) shall apply to the Strait of Juan de Fuca, those parts of Washington Sound, the Gulf of Georgia, and Puget Sound lying between the parallels of 48° W and 49° 20 7 north latitude: PACIFIC SALMON FISHERIES. 103 62. Close season for salmon. — From August 25 to September 15 in each year, both days inclusive, no salmon or steelhead shall be fished for, killed, or captured for com- mercial purposes in these treaty waters; provided, however, that in the waters to the westward of a line drawn southward from Gonzales Point to the shore of the State of Washington silver salmon, or coho salmon, may be tished for, killed, or captured from September 1 to September 15 in each year, both days inclusive. 63. Weekly close season for salmon and steelhead.— From 6 o'clock Saturday morning to 6 o'clock on the Monday morning next succeeding, no salmon or steelhead shall be fished for, killed, or captured in these treaty waters. It is, however, provided that in the waters to the westward of a line drawn south- ward from Gonzales Point to the shore of the State of Washington the weekly close season shall begin 12 hours earlier, and shall end 12 hours earlier. 64. Construction of pound nets. — All pound nets or other stationary appliances for the capture of salmon or steelhead shall be so constructed that no fish whatever shall be taken during the weekly close season. The erection or addition to the pound net of a jigger is prohibited. 65. Location of pound nets. — All pound nets shall be limited to a length of 2,500 feet, with an end passageway of at least 600 feet between one pound net and the next in a linear series, such distance being measured in continuation of the line of direc- tion of the leader of such net, and a lateral passageway of at least 2,400 feet between one pound net and the next. On and after January 1, 1911, the mesh in pound nets shall be 4 inches in extension in the leader and not less than 3 inches in other parts of the net. 66. Nets other than pound nets. — No purse net shall be used within 3 miles of the mouth of any river and no seine within I mile of the mouth of any river in these treaty waters. No gill net of more than 900 feet in length or of a greater depth than 60 meshes shall be used in these treaty waters. The effort to enact these regulations into law by our Congress met with decided objections not only on the part of the Puget Sound operators, but also from operators in other waters affected, with the result that the bill is now virtually dead. V. THE SALMON FISHERIES OF SIBERIA. As on the Alaska coast, the aborigines of Siberia must have learned early of the excellent food qualities of the salmon which each year frequented the rivers of that country for spawning purposes, and not only ate them fresh but also dried large quantities for winter use of themselves and their dogs. Owing to the inaccessibility of the Siberian coast, due mainly to the lack of transportation facilities for many years, and the decided objection of the Russian Government to travelers roaming over the country, partly because of the presence of political and criminal convicts, and partly because of a fear that they might learn too much of its resources, there has been but little written, especially with regard to its fishery resources, about this remote section of the Russian Empire, and what little has been published is usually filled with inaccuracies, due, doubtless, in many instances, to the fact that the writer generally had to get most of his information at second and third hand and was also unfamiliar with fishery subjects. Most of the data given below were obtained directly from persons living in Siberia or Japan, most of whom are engaged in the fishing industry of Siberia, or from Americans who have on various occa- sions visited the country in order to view its fishing possibilities at first hand. SPECIES OF SALMON. All five species of salmon are to be found along the Siberian coast. Although we have very little authentic data relating to their move- ments, these are doubtless similar to the runs on the Alaska coast, where climatic and other conditions are very similar. Nearly all streams from the Arctic Ocean to north China seem to have runs of one or more species. The steelhead does not appear to be an inhab- itant of the Asian coast. The fishing carried on by the Russians has usually been along the rivers of the mainland, principally in the Amur and on Sakhalin Island. From very early times Japanese fishermen have frequented the Siberian coast and Sakhalin Island, the southern portion of the latter being owned by Japan, being drawn here mainly by the rich stores of salmon which could be secured easily and quickly and were so necessary to eke out the vast quantity needed to supply such a fish- eating nation as Japan. 104 PACIFIC SALMON FISHERIES. 105 The exhaustion of the fishery resources of many of the European waters belonging to Russia has forced some of her more enterprising fishermen to seek for new supplies in her Siberian waters, and as these resources become better known, and means of transportation are increased and improved, there will doubtless be a tremendous impetus given to their development. FISHING DISTRICTS OF SIBERIA. The Amur fishing district is subdivided into four districts, as fol- lows: Nikolaievsk, Chnirahsky, Pronga, and Sakhalin. The first named consists of 22 fishing stations belonging to the municipality of Nikolaievsk and 35 to the Department of Domains. The shore line is about 230 miles. Next in importance is the Chnirahsky district, and this includes some very important and valuable fishing plants. In the Pronga district are also several good fishing plants. The Sakhalin Island district includes all the fisheries of Russian Sakhalin Island north of 50° north latitude. The fisheries of the Usuri River, a tributary of the Amur, are controlled almost entirely by the local peasants, cossacks, and natives, who, owing to the inadequate means of transportation, are able to market but a small part of their catch otherwise than amongst themselves. The same is true also of Lake Hinka. The Kamchatka region has had the most important development of recent years, and now comprises within its boundaries most of the salmon canneries of Siberia. There are about 187 fishing stations in this district, the vast majority of which are held by Japanese. The Anadir district is said to be 'richer in fish than the southern districts of eastern Siberia. The chief commercial fisheries are concentrated near the Anadir River. A considerable quantity of salmon is frozen in this district for export. FISHERY RIGHTS AND REGULATIONS. Along the entire seacoast of Siberia, by virtue of the Russo-Japa- nese convention of 1907, concluded for 12 years, the Japanese are permitted to engage in fishing on equal terms with Russians. In such sections there is no restriction with regard to the nationality of the laborers employed or the method of preparing the fish, except that the manufacture of fish manure from fish of the salmon variety is prohibited. On the face of it this convention looks like an equitable agreement, but in putting the Japanese on the same footing as the Russians it subjected them to a lot of unstated and arbitrary laws, by-laws, and local regulations, besides making the tenure exceed- ingly short, virtually only one year, as a result of which Japanese capital refuses to erect more than the crudest of plants. 106 PACIFIC SALMON FISHERIES. Fishing rights in the gulfs and bays not included in the Russo- Japanese convention, such as Peter the Great Bay, Imperial Har- bor, Vanina Bay, Avatchinsk Bay, and others, as well as the rivers of Okhotsk and Kamchatka, are granted by the Governor General, without public tenders, to persons of good repute, but for one- year only, and if they show their ability to establish a successful fishing station a lease for 12 years can be secured on the basis of paying a royalty of 2± cents per pood (36.112 pounds) of prepared fish. Un- der the terms of the lease only Russian subjects can be employed at the stations, while all sailing vessels serving the stations must be under the Russian flag. The regulations governing the river districts vary from those re- lating to coast concessions, and also vary from each other, as the local authorities in the river districts are authorized to issue tempo- rary rules and regulations to cover local conditions. On the Aniur " River, within the boundaries of the Nikolaievsk, Mariinsk, and Khabarovsk districts, the fishing stations are leased by public auction to the highest bidder, some on a long-term basis and others for only one year. At stations above the city of Xikola- ievsk, within 30 miles of the Amur estuary and farther, no foreign labor is allowed. Below the city of Nikolaievsk foreign labor can be employed to handle the fish on shore, but the actual fishing can be done only by Russian subjects. At the present time the chief aim of the Russian authorities is to break the monopoly the Japanese have of the fisheries along the greater part of the coast. This will be an exceedingly difficult thing to do, owing to the proximity o,f the Japanese to the Siberian coast, the ease with which they can transport by water the necessary sup- plies, etc., for carrying on the fisheries, the vastly greater skill in carrying on this work displayed by them over their Russian com- petitors, and their unlimited supply of cheap labor, while the Russian fisheries are badly hampered as a result of the few Russian subjects available for such work and the consequent high wage cost of same. Japan also has another big advantage in that she is at present almost the sole market for the greater part of the, salmon and other fishes taken in Siberia. The very fact of this fish being necessary for feeding her people will cause Japan to battle hard to hold her present advantage. The development of the salmon and other fisheries of Siberia has been much hampered by the disinclination of the Russian Govern- ment to permit foreigners to acquire fishing concessions except on very short tenure. As the Russians themselves are generally un- skilled in fishing operations, and are compelled to do the work with Russian labor, which is quite scarce, they do but little with their concessions. American capital would doubtless be available for de- PACIFIC SALMON FISHERIES. 107 veloping Siberia's fisheries were it assured of a sufficiently long tenure of lease with some other minor concessions. APPARATUS EMPLOYED. In the river districts somewhat primitive fishing apparatus is employed. Spears, dip nets, and the other simple forms which seem to be common to all savage tribes depending upon the water for the greater part of their subsistence, are all in use by the natives living along the upper reaches. Weirs of a primitive type are also used. These have a lead con- sisting of willow poles and branches built from the river bank or a sand bank out into the stream. At the outer end is attached a net compartment with a lead, into which the fish, which have been following the lead in the search for an opening, pass. Two men in a boat are anchored close by, and as soon as 30 or 40 salmon have passed into the compartment, it is hauled up and the fish emptied into the boat after which the net is reset. Haul seines of varying lengths and depths are used in connection with the more important river fishing stations. Along the coast the Japanese use a floating trap net somewhat similar to the type used in Alaska, also haul seines and a few gill nets. ABUNDANCE OF SALMON. It is exceedingly difficult to secure even approximate statistics of the Siberian catch of salmon, owing to the wide extent of coast, the totally inadequate means of transportation preventing close super- vision, the presence of so many foreigners who go directly home with their catches at the end of the season, and the crude system of control in operation by the authorities. The following table shows the catch of salmon in the four districts for the year 1898: Districts. Nikolaievsk . Chnirahsky . . Pronga Sakhalin Total. Spring. 60,000 1,067,000 666,000 1,793,000 Summer. 7,464,896 873,000 316,950 635,000 9,289,846 Autumn. 4,685,480 2,662,000 665,500 748,000 8,760,980 In the Anadir district the catch in 1909 was as follows: Cape St. Michael, 91,616; above Cape Neuman, 8,234; Anadir River, 150,746; Anadir River estuary, 9,864; Hanchelar River, 6,121; Cape Observation, 270,000; total, 536,581. The catch by natives and small Russian fishermen is estimated at about 3,000,000 and 500,000 fish, respectively. In addition t6 this, 130 barrels of caviar, 10S PACIFIC SAT MON FISHERIES. weighing 14 tons, were prepared, and there were 20 tons from Capo Observation. According to the statistics of the Fisheries Control, the catch of salmon in the Amur River in 1910 was as follows: Spring salmon. 7.701.344; summer salmon, 21,384,549; autumn salmon, 9,546,254; in all. 38,632,147. Of this number 34,649,025 fish were marketed and the balance consumed locally. Japan bought 23,228,481 fish, valued at $473. S00; the balance was valued at $681,045. In addition there were 4.760.784 pounds of salmon caviar, valued at an average price of SO. 114 per pound, totaling $543,413, which brings the total value of the salmon catch and by-products up to SI. 608, 558. During the same year, in Peter the Great Bay. 8.263 salmon were caught. The number of salmon caught in eastern and western Kamchatka and in the bays and rivers in this region not included in the Fishing Convention, and at the Russian river stations, in 1011. was as follows: Species. Western Kam- chatka. Eastern Kam- chatka. River stations. Bays and river outlets. Total. Chavitoh ^kitis^ Keta (chum) Krasnaia (rod) G artrasha (humpback ) Kishuu'h (eohoj Total 5,421 3,082,300 2,136,800 39,4*8,500 327. 200 7,818 2,675,000 747,000 1,411.000 179,000 207 297,300 689,000 1,320,200 114,200 590 890, 790 236,240 175,980 45.000.221 5,019, SIS 2, 420, 907 1,311,370 14,036 6.945,390 3,809,040 42,355,680 628,170 53,752,316 In the Okhotsk district the catch amounted to 827.274 keta and 37.700 krasnaia. Of salmon caviar 480 tons were prepared by the Japanese and 60 tons by the Russians. In 1015 about 50,000 barrels of pickled salmon were prepared on the Amur River. In the sections covered by the Fishing Convention 6.000.000 salmon, mostly keta with a few krasnaia, were dry-salted, while 80.000.000 humpback salmon, called "salmon trout" in Japan, were so prepared. No lish were frozen for the European market, due to the war. A considerable quantity of caviar was prepared, but the quantity is unknown. The pack of canned salmon is shown elsewhere. FREEZING SALMON. As when the Russians owned Alaska, the exploitation of Siberia was carried on for many years by trading companies with large powers granted by the Government. In 1802 a very enterprising company was in charge, judging from the following extract from a letter written on February 2. 1803. by the late Eugene G. Blackford, the well-known fish dealer of New York, to the late Col. Marshall McDon- ald, then United States Commissioner of Fish and Fisheries: I have just learned of the arrival in Chicago of 60.000 pounds of frozen salmon. They were caught in Petropavlovsk, Kamchatka. These hsh are a new venture PACIFIC SALMON FJSHKTiircS. 109 undertaken by a commercial trading company who control that, country, and those Halrnon have boon taken from a rive/ - wlioro none havo been caught before, and my information in that they catch fislh' weighing as much as 150 pounds each. The above lot of fiHh wdH brought frozen to Tacoroa and then shipped by refrigerator car to Chi- cago where they were Hold to Mr. Booth of the Booth Packing Co., Chicago. Mr. Booth has declined to pay for them because of their not being in satisfactory condition. Nothing further appears to havo been done in this lino until in 1 '.)():',, when a Berlin fish merchant outfitted and sent to the Siberian coast a refrigerator steamer with a capacity of 2,500 tons. The fish were caught mainly in the Amur River and were frozen immediately after being brought aboard. In all, 160,000 salmon were obtained, and these were in excellent condition when landed at Hamburg, Germany. In 1907 the Salmon Steam Fishing Co., a combined British and Japanese company, chartered the steamers Zenofna and Zephyrus. These vessels were fitted with refrigerating apparatus and cold-stor- age chambers and sent to the Kamchatkan Peninsula to get a cargo. Both secured good cargoes. In 1909 two refrigerating steamers visited the coast and froze salmon for the European market. One vessel was outfitted by a British company and the other by a German company, J. Lindenberger (Inc.). The latter reported that the chum salmon, the principal species frozen, were large and very bright. The British steamer left England in April and arrived home again late in December. CANNING SALMON. In 1900 the Kamchatka Commercial & Industrial Co. (Ltd.), was organized at St. Petersburg, Russia, by A. T. Prozoraf, president of the St. Petersburg Chamber of Commerce, P. M. Grunwalt, H. T. M. Court, and A. A. Prozoraf, secretary. A complete canning outfit was purchased in the United States, and the first cannery in Siberia estab- lished at Pctropavlovsk, Avacha Bay, Kamchatka. The San Francisco Trade Journal, under date of December 19, 1902, printed the following item relating to the operations of this cannery: On December 8 the Russian barkentine Bitte arrived from Pctropavlovsk. Siberia, with 10,436 cases canned salmon. This is the first consignment of salmon received from them. The greater part of the pack comprised dog salmon, although they were labeled "pink" salmon, the rest being reds and kings. In 1903 the company did not operate, the fishing season being de- voted to moving the plant to Ust-Kamchatka, at the mouth of the Kamchatka River, where, after being in use altogether for two or three years, it was abandoned and left all standing. In 1907 two canneries were established in the estuary of the Amur River, near Nikolaievsk, but beyond getting out samples they were never operated. 110 PACIFIC SALMON FISHERIES. In 1910 A. G. Denbigh, an Englishman, built a modern cannery near the second site of the Kamchatkan Commercial & Industrial Co. That year the cannery produced only about 10,000 cases, but each year since the equipment of the plant has been enlarged and improved until in 1913 the pack amounted to 60,000 cases. Early in 1914 a complete one-line plant of American can-packing machinery was installed. In 1912 Mr. Denbigh built another cannery \\ miles away from the above plant. This plant was first operated with German and Nor- wegian sanitary machinery, but in 1914 a two-line American sanitary can-packing plant was installed, the can-making plant at the first plant making all the cans needed at the two canneries. In 1915 a number of additions were made to both plants in the line of flat fillers, etc., while still more were in contemplation for 1916. Mr. Denbigh also operates a hand cannery at Compocowa, on the west side of the Kamchatka Peninsula. Up to 1912 very few canneries, and these very primitive affairs, had been built by the Japanese, owing to the uncertainty of tenure referred to previously. The "canneries" were mere sheds or shel- ters where the cans — which were brought from Japan, made or half made — were filled, closed, and cooked, furnace-heated, vertical retorts being used for the latter purpose. If the owner lost his concession at the end of the fishing season he simply took his retorts away with him and the buildings were left to his successor. In 1912 a Tokyo company (Ichigumi & Co.) put up two canneries near the Ozernaya River in Kamchatka, while a Japanese from Niigata, Japan, also put up a small plant in the same vicinity. Both plants were cheaply built and operated with hand-power machinery and small vertical retorts. That year the two companies together packed about 13,500 cases of salmon. The same season Ichigumi & Co. put up another hand-power can- nery, and Tsutsumi & Co., of Hakodate, Japan, built two others of the same type near the Kamchatka River, on the east coast. In 1913 Tsutsumi & Co. built a modern cannery at Ozernaya and installed a complete line of American sanitary can-making and can- packing machinery. The same year Ichigumi & Co. put up two hand-power canneries near the Kamchatka River, having succeeded to the concessions for- merly held here by Tsutsumi & Co. In 1914 they built a modern plant and installed a complete line of American sanitary can-making and can-packing machinery. The St. Petersburg firm of S. Grooshetsky & Co., which has been engaged for a number of years in the freezing of salmon and in the preparation of salmon caviar, under the name of the Pacific Ocean Sea Industry Association, erected a cannery near Ozernaya in 1914, PACIFIC SALMON FISHERIES. Ill and installed in it a full line of American sanitary can-making and can-packing machinery. This plant will compare favorably with most of our Alaska canneries. The buildings are of iron. In 1915 a number of extensive improvements in the way of new buildings, machinery, etc., were made to the various plants, and during the winter of 1915-16 several of the canning firms had repre- sentatives in this country selecting much additional machinery for use during the 1916 season. The following table" shows the detailed pack of canned salmon made by the various companies operating in Siberia in 1915: Canner- ies. One-pound flats. Name and cannery location. Reds. Springs. Silvers. Chums.o Hump- backs. Total. A. G. Denbigh, Kamchatka River (2) 3 1 1 1 1 1 2 Cases. 58,000 6,000 Cases. Cases. 26,000 Cases. 38,000 23,000 7,000 11, 981 Cases. Cases. 122, 000 S. Grooshetsky & Co., Bolsheretsk 29,000 7,000 Nichiro Fishing Co. (Ltd.), Kamchatka 14, 703 2,200 6 37, 800 1,000 3,334 2,191 32, 209 2,200 8,800 4,000 46,600 Hand-pack canneries, East and West 10,000 15 000 Total 10 119, 703 3,334 28, 191 92, 781 10, 000 254, 009 o Called "Pinks" in Siberia. b Includes 10, 80" cases one-half pound flats of 8 dozen each. The following table 6 shows the pack ol canned salmon in Siberia from 1910, the virtual inception of the industry, to 1915, inclusive: Years. Springs. Reds. Silvers. "Pinks."o Hump- backs. Total. 1910 v. Cases. Coses. 5,500 15, 000 43, 500 102, 900 85,000 119, 703 Cases. 2,500 6,000 18,000 7,000 22,500 28, 191 Cases. 2,000 4,000 16, 000 21,000 27,000 92, 781 Cases. Cases. 1911 25 000 1912 77, 500 133, 400 136, 500 1913 .' 2,500 2,000 10.000 1914 1915 3,334 254,009 Total 3,334 371,603 84,191 162, 781 14, 500 636, 409 a Chum salmon are marketed under a " Pink" label. SALTING SALMON. By far the greater part of the salmon catch of Siberia is either pickled or dry-salted. This was the earliest commercial method initiated on the coast and has been followed for a number of years, mainly by the Japanese. The coast is dotted with concessions worked by Japanese, while there are large numbers in operation along the rivers, these being restricted to Russians. An idea of the extent of o From Pacific Fisherman Year Book for 191C, p. 44. b Idem., p. 39. 112 PACIFIC SA1 MOH FISHERIES. this branch of the industry may be gathered when it is stated that in 1915 there were 50.000 barrels of pickled salmon prepared in the Amur region, while the Japanese dry-salted about 0.000,000 dog salmon, including also a few reds, and SO. 000. 000 humpbacks, or "salmon trout." as they are called in Japan. In pickling salmon the fish are split down the back, the sides being held together by the belly. The roe. gills, and viscera are removed and the fish are then washed, and after salting are placed in large tanks for seven or more days, or until they are thoroughly struck, after which they are packed in barrels, flesh side up. except the two top layers, which have the skin side up. To about 700 pounds of fish ISO pounds of salt are used. The dry-salting, next to drying, is the most primitive method employed in preserving salmon. The process consists simply in splitting the fish up the belly, removing the gills and entrails, and then tilling the belly with salt. The fish are then placed in rows on matting and covered with salt, and other rows are placed on top of them until the pile is from S to 10 feet high, when the entire lot is covered with matting and left for about seven days, after which they are relaid and again covered with salt. For shipping the fish are packed in mats. A very odd feature in connection with the operation of most of the Japanese plants is that the salt to be used in curing the £sh is usually dumped loose onto some level spot, with absolutely no cov- ering over it. and exposed to the elements. The Japanese consume enormous quantities of these dry-salted salmon. During the Kussian-Japanese^war the latter country's fish- ermen were cut off from access to their usual fishing grounds, with the result that they were forced to look elsewhere for fish. During 1905 and 1906 large quantities were prepared in Alaska. British Columbia, and Washington for this trade, but as soon as the war ended and the Japanese got access once more to their old lishing grounds, the Japan- ese dutv on salt fish, which had been suspended during and for a short period after the war. was reimposed. As a result our fishermen soon quit the business, and since then operations on this coast have been almost wholly restricted to Japanese operating in British Columbia waters. At the height of the production on this coast Mr. King, the Amer- ican consular agent at Hakodate. Japan, made the following sugges- tions to preparers and shippers of dry-salted salmon for the Japanese trade: The salmon should arrive in Japan by December 1. Most of these fish are used among the Japanese for New Years presents. After the new year the price inva- riably declines 20 to 30 per cent, and for a month or two the fish are difficult to dis- pose of. as the consumers always stock up before the new year. PACIFIC SALMON PISHEBIES. 113 The salmon should weigh not lew than 5 pounds when thoroughly cared. They should be free from spots, which are usually found on the salmon if caught in Eresa or brackish water. No Japanese would think of giving a salmon with rod and black spots to a friend for a Now Year's present, and spotted fish, never realize rnoro than half the price obtainable for clean white fish. The salmon should be split up Hie belly and should be salted with fine salt. Coarse salt always tears the flesh of the fish when being rubbed in. Care should be taken that the salmon are not oversalted. Semga salting is a more improved and sanitary method than that of straight pickling and is used when the fish are being prepared for the European market. Selected fish are cut open along the belly and the viscera and gills are carefully removed. In order that the salt may penetrate the flesh more thoroughly, the flesh on the inside is Scored several times. The fish are then carefully washed and rubbed with brushes, after which they are kept on ice for 24 hours. The brine is carefully prepared and very strong. When properly struck the fish are repacked into barrels. "Kolodka" is a very crude and cheap method of salting. The fish are half salted and half dried without being cut open, and are sold at the place where prepared. The natives prepare a great many salmon for the winter use of themselves and their dogs, the same as do the Alaskan natives. The fish are dried without the use of salt. The product is known as "youkala." Some salmon bellies are also cut out and salted, although this has never attained to prominence. Some fresh salmon, as well as salted, are smoked for local con- sumption. Barrels, or tierces, for packing salmon are made from cedar, larch, or fir, with a net capacity of 900 to 1,000 pounds of fish, and are bound with wooden and iron hoops. 62425°— 17 a VI. THE SALMON FISHERIES OF JAPAN. Outside of Karafuto (that portion of Sakhalin Island, south of 50° north latitude, which belongs to Japan) and the Kuril Islands, the salmon fisheries of Japan are comparatively small, the principal por- tion of the immense catches made by Japanese fishermen being along the coasts of Siberia and Karafuto. All of the five species of salmon found on the American side are to be found in the waters of Sakhalin during the usual spawning periods. The chum salmon (0. ~keta), which is known in Japan as "sake," and when canned as " pink" x salmon, is to be found on Hokkaido Island, running up the various streams for spawning purposes from Septem- ber to December. On the same island is to be found also the masu (0. masou), a salmon, according to Dr. Jordan, very similar to the humpback, the scales being a little larger, the caudal fin without black spots, and the back usually immaculate. It is fairly abundant in the streams of Hokkaido, the island formerly known as Yezo, and is found nowhere else in the world. The author had an opportunity to examine a dry-salted masu (it might be well to state here that in Japanese masu means "trout") at the fish house of the Royal Fish Co., in Vancouver, British Columbia, in January, 1916. The mana- ger, Mr. Erny, had imported the fish from his own country. Both in size and general appearance it closely resembled a humpback salmon, and when cut open the flesh had the same coloring observ- able in our humpback. This species, and the true humpback found in more northern waters, especially in Siberia, are dry-salted in i mm ense numbers and are generally marketed under the name of "white trout" or "salmon trout." In Japan the "red trout" seem to be our rainbow and brook trouts, which were introduced into Japanese waters some years ago. The red salmon (0. nerka) is to be found landlocked in Lake Akan in the northern part of the island. It is smaller in size than the sea species. This species has been introduced into the waters of Honshu. The section of this report devoted to the salmon fisheries of Siberia treats quite fully of the activities of the Japanese in that quarter. In Sakhalin, or Karafuto, as it is called in Japan, the Japanese have had a rather checkered career. At one time this island belonged to the Chinese Empire. Early in the nineteenth century the southern a Fishes, by David Starr Jordan, p. 296. N. Y., 1907. 114 PACIFIC SALMON FISHERIES. 115 portion was occupied by the Japanese. In 1875 she bartered it to Russia in exchange for some small islands in the Kuril group. As a result of the Russo-Japanese War the southern half, or all that portion south of 50° north latitude, was in 1905 ceded to Japan. The salmon fisheries of this island are of much importance. For many years the Japanese had a virtual monopoly of them, but very early in the present century the Russians attempted to restrict con- siderably the activities of the Japanese fishermen, and encouraged her own subjects to compete with them. Many hundreds of Rus- sians and Koreans were encouraged to migrate to the island and engage in its fisheries. Despite these handicaps, the operations of the Japanese fishermen, according to the statistics shown below, do not seem to have suffered. Years. Salmon.o Spring salmon. Total. 1897. 1898. 1899. 1900. 1901. 1902. Koku.b 8,589 6,335 8,379 7,719 3,089 Kokufi 34,246 11,228 22,959 8,797 12, 735 Koku.b 42,835 17,563 31,338 16,516 15, 824 24, 726 a Species not specified. b Koku equals about 5J bushels. Considerable fishing is carried on around the island of Yetorofu, one of the Kuril group. Here are found red (0. nerka), silver (O. Tcisutch), and chum salmon (0. keta), also either the humpback or Dr. Jordan's masu. CANNING INDUSTRY. The salmon canning industry in Japan proper was inaugurated by the Hokkaido Colonization Department, a local branch of the Federal Government. For some time this department had operated a fishery school on Hokkaido Island, at which experimental work in the canning of salmon and other fishery products was carried on. This estab- lishment canned considerable salmon during the Russo-Japanese War. This same department also established a fishery school on Yetorofu Island, one of the Kuril group, which was, in 1908, taken over by Suhara Kakubei, a fisherman and graduate of the school, and used as a salmon cannery. Some years earlier, however, about 1892 or 1893, Fujino Shirobei started canneries in Shibetsu and Bekkai, Nemuro Province, Hok- kaido Island, and a short time later Idzumi Shozo also started a plant at Nemuro. For a number of years these three canneries were the only producers. The plants were quite primitive, the product small, and most of it was consumed by the Japanese Navy. , A demand for the product was gradually worked up, however, and as a result there are now a number of small canning plants on Hokkaido 116 PACIFIC SALMON FISHERIES. Island proper, the Kuril Islands, and Japanese Sakhalin. Most of these plants devote the major part of their energies to the packing of crab meat, the canning of salmon being in most cases a side issue. A few of the plants have been equipped with machinery, but the large majority are hand-pack plants, employing but a few persons. Most of these plants pack what is called "white trout," which is really the humpback or masu salmon. In 1912 there were in Hok- kaido and adjacent islands 21 canneries which packed 730 cases (48 one-pound flat cans each) of red (0. nerka) and 72,770 cases (48 one-pound cans each) of "white trout," a total of 73,500 cases. On the Japanese portion of Sakhalin Island 4 canneries packed 10,120 cases (48 one-pound cans each) of "white trout" in 1912. The pack of canned salmon in Japanese territory in recent years has been as follows: Years. Hokkaido and Kurils. Karafuto (Japanese Sakhalin). Total. 1912 1913 1914 1915 (estimated) Coses. 73, 500 46,000 50,450 55,000 Cases. 10, 120 15, 000 15, 000 Cases. 83,620 ■46, 000 65, 450 70,000 The following table shows the quantities and value of salmon and trout taken by the Japanese fishermen in certain years : Years. Salmon. Trout. Pounds. Yen. Pounds. Yen. 1902 5, 722, 475 9, 286, 267 26, 438, 017 454, 662 892, 879 1, 594, 230 923, 025 4, 500, 008 44, 038, 383 121, 499 1907 332, 316 1912 92S, 513 FISHERY METHODS. In Japanese waters salmon are taken by means of trap nets, haul seines, and gill nets. The haul seines used along the seashore have a length of about 500 fathoms. Each is carried by a boat of 9 feet beam with 30 men, and the right wing, called the "outing wing," is first paid out as the boat heads out from the beach. When the pocket, or bunt, is cast, the boat turns its course toward the right and steers gradually landward, casting the left wing. When the school is encircled the seine is hauled ashore by the seine ropes. The floating trap net used for salmon is known as "kaku-ami," or square trap net. This consists of a main net and lead. The main net, or heart, is 70 fathoms long, 10 fathoms wide, and 10 fathoms deep, PACIFIC SALMON FISHERIES. 117 and the lead is 120 fathoms long. The latter guides the fish toward the main net. When being fished the pot is hauled up by a boat crew and the fish transferred to the boat by means of a dip net. FISH CULTURE. The artificial culture of salmon is carried on in 56 hatcheries, which are distributed in Hokkaido and the prefectures of Aomori, Akita, Yamagata, Niigata, Toyama, Kyoto, Iwate, and Miyagi. Nine of these belong to the government of Hokkaido and other prefectures, while the rest are owned by fishing associations, individuals, or corpo- rations. The number of young salmon distributed by these hatch- eries amounts to over 80,000,000 a year. The largest hatchery is the one at Chitose, under the supervision of the Hokkaido Fishery Experimental Station. It was established in 1887, and it is estimated that the fish distributed by it number from 20,000,000 to 30,000,000 yearly. The salmon hatchery of Murakami, Niigata prefecture, dates as far back as 1881, when a regulation pertaining to the preservation of young salmon in the River Miomote was enacted by the prefecture of Niigata. This was first called the ''Murakami Salmon Raising Plant," but in 1891 it was turned into a hatchery, and is now distrib- uting 2,000,000 young salmon a year. The salmon hatchery of Nitta River, Fukushima prefecture, is very similar in its history and organization to the above. The industry has during the last few years become very popular in Yamagata prefecture, where 22 hatcheries are in operation as private enterprises. In the prefectures of Shiga, Miye, Shizuoka, Nagano, Yamanashi, Kanagawa, Akita, Niigata, Hyogo, Miyazaki, and Hokkaido, the masu (O. masou) and the landlocked hime-masu (O. nerka) are raised and distributed in the lakes and rivers. There are eight hatcheries work- ing on these species. The hatchery of Lake Towada, Akita prefec- ture, first transplanted hime-masu from Hokkaido in 1902, and it is now hatching from 5,000,000 to 10,000,000 eggs a year for the purpose of distributing the fish among the different districts. VII. METHODS OF PREPARING SALMON, CANNING. EARLY DATS OF THE INDUSTRY. In the salmon industry canning is, and has been almost from the time of the discovery of a feasible method of so preserving the fish, the principal branch. The first canning of salmon on the Pacific coast was on the Sacramento River in 1864, when G. W. and William Hume and Andrew S. Hapgood, operating under the firm name of Hapgood, Hume & Co., started the work on a scow at Washington, Yolo County, Cal. The Hume brothers, who came from Maine originally, had been fishing for salmon in the Sacramento River for some years before the idea of canning the fish had entered their minds, while Mr. Hapgood had previously been engaged in canning lobsters in Maine, and was induced by the Humes to participate in order that they might have the benefit of his knowledge of canning methods. The late R. D. Hume, who worked in the original cannery, and later became one of the best- known canners on the coast, thus describes the plant and the methods employed : a Before the arrival of Mr. Hapgood [from Maine] the Hume brothers had purchased a large scow, on which they proposed to do the canning of salmon, and had added an extension to the cabin 18 by 24 feet in area, to be used as a can-making shop. This had a shed on the side next to the river for holding any cans that might be made in advance of the packing season. A few days after the arrival of Mr. Hapgood [March 23, 1864], the tools and machinery were packed and put in position. Mr. Hapgood made some stovepipe and two or three sheet-iron fire pots, and in a short time was ready for can making. The following list of tools and machinery will show how primitive our facilities were as compared with present methods : 1 screw hand press, 1 set cast- iron top dies, 1 set cast-iron bottom dies, 1 pair squaring shears, 1 pair rotary shears, 1 pair bench shears, 1 pair hand shears or snips, 1 pair 24-inch rolls, 1 anvil (weight 50 pounds), 1 forging hammer, 1 tinner's hammer, 1 set punches for making stovepipe, 1 rivet set, 1 grooving set, 2 iron slabs grooved on one side to mold strips of solder, 1. iron clamp to hold bodies of cans while soldering the seams, 1 triangular piece of cast iron about three-eighths of an inch in thickness and 6 inches in length, with a wooden handle attached to the apex, also used for holding can bodies in place while being seamed. The process of canning was as follows: The bodies of the cans were first cut to proper Bize by the squaring shears, a line was then scribed with a gage about three-sixteenths of an inch from one edge, and they were next formed into cylindrical shape by the rolls. They were then taken to the soldering bench and one edge lapped by the other until a The first salmon cannery. By R. D. Hume. Pacific Fisherman, vol. it, no. 1, January. 1904, i. 19-21. 118 U. S. B. F.— Doc. 839. Plate XIV. U. S. B. F.— Doc. 839. Plate XV. PACIFIC SALMON FISHERIES. 119 the edge met the line that had been scribed and fastened there by being soldered a small part of the length to hold them in place for the further purpose of seaming. They were then placed either in the iron clamp, which had a piece of wood attached to its under side, and held firmly, the clamp being closed by the operation of a treadle, or were slipped on a piece of wood, which was bolted to the bench, while being held in place by the triangular hand seamer, which was pressed down on the lap of the seam by the left hand of the operator. When this had been done a piece of solder, which had been prepared by shaking in a can together with rosin, was placed on the seam and melted and rubbed lengthwise of the seam. After cooling the bodies were ready for the end or bottom, which operation was brought about by first cutting out circular blanks with the rotary shears, and then placing them in the cast-iron die and bringing the handle of the screw press around with a swing with force enough to form up the end or bottom. In this operation there were many difficulties, as the ends or bottoms would many times stick to the upper part of the die and refuse to come off, and finger nails were pretty short in those days. To get the ends out of the lower part of the die was not so bad, as a wooden plunger operated by a treadle knocked them out, but some- times they were in pretty bad shape. When the bottoms or ends were ready they were slipped on the bodies and the edge of the bottom rolled about in a pan of powdered rosin until the seam was well dusted. A piece of solder similar in size and preparation as used, for the side seam was placed in the can. It was then placed on the smooth side of the cast-iron slabs, and the operator, with a hot soldering copper shaped to fit the circle of the can, melted the solder and by turning the can rapidly soldered the full circumference. The output of this can factory was very imperfect, as at least one-half of the seams burst, owing to the lack of experience of the manager or want of good judgment. When the can making was well underway Mr. Hapgood then turned his attention to getting the apparatus for canning on board the house-boat. This in the cooking department consisted of a kettle made of boiler iron about 36 inches in diameter and 5 feet in depth, set in a brick furnace and fired from underneath. Alongside was a round-bottom, cast-iron pot holding about 60 gallons of water and heated in the same manner. These kettles, with a dozen coolers or circular sheet-iron pans with ropes attached and with holes cut in the bottoms for drainage, a set of 5-inch blocks and tackle, with a sheet-iron fire pot and a scratch awl, completed the bathroom outfit. The can filling and soldering room was furnished with a table through the center, where cutting the salmon in pieces to suit and the filling of the cans was done. On each side of the room there was a bench running the full length, on the end of one of which the cans were placed to receive the pickle, which was used at that time instead of the small quantity of salt that is placed in the cans during the operations of these later days. After the salmon had been cleaned by removing the entrails and washing them out- side the covered portion of the scow, they were brought inside and placed on the table, and a man with a butcher knife in one hand and a stick in the other, which had a mark showing the length of the pieces desired, cut gashes in the side of the salmon as a guide and then cut the fish into sections corresponding to the length of the mark on the stick. He then proceeded to cut the sections in pieces to suit the cans. Then three or four operators placed the salmons in the cans and shoved them along the table to where a boy wiped the top edge and passed them along to two others who placed tops which fitted inside of the rim. The cans were then taken in wooden trays to the bench opposite the starting point, which was fitted with four sheet-iron pots, and at the one nearest the entrance to the house on the scow a man put a soldering flux on the top edge, which was made by adding zinc to muriatic acid, and then with a pointed soldering copper and a stick of solder melted the solder until a small portion could be drawn around the groove formed by the edge of the can and the bevel of the top. From there the cans were taken to the other parts of the bench, where two men finished soldering the head in, and then taken to the third man, who soldered, or, as it 120 PACIFIC SALMON FISHERIES. was called, buttoned, the end of the seam lap. The cooking department or bathroom, as it was called, was separated from the filling and soldering room by a partition. The cans were shoved through a hole in the partition. At this time the process was a secret. Mr. Hapgood did the cooking and all the work done inside, no one but a member of the firm being allowed to go in. This privacy was continued until the firm moved to the Columbia River and, the labor becoming too arduous for Mr. Hapgood to perform alone, a boy by the name of Charlie Taylor was taken in as an assistant. * * * But to return to the original proposition: When the filled cans had been soldered and entered the bathroom they were put in the coolers and lowered into the cast- iron pot, one cooler of cans being cooked at a time. The cooler was lowered into the boiling fresh water until the cans were submerged to within 1 inch of the top ends and left to cook for one hour; then they were hoisted out and the vent holes in the center of the top soldered up, after which they were dumped into the boiler-iron kettle, which held a solution of salt and water of density sufficient to produce, when boiling, a heat of 228° to 230° F. They were cooked in this solution for one hour and then taken out of the kettle with an iron scoop shaped like a dip net, with a wooden handle about 6 feet in length. They were dumped into a tank of water on the other side of the partition which separated the bathroom from the packing room through an opening in the partition, receiving many a bump and bruise in the operation. Then, they were washed with soap and rag to remove the dirt and grease, each can being handled separately. When this was done they were piled on the floor of the packing room and in a few days were painted with a mixture of red lead, turpentine, and linseed oil, for at that time buyers would have no canned saLmon, no matter how good the quality, unless the cans were painted red. When packs of 10,000 to 15,000 cases were made in a season only the absolutely essential machinery was used, the rest of the work, such as cutting and cleaning the fish and placing them in the cans, being done by hand. When larger canneries were constructed, especially in Alaska, where labor is expensive and difficult to obtain, the greater part of the workmen having to be brought up from the States, machinery to do as much as possible of the work' became absolutely essential. The inventive genius of the country came to the rescue and one by one machines for cutting, sliming, and cleaning the fish, filling the cans, putting the tops on, and washing them were invented and put into use, while automatic weighing machines were produced and extensive improvements and alterations were made in the machines previously in use. There are to-day many large manufacturing establishments which devote all or the greater part of their facilities to furnishing machinery and supplies to this giant branch of the salmon industry. When salmon canning was in its infancy a pack of from 150 to 200 cases was considered a good day's work. Now it is not an uncommon occurrence for a cannery to turn out from 2,500 to 4,000 cases in one day, and there are a number which have even greater capacity. During the height of the salmon run, a cannery is an exceedingly busy and interesting place, and a description of the methods used at the present time will show the giant strides the industry has made since the days of Hapgood, Hume & Co. PACIFIC SALMON FISHERIES. 121 HANDLING THE SALMON. At convenient spots near the fishing grounds large scows and lighters are anchored and the fishing crews deliver their catches aboard these, the tallyman on each scow keeping a record and giving the crew a receipt. Men fishing near the cannery deliver their catch alongside. Steamers and launches are used to tow out empty scows and bring in those filled. In the old days the fish were pitched by hand into bins on the wharves, but this laborious method has been superseded by the use of an elevator, which extends from a short dis- tance above the top of the wharf to the water's edge, provision being made for raising or lowering the lower end according to the stage of the tide. This elevator is slanting, and is made of an endless chain operating in a shallow trough. About every 2 feet there is attached to the chain a crosspiece of wood. . At the top of the elevator are chutes which deliver the fish at various convenient spots on the cutting-room floor. At a few places tracks have been run down to the low-water stage and the steamers, launches, and scows come alongside. Small cars are run down to the vessels, to be filled by men pitching the fish from the boats, and the cars when filled are run up to the cutting room and dumped upon the floor. At other places men armed with pews (single-tined forks) pitch the fish up to the wharf, where other men pitch them to the cutters. If the salmon have been in the scows from 20 to 24 hours they are used as soon as possible after being delivered at the cannery otherwise that length of time is usually allowed to elapse, the can- nerymen claiming that if not allowed to shrink the fish will be in such condition that when packed much juice will be formed, so that in "blowing," after cooking in the old-style method, light-weight cans will be produced. Before dressing the fish a stream of water is kept playing over them in order to remove the dirt and slime, after which men with pews separate the different species into piles convenient to the dressing tables. DRESSING. A number of the small canneries still use the old hand method of dressing the fish, and in such places the selection of the butcherinc or dressing gangs is of prime importance. Two men constitute a "butcher's gang," and the number of these gangs is dependent upon the output of the plant. Boys place the fish, with the head out, upon the cutting tables. One man cuts off the heads, and is followed by another who removes the fins, tails, and viscera. The offal is thrown into a chute, whence it passes into the water under the cannery 122 PACIFIC SALMON FISHERIES. or into a scow moored underneath, while the dressed fish is trans- ferred to a tank of water, to be scaled, washed, and scraped. It is then passed to another tank of water, where it receives a second washing, scraping, and final brushing with a whisklike broom, which removes any offal, blood, and scales that were overlooked in the first washing, after which it is removed to large bins on either side of the cutting machine. The most useful cannery inventions in recent years have been of machines for doing the work of the dressing gangs. Several have been invented and work more or less satisfactory. The one commonly known as the "Iron Chink," now in general use in canneries where such machines are employed, was first used in 1903 at Fairhaven (now Bellingham), Wash. It removes the head, tail, and fins and opens and thoroughly cleans the fish ready to cut into pieces for the cans. By the use of these machines the dressing gang is almost entirely done away with, dispensing with 15 to 20 men. This same machine is now so arranged that the fish after dressing are also "slimed"; i. e., the thick mucus covering the skin removed. CUTTING. The usual method of cutting the salmon is by a machine. This is generally a large wooden cylindrical carrier, elliptical hi shape, thus having a larger carrying capacity. Ledges or rests on the outside the length of the carrier are wide enough to hold the fish, and are slit in cross section through the ledges and outer casing to receive the gang knives. The latter are circular, fixed on an axle at the proper distances apart, and revolve at the highest point reached by the carrier and independently of the latter. The carrier and gang knives are set in motion, each revolving on its own shaft. As a rest on the carrier comes to a horizontal position, men stationed at the fish bins lay a fish on each ledge as it passes. Thence it is conveyed to the revolving gang knives and, after being divided, passes through on the downward course, sliding off the rest into the filling chute. The knives in these machines are so arranged as to cut the fish transversely in sections the exact length of the cans to be filled. The rotary cutter shunts the tail pieces to one side, and these are carried by means of a chute to baskets. The tail pieces are canned separately. As the tail portion is much smaller, with less meat, it can not be placed in the cans with the middle and head sections without detracting from then value, but if packed under a disthict and Separate label, as is now done, there is no reason why the tails should not supply the demand for a cheap grade of fish. In some of the smaller canneries, especially in those packing flat cans, the gang knives are worked by hand. In this case the knives are not circular, but elongated or semicircular in shape, tapering at U. S. B. F.— Doc. 839. Plate XVI. U. S. B. F.— Doc. 839. Plate XVII. PACIFIC SALMON FISHEKIES. 128 the outer ends. They are mounted on an axle having a large iron lever at one end, and when this lever is raised the ends of the gang knives are thrown up and back. The fish is then placed in position under them and the lever pulled forward, the knives, with a scimitar- like movement, dividing the fish. The original method of cutting was by means of a long knife wielded by a Chinaman who stood at a regular butcher's block. Although his strokes were incredibly quick, the rotary cutting ma- chine is a vast improvement over the old way. SALTING. Every can of salmon is seasoned with one-fourth of an ounce of salt, which, to insure uniformity, is added by mechanical means. A table is used, in the top of which are holes equal distances apart. On the underside of the top is a sheet-iron plate, with an equal number of holes, which slides in a groove at the sides, and is worked either by a hand or foot lever. Just below is an open space large enough to accommodate a tray holding 36 or 48 cans. A workman stands in front of the table and slides a tray of cans into the open space. He then throws a quantity of salt upon the table and im- mediately scrapes this off with a thin piece of wood, each hole being filled in the operation, and the salt being prevented from falling through by the iron plate underneath. The lever is then pressed, the iron plate moves forward until the holes in it are directly under the table top, when the salt drops through into the cans. This opera- tion can be repeated four or five times in a minute. Some canneries now use a small Salter attached to the filling machine and this deposits the required amount of salt in the can as it is passing by on its way to be filled. FILLING THE CANS. Most canneries now use filling machines, although a few, more particularly those packing flat and odd-sized cans, still fill by hand. The filling machine consists of a chute with a belt to which are attached wire racks about 4 inches apart, set at an angle to prevent the salt from spilling out, into which the salted cans are fed from the floor above and pass into the machine. At the same time the divided sections of salmon pass down another chute into the mouth of what looks like a hand coffee mill. They pass through here down a smaller chute and are forced by two dogs into a receptacle through which the plunger, or filler, passes. Here the plunger comes opposite the open mouth of the empty can, which when it reaches this point is caught by a clasp or hook and held in front of the plunger, which is immediately thrust forward through a chamber filled with salmon, cutting the fish longitudinally and at the same time filling the can. 124 PACIFIC SALMON FISHERIES. The next movement forces the can out upon a table. When running at full speed, one of these machines will fill about 80 cans a minute. On being released by the clamp the cans roll upon a long table and are picked up by a man stationed here, who strikes each one upon a square piece of lead set in the table, in order to settle the contents down into the can and for the purpose of detecting any deficiency in weight. If not quite full the cans are pushed to the other side of the table, where a woman or man adds the quantity of fish needed, a supply of small pieces being kept at hand for this purpose. Generally the cans overrun in weight, frequently as much as an ounce. Occasionally a can is weighed in order to see that the machine is in perfect adjustment. In many canneries weighing machines are arranged in the "line" and these throw out the short weight cans. In the hand method the fillers stand on each side of a long table with a trough running down the middle from end to end. This is filled with the cut pieces of salmon, and the fillers, usually women and children, put into the cans large pieces at first and then smaller pieces to occupy the vacant spaces. WASHING THE CANS. In the old style method the cans are put upon an endless belt by a workman and pass from the filling-machine table to the washing machine. This is a rotating apparatus, consisting of an iron frame- work holding 10 rests or stands on which the cans sit. Immediately overhead are small perpendicular shafts with an iron cap, the diam- eter of a can, fixed to the end of each. Each can as it reaches the machine is caught by one of the washers and the cap brought down over the top, a tight-fitting flange preventing water from getting inside. Revolving rapidly as it goes, with a stream of water against it of sufficient force to remove the dirt and grease, the can is carried until the machine has revolved ISO degrees, when it is released and passes out on a belt. A more modern method is to use jets of steam for washing, while one of the latest devices is to clean the cans by a cold-air blast which strikes directly on the top edge. A set of brushes against which the cans revolve is used in a few canneries. After being washed the cans continue on an endless belt and pass two children whose duty is to put a small piece of scrap tin on the top of each. These pieces are called "chips/ 1 are from 1^ to 2 inches, and are scraps from the sheet tin used in making the tops of the cans. The shape is of no particular importance so long as the pieces are long enough to cover the hole in the top of the can, or the cap as it is called. PACIFIC SALMON FISHERIES. 125 CAPPING. The endless belt delivers the can to the capping or topping machine. On reaching this the can passes under a cap holding a top, the latter being fed in through a separate aperture, and the cap immediately falls with just sufficient force to put the top on the can without injuring either. The can is then forced out from under the capper by the rotation of the machine, and the next capper is brought around to receive another can. As the cans revolve they are carried under a crimper, situated directly opposite the capper, which presses the edge firmly around the body. While one can is being topped another is being crimped, after which it rolls out upon a belt on its side, and is taken through the acid trough. Before the tops are sealed the edges must be treated with a solution of muriatic acid, which is in a glass receptacle and is applied just before the cans are rolled through the acid trough on the endless belt. SOLDERING. For many years the tops and also all other parts of a can were soldered by hand, a long, tedious, and expensive process, which even- tually gave way to the soldering machine. This is composed of an endless chain about 6 feet long, revolving around two shafts at either end of an iron trough. In the bottom of the trough is the solder, which is kept at molten heat b}^ a row of oil blast jets underneath. Between the lower part of the chain and trough is just enough room for the cans to pass without jamming, and they are forced along the trough by a chain in contact with their sides. They enter the trough at an angle, their bottoms slightly inclined, which causes the top rim to be submerged in solder, thus distributing it evenly all around the edge. In passing through the trough the cans make about half a dozen revolutions, which cause the tops to become very hot, and it is to prevent them from being blown off by the pressure of the steam which quickly generates that the center hole in the top is made. The "chip" previously mentioned prevents the hole from being choked with salmon. A soldering machine having, instead of the endless chain to give motion to the cans, a metal spiral running the length of the machine and revolving on an axle through the center, is used in some can- neries. Each loop grasps a can and follows it to the end, thus giving the cans the proper motion and preventing them from rolling side by side and lapping the solder over the ends, as is frequently the case with the chain machines. A few. canneries use a revolving cooler, which has a disk upon which the cans rest. This disk is filled with running water, and 126 PACIFIC SALMON FISHERIES. after it makes two revolutions the cans are forced into an inclined trough under a stream of water. The usual method, however, is for the cans on leaving the soldering machine to pass under sev- eral jets of water to set the solder and at the end of the belt to be transferred by workmen to coolers or crates, which are made of flat strap iron, square shaped, and holding about 96 cans. The cooler having been filled, it is placed upon a square truck and rolled aside, where the vent holes are stopped with a drop of solder. TESTING. The testing tank is a square wooden tank filled with water heated almost to the boiling point by steam pipes arranged in a coil at the bottom. The coolers are hoisted into the test tank by a block and tackle attached to an overhead track, which permits them to be swung to any place desired. This test is for the purpose of detecting leaks due to imperfect soldering and is conducted by two workmen skilled in this operation. The slightest leak is detected by the appearance of small bubbles issuing from the cans. The spots where the bubbles appear are marked with a small iron tool held in the hand, and the cans are taken out and placed in small wooden trays, in which they are carried to the bench men, whose duty it is to mend them. Cans that have been mended are again tested as before. The bench men are located in front of a long bench on which are numerous fire pots, supplied with oil and air led through small tubes, in which the soldering irons are kept heated, the heat and air being regulated by connecting valves. Kerosene oil and gasoline are the fuels generally used now. COOKING. The salmon are invariably cooked in rectangular retorts which rest in a bed and have a track running the long way. In front of each is a turntable for the purpose of receiving trucks coming from any direc- tion. Four trucks, each holding 6 coolers of cans, piled one upon another, are run into the retort, which is then closed and steam turned on, entering at the bottom. The amount of pressure is from 6 to 12 pounds, the heat 250° F. In most establishments the first cooking is continued about 60 minutes. After the first cooking the coolers are taken out and placed on a long table called a "venting table," where the cans are pricked with a wooden-headed hammer fitted with a small brad, to allow the steam and superfluous water to escape. After the venting has been done the holes are soldered up, the coolers again loaded on a truck and rolled into the second retort, where they are subjected to the same pressure of steam and heat as in the first cooking and for a period of about 60 minutes. U. S. B. F.— Doc. 839. Plate XVIII. U. S. B. F.— Doc. 839. Plate XIX. PACIFIC SALMON FISHERIES. 127 In some canneries the retorts for first cooking are made of heavy plank, well bolted to resist the steam pressure. In the early days much secrecy and mystery was thrown about the cooking, and the work was carried on in a separate room, known as the "bathroom," under lock and key. The first cooking was done in common tubs. The early retorts were made of wood. Later, round iron kettles were substituted, nearly one-half consisting of cover, and round crates were used for holding the cans. For many years cannery men believed that the double cooking of salmon was absolutely necessary, but in 1898 F. A. Seufert, at his cannery on the Columbia River, at Seuferts, Oreg., a short distance above The Dalles, discarded this idea, and has since Used a one- cooking method. By the new process the cans are tested for leaks after the center hole in the top is soldered up, as before, and are left in the retort 70 minutes at 245° F. and 12 pounds steam pressure. According to its originator, this method saves more than one-half the labor in the bathroom, saves nearly one-half the labor in washing the cans after cooking, and also better retains the color of the fish. SANITARY CANS. A comparatively recent improvement in the salmon-canning business, and one which accomplishes the same purpose as the single cooking in retorts, is that of "sanitary cans," so called. These cans are now used by the majority of the salmon canneries. In order to use these cans a quite radical, but economical, change in macninery is necessary. As the cans leave the filling machine they pass to the clinching machine, which attaches the top of the can loosely to the body in such a way that it allows the gas in the can to escape, yet prevents the fish from coming in direct contact with the steam of the exhaust box. In this way the condensed steam which accumu- lates in the exhaust box is kept from entering the can, thus keeping water out of the can. This overcomes the difficulty caused by the bleaching of the fish. The cans then pass into a steam exhauster, consisting in one type of a box about 30 feet in length, in which are three endless-chain belts running side by side. Under and over each belt are steam coils, and under each of the lower coils are single pipes, which through small holes throw jets of five steam upon the coils, creating an intense heat. The cans pass along the first belt, are then transferred to the second belt, on which they return to the entrance of the box, whence they pass to the third belt, and continuing along this to the end pass out to the topper and crimper, the whole operation occupying from 5 to 15 minutes' time. One style of exhauster has 10 ovals formed by the pipe, and the cans pass along these from side to side of the exhauster until discharged at the far end. Upright ex- 128 , PACIFIC SALMON FISHERIES. hausters, in which the cans travel along a spiral, are also in use. By this means the contents of the can are heated and the greater part of the air exhausted, which is the object of the first cooking in the retort under the method formerly in general use. A recent invention, which the inventor claims will do away with the steam exhaust box, and thus save a large amount of valuable floor space in the canning "line," is the power vacuum pump, known as vacuum exhausting machine, by means of which air is exhausted from the cans, accomplishing the same purpose as the steam exhaust box. Some of these machines have been in active use for several seasons, with most satisfactory results. Leaving the exhauster the cans pass to the double seamer, which fastens the cover on tightly with a double seam or crimp. It should be stated that no solder is used in attaching the top on the can, the curled flanges of the cover being coated around the outer edge with cement or other sealing fluid to take its place. Solder, however, is used in joining the side seam of the can, this being done when the can is manufactured. The cans then leave the machine on an endless conveyer and pass to the men who transfer them to the coolers, and these are immediately placed upon the trucks and run into the retort for the one cooking they are to receive. The time they are to remain here is somewhat variable, 70 to 125 minutes with a temperature of 242° F. being the common period. By the use of these cans the soldering machine is done away with. It also does away with the first cooking and the subsequent venting and soldering, a saving both in labor and time consumed. REPAIRING CANS. Imperfect cans which are repaired before the first cooking are naturally in the same condition as if there had been no defects. If the leaks are discovered after cooking and are repaired at once and the contents recooked, they are still very good, the only difficulty being that by blowing or venting them a second time they lose weight. The above goods usually go in with the regular pack of their kind and are not classed as regular "do-overs." When, however, a cannery is running at full capacity, defective cans can not always be repaired and recooked at once and are some- times set aside for days. Decomposition follows, of course, as with any other meat that is exposed to the air, and the fish becomes unfit for food. When recooked the meat becomes mushy and the blowing or venting makes the cans very light, a defect which is frequently corrected by adding salt water. This, the "do-over," is the lowest class of goods. In the old days, and even yet to some extent, such cans are sold without labels to brokers, or else are given some indefi- nite label, and sold in the lumber, mining, or negro districts, or U. S. B. F— Doc. 839. Plate XX. U. S. B. F.— Doc. 839. Plate XXI. FIG. 1.— SALMON ON THE FLOOR OF THE CANNERY DRESS HOUSE. FIG. 2.— SALMON CAN-LABELING MACHINE". PACIFIC SALMON FISHERIES. 129 shipped to foreign countries with less fastidious tastes in the matter of salmon. In 1910 one of the leading companies of Alaska adopted the policy of throwing overboard all "do-overs." On coming from the second retort the coolers are lowered into a bath of lye, or, as in some canneries, the cans are run through such a bath on an endless belt, which, with the aid of a slight rinsing and a few rubs with a brush over the top, removes from the can all the grease and other material. The belt then passes them into another bath where the lye is washed off in hot fresh water. The cans then go to the cooling room, where a stream of water is played upon them, or, during rainy weather are placed out of doors upon the wharf, and there allowed to cool. The top and bottom of the cans contract in cooling, and for several hours a sharp popping noise is heard. Here, as in nearly every proc- ess through which they pass, the cans are again tested, this time by tapping the tops with a small piece of iron about 6 inches long, or, sometimes, a 12-penny nail. The sound conveys to the ear of the tester an unmistakable meaning as to the condition of the can, and the faulty cans that escape notice during the other tests are almost invariably found in this one. LACQUERING. An almost universal custom in the salmon-canning industry, but one that is not common in the canning of vegetables, fruits, etc., is that of lacquering the cans. This idea of protecting the can on the outside has been followed from the very beginning, for two reasons: (1) That the English market which, at that time especially, absorbed the greater part of these goods, insisted on their shipments being finished in this way, and (2) from the fact, as these canners speedily found out, that if they did not protect their cans in some way enor- mous losses through rust would ensue. The first experiment of this nature was to paint the cans by hand with red paint, treating each singly. Next a composition of logwood extract and alcohol was tried, which, however, did not produce satis- factory results for a very plain reason — the can was dyed instead of being lacquered. The next attempt was to varnish the cans with a japan varnish reduced with alcohol, but this was found to dry too slowly for speedy handling. After extended experimentation the quick-drying brown lacquer of the present time was evolved, which carries asphaltum in the form of an asphalt varnish as its base, this being supplanted in some cases by gilsonite. This lacquer can be pro- cured in either a heavy or light body, is generally reduced with ben- zine or gasoline, and is applied according to the requirements of the market, which in some localities demands a heavy coating and in 62425°— 17 9 130 PACIFIC SALMON FISHERIES. others a much lighter finish, the latter giving a rich golden brown color. Some experiments have also been made in using brighter col- ored lacquers for this work. Several of these, made to give a bright golden, copper, or other color, are extremely attractive in appearance, while at the same time protecting the tin against rust quite as well as the brown. The industry soon outgrew the hand method of lacquering, and the process, which for a number of years was universal in the trade and is still used by some canneries, succeeded it. For this there are a number of rectangular box vats about 40 by 80 inches and 18 inches in depth/ the number varying with the capacity of the cannery. These are usually lined with galvanized metal and provided with a grid- iron-shaped iron frame, hung from a windlass or other tackle for lifting or lowering from top to bottom of the vat. The cans are loaded on this gridiron, being placed in an inclined position to allow the draining of the lacquer, and are lowered in the vat sufficiently to submerge them in the lacquer with which the vat is charged to a depth of 7 to 10 inches. The loaded gridiron is then raised to the top of the vat and the cans allowed to drain and dry before piling. This method, while being more effective in regard to the volume of work, was still of necessity a very slow and tedious operation. In damp or rainy weather, especially when it is not possible to open warehouse doors and windows, the gas arising from a number of these vats makes effective drying almost impossible. Another principal objection to this method of lacquering, which applied also to all earlier attempts, was the impossibility of obtaining an even coat of lacquer when the can was allowed to dry in any stationary position. There was also a large waste by evaporation. Notwithstanding repeated efforts at invention, however, it was not until 1901 that an effective machine for handling this difficult work was put on the market. The apparatus now in use by a number of canneries receives the cans on a revolving wheel fitted with rests for holding them while passing through the lacquer bath. From here they roll upon an endless chain which revolves the cans as they pass through a long box in which a hot blast dries them before they reach the end of the machine. The rotating or rolling motion given to the can after the lacquer bath, preventing the lacquer from draining to and consequently accumulating on any part of its surface, also has the effect of distributing the lacquer evenly and results in a clean and neatly finished can. The air blast f acilitates the work of drying to such an extent that it requires only about two minutes after being deposited on the drying bed of the machine for the cans to be ready for handling, while the quantity of cans which can be handled in a day is vastly greater than by the old method. PACIFIC SALMON FISHERIES. 131 A few flat and oval cans are not lacquered, but are protected from rust by wrapping in tissue paper, over which the label is placed. LABELING. While machines have been made for this purpose, and many of them are in use, the work is frequently done by hand. A number of men or women seat themselves about 4 feet apart in front of the pile of cans. Each man has in front of him a package of several hundred labels, and by bunching them on a slant so that successive margins protrude beyond each preceding, he can apply paste to the entire number with one stroke of the brush. A can is placed on the label, is quickly rolled, and the label is on much quicker than one can tell it. Each man places to his right the cans he labels, forming a pile of length, and width equal to his unlabeled pile, and when the entire lot has been labeled it has been shifted only about 4 feet. Cans of fancy brands of salmon put up on the Columbia River and in the Puget Sound region are wrapped in colored tissue paper before the label is put on. Cartons similar to those used by the sardine packers would make good containers for fancy brands and would be much cheaper than the present method. Several attempts have been made to popularize salmon packed in glass and porcelain jars, and while these have met with some favor, it was not sufficient to warrant a continuance of the practice for any length of time. But few are being so packed at the present time. BRANDS. A very important feature of the canning industry is the selection of appropriate brands or labels for the various grades of salmon. Each company has a number of these, which it has acquired either by designing them or by absorbing another company which owned them. A well-known brand has a value in itself and sometimes is a very important asset. A company will sometimes market a con- siderable part of its product in one section, and here, where the consumer has become familiar with the brand and pleased with the contents of the can, he will ask for and accept no other, despite the fact that the latter might be, and probably is, the equal of the product he has been using. For many years but few salmon canners appreciated the value of a can label, and it has taken some bitter experiences to drive home to the rest that a properly designed label placed upon good goods and the owner protected in its use by the law, has real value, just as much as boats, nets, buildings, machinery, or the thousand and one material things required to carry on the business. A free trade definition of a label would be that it is an artistic representation or intellectual production, stamped directly upon an 132 PACIFIC SALMON FISHEEIES. article of manufacture, or upon a slip or piece of paper or other material, to be attached in any manner to manufactured articles, to bottles, boxes, and packages containing them, to indicate the contents of the package, the name of the manufacturer, or the place of manu- facture, the quality and quantity of the goods, directions for use, etc. Labels are subject to the copyright law and should be registered before use or publication. If not registered, there is no protection in law against infringement. The continued use of a label, however, will give the person so using a certain proprietary right in it, which can be enforced in a court of equity and may be defended by injunc- tions, which will generally be granted. Such procedings are expen- sive, annoying to a busy man, and at best will protect one only after at least a certain amount of damage has been done, and it is far safer to avoid this by registering the label at the time of issue, which will give one the further advantage in that a description of the character and quality of the article labeled can be set forth, which will, to a certain extent at least, be protected with the label. The commercial value of a label and name is represented by the more or less general demand for the goods protected by it. In the canned-salmon industry, as in that of other food-packing industries, certain labels, through the good quality of the goods marketed under them and the publicity created for them, have become of very con- siderable value to the owners. A case in point is the label Royal Crown, owned by the late R. D. Hume. This was one of the earliest brands marketed in England, and some years later a certain Liver- pool firm of salmon handlers paid Mr. Hume the sum of $10,000 for the exclusive right to its use in England. In designing a label there are several things which should be borne in mind. It should bear an easily remembered name and design; a name difficult of pronunciation should be avoided at all costs. For many years glaring red labels have been popular, but the success met With by those using more subdued and artistic designs and coloring indicates that the public appreciate them more than they do the older and coarser types. The design should be as simple as possible, as experience has demonstrated that a simple form — so simple that it can be fully understood by a mere glance— will gain by regular repetition, while a more complicated design will lose in this process. A good many now in the business still remember the small label that was used on salmon cans before 1870. Labels about 3 by 5 inches in size, printed in one color, on white or colored newspaper, served merely the purpose of distinguishing cans, telling contents and manufacturer, and were without commercial value. About the year 1870 a few canners commenced to import from the East and Europe full-sized labels, i. e., labels that went all around the can. PACIFIC SALMON" FISHERIES. 133 These were called by some "Pennington" labels, as a firm of that name supplied quite a number of them. For some years they were used for the best grades only. They were printed in four and five colors, the design showing invariably a number of panels of different shapes and sizes. The lettering was not always plain and sometimes even intentionally irregular and puzzling. The colors were placed side by side, in boldest contrast, without any attempt to harmonize them. It was soon discovered that the highly colored panels, while strik- ing, lost all effect when massed on the retailer's shelves, and the different brands looked so much alike that the individual designs could not well be remembered by the customer, the only really dis- tinctive feature being the name, and that was generally printed so small and indistinct that it could not readily be seen at a distance. To remedy these defects, the designers soon reduced the number of panels and subdivisions, increasing meanwhile the size of the remain- ing ones and filling them with distinctive designs, still colored as simply as before, with no attempt at blending of colors. The back- ground,, at first perfectly plain, commenced to show patterns more or less complicated, and at times quite pretentious, so as to take away from the design proper. Gradually the panel design disappeared. In place of it some showed one continuous picture on the label, which was very unsatisfactory and soon disappeared, as only a fraction of the picture could be seen at one time. Others had two subdivisions, one showing the name of the brand with its illustrations, occasionally used as a trade-mark the other showing the article packed in the can, both named and illustrated. Unfortunately, these subdivisions were so large that the roundness of the can prevented one from seeing the picture as a whole, but this was soon remedied by making the subdivisions nar- rower and filling in between with directions, weight of contents, etc. From this point on the general plan of labels underwent few changes except that the work, both of the artist and pressman, improved wonderfully, some of the labels now designed and printed being real works of art. Up to a few years ago one of the most serious evils in the trade was the use of misleading and lying brands. The high-grade product would almost invariably be correctly and fully branded, but " chums" and "pinks" were usually branded as "Fresh salmon," "Choice salmon," etc., which would deceive all persons but those well ac- quainted with the industry. "Do-overs" and very poor fish were usually marketed under a brand which bore the name of a fictitious company or of no company at all. The passage of State laws of varying degrees of efficiency govern- ing the branding of salmon helped slightly to remedy this condition 134 PACIFIC SALMON FISHERIES. of affairs, but it was not until the pure food and drugs act, approved June 30, 1906, was put into force by the Government that any radical improvement was noticeable. At the present time but few mislead- ing brands are in use. BOXING OR CASING. A case of salmon generally contains 48 one-pound cans or their equivalent, i. e., 24 two-pound cans or 96 half-poUnd cans. Some canneries pack their half-pound cans in cases of 48. These cases are usually made of wood and cost from 9 to 1 1 cents each knocked down. CAN MAKING. Some of the canneries in the coast States purchase their cans ready-, made, but the usual method is to purchase the sheet tin and make up the cans in the canneries. This is especially necessary in Alaska, as it would be impossible to find room on the cannery ships for such a bulk as they would make in addition to the other supplies necessary. Furthermore, the making of cans provides work for a large part of the crew, otherwise unemployed while the rest are getting ready the other necessary paraphernalia. The work is done by machinery and occupies several weeks' time. CANNING SMOKED SALMON. A number of ventures in the line of canning smoked salmon have been made on this coast, but most of the pioneers were not content or able to invest the amount of capital needed and wait the time required to create a demand for such products, and soon quit. One of the leading British Columbia packers, H. Bell-Irving & Co., some years ago put up in cans some pink salmon which had been treated to an artificial smoke in a vat, and these are said to have made a favorable impression in Australia. Another canner operat- ing on the Fraser River smoked pink salmon, and then, cutting them to the proper length, packed them dry in half-pound cans. In 1908 the Columbia Canning Co. put up at its cannery on Chilkoot Inlet, Alaska, some smoked salmon which had been shaved into thin strips like dried beef. These, called "Flaxamo," were packed in oil and were very good, especially in making sandwiches. In 1915 two companies began in Seattle the smoking, slicing, and canning of coho and king salmon. These were put up in oblong flat cans of various sizes, similar to sardine cans, 2\, 4^, and 1\ ounces, respectively, while for a special trade a 7^-pound can was also packed. These fish were cut quite thin, about 40 to 50 slices to the pound, and were packed in hermetically sealed cans with cottonseed oil. The fish were all hard smoked before slicing and canning. The same companies are also putting up kippered salmon in cans. U. S. B. F.— Doc. 839. Plate XXII. U. S. B. F.— Doc. 839. Plate XXII FIG. 1.— AN INDIAN SALMON DRYING RACK, BERING SEA, ALASKA. FIG. 2.— THE BARONOVICH SALMON SALTERY; THE OLDEST SALTERY IN ALASKA. PACIFIC SALMON FISHERIES. 135 Salmon loaf, made by mixing salmon with flour and various other ingredients, thus producing a paste, is also being canned by several packers. A straight salmon paste, made solely from the flesh of the salmon, is being manufactured by one of the leading packers. HOME CANNING. At a number of places along the coast it has become the custom for the thrifty housewives to do a little home canning of salmon for winter use when the fish are abundant and cheap, and they find canning salmon as easy as canning vegetables and fruit. The fish is dressed, skinned, and the backbone removed. It is then cut into transverse strips of a size to fit either a pint or a quart glass jar, whichever is to be used. The jars are then filled with the pieces, salted to taste, the rubber ring put on, after which the can cover is put on loosely so that the steam may escape. Strips of thin wood are placed at the bottom of a kettle or wash boiler and the cans set down on them. Enough cold water is then poured into the kettle to bring it up to within an inch or two of the top of the cans. The kettle is then put on the stove and, after it comes to a boil, note is made of the time and the cans are cooked from one and one-half to three hours. There seems to be a great variation in the time of cooking on the part of the operators. Some even cook only one hour, but these generally use a preservaline. About two hours seems to be the best time, as the bones are then quite soft. At the end of the cooking period the tops are tightened, the kettle removed from the stove, and the water and cans allowed to cool in the kettle. MILD CURING. The beginning of the business of mild-curing salmon, or "sweet pickling," as it is sometimes called, is of comparatively recent date. In 1889 a German dealer came to the Columbia River and tried to interest some of the cannery men in the business. J. O. Hanthorn, M. J. Kinney, and J. W. Cook were persuaded to prepare some, and the plant of the Northwest Cold Storage Co., at Portland, was used to keep the fish at a low temperature during repacking and preparation for shipment. These fish were shipped to Germany, but the shippers received no financial returns, word coming back that the fish were not satisfactory. Owing to this lack of success from the first effort, no further attempt was made until 1894, when Mueller & Loring, of Chicago, put up a car- load of mild-cured salmon at Kalama, Wash., and shipped it to Ger- many. In 1896 Charles Ruckles and Wallace Bros., of Kalama, packed several carloads for the German market. It was not until 1898 that the business was permanently established on the Columbia, 136 PACIFIC SALMON FISHERIES. the Trescott Packing Co. and S. Schmidt & Sons putting up plants at Warrenton and Astoria, respectively. In 1900 the Trescott Packing Co. began packing the spring and fall runs, and the Sacramento River Packers' Association packed the fall run on the Sacramento River, the business being carried on here every year since. In 1901 the Sacramento River Packers' Association began at Monte- rey the mild curing of the spring salmon that were taken with hook and line in the open ocean. S. Ellmore & Co. started the industry in 1902 at Tillamook, and the business began on Puget Sound in 1901, when the San Juan Fishing & Packing Co. and the Seattle Fish Co. took it up. The Pacific Cold Storage Co. began the next year at Anacortes. Prior to 1906 several of the Alaska cannery men put up each season a few tierces of mild-cured salmon, but it was not until this time that the industry really began as such. In that year J. Iindenberger (Inc.) started packing at Ketchikan, Alaska. The following year several other plants were started, and in 1910 almost all of the king salmon taken in southeast Alaska were mild cured. In mild curing the fish are split down the middle, the head, tail, and all fins except the pectorals removed, and the backbone cut out. The fish is then in two halves. Each of these halves, or sections, is then scored on the outside eight or nine times with the knife. They are then thrown into a cleaning vat, and here the inner side of each section is carefully scraped clear of blood and membrane with a knife, while the outside is thoroughly cleaned with a scrubbing brush. The sections are then laid carefully inner side up in another vat partly filled with clear, cold, running water, or into a tierce partly filled with fresh water and cracked ice, in which they remain for an hour. Formerly the fish were put into brine, but it has been found that ice water answers the purpose much better. After being thoroughly cooled, the sections are salted down in the tierces, each one being laid with its tail toward the center. Usually about 50 whole fish are required to fill a tierce. The pickle is made to a strength of 90° and should be strained before putting in the tierces. The tierces are then put in a cold storage chamber with a tempera- ture of 35 to 38° F. They are held here from 14 to 21 days, care being taken to keep them full of pickle, which can be added through the hole in the head. The fish shrinks about 30 per cent during curing. After curing fish are taken from the tierces, the salt and slime are carefully removed and the fish repacked in the tierces without salt. When full of fish ice cold pickle with strength of 90° is added, the tierces tested to see if they are air-tight, and then taken back to the cold storage to await shipment. PACIFIC SALMON FISHERIES. 137 In the early days of the industry different preparations, which included salicylic and boracic acids, were used to help preserve the fish. This caused much complaint from the Germans, and finally their Government subjected our product to a rigid inspection, with most salutary results, as now it is one of the purest and best products put up on this coast, the use of acids being done away with entirely. The king salmon is almost invariably the species mild cured, being the only one large enough to answer the requirements of the trade. In 1907 a Ketchikan, Alaska, packer put up a quantity of coho, dog, and humpback salmon, but he found so much difficulty in disposing of the product that he abandoned further efforts in this fine. A few cohos are put up each year. The principal consumers of the mild-cured salmon are the smokers, who take them from the tierce, wash and soak them for a few minutes, and then have a practically fresh fish to smoke, and not, as in the days when hard-pickled salmon were used, one that had lost most of its oil and flavor through the excessive amount of salt needed to preserve it. The greater part of the product put up on this coast goes to Europe, Germany being the principal consumer, but considerable quantities are sold in Norway, Sweden, and other countries, while the smokers of the cities east of the Rocky Mountains use large quantities every year. In Germany, the principal market .for mild-cured salmon, nearly all of the fish are smoked. One of the most popular ways of using the smoked salmon is in the making of sandwiches, and probably the greater portion of these are used in the beer halls and the auto- matic restaurants in that country. PICKLING. The earliest method of preserving salmon on the coast was by pickling. At times this industry attained to large proportions, but during the last 10 years it has been declining, largely because the canners are able to pay more for the raw fish than the salters. All species of salmon are pickled, but the most popular is the red salmon. In dressing salmon for pickling the heads are removed, the fish split along the belly, the cut ending with a downward curve on the tail. The viscera and two-thirds of the backbone are removed, and the blood, gurry, and black stomach membrane scraped away. The fish are then thoroughly scrubbed and washed in cold water. They are next placed in pickling butts with about 15 pounds of salt to every 100 pounds of fish. The fish remain here about one week, when they are removed, rubbed clean with a scrub brush, and repacked in market barrels, one sack of salt being used to every three barrels of 200 pounds each. About 40 to 52 red salmon, 25 to 35 coho salmon, 138 PACIFIC SALMON FISHERIES. 70 to SO humpback salmon, 10 to 14 king salmon, and 25 to 30 dog salmon are required in packing a barrel of pickled salmon. A few salteries also pack "bellies." This product is merely the belly of the fish, which is the fattest portion , and as most of the packers threw away the rest of the fish, thus causing a very large waste of choice food, this method has come under the ban of the law in some of the cOast States and in Alaska. As a result, but few "bellies" are packed now, and most of these only when some economic use is made of the remainder. Humpback salmon furnish the major part of the "belly" pack. DRY SALTING. During the progress of the Russian- Japanese War the preparation of dry-salted dog salmon became an important industry, but as soon as the Japanese fishermen resumed their former occupations the demand fell off so much that the industry was virtually abandoned in the United States, although a number of Japanese continue it in British Columbia. The fish, after being dressed, were packed in boxes, in salt, these boxes holding about 560 pounds of fish, and were shipped in this condition to Japan. At a number of places in Alaska the bellies of red and coho salmon are cut out and salted, after which the backs are dried in the sun and, thus cured, are used for fox food at the numerous fox ranches. This product is called "ukalu." SMOKING. The smoking of salmon is virtually a continuation of the pickling, as the fish must be pickled before being smoked, the main purpose of the pickling being to preserve them until the time arrives for smoking, which may be weeks or months after the fish are caught. For smok- ing them the salmon are taken out of the barrel and soaked until as much as possible of the salt is removed. They are then put into the smokehouses and subjected to the heat and smoke of a fairly hot fire for about two days in order that they may be thoroughly dried and hardened. Exposure to a smoldering fire (alder wood is a favorite fuel) for about three days completes the process. For shipment smoked salmon are packed in wooden boxes, oil paper being placed between the fish. A variation of the smoking process is known as "kippering." With this method the salmon are dried in a hot fire for about 20 hours and then smoked over another hot fire for about 24 hours. The "buckling" process is also similar to this. Dog and king salmon are often cut into steaks and kippered. As the sale of white-meated king salmon is somewhat hampered by the whiteness, the smokers use a coloring preparation, known in the U. S. B. F.-Doc. 83 Plate XXIV. U. S. B. F.— Doc. 839. Plate XXV. PACIFIC SALMON FISHERIBS. 139 trade as Zanzibar carmine. This gives the outside of the fish a deep- colored red gloss, but leaves the inside its natural white color. The steaks, averaging 1 pound each, are wrapped in paper and packed in baskets holding 10 pounds each. A smoked product, known locally as "beleke," is put up at Kodiak, Alaska, from red and coho salmons. Steelhead trout are the best for this purpose but are not often utilized owing to their scarcity in this region. In preparing "beleke" only the backs of the fish are used, the belly part being cut out and pickled separately. The backs are divided into three grades, according to size, viz, "small," " medium," and " large." They are first put into a brine, the " large" being put in first, followed by the "medium" and "small" at in- tervals of one hour each, so that all will be cured at about the same time. The coho backs, being the largest, are kept in the brine from 19 to 20 hours, while the red salmon backs, which are smaller, re- main in the brine only about 16 hours. After being thoroughly salted the backs are removed from the brine and rinsed in fresh water, then hung in the air for about 24 hours to dry and to allow a thin skin to form on the outside. They are then hung in the smoke- house, in the presence of a little fire of cottonwood or alder. On dry days the gable windows are thrown open and the wind allowed to pass through while the smoking is going on. The smoking must be done slowly, two weeks being devoted to it. There is a good demand for this product locally, the fish selling for from 15 to 20 cents a pair, but little effort has been made to extend its sale outside of central Alaska. FREEZING. The process of preserving fish by freezing was first introduced in 1888. Previous to this the comparatively ancient method of packing with ice, or in rare instances letting the fish freeze naturally during the winter months, was followed. Packing with ice is in quite general use to-day for shipments of fish which are to be preserved for short periods of time. Cooling with ice never results in a temperature lower than 32° F., which, of course, does not freeze the fish. The freezing of salmon and steelhead trout began on the Sacra- mento and Columbia Rivers in the late eighties. It was taken up in a small way on Puget Sound in 1892. That year Wallace Bros, and Ainsworth & Dunn froze a small lot, the work being done for them by the Seattle Ice Co. (now the Ice Delivery Co.), and the venture was so successful that the next year nearly all of the wholesale dealers on the Sound took up the business. The Crescent Creamery, of Tacoma, also engaged in the business for the fish dealers for a year or two shortly thereafter. In 1902 the British Columbia Packers' Association bought a large cold-storage plant at New Westminster, 140 PACIFIC SALMON FISHERIES. British Columbia, at that time the only large and modern plant in the province, and began the active freezing of fish. Since then a number of excellent plants have been built and operated. In Alaska the preparing of frozen salmon began in 1902. The San Juan Fishing & Packing Co., soon to be succeeded by the Pacific Cold Storage Co., put up a cannery and cold-storage plant at Taku Harbor, in southeast Alaska, in 1901, though it did not operate the cold- storage portion until 1902. This is the only plant which was operated in Alaska until the New England Fish Co. erected in 1909 a large plant at Ketchikan for the freezing of halibut primarily, but con- siderable quantities of salmon have been frozen also. In 1911 the schooner Metha Nelson was fitted up as a floating freezer by the Alaska Packers Association and sent to Kodiak Island. As the vessel arrived in San Francisco shortly before the State's closed season on salmon began, and it was a difficult matter to dispose of the catch before then, the business was abandoned. In 1912 J. Lindenberger (Inc.) opened a freezing plant at Craig, on Fish Egg Island, Alaska, while the ship William H. Smith was out- fitted as a floating cannery and freezer by the Weiding & Independent Fisheries Co., at Saginaw Bay, Alaska. The latter operated only one season. The year 1913 saw quite a development in the industry. The Co- lumbia & Northern Fishing & Packing Co., at Wrangell, the Juneau Cold Storage Co., at Juneau, the Booth Fisheries Co., at Sitka, and the floating cold-storage ship Glory of the Seas, by the Glacier Fish Co., at Idaho Inlet, were all started this year. In 1914 the Ketchikan Cold Storage Co. opened a freezer for the general commercial freezing of fish. The freezing of salmon is almost invariably carried on in connec- tion with other methods of handling and preserving, and the purpose is usually to secure the fish when numerous and cheap, freeze them, and then hold them until the runs are over and the fish are once more in good demand at high prices. The business proved so profita- ble, however, that the dealers began to look for wider markets for their product. Europe, more especially Germany, was prospected and a profitable market soon developed, with the result that to-day frozen Pacific salmon can be secured in nearly every town of any size in western Europe, while large quantities are marketed all over our own country. There are four important features in packing and using frozen salmon: (1) To get fresh fish; (2) to keep them cold (about 15° above zero) after they are frozen; (3) to keep a coat of ice on them; and (4) to allow them to thaw slowly in cold water before cooking. In selecting salmon for freezing, only the finest and freshest of each species are used. The current belief that freezing destroys the PACIFIC SALMON FISHERIES. 141 flavor of the fish is erroneous, the flavor depending entirely upon the condition before freezing, and the quicker they are frozen after being caught the better will the natural flavor of the fish be pre- served. Frozen salmon are just as wholesome as fresh, and their chemical constituents are almost identical. The danger lies in the temptation to freeze the fish after decomposition has set in, but, for- tunately, this is now very rarely practiced in the salmon industry. The coho, or silver, and the chum, or keta, salmon are the choicest of the salmons for freezing. The other species except the red, or sockeye, which is too oily and rarely frozen, are also frozen in vary- ing quantities. The steelhead trout, which is ranked by the Pacific coast dealers among the salmon, is considered the choicest fish of all for freezing. Some of the most modern plants in the country are on this coast. These have numerous freezers, generally, in which a temperature of from 25° to 30° F. below zero can be maintained if desired, although a temperature of more than 10° below zero is rarely ever required. All freezing is by direct expansion and each freezer is piped with about 2 feet of lj-inch pipe per cubic foot of freezing space. The bunkers in the freezers are in pairs, generally nine pipes wide, spaced 10 inches apart. This leaves about a 3£-foot passage through the center of each freezer opposite the swing doors. The salmon are laid on pans, which are placed on the tiers of pipes. After freezing, the salmon are passed through openings in the rear of the freezers into the glazing room, which has a temperature of about 20° F., where they are dipped into water, and when removed are covered with a thin glaze of ice, which may be thickened by repeated dippings. This is an extra precaution to exclude the air from the fish. After being thoroughly frozen and glazed, each fish is covered first with a parchment, like rolls of butter, and then with a piece of heavy brown paper. They are then packed in boxes holding about 250 pounds each, placed in the cold-storage cars and shipped. UTILIZING SALMON EGGS. Every year immense quantities of salmon roe are thrown away in the fisheries of the west coast, though there is but little doubt that, if properly prepared, a market could in time be found for this now waste part of the fish. In France there is a good market for a product known as "rogue," which is the spawn of cod, haddock, hake, and pollock salted in casks, and which is used as bait in the sardine fisheries. Salmon spawn is the choicest and most successful bait used on this coast, and if properly prepared would undoubtedly answer the purpose as well as the regular "rogue" if not better, owing to its oiliness and attractive color. The roes should be soaked for 142 PACIFIC SALMON" FISHERIES. some days in old brine and then packed in strong casks holding about 25 gallons each. It might also prove to be a good bait for tolling mackerel on the Atlantic coast. In 1910 a considerable quantity of salmon roe was prepared in Siberia and sold in competition with caviar, which is prepared from sturgeon eggs. The product met with favor in Europe and now large quantities are prepared each season. In this country Miss Ida Tuholski, of San Francisco, who had been en- gaged in the preparation of sturgeon caviar for some years, put up a number of sample lots of salmon caviar which were fully the equal of the best sturgeon caviar. Capital has been chary, however, about engaging in the business, although undoubtedly it will be an impor- tant industry some day. For making caviar the eggs should be as fresh as possible, and in order to make sure of this the salmon, all species, except the sockeye and coho, are utilized in Siberia ; the chum eggs make thebest caviar. They are taken alive, if possible, shortly after coming from the water, killed and bled, the belly opened up and the roe taken out. This work can best be done on work and living scows anchored close to the fishing camps. The roe is placed upon a stand, the top of which is formed of a small-meshed galvanized-iron wire screen. On the underside is arranged a zinc-lined trough. The operator gently rubs the mass of eggs back and forth over the screen, the mesh of which is just large enough to let the eggs drop through, and, as they are separated from the membrane by the rubbing, they fall through into the trough and are thence drawn off into tubs by means of a sliding door at the end of the trough. After all the roe has been separated the tub is removed and a cer- tain proportion of salt (the sturgeon caviar makers employ the best Luneburg, Germany, salt in this work, while some of the Siberian makers of salmon caviar use no. 2 Berkshire salt from England) is added to the roe, after which the mass is mixed with the hands. The most delicate part of the whole operation is in the manner of mixing. No direct rule can be given for doing this portion of the work, as the condition of the roe regulates the time consumed and the manner of handling. It requires practical experience to become proficient, but this should be an easy matter for one used to handling salted products. The sturgeon caviar makers use about 11 pounds of salt in preparing a keg of caviar. After the salt has been added the mass of eggs first dries up, but in a few minutes the strength of the salt draws from the eggs their watery constituents and a copious brine is formed, which can be poured off when the tub becomes too full. In Siberia the caviar makers put the eggs into a brine solution of 19 to 22 per cent Baume strength immediately after they come from the trough. The salted PACIFIC SALMON FISHERIES. 143 eggs are then poured into very fine-meshed sieves which hold about 10 pounds each. In the caviar house are arranged long, sloping boards with narrow strips nailed on each side. On these the sieves are placed and left here from 8 to 20 hours in order to thoroughly drain. The Siberian caviar makers hasten the operation by putting the eggs into a brine solution as noted above, leave them there for from 25 to 45 minutes, then place them in bags and subject them to heavy pressure, after which they are packed. While this method occupies less time, it is not thought the resulting product is as good as that prepared by the slower method outlined above. The eggs are then transferred to small casks (holding about 135 pounds). The sturgeon caviar makers use oak or pine casks, but some of the Siberian makers say that oak casks turn the salmon caviar black. The casks are steamed before use in order to prevent any possible leakage. It is especially necessary that the kegs or barrels used be air-tight, as otherwise the product will spoil. Barrels such as used in packing salt salmon are rarely ever tight enough to hold caviar. The casks are covered and allowed to stand until the gas escapes and the eggs settle. The vacant space caused by the settling is then filled, the cask headed up and put in a cool place until ready for shipment. The Siberian salmon caviar makers use a small quantity of "pre- servaline" in each keg for the purpose of aiding in preserving them as cold storage facilities are quite primitive as yet in that country, and it is the addition of this powder which forms the mysterious part to the uninitiated. No preservative would be needed in Alaska, however, as the kegs could be shipped in cold storage along with the mild-cured salmon. Several establishments are putting up these eggs in jars and her- metically sealed cans for use as bait in sport fishing. MISCELLANEOUS PRODUCTS. A few years ago a company on the Columbia River put up what was known as "fish pudding." In preparing this the salmon was ground fine, mixed with milk and eggs, and then packed in tin cans. The preparation was soon abandoned. In 1903 one of the Point Roberts canneries packed a new product which was called "salmon paste." For this the fish was ground up, cooked, seasoned with spices, etc., and made into fish balls, a very palatable dish when warmed over. In 1905 a Seattle concern began the manufacture of wienerwurst sausages from halibut and salmon. The Indians in the Bristol Bay region of Alaska occasionally dress the skins of salmon and make of them leather for the tops of boots, also bags and other small articles. 144 PACIFIC SALMON FISHERIES. A product, which was first made in Norway, is prepared by means of an invention which quickly dries and pulverizes the flesh of fresh fish. The resulting powder, called "fish flour," is easy to transport from one place to another and has great nutritive value. It is probable that the tailpieces of the fish, which are at present thrown away, and the cheaper grades of salmon might be prepared in this way and thus furnish another market for salmon. MEAL, FERTILIZER, AND OIL. As early as 1888 there was a small plant at Astoria, Oreg., where the refuse of the canneries was utilized for the manufacture of oil and fertilizer. In that year 8,000 gallons of oil (chiefly from salmon heads), and 90 tons of fertilizer were prepared. The oil was worth 22| cents per gallon and the fertilizer had a market value of $20" per ton. Most of the refuse was dumped into the river, however. In 1898 a similar plant was established in the Puget Sound district of Washington. At present the plants of the Robinson Fisheries Co. and Marani Products Co., at Anacortes; the Pacific American Fish- eries at Eliza Island, near Bellingham; the Pacific Products Co. at Port Townsend, and the Japanese- American Fertilizer Co. on Lummi Island, all on Puget Sound, operate quite largely on the offal from the Sound salmon canneries. In 1882 the Alaska Oil & Guano Co. established a fertilizer plant at Killisnoo, Alaska, for the extraction of oil and fertilizer from herring, and has operated the plant continuously ever since. In some years large quantities of whole salmon have been handled at this plant, and the resulting product was found to sell as well as that from herring. In Alaska the Fish Canners By-Products (Ltd.), in 1914 built a large plant at Ward Cove, near Ketchikan, where salmon offal is used in the preparation of fertilizer, meal, and oil. The company is now experimenting in the preparation of various chemical products from the raw material. Probably the most serious evil in the salmon industry to-day is the enormous wastage which annually occurs. Over one-fourth of the total weight of each fish handled at the various packing plants is thrown away. With the exception of the tailpiece, winch is dis- carded at some canneries owing to the excessive amount of bone which would be in the product if canned, this waste material could not be utilized as food, comprising as it does the head, viscera, fins, and tail. When not conveniently near the very few fertilizer plants at present in operation this product is either allowed to pass through chutes into the water under the cannery, or is dumped into scows and towed to the ocean or the deeper waters of the sounds, and there thrown overboard. This procedure is not only exceedingly wasteful, but is also far from beneficial to the waters where deposited. PACIFIC SALMON FISHERIES. 145 The great desideratum in the salmon fisheries of the Pacific coast at the present time is the invention of a small odorless fertilizer plant, costing not more than $2,500 or $3,000, which can be installed at the various salmon canneries and salteries. The offal from the cannery could there be utilized and the product obtained would doubtless net a fair return on such an investment, while at the same time the present (in the aggregate) enormous waste would be stopped, and the waters adjacent to the canneries rendered far more agreeable to the fishes as well as to the people on shore. It is absolutely essen- tial that the plant shall be odorless, as the smell of the ordinary fer- tilizer establishment would be very offensive to persons visiting the cannery and would not enhance the demand for canned salmon. At the present time the cheapest plant available costs about $10,000, and very few canneries can afford to invest this sum of money in the dis- posal of their own offal alone. A recent issue (1915) of Fertilizers, of London, England, has the following to say upon this subject: Investigations conducted at the Agricultural Experiment Station at Harleshausen (Germany) go to show that, provided it is of good quality, fish meal forms a suitable supplementary feeding stuff for farm animals, especially for pigs. Unfortunately, however, it is made in cases from inferior products, such as decomposing fish and herring meal containing excessive quantities of salt, or it may be adulterated with bone meal and carcass meal. Fish meals made from low-grade material may have a harmful effect on the health of the animals to which they are fed. The German report goes on to say that fish meal is commonly produced partly from fish offal and partly from whole fish condemned as unfit for human consumption, or which is unsalable owing to an excessive supply. Purchasers are warned that great care is necessary in buying fish meal, as, apart from the varied nature of the raw material from which it ia made, the methods of preparation may produce wide differences in its composition. From the analyses of a large number of different samples of fish meal the proportion of different constituents was found to vary between the following limits: Water 5.90 to 18.91 per cent; crude protein, 38.83 to 58.96 per cent; digestible pro- tein, 30.43 to 54.52 per cent; fat, 1.55 to 14.03 per cent; phosphate of lime, 7.80 to 36.16 per cent; salt, 0.70 to 20.10 per cent; ash, 20.53 to 45.07 per cent; sand, 0.10 to 6.05 per cent. Its richness in protein renders fish meal especially suitable for combination with foods, such as roots and potatoes, which possess a low percentage of that constituent. If fed in too large quantities or containing too high a percentage of oil the meal is liable to give a fishy taste to the meat product. It has been commonly accepted that high- grade fish meal should not contain more than 2 to 3 per cent of fat, but when the pro- portion of meal used in the ration is not too high it is considered (says the report) that there is no objection to using meals containing up to 4 per cent. Among the mineral constituents contained in fish meal are phosphate of lime and salt, both of which are indispensable in the feeding of animals. In the case of salt, however, an excessive amount is valueless, and may even cause illness. For this reason the proportion of salt contained in fish meal should not exceed 3 per cent. The quantity of fish meal which may be fed with advantage to the different kinds of farm stock varies according to the class of stock and to the quality of the meal. It is suggested that the following amounts may be given daily if the meal is of good quality: Cattle, 2 pounds for every 62425°— 17 1Q 146 PACIFIC SALMON FISHERIES. 1,000 pounds live weight; pigs, one-fourth to one-half pound per head according to weight; and sheep, one-tenth to one-fifth pound for every 100 pounds live weight. A great impetus has been given to the industry during the last two years, owing to the big demand which has come from the farmers and poultrymen for fish meal or scrap, which, after it has been mixed with other ingredients, can be fed to cattle, hogs, and poultry. Ex- periments carried out at various agricultural experiment stations, both here and in Europe, show conclusively that this class of food in- creases the appetite of the animal, and consequently the weight, while it does not affect the flavor of the flesh of the animals. SHIPPING SALMON DIRECT TO CONSUMER. An important new feature in the salmon industry is the shipping of individual salmon direct to consumers by express, or, for certain short distances, by parcel post, for a certain fixed sum, which in- cludes the fish itself and the cost of delivering same to the buyer. This business began in Tacoma, Wash., in 1914, and those who originated it advertised throughout the country that they would ship a fresh salmon to any express office in the United States (except Southern Express), express prepaid, for $1.25, weight 7 to 8 pounds. In 1915 the cost, delivered east of the Mississippi River, was raised to $1.50 each, the old rate of $1.25 still being in force for shipments west of the Mississippi River. The number of shippers has in- creased very much, and the business is now carried on from a num- ber of places in Washington, Oregon, and California. In shipping an individual fish, it is packed in a box containing 20 pounds of cracked ice. These boxes are collected by the express companies and are generally sent out in their own regular cars attached to trains leaving in the evening. About every 15 to 20 hours the box is opened and from 5 to 7 pounds, depending upon the weather, of cracked ice added to the box to make up the loss through melting. As the Post Office Department will not accept packages in which ice is used for preserving fish, the use of the parcel post for ship- ments of individual fish is limited to the first postal zone (up to 50 miles from the initial point), except in winter, when the postmasters are authorized, in their discretion, to accept shipments for the second zone (50 to 100 miles from the initial point). In making fresh fish shipments by parcel post, frozen fish are generally used. Most of the orders come from the Middle West, where fresh fish are not abundant, but orders are received from all sections of the country. The success met with in shipping fresh salmon led to a considerable expansion of the industry, with the result that now one can obtain not only a fresh salmon, but also may purchase salt, smoked, and kippered salmon, salt codfish, and fresh halibut, smelt, crabs, and other sea food in its season. VIII. NUTRITIVE QUALITIES OF SALMON- More and more attention is being paid by the consuming public to the nutritive qualities of the food products offered them, and this is especially true as regards fishery products. The proper. functions of food are two-fold, first, to furnish protein for building and repairing the body, and second, to supply energy for heat and muscular work. Foods which supply an abundance of both at a reasonable price are of the greatest importance from an economical standpoint. Despite the great prominence of the salmon industry, but little time has been devoted to it by the chemist. Prof. W. O. Atwater was the first American investigator to devote any portion of his energies to the analysis of Pacific salmon. In Farmers Bulletin No. 142, United States Department of Agricul- ture, he gives the following analysis of canned Pacific coast salmon: Water, 63.5 per cent; protein, 21.8 per cent; fat, 12.1 per cent; ash, 2.6 per cent; fuel value per pound, 915 calories. a C. F. Langworthy, in "Fish as food" (Farmers Bulletin No. 85, United States Department of Agriculture), gives the following analyses of fresh and canned Pacific coast salmon: Fresh salmon, California (sections): Refuse (bone, skin, etc.), 5.2 per cent; water, 60.3 per cent; protein, 16.5 per cent; fat, 17 per cent; mineral matter, 1 per cent; total nutrients, 34.5 per cent; fuel value per pound, 1,025 calories. Canned salmon — refuse (bone, skin, etc.), 3.9 per cent; salt, 1 per cent; water, 59.3 per cent; protein, 19.3 per cent; fat, 15.3 per cent; mineral, 1.2 per cent; total nutrients, 35.8 per cent; fuel value per pound, 1,005 calories. Dr. Harvey W. Wiley gives the following as the composition of a Pacific coast salmon (species not given): 6 Fresh — Water, 63.61 per cent; protein, ]7.46 per cent; fat, 17.87 per cent; ash, 1.06 per cent. Dry — Protein, 52.31 per cent; fat, 49.05 per cent; ash, 2.92 per cent. On page 137 of the same work Dr. Wiley gives the following as the mean of three samples of Pacific coast canned salmon: Composition of canned salmon. — Mean of three samples. Water-free substance: Protein, 53.52 per cent; fat, 40.52 per cent; ash, 6.24 per cent. a The unit used to show the fuel value is the "calorie, " and is the amount of heat which would raise the temperature of about 1 pound of water 4" Fahrenheit. 6 Foods and their adulteration, etc. By Harvey W. Wiley, p. 135. (8 vo., Phila. , 1907.) 147 148 PACIFIC SALMON FISHERIES. Prof. Knisely, a of the Oregon State Agricultural College at Cor- vallis, Oreg., analyzed canned salmon packed at the Funter Bay (Alaska) cannery of the Thlinket Packing Co., with the following results: Species. Moisture. Protein. Fat. Per cent. 64.74 68.22 69.43 67.08 Per cent. 24.19 26.56 24.00 25.06 Per cent. 9.11 3.61 4.86 6.59 Ash. Sockeye, or red Coho, or medium red Hum pback, or pink. Keta, or chum Per cent. 2.06 1.66 1.68 1.26 H. M. Loomis, chief of the Seattle food and drug • inspection labo- ratory, Bureau of Chemistry, United States Department of Agricul- ture, reports as follows on analyses of both canned and fresh Pacific salmon made at this laboratory. 6 Canned Salmon (1911 Pack). [Each sample is average of two or more cans. All samples, except no. 2, are old form 1-pound tall cans. No. 2 is i-pound flat cans.] Samples. Water. Ethyl ether extracts Protein (Nx6.25), Total ash. NaC1.6 Ammoniacal ni- trogen. Richard- son method. Alcohol vapor method. No. 1. Puget Sound sockeye . No. 2. Puget Sound sockeye No. 3. Alaska medium red No. 4. Alaska chum No. 5. Alaska pink or humpback No. 6. Alaska red Per ct. 62.44 61.84 69.97 73.48 74.12 70.88 Per cent. 15.17 13.74 7.81 2.88 4.75 5.26 Per cent. 20.25 21.77 20.40 21.33 19.75 21.79 Per ct. 2.50 2.73 2.58 2.57 1.98 2.35 Per cent. 0.79 1.10 1.09 .83 .50 .64 Per cent. 0.0403 .0437 . 04965 .0563 .0404 .0455 Per cent. 0. 0348 .0410 a Represents the fat. 6 Represents the salt. Analyses op Fresh Salmon, Edible Portions. Water. Ethyl ether extract. Protein (Nx6.25). Total ash. NaCl. Ammoniacal ni- trogen. Samples. Richard- son method. Alcohol vapor method. Puget Sound sockeye salmon (caught May 7 1912) Per ct. 67.48 67.89 Per cent. 8.86 9.39 Per cent. 22.24 21.80 Per ct. 1.36 1.35 Per cent. Per cent. 0. 0121 .0135 Per cent. 0.0205 Puget Sound steelhead or salmon .0218 o Pacific Fisherman, vol. VI, no. 1, January, 1908, p. 21. 6 Eighth International Congress of Applied Chemistry, vol. xvin, p. 239-245. IX. THE SALMON OUTPUT IN 1915. STATISTICS OF THE CATCH. The following tables show, by sections and species, and also by- waters for Alaska, Washington, Oregon, and California, the catch of salmon and steelhead trout in American territory on the Pacific coast in 1915, and show their value to the fisherman. Part of these data were obtained from the various State fish commissions and from the United States Bureau of Fisheries. Catch op Salmon in 1915, a by States and Species. Species. Coho, or silver Chum, or keta Humpback, or pink King, spring, or chinook. . Sockeye, red, or blueback. Steelhead trout Total. Alaska. Pounds. Value 7,989,504 38,556,064 123,585,576 13,440,834 129,394,055 312,966,033 $133, 159 225, 123 624,941 362, 184 2,729,577 4,074,984 Washington. Pounds. Value 10,720,401 14,180,872 29,644,561 19,884,530 5, 1S7, 130 2,023,979 81,641,473 $382, 148 264,592 222,331 902,575 532,384 121, 635 2,425,655 Oregon. Pounds. Value 4,596,252 2,079,911 23,539,866 265,466 2,341,858 32,823,353 $150,456 32,499 1,382,148 13,274 140,511 1,718,888 Species. California. Pounds. Value Total. Pounds. Value Coho, or silver Chum, or keta Humpback, or pink King, spring, or chinook. . Sockeye, red, or blueback. Steelhead trout 296,719 $14,836 8,212,506 "~33, 206 410,625 "'i,'992' 23, 602, 876 54,816,847 153,230,137 65,077,736 134, 846, 651 4,399,043 $6S0,599 522,214 847,272 3,057,532 3,275,235 264, 138 Total. 8,542,431 427,453 435,973,290 8,646,980 o The published report of the Dominion of Canada for 1915 does not show the catch by species; the salmon as landed is reported at 136,939,400 pounds, valued at $5,743,893. Catch op Salmon in Alaska Waters in 1915, by Apparatus and Species. Apparatus and species. Southeast Alaska. Central Alaska. Western Alaska. Total. Pounds. Value. Pounds. Value. Pounds. Value. Pounds. Value. Seines: 1,404,228 17,279,232 46, 170, 204 251,592 4,652,170 $23,404 86,396 230,851 5,718 139,565 349,494 1,534,216 2,879,772 20,658 7,755,465 $5,825 11,507 21,598 469 155, 109 1,753,722 18,814,936 49,049,976 389, 796 16, 536, 795 $29,229 Chum, or keta Humpback, or pink. . King, or spring Red, or sockeye 1,488 $19 97,922 252,449 117,546 6, 129, 160 2,671 122,583 8,858 417, 257 Total 69,757,426 485,934 12,539,605194 H08 6,248,194 125,273 88,545,225 805, 715 149 150 PACIFIC SALMON FISHERIES. Catch op Salmon in Alaska Waters in 1915, by Apparatus and Species — Contd. Apparatus and species. Southeast Alaska. Central Alaska. Western Alaska. Total. Pounds. Value. Pounds. Value. Pounds. Value. Pounds. Value. Gill nets: Coho, or silver Chum, or keta Humpback, or pink. . King, or spring Red, or sockeye 1,285,860 388, 944 391, 200 1,707,882 2,418,410 $21,431 1,945 1,956 38, 815 72,552 430,314 816 4,536 832, 194 5,388,525 $7,172 6 21 18, 913 107, 771 595,350 4,316,728 148,000 3,101,428 72, 809, 100 $9,923 37, 771 555 70,487 1,456,182 2,311,524 4,706,488 543, 736 5,641,504 80,616,035 $38, 526 39,722 2,532 128, 215 1,636,505 Total 6, 192, 296 136, 699 6,656,385 133, 883 80,970,606 1,574,918 93, 819, 287 1,845,500 Traps: Coho, or silver Chum, or keta Humpback, or pink. . 2, 355, 792 11,335,912 73, 234, 128 503, 866 7,099,035 39,263 56,680 366, 171 11,451 212,971 956, 172 2,051,608 757, 736 1,254,594 17,215,560 15,936 16,387 3,789 28, 513 344,311 144,300 1, 647, 120 2,405 14,412 3,456,264 15,034,640 73,991,864 2,373,580 29,284,675 57,604 87, 479 369 960 King, or spring Red, or sockeye 615, 120 4,970,080 13, 980 99,402 53,944 656, 684 Total 94,528,733 688,536 22,235,670 408, 936 7, 376, 620 130, 199 124,141,023 1,225 671 Lines: Coho, or silver 467, 994 4,990,766 7,800 170, 140 467,994 4,990,706 7,800 King, or spring 170, 140 Total 5,458,760 177,940 5,458,760 177,940 Dip nets: King, or spring 45, 188 956, 550 1,027 19, 131 45, 188 956,550 1,027 19, 131 Red, or sockeye Total 1,001,738 20, 158 1,001,738 20, 158 Total: Coho, or silver Chum, or keta Humpback, or pink. . King, or spring Red, or sockeye 5,513,874 29,004,088 119, 795, 532 7,454,106 14,169,615 91,898 145,021 598,978 226, 124 425,088 1, 735, 980 3, 586, 640 3,642,044 2, 152, 034 31,316,100 28, 933 27,900 25,408 48,922 626,322 739, 650 5,965,336 148, 000 3,834,094 83,908,340 12,328 52,202 555 87, 138 1, 678, 167 7,989,504 38,556,064 123,585,576 13,440,834 129,394,055 133, 159 225, 123 624,941 362, 184 2,729,577 Grand total 175,937,215 1,487,109 42,433,398 757,485 94,595,420 1,830,390 312,966,033 4,074,984 Catch of Salmon in Washington Waters in 1915, by Apparatus and Species. Apparatus and species. Puget Sound. Grays Harbor. Willapa Harbor. Pounds. Value. Pounds. Value. Pounds. Value. Drag seines: Coho, or silver 40, 770 64, 864 9,084 15,488 730 $1,699 1,216 68 704 44 27, 708 272 $1, 154 5 Chum, or keta Humpback, or pink King, or spring .' 29, 590 1,345 Steelhead trout Total 130,936 3,731 57,570 2,504 Purse seines: Coho, or silver 3,106,365 10,247,648 17, 444, 812 224,510 1,223,465 113, 975 76, 466 192, 140 130, 836 10, 205 210, 112 6,839 Chum, or keta Humpback, or pink Sockeye, red, or blueback Steelhead trout Total 32, 360, 775 626,598 Gill nets: Coho, or silver 683, 214 774, 416 143, 932 510, 114 99, 250 16, 450 28, 467 14,520 1,080 23, 187 8,933 987 504, 420 425,592 9,478 6,684 22,590 13, 688 $941 Chum, or keta 257 Humpback, or pink King, or spring 340, 940 1, 448, 815 11, 780 14, 216 86, 935 707 139, 788 6 354 Sockeye, red, or blueback Steelhead trout 110 7 Total 2,227,376 77, 174 2, 731, 547 118, 020 176, 176 7,559 PACIFIC SALMON FISHERIES. 151 Catch of Salmon in Washington Waters in 1915, by Apparatus and Species— Continued. Apparatus and species. Trap nets: Coho, or silver Chum, orketa Humpback, or pink King, or spring Sockeye, red, or blueback. Steelhead trout Total Reef nets: Coho, or silver Chum, or keta Humpback, or pink King, or spring Sockeye, red, or blueback. Steelhead trout Total Set nets: Coho, or silver Chum, orketa Humpback, or pink King, or spring Sockeye, red, or blueback. Steelhead trout Total. Bag nets: Coho, or silver Humpback, or pink. Total . Lines: Coho, or silver . . . King, or Chinook. Total Grand total: Coho, or silver Chum, or keta Humpback, or pink King, or spring Sockeye, red, or blueback. Steelhead trout Total. Puget Sound. Pounds. Value. 3,825,648 1, 422, 112 11,630,852 5,221,106 2,091,650 144, 230 24,335,598 22,584 8,944 92, 952 5,016 6,790 2,500 138, 786 411,372 170, 840 152, 120 131, 186 16,865 6,480 3,600 2,100 5,700 $159, 402 26,665 87,224 237, 323 197,249 8,654 716,517 941 168 697 228 611 150 2,795 17, 140 3,203 1,141 5,963 1,518 29,354 Grays Harbor. Pounds. Value 272,640 145,056 405, 196 "i2,"650 835,542 121, 170 124,336 158,664 250 1,730 150 16 480,000 3,080,000 3,560,000 8,573,553 12,688,824 29,475,852 9, 187, 420 3,438,020 284,365 63, 648, 034 166 20,000 140, 000 160,000 304, 265 237,912 221,062 417,610 418,423 17,063 1,616,335 406, 150 $11,360 2,720 18,418 759 33,257 5,049 2,331 7,212 23 104 14,719 925,938 695, 256 934,396 1,449,065 26, 160 4,030,809 Willapa Harbor. Pounds. Value 150, 258 93, 744 1,593 350, 812 596,407 35,856 100, 768 104, 786 4,145 30 245,585 $6,261 1,758 16 15,946 23,981 1,464 1,889 4,763 373 2 8,491 27,041 11, 740 41, 191 86,958 1,570 168,500 208, 704 208,200 1,593 595,386 4,145 140 1,018,168 8,666 3,904 16 27,063 373 9 40,031 Apparatus and species. Columbia River. Pounds. Value Total. Pounds. Value Drag seines: Coho, or silver Chum, orketa Humpback, or pink King, or spring Sockeye, red, or blueback. Steelhead trout , Total Purse seines: Coho, or silver Chum, orketa Humpback, or pink King, or spring Sockeye, red, or blueback Steelhead trout Total 40,338 5,224 148 1,017,456 60,820 236,390 $1,681 98 1 46,248 5,474 14,363 108,816 70, 360 9,232 1,062,534 60,820 237, 120 $4,534 1,319 69 48,297 5,474 14,407 1,360,376 67,865 1,548,882 74,100 82,524 139,584 141,400 58,600 3,895 174,480 3,436 2,617 1,061 2,664 350 10,469 3,188,889 10,387,232 17,586,212 283, 110 1,227,360 288,455 79,902 194,757 131,897 12,869 210,462 17,308 600,483 20,597 32,961,258 647, 195 152 PACIFIC SALMON FISHERIES. Catch op Salmon in Washington Waters in 1915, by Apparatus and Species — Continued. Apparatus and species. Columbia River. Pounds. Value Total. Pounds. Value Gill nets: Coho, or silver Chum, or keta Humpback, or pink King, or spring Soekeye, red, or blueback. Steelhead trout Total. Trap nets: Coho, or silver Chum, or keta Humpback, or pink King, or spring Soekeye, red, or blueback . Steelhead trout Total. Reel nets: Coho, or silver Chum, or keta Humpback, or pink King, or spring Soekeye, red, or blueback . Steelhead trout Total. Set nets: Coho, or silver Chum, or keta Humpback, or pink King, or spring Soekeye, red, or blueback. Steelhead trout Total. Bag nets: Coho, or silver Humpback, or pink. Total. Wheels: King, or Chinook Soekeye, red, or blueback. Steelhead trout Total. Lines: Coho, or silver. . King, or spring. Total. Grand total: Coho, or silver Chum, or keta Humpback, or pink King, Chinook, or spring. . Soekeye, red, or blueback. Steelhead trout Total. 74,724 231, 960 4,996 3,474,402 24,065 368,892 $3, 114 4,349 37 157,941 2,166 22, 134 1,284,948 1,445,656 148,928 4,465,244 1,572,130 397,232 4,179,039 189,741 9,314,138 722, 844 207,992 18,840 4,008,224 89, 945 891,202 30, 118 3,900 141 182, 192 8,095 53,476 4,971,390 1,868,904 11,651,285 9,985,338 2,181,595 1,048,082 5,939,047 277, 922 31,706,594 22,584 8,944 92,952 5,016 6,790 2,500 138,786 1,776 3,832 1,732 40,216 9,870 11,790 77 72 13 1,828 888 717 570, 174 399,776 153, 852 434,852 31, 130 20,030 69,216 3,595 1,609,814 3,600 2,100 128,436 107,305 30,560 5,838 9,657 1,834 128,436 107, 305 30,560 266, 301 17,329 266, 301 90,000 440,000 3,750 20,000 570,000 3,520,000 1,012,206 588,592 167, 116 9,167,334 295,900 1,713,314 12,944,462 23,750 42,176 11,036 1,253 416,711 26,630 102,993 600,799 4,090,000 10,720,401 14.180,872 291644,561 19,884,530 5, 187, 130 2,023,979 81, 641, 473 pacific Salmon fisheries. 153 Catch op Salmon in Oregon in 1915, by Waters and Species. Species. Columbia River. Coastal streams. Total. Pounds. Value. Pounds. Value. Pounds. Value. Blueback 264,770 1,561,337 20,515.436 2,493,650 2,279,202 $13,239 24,396 1,230,926 87, 278 136, 752 696 518,574 3,024,430 2, 102, 602 62,656 $35 8,103 151,222 63,178 3,759 265,466 2,079,911 23,539,866 4,596,252 2,341,858 $13,274 Chum 32,499 1,382,148 150, 456 Silverside 140, 511 Total 27,114,395 1,492,591 5, 708, 958 226,297 32,823,353 1,718,888 Catch of Salmon in California in 1915, by Waters and Species. Location. Chinook. Silvers. Steelhead. Total. Pounds. Value. Pounds. Value. Pounds. Value. Pounds. Value. Eel, Mad, Klamath, and Smith Rivers 1,649,189 56,247 3,471,624 3,035,446 $82,460 2,S12 173,581 151,772 286,719 $14,336 33,206 $1,992 1,969,114 56,247 3,471,624 3,045,446 $98, 788 Fort Bragg, Mendocino County 2,812 San Francisco Bay and tribu- taries 173,581 Monterey Bay 10,000 500 152, 272 Total... 8,212,506 410,625 296,719 14,836 33,206 1,992 8,542,431 427, 453 PACK OF CANNED SALMON IN 1915. The following table shows by sections, species, and styles of can the pack of Pacific coast (exclusive of Siberia and Japan) canned sal- mon in 1915: Species, grades, and sizes. Alaska. Puget Sound. Queets River. Sole- duck River. Qui- nault River. Grays Harbor. Wil- lapa Harbor. Colum- bia River. Coho, or silver: Cases. 4,201 2,338 120, 031 Cases. 38,196 28,765 113, 822 Cases. Cases. Cases. 126 409 853 Cases. 2,848 4,328 6,860 Cases. 4,008 Cases. 12 757 20 1,300 3,381 17, 198 Total 126,570 180, 783 1,320 1,388 14,036 4,008 33 336 Chinook, or king, red: Fancy— 4,540 6,692 15,260 168,383 161 171 1-pound flat 1-pound tall 17 650 1 807 Standard— 4-pound flat 4,111 3,735 77,848 127 22 71 458 630 685 492 2,656 22,429 1-pound flat 14 819 1-pound tall 388 30'227 Total 85,694 26,492 388 220 1,773 3,148 416 486 Chinook, or king, white: 1,038 155 88 681 169 777 1,500 26 800 936 1,974 826 924 2,446 154 PACIFIC SALMON FISHERIES. Species, grades, and sizes. Alaska. Puget Sound. Queets River. Sole- duck River. Qui- nault River. Grays Harbor. Wil- lapa Harbor. Colum- bia River. Chum, or keta: Cases. Cases. 1,368 1,878 408,528 Cases. Cases. Cases. Cases. Cases. Cases. 4,026 317 484, 091 12 180 8 1,985 37 22,700 5,686 9,278 73,226 Total 4S4, 408 411, 774 192 1,993 22, 737 5,686 86, 530 Humpback, or pink: 4,321 3,508 1, 862, 544 26, 919 11, 680 545, 050 Total 1, 870, 373 583,649 Sockeye, or red: 1,529 53, 965 111,698 1, 755, 104 55,411 8,476 697 344 200 968 19, 532 3,085 355 4,709 750 Total 1,922,296 64,584 1,512 22, 972 5,459 Steelhead trout: 6,836 8,935 10, 952 1 Total 1. . 26 723 1 4, 489, 341 1,269,256 1,512 2,726 27, 497 40,992 1 12.842 568,534 Species, grades, and sizes. Neha- lem River. Tilla- mook Bay. Nes- tugga River. Siletz River. Alsea Bay and River. Sius- law River. Ump- qua River. Coos Bay and River. Co- quille River. Coho, or silver: Cases. 200 Cases. Cases. 1,900 Cases. 1,525 Cases. 1,640 213 1,600 Cases. 346 Cases. 949 Cases. 1,050 2,000 450 Cases. 1 366 1,400 4,949 2,100 1,000 1,409 3,039 3,765 Total 1,600 4,949 4,000 2,525 3,453 1,755 3,988 3,500 5,131 Chinook, or king, red: Standard — 1,795 200 600 250 5,425 190 1,481 103 1,400 155 1,209 76 1,030 484 Total 800 5,675 1,671 1,503 1,364 1,106 2,279 Chum, or keta: 1-pound tall. . 500 10,599 460 650 50 5,131 2,900 21,223 6,131 4,678 4,867 1,755 5,094 3,500 12,541 PACIFIC SALMON FISHERIES. 155 Species, grades, and sizes. Rogue River. Smith River. Kla- math River. Sacra- mento River. Monte- rey Bay. British Colum- bia. Total. Coho, or silver: Cases. Cases. 788 290 Cases. Cases. Cases. Cases. 67,683 15,521 63, 752 Cases. 135,575 515 2,500 59, 990 347, 826 515 1,078 2,500 146, 956 543, 391 Chinook, or king, red: Fancy — 1,643 17,451 174,566 185,314 32, 910 1,807 Standard— 1,295 750 100 100 35,310 1,327 14, 492 206 399 66,275 10, 400 5.679 500 38, 178 660 137, 775 206 1,880 19, 094 1,955 10, 400 6,179 950 51, 734 638,911 Chinook, or king, white: 289 524 5,557 1,651 1,415 9,474 6,370 12,540 Chum, or keta: 5,394 2,739 79, 261 14,269 1,093,047 82,000 1, 112, 710 Humpback, or pink: 76, 072 26,290 264, 990 107, 312 41,478 2,672,584 367, 352 2, 821, 374 Sockeye, or red: 3,737 1,579 3,737 1,579 1,529 335, 705 44,225 90, 796 469,666 167,684 1,848,670 Total 476, 042 2,492,865 Steelhead trout: 978 273 1,676 7,814 9,208 12, 628 2,927 29,650 19,609 3,033 12,900 6,179 950 1, 133, 381 7,651,441 X. STATISTICAL DATA FOR OTHER YEARS. CANNING INDUSTRY OF PACIFIC COAST FROM 1864 TO 1915. From the beginning of the canning of salmon on this coast it has been the most important branch of the industry, and the following table shows in condensed form the number of cases packed in each year on the Pacific coast of North America from the beginning of the industry in 1864 to 1915. As British Columbia is a province of the Dominion of Canada it does not come strictly within the scope of this report, but in order to show the pack of canned salmon on the North American shores of the Pacific Ocean, which would be incomplete without that of the province, it has been included also. Pack op Canned Salmon on the Pacific Coast, by Years and Waters. Years. 1866.. 1867.. 1868.. 1869.. 1870.. 1871.. 1872.. 1873.. 1874.. 1875.. 1876.. 1877.. 1878.. 1879.. 1880.. 1881.. 1882.. 1883.. 1884.. 1885.. 1886.. 1887.. 1888.. 1889., 1890., 1891.. 1892.. 1893.. 1894. 1895. 1896. 1897. 1898. 1899. 1900. 1901. 1902. 1903. 1904. 1905. 1906. 1907. 1908. 1909. 1910. 1911. 1912. 1913. 1914. 1915. Total 17,185,556 Puget Sound. Cases. 5,500 238 1,300 5,100 8,500 7,900 1,500 5,500 12,000 17,000 22, 000 21, 975 11,674 8,000 20, 529 26, 426 89, 774 95,400' 179,968 195, 664 494,026 400, 200 919,611 469, 450 1,380,590 581,659 478, 488 291,488 1,018,641 430, 602 698, 080 448, 765 1, 632, 949 567, 883 1,551,028 416,125 2,583,463 817, 354 1,269,206 Coastal streams of Washing- ton. Cases. 18,431 19, 914 13, 124 21,459 31,735 104,663 Grays Harbor. Cases. 5,420 37,000 500 16, 500 22,000 21,400 11,449 21,274 13, 300 12, 100 24, 240 30, 800 41, 500 31,500 27, 559 22, 050 22,000 14, 000 14, 000 19, 787 51,130 75,941 47, 287 19,895 32,434 40, 992 676,058 Willapa Harbor. Cases. 22,500 8,000 14,500 16, 195 15, 100 22,600 24, 941 29,600 21,420 21,314 26,300 34,000 39, 492 5,890 26,400 14, 950 14, 440 13,382 20, 457 12,024 14, 508 25,497 28, 148 12,050 16,837 12, 842 513,387 Columbia River. Cases. 4,000 18, 000 28,000 100, 000 150, 000 200, 000 250, 000 250, 000 350, 000 375, 000 450, 000 380, 000 460, 000 480,000 530,000 550, 000 541,300 629,400 620, 000 553, 800 448, 500 356,000 372, 477 309,885 435, 774 398, 953 487,338 415, 876 490, 100 634. 696 481. 697 552, 721 487, 944 332, 774 358, 772 390, 183 317,143 339, 577 395, 104 397, 273 394, 898 324,171 253,341 274,087 391,415 543,331 285,666 266,479 454,621 558,534 19,068,830 Coastal streams of Oregon. Cases. 7,804 16, 634 8,571 7,772 12,320 19, 186 16, 156 12,376 9,370 49, 147 73,996 92, 863 98,800 47,009 24,500 83,600 52, 778 54,815 77, 878 87,360 60, 158 75, 679 82,041 12,237 58, 618 44,236 54, 861 98, 874 89, 055 107, 332 79, 712 52, 478 58, 169 103, 617 138, 152 84,074 38,492 106,617 80,499 2,277,776 Smith River, Cal. Cases. 4,277 "7," 500 5,500 1,550 2,347 2,000 2,000 2,250 3,000 3,033 33,457 156 PACIFIC SALMON FISHERIES. 157 Pack of Canned Salmon on the Pacific Coast, by Years and Waters — Con. Years. Klamath River, Cal. Eel River, Cal. Sacramento River. Alaska. British Columbia. Total. 1864 Cases. Cases. Cases. 2,000 2,000 Cases. Cases. Cases.a 2 000 1865 . 2 000 1866 4 000 1867 18,000 28,000 100, 000 150, 000 1868 1869 1870 1871 . 200,000 250,000 1872 1873 250,000 352, 500 1874 . 2,500 3,000 10, 000 21, 500 34,017 13,855 62, 000 181,200 200,000 123, 000 81,450 90,000 39,300 36,500 68,075 57,300 25,065 10,353 2,281 23,336 28,463 25,185 13,387 38, 543 29,731 32, 580 39,304 17,500 14,043 8,200 14,407 2,780 1875 378,000 1876 7,247 58,3S7 89, 946 61,093 61, 849 169, 576 240, 461 163, 438 123, 706 108, 517 152. 964 204, 083 184,040 417,211 411,257 314,511 248, 721 610, 202 492, 232 587,692 617, 782 1, 027, 183 492, 551 765, 519 606, 540 1,247,212 627, 161 473,847 465, 894 1, 167, 822 629,460 547,459 566,303 993,060 760, 830 948. 965 996, 576 1,353,901 1,111,039 1,133,381 467,247 481 691 1877 8,500 10, 500 1878 8,159 12, 530 6,539 8,977 21, 745 48, 337 64,886 83,415 142,065 206,677 412,115 719, 196 682, 591 801,400 474, 717 643, 654 686,440 626,530 966, 707 909, 078 965, 097 1, 078, 146 1, 548, 139 2, 016, 804 2,536,824 2, 246, 210 1,953,756 1,894,516 2, 219, 044 2, 169, 873 2, 606, 973 2,395,477 2,413,054 2,823,817 4,054,641 3,739,185 4,056,653 4, 489, 016 629, 191 577,349 687,010 930,573 1,030,592 981,831 907,918 857, 042 848,976 899, 256 1,217,792 1,614,066 1,609,696 1,578,746 1,354,083 1,876,915 1,887,150 2,169,848 2,408,812 3,124,609 2,484,722 3,257,825 3,091,542 5,1S6,407 4, 194, 558 3, 607, 073 3,276,882 4,607,087 3 817 776 1879 1880 6,250 1881 1882 1883 15, 000 8, 200 5,750 12,500 1884 1885 1886 1887 1888 4,400 1889 1890 1891 1892 i,047 1,600 1,700 1,600 1893 1894 1895 1896 1897 1898 1899 1,600 1900 1901 1902 2,500 1903 1904 3,400 1905 1906 1907 3, 522' 506 3,962,317 5,393,670 4,316,453 6,145,308 5,961,431 8,033,915 6,648,325 7,639,267 1908...- 1909 5,633 8,016 7,604 18,000 6,376 11,000 12,900 1910 6,000 8,400 11,000 1911 4,142 1912 1913 950 17,315 b 7, 129 1914 1915. Total 86,329 50,650 1,382,391 52,732,983 21,239,618 115,021,957 « Reduced to a common basis of forty-eight 1-pound cans to the case. b Includes 950 cases packed at Monterey. CANNING INDUSTRY, BY SPECIES AND WATERS. The tables which follow show separately, by waters and as far as possible by species, the salmon canned on the Pacific coast from the beginning of the industry until 1915. It is only within recent years that the published statistics have shown the pack of the different spe- cies separately. In the early years of canning the chinoo/k, or quinnat, salmon was used exclusively, the other species not being utilized until the chinook had begun to decrease in abundance, or a demand had arisen for a cheaper product. There is a very great difference 158 PACIFIC SALMON FISHERIES. in the selling value of the highest and lowest grades, and it is neces- sary to have complete statistical data now in order intelligently to comprehend the trend of the industry. While every effort has been made to make these tables complete, there are, unfortunately, some gaps which it was found impossible to fill. Such ellipses indicate that either the canneries did not operate or that no data were available for such periods. Trade names of each species as known in each district, follow: Districts. Alaska. British Columbia. Puget Sound Columbia River . . Outside rivers — Red. Sockeye do Blueback . . Quinault... King. Spring Tyee, spring. Chinook Quinnat Coho Medium red. Silver. Coho do Silverside . . . do Pink. Humpback do None packed.. do Chum. Keta. Chum. D.o. Do. Do. Although there are only five species of salmon found on the Pacific coast, each bears several common names which are in general use in one or more of the many fishing districts. Pack of Canned Salmon on Puget Sound in Specified Years. Can- neries oper- ated. Chinook. Sockeye. Medium red, or silver. Years. Cases. Value. Cases. Value. Cases. Value. 4 2 1 2 2 3 3 7 11 12 18 19 19 5,000 238 1,300 $5,690 1881 1883 1884 1888 1889 240 1,000 382 86 1,200 $1,200 5,000 2,101 473 6,480 7,180 3,000 5,869 7,206 11,812 22,418 50, 865 82,640 91,900 98, 600 111,387 128, 200 37,400 1890 15,000 1891 5,538 2,954 47,852 41, 781 65, 143 72, 979 312, 048 252,000 499, 646 229, 800 1, 220, 000 372, 301 167, 211 109, 264 825, 453 178, 748 93,122 170, 951 1,097,904 248, 014 127, 769 184,680 1, 673, 099 339, 787 64,584 $24, 921 11, 816 103, 371 188, 014 273, 108 350, 299 1,248,192 1,058,400 2,368,334 1, 149, 000 19, 368 1892 24,500 1893 . 59, 060 1894 89, 672 1895 • i, 542 13, 495 9,500 11, 200 24,364 22, 350 7,325 67, 475 39, 045 50, 624 103, 180 134, 100 154,218 1896 264,448 1897 282, 133 1898 335, 240 1899 418, 176 1900 512, 800 1901 1902 21 22 13 24 16 14 11 24 15 21 21 32 22 40 30, 049 14,500 14,441 1,804 8,139 1,814 95, 210 13, 019 10,064 21,823 20, 252 1,234 27, 140 28,466 150, 245 72, 500 69,352 9,922 48, 834 16,326 666, 470 72, 604 60, 324 172, 582 101, 706 5,247 179, 532 145, 555 2, 047, 655 1, 003, 260 653, 871 4,952,718 1,251,236 698, 416 1, 196, 657 6, 183, 300 1, 673, 095 1, 168, 145 1, 660, 173 10,871,178 2, 751, 832 676, 769 85, 817 103, 450 118, 127 79, 335 94, 497 119, 472 128,922 143, 133 162, 755 256, 123 149, 727 61,019 158,933 180, 783 429, 085 1903 413, 800 1904 447, 851 1905 337, 174 1906 472,485 1907 476, 288 1908 644,922 1909 630, 446 1910 895, 153 1911 1.711,178 1912 761, 200 1913 235, 372 1914 1915 715,995 902,335 PACIFIC SALMON FISHERIES. 159 Pack of Canned Salmon on Puget Sound in Specified Years — Continued. Years. Can- neries oper- ated. Chum. Pink. Total. Cases. Value. Cases. Value. Cases. Value. 1877 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 500 5,500 238 1.300 5.100 8, 500 7,900 1.500 5,500 12, 000 17, 000 22, 000 21.975 11,674 8,000 20, 529 26, 426 89, 774 95, 400 179, 968 195, 664 494, 026 400, 200 919, 611 469, 450 1,380,590 581,659 478,488 291,488 1,018,641 430,602 698, 080 448, 765 1, 632, 949 567, 883 1,551,028 416, 125 2,583,463 817, 354 1,269,206 85,690 1880 1881 1882 i . 1884 i 1885 1 1886 i 1887 1 1888 4 2 1 2 2 3 3 7 11 12 18 19 19 1 • 126, 356 1889 1,145 4,000 3,093 16, 180 11,380 22, 152 38,785 26, 550 23,310 38,400 31,481 89, 100 S3, 435 12, 000 10, 825 56, 630 31,295 60, 918 94,741 73, 013 64, 103 105, 600 86, 427 245, 025 2,809 17, 584 49, 619 1890 32,000 1891 5,647 15, 246 72, 461 1892 93,419 1893 17, 530 9,049 23, 633 47, 331 24,432 62, 556 247; 537 1894 363, 036 1895 591,948 1896 755, 235 1897 57, 268 171, 804 1, 805, 277 1898 1,549,864 1899 252, 733 734, 241 3,710,358 1900 . 1,940,925 1901 1902 21 22 13 24 16 14 11 24 15 21 21 32 22 40 93,492 12, 001 49, 656 41,057 149, 218 50, 219 47, 607 53, 688 146, 942 98,321 60,760 56, 225 290, 477 411,724 467, 460 30, 002 124,254 102, 643 708, 781 150, 847 142, 821 128,916 514,297 391, 123 154, 193 124, 970 903, 675 1, 155, 474 3,094,445 1903 181, 326 407, 984 1.927,546 1904 1, 295, 328 1905 70, 992 212,976 5,615,433 1906 2,481,336 1907 433,423 6,075 370,993 108 1,046,992 700 791, 886 1,017 583, 649 1,300,269. 18, 225 902, 342 388 4,302,344 2,185 2, 092, 401 4,615 1,795,285 2,642,146 1908 2,669,095 1909 7, 917, 608 1910 3,143,256 1911 7,745,372 1912 2, 679, 457 1913 13, 329, 168 1914 4, 555, 649 1915 4,675,418 Pack op Canned Salmon on Queets River in Specified Years. Years. Canneries operated. Chinook. Sockeye. Silverside. Cases. Value. Cases. Value. Cases. Value. 1912 1 1 1 1 750 1,082 1,175 $4, 500 7,574 5,875 200 220 200 1,512 $2, 080 1,848 2,134 9,072 2,500 1,680 1,800 $11,500 1913 5,712 1914 6,966 1915 Years. Canneries operated. Chum. StJA Total. Cases. Value. Cases. Value. Cases. Value. 1912 1 1 1 1 1,000 670 1,020 $2, 400 1,461 2,887 4,450 4,252 4,695 1,512 $20 480 1913 600 500 $3,300 2,750 19, 895 1914 20,612 1915 9,072 160 PACIFIC SALMON FISHERIES. Canned Salmon Pack on Soleduck River in Specified Years. Years. Canneries operated. Chinook, or black. Sockeye. Silverside. Cases. Value. Cases. Value. Cases. Value. 1912 1 1 1 1 414 206 237 388 $2, 484 1,442 1,185 1,940 15 $156 940 1,040 1,439 1,320 $4,324 1913 3,536 5,574 6,072 1914 1915 Years. Canneries operated. Pink." Chum. Total. Cases. Value. Cases. Value. Cases. Value. 1912 1 1 1 1 103 $268 76 28 103 192 $182 61 291 538 1,548 1,274 1,968 2,726 $7, 414 1913 5,039 1914 189 826 567 2,478 7,617 1915 11,028 a These are virtually all light-colored chinooks. Pack op Canned Salmon on Quinault River in Specified Years. Years. Canneries operated. Chinook. Sockeye. Silverside. Cases. Value. Cases. Value. Cases. Value. 1911a 1 2 1 2 2 5,000 $35,000 2,031 4,500 6 22,397 12, 074 22, 972 $16,000 40,500 188, 135 120,740 239,989 6,000 3,916 7,106 1,623 1,388 $42,000 1912 18,014 1913 24,160 1914 51 1,144 255 6,864 6,281 1915 6,807 Years. Canneries operated. Chum. Total. Cases. Value. Cases. Value. 1911 a 1 2 1 2 2 5,400 5,500 $27,000 13,200 18,431 13, 916 7,598 14, 796 27,497 $120,000 1912 71,714 1913 212^295 1914 1,048 1,993 2,966 5,580 130,242 1915 259,240 o Previous to this date the fish were transported to the Aberdeen and Hoquiam canneries and prepared there. 6 The greater portion of these were brought to Aberdeen and canned. PACIFIC SALMON FISHEItfES. 161 Pack of Canned Salmon on Grays Harbor in Specified Years. Years. Can- neries oper- ated. Chinook. Cases. Value. Silverside. Cases. Value. Chum. Cases. Value Total. Value. 1878. 1879. 1885. 1886. 1888. 1891. 1892. 1893. 1894. 1895. 1896. 1897. 1898. 1899. 1900. 1901. 1902. 1904. 1905. 1906. 1907. 1908. 1909. 1910. 1911. 1912. 1913. 1914. 1915 5,420 4,500 4,500 12,300 56 7,816 3,100 5,100 5,000 6,700 $15, 390 22,500 61,500 202 36,806 11,741 23,052 21,250 33,500 500 9,000 12,000 4,100 8,876 9,278 8,300 4,800 15,740 12,900 $1,500 30,780 48,000 16,400 28,403 29,689 23,481 16.320 59,025 51,600 3,000 5,500 5,000 2,517 4,180 1,900 2,200 3,500 11,200 $9, 415 14,850 13,500 6,922 11,495 5,000 6,050 8,750 30,800 4,000 4,339 2,050 2,500 1,000 1,000 5,721 15, 495 15,773 9,060 1,253 11,899 4,219 20,000 20,163 9,225 10,000 7,000 7,000 20,819 90,718 110, 411 54,360 8,771 59,495 20,089 10,000 14,904 13,000 11,500 9,500 9,500 9,019 21, 768 28,991 26,162 5,723 9,156 14,036 45,000 51,854 52,000 43,900 47,500 47,500 38, 146 108,840 202,937 120,345 19,458 35,434 61,707 17,500 8,316 7,000 8,000 3,500 3,500 5,047 13,867 c 31, 177 12,065 12,919 11,379 22,737 70,000 21,022 18,200 21,500 11,500 11,500 11,608 48,534 155,885 28,956 28,163 32,203 63,678 8,200 18,700 37,000 500 16,500 22,000 21,400 11,449 21,274 13,300 12,100 24,240 30,800 41,500 31,500 27,559 22,050 22,000 14,000 14,000 ol9,787 6 51, 130 75,941 47,287 19,895 32,434 40,992 $29,268 212,750 1,500 55,585 85,350 91,400 35,527 57,990 40,222 45,422 89,025 115,900 135,000 93,039 79,425 75,400 66,000 66,000 70, 573 248,092 469, 233 203,661 56,392 127, 132 145,474 a Also 1,649 cases, valued at $9,051, with sockeyes brought from Puget Sound. t> Also 4,350 cases of " Quinault," or sockeyej salmon. e Includes 6,730 cases of humpbacks. Pack of Canned Salmon on Willapa Harbor in Specified Years. Years. Can- neries opera- ted. Chinook or black. Silverside. Chum. Total. Cases. Value. Cases. Value. Cases. Value. Cases. Value. 1886 13,600 1887 4 3 1 1 1 1 2 2 1 2 3 3 1888 22,500 8,000 14,500 16, 195 15,100 22,600 24,941 29,600 21,420 21,314 26,300 34,000 39,492 5,890 26,400 14,950 14,440 13,382 20,457 12,024 14,508 25,497 o 28, 148 12,050 16,837 12, 842 $129,375 1891 8,000 9,000 7,895 5,600 13,047 11,940 14,600 9,809 10,675 12,400 $24,666 30,780 31,580 22,400 41, 150 38,208 44, 822 33,351 40,031 49,600 24,000 1892 3,000 1,700 2,700 4,636 4,551 8,100 5,865 5,650 6,700 $10,260 9,180 14,580 23,180 22,755 33,291 26,510 25,425 33,500 2,500 6,600 6,800 4,917 8,450 6,900 5,746 4,989 7,200 $7,745 18, 150 18,700 13,222 21,238 18,975 15,802 13,720 19,800 48,785 58, 910 1893 1894 55, 680 1895 77,552 1896 82,201 97,088 1897 1898 75 663 1899 79, 176 1900 102,900 1901 1902 2 1 2 2 2 2 2 1 1 2 3 2 3 2 5,836 2,300 3,000 4,650 4,000 3,530 4,017 1,455 2,923 5,717 6,123 67 2,924 3,148 29, 186 13,800 12,000 20,925 16,000 15,354 20,585 5,869 15,077 40,019 36,738 469 14,431 19,380 9,128 2,390 7,400 4,300 5,340 9,228 5,923 4,822 5,096 9,298 8,030 3,111 7,179 4,008 41, 076 10,755 28,440 17,200 21,360 36,682 23,692 17,359 25,480 65,086 36,938 10,577 27,749 18,437 24,528 1,200 16,000 6,000 5,100 624 10,517 5,747 3,489 10,482 9,533 8,872 6,734 5,686 97, 112 3,300 38,700 15,000 13,260 2,496 36,809 13, 163 22,711 52,410 22,879 19,368 19,077 15,921 167 368 1903 27 855 1904 79 140 1905 1906 50 620 1907 54,532 81 086 1908 1909 36,391 1910 1911 1912 108,' 156 30 414 1913 1914 6l'256 53 738 1915 62425°— 17- « Includes 4,462 cases of humpbacks, valued at $11,601. -11 162 PACIFIC SALMON FISHEEIES. Pack of Canned Salmon on the Columbia River from the Inception of the Industry to 1915. Years. Can- neries oper- ated. Chinook. Blueback. Silverside. Cases. Value. Cases. Value. Cases. Value. 1866 1 1 2 4,000 18, 000 28,000 100,000 150,000 200,000 250,000 250,000 350, 000 375, 000 450,000 380, 000 460, 000 480,000 530,000 550,000 541,300 629,400 « 629,400 ' 553, 800 448,500 356,000 372,477 266,697 335,604 353,907 344, 267 288,773 351,106 444,909 370,943 432,753 329,666 255,824 262,392 $64,000 288,000 392,000 1,350,000 1,800,000 2,100,000 2,325,000 2,250,000 2,625,000 2,250,000 2,475,000 2,052,000 2,300,000 2,640,000 2,650,000 2,475,000 2,600,000 $,147,000 2,915,000 2,500,000 2,135,000 2,124,000 2,327,981 1,600,182 1,946,087 2,038,566 1,996,388 1,559,374 1,895,976 2,428,658 1,840,511 1,804,221 1,490,394 1,458,175 1,821,258 1867 1868 1869 . 1870 1871 . . 1872 1873 . . 1874 13 13 1875 . 1876 . 1877 1878 . 30 30 29 35 1879 18S0 . 1881 . 1882 . 1883 . 1884 . . 1885 . 1886.. 39 1887.. 1888 28 21 21 22 24 24 24 24 24 22 23 17 16 1889 17, 797 57,345 15, 482 66,547 30,459 43,814 18,015 16,983 12,972 66,670 23,969 13,162 $101,051 290,069 284, 242 372,909 152,295 224,430 86,523 81,518 51,888 300,015 134,723 92,184 1890 1891 1892 4,176 29. 107 42, 758 99,601 44. 108 60,850 65,431 29,608 44,925 $20, 8S0 1893 116,428 1894 171,032 1895 329,683 1896 141,145 1897 197,762 1898 222, 465 1899 112,055 1900 202, 163 1901 1902 14 16 20 19 19 19 14 15 15 15 15 15 17 19 270,580 301,762 320,378 327,106 311,334 258,433 210,096 162,131 244,285 405,862 220,317 192, 116 289,464 406,486 1,428,743 1,610,614 1,944,690 1,962,636 1,868,007 17,037 8,383 12,911 7,768 7,816 5,504 8,581 o27,908 6,234 5,988 8,210 11,152 35,311 5,459 86,465 42,867 78,048 46,608 54,712 10,532 12, 181 31,254 26,826 41,446 31, 757 31,432 42, 178 68,922 79, 416 31,842 40,969 69,769 33,336 44,732 1903 49, 869 1904 118, 357 1905 114,011 1906 124,338 1907 1908 1909 1,203,546 1,882,137 2,204,185 1,988,526 1,664,670 2,573,502 5,694,361 214,561 34,287 47,904 85,384 93,677 376,924 56,707 185,070 1910 363,688 1911 549,478 1912 177, 248 1913 175,412 1914 380,666 1915 173,234 Total o Of these, 2,846 cases, valued at $23,203, were packed with sockeyes brought from Puget Sound. PACIFIC SALMON FISHERIES. 163 Pack op Canned Salmon on the Columbia River from the Inception of the Industry to 1915 — Continued. Years. Can- neries oper- ated. Chum. Steelhead trout. Total. Cases. Value. Cases. Value. Cases. Value. 1866 1 1 2 4,000 18, 000 28, 000 100, 000 150, 000 200, 000 250,000 250,000 850, 000 375, 000 450, 000 380, 000 460, 000 480, 000 530, 000 550, 000 541, 300 629, 400 629, 400 553, 800 448, 500 356, 000 372, 477 309,885 435, 774 398, 953 487, 338 415, 876 490, 100 634, 696 481,697 552, 721 487, 944 332, 774 - 358,772 390,183 317,143 339,577 395, 104 397, 273 394, 898 324, 171 253,341 a 274, 087 391, 415 543,331 285,666 266, 479 454, 621 558, 534 $64,000 288,000 392,000 1,350,000 1,800,000 2, 100, 000 2 325 000 1867 1868 1869 1870... 1871 1872 1873 1874 13 13 2 625 000 1875 1S76 2 475' 000 1877 2 052' 000 1878 30 30 29 35 2, 300^ 000 2,640,000 2,650,000 1879 1880 1881 1882 2, 600, 000 3, 147, 000 2, 915, 000 2,500,000 2, 135, 000 2, 124, 000 2, 23*, 862 1,809,820 2, 407, 456 2, 440, 964 2, 679, 069 2, 095, 934 2,501,126 3, 110, 997 2, 261, 826 2,219,311 2 073, 226 1,777,975 2, 282, 296 1, 942, 660 1,644,509 1, 777, 105 2,242,678 2,237,571 2, 149, 062 1,763,490" 1,380,708 1, 760, 088 2,544,198 3, 052, 164 2, 319, 856 2,012,387 3, 695, 989 4, 305, 292 1883 1884 1885 1886 39 1887 1888 28 21 21 22 24 24 24 24 24 22 23 17 16 1889 25,391 42,825 29,564 72,348 65,226 52, 422 49, 678 49, 663 46, 146 26, 277 11, 994 20,597 $108, 587 171,300 118, 156 288, 892 260, 904 209, 688 203,542 198, 652 165, 440 60,352 39, 186 102, 985 1890 1891 1892 1893 2,311 $6, 933 1894 1895 22,493 62,591 1896 1897 1898 1899 11,379 17, 696 33,836 63, 706 1900 1901 1902 14 16 20 19 19 19 14 15 15 15 15 15, 17 19 10, 401 10, 000 20, 693 25,751 27, 802 22,556 16, 884 24, 542 66, 538 53, 471 18, 699 13, 303 49,285 86, 530 41, 604 37,500 52, 691 65, 206 69,505 8,593 7,251 9,868 9,822 6,500 5,921 10, 726 17, 382 5, 436 8,594 6,958 S,939 10, 792 26, 723 42,965 36,255 48, 892 49,110 32,500 1903 1904 1905 1906 1907 1908 57, 115 232,883 203, 198 46, 590 29,486 305, 541 251, 632 1909 99, 796 31,203 47,399 22, 108 49, 142 59, 356 129,358 1910 1911 1912 1913 1914 1915 Total L9,068,S30 110,178,619 1 1 a 55 cases of humpbacks, valued at $132, were also packed with humpbacks brought from Puget Sound. 164 PACIFIC SALMON FISHERIES. Pack op Canned Salmon on the Nehalem River, Oreg., in Specified Years. Years. Can- neries oper- ated. Chinook. Silverside. Chum. Total. Cases. Value. Cases. Value. Cases. Value. Cases. Value. 1887 1 5,000 6,000 9,000 3,500 10,000 6,723 6,493 6,904 8,046 11, 750 9,508 10,077 $30,000 32,000 45,500 14,000 40,000 26, 892 1889 1890 1891 .. 2 2 1 2 2 1892 .. 10,000 5,031 4,866 5,152 5,218 8,366 5,700 7,405 840,000 20,124 19,464 16,486 15,654 25, 098 19,380 26,658 1893 .. 1,692 1,627 1,752 2,828 3,384 3,808 1,384 86, 768 6,508 7,008 8,484 10, 152 9,891 5,536 1894 .. 25,972 1895 .. 23,494 24, 138 1896 1897 ... 35,250 29,271 36, 058 1898 . 1899 1,288 $3,864 1900 1901 268 271 686 500 2,700 3,987 4,000 5,000 1,985 3,500 5,821 1,139 1,431 3,670 2,500 16,200 23,922 28,000 35, 000 10,542 24,500 46, 568 3,273 3,169 4,615 5,000 2,900 4,976 6,600 6,100 4,554 5,400 14, 878 13,331 764 11,800 5,400 13,092 13,468 19, 614 20,000 12,325 14,928 19,800 18,300 20,253 29, 700 81, 829 73,321 3,056 63, 720 24,840 2,669 2,570 7,206 10,280 6,210 6,010 5,301 11,500 11,600 11,020 12, 600 13,116 7,443 10,400 24,138 14,902 1,069 18,309 8,060 21,437 1902 25, 179 1903 .. 22,284 1904 6,000 6,000 2,057 2,000 2,016 909 1,500 3,439 1,571 5 1,668 2,260 12,000 15,000 5,143 6,000 6,048 2,091 4,500 13,048 3,927 11 4,170 6,328 34,500 1905 43,525 1906 42,993 53,800 1907 1908 59,348 32, 886 1909 1910 5S.700 1911 141,445 1912 77,248 4,567 1913 300 4,841 400 1,500 33,887 2,400 1914 101,777 1915 33,568 Pack op Canned Salmon on Tillamook Bay, Oreg., in Specified Years. Years. Can- neries oper- ated. Chinook. Silverside. Chum. Total. Cases. Value. Cases. Value. Cases. Value. Cases. Value. 4,500 9,800 37, 000 21,000 14,633 9,500 14,009 1886 2 2 2 1887 $115,500 1888 84, 140 52, 250 79,049 1891 2 2 1 2 3 1892 18,000 4,000 7,763 6,514 4,860 9,000 10,342 3,889 872,000 16,000 31,052 20, 845 14,580 27,000 35, 162 14,036 18,000 11,416 9,163 13,515 7, 000 11,000 15,342 11,190 72,000 1893 497 700 81,988 2,800 6,919 700 7,001 817,297 1,750 19,253 35, 285 1894 35, 602 1895 40, 098 1896 2,200 2,000 5,000 2,180 6,600 6,000 13,000 8,720 21,180 33, 000 1898 48, 162 1899 5,121 15,363 38, 119 1900 1901 848 215 4,240 1,135 2,133 2,287 2,727 4,400 1,700 2,364 3,410 6,000 5,029 4,500 12,663 6,418 1,000 4,131 4,549 -9,598 9,720 11,590 17,600 7,650 7,092 10,230 21,000 21,809 24,750 69,647 32,090 4,000 22, 307 20,925 3,901 4,093 2,620 6,500 8,800 1,270 2,314 4,000 3,712 2,000 5,277 4,550 1,000 6,707 9,099 10, 728 16,372 10,480 13,000 22,000 3,175 6,942 12,000 8,538 6,000 20,053 11,375 2,200 16,867 25,477 6,882 6, 595 5,347 10, 900 11,600 5,504 7,724 12,300 11,356 9,400 26,373 14,779 4,600 15,572 19,323 24, 566 1902 27, 227 1903 22,070 1904 30,600 1905 1,100 1,870 2,000 2,300 2,615 2,900 8,433 3,811 2,600 4,734 5,675 6,600 11,220 14,000 16, 100 15,663 20,300 67,464 26,677 15,600 33, 138 34,300 36, 250 1906 21,487 1907 31, 172 1908 49,100 1909 46,010 1910 51,050 1911 157,164 1912 70, 142 1913 21,800 1914 72,312 1915 70,702 PACIFIC SALMON FISHERIES. 165 Pack op Canned Salmon on Nestugga River, Oreg., in Specified Years. Years. Can- neries oper- ated. Chinook. Silverside. Chum. Total. Cases. Value. Cases. Value. Cases. Value. Cases. Value. 1887 4,300 5,000 6,700 $23,650 28, 750 1888 1889 36,850 1891 1899 1,109 $4,436 3,034 $10,922 513 $1,539 4,656 16, 897 1900 1901 279 3,000 2,622 2,100 2,000 2,000 3,562 3,090 126 3,542 200 1,116 18,000 15, 732 14, 700 14,000 14,000 28,496 18,540 756 24, 794 1,300 3,553 1,000 2,468 3,540 3,000 3,300 7,124 6,180 243 5,730 3,930 13,323 4,250 7,404 10, 620 10,500 18,150 39, 182 30,900 972 30,942 18,078 396 400 165 150 100 140 641 708 1,089 1,000 413 450 300 420 2,436 1,770 4,228 4,400 5,255 5,790 15,528 23, 250 1905 1906 23,549 1907 25, 770 1908 24,800 1910 5,440 11,327 9,978 369 9,537 4,930 32, 570 1911 70, 114 1912 51,210 1913 1,728 1914 265 800 662 2,240 56, 308 1915 21,618 Pack op Canned Salmon on Siletz River, Oreg., in Specified Years. Years. Can- neries oper- ated. Chinook. Silverside. Chum. Total. Cases. Value. Cases. Value. Cases. Value. Cases. Value. 1896 2,500 3,510 3,200 2,200 $7,500 10,530 8,360 9,900 1,900 5,015 4,330 2,319 $5,700 15,045 14, 722 8,696 4,400 8,525 7,530 4,719 $13,200 25 575 1897 1898. 23, 082 1899 200 $550 19, 146 1900 1901 876 600 1,000 1,500 2,635 2,333 2,100 2,200 3,584 3,277 15 3,356 100 4,380 3,168 5,000 9,000 15, 810 16,331 14, 700 15,400 28,672 19,662 75 23,492 600 3,740 1,917 3,300 1,700 3,192 4,300 4,700 4,600 7,164 6,554 354 6,712 3,000 i6,830 8,147 13,200 7,225 9,576 12,900 16,450 25,300 39,402 32,770 1,416 36,245 13,800 360 500 1,000 900 167 200 300 250 237 283 17 196 100 1,260 2,000 2,000 2,250 418 600 900 750 901 707 37 490 280 4,976 3,017 5,300 4,100 5,994 6,833 7,100 7,050 10,985 10, 114 386 10,264 3,200 22,470 13,315 20 200 1902 1904 1905 18,475 25 804 1906 1907 29 831 1908 1910 41,450 1911 68 975 1912 1913 1914 60,227 1915 Pack of Canned Salmon on Yaquina Bay and River, Oreg., in Specified Years." Years. Can- neries oper- ated. Chinook. Silverside. Chum. Total. Cases. Value. Cases. Value. Cases. Value. Cases. Value. 1887 2 3 1888 5,088 5/000 $29,256 27,500 1889 1891 1896 1,714 170 316 $5,142 442 1,422 615 1,530 3,234 $1,845 5,202 12,127 2,329 1,700 4,850 6,987 5,644 17, 124 1898 1899 1,300 $3, 575 1900 1901 96 480 2,848 1,238 2,600 2,050 3,100 1,000 4,000 1,139 2,669 1,009 12,816 5,262 8,840 8,613 9,300 3,000 14,000 4,556 13,345 5,549 549 315 450 62 60 49 1,647 787 1,080 155 150 147 3,493 1,553 3,100 2,312 3,660 1,883 4,000 1,172 2,669 1,060 14,943 6,049 10, 120 9,968 12,450 8,985 1903 1904 50 200 500 834 200 1,200 3,000 5,838 1905 1906 1907 1908 1909 33 76 4,632 13,345 5,838 1910 1911 51 289 a Cannery not operated from 1912 to 1915, both years inclusive. 166 PACIFIC SALMON FISHERIES. Pack op Canned Salmon on Alsea River and Bay, Oreg., in Specified Years. Years. Can- neries, oper- ated. Chinook. Silverside. Chum. Total. Cases. Value. Cases. Value. Cases. Value. Cases. Value. 1886 1 2 3 1887 ii, iso 9, 620 10, 000 $64,283 55,315 55, 000 1888 1889 1891 2 2 2 2 2 1892 3,600 3,240 4,160 3,280 3,400 3,200 2,170 5,010 $14, 400 12,960 16,640 11,808 10, 200 9,600 7,378 19, 038 3,600 4,500 4,600 4,980 6,900 5,000 6,466 7,160 14,400 1893 1,260 440 1,700 3,500 1,800 4,296 2,150 $6,300 2,200 6,375 10,500 5,400 11,170 9,138 19,260 1894 18, 840 1895 18, 183 1896 20,700 1897 15, 000 1898 18,548 1899 28, 176 1900 1901 695 701 1,031 1,000 2,500 3,702 800 1,200 1,119 2,500 4,161 3,731 1,607 4,546 1,668 3,475 3,702 5,516 5,000 15,000 22,212 5,600 8,400 6,714 17,500 33,288 22,386 8,035 31,822 10, 763 4,629 4,530 4,242 6,500 1,800 3,843 5,100 6,000 5,486 5,900 9,329 8,286 4,304 6,728 6,966 18, 790 19,253 18, 029 26,000 7,650 11,529 15, 300 21,000 24, 027 31,950 51,309 41, 430 17,216 36,331 32,044 891 670 44 300 700 $3, 118 2,680 88 600 1,750 6,215 5,901 5,317 7,800 5,000 7,545 6,250 7,600 6,685 8,500 14, 178 12,541 6,071 11,347 8,812 25, 383 1902 25,635 1903 23,633 31,600 1904 1905 24,400 1906 33, 741 1907 350 400 80 100 688 524 160 73 178 1,050 1,200 184 300 2,614 1,310 352 183 498 21,950 1908 30,000 1909 30, 925 1910 49, 750 1911 87,211 65, 126 1912 1913 25,603 08,336 43,305 1914 1915 Pack of Canned Salmon on the Siuslaw River, Oreg., in Specified Years. Years. Can- neries oper- ated. Chinook. Silverside. Chum. Total. Cases. Value. Cases. Value. Cases. Value. Cases. Value. 1878 2 2 1 1 1 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 oi 1 1 10,300 $55,620 1879 1886 1,500 11,960 12,000 1888 68, 770 1889 66,000 1891 1892 18,000 11, 830 14, 987 10,465 . 9, 000 3,900 10, 000 7,323 $72, 000 47, 320 59, 948 35, 274 27,000 11,700 34,000 26,363 18,000 13, 301 16, 858 12, 102 11, 700 5,000 10,850 8,600 72,000 54,675 69,303 41, 413 1893 1,471 1,871 1,637 2,700 1,100 850 1,162 $7, 355 9,355 6,139 8,100 3,300 2,210 4,648 1894 1895 1896 35, 160 15,000 1897 1898 36,210 1899 115 $345 31,356 1900 1901 1,735 1,288 1,519 500 8,675 6,800 8,127 2,500 7,488 4,320 6,842 6,500 29, 952 18,260 29, 079 26,000 9,223 5,608 8,361 7,000 38,627 25,060 37,206 28,500 1902 1903 1904 1905 1906 4,500 27,000 15,000 15,773 8,600 7,436 12,800 10,266 6,108 4,281 9,266 1,755 45,000 47,319 30, 100 32,956 70,400 56,403 30,540 17, 124 50,036 8,073 1,500 3,750 21,000 15,773 8,600 8,068 22, 158 16,392 6,108 4,281 9,266 1,755 75,750 47,319 30, 100 36,748 101, 898 1907 1908 1909 632 856 1,120 3,792 5,992 8,960 1910 S,502 5,000 25,506 19,000 1911 84,423 30,540 17,124 50,036 8,073 1912 1913 1914 1915 • The two canneries combined and operated one plant. PACIFIC SALMON FISHERIES. 167 Pack of Canned Salmon on the Umpqua River, Oreo., in Specified Years. Years. Can- neries oper- ated. Chinook. Silverside. Chum. Total. Cases. Value. Cases. Value. Cases. Value. Cases. Value. 1878... 2 2 2 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 2 2 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 2 8,100 $43,740 1879. . 1884... i 3,700 10,500 18,600 4,000 9,000 12,000 1885 .. 1886 .. 1887... 22,000 1888... 51, 750 1889 66,000 1891 1892 10,000 3,204 6,875 7,697 8,000 7,576 $40,000 12, 816 27,500 28,863 24,000 27,006 10,000 4,013 7,110 8,689 9,300 8,616 40, 000 16,861 28,675 32,583 1893 809 235 992 1,300 925 $4,045 1,175 3,720 3,900 3,860 1894. 1895 1896. 27,900 31,211 1899 115 $345 1900 1903 . . . 23 500 6,100 1,143 500 2,000 300 30 123 2,500 36,600 6,858 3,000 14,000 2,400 210 6,733 9,500 10,500 5,613 7,753 11,000 6,118 3,759 398 2,000 5,100 28,615 38,000 44,625 16,839 31,012 60,500 33,649 18, 795 1,990 10,000 23,460 6,756 10,500 16, 600 6,756 8,253 13,000 6,418 3,789 398 3,000 5,100 28, 738 1904 500 1,000 41,500 1905 81,225 1906 23,697 34, 012 1909 1910... 74,500 36,049 19, 005 1911 1912 1913 1,990 1914 1,000 8,000 18,000 1915 23, 460 Pack of Canned Salmon on Coos Bay and River, Oreo., in Specified Years. Years. Can- neries oper- ated. Chinook. Silverside.. Total. Cases. Value. Cases. Value. Cases. Value. 1887 2 1 1 2 1 1 1 1 1 2 2 2 1 1 1 1 1 1 2 2 2 1 1 11,300 5,500 7,000 $62, 150 31, 625 1888 1889 38,500 1891 . 1893 3,125 8,428 2,332 2,000 2,200 7,180 5,174 $12, 500 33, 712 8,934 6,000 6,600 24,412 18, 626 3,125 8,591 7,442 15,000 8,400 10,322 6,447 12,500 1894 163 5,110 13,000 6,200 3,142 1,273 $815 19, 163 39,000 18,600 8,169 5,092 34, 527 1895 28,097 1896 45, 000 1897 25,200 1898 32, 581 1899 23, 718 1900 1901 1,215 412 2,033 2,043 275 500 2,630 1,457 6,075 2,175 7,725 12,258 1,475 3,500 21,040 10,199 4,082 2,640 7,200 1,755 3,959 5,500 7,260 3, 989 7,383 9,300 3,500 16,328 11,220 24,480 5,265 17, 927 30,250 39, 930 19, 945 29, 532 50,220 16,100 5,297 3,052 9,233 3,798 4,234 6,000 9,890 5,446 7,383 9.300 3,500 22, 403 1902 13, 395 1904 32,205 1906 17, 523 19, 402 1909 1910 33, 750 1911 60, 970 30, 144 1912 1913 29, 532 1914 50, 220 16 100 1915 168 PACIFIC SALMON FISHERIES. Pack of Canned Salmon on the Coquille River, Oreg., in Specified Years. Years. Can- neries oper- ated. Chinook. Silverside. Total. Cases. Value. Cases. Value. Cases. Value. 1883 1 1 1 2 3 2 7,000 7,300 3,800 8,300 1884 1885 1886 1887 1888 11,000 8,600 $63,250 47,300 1891 1 1 1 ol 2 2 2 2 1 1 1 1 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 1892 5,000 6,500 2,000 8,724 7,800 7,485 7,550 9,601 5,096 5,877 8,685 13,686 11,343 17,979 13,220 19, 174 9,818 16,637 16,676 6,040 8,910 12,097 5,131 $20, 000 26,000 8,000 32. 615 23,400 25, 499 28,500 38,404 20,384 24, 927 36,911 54, 7(14 48, 208 53,937 39,660 67,109 42,687 9.1,504 91,718 30,200 35,640 65,324 25,515 5,000 6,500 2,000 9,484 9,025 8,026 8,500 12,237 5,229 6,163 9,016 14,286 13,443 18,800 13,526 19, 174 10,068 17,057 17,391 6,417 8,910 12,097 6,210 20,000 1893 26,000 1894. 8,000 1895 760 1,225 541 950 2,636 133 286 331 600 2,100 821 306 $2,887 3,675 1,407 3,800 13,180 665 1,510 1,771 2,400 12,600 4,926 2,142 35,502 1896 27,075 1898 26,906 1899 32,300 1900 51,584 1901.... 21,049 1902 26,437 1903 38,682 1904 57, 144 1905 60,808 1906 58,863 1907 41,802 1908 ■ 67, 109 1909 250 420 715 377 1,255 2,9,40 5,720 2,639 43,942 94,444 1911 97,438 1912 32,839 1913 35,640 1914 65,324 1,079 6,474 31,989 a Burned. Pack of Canned Salmon on Rogue River, Oreg., in Specified Years. Can- neries oper- ated. Chinook. Silverside. Total. Cases. Value. Cases. Value. Cases. Value. 61 2 7,804 8,534 8,571 7,772 12,320 19, 186 16, 156 12,376 9,310 12, 147 17, 216 21,062 22,000 24,000 21,000 19,000 3,200 14, 762 18,000 19,008 13, 465 7,226 $121, io7 132,000 120,000 105,000 io, 666 3,200 10, 377 15,000 15,355 12,964 5,481 $59,000 16,000 41,508 75,000 61,420 51,550 30,145 9,000 $36,000 95,000 16,000 4,385 3,000 3,653 501 1,745 15, 347 9,000 10,959 1,303 6,980 56,855 84,000 72,379 52,853 37,125 1901 2,681 3,799 8,418 16,000 18,500 12,000 7,537 4,354 186 232 3,020 6,938 19,094 13,405 20,058 45,036 64,000 111,000 72,000 56,528 32,655 1,300 1,786 27, 160 62,060 135,301 4,i84 4,091 4,792 3,255 1,500 6,000 1,796 2,650 699 2,711 2,403 987 515 17,736 17, 387 20,366 11,392 6,375 18,000 8,980 13,250 2,977 16,266 11,857 5,453 2,369 6,865 7,890 13,210 19,255 20,000 18,000 9,333 6,004 885 1,943 5,423 7,925 19,609 31,141 1902 37,445 1903 65,402 1904 75,392 1905 117,375 1906 90,000 1907 65, 508 1908 45,905 1909 4,277 1910 18,052 1913 39,017 1914 67, 513 1915 137,670 - a Shut down in 1911 and 1912 through the closing of the river to all fishing, b Burned down during season. Not opened the next year. PACIFIC SALMON FISHERIES. 169 Pack of Canned Salmon on Smith River, Cal., in Specified Years. Years. Can- neries oper- ated. Quinnat. Silverside. Total. Cases. Value. Cases. Value. Cases. Value. 1878 4,277 7,500 5,500 1,550 2,347 1,500 1,500 2,250 $23,096 41,250 33,000 9,300 14,082 7,500 7,500 9,990 • 4,277 7,500 5,500 1,550 2,347 2,000 2,000 2,250 3,000 3,033 $23,096 41,250 1880 1884 33,000 9,300 14,082 9 000 1885 1888 1893 500 500 $i, 500 1,500 1894 9,000 9 990 1895 1914 3,000 1,078 18,000 6,220 18' 000 1915 1,955 L3,685 19,905 Pack of Canned Salmon on Klamath River, Cal., in Specified Years. Years. Can- neries oper- ated. Quinnat. Silverside. Total. Cases. Value. Cases. Value. Cases. Value. 1888 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 2 2 1 1 4,400 1,047 1,600 1,700 1,200 1,600 2,500 3,400 5,633 8,016 7,400 18,000 6,376 7,500 10, 400 $26, 400 4,188 6,400 6,800 5,321 8,800 13,500 20,800 33,000 52,000 46,000 117,000 40,500 48,500 72,800 4,400 1,047 1,600 1,700 1,600 1,600 2,500 3,400 5,633 8,016 7,604 18,000 6,376 11,000 12,900 $26,400 4 188 1892 1893 6,400 6 800 1894 1895 400 $1,500 6,821 1899 1902 13,500 20,800 33,000 52,000 48, 816 117,000 40,500 62,500 85,800 1904 1909 1910 1911 204 816 1912 1913 1914 3,500 2,500 14,000 13,000 1915 Pack of Canned Salmon on Eel River, Cal., in Specified Years.o Years. ■ Can- neries operated. Quinnat. Years. Can- neries operated. Quinnat. Cases. Value. Cases. Value. 1877 1 1 1 1 1 8,500 10,500 6,250 15,000 8,200 $51,000 56,700 1885 1 1 1 1 1 5,750 12,500 6,000 8,400 11,000 1878 1886 . $75,000 42,000 52,500 71,500 1880 1910 1883 1911.. 1884 1912 . a Shut d JWii ia 1913, 1914, and 1915. 170 PACIFIC SALMON FISHERIES. Pack of Canned Salmon on the Sacramento River in Specified Years. Years. Can- neries operated. Quinnat. Years. Can- neries operated. Quinnal . Cases. Value. Cases. Value. 1804 1 1 2,000 2,000 2, 500 3,000 10,000 21,500 34,0.17 13, 855 02, 000 181,200 200,000 123,000 81,450 90, 000 39,300 30,500 08,075 57,300 25,005 1891 10,353 2,281 23, 336 28, 403 25, 185 13,387 38, 543 29, 731 32, 580 39, 304 17, 500 14,013 8,200 14,407 2,780 4,142 950 17,315 0,179 1805 1892 1874 . 1893 3 2 3 1875 1894 1870 2 1895 $111,821 1877 1890 1878 6 4 9 $183, 092 59, 577 1897 1879 1898 1880 1899 150,088 1881... 1900 1882 .. 19 21 1901 1883 1902 1884 1003 1885... G 9 190 1 2 1 1 1 2 2 60, 936 1880 . 1905 1887 1911 28,994 0, 050 95,232 1888 6 3 423, 750 1913 1 889 1914 1890 1915" 42, 753 a In 1915 a cannery at Monterey packed 950 cases of ehinook salmon, valued at $7,300, which has been included. Pack of Canned Salmon in Alaska, by Districts, from the Inception of the Industry. Years. Southeast Alaska. Can- norios oper- ated. Pack. Central Alaska. Can- neries oper- ated. Pack. Wostern Alaska. Can- neries oper- ated. Pack. Total. Can- neries oper- ated. Pack. 1878. 1879. 1880. 1881. 1882. 1883. 1884. 1885. 1886. 1887. 1888. 1889. 1890. 1891. 1892. 1893. 1894. 1895. 1896. 1897. 1898. 1899. 1900. 1901. 1902. 1903. 1904. 1905. 1906. 1907. 1908. 1909. 1910. 1911. 1912. 1913. 1914. 1915. Total. Cases. 8,159 12, 530 6, 539 8,977 11,501 20,010 22, 189 10, 728 18, 000 31,402 81,128 141,700 142,901 150, 615 115, 722 130, 053 142,544 148,476 262,381 271,807 251,385 310,219 456, 639 735, 449 906, 676 642,305 569,003 433, 607 767,285 887,503 1,011,648 852, 870 1,066,399 1,580,868 2,033,648 1, 782, 898 1,776,075 2,540,111 Cases. Cases. 20,360,820 10, 244 28,297 42, 297 52, 687 74, 583 102,515 241,101 461,451 421,300 511,367 295, 496 399, 815 435,052 327,919 485,990 382,899 395,009 356,095 492, 223 562, 142 583, 090 417, 175 499, 485 371,755 473,024 522, 836 425,721 391,054 432,517 499,743 625,062 447, 249 658,791 632,734 MOO 14,000 48, 822 72, 700 89, 886 115,985 118, 390 133,418 63,499 107,786 108,844 150, 135 218,336 254,312 318, 703 411,832 599, 277 719,213 ,046,458 ,186,730 885,208 ,089,154 978, 735 759,534 ,109,004 ,151,553 914, 138 743,206 ,395,931 ,509,038 ,621,787 ,316,171 13,059,318 19,312,845 Cases. 8,159 12, 530 0, 539 8,977 21,745 48,337 64,886* 83,415 142,065 200,677 412,115 719, 196 682, 591 801,400 474,717 043,654 6S6, 440 026,530 966, 707 909, 078 905,097 1,078,146 1,548,139 2,016,804 2,536,824 2,246,210 1,953,756 1,894,516 2,219,044 2,109,873 2,606,973 2,395,477 2,413,054 2,823,817 4,054,641 3,739,185 4,050,053 4,489,016 52,732,983 a Experimental pack. PACIFIC SALMON FISHERIES. Pack of Canned Salmon in Alaska from 1898 to 1915, by Species. 171 Years. Coho, or silver. Chum, or keta. Humpback, or pink. Cases. Value. Cases. Value. Cases. Value. 1898. . 54,711 39,402 50,984 65,509 82, 723 120,506 85, 741 67,394 109,141 85, 190 68, 827 56,556 114,026 133,908 166, 198 75, 779 157, 003 126,570 5,184 1,931 30,012 47, 464 159,849 35,052 21,178 41,972 254,812 184,173 218, 513 120, 712 254,218 323,795 664,633 290,918 663, 859 484,408 109,399 149,159 232,022 541,427 549,602 355,799 299,333 168,597 348,297 561,973 644,133 464, 873 554,322 1,005,278 1,280,138 1,372,881 986,049 1,870,373 1899 .. 1900 1901 1902 1903 1904 . 1905 $215, 875 382, 109 337,384 274, 089 231,029 559,666 762,647 741,377 261,654 690,086 588,903 $113,056 730,235 547,757 554, 197 274, 110 773, 409 1,199,563 1,584,130 643,948 2,240,765 1,356,469 $498,194 1906 1,046,951 1907 1,799,280 1908 1,733,379 1909 1,114,839 1910 1,764,055 1911 3,972,706 1912 3,296,598 1913 3,550,587 1914 3,459,116 1915 5,619,436 Years. King, or spring. Red, or sockoye. Total. Cases. Value. Cases. Value. Cases. Value. 1898 12, 862 23,400 37,715 43,069 59, 104 47,609 41,956 42, 125 30, 834 43, 424 23, 730 48,034 40,221 45,518 43,317 34,370 48,039 85,694 782,941 864,254 1, 197, 406 1,319,335 1,685,546 1,687,244 1,505,548 1,574,428 1,475,961 1,295,113 1,651,770 1,705,302 1,450,267 1,315,318 1,900,355 1,965,237 2,201,043 1,921,971 965,097 1,078,146 1,548,139 2,016,804 2,536,824 2,246,210 1,953,756 1,894,516 2,219,044 2,169,873 2,600,973 2,395,477 2,413,054 2, 823, 817 4,054,641 3, 739, 185 4,056,653 4,489,016 1899 1900 1901 . 1902 1903 1904 1905 $141,999 116,222 181,718 99, 867 207, 624 214,802 295,088 243,331 139,053 241,105 458,000 $5,335,547 5,620,875 5,915,227 7,524,251 7,010,550 7,774,390 8,363,233 10,426,481 8,936,362 12,289,517 11,907,202 $6,304,671 7,890,392 1906 1907 8,781,366 1908 10,185,783 1909 9, 438, 152 1910 11,080,322 1911 14,593,237 16,291,927 13,531,604 1912 1913 1914 18,920,589 1915 19,930,010 172 PACIFIC SALMON FISHERIES. Pack op Canned Salmon in British Columbia Since the Inception op the Industry, by Waters. Years. Can- neries oper- ated. Fraser River. Skeena River. Rivers Inlet. Nass River. Outlying districts. Total. JL876. 1877. 1878. 1879. 1880. 1881. 1882. 1883. 1884. 1885. 1886. 1887. 1888. 1889. 1890. 1891. 1892. 1893. 1894. 1895. 1896. 1897. 1898. 1899. 1900. 1901. 1902. 1903. 1904. 1905. 1906. 1907. 1908. 1909. 1910. 1911. 1912. 1913. 1914. 1915. Total. Cases. 7,247 55,387 81, 446 50. 490 42, 155 142,516 199,204 105, 701 34,037 89, 617 99, 177 130,088 76, 616 310, 122 244,352 177,989 98. 491 474, 237 363,566 432,920 375,344 879, 776 264,225 527,396 331,371 998,913 327, 197 237, 162 128,903 846,998 226,744 163, 116 89, 184 567,230 223, 148 301,344 173,921 732,059 328,390 289, 199 11,227,008 Cases. Cases. Cases. 3,000 8,500 10,603 19,694 21,560 24,522 31, 157 53, 786 12,900 ■ 37,587 58,592 70, 106 58, 405 91,645 77,057 90,750 59,021 61,005 69,356 97, 863 61,310 80, 102 112,562 135, 424 125,845 155,936 98,688 154, 869 114,085 162, 420 159,255 209,177 142, 740 222,035 254, 410 254,258 164,055 237, 634 279, 161 4,081,075 5,635 10, 780 20,383 6,500 9,400 8,500 15,000 11,203 20,000 21,722 33,500 36,500 14,955 35, 416 40. 161 58,575 107, 473 40,090 105,362 76,428 74, 196 66,794 70,298 69,389 94,292 83,122 122, 878 94,064 75,090 91,014 129,398 101,066 71. 162 53, 423 109,052 146, 838 2, 105, 259 12,318 19,800 24,700 11,058 26,100 15,680 20,000 20,541 14,649 20,000 20,000 19, 442 20,200 15,004 23,212 18,094 29,587 32,725 32,534 31,832 46,908 40,990 39,720 65,684 137,697 104,289 1,050,150 5,500 4,600 6,400 7,000 6,000 1,200 4,200 5,000 7,162 17,060 11,907 18,425 25,848 7,500 6,300 22, 453 26,007 22, 862 29,691 45,349 40,656 50,518 50,514 57,243 90, 892 84, 854 99,192 145,944 151,086 147,900 226,461 359,538 336,268 341,073 313,894 2,777,507 Cases. 7,247 58,387 89,946 61,093 61, 849 169,576 240,461 163, 438 123,706 108,517 152,964 204,083 184,040 417,211 411,257 314,511 248, 721 610,202 492,232 587, 692 617,782 1,027,183 492,551 765,519 606,540 1,247,212 627, 161 473, 847 465,894 1,167,822 629, 460 547, 459 566,303 993,060 762,201 948,965 996,576 1,353,901 1,111,039 1,133,381 21,240,999 PACIFIC SALMON FISHERIES. 173 Pack, by Species and Districts, op Canned Salmon in British Columbia prom 1903 a to 1915. Districts and species. 1903 1904 1905 1906 1907 1908 1909 Fraser River district: Cases. Cases. 1,066 45,667 Cases. Cases. Cases. Cases. Cases. 25, 728 4,504 204, 809 2,084 30,836 3,304 837,489 5,507 34,413 15,543 183, 007 6,503 1,020 35, 766 63,530 59, 815 3,448 557 24, 198 415 63,126 1,427 18 21,540 1,987 72,688 9,482 542, 248 1,428 237, 125 128, 903 877, 136 240,486 163,116 89, 184 567, 203 Skeena River district: 35, 329 5,515 9,648 20,045 50, 968 18, 008 7,247 7,523 84, 717 14, 598 16, 897 38,991 86,394 20, 138 15,247 25, 217 108, 413 10, 378 10, 085 45,404 139, 846 13,374 468 12,249 28, 120 93, 404 20, 621 87, 901 11, 727 742 98, 669 154, 869 114, 085 162, 420 159, 255 209, 177 140, 739 Rivers Inlet district: 61 358 219 180 68, 119 872 66 5,040 700 87, 874 450 9,505 479 64, 652 454 1,400 93, 862 11 82, 771 351 122,631 181 89,027 587 Total 69,390 94, 292 83,122 122, 878 94,064 75,090 91,014 Nass River district: 31 1,697 2,187 3,083 1,840 24,462 3,340 5,997 3,450 22, 166 858 6,093 5,957 17, 813 1,288 8,348 6,612 27, 584 3,263 6,818 3,589 8,438 1,475 15, 000 2,357 28, 246 2,280 57 63 681 1,101 Total 12, 100 19, 085 32, 725 32,534 31,832 46, 908 40,990 Outlying districts: 1,155 13, 114 14, 136 2,653 36,3S3 3,218 3,292 1,303 51,234 4,563 11, 759 10,321 45, 481 3,581 25,754 23,300 40,159 7,595 2,382 2 29, 781 23,538 59, 815 6,915 2,245 36 19, 911 Pinks 12, 848 48, 272 6,204 93,019 2,196 Total 56, 390 68, 745 60, 392 71, 142 99,192 122,330 127, 974 TOTAL BY SPECIES. 37, 642 66, 351 51,918 27, 382 368, 717 25,657 44, 458 13, 970 1,080,673 28, 359 69, 132 6 68,305 459, 679 31, 261 1,083 87,900 b 118, 704 314, 074 23, 159 2,939 683 81,917 b 76, 448 355, 023 25, 433 2,731 1,137 61,918 Pinks b 46, 544 323, 226 38, 675 840, 441 18, 218 799 473, 674 465, 894 1, 167, 460 629, 460 547, 459 542, 689 967^920 a In 1901 in the Fraser River district 920,313 cases of sockeyes were packed, and in 1902 sockeyes were packed as follows: 293,477 cases in Fraser River district, 117,677 cases in Skeena River district, 68,819 cases in Rivers Inlet district, 20,9.53 cases in Nass River district, and 30,510 cases in outlying districts. b Pinks and chums combined. 174 PACIFIC SALMON FISHERIES. Pack, by Species and Districts, of Canned Salmon in British Columbia from 1903 to 1915— Continued. Districts and species. 1911 1913 Fraser River district: Chums Cohos Pinks Sockeyes Springs, red , Springs, white Steelheads Total. Skeena River district: Chums Cohos Pinks . Sockeyes Springs, red Springs, white Total. Rivers Inlet district: Chums Cohos Pinks Sockeyes Springs, red Springs, white . . . Total. Nass River district: Chums Cohos Pinks Sockeyes Springs, red Springs, white. Steelheads Total. Outlying districts: Chums Cohos Pinks Sockeyes Springs, red Springs, white . Steelheads Total. TOTAL BY SPECIES. Chums Cohos Pinks Sockeyes Springs, red Springs, white. Steelheads Grand total . Cases. 52, 177 27, 855 128 133,045 1,018 8,925 Cases. 47,237 39, 740 142, 101 58, 487 7,028 6,751 223, 148 301, 344 11,531 13, 473 187, 246 9,546 239 70 23,376 81, 956 131, 066 15, 514 2,428 222, 035 254, 410 2,075 19 126,921 383 288 6,287 5,411 88,763 317 129,398 101, 066 351 6,285 895 30, 810 1,228 11 140 5,189 7,842 11, 467 37,327 3,434 325 100 39, 720 65,684 5,834 26, 636 20, 098 87, 893 7,138 301 39, 167 42. 457 64, 312 67, 866 12. 458 201 147, 900 226, 461 58,362 74,382 34, 613 565, 915 19, 313 9,476 140 91, 951 119, 702 305, 247 383, 509 38, 751 9,705 100 762, 201 948, 965 996, 576 Cases. 12,961 28, 574 574 108, 784 14, 655 8,373 Cases. 22, 220 11,648 9,973 684, 596 3,573 49 74, 726 38,639 6,057 185, 483 9,485 14,000 173, 921 504 a 39, 835 97, 588 92, 498 19,332 4,501 254, 258 3,845 11,010 8,809 112, 884 681 468 137, 697 3,245 12, 468 12, 476 36, 037 5,710 1,226 71, 162 37, 770 73, 422 128, 296 94, 559 21, 967 3,524 359, 538 58,325 165, 102 247, 743 444,762 62,345 18, 092 207 732, 059 328, 390 18,647 66,045 52, 927 23,250 3,186 8,329 16,378 71, 021 130, 166 13,529 211 164, 055 237, 634 3,660 2,097 61, 745 594 5,023 7,789 5,784 89, 890 566 68, 096 109, 052 2,987 3,172 20, 539 23,574 2,999 152 25,569 9,276 25, 333 31,327 2,660 725 53,423 52, 758 32, 695 94,233 149, 336 7,017 229 70, 827 48, 119 112, 145 99, 810 8,668 1,484 336, 268 341,073 77, 965 69, 822 192, 887 972, 178 37, 433 3,616 184, 474 120, 201 220, 3-10 536, 696 32, 90S 16, 420 1, 353, 901 1,111,039 a Includes 207 cases of steelheads. PACIFIC SALMON FISHERIES. PICKLING INDUSTRY. 175 The salmon-pickling industry was so overshadowed by its giant brother, the canning industry, that statistical data, except for Alaska, were found in extremely fragmentary shape, and only that portion is shown relating to Alaska from the time of annexation to 1915. Pack op Salted Salmon in Alaska', 1868 to 1915. Salmon. Salmon bellies. Dry-salted salmon. Years. Barrels. Value. Barrels. Value. Pounds. Value. 2,000 1,700 1,800 700 1,000 900 1,400 1,200 1,800 1,950 2,100 3,500 3,700 1,760 5, 890 7,251 6,106 3,230 4,861 3,978 9,500 6,457 18,039 8,913 17,374 24,005 32,011 14, 234 9,314 15, 848 22,670 22, 382 31,852 24, 477 30, 384 27, 921 13,674 19,071 17, 283 22,307 31,472 28, 443 12, 779 8,483 34,602 37, 881 25,954 12,058 $16,000 13,600 14,400 6,300 9,000 7,200 11,200 9,600 14, 400 15,700 16, 800 28,000 29, 600 15, 840 53,010 65, 259 54,954 29,070 43, 749 35, 802 85, 500 58,013 162,351 71,304 140,057 120, 083 176,060 85, 404 65, 198 110,936 181,360 167, 865 238,890 171,339 212,688 223, 368 89,209 143,811 126. 194 203,127 266, 713 183,400 111,634 102,477 305,928 272,726 247. 195 157, 457 1869 1S70 1 1871 1872 i 1873 i 1874 i 1875 1876 1877 1878 1879 1880.. 300 $3,300 1881. 1882 1883. i 1884... 1885.. 1886. . 1887... 1888. 1889. . 1890... 1891 1892 53 815 1893 1894 1895 1896 150 2,846 580 235 2,353 652 328 3,667 208 1,360 1,338 2,965 7,600 1,970 1,626 1,337 37 451 408 571 1,200 28, 460 5, 800 2,350 23,530 3,816 2,952 32,973 1,950 11,355 13,644 37,422 85,994 25,358 19,007 15,561 606 6,523 5,467 13,610 1897 1898 1899 1900 511,400 $10, 228 1901 1902. 1903 300,000 966, 812 7, 280, ?34 1,107,680 107, 580 20,800 71,600 22,178 33, 285 5,500 1904 16,180 1905 115, 643 16,969 1906 1907 1,505 1908 416 1909 1,038 1910 554 1911 1,340 1912 1913 21,282 12, 200 1,235 1914 810 1915 Total 529,294 4,041,445 28, 802 313, 536 10,388,284 168,033 176 PACIFIC SALMON FISHERIES. Alaska Pickled-Salmon Pack, 1906 to 1915, by Species, Quantity, and Value. 1906 1907 1908 1909 1910 Species. Barrels. Value. Barrels. Value. Barrels. Value. Barrels. Value. Barrels. Value. Whole salmon: Coho 539 231 2,446 1,007 13,061 $5,642 1,550 13,852 8,058 97,092 ' 1,665 233 4,248 964 15,197 $16, 406 1,521 29,374 10,684 145, 142 692 122 2,346 660 30, 517 $5,648 707 17,935 6,813 262,274 318 35 1,557 441 26,508 $2,485 190 9,405 3,798 167,298 160 $1,504 Humpback 330 352 11,931 1,998 3,399 Red 104,649 Total 17,284 126, 194 22,307 203,127 34,337 293,377 28,859 183,176 12,773 111,550 Bellies: Coho 191 2,696 229 117 2,447 48 1,895 3,535 699 28,140 720 26,236 255 3,843 126 70 616 6 808 1,135 30 1,173 22 13 150 13,188 185 121 770 Humpback 1,800 84 890 21,080 1,002 12,644 738 35 942 7,438 175 13,902 6,135 128 Red 10,839 Total 1,238 13, 644 2,965 37,422 4,736 59,330 1,970 25,358 1,626 19,007 Backs, etc.: 56 224 2 4 24 Red 60 Total ! 56 224 6 84 Grand total... 18,522 139, 838 25,272 240, 549 29,073 352,707 30,885 208,758 14,405 130,641 Species. 1911 1912 1913 1914 1915 Barrels. Value. Barrels. Value. Barrels. Value. Barrels. Value. Barrels. Value. Whole salmon: Coho 223 133 1,122 600 6,239 $2,149 666 11,238 8,095 79,578' 1,165 93 4,236 225 28, 883 $9,565 652 28,304 2,442 264,965 1,006 100 2,724 135 33,916 $6,452 778 18,181 1,410 245,905 365 53 482 269 24,785 $2,767 293 2,954 2,588 238,593 1,763 325 662 377 8,931 $19,393 2,925 Humpback 5,958 4,147 Red 125,034 Total 8,317 101,726 34,602 305,928 37, 881 272,726 25,954 247,195 12,058 157,457 Bellies: 38 7 676 2 614 489 77 5,122 30 9,843 54 67 324 946 941 4,546 67 18 229 2 92 982 180 2,620 13 1,672 Humpback 37 606 133 2,660 Red.. 6 90 438 10,950 Total 1,337 15,561 37 606 451 6,523 408 5,467 571 13,610 Backs, etc.: Humpback 150 1 15 600 15 136 Red 166 751 Grand total . . . 9,820 118,038 34,639 306,534 38,332 279, 249 26,362 252,662 12,629 171,067 a Barrels hold 200 pounds of fish; when of a different size they have been reduced to oonform to this weight. PACIFIC SALMON FISHERIES. MILD-CURING INDUSTRY. 177 The beginning of this industry on the Pacific coast is of compara- tively recent date, and the following table is complete, with the pos- sible exception of a few tierces, which may not have been reported for the coastal rivers of Oregon: Number of Tierces of Mild-Cured Salmon Packed on the Pacific Coast from 1897 to 1915.o Years. Alaska. British Colum- bia. Puget Sound, Wash. Grays Harbor, Wash. Willapa Harbor, Wash. Colum- bia River (both sides). Coastal rivers, Oreg. Eel River, Cal. Sacra- mento River, Cal. Mon- terey Bay, Cal. Total. 1897. . 400 700 1,250 1,275 3,000 4,213 6,725 9,088 9,805 8,000 6,070 4,960 5,540 7,922 8,185 5,824 5,746 5,205 4,078 400 1898 70 130 770 1899 375 1,755 1900 950 3,100 2,325 3,600 4,719 2,979 2,177 4,102 3,243 5,111 5,516 2,011 3,274 4,789 1,829 1,630 504 354 248 310 510 582 252 911 75 160 550 1,476 942 2,225 1901 67 67 8 34 189 1,126 1,657 1,378 2,292 3,357 3,164 5,245 7,443 4,091 2,966 1,175 957 1,993 1,060 1,560 1,638 1,965 1,489 3,150 3,182 1,119 600 425 824 1,250 3,000 6,767 1902 188 7,722 1903 11,511 1904 415 740 740 200 175 140 15,539 17,873 13,685 17,464 10, 893 18,267 22,408 19, 717 22,424 28,282 18 174 1905 1906 1907 1908 2,060 20 100 1909 1910 1911 1912 1913 1914 2,109 2,435 2,745 3,013 3,923 1,934 2,235 75 67 100 357 250 29 30 40 50 560 1,398 1,247 3,082 2,381 457 333 80 110 100 3 1915 13,306 Total. 33,284 19,288 26,553 1,244 249 97,986 11,541 808 51,355 6,874 249, 182 a The net weight of fish in a tierce is about 800 pounds. King, Chinook, or spring salmon were used almost exclusively. From most places the data are complete from the time of the inception of tbe indus- try, but from a few minor places the data are somewhat fragmentary. YUKON TERRITORY, CANADA. Some salmon fishing is carried on in that section of the upper Yukon River which lies in Yukon Territory, Dominion of Canada. The species taken are principally king and chum, and these are sold mainly in a fresh condition. The following table shows the quantity taken and the value of same in certain years: Catch of Salmon in Yukon Territory, Canada, in Specified Years. Years. Salmon. Years. Salmon. Pounds. Value. Pounds. Value. 1903 70,000 138, 574 169,900 229,000 85,600 17,566 18,689 22,900 1912 224,100 182,000 188,600 157, 000 $22,410 18,200 18,860 15,700 1909 1913 1910 1914 1911 1915. . . 62425°— 17- -12 178 PACIFIC SALMON FISHERIES. MARKET PRICES FOR CANNED SALMON. The manner of fixing the selling price at which the canner is willing to dispose of his canned product varies slightly in certain regions. In May or June, when the spring-packing season has sufficiently advanced so that a line can be gotten on the probable pack of chi- nook, the highest priced of the pack, the Columbia Kiver canners agree upon a price, this usually being high or low, as the pack is small or large. Since the Alaska Packers Association was formed, through a com- bination of a number of canneries operating in the Territory of Alaska, it has packed annually in recent years about one-fourth of the salmon canned. It also owns several canneries on Puget Sound, thus being quite a factor in that region also. In the early days of the association the custom grew up amongst the smaller packers of Alaska and Puget Sound of waiting until the association fixed the prices on its own pack, when the others would generally fall into line with the same prices for their packs. This custom is still in vogue. At no time has it ever been compulsory on the part of any packer to adopt the same prices as the association. In fact, it has sometimes been the case that, while the small packer publicly quoted the association's opening prices, yet in secret he was shading it by 2\ to 5 cents per dozen on certain grades. In recent years this has frequently been the case and the big packers, who adhered to the opening prices, have had to sit idly by and watch their small competitors underselling them and getting the bulk of the business until they had finally disposed of their goods, when, necessarily, they would have to drop out of the market until the next season. Occasionally the other packers do not like a certain quotation of the association and make one more nearly in consonance with their own views. This happened in 1913, when the association quoted 60 cents for chums, while the Puget Sound canners quoted 55 cents for this grade, and in 1915 when the association quoted 65 cents for chums and the Puget Sound interests 70 cents for the same grade, thus showing clearly the independence of the smaller packers. Owing to a peculiar feature of the salmon marketing, business, more depends upon the opening prices than appears on the surface to the uninitiated. Shortly after the first of the year buyers throughout the world begin to take stock of their salmon supplies and soon thereafter begin placing their "future" orders. These cover the quantity required of each grade, and when the buyer orders through a broker the orders are placed subject to a contract similar to the following: The undersigned hereby authorizes to book the number of cases of canned salmon specified below; said booking to be filed with packers for delivery from PACIFIC SALMON FISHERIES. 179 (naming year) pack, subject to buyers' approval of opening prices when named; the option being granted buyers of confirming the total number of cases specified below; con- firming a smaller quantity, or declining any confirmation. furthermore agrees that buyers shall have the option of increasing quantities listed below, when he names opening prices for his packers, contingent upon his ability to secure at that time an increased allotment from his packers. In event secures an increased allotment from his packers insufficient to meet all increases requested by his patrons, he will distribute such increase as he can secure among the dealers who have filed conditional contracts with him, according to the date order that said contracts have been received in his office. Under this form of contract the packer is expected to be ready to fulfill the terms of same, except in case of a short pack, when the orders are generally prorated, i. e., all orders are proportionately reduced until they come within the compass of the pack. Should the buyer dislike the opening price he has the privilege of canceling the order. While this latter privilege may not, at first glance, look just to the packer, yet it is doubtful if any buyer would place a "future" order unless he was assured of a chance to cancel his order should he feel that too high a sum was fixed in the opening prices. Some canneries contract to sell their entire output to one buyer, and the price fixed is usually the opening prices for the year in question. In such cases the buyer and seller are both compelled to abide by the price, no matter how unjust one or the other may consider it. The association does not announce its opening prices until late in August or early in September, when the greater part of the packing is over with and a good line on the total pack has been obtained, and it speaks well for the discernment of the officials of the association that their judgment as to prices should meet with the general approval as often as it does. OPENING PRICES FOR A SERIES OF YEARS. Below are shown the yearly opening prices on the various grades and sizes from 1890 to 1915. The most interesting part of this is the increase shown in the value of high-grade salmon. Columbia River chinook was quoted at $1.05 for 1-pound tails in 1897, and it gradually advances until in 1915 it is quoted at $1.90. Alaska red- 1-pound tails in 1897 sold for 90 cents, the lowest during the period in question, advancing, with occasional recessions, until in 1911 it reached high-water mark of $1.60. In 1915 the opening price was $1.50. In 1897 Puget Sound 1-pound tall sockeye sold for 80 cents, 10 cents below Alaska red. In 1898 it sold for 20 cents less than reds. In 1902 it sold for $1 as compared with 95 cents for Alaska red, and from that time on brought a higher price, being quoted at $1.90 in 1915 as compared with $1.50 for Alaska red. Medium red or coho did not figure in the opening prices until 1908, when Puget Sound coho sold for 5 cents a dozen more than Alaska coho. Very shortly thereafter, however, both were classed together 180 PACIFIC SALMON FISHERIES. and sold for the same price. This grade has not had the wide fluc- tuations of the others, due mainly to the generally small pack made annually. Pink salmon has been the football of the salmon market ever since the pack became of sufficient size to become a feature in it. The size of the pack has been steadily increasing, as the fish became better known, and while the price obtained has been excellent in certain years (in 1911 it sold at $1 per dozen, the highest point reached), usually the price has been low. In 1897 it was quoted at 65 cents. In 1915 the opening price was 75 cents, but as a matter of fact a large part of the pack really sold for 65 cents. The lowest point it reached was in 1903, when it was quoted at 50 cents a dozen. It is only of recent years that chum salmon has become a factor in the market. Although sold for some time before then, chum salmon appears first in the regular opening prices in 1908, when they were quoted at 70 cents a dozen. In 1913 it was quoted at 55 cents, while the opening price in 1915 was 70 cents on Puget Sound and 65 cents at San Francisco. The pack of Alaska and Puget Sound kings, or springs, has always been small, and while they have always been quoted at $1 per dozen or better (in 1911 they were quoted at $1.80) they have always been slow sellers. It is extremely improbable that the canned pack will increase much in the future, as this fish is the best for mild curing, and as the mild curers are able to offer better prices for the raw fish than the canneries, they will always get the fish when desired. Opening Prices per Dozen Cans Since 1890. 1890 TO 1902. Years and species. 1890. Columbia River chinook . . Alaska red Alaska pink 1891. Columbia River Chinook. . Alaska red Alaska pink 1892. Columbia River chinook . . Alaska red Alaska pink 1893. Columbia River chinook . . Alaska red Alaska pink 1894. Columbia River chinook . . Alaska red Alaska pink Tails. $1.40 1.20 .75 1.35 1.20 .75 1.35 1.15 .75 1.32 J 1.17J .65 1.35 1.10 .60 Years and species. 1895. Columbia River chinook. Alaska red Alaska pink 1896. Columbia River chinook. Alaska red Alaska pink 1897. Columbia River chinook . Alaska red Puget Sound sockeye Alaska pink 1898. Columbia River chinook. Alaska red Puget Sound sockeye Alaska pink Tails. $1.32.\ 1.15 .80 1.25 1.10 .75 1.05 .95 .80 .65 1.05 .97| .80 .65 Years and species. 1899. Columbia River chinook Alaska red Puget Sound sockeye. . . Alaska pink 1900. Columbia River chinook Alaska red Puget Sound sockeye. . . Alaska pink 1901. Columbia River chinook Alaska red Puget Sound sockeye. . . Alaska pink 1902. Columbia River chinook Alaska red Puget Sound sockeye . . . Alaska pink Tails. SI. 25 1.10 1.10 .674 1.60 1.25 1.10 1.50 1.25 . 115 1.35 1.00 1.00 .65 PACIFIC SALMON FISHERIES. 181 Opening Prices per Dozen Cans Since 1890 — Continued. 1903 TO 1915. Years and species. Tails. Flats. Halves. Years and species. Tails. Flats. Halves 1903. Puget Sound sockeyo Columbia Uiver chinook . Alaska red Alaska pink 1904. Columbia Uivor chinook . . . Puget Sound sockeyo Alaska red Alaska pink 1905. Columbia Uiver chinook . . . I J ugot Sound sockeye Alaska red Alaska pink 1906. Columbia Kiver chinook . . . Puget Sound sockeye Alaska red Alaska pink 1907. Columbia River chinook . . . Puget Sound sockeyo Alaska red Alaska pink 1908. Columbia River chinook . . . Puget Sound sockeye Puget Sound pink Puget Sound coho Alaska red Alaska long Alaska coho Alaska pink Alaska chum 1909. Colojtnbia River chinook, fancy Puget Sound sockeye Alaska red Alaska king Alaska coho Alaska pink Alaska chum $1.50 1.35 1.30 .50 1.45 1.55 1.30 .70 1.45 1.35 1.00 .70 1.50 1.45 1.65 1.60 1.15 .80 1.65 1.60 .75 1.05 1.15 1.05 1.00 .70 .70 1.65 1.35 1.15 1.10 1.05 .60 .574 $1.60 1.45 1.15 1.05 1.55 1.50 1.60 1.60 1.75 1.75 1.75 1.75 1.15 1.75 1.50 1.35 1.20 $0. 90 .85 .90 .95 .90 4.00 1.00 1.00 1.05 1.10 1.05 1.05 .75 1.05 1.00 .85 .70 1910. Columbia River chinook, fancy Puget Sound sockeyo Alaska red Alaska king Alaska pink A laska chum Medium red and coho 1911. Columbia River chinook, fancy ...» Puget Sound sockeyo Alaska red Alaska medium red Alaska king Pink Chum 1912. Chinook Sockeye Alaska red Alaska medium red . Alaska king Pink Chum 1913. Chinook Sockeye Alaska red Alaska medium red. Alaska king Pink Chum 1914. Chinook Sockoye Alaska red Medium red Alaska king Pink Kcta, or chum... 1915. Chinook Sockeye Alaska red Medium red Alaska king Pink Keta, or chum. . . 1.95 1.95 1. 00 1.45 1.80 1.00 .95 1.95 1.95 1.40 1.15 1.40 .65 .62* 1. 95 1.50 1.15 .85 1.00 .65 a. 55 1.95 1. 95 1.45 1.15 1.40 .90 .85 1.90 1.95 1. 50 1.15 1.25 .75 *>.70 SI. 90 1.80 1. 50 2.00 2.00 1.75 1.65 2.00 1.15 1.05 2.00 2.00 1.60 1.25 1.60 .65 2.00 1.65 1.35 1.00 1.15 .80 .70 2.10 2. 15 1.80 1. 35 1.00 .95 2.00 2.15 1.85 1.30 .85 .80 SI. 10 1.10 1.00 .80 1.30 1.30 1. 12J 1.00 1.12J .80 .75 1. 25 1.30 1.15 .80 1. 15 .55 .50 1.25 1.05 .95 .70 .90 .55 .50 1.25 1.35 1.10 .824 1.10 .70 .65 1.25 1.35 1.15 .75 a The opening price in San Francisco was 60 cents. b The opening price in San Francisco was 65 cents. XL TRADE WITH OUTLYING POSSESSIONS. As a result of the war with Spain the United States in 1898 ac- quired possession of Porto Rico, Guam, and the Philippine Islands, while in the same year Hawaii became a part of this country at its own request, and in 1900 two islands of the Samoan group were acquired by a partition agreement with Great Britain and Germany. The trade with the Philippine Islands is shown to date in the tables of exports and imports to foreign countries, but the trade with the other possessions has been eliminated from these tables and shown separately ever since their annexation to the United States. HAWAII. The islands constituting this Territory, owing to their reciprocity treaty with this country for a number of years before annexation, purchased their supplies of salmon from the United States almost exclusively. In recent years the Territory has imported the following quantities of salmon from the mainland : Years ending Canned. All other, fresh or cured. Years ending June 30— Canned. All other, fresh or cured. June 30— Pounds. Value. Pounds. Value. 1907 1,126,217 965,029 1,440,410 1,381,398 1,231,264 $89, 286 89, 025 121, 716 113, 526 119,872 Value. $64, 232 67, 143 73,848- 72, 194 76,572 1912 1, 850, 567 1,841,874 1,418,941 1,005,848 $194,385 173, 202 97,532 90, 705 Value. $57, 495 1908 1913 (o) 1909 1914 (<0 (a) 1910 1915 1911 a Not shown separately. PORTO RICO. Of recent years the following shipments of domestic salmon have been made to this island : Years ending Canned. All other, fresh or cured. Years ending June 30— Canned. All other, fresh or cured. June 30— . Pounds. Value. Pounds. Value. 1907 604, 627 512,038 381, 171 511, 055 357,382 $53,916 48, 195 34, 777 43, 494 30,699 Value. $2,893 1,428 3,810 6,243 3,868 1912 710,721 666, 602 416,414 588,889 $65, 354 66,811 41,726 56, 527 Value. $1,208 1908 1913 (o) 1909 1914 (o) 1910 1915..". (a) 1911 a Not shown separately. 182 PACIFIC SALMON FISHERIES. PHILIPPINE ISLANDS. 183 Of recent years the following shipments of domestic salmon have been made to these islands : Years ending Canned. All other, fresh or cured. Years ending June 30— Canned. All other, fresh or cured. June 30— Pounds. Value. Pounds. Value. 1909 1,126,470 5,425,404 3,069,118 5,096,810 $74, 792 396, 604 225,885 422,001 Value. $712 2,089 3,542 2,437 1913 10,122,820 5,034,252 4,159,580 $590,128 266,369 288,548 Value. («) <■) (») 1910 1914 1915 1911 1912 a Not shown separately. ALASKA. It seems like "carrying coals to Newcastle" to ship canned salmon to Alaska, from which Territory more than half the canned salmon of the world is produced, and yet a small business is done each year in this line, most of the product going to the minirfg camps and towns somewhat removed from the fishing sections. The following table shows the shipments of such fish in recent years : Years ending Canned. All other, fresh or cured. Years ending June 30— Canned. All other, June 30 — Pounds. Value. Pounds. Value. fresh or cured. 1909 ' 67, 132 67, 658 38,265 $7, 123 7,204 4,513 Value. $3,966 3,558 1,061 1912 134, 320 43,346 42,945 $15, 022 5,074 5,278 Value. $4,218 (a) (0) 1910 1913 1911 1914 a Not shown separately. GUAM. Since annexation, this country and Japan have been competing for the trade of this island, which, in earlier years, Japan controlled quite largely. During the last two years shown in the statement, however, the United States has secured the advantage. The following table shows the extent of the trade, which is made up almost entirely of salted or pickled salmon, only 900 pounds of fresh salmon, valued at $92, having been shipped by this country to Guam in 1908. Since 1909 all the fishery products imported have been lumped under one heading and it has been impossible to distinguish the salmon from the other species. 184 PACIFIC SALMON FISHERIES. Years and countries. Pickled salmon. Pounds. Value Years and countries. Pickled salmon. Pounds. Value 1905. United States Japan — 1907. United States Japan 1,415 16,526 13,604 19,862 $71 1,221 1,086 1,601 1908. United States Japan 1909. United States Japan: 7,406 6,130 10, 779 4,295 S623 465 740 344 TUTDILA, SAMOA. The customs statistics lump the imports of fish under one general heading, thus making it impossible to show separately the imports of salmon. XII. FOREIGN TRADE IN SALMON. As we do not consume all of the salmon produced by our fisheries, it is necessary to find a foreign market for the surplus each season, but, as canned salmon has become one of the staples of the world, there is not much difficulty in this respect, especially since our only compet- itors are Canada, Siberia, and Japan. The two last named have not yet become much of a factor in the canned-salmon market, though they will as their fishing operations are extended. There is more competition in the pickled, fresh, and frozen markets, several Euro- pean and Asiatic countries being large producers of these goods, as is Canada also, for a considerable proportion of which she is compelled to find an outside market. EXPORTS OF CANNED SALMON. From the beginning of the industry a considerable proportion of the salmon canned has been exported, especially of the higher grades. In Europe the chief customer is Great Britain, taking about nine- tenths of all sent to European ports. Great Britain does not, how- ever, consume this quantity, for a considerable part of her importa- tions are reexported. On the North American Continent and adja- cent islands the best customers are Mexico, Panama, and the British West Indies, in the order named. In South America, Peru, Argen- tina, and British Guiana were the leading markets in 1910. In 1908 Chile imported 4,196,060 pounds; in 1909 the importations dropped to 97,993 pounds, but increased in 1910 to 1,556,629 pounds. In Asia, Hongkong and China import canned salmon, although neither buys great quantities. The islands of the Pacific and Indian Oceans are .large consumers. British Australasia took 5,474,818 pounds, valued at $551,312, in 1910, and other good customers were the British East Indies and British, French, and German Oceania. In Africa the British and Portuguese possessions are the largest im- porters. • , The movements of these products are naturally often influenced favorably or adversely as the tariffs of the various countries in which they are marketed are raised or lowered. Some countries maintain excessively high tariffs, among these being Brazil, 30 cents per pound; Colombia, 8£ cents; Mexico, 4 cents; Guatemala, 6£ cents; Paraguay, 7 cents; Uruguay, 6 cents; Austria- Hungary, 8 cents, and Germany, 7 cents. Norway levies 6 cents a pound duty, but this is undoubtedly to protect her own salmon industry. In but few of the tariff acts is canned salmon distinguished by name, being usually classed as "preserved fish," and as these are usually luxuries in many countries they bear an extra high duty as a result. In addition to these high duties in some countries, especially in South America, there are various other charges, fees, etc., which 185 186 PACIFIC SALMON FISHERIES. materially enhance the value of the goods before they reach the consumer. C. H. Clarke, of the salmon brokerage firm of Kelley- Clarke Co., of Seattle, Wash., prepared and published a statement" showing the comparative charges on 100 cases each of red Alaska and pink canned salmon from the time they leave Seattle up to the time they reach the hands of wholesalers in South America. This shows that the f. o. b. Seattle value of the red salmon was $500 and of the pink salmon $280. By the time these goods reached the hands of the Rio de Janeiro wholesalers the red salmon were worth $1,900.07, while the pink salmon were worth $1,677.87. At Montevideo, Uruguay, the red salmon were worth $1,436.01 and the pink salmon $1,213.81. The table is so interesting and instructive that it is reproduced entire herewith. Comparative Table of Charges on 100 Cases Each of Red Alaska and Pink Canned Salmon up to the Time They Reach Hands of Wholesalers in South America. Argentina (Buenos Aires). Brazil (Rio de Janeiro). Chile (Valparaiso). Ecuador (Guayaquil). Red. Pink. Red. Pink. Red. Pink. Red. Pink. $500. 00 5.00 104.75 6.10 615. 85 2.00 519. 56 2.12 2.41 7.24 1.49 $280. 00 5.00 104. 75 3.90 393. 65 2.00 519. 56 2.12 2.41 7.24 1.49 $500. 00 5.00 114.50 6.20 625. 70 3.25 1, 138. 78 6.47 33.90 $280.00 5.00 114.50 4.00 403.50 3.25 1, 138. 78 6.47 33.90 $500. 00 $280.00 $500. 00 $280.00 45.00 5.50 550. 50 5.25 160. 46 45.00 3.25 328. 25 4.25 160. 46 45.00 5.50 550.50 22.35 345. 37 45.00 Marine insurance, 5 per cent f. p. a 3.25 328. 25 Consular fees in United States . . 14.00 234.37 Storage in customhouse Handling in customhouse Stamps and entry blanks 5.35 2.51 1.43 5.35 2.51 1.43 .10 7.77 57.20 .10 7.77 57.20 12.74 7.64 1, 171. 05 12.74 7.64 948. 85 7.15 3.65 736. 30 7.15 3.65 513. 05 Wharfage, lighterage, cartage. . . 26.90 1,900.07 26.90 1, 677. 87 19. 30 937. 52 19.30 706. 92 Paraguay (Asimcion). Peru (Callao). Uruguay (Montevideo). Venezuela (La Guayra). Red. Pink. Red. Pink. Red. Pink. Red. Pink. $500. 00 5.00 134. 75 9.60 649. 35 2.00 30S. 25 $280. 00 5.00 134. 75 6.30 426. 05 2.00 308. 25 $500. 00 $280. 00 $500. 00 5.00 104. 75 6.10 615. 85 1.05 779. 30 $280. 00 5.00 104.75 3.90 393. 65 1.05 779. 30 $500. 00 5.00 54.60 5.60 565. 20 12.85 238. 96 $280. 00 5.00 37.50 5.40 542. 90 5.75 275. 86 37.50 3.20 320. 70 3.45 275. 86 54.60 Marine insurance, 5 per cent f. p. a 3.40 343. 00 Consular fees in United States.. Customs duty 12. 85 238.06 Storage in customhouse Handling in customhouse 16.15 1.55 16.15 1.55 Stamps and entry blanks .58 .58 1.35 .97 Statistics .37 .37 Port tax Customs brokerage 4.86 15.69 845.64 4.86 15.69 621. 14 15.50 6.61 1, 436. 01 15.50 6.61 1,213.81 5.00 12.82 836.18 2.80 Wharfage, lighterage, cartage. . . 6.33 966. 30 6.33 743. 00 12.82 611.40 a Pacific Fisherman, vol. 13, no. 5, p. 11, 1915. PACIFIC SALMON FISHERIES. 187 The following table shows the fiscal year exports of domestic canned salmon and the countries to which exported for the period from 1900 to 1915, inclusive: Exports, by Countries, op Domestic Canned Salmon, 1900 to 1915. 1900 1901 1902 Pounds. Value. Pounds. Value. Pounds. Value. Europe: Austria-Hungary 2,208 48 31,118 24, 492 22,544 16, 110 120 $309 7 3,186 2,455 2, 130 1,431 10 250 $25 Azores, and Madeira Is- lands 950 5,800 3,168 61.790 77,921 2,496 141 288 '$92 600 326 6,565 7,567 244 21 30 336 860 23,956 10,905 1,889 Italy Malta, Gozo, etc 3,048 19,776 299 1,779 4,800 336 8,400 675 72 400 35 932 Russia, on Baltic and White Seas 1,536 720 151 70 Sweden and Norway Switzerland 1,1G8 24 18,820,453 112 3 1,870,004 8 United Kingdom 91,722,863 3,219,196 30, 632, 961 10 22, 442 1,866,272 810 2, 620, 729 1 2,493 159,682 73 North America: Dominion of Canada — Nova Scotia, New Brunswick, etc Quebec, Ontario, Man- itoba, etc 24, 137 382,811 2,514 33, 454 101 1,725,251 10 223,230 British Columbia Newfoundland and Lab- rador Miquelon, Langley, etc 240 162,785 16, 488 70,458 2,666 7,193 26,647 550 59, 672 259,249 9,085 13,303 432 468 2,764 8,406 4,394 104,367 20 14,806 1,604 6,114 277 677 2,684 60 6,158 25,651 873 1,610 45 44 297 786 390 8,822 Mexico 160, 425 19,331 69, 135 11,361 7,681 21, 543 550 63,786 315,209 8,612 16, 591 1,084 595 1,899 20,407 14,967 2,054 6,768 1,151 776 2,256 55 7,398 33,635 929 1,944 127 65 192 1,883 387,905 23,467 70,036 15,325 4,924 17, 125 1,828 76, 456 242,999 14,526 13, 112 960 920 1,531 20, 196 Central American States- British Honduras Costa Rica 2,370 5,954 1,324 498 1,635 161 7,768 24,191 1,390 Guatemala Nicaragua Salvador Bermuda West Indies — British Danish Dutch French Haiti Dominican Republic Cuba 140 1,618 Porto Rico South America: Argentina 127, 751 240 207, 033 645,323 97, 163 98,587 136, 192 61, 334 2,248 124,823 9,408 66,911 10,916 37 23,506 64,059 9,975 10,387 14,807 6,542 261 12, 526 933 6,913 88,622 15, 110 87,800 384,766 86,046 24,937 146,502 92,971 8,316 313,476 1,016 42,436 7,816 1,147 8,350 28,529 7,451 1,868 14,604 8,718 Bolivia Brazil 637, 638 647,328 92,868 50,387 168,718 43, 096 3,240 75,621 2,837 42, 125 216 40,960 76, 152 61,800 9,075 5,631 16, 197 3,553 299 7,392 285 3,712 22 4,255 Chile Colombia Ecuador Guiana — British Dutch French Uruguay Venezuela 4,026 Asia and Oceania: Aden Chinese Empire 149,295 20, 634 78,960 285,036 1,105 1,495 144 312,805 3,960 15, 263 2,058 8,056 28,990 115 145 16 31,528 400 117,043 9,460 551,860 14,578 2,208 6,572 8,716 772 40,261 China. — Russian Hongkong 63,210 11,560 6,488 1,200 Korea 179 521 Russia, Asiatic Turkey in Asia East Indies- British 538, 180 55,976 733,685 161,940 56,912 12,093 Dutch 188 PACIFIC SALMON FISHERIES. Exports, by Countries, op Domestic Canned Salmon, 1900 to 1915 — Continued. Countries. 1900 1901 1902 Pounds. Value. Pounds. Value. Pounds. Value. Asia and Oceania — Cont'd. British Australasia 2,804,004 $283,110 3, 442, 085 $343,540 7,131,641 151, 998 142, 570 12,900 $599,671 10, 555 103,940 10,732 ii8,355 8,480 12,026 874 11,355 997 480 860,682 1,160 112,380 50 84,808 120 11,646 Philippine Islands Tonga, Samoa, and all 39,316 73,040 3,925 7,168 718,876 46, H2 Tutuila c 21, 176 2, 581, 088 1,451 Africa: 632, 012 57,387 816,433 656 4,080 79,063 66 415 219,233 French Africa 4,320 312 47,812 421 30 4,696 200 21 35,384 3,459 52,726 6,200 4,931 582 Total 27,082,370 2, 693, 648 41,289,500 4,230,271 47,173,114 3,991,402 RECAPITULATION. 18,941,109 1,051,808 1, 868/225 654, 126 3,882,646 684, 456 1,881,725 98, 064 192,918 67,941 390, 466 62, 534 31,877,663 2,443,561 1, 577, 013 853, 434 3, 681, 276 856,553 3,234,862 297,440 160,862 86, 571 367, 533 83, 003 30,683,551 2,780,844 1,291,998 1,597,346 8, 179, 161 2,640,214 2,625,284 242, 029 107,907 120,674 670,741 224, 767 Countries. 1903 1904 1905 Pounds. Value. Pounds. Value. Pounds. Value. Europe: 400 $25 384 48 480 100 4,800 18, 790 5,232 4,072 1,440 1,400 70 $36 5 53 8 600 1,747 556 414 150 140 7 Azores, and Madeira Is- 384 9, 760. $41 788 80 2,400 32, 268 1,120 1,072 96 3,108 73 8 260 2,470 114 124 10 316 1,019 21,995 1,210 5,700 3,250 2,262 122 Italy 465 349 2,700 96 249 10 240 35, 369, 196 24 3, 121, 774 33, 555, 080 3, 505, 102 21,026,108 290,850 1,872,992 North America: 21, 121 Nova Scotia, New 49 153, 697 1, 086, 370 4 9,558 95, 021 Quebec, Ontario, Man- 43, 107 3, 246, 082 5,171 287, 212 Newfoundland and Lab- 240 493, 371 28, 959 93, 580 20, 498 14,434 42, 103 112, 320 2,296 33, 821 25 356, 951 24, 187 36, 806 3,527 7,455 20, 089 26, 787 2,316 3,072 295 716 1,771 538,949 28,044 58, 828 15, 732 12, 428 28, 159 18, 466 4,304 36, 022 38, 691 2,534 4,668 1,131 1,090 2,394 1,671 326 3,778 40, 597 Central American States — British ITonduras 2,534 8,179 1,583 1,221 3,146 9,211 3,360 64, 264 252 6,792 184 Bermuda 3,634 a Guam was annexed to the United States in 1898. i> Hawaii was annexed to the United States in 1898. c Tutuila was acquired in 1898. d Sweden and Norway separated in 1905. * Panama separated from Colombia in 1903. PACIFIC SALMON FISHERIES. 189 Exports, by Countries, of Domestic Canned Salmon, 1900 to 1915 — Continued. Countries. North America— Continued. West Indies — British '. Danish Dutch French Haiti... Dominican Republic. Cuba South America: Argentina B olivia Brazil Chile Colombia Ecuador Guiana- British Dutch French Peru Uruguay Venezuela Asia and Oceania: Aden Chinese Empire China — Russian Hongkong Japan Korea Russia, Asiatic Siam East Indies- British French Dutch All other Asia British Australasia British Oceania French Oceania German Oceania Philippine Islands Africa: British Africa Canary Islands French Africa Liberia Portuguese Africa Turkey in Africa — Egypt. . All other Africa Total. RECAPITULATION. Europe North America. South America. Asia Oceania Africa 1903 Pounds. 418, 636 9,647 22, 981 892 2,496 3,290 21, 636 72,445 384 88, 740 1,044,490 149, 272 45, 126 172, 300 52, 138 18, 752 89, 440 2,140 20, 987 166, 522 53, 368 814, 008 13,536 2,152 473, 740 235, 680 240 4, 268, 652 36, 018 153, 696 451, 824 601, 324 1,454,226 144 2,220 384 167, 964 5,200 50, 353, 334 35, 410, 768 4, 285, 406 1, 756, 214 1, 759, 294 5,511,514 1, 630, 138 Value. $38, 434 903 2,480 92 238 335 1,789 40 8,481 59, 354 11,194 3,115 16,829 4,959 1,805 7,309 185 1,839 13, 602 5,111 56, 225 1,015 179 39,367 19, 256 24 360, 720 2,290 12, 179 26,614 42,702 127, 921 15 207 41 17,043 506 4, 350, 791 3, 125, 197 378, 655 121,918 134, 783 444, 505 145, 733 1904 Pounds. 409, 219 7,442 17, 878 984 2,115 7,660 24, 677 66, 275 672 114,033 1, 218, 266 118, 269 59, 266 112,360 78, 464 11, 169 214, 982 2,246 59, 857 218, 142 40, 000 160, 367 11,817,343 3,888 482 636,320 119,216 10 3, 136, 728 28, 670 185, 848 340, 464 206, 896 794, 758 3,200 140 137,640 388 55, 924, 278 33,591, 896 2, 446, 023 2, 055, 859 12, 995, 768 3, 898, 606 936, 126 Value. $37,389 752 1,999 86 228 719 2,324 6,612 80 11,742 72, 205 10, 104 4,041 11,226 8,280 1,307 15, 530 225 5,981 18, 770 3,932 11,870 841, 461 292 41 44, 669 9,018 1 290, 307 1,941 15, 305 19, 326 14, 970 77, 911 320 14 13, 906 30 5, 224, 598 1905 Pounds. 366, 747 9,474 13,051 660 1,611 4,855 36, 903 120, 586 170 188,342 821, 171 81,239 121,894 135, 424 45,231 11,684 151, 832 3,250 28,005 2,520 249, 386 518, 423 2,437,484 2,572 673, 897 720 109, 476 4, 075, 094 42,624 133, 204 324, 888 681, 636 1,259,269 900 4,800 140 200, 826 2,448 35, 066, 555 3, 508, 818 204,363 147,333 930, 054 341, 849 92,181 21,071,263 1,565,773 1, 708, 828 3, 994, 862 5,257,446 1, 468, 383 Value. $34, 262 965 1,419 64 164 452 3,373 11,263 17 17, 908 56, 160 7,491 7,941 13,617 4,797 1,228 11,369 325 2,825 180 17, 587 36, 635 162, 524 186 31 55,599 69 7,893 389, 518 3, 645 11,414 20, 651 42,700 121, 120 90 460 14 20, 365 204 3,035,469 1,877,509 132, 134 134!, 941 280, 704 467,928 142, 253 1906 1907 1908 Pounds. Value. Pounds. Value. Pounds. Valu«. Europe: Austria-Hungary 1,260 $135 1,220 883 $112 89 Azores, and Madeira Is- Belgium 500 40, 200 29,980 -4,896 4,920 420 60 4,112 3,000 420 413 36 Denmark France 10 575 1 $961 Cicrvnany 9,150 10,230 976 861 Italy ::::::::::::!:::::::::::: 190 PACIFIC SALMON FISHERIES. Exports, by Countries, op Domestic Canned Salmon, 1900 to 1915 — Continued. Countries. Europe— Continued. Netherlands Norway Portugal Spain Sweden United Kingdom North America: Dominion of Canada Mexico Central American States- British Honduras Costa Rica Guatemala Honduras Nicaragua Panama Salvador Bermuda West Indies — British Danish Dutch French Haiti Dominican Republic . Cuba South America: Argentina Bolivia Brazil Chile Colombia Ecuador Guiana — British Dutch French Peru Uruguay Venezuela Asia and Oceania: Aden Chinese Empire Hongkong Japan Korea Russia, Asiatic Siam Turkey in Asia East Indies- British French Dutch British Australasia British Oceania French Oceania German Oceania Philippine Islands Africa: British Africa Canary Islands French Africa German Africa Liberia Portuguese Africa Turkey in Africa— Egypt . Total RECAPITULATION. Europe North America. South America. Asia Oceania .' Africa 1906 Pounds. 8,280 40,200 1,930 10,000 31,918,816 236, 664 699,002 43, 155 106,879 26,925 15, 148 39,949 308,624 2,880 24,679 471,814 9,713 11, 643 200 2,953 11,688 57,441 200. 206 i;720 188, 278 4, 462, 147 51,987 80, 876 120,016 65,654 12,650 269, 858 10, 436 35,775 480 32, 189 105,581 9,051 1,632 1,440 750 477, 234 16,262 134, 796 5,230,076 11,952 125, 998 214,920 757, 400 1,029,787 782 144 161, 178 2,400 45, 944, 414 32,061,402 2,069,357 3,499,603 779, 415 6, 340, 346 1,194,291 Value. $959 3,981 193 1,050 2,739,284 14,814 56,747 3,639 8,968 1,989 1,319 3,022 25,965 197 2,406 43,368 1,011 1,230 20 291 1,137 5,823 20,339 181 18,975 154, 396 4,667 5,855 12,391 6,246 1,305 20,342 1,075 3,280 50 2,321 7,652 713 128 102 90 38,263 1,162 9,692 426,814 923 10, 274 14,503 56,743 87,881 76 14 16, 001 200 3,847,943 2,753,643 171,946 249, 052 60, 173 509, 257 103, 872 1907 Pounds. 3,208 7,720,991 793, 247 877,989 36,020 148, 157 31, 242 23,508 41, 106 443,687 4,092 29,139 515,664 13,336 24,275 100 914 9,278 60,904 262,667 18,951 150,592 4,168,876 41,964 203,930 116,120 66,530 17,950 551, 160 16,124 44,826 59, 110 122,482 22, 881 1,500 770 1,440 1,043,618 167,590 5,451,378 40, 080 137, 472 156, 939 933, 288 504,848 144 600 'i04,'S37' 25, 218, 105 7,756,780 3,052,658 5,659,690 1,419,391 6,719,157 610,429 Value. $850 303 788,245 65,356 73,582 3,214 12,260 2,535 2,048 3,335 38,642 331 2,711 46,510 1,340 2,428 9 91 891 5,855 25,801 1,577 14,880 286,229 •3,85* 15,599 12,202" 6,494 1,829 40,431 1,546 4,336 4,386 9,959 1,775 129 84 75,001 13,940 462,648 2,958 11, 494 11,267 63,838 47, 748 17 60 " 10,' 307 791,436 261, 138 414,774 105, 364 552, 205 58, 132 1908 Pounds. 17,670 7,577 27,900 10,500 13,200,887 7,320 1,068,824 32,632 138,421 29,777 33,955 27,721 487, 079 5,854 25,183 687,620 15,604 21,368 96 864 13,887 57,970 394, 306 11,762 146,826 4,196,060 51,786 174,920 140,514 59,390 23,218 316, 701 17, 934 37,583 23,126 144,624 2,472 1,156 582 3,264 290 702, 169 720 126, 168 3,654,756 14,660 185,608 105,696 1, 171, 834 454,892 48 5,079 83,640 28,226,045 13,321,086 2,654,175 5,571,000 1,004,571 5,131,554 543,659 Value. $1,860 731 2,735 1,000 1,193,516 587 94,278 3,080 12,260 2,319 3,202 2,302 46, 883 467 2,579 64,275 1,658 2,234 11 85 1,371 5,288 30,759 1,217 14, 055 295, 194 4,880 12,486 16,014 6,053 2,599 22,229 1,693 3,564 2,154 13,367 269 126 65 282 30 59,254 75 11,286 330,029 1,278 15, 732 8,345 84,533 43,883 482 8,325 2,43S,518 1,205,375 242, 879 410,743 86, 908 439,917 52,696 PACIFIC SALMON FISHERIES. 191 Exports, by Countries, of Domestic Canned Salmon, 1900 to 1915— Continued. Countries. Europe: Azores, and Madeira Islands Denmark France Germany Italy Netherlands Russia on Baltic and White Seas. Spain Sweden United Kingdom North America: Dominion of Canada Mexico Central American States- British Honduras Costa Rica Guatemala Honduras l Nicaragua Panama Salvador Bermuda West Indies- British D anish Dutch , French , Haiti Dominican Republic Cuba South America: Argentina Bolivia Brazil Chile Colombia Ecuador Guiana — British Dutch French Peru Uruguay Venezuela Asia and Oceania: Chinese Empire China— British leased territory Hongkong Japan Korea Russia, Asiatic Siam East Indies — British French Dutch All other Asia British Australasia British Oceania French Oceania German Oceania Philippine Islands ... Africa: British Africa , Canary Islands ' German Africa Portuguese Africa ['■', Turkey in Africa— Egypt Total. Europe North America. South America. Asia Oceania Africa EECAPITULATION. 1909 Pounds. 192 17,096 5,148 11,612 2,050 3,160 20,000 22, 969, 218 229, 934 756,052 35, 195 118,266 13, 957 14.112 21,534 528,228 9,184 23,774 358, 114 14, 848 16, 621 564 2,184 13,258 53,580 259, 192 6,184 176, 150 97, 993 58, 518 139, 868 255, 039 100,259 22, 816 295, 885 15, 140 34, 618 53,448 103,448 15,078 2,652 5,380 14, 880 989,592 528 201, 696 5,704,960 109, 936 162,336 279, 792 1,126,470 484, 196 510 350 162,314 36, 117, 109 23,028,476 2, 209, 405 1,461,662 1,386,702 7,383,494 647,370 Value. S18 1,757 500 1,017 205 311 1,940 2,201,446 21,773 58, 124 3,261 9,828 1,117 1,179 1,656 50,940 754 2,461 36, 644 1,568 1,883 69 203 1,306 5,277 17,030 647 17, 109 6,918 5,767 10,952 25, 981 9,906 2,164 22,640 1,330 3,058 4,887 1910 9,.707 1,245 266 394 1,025 85,094 56 16,908 590, 094 7,437 14, 570 18,311 74,792 48,220 51 36 14,604 3,416,436 2,207,194 198,043 123, 502 119, 582, 705, 204 62, 911 Pounds. 100 1,878 424 9,744 11, 580 5,100 44,737,072 99,022 697,217 28,310 157,946 16, 821 16, 240 28, 116 482, 717 5,498 26, 484 548,561 14,655 9,838 196 2,038 22, 120 68, 737 229,461 33, 502 267,354 1,556,629 114,274 272,411 222,398 57,509 17,724 367, 676 11, 730 43, 144 28, 522 3,120 121, 558 3,716 2,016 1,008 1,246,751 189, 604 480 5, 474, 818 66, 826 241,200 360,576 5,425,404 357,051 910 151, 470 1,440 63, 860, 696 44, 765, 898 2,224,516 3, 193, 812 1,596,775 11,568,824 510, 871 Value. $12 223 51 1,020 1,210 506 4,709,160 7,570 50,782 2,606 12, 237 1,361 1,361 2,066 45, 404 423 2,383 53,939 1,512 1, 160 18 185 2,058 6,486 15, 690 2,941 28,241 92, 259 9,494 16,487 22, 133 6,297 1,784 24, 817 1,167 4,887 2,688 345 12,234 352 220 101, 619 15,920 45 551,312 5,160 22, 589 22, 554 396, 604 37, 707 92 14,674 120 6,314,258 4,712,182 191.551 226, 197 133, 516 998, 219 52, 593 192 PACIFIC SALMON FISHERIES. Exports, by Countries, op Domestic Canned Salmon, 1900 to 1915 — Continued. Countries. 1911 Pounds. Value 1912 Pounds. Value 1913 Pounds. Value Europe: Belgium Denmark Finland France - Germany Gibraltar Italy Malta, Gozo, etc Netherlands Norway Portugal Russia in Europe Spain Sweden United Kingdom- England Scotland North America: Bermuda British Honduras Canada Central American States — Costa Rica Guatemala Honduras Nicaragua Panama Salvador Mexico West Indies- British — Barbados Jamaica Trinidad and Tobago.. Other British Cuba D anish Dutch French Haiti Dominican Republic South America: Argentina Bolivia Brazil Chile Colombia Ecuador Guiana — British Dutch French Paraguay Peru Uruguay Venezuela Asia: Aden China China, leased territory — Japanese Chosen , East Indies- British— British India Straits Settlements Other British Dutch French Hongkong Japan Russia in Asia Siam Turkey in Asia 12, 000 ' 'i,340 $1, 170 ""'163 48,000 134, 871 $4, 000 13,484 480 193,341 58 16, 160 35 10, 000 22, 110, 988 2, 406, 573 19, 348 45, 396 53, 828 152, 101 23, 696 22, 321 61,096 318, 672 7,764 663, 681 48, 261 94, 259 189, 193 136, 207 78, 814 14, 180 18, 928 1,257 3,058 27, 890 217, 994 32, 908 317, 809 1,491,089 100,311 228, 948 118,034 85,909 15, 976 2,242 4,478 4,470 14, 215 2,417 2,194 6,173 30, 866 847 59,405 5,028 9,987 19, 114 14, 272 7,817 1,414 2,136 118 358 3,086 18,828 3,500 35, 171 121,833 10,467 18,018 13,935 8,827 1,604 295, 235 12,940 89, 774 24, 170 1,294 9,796 400 1,700 2,085 10, 148, 107 16, 400 32, 648 25, 980 353, 309 205, 304 38,925 37, 818 70, 702 386, 612 9,803 1, 454, 580 84, 207 266, 972 202, 657 45, 805 109, 953 8,661 22, 429 904 10, 818 43, 089 986, 832 102, 574 151,717 3, 986, 595 191, 535 294, 280 152,479 135, 514 18, 820 648 589, 285 18, 897 127,264 46 175 216 10 2, 148, 328 1,470 3,549 2,873 33, 159 19, 989 4,056 4,194 6, 981 43,371 1,154 126,613 29, 207 22,876 5,360 11,462 1,020 2,513 97 1,213 4,161 89, 468 9,466 17, 348 345, 295 18, 600 26, 498 16,S68 15,143 2,235 72 51, 855 2,292 14, 243 22, 188 2,867 33, 504 1,536 107, 376 1,077,096 43, 104 171, 840 96 61, 650 3,072 10,423 104, 931 4,447 17, 937 8 7,362 347 171, 690 787, 020 73, 632 253, 026 960 364 147 44 144, 552 235, 114 1, 440 4,340 17, 177 67, 317 7,180 24, 813 13,000 186,996 2,400 33, 120 41,929 2,400 720 9,600 9,456 250 17, 485 250 2,710 3,688 250 75 732 1,005 26 1,300 134 25, 076, 343 30, 640 58,392 27, 153 992, 053 100, 964 53, 991 34, 213 128, 597 587, 909 17, 136 1, 427, 853 32, 303 288, 243 169, 123 51, 239 160, 933 6,716 27, 464 270 12,765 94, 393 110, 404 43, 648 219, 492 2, 318, 720 173, 760 293, 175 214,349 69, 223 21, 178 2, 674, 626 3,333 5,633 2,768 105, 813 7,627 4,162 3,146 9,185 48, 959 1,373 102, 853 3,542 26,107 17,743 5, 865 13, 281 742 2,Sll 28 1,210 7,975 9,984 2,329 22, 820 143,574 13,018 17, 7S7 22, 43S 6,578 1,605 513,311 8,633 148, 878 240 83, 568 192 13, 200 550, 694 1, 635, 282 143, 865 356, 448 17,115 21,667 144 143 767, 810 2,256 34, 129 883 17, 222 21 6,760 22 1,011 38, 069 116, 365 8, 962 31, 084 49, 360 289 39, 360 632 2, 20S 58 PACIFIC SALMON FISHERIES. 193 Exports, by Countries, op Domestic Canned Salmon, 1900 to 1915 — Continued. Countries. 1911 Pounds. Value. Pounds. Value. Pounds. Value Oceania: British- Australia and Tasmania... New Zealand Other British French German Philippine Islands Africa: British Africa- West South Egypt German Africa Liberia Portuguese Africa Spanish Africa 5, 812, 096 137, 088 172, 092 241, 112 268, 118 3, 069, 118 5687, 854 13, 791 14,137 28, 225 22,048 225, 885 213, 538 23, 488 1,710 100 48, 490 26, 850 293 12 4,611 2,229 5, 494, 218 79, 924 33,830 231, 980 283, 753 5, 096, 810 200 630,653 7,392 2,700 146 145, 738 650 $765, 678 9,569 4,035 31, 184 22, 682 422, 001 25 64, 562 861 290 15 13,409 76 6, 331, 184 194, 836 53, 006 335, 800 381, 744 10, 122, 820 9,400 376,977 20, 936 2,830 $764, 379 20,377 4, 036 34, 790 27, 560 590, 128 1,020 31, 170 1,808 305 52, 460 800 5,029 85 Total. 38, 600, 799 4, 037, 142 43, 423, 756 4,620,563 55, 290, 966 5, 103, 340 RECAPITULATION. Europe North America. South America. Asia Oceania... Africa ' 22, 134, 328 1,979,950 3,006,927 1, 489, 282 9, 699, 624 290, 688 2, 408, 708 190, 637 266, 903 148, 721 991, 540 30, 633 19, 545, 720 3,411,176 6, 756, 440 1, 702, 426 11, 220, 515 787, 479 2,183,982 332, 692 609, 383 160, 119 1, 255, 149 79, 238 25, 408, 154 4,271,710 4, 134, 771 3, 593, 538 17, 419, 390 463, 403 2, 705, 254 370, 823 292, 367 254, 209 1, 441, 270 39, 417 Countries. 1914 Pounds. Value. 1915 Pounds. Value. Europe: Belgium , Denmark France Germany Gibraltar Greece Italy Malta, Gozo, etc Netherlands Norway Portugal Spain Sweden Turkey in Europe United Kingdom- England Scotland Ireland NTorth America: Bermuda British Honduras Canada Central American States — Costa Rica Guatemala Honduras. .' Nicaragua Panama Salvador Mexico Miquelon, Langley , etc Newfoundland and Labrador . West Indies- British— Barbados Jamaica Trfnidad and Tobago . Other British Cuba Danish , Dutch French Haiti Dominican Republic 45, 590 75,693 14, 400 85, 738 5,100 $3, 024 6,110 1,443 4,870 541 858, 123 14, 775 $8, 036 80,918 1,388 6,720 2,400 11, 000 3, 300 644 300 1,100 320 1,200 30 3,864 120 3 360 3,795 7,200 1,500 62, 318, 612 274, 080 7,200 43, 346 31,486 3, 632, 465 149, 848 46, 171 57, 387 50, 497 367, 678 13, 806 754, 172 365 700 150 5, 982, 247 23,906 450 3,986 3,430 314, 917 10, 247 3,744 5,821 3,880 31,350 1,050 53, 665 493,350 56, 530 700 34, 080 51, 031 7,341 68 3,670 600 62, 053, 818 144,000 57 ,944,736 13, 000 77, 836 188, 856 175, 590 73, 274 306, 749 13, 259 34, 511 894 2,670 77, 120 6,013 17, 805 16,171 7,158 21,917 1,273 3,181 95 260 5,682 62, 493 28, 392 2, 118, 808 54, 846 17, 183 40, 645 20, 656 397, 172 8,474 636, 649 48 980 41,375 84, 950 201,665 68, 507 408, 874 9,934 28, 855 1,773 1,478 94, 489 5,936 3,071 168, 487 4,960 1, 656 4,330 1,940 41, 269 797 53, 816 4 98 3,591 7, 520 21, 681 7, 795 31, 934 886 2,809 162 110 7,232 62425°— 17- -13 194 PACIFIC SALMON FISHERIES. Exports, by Countries, of Domestic Canned Salmon, /1900 to 1915 — Continued. Countries. Pounds. Value. Pounds. Value, South America: Argentina Bolivia Brazil Chile Colombia. Ecuador Guiana- British Dutch" French Peru Uruguay Venezuela Asia: Aden China China, leased territory- British Chosen East Indies- British— British India Straits Settlements.. Other British Dutch French Hongkong Japan Russia in Asia Siam Turkey in Asia Oceania: British- Australia and Tasmania . New Zealand Other British French German Philippine Islands Africa: British Africa- West South Canary Islands Egypt German Africa Italian Africa Liberia Portuguese Africa Spanish Africa Total. RECAPITULATION. Europe North America. South America. Asia Oceania Africa 51, 444 26,904 80, 129 2, 123, 237 183, 508 277, 488 132, 455 97,859 7,266 301, 374 4,660 186, 074 552 45, 504 1,920 2,928 327, 817 1, 541, 408 135, 840 331,776 624 480, 036 2,614 144 480 4,352 5, 961, 723 95, 136 73, 984 389, 424 534, 484 5, 034, 252 295, 607 15, 024 2,860 2,400 36, 650 1,000 $4, 472 1,634 7,211 134, 67S 12, 760 15, 280 13,444 8,153 665 19, 091 351 15, 936 28 200 266 21, 168 90, 292 9,141 22, 408 43 32, 109 274 13 60 420 666, 703 9,289 5,168 37, 218 33, 247 266,369 24, 561 1,059 306 230 3,238 113 185, 826 22, 080 28, 799 326, 579 94,659 207, 104 110, 516 57, 134 18, 434 79,642 3,922 167, 267 66, 673 8i6 301, 654 266, 172 132, 380 309, 154 2,400 47, 472 5,000 470 3,552 50 7, 367, 824 118,032 36, 050 223, 008 295, 920 4,059,580 109,728 598, 223 542 38, 800 4,820 65, 530 1,300 87, 750, 920 7,999,293 83,446,116 62, 862, 328 6, 907, 615 3,472,438 2, 875, 995 12, 089, 003 353, 541 6, 026, 170 511,545 233, 675 180, 402 1, 017, 994 29, 507 63, 760, 758 4, 328, 246 1,301,962 1,135,793 12,100,414 818, 943 The table following shows for the past 16 years the customs districts from which the canned salmon was exported. Up to 1910 about two-thirds of the total exports have gone from the port of San Fran- cisco, while about one-fifth of the total passed through the port of Puget Sound, Wash. In 1910, however, the exports from Puget Sound exceeded those from San Francisco. The only other port through which any considerable quantity is shipped is New York PACIFIC SALMON FISHERIES. 195 City. It is usual now to load the salmon on steamers and sailing vessels at San Francisco and the Puget Sound cities to go direct to Europe. Exports, by Customs Districts, of Canned Salmon, 1900 to 1915. 1900 1901 1902 exported. Pounds. Value. Pounds. Value. Pounds. Value. Atlantic ports: 648 $65 334,580 $33,053 324 10 172, 110 4,365,074 $34 1 Boston and Charlestown, 222, 770 3, 485, 326 110,500 1,012 20,488 340,538 9,100 81 192,676 7,960,104 77,000 582 27,372 847,294 9,050 72 20,224 New York, N. Y 407,009 480 75 60 7 Norfolk and Portsmouth, Va 269,380 30, 888 400 30 Gulf ports: Key West Fla 400 7,340 47,685 18,104 816 1,220 4,859 43 816 4,567 1,869 115 98 291 10,536 28,332 6,253 168 23,843 289 958 2,472 706 21 2,134 38 11,032 39,084 23, 879 300 164, 167 3,636 48 9, 864, 259 6,202 32,327,572 155,500 1,055 3,910 Mexican border ports: 2,350 Brazos de Santiago, Tex.. Pacific ports: 29 13, 119 568 4 1, 477, 232 3,094 21,611,030 76,800 144,059 220 2, 164, 904 5,320 2,271,306 3,574 30, 014, 055 43, 318 26,200 101 282,441 293 2,983,982 3,517 2,700 10 872,912 487 San Francisco, Cal 2,654,020 11,250 Northern border and Lake ports: 120 24,000 17 12 2,500 2 16,200 1,800 39, 312 50 4,368 5 Total 27,082,370 2, 693, 648 41,289,500 4, 230, 271 47, 173, 114 3, 991, 402 RECAPITULATION. 3, 820, 656 38, 868 30,264 23, 168, 445 24,137 370, 302 3,430 2,861 2,314,541 2,514 8, 834, 322 55,425 20, 140 32,337,112 42,501 947, 729 5,426 2,082 3,270,524 4,510 4,538,073 50, 116 188,346 42,357,217 39, 362 427, 335 4,965 15, 498 3,539,231 4,373 Northern border and Lake Customs districts from which 1903 1904 1905 exported. Pounds. Value. Pounds. Value. Pounds. Value. Atlantic ports: Baltimore, Md 840 $92 490 121 2,400 2,129,523 587 $50 9 215 214, 016 42 576 294 $62 Bangor, Me 26 Boston and Charlestown, Mass 104, 750 5, 627, 654 540 685 12,266 599,393 54 63 New York, N. Y 2,683,775 8,858 266,599 576 Providence, R. I Gulf ports: Key West, Fla 1,500 9,203 61,909 180 7,568 96 347,218 366 125 811 5,503 16 745 7 23,401 30 460 7,102 89, 999 23 9,612 44,404 824 4,261 561 New Orleans, La 7,841 Tampa, Fla Mexican border ports: 26, 988 2,803 20,845 1,878 Brazos de Santiago, Tex.. Paso del Norte, Tex 103,375 8,938 262, 014 6,580 20, 687 583 196 PACIFIC SALMON FISHERIES. Exports, by Customs Districts, of Canned Salmon, 1900 to 1915 — Continued. Customs districts from which exported. 1903 Pounds. Value. 1904 Pounds. Value. 1905 Pounds. Value. Pacific ports: Alaska Hawaii Puget Sound, Wash , San Diego, Cal San Francisco, Cal "Willamette, Oreg Oregon, Oreg Northern border and Lake ports: Detroit, Mich North and South Dakota.. Superior, Mich Vermont, Vt Duluth, Minn 16,527,456 5,897 27, 448, 182 409, 444 400 $1,549,319 421 2, 138, 019 29,142 25 153,600 48 19, 766, 003 5,678 33,212,614 224,549 $9,550 7 1,655,666 422 3,303,292 10,628 4,848 148 4,444,562 3,594 27,498,325 5,775 $557 15 326,485 259 2,406,422 531 580 20 74 43,033 7 5,164 28, 800 2,364 Total. 50,353,334 4,350,791 55, 924, 278 5,224,598 35, 066, 555 3,035,469 RECAPITULATION. Atlantic ports Gulf ports Mexican border ports Pacific ports Northern border and Lake ports 5, 734, 469 54, 016 130,363 44,391,379 43, 107 611,868 5,085 11, 741 3, 716, 926 5,171 2, 133, 121 72, 792 355,248 63,362,492 625 214, 332 6,455 24, 183 4,979,565 63 2,693,503 97, 561 289, 439 31,957,252 ' 28,800 267,263 8,425 23, 148 2, 734, 269 2,364 Customs districts from which exported. 1906 Pounds. Value. 1907 Pounds. Value. 1908 Pounds. Value. Atlantic ports: Baltimore, Md New York, N. Y Philadelphia, Pa Portland and Falmouth, Me St. Johns, Fla Gulf ports: Galveston, Tex Key West, Fla Mobile, Ala New Orleans, La Sabine, Tex Tampa, Fla Mexican border ports: Arizona Corpus Christi, Tex Paso del Norte, Tex Saluria, Tex Pacific ports: Alaska : Hawaii Los Angeles, Cal Puget Sound, Wash San Diego, Cal San Francisco, Cal Willamette. Oreg Northern border and Lake ports: Huron, Mich Minnesota, Minn Oswegatchie, N. Y. . ».. Vermont, Vt 196 3,275,875 1,400 100 $21 318, 128 159 13 156 2,313,335 722 227,646 67 301 2,332,392 720 $37 226, 850 71 60 890 38,267 88,014 94 3,031 7,775 322 40,213 312 11,675 112,850 38 3,216 25 992 10,217 1,250 292 190 10, 823 194, 711 104 155 23 18 1,051 18, 144 24 45, 883 2 4,128 34,479 3,268 387,568 21, 962 30, 336 1,666 513,202 22,662 305, 294 42,548 1,960 33,315 43, 035 30,930 626, 837 22, 887 790 144 3,856 2,775 56, 147 2,341 14 840 17, 286, 930 4,228 24, 613, 868 540 177,734 53 1,499,819 331 1,969,214 55 13,107 9,340,000 8,456 12,502,876 3,723 7,000 48 780 845, 982 661 1,012,199 241 570 5 71 6,351,440 6,994 18, 601, 705 100 52S, 558 567 1,597,735 22 35 Total. 45,944,414 3,847,943 25,218,105 2,183,049 28,226,045 2,438,518 RECAPITULATION. Atlantic ports Gulf ports Mexican border ports Pacific ports Northern border and Lake ports 3,277,571 127,255 ,455,413 41,906,406 177, 769 318,321 10,910 36, 130 3, 469, 472 13, 110 2,314,535 165,050 570,343 22,160,349 7,828 227, 779 14,450 47,776 1,892,398 646 2,334,663 206, 120 723, 689 24,961,173 400 227, 113 19,245 65,119 2,126,995 46 ^PACIFIC SALMON FISHERIES. 197 Exports, by Customs Districts, op Canned Salmon, 1900 to 1915 — Continued. Customs districts from which exported. 1909 Pounds. Value. Pounds. Value. Atlantic ports: Baltimore, Md Bangor, Me Boston and Charlestown, Mass. New York, N.Y Philadelphia, Pa Norfolk and Portsmouth, Va. . . Perth Amboy, N. J Gulf ports: Galveston, Tex Key West, Fla Mobile, Ala New Orleans, La Tampa, Fla Mexican border ports: Arizona Brazos de Santiago, Tex Corpus Christi, Tex Paso del Norte, Tex Saluria. Tex.... Pacific ports: Alaska Los Angeles, Cal Puget Sound, Wash San Diego, Cal San Francisco, Cal Willamette, Oreg Northern border and Lake ports: Detroit, Mich North and South Dakota Duluth, Minn Montana and Idaho 192 216 162,024 3, 848, 870 405 32,100 $22 25 16,837 390,266 44 2,739 $3 3,000 2,999,480 700 280 305, 732 876 40 13,565 92,537 4 1,247 7,615 27, 735 138 26,220 150, 636 14,399 66,020 13, 370 7,858,552 5,546 23,761,656 2,733 13 2,450 14,850 1,528 6,263 934 716,370 460 2,247,957 214 155 340 14,018 103,980 66 54,425 641 27,365 125,169 47,117 18 12 27 1,322 8,187 6 4,612 64 2,414 11,560 2,853 9,229 32,406,617 6,355 28,027,911 78 820 3,331,174 583 2,641,608 11 42,000 12 3,990 1 33,200 600 2,800 83 Total. 36,117,109 3,416,436 63,860,696 6,314,258 RECAPITULATION. Atlantic ports Gulf ports Mexican border ports Pacific ports Northern border and Lake ports. 4,043,807 107,018 219, 128 31,705,144 42,012 409,933 8,954 21,574 2,971,984 3,991 3,003,430 118,559 254,717 60,450,190 33,800 306, 122 9,554 21,503 5,974,196 2,883 Customs districts from which exported. Pounds. Value. 1912 Pounds. Value. Atlantic ports: Baltimore, Md Bangor, Me Boston and Charlestown, Mass . Jacksonville, Fla New York, N. Y Perth Amboy, N. J Philadelphia, Pa Gulfports: Galveston, Tex Key West, Fla Mobile, Ala New Orleans, La Mexican border ports: Arizona Brazos de Santiago, Tex Corpus Christi, Tex Paso del Norte, Tex Saluria, Tex Pacific ports: Alaska Hawaii Los Angeles, Cal Portland, Oreg Puget Sound, Wash San Diego, Cal San Francisco, Cal $10 11 1,563,285 440 601 48 232 19,512 139,567 21,915 554 32,863 131,258 26,636 166,819 42 4 28 1,873 13,284 2,180 48 3,232 12,438 2,495 24 48 2,505,950 257,647 97 31 5,313 103,732 23,631 515 11,514 2,052 24 3,148 1,730 10,622,314 9,055 26,027,458 4 308 133 1,043,813 820 2,789,506 64, 114 275,768 51,746 351,552 24 6,962 25,297 4,144 32,958 5 1,093,200 19,337,626 17,047 19,591,609 109,295 1,866,541 1,585 2,301,732 198 PACIFIC SALMON FISHERIES., Exports, by Customs Districts, of Canned Salmon, 1900 to 1915 — Continued. Customs districts from which exported. 1911 Pounds. Value. 1912 Pounds. Value. Northern border and Lake ports: Superior, Mich 1,405 $171 Total. 38,600,799 $4,037,142 43, 423, 756 4,620,563 RECAPITULATION. Atlantic ports Gulf ports Mexican border ports Pacific ports Northern border and Lake ports . 1,564,485 159,359 213,226 36,663,729 166,971 15,194 20,393 3,834,584 2,506,989 109,045 415,259 40,391,058 1,405 257, 792 12,029 38, 455 4,312,116 171 Customs districts from which 1913 1914 1915 exported. Pounds. Value. Pounds. Value. Pounds. Value. 1,935,881 $189,959 2,404,220 182, 717 120, 140 38,844,912 124,512 45, 876, 703 197,716 $207,924 19, 787 9,045 3,600,636 9,391 4, 138, 449 14,061 5,316,456 261,709 176,390 35,321,058 671,452 41,064,868 634,183 $512, 549 28,682 . 12,348 4,209,914 64,517 El Paso. 31,687.774 624)000 19, 827, 745 1,215,566 3.277,841 83,000 1, 434, 451 118,089 4,183,410 60,663 Total 55,290,966 5,103,340 87,750,920 7,999,293 83,446,116 9,072,083 EXPORTS OF FRESH AND CURED SALMON. The following table shows, by countries, the value of the exports of fresh and cured salmon for the period 1900 to 1914, inclusive. As with the canned salmon, the greater part of these exports go to European countries, Germany taking by far the largest quantity. A small portion of this is salmon caught in eastern waters. Exports, by Countries Receiving, op Domestic Pickled, Fresh, etc., Salmon, 1900 to 1914. Exported to— 1900 1901 1902 1903 1904 190o Europe: $3 '$123 4,750 2,315 57 1,061,944 $85 $1,062 15, 285 300 320, 369 $88 16, 904 378 180 300,291 $653 22,952 470, 657 741, 634 1, 666, 787 158 100 475 - 50 55 184 280 3,023 28 4,127 12, 765 3,105 12, 295 300 7,896 300 2,574 56 7 38,959 88 7 5,595 1,528 14 9 5,685 1,838 8,523 17, 776 990 21 22 29,355 North America: 11 246 British Honduras i20 418 3,572 25,913 94 Dominion of Canada- 3 Quebec, Ontario, Manitoba, etc . . . 1,516 80,652 2,555 53,922 1,051 125,916 6,083 53,592 7,499 10,299 PACIFIC SALMON FISHERIES. 199 Exports by Countries Receiving, of Domestic Pickled, Fresh, etc., Salmon, 1900 to 1915— Continued. Exported to — 1900 1901 1902 1903 1904 1905 North America— Continued. Central American States — $220 8703 $218 27 $178 11 1 78 $340 1 2 40 167 $192 208 1 5 26 26 53 40 75 315 22 664 939 376 31 167 122 191 1,397 5,150 114 84 177 199 54 1,330 943 429 12 195 126 181 1,214 998 1,925 2,348 273 38 293 315 164 1,266 3,867 194 13 197 273 11 1,136 West Indies — 4,999 162 67 238 100 124 670 85 57 14 143 26 South America: 1,641 1,200 419 172 142 416 38 385 70 441 227 164 17 1,160 Chile 223 657 65 30 286 134 27 245 25 15 Guiana — 30 400 420 26 96 82 226 290 262 11 434 62 25 9 15 30 60 766 251 194 161 Dutch 176 65 112 42 400 108 Asia: 54 201 East Indies- 121 71 115 275 462 476 135 507 2,807 10 39,867 519 25,228 i,840 3,499 4,797 14,516 25,037 Oceania: 618 33,785 346 1,325 13 31,503 29 1,877 948 25,208 27 1,838 977 21,595 22 1,958 1,729 2,299 861 57 58, 870 3,420 384 478 13 308 636 215 10 304 21 Africa: British Africa — West South 170 85 24 12 859 114 5 Total 535,276 426, 738 694, 435 869, 352 1, 163, 489 1,832,655 RECAPITULATION. 340, 643 87, 964 1,702 3,324 101, 388 255 344,368 60, 416 901' 15,037 5,982 24 496, 637 132, 704 3,063 25,843 35,863 325 760. 197 67,225 1,690 5,393 34,835 12 1,094,950 36, 408 1,822 1,382 28,063 864 1, 748, 039 25,809 3,438 30, 170 Oceania 25,085 Africa 114 200 PACIFIC SALMON FISHERIES. Exports, by Countries Receiving, of Domestic Pickled, Fresh, etc., Salmon, 1900 to 1915— Continued. Exported to— 1906 1907 1908 1909 1910 Europe: $95 $114 36,623 $410 81, 195 250 1,038,530 108,269 150 1, 601, 166 $90, 015 $83,580 415 1,670,366 137 793 9,303 1, 422, 846 1,223,595 Italy 264 11,390 1,650 140 55 23,469 48,237 20 2,947 22,104 22,917 45,885 14, 735 289 23,670 43,952 68 5,260 32,554 26, 196 173 14 32,925 46 40 21, 540 28,083 23 1,036 16,964 189 902 2,451 1,317 1,878 460 975 104 39 42,725 United Kingdom 66,555 North America" 630 Dominion of Canada— Nova Scotia, 18,785 213 21,973 217 18 23,559 197 Central American States — 62 92 27 2,211 528 208 371 108 93 16 277 255 500 39 380 1,231 1,646 128 30 94 31 175 199 4,890 121 165 49 14 335 128 11 775 555 West Indies — 3,067 97 42 Dutch... 78 19 678 228 19 97 100 85 308 15 105 283 313 South America: 120 3,029 Chile 20 67 391 5 133 36 1,163 36 56 90 22 290 76 271 21 555 167 Guiana — 218 287 57 1,317 208 48 130 75 118 823 Dutch 217 695 311 10 41 18 Asia: 3,391 63 293 170 66 89 East Indies- 60 Dutch... 41 Hongkong 1,339 88, 068 687 18,395 3 6 13 3,592 809 2,772 10 Japan 90 3 121 55 Oceania: British Australasia 15, 169 21 2,154 749 821 20 40 23,186 26,591 11 1,792 373 25,466 22, 826 89 French Oceania 2,136 1,112 12, 287 1,528 1,229 712 1,886 German Oceania 1, 189 2,089 Africa: 1,268 198 289 Total 1, 927, 464 1,878,743 1, 648, 044 1,288,560 1,532,640 RECAPITULATION. Europe 1,776,086 36, 943 2,600 92,861 18,914 60 1,794,885 23,204 2,351 19,384 38, 721 198 1,587,535 27,263 517 3,962 28,767 1,225,948 28, 383 1,365 3,640 28,935 289 1,468,015 29, 688 5,242 Asia 348 28,079 1,268 PACIFIC SALMON FISHERIES. 201 Exports, by Countries Receiving, op Domestic Pickled, Fresh, etc., Salmon, 1900 to 1915— Continued. Exported to— 1911 1912 1913 1914 1915 Europe: $75 $730 53,494 12,582 400 1,857,500 $5 $65,472 16,515 150 1,320,055 $72, 661 15,608 4,427 1,358,545 84,727 18,395 3,061 1,837,624 717,157 Finland 2,840 498 109,399 300 Italy 10,000 1,267 14, 437 2,100 23,516 7,550 38,886 27,953 130 49,699 58,950 332 415,090 33,382 59,906 94 307 20,539 98 111 179 347 198 44,635 60,152 34,312 49,869 324 276 82, 742 127 18 43,460 76,374 North America:" 138 17,457 91 12 31,562 227 7 15,458 Central American States — 34 90 13 167 28 319 10 1,009 2 395 23 584 9 1,544 Salvador 41 21 450 250 16 17 West Indies- British — 956 7 135 41 778 250 3 45 520 41 253 176 Trinidad and Tobago 576 Other British .". iio 138 17 Cuba 457 123 233 47 86 637 Danish 16 Dutch 34 81 124 800 678 136 French 49 16 533 30 173 14 3,162 Haiti 731 304 385 551 154 507 South America: B olivia. Brazil 225 2 71 16 95 Chile 258 Colombia 43 27 109 470 78 15 Guiana- British. 28 Dutch 140 16 14 7 24 34 299 290 19 21 18 122 44 Asia: China 39 8 China, leased terr. — Japanese 820 Chosen 8 45 31 25 522 26 28 3 East Indies— British- British India Other British 7 1,330 2,289 Hongk ong 779 33 1,960 292 9 Japan 10 370 Russia in Asia . ... 50 Turkey in Asia 102 Oceania: British- Australia and Tasmania 23,838 1,101 335 1,834 1,684 3,542 14,682 128 67 2,241 2,020 2,437 4 17,972 2,795 49 1,222 1,727 1,934 1,210 26,559 364 74 1,425 727 2,181 25,271 New Zealand 201 Other British 117 French 1,012 494 Philippine Islands 325 Africa: British Africa- South East 424 32 1,000 Total „, 1,573,139 1,630,151 2,122,566 2,195,309 1,424,859 202 PACIFIC SALMON FISHERIES. Exports, by Countries Receiving, op Domestic Pickled, Fresh, etc., Salmon, 1900 to 1915— Continued. Exported to — 1911 1912 1913 1914 1915 RECAPITULATION. Europe $1,511,184 24,880 384 3,933 32,334 424 $1,587,973 20,350 142 107 21,575 4 $2,055,109 34, 741 3,409 1,398 25,699 2,210 $2, 074, 499 86, 087 933 2,428 31,330 32 $1,375,123 20,336 618 Asia 1 362 Oceania 27 420 Africa The exports of domestic fresh and cured salmon from 1900 to 1915, inclusive, are shown below, by customs districts. The greater part of the shipments pass through the New York City customs district: Exports, by Customs Districts, op Domestic Pickled, Fresh, etc., Salmon, 1900 to 1915. Customs districts from which exported. 1900 1901 1902 1903 1904 1905 Atlantic ports: $158 $8 3 Belfast, Me $12 16 346,853 10 11 22 $17 12 34 503,219 $19 52 766, 128 1,151 47 $7 418 1,102,542 7 60 Boston and Charlestown, Mass New York, N. Y 330,805 1, 757, 742 68 16 79 Gulf ports: Mobile, Ala 30 8 116 96 5 85 143 416 63 Mexican border ports: 18 115 19 30 14 Brazos de Santiago, Tex 4 208 80 868 1,003 Corpus Christi, Tex 414 760 13 67 370 12, 422 17,500 55, 727 19 7,030 13 1,428 293 206 Saluria. Tex. 1,063 4,375 777 Pacific ports: Alaska 2,377 1,184 80, 493 108 102, 666 150, 906 20 36, 958 58, 278 34 36,331 29, 212 73 25,851 28 1,183 1,393 26 36, 145 4 San Francisco, Cal 27, 939 1,500 Northern border and Lake ports: Champlain. N. Y 234 1,464 742 449 24 1,542 2,142 4,445 Genesee, N. Y 456 121 225 6 55 7 24 2 523 6 162 6 North and South D akota 95 36 378 247 33 301 115 20 40 22 Total 535,276 426, 738 694, 435 869,352 1, 163, 489 1, 832, 655 RECAPITULATION. Atlantic Ports 346, 924 330, 890 5 535 92,698 2,610 503,439 143 1,857 188, 177 819 767,397 30 1,227 99,018 1,680 1, 103, 034 124 1,160 56, 167 3,004 1, 757, 832 Gulf ports 159 Mexican border ports 1,192 185,644 1,516 997 Pacific ports 66,772 Northern border and Lake ports 6,895 PACIFIC SALMON FISHERIES. 203 Exports, by Customs Districts, of Domestic Pickled, Fresh, etc., Salmon, 1900 to 1915— Continued. . Customs districts from which exported. 1906 1907 1908 1909 1919 1911 1912 Atlantic ports: Baltimore, Md $11 $31 58 11 1,230,436 $36 $77 $7 2 Belfast, Me -- 15 $8 $12 1,479,625 New York, N. Philadelphia, ] Portland and F Perth Amboy, Gulf ports: Y 1,781,330 1.786.105 1,590,757 1,514,563 1,586 221 ^a 105 almouth, Me. N.J 15 11,298 14 6 19 19 14 128 7,098 13 201 1,341 14 New Orleans, 1 Mexican border po 276 134 49 25 74 '■ts: 700 6 5 Corpus Christi, Paso del Norte Tex 4 140 Tex 8 80 44,436 290 154 197 212 56 Pacific ports: 451 803 1,091 4,517 1,330 10,349 3 29,968 2,532 Portland, Oreg Puget Sound, i San Diego, Cal San Francisco, Willamette, Or Hawaii 63,626 44 31,500 44,492 14,370 28 29,112 11,677 4 37,305 743 14 3,069 22,666 12 27,628 3 Cal 28,984 19, 467 eg Northern border an Buffalo Creek, Cape Vincent, . Champlain, N. Detroit, Mich.. d Lake ports: N. Y 1 030 NT. Y 92 4,333 1,972 Y 992 3,954 1,359 1,667 2,079 598 9,616 12 3,928 Duluth, Minn . Huron, Mich . . 68 108 428 284 891 247 Memphremago Minnesota, Mic Montana and I Niagara, N. Y . North and Sou Superior, Mich *, Vt 20 40 69 52 92 798 45 59 154 301 65 426 10 21 iaho 82 799 ,h Dakota;.. 36 3 20 4 427 61 161 1,387 858 1,419 136 'l27 Total 1,927,464 1,878,743 1,648,044 1,288,560 1,532,640 1,573,139 1,630,151 RECAPITULATION. 1, 781, 476 14 788 139,606 5,580 1, 797, 411 276 424 73, 927 6, 705 1,590,778 7,226 167 44,313 5,560 1,230,542 49 25 50,834 7,110 1,479,656 74 202 50,521 2,187 1,514,599 1,542 18 46, 167 10, 813 1,586,319 Mexican border por ts 202 33, 190 10, 440 Northern border and Lake ports. Customs districts from which ex- ported. 1913 1914 1915 Customs districts from which ex- ported. 1913 1914 1915 $2,060,068 20,995 7,354 26,030 $2,067,366 16, 932 59. 713 $1,377,840 6,630 2.020 All other districts . . $8, 119 $21, 418 $9,592 Alaska Puget Sound Tota 1 2, 122, 566 2,195,309 1 424 859 29,880 28,777 204 PACIFIC SALMON FISHERIES. IMPORTS OF FRESH SALMON. For some years it has been the custom of the canneries on Puget Sound, when fish were scarce on the American side and abundant on the Canadian side, to import fresh salmon to fill out the domestic sup- ply, and the Canadian canneries would do the same when the conditions were reversed. In 1904 the Canadian Government prohibited the export of fresh sockeye salmon to Puget Sound for packing purposes, and in 1910 an effort was made to have Congress retaliate by enacting a similar law for this side of the line, but the bill failed of passage. The table below shows the yearly imports of fresh, salmon from British Columbia: Imports op Fresh Salmon prom British Columbia, Canada, for a Series op Years. 3 Years. Pounds. Value. Years. Pounds. Value. Years. Pounds. Value. 1890 4,660 4,950 6,288 G4, 811 3,872 14,000 11,799 $241 170 301 3,639 219 1,403 419 1897 1898 1899 1900 1901 1902 1903 93, 454 11,580 58, 002 19, 404 27,072 22,353 6,860 $2,681 278 4,101 855 2,050 739 343 1904 1905 1906 1907 1908 1909 ;. 1910 40,610 1,015 3, 457, 738 113,224 8,880 41,073 198,251 $1,025 35 1891 1892 64,408 1893 4,131 1894 795 1895 2,346 1896 10, 116 a After 1909 all imports of fresh salmon are listed under "Fish, fresh." IMPORTS OF CURED SALMON. Below are shown the imports into this country of foreign-cured salmon, the product of the Pacific salmon fisheries, from 1886 to 1909, inclusive. Imports op Foreign Pickled Pacific Salmon, 1886 to 1909.° Years. British Columbia. Japan. Hongkong. Russia, Asiatic. Total. Pounds. Value. Pounds. Value. Pounds. Value. Pounds. Value. Pounds. Value. 1886 5.600 200 86,000 18,200 600 200 $224 4 4,031 860 36 5 5,600 200 86,000 18, 200 600 200 $224 1887 4 1888 4,031 1889 860 1890 36 1891 5 1892 1893 5,478 149, 410 6,550 6,530 6,890 4,145 15,875 162, 558 165, 243 175,411 161,549 282,210 282,027 35, 475 6,393 13,230 30,710 111,645 29i 17,592 250 474 156 188 1,554 11,061 11, 225 13, 794 11,756 23,319 25,584 1,730 322 631 1,523 5,505 5,478 162, 485 7,150 6,530 6,890 14,045 b 16, 032 163, 158 165, 243 176,017 161,909 283,610 285, 042 40,985 7,073 17, 415 34,247 291 1894 1,200 600 $29 13 11,875 $298 17,919 1895 263 1896 474 1897 156 1898 30 2 9,870 266 456 1899 61,560 1900 600 $41 11, 102 1901 11,225 1902 606 360 1,400 3,015 5,510 680 4,185 3,537 28 18 52 133 175 31 174 148 13, 822 1903 11,774 1904 23,371 1905 25, 717 1906 1,905 1907 353 1908 805 1909 1,617 1910 o After 1909 allimports of salmon, pickled or salted, are included under " All other cured or preserved/ b Includes 157 pounds, valued at $6, from China. U. S. B. F.— Doc. 839. Plate XXVI. FIG. 1.— UNITED STATES SALMON HATCHERY, YES BAY, ALASKA. FIG. 2.— UNITED STATES SALMON HATCHERY, AFOGNAK, ALASKA. U. S. B. F.— Doc. 839. Plate XXVII. m SALMON CULTURE. The artificial culture of salmon on the Pacific coast has developed into a large and constantly expanding industry. The United States Bureau of Fisheries operates a number of large and well-equipped hatcheries, while the State governments of California, Oregon, and- Washington, the Dominion of Canada, and the Province of British Columbia, and certain private companies have built and maintain a large number of hatcheries, some of these being among the largest in the world. OBTAINING THE SPAWNING FISH. The eggs used for artificial propagation are obtained from salmon taken on their way upstream to the natural spawning grounds. In order to arrest the ascent of the fish a rack is usually built across the stream. Where this is not feasible a trap is sometimes con- structed for the purpose of catching the fish. Sometimes the racks have slat traps attached in which some fish are caught. A number of methods have been employed for taking the fish as they are grouped below the rack and seeking for an opening, but the most practicable has been found to be by means of drag or haul seines swept across the area just below the rack. When the pocket or bunt is brought close to shore the workmen pick out the ripe fish and turn the others back to remain until they reach this stage. The ripe fish are placed in pens or live boxes made for this purpose, the males and females being kept separate. These live boxes are usually on the under side of a floating platform, and are accessible through hinged covers set in the plank flooring. Projecting beyond this platform is usually another, upon which the actual work of stripping the fish and caring for the pans is performed. At a few places where the fish are caught before they have reached the ripe stage, notably Karluk, the fish are placed in a pound or c®rral and held until they become ripe. This method is resorted to only in case of necessity. The surest sign of ripeness in a female is the separation of the eggs in the ovaries, but the experienced spawn taker can, from the general appearance of the fish, usually tell whether she is ripe or not, according to Bower. a a Fish culture in Alaska. By Ward T. Bower. Alaska fisheries and fur industries, 1911. United States Bureau of Fisheries, document no. 766, p. 70. 205 206 PACIFIC SALMON FISHERIES. An interesting experiment was conducted at the Af ognak station last season [1910] to determine the degree of ripeness producing the best quality of eggs. The loss on the lot taken from females which were dead ripe — eggs flowing very freely — was less than 1 per cent, while with another lot, where the females were ordinarily ripe upon testing in the usual manner, the loss was about 5 per cent. This shows the need of caution in having fish fully ripe before stripping if the highest degree of efficiency is to be expected. TAKING THE EGGS. As the eggs of the females confined in pens are likely to be injured within the fish, stripping is usually done every day. When ready for spawn taking one man lifts a female from the live box by means of a small dip net, while another man lifts out a male in the same manner. They are held suspended in the net until their violent struggles are over, when it is easy to handle them. For many years, and even yet at many hatcheries, the method of taking salmon spawn has been by pressing the eggs out by steady downward pressure on the belly of the fish. The milt from the male is obtained in the same way. Where the force is large and the fish rather small the quickest way is for one to hold the fish in one hand and press out the eggs or milt with the other. When the fish are large, or the working force is small, a strait-jacket is used. This is a sort of trough made about the average length of the salmon and hollowed out to fit its general shape. A permanent cleat is set across the lower end, while at the upper end is a strip with a buckle. The fish is slid into the trough, the tail going below the cleat, where it is securely held, and the head buckled in at the upper end with the strap. In this condition the fish is unable to do any harm by its struggles and the eggs can be pressed out at leisure. A more modern method in use at many hatcheries, which has been well described by Mr. Bower, is as follows: The long-followed process of taking Pacific salmon eggs by hand expression has been superseded in the last few years by the method of incision, a method discovered and developed by the late Cloudsley Rutter in connection with his study of the life history of the salmon of the Sacramento River. This consists simply of making a cut in the abdominal walls from the throat or near the pectoral fins to the vent, the fish just previously having been killed by a blow on the back of the head. When making the cut the knife is either shielded by a guard or is so held between the thumb and fore- finger as to allow not more than half an inch of the blade to project, thus precluding the . possibility of injuring any of the eggs. Immediately following the incision the eggs flow in a mass into the spawning pan beneath. The operator's fingers are inserted into the abdominal cavity gently to assist in removing any eggs that may be enfolded in the organs or that may merely adhere to the walls of the cavity. Fertilization is accomplished in the usual manner. a Fish culture in Alaska. By Ward T. Bower. Alaska fisheries and fur industries, 1911. United States Bureau of Fisheries, document no. 766, p. 80, 81. U. S. B. F — Doc. 839. Flate XXVIII. FIG. 1.— STRIPPING SALMON WITH AID OF STRAIT JACKET. FIG. 2.— CHEHALIS HATCHERY, WASHINGTON FISH AND GAME COMMISSION, SHOWING RACKS TO PREVENT SALMON FROM GOING UPSTREAM AND PEN FOR HOLDING SPAWNING FISH. U. S. B. F.— Doc. 839. Plate XXIX. FIG. 1.— FORTMANN HATCHERY, NAHA STREAM, ALASKA, THE LARGEST HATCHERY IN THE WORLD. FIG-2.— CHEHALIS HATCHERY, WASHINGTON FISH AND GAME COMMISSION, SATSOP, WASH. PACIFIC SALMON FISHERIES. 207 Care must be exercised not to tear loose from the ovaries any eggs that do not come freely when the organs are moved from side to side by the fingers. Eggs thus torn loose are immature, and if taken it becomes necessary to eliminate them subsequently in the hatchery. It is preferable also to have the fish either in a vertical position or with the head considerably higher than the tail, that gravity may assist the flow of It was at first thought necessary — and the practice still obtains at some stations — to bleed the fish either by cutting off the head or tail before making the incision. Experimentation, however, has conclusively demonstrated that no advantage results from this procedure, as the few drops of blood that may occasionally fall into a pan of eggs result in no harm. The extra labor involved in bleeding may therefore be dispensed with entirely. When taken by the method of incision the eggs are of greatly improved quality; there is no straining or rupture of good eggs as is inevitably the result when heavy hand pressure is exerted; no unripe eggs are torn from the ovaries; and at the same time there is no waste of good eggs left enfolded in the organs, as is certain to be the case in stripping by hand. The improvement in quality is from 5 to 10 per cent and the saving in labor, too. is of noteworthy consideration. The taking of Pacific salmon eggs by incision marks so distinct an advance in fish cul- ture that it is no longer permissible to continue the obsolete method of stripping by hand. FERTILIZING THE EGGS.o In impregnating the eggs the main object is to bring the milt and the eggs together as quickly as possible after they have left the fish. By some persons a little water is considered desirable to give greater activity to the milt, but if left more than a minute in the water there is a decided loss of fertilizing power. The eggs do not suffer so quickly from immersion in water. The absorbing property which they possess when they first leave the parent fish, and which attracts to the micropyle the spermatozoa, lasts several minutes, but it is not prudent to leave the eggs in the water a moment longer than is necessary before adding the milt. The addition of the water is not essential to a good impregnation; in some instances better results are secured without the use of water and, after all, if the main object is secured, of bringing the milt and the eggs together with the slightest possible delay after they leave the fish, it makes very little difference whether water is used or not. The milt retains its fertilizing power several days when kept from air and water, and impregnation can be effected between fishes widely separated by merely forwarding the milt properly sealed. At Baird impregnation by the dry method, which has always been followed there, has resulted in the fertilization of about 90 per cent of the eggs so treated. The Russian or dry method of impregnating eggs consists simply in taking both the eggs and the milt in a moist pan. It may be urged as an objection to this method that the eggs will be injured by striking against the pan, but it is a fact that although the same eggs would be destroyed by the concussion a week later, or even 24 hours later, they do not suffer in the least from it at the moment of extrusion from the fish. It was at one time considered an important question whether the eggs or milt should be taken first, but with the dry method it makes no difference, as, either way, both eggs and milt remain operative long enough for all practical purposes of impregnation. Various methods of treating the eggs in the pan after impregnation has taken place have been tried. Some operators leave the eggs in the pans as first taken with the milt for two or three minutes and then add water, after which they are left to stand in the pan until they separate, when they are washed clean, taken to the hatching o A manual of fish culture, based on the methods of the United States Commission of Fish and Fisheries, revised edition, p. 10-12. 208 PACIFIC SALMON FISHEKIES. house, and placed in the troughs. Others pour the contents of the several pans — eggs, milt, and all — into a large can after the eggs become impregnated, and when the eggs separate the contents of the can are poured into the hatching troughs, trusting to the current in the troughs to wash the milt from the eggs. At Baird, water is poured on the eggs a few moments after they become impregnated, after which they are left perfectly quiet until they separate, which, in water of the temperature of the McCloud River in September, 52° to 53°, takes about an hour. The pans, in the meanwhile, are put in a trough filled with river water to keep them from becoming too warm. After the eggs separate they are carefully washed and are carried in buckets to the hatching house, where they are measured and placed in the hatching trays. Mr. Bower has the following to say as to the loss by concussion and the proper method of preventing same : Coincident with the absorptive period in salmon eggs is an adhesive stage varying with the temperature from one to two hours, when the eggs are exceedingly sensitive. This is the so-called period of water hardening. Under no circumstances should the eggs be handled during this stage, nor should they be subjected to the slightest con- cussion. Repeated tests have demonstrated conclusively that even allowing the buckets containing the eggs to stand on the same platform where spawning operations are being carried on results in considerable loss. To guard against this, the buckets should either stand on the bottom of the stream or else on a platform in every way independent of and having absolutely no connec- tion with the main platform. To some this may seem like a small and irrelevant consideration, but strict observance is certain to reduce the loss by at least 2 or 3 per cent. During the process of water hardening the buckets should be partly sub- merged to properly regulate the temperature. Due caution must be observed not to move the eggs until water hardening is com- plete. After a little experience the operator can readily tell, upon carefully inserting the hand and finding the eggs free and hard and no longer soft and velvety, even toward the bottom of the bucket, that they may be moved to the hatchery without fear of loss. HATCHING APPARATUS AND METHODS.* The hatching apparatus generally employed on this coast is pretty much of the same pattern and is described as follows: The hatching apparatus generally employed on the Pacific coast in salmon propaga- tion consists of a combination of troughs and baskets. The troughs in common use are the so-called "Williamson troughs," which are 16 feet long, 12, or 16 inches wide, and 6£ inches deep. The troughs are arranged in pairs, and usually two or three pahs are placed end to end on different levels. The fall of water in each trough is 1£ inches. The troughs are divided by double partitions of wood or metal into com- partments just enough longer than the baskets to enable the latter to be raised and lowered and to be tilted slightly. The essential feature of these troughs is that at the lower end of each compartment a partition, extending entirely across the trough, reaches from the bottom almost to the top, and another similar partition at the upper end of the compartment reaches from the top almost to the bottom of the trough, each set of partitions being about an inch apart. The water is consequently forced to flow under the upper partition and over the lower partition, and to do this it must a Fish culture in Alaska, by Ward T. Bower. Alaska Fisheries and Fur Industries, 1911. United States Bureau of Fisheries, document no. 766, p. 81, 82. 6 At some of the Alaska hatcheries quite large baskets, some holding as many as 103,000 red-salmon eggs are used. c Manual of fish culture, based on the methods of the United States Commission of Fish and Fisheries, revised edition, p. 12, 13. PAOIFIC SALMON FISHERIES. 209 necessarily ascend through the tray of eggs. The troughs are provided with canvas covers stretched upon light frames and made sunlight proof by saturation with asphaltum varnish, and their interiors are thickly coated with asphaltum. The egg receptacles are wire trays or baskets about 12 inches wide, 24 inches long, and deep enough to project an inch or two above the water, which is 5 or 6 inches deep in the troughs in which they are placed. Into each of these baskets 2 gallons of salmon eggs, equivalent to about 30,000, are poured at a time. The eggs suffer no injury whatever from being packed together in this manner, the water being supplied in a way that forces it through the eggs, partially supporting and circulating through them. The meshes are too small to permit the eggs to pass through, although the fry are able to do so. The advantages of this apparatus and method are: (1) The top of the tray or basket is out of the water and always entirely dry; con- sequsntly, in handling it, the hands are kept dry. (2) By tilting one end of the tray up and down a little or by lifting it entirely and settling it gently back again in its place the bad eggs will be forced to the top; thus a feather is not required in picking over the eggs and the injuries very often inflicted with it are avoided. (3) The top of the tray being above water, the eggs can never run over the top nor escape in any way, which is a great advantage over the shallow form of tray. (4) There is economy of space; 30,000 to 40,000 eggs can be placed in each basket, provided a sufficient quantity of water is available. Two troughs 16 feet long and 1 foot wide will by this method carry about 500,000 salmon eggs. The deep trays may be filled at least half full of eggs, and thus 10 times as many eggs can be hatched in the same space and with the same supply of water as by the old method. A good but gentle circulation is continually maintained through the eggs. (5) The deep-tray system is admirably adapted to getting rid of mud that has col- lected on the eggs, for all sediment accumulating about them can be easily removed by gently moving the tray up and down a few times in the water; but if the deposit of mud on the troughs becomes so excessive as to be unmanageable, a false bottom of wire cloth or perforated zinc can be placed in the troughs at a suitable distance above their real bottom, leaving a space of about 1 or 1£ inches between the wire cloth and the trough bottom. By this means the mud that comes into the trough will sift down into the space below the wire cloth entirely out of the way of the fish, the movements of the fish themselves helping very much to produce this result. Should the accu- mulation of mud in the space below the false bottom of the trough become too great, it can easily be sluiced out in various ways. When quinnat salmon eggs are simply to be matured for shipment, hatching trays with one-fourth or one-fifth inch square mesh will answer the purpose, but when the eggs are to be hatched in them, every alternate strand of wire running lengthwise, or, better still, every second and third thread, should be left out in order to form an oblong mesh through which the newly-hatched fry, after separating themselves from the unhatched eggs, can escape from the hatching trays into the trough below. At Baird eggs kept in water averaging about 54° F. hatch in 35 days. The allowance of 5 days' difference in the time of hatching for each degree of change in the water temperature is approximately correct. For the first few days the eggs of the quinnat salmon are very hardy, and at this time they should be thoroughly picked over and the dead ones removed as far as possible before the delicate stage during the formation of the spinal column comes on, so that during that critical period they may be left in perfect quiet. As soon as the spinal column and the head show plainly, the eggs are hardy enough to ship, but when there is time enough it is better to wait a day or two until the eye-spot is distinctly visible, after which time the eggs will stand handling and may be safely shipped if properly packed. 62425°— 17 14 210 PACIFIC SALMON" FISHERIES. HANDLING EGGS IN HATCHERY.* At some of the Bureau 's stations where salmon eggs are handled it was the custom until a few years ago to "bury " the eggs or leave them undisturbed (aside from picking once the day after spawning) for two or three weeks after putting them in the baskets. The result was that they were in some instances literally buried under and in such a mass of mud and sediment that many eggs were killed. Discontinuance of the prac- tice resulted in a very appreciable improvement. When the water is so turbid as to cause a heavy deposit of sediment, it is better to go over the eggs occasionally, even through the critical stages of development, or until the line of the fish is well formed. Of course the eggs must be handled with utmost caution at all times, but owing to their extreme sensitiveness during the two or three days following the closing of the blastopore and until a perceptible curve shows in the tail, they should be left entirely untouched. It soon becomes easy to determine the stage of an egg's development by holding it up to the light between the thumb and forefinger. In the absence of cautious and skilled operatives and unless the water is roily for an extended period, it is undoubtedly better to let the eggs remain undisturbed until the curvature of the tail is visible to the unaided eye. The accumulation of a moderate coating of sediment which readily washes off is not injurious. In a few instances it has become necessary to handle the eggs during the tender stage to- arrest the spread of fungus, but where the water supply is reasonably well adapted to fish-cultural purposes such a course is rarely if ever necessary. REMOVAL OF DEAD EGGS BY THE USE OF SALT SOLUTION. Among the most noteworthy advances in fish-cultural methods during the last few years has been the use of salt as an aid in the removal of dead eggs. The development of this process has extended over a period of several years, but it is more during the last year or so through the efforts of L. E. Baldridge, of the Yes Bay station, that it has reached a high degree of efficiency. Compared with the time-honored process of picking by hand, there are marked advantages in using the salt solution, and chief among these is the great saving of labor. It is estimated that if the eggs happen to be of not more than mediocre quality it would take at least 20 pickers to remove as many dead eggs as could 2 men using the salt solution. Moreover, the operation is much more thoroughly performed in the latter process than is possible in picking by hand. Another advantage of using the solution is that it is possible thoroughly to clean the eggs. This greatly reduces any loss through contamination and infection resulting from the decomposition and fungous growths which inevitably follow the long-con- tinued presence of dead eggs that in the hand-picking method frequently escape attention. Even when utmost care is taken to pick out all dead eggs, fungoiised masses will occasionally appear. This condition is rarely observed when the salt solution has been used, and it undoubtedly means that in the aggregate many eggs are saved. Still another point in favor of the solution, it is generally believed, is that it acts as a tonic or stimulant to the good eggs while at the same time as a deterrent to the growth of fungus. Again, in picking by hand there is apt to be loss by move- ment of the eggs during delicate stages of development; and the oft-repeated insertion of egg tweezers, which are bound to touch other eggs, undoubtedly at times results in injury. Recent experience has demonstrated that the solution may be applied effectively to eggs freshly taken as well as those in more advanced stages of development. a Fish culture in Alaska. By "Ward T. Bower. Alaskan fisheries and fur industries, 1911. United States Bureau of Fisheries, document no. 766, p. SI, 82. PACIFIC SALMON FISHERIES. 211 The principle of the salt bath is simply that the specific gravity of the good eggs is greater than that of the bad eggs, hence upon being placed in the salt solution the good eggs sink and the bad remain afloat and are easily removed. It is vitally essen- tial to the success of the undertaking that the solution be of the proper strength, and it is for this reason that the beginner is apt to become discouraged. If the solution ia too weak all the eggs, both good and bad, will sink, while if it is too strong all will remain afloat. The margin of the proper density is sb narrow that in the operation it is necessary every few minutes to strengthen the solution by adding more salt or brine, otherwise the small amount of fresh water which adheres to a basket of eggs as it is lifted from the hatching trough into the solution will affect unfavorably the results when treating succeeding baskets. Experience and careful observation, however, will soon make it possible for the operator accurately to judge when to add a bit of the stock solution. It is a convenience, of course, to have a salinometer at hand when preparing the solution. It is commonly the practice as an aid in preparing the solution to test it occasionally with a few eggs. Highly successful results in using the solution with red salmon eggs have been attained at the Yes Bay station, and a detailed description is accordingly given of the methods pursued at that place. The chief item of equipment consists of a water-tight wooden tank 4 feet long, 2\ feet wide, and 10 inches deep for holding the solution in which the eggs are immersed. Before each basket is immersed it is necessary that the surface of the solution be perfectly quiet, for any ripple or current will tend to disturb the buoyant effect of the solution upon the eggs. Therefore it was found of great convenience last winter to use a floating frame made of half-inch material 6 inches wide fastened together verti- cally and at right angles, thus forming open squares about 6 inches either way. After each basket of eggs is lifted from the salt bath this frame is placed in the solution to stop all motion of the water, being pushed down until it is almost submerged and held firmly against the side of the tank for a few seconds. Upon being carefully withdrawn the solution is quiet and the next basket of eggs may be immersed without further delay. Another piece of equipment is a feather fan with which gently to push the floating dead eggs away from over the submerged basket into which the good eggs have settled. Unless the dead eggs are quickly moved they too will sink. A feather fan made by fastening eagle feathers to a thin strip 8 inches long by \\ inches wide works much more satisfactorily for this purpose than a wing. An ordinary hand scaff net about 12 by 14 inches in size for removing dead eggs from the tank, a dipper, and a bucket complete the outfit. Wood and metal surfaces in all equipment should be well coated with asphaltum or some similar preparation. At Yes Bay as soon as five or ten million eggs are far enough advanced to stand light concussion the baskets are lifted out of the troughs and the eggs are stirred thoroughly with the hand, which causes practically all of the unfertile or empty eggs to turn white. As soon as the line of the fish shows plainly when held up to the light and there is a distinct curvature to the tail, the eggs are sufficiently well advanced in development to stand stirring. After this process the baskets are returned to the troughs and allowed to remain three days, for when first turned the unfertile eggs are about as heavy as the good eggs and consequently would sink if the salt solution were applied at once. On the fourth day after stirring, everything being in readiness, five or six baskets are removed from a trough and set on top to drain. After a few moments a basket is grasped at each end and is lowered into the tank containing the solution until the liquid comes through the eggs. A light shake is then given to level up the eggs in the basket. Next, slowly and very gently, the basket is lowered until the brine comes almost to its rim and is held perfectly still for a moment. All the eggs in the basket will rise, but soon the good eggs will begin to sink, and presently, if it is a basket of poor eggs, the surface 212 PACIFIC SALMON FISHERIES. will be completely covered with bad eggs. Now, without the slightest jar, the basket is lowered far enough below the surface to permit an egg to float over the rim. The bad eggs will immediately start toward the edges of the tank. After a few seconds the basket is gently lowered until it rests upon the bottom. The remaining dead eggs are then brushed away from over the basket by means of quick, short, and light strokes of the feather fan; long, sweeping strokes are to be carefully avoided. One end of the basket is then gently raised until it is above the surface of the brine and the basket is drawn toward the end of the tank and out from under the floating dead eggs. At the same time the fan is used with the other hand to aid in moving any of these floating eggs to one side. The fan is then dropped and the lower end of the basket is grasped and the whole is quickly raised out of the solution. The basket is set at an angle on the tank for a moment to drain and is then carried to the hatching trough. The attendant lifts out another basket to drain along with the four or five others originally removed and returns to the tank of brine with the basket that has been draining the longest. While this is being done the other operator skims the dead eggs off the surface of the brine and places the frame described above in the tank for a moment to stop all motion of the solution. After five or six baskets have, been treated, any eggs that have settled to the bottom of the tank are removed, as they absorb and weaken the brine. It is necessary, as earlier mentioned, to add a little fresh brine after handling each basket. The eggs should be as clean as possible, as the solution will not be effective when it contains much sediment. A 1-inch hole with plug in one corner of the tank is con- venient for drawing off any deposit of this character. Should failure occur in treating a basket of eggs, as, for example, if by sudden jar they are all caused to sink, or if the -brine is too weak or too strong, the basket must be put back in the hatching trough, as it will not respond to treatment again the same day. At Yes Bay last winter a large portion of the 72,000,000 eggs were thoroughly cleaned up at one handling. Two men ran as many as 10,000,000 eggs through the salt bath in a single day. It is customary on the day after treating the eggs to have them gone over so that if any dead eggs remain they may be picked out by hand. This, however, requires very little time, as but few dead eggs are found. No alarm need be felt if the eggs seem to shrink as a result of the immersion, for they will soon resume their normal size upon being replaced in fresh water. The use of the salt solution has been extended lately to the handling of lake trout eggs in Michigan and Minnesota, and there appears to be no reason why it is not equally well adapted to the eggs of other salmonoids. Certainly its many advantages commend further experimentation in this direction. The eggs of the salmon hatch very gradually at first, only a small proportion coming out the first day, but the number .increases daily until the climax is reached, when large numbers of young burst their shells in a single day. As at this time the vast number of dis- carded shells are apt to clog up the guard screens at the outlets of the troughs, great care and vigilance is necessary to prevent this by thoroughly cleansing them frequently. The hatched fish easily slip through the oblong mesh in the bottom of the trays into the space below. They should be assisted in doing this by gently raising and lowering the tray at intervals, care being taken not to raise them out of the water. After they are all hatched out and in the bottom of the troughs, about the only danger to guard against is that of suffocation. They PACIFIC SALMON FISHERIES. 213 frequently crowd together in heaps and dig down under one another until some of them die for want of running water, which is less than an inch away from them. The best remedy in such a case is to thin them out. John Pease Babcock, Assistant to the Commissioner of Fisheries of the Province of British Columbia, in 1910 advanced a novel sug- gestion that freshly fertilized eggs buried under sand and gravel immediately after would produce strong healthy fry at less cost than under existing hatching methods, and that fry so produced are stronger and more capable of resisting the attacks of their active enemies. The short, but interesting, account of his experiments is reproduced entire. In writing of the propagation of salmon and trout, some authorities state that con- siderable loss is occasioned in natural propagation by many of the eggs becoming embedded in sand and gravel; that all the eggs so embedded are lost. Observation and experiment in the propagation of Pacific salmon and trout for a considerable period lead me to advance the theory that in natural propagation only those eggs which become embedded beneath several inches of sand and gravel pro- duce alevins which live to attain the fry stage; and that those eggs which are not covered by several inches of sand and gravel are either consumed by active aquatic enemies or destroyed by vegetable molds, commonly termed "fungus." My experiments have demonstrated that the burial of freshly fertilized eggs of the nerka and other Pacific salmon does not smother them; that eggs so treated not only live but hatch; and that if they are covered to a sufficient depth the alevins produced survive and possess the instinct and power to work their way gradually to the surface ; that if buried beneath 5 or 6 inches of sand and gravel such eggs will hatch, and the young will work their way up through the sand and gravel to the surface, and that by the time they emerge, have absorbed their sacs and are then exempt from the attacks of vegetable molds. Eggs buried under 1 or 2 inches of sand and gravel produce alevins that work their way up to the surface before the sac is absorbed, and upon reaching the surface are subject to attack by vegetable molds, and a very large percentage are thus de- stroyed, as well as by the more developed forms of aquatic life. Eggs buried to a depth of 3 inches produce alevins that work their way to the surface so gradually that by the time they reach the surface their sacs are so nearly absorbed that many, but not all, resist the effects of fungus. Alevins from eggs buried beneath less than 4 inches of sand are liable to reach the surface while the sac is so thinly covered that few, if any, survive the effects of fungous growth. The spawning beds of Pacific coast streams from California to Alaska (to which my observations have been confined), where the salmon spawn in numbers are, during and after the spawning period, covered with more or less vegetable molds. These molds are particularly common in the beds of streams where great numbers of salmon have spawned and died. Every experienced fish culturist knows that most waters carry great numbers of spores of fungi, and how difficult it is to prevent eggs and alevins from being attacked and injured by their growth. I believe that in natural propagation fungous growths destroy more salmon eggs and alevins than all other causes combined. The vegetable molds of Pacific streams are not active beneath the surface of the beds of streams. Salmon eggs cast therein, if even thinly covered with sand, are not injured by them. These molds do not affect the fry that have nearly or entirely absorbed their sacs, but they are deadly if permitted to attach themselves to either the eggs or the alevins. 214 PACIFIC SALMON" FISHERIES. My experiments along this line lead me to express the opinion that by the burial of freshly fertilized salmon eggs under 6 or 7 inches of sand and gravel strong healthy fry can be produced at less cost than under existing hatching methods, and that fry so produced are stronger and more capable of resisting the attacks of their active enemies. I trust that this short statement of my experiments in the burial of salmon eggs may be deemed of sufficient economic importance to stimulate fish culturists generally in experimenting along similar lines. Those who do will perhaps experience some difficulty at first in the covering of a large number of eggs. Experimenters will find that after preparing suitable beds of sand and small gravel the eggs can be evenly laid and held until covered, if the surface of the bed is first thickly indented with cells a little deeper than the eggs. This can be readily accomplished by stamping the bed with a board covered with projections or pegs of suitable size. My experiments suggest that in the near future most of the buildings and hatching apparatus now used in the propagation of salmon and trout will be dispensed with; that after the eggs have been expressed and fertilized, instead of being placed in wire baskets in hatcheries, they will be buried beneath the sand and gravel of the beds of natural or prepared streams, and that with the exception of watchmen to protect them, little or no other labor will be required. FEEDING AND PLANTING THE FRY. For some time the fry remain at the bottom of the trough, but when the yolk sac is nearly absorbed they rise from the bottom and begin swimming. As a rule the fry are planted about the time the yolk sac is absorbed, thus obviating the necessity for feeding them. Some experts advise planting young red salmon when the umbilical sac is about two-thirds absorbed, which is the time when the fish begin to swim up freely. With the temperatures prevailing at the Alaska hatcheries, this means that the fry must be held at least four or five weeks after hatching. PACKING EGGS FOR SHIPMENT. In packing salmon eggs for shipment it is the custom at the Bureau of Fisheries's hatcheries to use a packing box made of one-half inch pine, 2 feet square and 1 foot deep. 6 At the bottom is placed a thick layer of moss, then a layer of mosquito netting, then a layer of eggs, then mosquito netting again, then successive layers of moss, netting, eggs, netting, and so on to the middle of the box. Here a firm wooden partition is fastened in and the packing renewed above in the same manner as below. The cover is then laid on the top, and when two boxes are ready they are placed in a wooden crate, made large enough to allow a space of 3 inches on all sides of the boxes. This space is filled with hay to protect the eggs against changes of temperature, and, the cover being put on the eggs, they are ready to ship. In the middle of the crate an open space about 4 inches in depth is left, between the two boxes of eggs, for ice. As soon as the crates arrive at the railway station this space, as well as the top of the crate, is filled in with ice. Recent experiments show that salmon eggs can be packed and safely transported to considerable distances when they are first taken. a Some experiments in the burial of salmon eggs— suggesting a new method of hatching salmon and trout. By John Pease Babcock. Trans. Am. Fish. Soc, 1910, p. 393-395. Washington, 1911. » A manual of fish culture, based on the methods of the United States Commission of Fish and Fisheries. Revised edition, p. 14. PACIFIC SALMON FISHERIES. 215 REARING SALMON FRY. For many years it was the custom to plant the fry as soon as they had absorbed the yolk sac, a period of about 30 days. A few thou- sands were sometimes raised to the fingerling, yearling, or adult stage, more as a curiosity than anything else. No particular diffi- culty was experienced in raising these fish, but the expense entailed in feeding them for a prolonged period, and the impossibility of doing so unless large ponds were constructed at great expense for the pur- pose of holding them during the feeding period, prevented the general adoption of the rearing system. For some years certain fish culturists had contended that the plant- ing of fry just after they had absorbed the umbilical sac was an economic mistake, claiming that at this age they were weak and com- paratively sluggish in their movements, and would fall easy prey to their numerous fish, bird, and other enemies. The late Robert D. Hume, who built and operated a hatchery on the lower Rogue River, also one on the upper Rogue River, which the United States Bureau of Fisheries operated for some years, was one of the first to take up the rearing of salmon fry on any scale. ■ In time these objections bore weight, and a few years ago the con- struction of ponds in which fry could be held and fed until they had reached a size which would insure them at least an even chance for their lives was undertaken all along the coast except in British Columbia, with the result that to-day there is pond capacity for about one-half of the total capacity of the various hatcheries. Most of the nursery ponds have been constructed near the hatch- eries and usually comprise oblong trenches dug in the earth and walled with cement and stone. In Oregon the State authorities found that the best results in pond rearing were obtained by using creek or natural ponds, which were made by placing dams across the small streams in the vicinity of the hatcheries. When first taken from the hatching troughs the fry are placed in the artificial ponds until the danger from spring freshets in the small streams is over, when the fry are transferred to the natural ponds, where the continual flow of fresh water, and the logs, rocks, etc., which provide shade and shelter, afford more natural conditions, and in which the natural food of the fry supplements the artificial food provided by man. The young fry show when they are ready to feed by darting to one side or the other when small particles of food are dropped in the water and float past them. For the first few weeks they should be fed regularly and as often as six times a day, and the earlier in the day the feeding begins and the later it continues at night the better. Two hours after feeding they will be found to be ravenously hungry, 216 PACIFIC SALMON FISHERIES. and as they grow much faster for frequent feeding great care should be taken to see that they are well fed. If not fed sufficiently they will bite at one another and cause more or less mortality among themselves. A big advantage in connection with the use of natural ponds is the comparatively small expense involved in providing for them as com- pared with the large expense involved in the construction of cement ponds. FOOD. In feeding salmon fry almost every conceivable food has been utilized. By universal consent liver is conceded to be the best food for the fry, as it can be ground finer than other foods and the blood which it contains is highly nutritious. At many places, however, it is impossible to secure liver, while its cost when available is generally prohibitive. The food used is generally that most available and which experi- ence has shown that the fry like and upon which they thrive. In Oregon a it has been found that the extremely young fry thrived on a mixture of ground dried salmon and mush (composed of mid- dlings and other wheat products). Milk curds from near-by cream- eries also proved satisfactory. The older fish are fed on ground smelt, lamprey eels, spent salmon, both dried and salted, and offal from the canneries, some loose and some packed in 1-gallon cans. SALMON HATCHERIES ON THE PACIFIC COAST. Below is shown a list of the salmon and steelhead-trout hatcheries operated on the Pacific coast during the year 1915: Hatcheries. V. S. BUREAU OF FISHERIES Alaska: Afognak Yes Bay California: Baird Battle Creek Hornbrook Mill Creek Oregon: Clackamas Applegate Illinois River Lower Rogue River Rogue River Willamette River , Collecting stations. fEagle Lake. \TJganik Lake. Ketchikan Creek. Eagle Creek. Eagle and Tanner Creeks. Hatcheries. U. S. BUREAU OF FISHERIES— continued. Washington: Baker Lake Birds view Darlington Day Creek Duckabush Illabott Quilcene Sultan Big White Salmon Little White Salmon STATE OF CALIFORNIA. Sisson Brookdale Price Creek Ukiah Collecting stations. Snow Mountain. a Rearing and feeding salmon fry in Oregon. Seattle, 1915. By R. E. Clanton. Trans. Pac. Fish. Soc, 1914, p. 91-94. PACIFIC SALMON FISHERIES. 217 Hatcheries. STATE OF OREGON. Wallowa River McKenzie River Salmon River Bonneville Santiam River (eyeing sta- tion). Klaskanine Willamette River (eyeing station). Eagle Creek Snake River (Idaho) Tillamook Yaquina Siuslaw Umpqua South Coos Coquille Alsea ' Rogue River STATE OF "WASHINGTON. Dungeness Elwha Green River Green River (eyeing station). Nooksak Nooksak River, north fork. Nooksak River, south fork . . . Pilchuck Samish Skagit River SkokomisL Snohomish Startup Stillaguamish Chinook". Kalama'. Lewis River Pateros-Methow Wenatch'ee Tilton River Collecting stations. Upper Sandy River. Lower Sandy River. Hatcheries. STATE OF WASHINGTON— COn. Wind River , Chehalis Humptulips Willapa , Cold Creek (Clarke County)., DOMINION OF CANADA. Granite Creek , Pemberton Harrison Lake Stuart Lake Skeena River Babine Lake Rivers Inlet Fraser River Anderson Lake Kennedy Lake Cowichan Lake PROVINCE OF BRITISH COLTTM- BIA. Seton Lake BRITISH COLUMBIA PACKERS ASSOCIATION. Nimpkish Lake ALASKA (PRIVATE HATCH- ERIES). Alaska Packers Association: Fortmann. Karluk. Northwestern Fisheries Co .: Quadra. Hetta. North Pacific Trading & Packing Co.: Klawak. Collecting stations. GENERAL STATISTICS. Distribution of fry, etc. — In the following table is shown by years and species the distribution in Pacific coast waters of fry, fingerlings, yearlings, and adults from 1873, when the first hatchery began oper- ation, to 1915, inclusive. The figures on fingerlings, yearlings, and adults are not as complete as could be wished, this being due to cer- tain of the State fish commissions not separating them from the fry in the published results. The table shows the enormous total of 6,291,011,445 fry and 26,290,421 fingerlings, yearlings, and adults as having been deposited in local waters since the inception of the work on this coast. Of these nearly one-half were sockeye, or red salmon, followed by chi- nook, or spring, coho, or silver, chum, steelhead trout, and humpback salmon in the order named. This table does not show the large number of eggs, fry, etc., shipped from the coast hatcheries to other sections of the country and to various foreign countries. These appear in the tables sho.vn under the various States, Provinces, and Territories. 218 PACIFIC SALMON FISHERIES. Distribution of Salmon Fry, etc., in the Pacific Coastal Streams of North America, in Specified Years. Chinook, king, orjspring. Coho, or silver. Chum, fry. Years. Fry. Fingerlings, yearlings, and adults. Fry. Finger- lings, yearlings, and adults. Humpback, or pink, fry. 1873 520,000 850,000 2,250,000 2,000,000 2,550,000 2,582,620 5,376,500 4,059,290 4,974,790 3,991,750 600,000 150,000 200,000 2,590,000 8,168,000 5, 250, 475 9,269,000 4,299,000 10,825,950 8,427,900 6,458,000 25,581,033 31,146,095 73,684,076 56,773,351 33,974,064 36,563,138 73,852,120 75,558,389 161,530,963 143, 714, 117 167,745,494 124,578,390 135, 447, 179 88,188,707 97,361,532 80,570,265 101,810,515 112,008,886 133,271,477 149,666,221 1874 1875 1876 1877 1878 1879 1880 1881 1882 1884 1886 1887 1888 1889 1890 1891 1892 25,000 1893 1894 280,000 910,000 1895 560, 000 1896 807, 150 1897 298, 137 1898 1899 189,000 13,925,104 20,047,935 41, 436, 123 34,460,291 23,894,026 30, 743, 492 47,356,449 44,426,380 54,108,557 50,648,674 45,863,952 52,869,759 66,087,446 79,313,839 67,682,576 92,926,831 1900 10,301,760 16, 478, 280 9,937,390 10,012,390 1901 1,668 1902 1903 1904 521,797 1905 1906 122,980 300 3,268,800 6,120,000 4,342,350 7,805,000 8,607,500 13,435,750 4,684,950 35,792,440 16,623,984 63,088,372 969,990 1907 4,224,255 1908 2,165,797 16,949 225 11, 700 1,405,860 31,920,662 1909 10,000 1910 2,251,340 1911 460, 150 1912 116,300 34,205,460 1913 1,888 1914 2,571,711 9,875,745 39,6S5,814 1915 7,867,484 Total 1,988,419,287 17,004,785 767,468,571 676,600 210,498,966 122,118,840 PACIFIC SALMON FISHERIES. 219 Distribution op Salmon Fry, etc., in the Pacific Coastal Streams op North America, in Specified Years — Continued. Sockeye, red, or blueback. Steelhead trout. Total. Years. Fry. Fingerlings, yearlings, and adults. Fry. Finger- lings, yearlings, and adults. Fry. Finger- lings, yearlmgs, and adults. 520,000 850,000 2,250,000 2,000,000 2,550,000 2,582,620 5,376,500 4,059,290 4,974,790 3,991,750 600,000 1,800,000 2,775,000 4,614,000 8,397,000 12,587,000 11,890,475 12,872,800 10,299,000 17,099,950 17,565,400 19,049,000 41,556,841 50,080,672 95,250,076 72,731,976 89,852,488 94,699,932 201,148,581 213,939,500 260,864,906 298,226,484 458,104,140 412, 996, 968 462, 184, 874 394,097,305 561,668,565 419,795,138 543,824,521 485,918,028 530,349,190 535,401,818 1875 1877 1882 1884 1885 1,800,000 2,625,000 4,414,000 5,807,000 4,419,000 6,640,000 3,603,800 6,000,000 6,274,000 8,504,000 11,681,000 15,868,000 18,374,440 20,916,000 15,761,000 29,590,000 19,901,253 72,679,000 89,398,789 70,710,200 119,963,200 23?, 037, 442 2?8,018,450 230,528,455 239,251,146 396, 215, 795 257,463,497 3,24,325,768 242,146,069 261,365,781 198,910,010 1886 1887 1888 . 1889 . 1890 . 1891 1892 25,000 1893 1894 353, 500 1895 560, 000 1896 107, 808 262,000 650,000 8,625 2,061,560 1,709,326 3,243,948 4,509,641 4,207,920 3,805,675 6,725,965 5,623,493 5, 837, 671 8,193,778 11,368,446 14,995,717 12,710,382 16,654,906 11,719,558 22,942,900 807, 150 1897 1898 1899 1900 1901 1,668 1902 1903 37,033 37,033 1904 1905 1906 24,383 147, 663 1907 1908 2, 165, 797 1909 16,949 1910 225 1911 11,700 1912 177,790 1,699,950 1913 1914 2,571,711 1915 8, 369, 830 18,245,575 Total 3,145,192,093 8,369,830 137, 698, 819 239,206 6,371,396,578 26, 290, 421 Output of Bureau of Fisheries hatcheries. — The table below shows by years and species the combined output of the various hatcheries of the United States Bureau of Fisheries on this coast. The greater part of the egg output was to various State hatcheries on the Pacific coast, more particularly those belonging to the State of California. The total figures show that since the Bureau began operations on this coast it has distributed 966,240,303 eggs, 603,076,619 fry, and 31,176,2S3 fingerlings, yearlings, and adults. 220 PACIFIC SALMON FISHERIES. Output of Pacific Coast Salmon Hatcheries Owned by the United States Bureau of Fisheries, 1872 to 1915. Year ending June 30 — Chinook, king, or spring. Eggs. Fry. Finger- lings, yearlings, and adults. Coho, or silver. Eggs. Fry. Finger- lings, yearlings, and adults. 1872. . . 1873... 1874... 1875... 1876... 1877... 1878... 1879. . . 1880. . . 1881... 1882. . . 1883... 1889". 1890. . . 1891... 1892. . 1893... 1894. . 1895... 1896.. 1897... 1898.. 1899.. 1900.. 1901.. 1902. . 1903.. 1904.. 1905. . 1906.. 1907. . 1908.. 1909. . 1910.. 1911.. 1912. . 1913.. 1914.. 1915.. 30,000 1,400,000 4, 155, 000 6,250,000 5,065,000 4,983,000 7,810,000 4, 250, 000 3,800,000 4, 300, 000 Total. 3, 450, 000 2, 554, 000 3, 6S8, 000 2,902,000 3, 530, 000 7, 500, 000 3,699,000 2, 798, 500 18, 232, 590 30,605,000 32,618,000 7,411,000 11,615,036 19, 446, 410 16, 160, 177 75, 217, 354 96, 055, 765 115, 648, 145 78,587,705 68, 520, 550 38, 859, 265 38, 306, 709 37,314,514 36, 837, 550 58, 296, 873 31,032,645 25,751.005 90S, 680, 793 850,000 1, 750, 000 1,500,000 2,000,000 2, 500, 000 2,300,000 2,000,000 3,100,000 3, 991, 750 776, 125 6,000,000 2, 860, 475 5, 678, 525 1, 647, 900 5, 290, 100 651, 500 500, 000 3, 547, 850 9,828,095 39,950,698 9,366,366 14, 287, 264 7, 987, 107 29,340,308 23, 845, 956 35,006,9S8 21,620,292 20, 797, 543 17,567,092 24, 998, 185 20, 177, 286 15, 682, 064 16, 659, 6S4 31,040,893 33, 419, 423 48, 895, 607 53,612,056 557, 150 280,000 690, 000 560, 000 29S, 137 123,118 2, 165, 797 16, 949 225 211, 700 1, 405, 860 521,027,132 19,670,498 5, 582, 796 9, 604, 985 107, 000 239, 180 760,000 296,000 272,000 275, 000 2,391,900 52, 000 202,000 95, 840 111,200 146, S24 302, 041 424, 530 SI, 812 3,984,645 9, 321, 513 6, 445, 574 3, 636, 952 13, 420, 714 9, 470, 925 10,88S,025 6, 210, 296 12, 955, 824 13, 952, 963 24, 619, 456 24, 018, 355 300 57, 932 27, 258 267, 662 5, 482, 920 141, 148, 5S6 913, 152 Chum, fry. Humpback, or pink. Sockeye, red, or blueback. Year ending June 30— Eggs. Fry. Eggs. Fry. Finger- lings, yearlings, and adults. 10,683,000 3,834,453 3,371,000 3,731,7S9 3, 855, 000 7,819,2S1 9,923,680 58,835,055 69.883,305 93, 408, 496 146,081,595 100,490,900 91, 422, 273 78, 724, 900 53,071,574 46,282,691 176, 597 10, 000 1906 2,000 969,990 880,666 9,500 502, 000 6, 764, 762 10, 000 1,731,740 460, 150 2,566,325 1,880 637, 652, 777 c7, 272, 980 75,000 100, 000 1911 911,650 2, 495, 000 19,479,000 8, 672, 735 35, 504, 707 100, 000 3, 271, 740 1912 2,000,000 2, 000, 000 6,020,000 155,000 1913 1914 13,260,000 14, 500, 000 120,000 1915 8, 416, 405 Total 67,063,092 31,635,740 57,607,201 11,230,000 781,418,992 8,555,905 a Operations suspended from 1884 to 1888, both inclusive. b Includes 4,355 fingerlings, adults, and yearlings, c Includes 119,480 flugerlings, adults, and yearlings. PACIFIC SALMON FISHERIES. 221 Output of Pacific Coast Salmon Hatcheries Owned by the United States Bureau of Fisheries, 1872 to 1915 — Continued. Steelhead trout. Total. Year ending June 30— Eggs. Fry. Finger- lings, yearlings, and adults. Eggs. Fry. Finger- lings, yearlings, and adults. 1872 30,000 1,400,000 4, 155, 000 6, 250, 000 5,065,000 4, 983, 000 7.810,000 4,250,000 3,800,000 4, 300, 000 1873 1874... 850,000 1, 750, 000 1,500,000 2,000,000 2,500,000 2,300,000 2, 000, 000 3, 100, 000 3, 991, 750 776, 125 6, 000, 000 2, 860, 475 5, 678, 525 1, 647, 900 ....5,290,100 1, 240, 000 2,042,500 3, 655, 658 10,383,232 40,600,698 9,378,491 25,242,088 12, 189, 451 33, 266, 088 28,362,257 43, 116, 435 39, 298, 291 39,971,272 81,229,404 116,156,562 124,737,078 177, 894, 650 12S, 559, 119 144, 769, 730 149, 850, 391 176,934,587 171,953,762 1875. . . 1876 1877 ■ 1878 1879. . . 1880. . 1881 1882 . 1883 1889" 3, 450, 000 2, 554, 000 3, 688, 000 2,902.000 3, 530, 000 7, 575, 000 3, 699, 000 2, 973, 500 18, 282. 590 30, 665, 000 32, 777, 000 7,826,000 11, 861, 036 19, 927, 410 17,320,977 75,442,354 96, 627, 165 117, 127, 325 79,597,705 69, 881, 275 39, 714, 990 38,881,709 40, 466, 414 43,066,290 61, 828, 873 51, 137, 485 41,394,205 1890 1891 1892 1893 1894 75,000 308, 500 852, 500 107, 808 257, 000 650, 000 12, 125 125,000 65, 850 130, 250 702, 700 93, 205 537, 205 1,834,485 1, 190, 305 1,089,596 1,670,371 3,511,226 3, 826, 439 4, 289, 415 4.272,225 4,022,438 5, 262, 973 1895 332, 000 892, 000 557, 150 1896 175,000 50,000 60, 000 159, 000 415, 000 246,000 481,000 480, 000 225, 000 464, 400 358,000 250.000 487, 725 483, 725 300,000 660,000 905,000 1,330,000 729, 000 877,000 1897 1808 1899 1900 1901 25,000 26,668 1902 1903 285, 848 11, 090 286, 098 11 090 1901 10,000 173,301 1906 40,383 1907 1908 1909 16 949 1910 225 1911 211 700 1912 294, 090 1,699,950 1913 1914 5 730 054 1915 1,048,317 19,337,369 Total 9, 210, 850 34,811,616 2,036,728 966,240,303 603,076,619 a Operations suspended from 1884 to 1888,- both inclusive. ACCLIMATIZING PACIFIC SALMON IN EASTERN WATERS. For many years efforts have been made by the United States Bureau of Fisheries and various State fish commissions to introduce Pacific coast salmon in eastern waters. In the early history of fish culture chinook fry were planted in almost every imaginable stream along the Atlantic seaboard, in various streams in the Mississippi Valley, and also in tributaries of the Great Lakes. In most cases, owing to the unsuitability of the. water, the experiment was doomed to failure from the start. In the case of a few streams where results might have been obtained, the plantings were at long intervals and the fish were too small to protect themselves, while no effort was made by the State authorities to protect them. 222 PACIFIC SALMON FISHERIES. The most successful results with plants, of chinook salmon have been obtained in Lake Sunapee, N. H., where it is now a not uncom- mon thing for anglers to catch chinooks with rod and reel. In 1912 about 10,000 chinook fingerlings from Columbia Kiver eggs furnished by the United States Bureau of Fisheries were planted by the Massachusetts Fish Commission in Lake Quinsigamond, and during July, 1914, about 20 months after they were hatched, over 600 salmon, according to a member of the commission, were caught, ranging from 1^ to 5 pounds each. The most successful effort in this line was initiated by the United States Bureau of Fisheries in the fall of 1,913, when it transferred from its hatcheries on the Pacific coast to those in Maine 13,240,000 humpback-salmon eggs. These were followed by a second shipment of 7,022,000 eggs in the fall of 1914, and of a third shipment of about 7,000,000 eggs in the fall of 1915. These eggs were hatched out and the fry planted in various selected New England streams where the conditions seemed favorable. Early in August, 1915, a female humpback salmon 22^ inches long and weighing 4 pounds, 3 ounces, was taken at the Bangor water- works in the Penobscot River. Shortly after a male fish of about the same size was taken in this river at Orland dam. A little later agents of the Bureau captured 20 alive near Bangor, and about 3,000 eggs were obtained and fertilized. In Dennys River, in Maine, during the period between August 15 and September 24, local fishermen caught a number. CALIFORNIA. HISTORY. The first fish-cultural station on the Pacific coast was located on McCloud River, a stream. of the Sierra Nevada Mountains emptying into Pit River, a tributary to the Sacramento, 323 miles nearly due north of San Francisco. The site on the west bank of the river, about 3 miles above the mouth, was chosen after investigation of a number of places on the Sacramento, by Livingston Stone, one of America's pioneer fish culturists, and the station was named Baird, in honor of the then Commissioner of Fisheries, Prof. Spencer F. Baird. Although the season had nearly passed when the station was sufficiently advanced to handle eggs, 50,000 eggs were secured, and while 20,000 were lost, owing to the excessive heat, the remaining 30,000 were shipped east, all of which were eventually lost but 7,000 fry, which were planted in the Susquehanna River, in Pennsylvania. The main object of the hatchery the first few years was to secure eggs to ship to the East for the purpose of introducing Pacific salmon in the waters in that section. The Commission early made an agree- ment with the State of California, however, under which the latter PACIFIC SALMON FISHEKIES. 223 at first paid part of the expense, and the Commission hatched and planted a portion of the take in the McCloud River. Later, part of the eggs were turned over to the State, which hatched and planted the salmon in local waters. In 1881 the station buildings were washed away in a freshet, but were immediately rebuilt. From 1884 to 1887, both inclusive, all operations were suspended. In 1889 a hatchery was established at Fort Gaston, on the Army reservation in the Hoopa Indian Reservation in Humboldt County, but it was not put into operation until 1890. As the reservation was abolished on July 1, 1892, the Commission took complete charge of the plant, and in 1893 established a tributary station on Redwood Creek. The same year Korbel station was established about one- half mile above Korbel, on Mad River, in Humboldt County. Owing to the lack of money this station was closed in the fiscal year 1896, but was reopened during the fiscal year 1897. That same year the Commission erected, on ground owned by the State, a hatchery at Battle Creek in Tehama County and also took charge of and operated the hatchery erected at this place by the State fish commission the previous year. Under the terms of an agreement the Commission was to deliver to the State as many eyed spawn as the latter could hatch at Sisson, its own station. Owing to their inaccessibility the Fort Gaston hatchery and its substations were abandoned in 1898. The same year an experi- mental station was established at Olema, Bear Valley, in Marin County, whence eggs were transferred from Baird station, hatched out here, and planted in Olema Creek in order to see if they could not be domesticated here, where they had not been found pre- viously. During the fiscal year 1902 a substation was established on Mill Creek, a stream which has its source in the foothills of the Sierra Mountains, in the northeastern part of Tehama County, and empties mto the Sacramento River from the east about a mile above the town of Tehama. The eggs are retained here until eyed and then shipped to other hatcheries. As stated above, the State aided the work of the United States Fish Commission in a financial way and also by hatching and dis- tributing the eggs turned over to its care. In 1885 the State Legis- lature passed a bill authorizing the establishment of a hatchery of its own, and the same year such a station was built upon Hat Creek about 2£ miles above its junction with Pitt River, a tributary of the Sacramento River. As the work of the first few seasons devel- oped that the location was unsuitable, the hatchery was Temoved in 1888 to Sisson, in Siskiyou County. The work of this hatchery was to handle the eggs turned over to it by the United States Fish Commission. 224 PACIFIC SALMON FISHERIES. In 1895 another hatchery was built by the State near the mouth of Battle Creek, a tributary of the Sacramento River. In 1896 and 1897 this hatchery was operated jointly by the State and the United States Fish Commission while awaiting the appropriation of money by the Commission to purchase it from the State. In the fall of 1897 a hatchery was established by the State at Grizzly Bluff, on Price Creek, a tributary of Eel River, in Humboldt County, and in 1902 this hatchery made the first plant in the State of steelhead trout fry. Santa Cruz County has had a hatchery at Brookdale for a number of years. In 1911 it was leased to the State and operated by the latter during the seasons of 1911 and 1912. In 1913 the State gave up the lease and entered into a contract to purchase the eggs pro- duced from this hatchery. The price agreed upon was that the State Commission was to pay $1.50 per thousand for the eyed steel- head eggs, up to the number of 2,000,000, and $1 per thousand for all eggs up to 3,000,000, provided that the eggs were collected and eyed by a skilled fish culturist and would pass inspection before they were accepted. A hatchery was established by the United States Bureau of Fish- erics at Hornbrook, on Klamath River, in 1913. At first this hatch- ery was devoted to rainbow trout work, but later the collection and distribution of silver and chinook salmon was taken up. During the fall of 1911 the State established an experimental station at Sacramento in order to carry on a series of experiments to determine whether the eggs of the quinnat salmon could be success- fully hatched and the fry reared near the city of Sacramento. Of the fish hatched at this station 50,000 were marked. Nearly all of the fry that were liberated in the Sacramento River were floated in a screen cage by boat into the middle of the stream and there released. N. B. Scofield took 500 in a floating box down the river, where they were held and fed for several weeks in brackish and salt water. They were apparently not affected by the changes in the salinity of the water. Experiments were carried on until the summer of 1913, when they were abandoned due to the killing of the embryos by the min- eral substances in the water used at the station. During the fiscal year 1912 the Mill Creek hatchery of the United States Bureau of Fisheries was operated by the California Com- mission. Some years ago the town of Ukiah, Mendocino County, estab- lished a hatchery 1 mile from the town, and on Russian River. For some years it was operated as a trout station, but eventually became an important steelhead hatchery. It was not operated in 1913. In 1914 the State Fish Commission collected steelhead eggs PACIFIC SALMON FISHERIES. 225 at the Eel River dam of the Snow 'Mountain Water & Power Co., and having secured permission from the town of Ukiah, hatched them out in its hatchery. As the Hornbrook hatchery on Klamath River was on private property, the United States Bureau of Fisheries in 1915 removed the buildings from the old location on the south side to property owned by the Government on the north side of the river. In 1915 new hatchery buildings were erected at the Mill Creek hatchery. OUTPUT. The following tables show separately the quantity of eggs, fry, etc., distributed by the United States Fish Commission and the State since the inception of the work. The large quantity of eggs shown by the Commission represents largely the eggs supplied to the State, which hatched and distributed them, and eggs sent to other States and to foreign countries. Output of Hatcheries Owned by the United States Bureau op Fisheries. Years ending Chinook. Silver. Steelhead trout. Total. June 30 a— Eggs. Fry. Eggs. Fry. Eggs. Fry. Eggs. Fry. 1872... 30,000 1,400,000 4, 155, 000 6,250,000 5,065,000 4,983,000 7, 810, 000 4,250,000 3,800,000 4,300,000 30,000 1, 400, 000 4, 155, 000 6,250,000 5,065,000 4,983,000 7,810,000 4, 250, 000 3,800,000 4,300,000 1873... 1874... 850,000 . 1,750,000 1,500,000 2,000,000 2,500,000 2,300,000 2,000,000 3, 100, 000 3,991,750 776, 125 1,500,000 84, 000 777, 000 315, 500 1,190,100 438, 500 500, 000 715, 700 3,056,701 15, 643, 300 3,275,110 3,533,950 889, 570 2,115,560 1, 618, 066 2,350,130 7,561,380 « 3, 496, 405 2,512,250 4, 780, 855 3,590,078 2,286,257 3,666,061 7,243,325 2, 195, 100 / 9, 448, 340 850,000 1,750,000 1,500,000 2,000,000 2, 500, 000 2, 300, 000 2, 000, 000 3, 100, 000 3,991,750 776, 125 1,500,000 84,000 777,000 315,500 1,190,100 1, 027, 000 2,934,500 823,508 3,611,838 16,293,300 3,275,110 3,533,950 889,570 2,115,560 1,618,066 2,350,130 7,561,380 3,496,405 2,512,250 4, 780, 855 3,590,078 2,286,257 1875... 1876... 1877... 1878... 1879... 1880... 1881... 1882... 1883... 1883 b . 3, 450, 000 1, 554, 000 2,988,000 2,902,000 3, 530, 000 7,500,000 3, 676, 000 6, 170, 800 18,232,590 30, 605, 000 27,665,000 2, 925, 000 3,934,036 17,5*0,410 11,275,777 64,598,354 96,025,765 107,905,945 73,376,315 64,990,550 32,278,265 30, 539, 467 83,364,514 20,697,550 17,092,873 25, 373, 645 3, 450, 000 1,554,000 2,988,000 2,902,000 3, 530, 000 7, 575, 000 3,676,000 6,345,800 18,282,590 30,665,000 27,665,000 2,925,000 3,934,036 17,580,410 11,275,777 64,598,354 96,025,765 107,905,945 73,376,315 64,990,550 32,278,265 30,539,467 35, 654, 414 20,697,550 17, 192, 873 25,469,485 20,716,005 1890... 1891... 1892... 1893... 1894 . . . 280,000 c 1,250, 000 75,000 308,500 d 1, 184, 500 107, 808 257, 000 650,000 1895... 1896... 175, 000 50,000 60,000 1897... 298, 137 1898... 1899... 1900... 1901... 1902... 1903... 1904... 1905... 1A06... 1907... 1908... 1909... 1910... 1911... 2,289,900 1912... 7^243' 325 2,212,420 1913... 100, 000 95,840 17, 320 2,536,460 ft 1, 197, 902 1914... 1915... 20,716,005 (7 13,101,539 14^299^441 Total.. 772,990,861 118,652,652 2,485,740 5,579,819 360, 000 2,507,808 775,836,601 126,740,279 -.-".v VU .. UUUU '>. j ^m.i », cw uoi/a iujj uu JL003. 6 The hatchery was closed from 1884 to 1888. c Includes 560,000 flngerlings, yearlings, or adults. <* Includes 332,000 flngerlings, yearlings, or adults. 62425°— 17 15 e Includes 138 flngerlings, yearlings, or adults. /Includes 3,849,991 flngerlings. a Includes 8,086,139 flngerlings. A Includes 226,162 flngerlings. ' 226 PACIFIC SALMON FISHERIES. Output of Hatcheries Owned by the State op California. Years. Chinook. Silver fry. Steelhead fry. Total. Eggs. Fry." Eggs. Fry. 1873 520,000 850, 000 2,250,000 2,000,000 2,200,000 2,500,000 2,300,000 2,225,000 2,420,000 3,991,750 600, 000 150,000 200,000 1,290,000 2, 168, 000 1,320,000 2,798,000 2,651,000 3,941,650 7,776,400 3, 435, 000 15,283,183 18, 123, 000 31,476,388 21,234,000 2,530,000 3,239,000 16,852,040 20, 040, 487 63, 632, 000 87, 000, 000 105,815,920 71,267,000 60,619,000 28,000,000 28,469,745 29,657,263 18,909,445 16,277,227 25,290,615 33,313,150 520, 000 1874 850,000 2,250,000 2,000,000 2,2011,000 2, 500, 000 1875 b 250, 000 250, 000 1876 1877 1878 . 1879 . 2,300,000 2,225,000 1880 1881 2,420,000 1 882 3,991,750 1884 600,000 150, 000 1886 1887 200, 000 1888 1,290,000 2,168,000 1,320,000 2, 798, 000 2,651,000 1889 1890. 1891 . . . 1892 1893 3,941,650 1891 7, 776, 400 1895 3,435,000 15,283,183 1896 1897 18,123,000 31,476,388 1898 1899. . 21,234,000 1900 . 2,536,000 1901 . 3,239,000 1902 . 301,000 120, 000 90, 000 108, 000 243,000 352, 000 170,000 517,000 637, 800 1,858,100 2,177,958 1,983,500 3,171,083 8,582,500 17,153,040 1903 . 20, 160, 487 1904 63,722,000 1905 87,108,000 1906 106,058,920 1907 71,619,000 1908 60,789,000 1909 28,517,000 1910 29,107,545 1911 , 2,060,910 33,576,273 1912 21,087,403 1913 25,000 12,500 1,417,000 18, 285, 727 1914 28,474,198 1915 43,312,650 Total 250, 000 744,622,263 3,515,410 20,311,941 250, 000 768, 449, 614 a The greater part of the output of Chinook fry was from eggs supplied by the United States Bureau of Fisheries hatchories in California. b All were lost. DISTRIBUTION. The following table shows, by streams and species, the distribution in California of the eggs, fry, etc., from the hatcheries of the United States Fish Commission and the State. This far from represents the work of the hatcheries, as large quantities of eggs were sent to other States and foreign countries. PACIFIC SALMON FISHERIES. 22'l Distribution op Salmon Eggs, Fry, etc., in the Waters op California. Klamath River and tributaries. Redwood Creek and tributaries. Years. Chinook. Silver. Chinook fry. Silver. Fry. Year- lings. Fry. Adults and year- lings. Fry. Adults and year- lings. Steel- head fry. 1890 90,000 30,000 147, 600 487,200 1891 25,000 142,500 170, 000 1X92 25,000 1893 1895 300, 000 160,000 140,000 400, 000 1896 65, 700 280,250 1,260,000 107, 808 202 000 1S97... 124, 750 1898 16,000 40,000 650 000 L903... 1911 2,066,910 17, 320 2,548,960 1,098,000 1913 1914 a 2, 255, 100 5,820,000 1915 Total 8,885,900 25,000 6,025,190 160, 000 1,943,450 264, 750 400,000 959,808 o Includes 100,000 planted in Smith River. Distribution of Salmon Eggs, Fry, etc., in the Waters op California — Con. Years. Mad River and North Fork. Eel River. Russian River. Skaggs Springs. Marin County creeks. Chinook fry. Silver fry. Steel- head fry. Chinook fry. Steel- head fry. Chinook fry. 1881 15,000 15,000 1894 280, 000 470,000 173,387 308,500 1895 1897 145, 365 60,000 635,000 1,970,000 900 000 1898 7,857,388 8,202,000 885,000 2,069,500 5,257,947 5,200,000 8,100,000 9,265,920 7,570,000 6, 154, 000 5,500,000 5,969,745 1899 1900 1902 301, 000 120, 000 .90, 000 1903 1904 1905 1906 243, 000 352, 000 1907 25,000 25 000 1908 1909 349, 000 334,800 1910 1911 1912 100, 000 100, 000 225,000 350, 000 3,103,660 1,386,500 3, 723, 000 2,618,150 1913 1914... 1915 Total 820,365 923,387 368,500 82,862,810 1,789,800 40,000 15,000 3,530,000 228 PACIFIC SALMON FISHEEIES. Distribution of Salmon Eggs, Fry, etc., in the Waters op California — Con. Sacramento River and tributaries. San Fran- cisco Bay streams San Gre- gorio River. Pesca- dero Creek. Monterey Bay and tribu- taries. Years. Chinook. Silver fry. Steel- head fry. Eggs. Fry. Yearlings, finger- lings, and adults. Chinook fry. 1873 .. 20,000 520,000 850,000 2,000,000 2,000,000 2,200,000 2,500,000 2,300,000 2,225,000 2,300,500 3,991,750 600,000 150, 000 200, 000 1,290,000 3,668,000 1,404,000 3,520,000 2,676,500 4, 474, 750 8,214,900 3, 935, 000 15,683,183 19,264,086 33,998,300 16, 307, 110 5,184,950 4,128,570 16,898,100 16, 359, 606 60, 782, 130 94,561,380 100,038,552 66,209,250 59,245,855 26, 090, 000 24,786,257 33,323,324 22,949,110 16,691,167 24,637,864 28,705,000 1874 .. 1875 . . . a 250, 000 1876... 1877 1878 1879 1880 1881 20,000 15,000 15,000 30, 000 1882... 80,300 1884 1886 1887 1888... 1889. . 1890... 1891 1892... 1893 1894 45, 000 1895 . . 1896... 250,000 1897 1898 1899... 85,200 1900 1901 . . . 1902 1903... 1904... 1905... 108,000 1906... 900,000 1907 135,000 170,000 168,000 303,000 1,200,000 1908 S00,000 1909 1910 1911 . . . 1912... 1913... 294,660 1914... 838, 90S 9,053,635 1915 . . . 1, 194, 762 Total.... 435,500 736,864,194 10,142,541 1, 194, 762 929,000 314,660 15,000 15,000 2, 930, 000 > All were lost. PACIFIC SALMON FISHERIES. 229 Distribution op Salmon Eggs, Fry, etc., in the Waters op California — Con. Monterey Bay and tribu- taries. Truckee River. Total. Years. Chinook fry. Chinook. Silver. Silver fry. Steel- head fry. Eggs. Fry. Year- lings, finger- lings, and adults." Fry. Adults and year- lings. Steel- head fry. & 20,000 520,000 850,000 2,250,000 2,000,000 2,200,000 2,500,000 2,300,000 2,225,000 2,420,500 3,991,750 600,000 150,000 200,000 1,290,000 3,668,000 1, 494, 000 3, 575, 000 2,966,600 5, 131, 950 8,214,900 3,935,000 15, 748, 883 20, 324, 701 45, 101, 688 25, 409, 110 6,069,950 4, 128, 570 18, 967, 600 21,657,553 65, 982, 130 102,661,380 110, 204, 472 75,029,250 66, 199, 855 31, 590, 000 30,756,002 33,323,324 26, 152, 770 18,472,327 30, 840, 964 c 37, 543, 150 250, 000 250, 000 10,000 80,300 25,000 280,000 910,000 353, 500 560,000 1896 250,000 107, 808 1897 298, 137 262,000 1898 650,000 1899 85,200 1901 1902 301,000 1903 120,000 1904 90, 000 1905 108,000 1906 243,000 1907 80,000 80,000 42,000 80,000 80,000 42,000 487,000 1908 . 170,000 1909 1,200 518, 200 1910 637,800 1911 2, 060, 910 1,858,100 1912 2, 177, 958 1913 25,000 42,320 2,548,960 2,363,762 1,983,500 1914 838,906 9, 053, 635 3,171,083 1915 71,000 8, 582, 500 Total 298, 000 1,200 260,000 435, 500 c838,646,379 10,167,541 8,706,089 560,000 21, 821, 449 a Of recent years it has been impossible to show the total number of yearlings, fingerlings, and adults planted, as the State reports do not distinguish them from the fry. Those shown in 1914-15 were reared by the United States Bureau of Fisheries. b After 1911 the practice of showing waters in which steelheads were planted was abandoned as the number of streams was becoming unwieldy. c Includes 25,000 Chinook fry placed in Santa Inez River and 25,000 placed in Ventura River in 1915. 230 PACIFIC SALMON FISHERIES. OREGON. HATCHERIES ON COASTAL STREAMS. Rogue River. — In 1877 R. D. Hume, who had been packing salmon on this river for some years, erected a hatchery at Ellensburg. In 1888 the Oregon Legislature appropriated a sum of money for the enlargement and support of this hatchery, Mr. Hume to retain complete control. As the location is on tidewater, it is necessary to catch the parent fish and hold them until they are ready to spawn, and in order to do this Mr. Hume had an excavation 32 by 62 feet and 11 feet deep made in the bank of the river. This was lined with concrete 1 foot thick, which, when filled with water, made a pond 30 by 60 feet and 10 feet deep. Over the entire pond he constructed a building which could be closed up so as virtually to exclude the light. It is supposed that retaining the fish in a dark place aids in keeping them in good physical condition until ready to spawn. After the death of Mr. Hume in 1908 this hatchery was taken over and operated by the State. In 1897 Mr. Hume built and equipped a hatchery on the upper Rogue River at the mouth of Elk Creek, about 26 miles from the town of Central Point, in Jackson County, and, in pursuance of an understanding with the United States Fish Commission, the latter operated then and still continues to operate this plant. In 1900 the Government established an auxiliary station for the collection of steelhead trout eggs on Elk Creek, about 10 miles above the main station. In 1905 a substation was operated at Grants Pass, while during the fiscal year 1908 and in subsequent years sub- stations were operated at Findley Eddy, on the Rogue River, Illinois River, and Applegate Creek, tributaries of the Rogue. Many of the eggs gathered at the upper Rogue River stations were shipped to Mr. Hume's hatchery, on the lower river, and there hatched out and planted. GoguiUe River. — The State formerly had a hatchery on this river, but it was abandoned during the winter of 1902-3. In the winter of 1904-5 a substation was established on one of the tributaries of the Coquille River, about 6 miles from the South Coos River hatchery, and was used in hatching eggs brought to it from the latter place. A station was built on the north fork of the Coquille River in 1910. Coos River. — A hatchery was built by the State in 1900 on the South Coos River, about 20 miles from the town of Marshfield. PACIFIC SALMON FISHERIES. 231 Umpqua River. — In 1900 the State built a hatchery on the north fork of the Umpqua River, near the town of Glide and about 24 miles east of Roseburg. In 1901 a station was established farther up the north fork, at the mouth of Steamboat Creek. After working here two years the station was moved a couple of miles farther up the stream. In 1907 work was resumed at the original station near Glide, as winter freshets had seriously damaged the upper station. A per- manent station was built in 1910. Siuslaw River. — In 1893 the State erected a hatchery on Knowles Creek, a tributary of the Siuslaw River, about 20 miles above the mouth of the river. It was turned over to the United States Fish Commission to operate, but no fish came up to the hatchery because the fishermen lower down stretched their nets entirely across the river. In 1897 and 1898 the United States Fish Commission operated a hatchery owned by a Mr. McGuire and located close to Mapleton about 2 miles below the head of tidewater. In 1902 the State established an experimental station at the Bailey place, near Meadow post office. In 1907 a permanent station was established by the State on Land Creek fork of the Siuslaw River. Alsea River. — In 1902 the State established a station on the Willis Vidito place, near the town of Alsea. In 1907 an experimental station was established on this river at the mouth of Rock Creek, about 14 miles above the head of tidewater. In 1910 an experimental station was established between Alsea and tidewater. Yaquina River. — In 1902 the State established a hatching station on the Big Elk River, a tributary of Yaquina River, about 3 miles above its confluence with the main river. This station was made permanent the next year. Tillamook Bay. — In 1902 the State established a station on Wilson River, a tributary of Tillamook Bay, and about 8 miles above tide- water. In 1906 the station was removed to the Trask River, a tributary of Tillamook Bay. 232 PACIFIC SALMON FISHERIES. DISTRIBUTION. The following table shows the distribution of fry in the coastal streams of the State by the Government and the State: Distribution of Salmon Fry, etc., in the Coastal Streams of Oregon. Year ending June 30— Tillamook Bay and tributaries. Chinook fry. Silverside fry. Steel- head fry. Yaquina River. Chinook fry- Silverside fry. Steel- head fry. Alsea River. Chinook fry. Silverside fry. 1898. 1901. 1903. 1904. 1905. 1906. 1907. 1908. 1909. 1910. 1911. 1912. 1913. 1914. 1915. 19,994 251,875 799,300 312, 700 2,124,000 624, 800 1,818,245 646, 300 1,747,530 487, 692 2, 833, 428 2,648,000 1, 629, 000 4,896,000 569, 690 3,506,990 2,309,770 1,080,000 1, 578, 131 422, 886 1,112,392 11,665,869 16,873,399 1 , 196, 000 761, 000 848,229 660, 588 213,900 213, 557, 3, 144, 1,407, 816, 1, 919, 2, 193, 485, 324, 582, 148, 727, 985,220 3,009,075 4,178,000 1,955,793 909, 855 1,006,309 28,815 2, 637, 550 1,554,602 3,288,650 780,500 1,033,150 376, 245 1,000,000 806,938 1,000,000 1,785,351 199, 700 812,300 621,015 7,145 495,950 287, 645 87,935 30,300 997,455 424, 925 6,559,177 12,521,091 19,553,869 2,818,055 2,945,918 ! 5,050,331 Year ending June 30— Siuslaw River. Chinook fry- Silver- side fry. Steel- head fry. Umpqua River. Chinook fry. Steel- head fry. Coos Bay and tributaries. Chinook fry. Silver- side fry. Steel- head fry. 1897 1898 1899 1901 1902 1903 1904 1905 19Q6 1907 1908 1909 1910 1911 1912 1913 1914 1915 Total 180 440', 2,700 213; 112, 389, 822, 435! 1,826: 6os; 729: 191 273 594 715 255 1,062 1, 472; 214, 800 311,900 1,296,732 1,030,486 1,127,293 1,092,540 25, 289 20, 693 504,429 627,312 476,273 397,355 98,243 227, 580 72,097 106, 717 17, 735 257, 850 730,000 1,136,000 1,590,213 1,399,860 2,654,925 4,903,700 4,685,900 2, 378, 853 4,093,848 5,686,273 2,541,236 1,053,516 903,704 1,882,985 1,333,171 235, 000 2,416,350 293,996 181,085 80,000 079, 877, 744, 014, 000, 084, 683, 374, 767, 281, ,331, ,212, 1,032,000 222,000 2,317,370 962,528 2,973,390 1,551,645 192, 625 13,022,416 6,727,747 1, 177, 577 36, 980, 184 555,081 8, 836, 933 414, 625 PACIFIC SALMON" FISHERIES. 233 Distribution op Salmon Fry, etc., in the Coastal Streams op Oregon — Con. Coquille River. Rogue River and tributaries. Year ending June 30— Chinook fry- Silverside fry. Chinook. Silverside fry. Fry. Yearlings, finger- lings, and adults. Steelhead fry. 1877 50,000 1,910,045 2, 156, 945 2,967,058 4,750,763 3,480,300 9,023,428 4,758,653 47, 500 5, 880, 290 6,597,027 771,710 1,430,292 1,364,248 9,574,340 4, 169, 150 3,752,483 4,747,623 1898 1 1900 1 1901 235,000 128,000 424, 530 680, 800 65, 850 20,250 1902 1903 3,084,577 1904 1,000,000 2,210,000 2,978,700 2,840,000 2,450,000 8,073 531,000 12, 625 105,300 937, 680 878, 847 89, 850 2,592,665 "1,313,890 2,795,075 1,376,308 c 3, 908, 099 1905 1,250,432 1906 75,000 1907 1,375,000 158,000 643,000 1908 226,600 1, 185, 800 170,051 1909 1910 1911 500,000 196, 855 496, 680 491,580 495, 333 980,770 1,672,850 962, 528 1,331,910 1,365,815 501,081 2,355,885 3,198.346 i> 7, 832, 000 2,336,359 1912 1913 1914 1915 9,309 Total 16,978,725 7,726,273 67,431,855 254,360 20, 883, 433 11,986,637 Total. Year ending June 30 — Chinook. Silverside fry. Steelhead fry. Grand total, all species. Fry. Yearlings, finger- lings, and adults. 1877 50,000 180,000 2,370,314 50,000 1897 180,000 2, 370, 314 1898 1899 2,700,000 2,700,000 2, 156, 945 4,787,908 9,074,693 10, 108, 454 1900 2, 156, 945 4,594,058 8,415,113 9,427,654 20,268,809 16,343,382 14,123,977 20,261,747 19,671,753 7, 626, 825 10,022,493 10,071,364 14,390,576 9, 668, 714 8,905,303 12,094,772 1901 128,000 639,330 680,800 985,220 5,571,407 7,260,083 7,009,279 4,863,048 9, 855, 649 3,561,094 5,250,394 10,980,722 10,300,012 13, 725, 965 5,253,819 65, 850 20,250 1902 1903 1904 8,073 1,311,500 1,443,130 481,545 937, 680 1,768,780 2,399,620 4,931,256 2, 154, 132 3,931,106 2, 134, 631 4,573,074 21 262 102 1905 23, 226^ 289 1906 75,000 1907 27, 752, 571 ,25,642,532 19,251,254 15, 983, 207 20,253,014 27,525,430 23,899,832 24,765,899 21,930,974 1908 170,051 1909 1910 1911 1912 1913 1914 1915 . 9,309 Total 193,343,799 254,360 8fi WU 8991 ' ' a Includes 177,790 fingerlings, yearlings, and adults. b Includes 860,903 fingerlings, yearlings, and adults. « Includes 27,258 fingerlings. 234 PACIFIC SALMON FISHERIES. The following tables show the total output of the hatcheries in Oregon owned by the United States Bureau of Fisheries and the State of Oregon: Output of Hatcheries Owned by the United States Bureau op Fisheries. Chinook. Silverside. Year ending June 30 — Eggs. Fry. Fingerlings, yearlings, and adults. Eggs. Fry. Fingerlings, yearlings, and adults. 1889 4,500,000 2,776,475 4,901,525 1,332,400 4,100,000 213, 000 1800 . 1, 000, 000 700,000 1891 1892 | 1893 1894 1895 23,000 1896 a 2, 832, 150 4,922,634 16,915,512 4,300,200 4,126,367 1, 669, 857 11,587,061 5,453,860 15,270,675 9,822,636 2,454,371 8,542,104 7,844,827 5,021,655 4,220,197 5,686,168 12,837,840 11,291,023 12, 156, 818 10,434,517 b 557, 150 1897 1898 i 1899 27,000 1,800,000 1,100,000 1,866,000 4, 884, 400 3,113,000 30,000 28,200 1,661,390 2.045,000 3,531,000 3,953,992 600,000 8,000,000 21,491,000 1,075,000 37,000 1900 146, 824 128, 000 1901 .■ 1,668 1902 424, 530 1903' 250 680, S00 1904 1905 1,250 432 1906 122,980 300 1907 1908 627,856 2,763 225 200,000 750, 765 158, 000 1,799,915 57,932 1909 1910 1911 1,659,681 2,355,SS5 3,198,346 8, 441, 642 2.373.559 1912 1913 1914 602,300 531,351 27,258 1915 76,200 Total 56,965,982 175,213,872 3,397,308 757,000 21,936,814 1 85,490 Steelhead trout. Total. Year ending June 30 — Eggs. Fry. Fingerlings, yearlings, and adults. Eggs. Fry. Fingerlings, yearlings, and adults. 4,500,000 2, 776, 475 4,901,525 1,332,400 4, 100, 000 213, 000 1890 1,000,000 700, 000 1891 1892 23, 000 . 2, 832, 150 4, 922, 634 16,915,512 4,312,325 4,372,191 1,863,707 12,031,841 5,716,560 15,293,880 11,607,06S 3, 748. 856 8, 647, 404 8,955,507 8,195,878 6,294,385 10,260,638 17,198,825 17,284,444 22,828,468 16,062,351 557, 150 1899 159,000 415,000 246,000 481.000 400,000 12, 125 99, 000 65,850 20, %0 262,700 23,205 534,000 1,294,485 105,300 952,680 1,374,308 2,074,188 2,914,789 2,005,100 2,795,075 2,230,008 3,254,275 186,000 2,215,000 1,346,000 2,347,000 5,965,200 3, 113, 000 80,000 38,200 1,711,390 2,308,725 3,582,468 3,953,992 600,000 8,000,000 27,491,000 1,075,000 865,200 1900 1901 25,000 26, 668 1902 1903 62, 033 11,090 62,283 1904 11,090 1905 50,000 10,000 50,000 263,725 51,468 1906 40,383 163,663 1907 .. 1908 685,788 1909 2,763 1910 225 1911 200,000 1912 294,090 1.044,855 1913 .. 1914 629,558 1915 752,000 910,652 1,442,003 Total 2,878,193 20,817,338 1,343,248 60, 601, 175 217,168,024 4,826,046 • All but 17,000 of these were from eggs received from the California stations. * All raised from eggs received from the California stations. PACIFIC SALMON FISHERIES. 235 Output op Hatcheries Owned by the State op Oregon. Years. Chinook fry. Silverside fry. Steelhead trout fry. Sockeye fry. Total. 1877 50,000 79, 620 1,876,500 1,834,290 2,554,290 1,300,000 4,500,000 990,000 a 792, 000 2,500,000 2,500,000 2, 700, 000 2,500,000 7, 562, 000 11 220,550 18, 502, 072 ft 48, 730, 791 16, 393. 249 c 27, 404 . 596 d 25, 156, 732 « 21, 209, 394 / 20, 108, 990 9 24,169 365 A 19,762,229 i 18, 077 971 '26,623,268 n 21, 945, 746 V 27,532, 168 50,000 79 620 1878 1S79 1,876,500 1,834,290 2.554,290 1,300.000 4,500,000 990 000 1880 1881 1888 18S9 1890 1891 792, 000 1895 2,500,000 2,500,000 2,700,000 2,700,000 7, 807, 000 19 433 877 1896 1899 1900 200, 000 245, 000 256, 327 300, 850 143, 849 1,495,735 1, 859, 696 376,245 1901 ■. 1002 7, 957, 000 3,288,600 3,974,185 5,509,085 7,503,655 6, 446, 628 5,359,709 9,212,649 3,631,827 4,749,319 9,580,497 9, 879, 666 5,893,965 2,917,460 1903 '. 22 091,522 1904 52, 848, 825 •23,398 069 1905 1906 36 767,947 1907 31, 979, 605 1908 26, 569, 103 1909 1,403,129 2,364,120 4,018,598 1,358,742 1,136,031 758, 323 4, 793, 208 30, 724, 768 30 165,312 1910 1911 '1,488,327 * 1,957. 825 ml, 937, 134 ol,978,140 30 018 473 1912 30^975^035 39,576,099 30,576,174 35,242,836 1913 1914 1915 Total 358,575,821 85,904,245 20, 709, 853 7,361,426 472 551 345 a Eggs from which hatched obtained from United States Bureau of Fisheries, ft 6,826,540 eggs were obtained from United States Bureau of Fisheries. c 7,714,000 eggs were obtained from United States Bureau of Fisheries. & 3,550,000 eggs were obtained from United States Bureau of Fisheries. « 3,020,000 eggs were obtained from United States Bureau of Fisheries. / 6,581,000 eggs were obtained from United States Bureau of Fisheries. g 6,465,300 eggs were obtained from United States Bureau of Fisheries. A 3,950,000 eggs were obtained from United States Bureau of Fisheries. i 1,500,000 eggs were obtained from United States Bureau of Fisheries. ;' 8,000,000 eggs were obtained from United States Bureau of Fisheries. * 2,000,000 eggs were obtained from United States Bureau of Fisheries. ' 2,000,000 eggs were obtained from United States Bureau of Fisheries. m 21,491,000 eggs were obtained from United States Bureau of Fisheries. *> 1,000,000 eggs were obtained from United States Bureau of Fisheries. o 2,000,000 eggs were obtained from United States Bureau of Fisheries. pEggs were obtained from the United States Bureau of Fisheries. COLUMBIA RIVER AND TRIBUTARIES. The first fish-cultural work upon the Columbia River and in Oregon was at Clackamas, on the Clackamas River, a tributary of the Willam- ette River, which empties into the Columbia River about 180 miles from its mouth. This hatchery was built in 1876 by the Oregon & Washington Fish Propagating Co., which operated it until 1880. In 1887 the State provided for and there was appointed a State fish commission. Almost the first work of the commission was to spend $12,000 appro- priated by the legislature to put in repair and operate this hatchery. On July 1, 1888, it was informally turned over to the United States Commission of Fish and Fisheries, which paid over the purchase price, took formal possession in the following winter, and has oper- ated it ever since, with the exception of several years when the build- ing of dams stopped the progress of salmon to the hatchery. During 236 PACIFIC SALMON FISHERIES. this period a temporary station for the collection of eggs was estab- lished on Sandy River, about 15 miles away, and on Salmon River, a tributary of Sandy River, both tributaries of the Columbia River. Some eggs were also brought in from the California hatcheries and hatched at the Clackamas station. In 1901 the hatchery was moved about 4 miles down the river and has since been operated as both a rearing and a collecting station. In 1901 the State established another hatchery on the Clackamas River about 30 miles below the main station and between the north and south forks. In 1904 all were turned over to the United States. In 1915 the hatchery was moved again. In 1907 an experimental station for the collection of eggs of the early variety of chinook salmon was established by the State of Oregon on the Clackamas River below the Portland Railway, Light & Power Co.'s dam at Cazadero, but this was later operated by the United States Bureau of Fisheries. The building of a dam having cut off this station, another was established in 1913 at a point 30 miles distant from Portland. In 1889 the State established a hatchery in the cannery of F. M. Warren, at Warrendale, in Multnomah County, on the Columbia River, which was operated in that year and in 1890. In 1895 some of the Oregon salmon packers combined and organ- ized the Columbia River Packers' Propagating Co., which estab- lished a hatchery on the upper Clackamas River at the junction of the Warm Springs and the Clackamas and operated it in 1895 and 1896. The Government operated it in 1897 and 1898, after which it was turned over to the State and moved to the opposite siae of the river. In 1898 the collection of steelhead trout eggs was first undertaken on the northwest coast by the State of Oregon on Salmon River, a tributary of the Columbia River, and met with fair success. In March, 1899, the Government sent a party to the falls of the Willam- ette River, near Oregon City, to collect steelhead eggs, and also operated for this purpose at its substation on the Salmon River, but the latter effort met with failure, as the rack was washed away. This station was turned over to the State on June 15, 1899. In 1901 the State of Oregon did some experimental work at Swan Falls, on Snake River, the boundary for a considerable distance between Oregon and Idaho. During the winter and early spring of 1902 the State also worked Tucannon River, which is a tributary of Snake River, for steelhead, but met with poor success. Snake River was worked again in 1902 at the foot of Morton Island, which is situated 2 miles above Ontario, in Malheur County. Title to the necessary property was secured from the War Department in 1903 and permanent buildings were erected. It was closed for some years and finally abandoned in 1911. PACIFIC SALMON FISHERIES. 237 In 1901 the State of Oregon established an experimental hatchery in Wallowa County, on the Grande Ronde River, at the mouth of a small tributary called the Wenaha River, which enters the main stream about 50 miles from its mouth. A permanent station was established in the canyon about 1£ miles below the Wallowa bridge on the Wallowa River, a tributary of the Grande Ronde River, in 1903. In 1902 the State of Oregon erected a permanent plant on Salmon River at its junction with Boulder Creek. This plant was closed in 1911. In the same year the State established an experimental station on the McKenzie River, a tributary of the Willamette River, about one-half mile above Vida post office. This experimental work was resumed in 1905 at a point 2 miles below Gate Creek. The hatchery was permanently established at a spot about 30 miles from Eugene and near the town of Leaburg a year or two later. In 1903 a hatchery was built by the State of Oregon on the Snake River, near the town of Ontario, in eastern Oregon. In 1906 an experimental station was established by the State on Breitenbush Creek a short distance above its junction with the Santiam River, a tributary of the Willamette River, but the plant was destroyed, very shortly after its establishment, by a forest fire. An experimental station was reestablished here in 1909, but a heavy freshet raised the river so high that the penned fish escaped around the rack. In 1909 the State of Oregon built at Bonneville, on Tanner Creek, a tributary of the Columbia River, a large central hatchery capable of handling 60,000,000 eggs, it being the intention of the State to hatch at this plant the eggs collected at other stations. In the same year a temporary hatchery was located on the Santiam River by the State of Oregon. During 1910 the State of Oregon received 1,500,000 red-salmon eggs from the Yes Bay (Alaska) hatchery of the United States Bureau of Fisheries, and yearly since they have received a consignment from the same source, as will be noted in the statistical tables. These were hatched out in the Bonneville hatchery and planted in the Columbia River. The State of Oregon built a hatchery on the Klaskanine River, a tributary of Youngs River, near Olney, in Clatsop County, in 1911. In the same year an eyeing station for spring chinooks was opened by the State on the Willamette River, near Lowell. The first entrance of Washington (then a Territory) into fish- cultural operations was in 1879, when the State fish commissioner paid the Oregon & Washington Fish Propagating Co., which was operating the hatchery on the Clackamas River, $2,000 for salmon 238 PACIFIC SALMON FISHERIES. fry deposited in that river. In 1893 the State Legislature estab- lished a hatchery fund which was to be supplied by licenses from certain lines of the fishery business. In 1895 its first hatchery in the Columbia River Basin was built on the Kalama River, about 4 miles distant from its junction with the Columbia, and in Cowlitz County. Shortly after this hatchery was built it was discovered that it was above where the salmon spawned, and a second hatchery was built 1 1 miles below the first named, as the rugged mountainous character of the country made transportation between the two sites difficult. Of recent years a road has been constructed along the river bank, and it is probable that the upper buildings will be aban- doned entirely. Another station for the collection and eyeing of eggs was estab- lished on the Chinook River, a small stream which empties into Baker Bay near the mouth of the Columbia. During the fiscal year 1897 the United States Fish Commission established a station on Little White Salmon River, a stream which empties into the Columbia, on the Washington side, about 14 miles above the Cascades. During the fiscal year 1901 an auxiliary station was operated on Big White Salmon River, while fishing was carried on in Eagle and Tanner Creeks, in Oregon, the eggs obtained from these creeks being brought to the Little White Salmon hatchery. In 1899 the State of Washington built and operated hatcheries on the Wenatchee River, a tributary of the Columbia River, about 1^ miles from Chiwaukum station on the Great Northern Railway, and on Wind River, a tributary of the Columbia, about 1 mile from the junction. In 1900 Washington State hatcheries were established in the Columbia River Basin as follows: White River hatchery, which was built on Coos Creek, which empties into a tributary of the White River, the location being about 2\ miles from where the Green River joins the White River; Methow River hatchery, built on the Methow River at the point where it is joined by the Twisp, about 22 miles from the Columbia River; Colville River hatchery, built on the north bank of Colville River, about \\ miles from its mouth, and about 1 mile from Kettle Falls; Klickitat River hatchery, located on the east bank of the Klickitat River, about 6 miles from its mouth; and one on the Little Spokane River, about 10 miles from its mouth and about 9 miles north of the city of Spokane. The Klickitat River hatchery never was operated, while most of the others were operated intermittently. In 1906 a hatchery was established by the State of Washington on the Lewis River, some distance above the town of Woodland. PACIFIC SALMON FISHERIES. 239 In 1909 the State of Washington established a hatchery near Pateros, on the Methow River, a tributary of the Columbia River, and on the Tulton. In 1915 Clarke County, Wash., built, a hatchery on the east side of Cold Creek, about 2 miles from the town of Vancouver. A temporary station was established by the State of Washington on Wenatchee Lake, near Leavenworth, in 1915. The following table shows the plants of salmon and steelhead trout in the Columbia River and its tributaries by the Bureau of Fisheries and the States of Oregon and Washington: Plants of Salmon Fry in the Columbia River Basin Since 1877. Years ending June 30 — Columbia River and tributaries. Sockeye fry. Chinook fry. Silverside fry. Steelhead trout fry. Chum fry. Total fry. 1877. 1878. 1879. 1889. 1890. 1891. 1892. 1893. 1894. 1895. 1896. 1S97. 1898. 1899. 1900. 1901. 1902. 1903. 1904. 1905. 1906. 1907. 190S. 1909. 1910. 1911. 1912. 1913. 1914. 1915. Total . 1, 488, 327 1,957,825 1, 937, 134 1,978,140 300,000 79,620 076, 500 834, 290 554, 290 300,000 500,000 756, 475 694,000 332, 400 100,000 213,000 523,000 389, 300 641, 394 212,074 979,241 510,869 978, 978 328,085 174, 313 694, 587 107,217 372, 785 171,235 852,008 098, 943' 744,002 802, 795 740,925 211, 177 , 727, 844 , 317, 442 7,175,824 5, 559, 750 17, 545, 724 8, 721, 720 8, 422, 085 1, 354, 610 0828,872 2, 657, 349 1, 705, 543 2, 439, 415 3, 374, 733 ol, 308, 900 1, 243, 660 4, 591, 500 636, 900 608, 747 8,625 299, 000 245, 000 256, 327 <*600,583 158, 981 «768, 235 »1, 769, 494 26, 640 15,000 *1, 058, 657 ">2, 063, 688 1, 982, 331 91, 503, 800 40,000 s932, 700 4, 128, 833 420,730 106,020 105, 800 591,638 8,299,572 300,000 79,620 3,076,500 1,834,290 2,554,290 1, 300, 000 4, 500, 000 3, 756, 475 5,694,000 1, 332, 400 4, 100, 000 213,000 2,523,000 10, 389, 300 10,641,394 26,212,074 19,987,866 29, 985, 693 30, 783, 728 62, 130, 136 49,496,616 80,275,653 19,230,062 38, 971, 151 25, 855, 224 36, 572, 551 36, 597, 015 43, 182, 423 34, 003, 083 55, 552, 230 76, 885, 611 87, 867, 222 95, 354, 594 800, 318, 789 68, 175, 332 15, 857, 894 9, 523, 760 901,237,201 ^Includes 23,000 eggs. 6 Includes 557,150 yearlings, fingerlings, or adults, c Includes 1,668 yearlings, hngerlings, or adults. A Includes 37,033 yearlings, fingerlings, or adults, e Includes 50,000 eggs. /Includes 48,200 eggs and 47,980 yearlings, fingerlings, or adults. 9 Includes 300 yearlings, fingerlings, or adults, fc Includes 24,383 yearlings, fingerlings, or adults, and 58,000 eggs. 'Includes 1,995,746 yearlings, fingerlings, or adults. ^'Includes 16,949 yearlings, fingerlings, or adults, i Includes 50,000 eggs. I Includes 225 yearhngs, fingerlings, or adults. m Includes 25,000 eggs. "Includes 11,700 yearlings, fingerlings, or adults, o Includes 100,000 eggs. P Includes 1,405,860 yearlings, fingerlings, or adults. 9 Includes 116,300 yearlings, fingerlings, or adults. •■Includes 1,000,000 eggs and 1,732,805 yearlings, fingerlings, or adults. « Includes 79,000 eggs. ^Includes 812,801 yearlings, fingerlings, or adults. 240 PACIFIC SALMON FISHERIES. WASHINGTON. Willapa River. — In 1899 Washington established a hatchery on Trap Creek, a tributary of the Willapa River, situated about 200 yards from the creek's mouth. Cliehalis River. — The construction of a hatchery on the Chehalis River, about 4 miles above the city of Montesano, was begun by the State in October, 1897, but owing to bad weather and extreme high water was not completed until late in 1898. The hatchery was a failure until 1902 when a fair season was had, as was again true in 1903. It was not operated in 1904. Since the State began taking eggs from the Satsop River, a tributary of the Chehalis, it has been possible to fill the hatchery each season. In 1909 the site where eggs had been gathered on the Satsop River was purchased, and a new hatchery was erected there. It has three concrete rearing ponds and is fully equipped for the taking of spawn and the hatching out and caring for 5,000,000 fry. This plant was first operated in the fall of 1909. Work was begun in September, 1914, by the United States Bureau of Fisheries on a hatching station on Lake Quinault, Wash., and a take of eggs was made the same year. In lieu of installing fishways in their dams in the Humptulips River and tributaries, in the Grays Harbor section, two timber firms agreed to furnish the money needed to build a hatchery on Stevens Creek, west of Humptulips, and the same w;as constructed and put into operation in October of the same year. The plant is now the property of the State. Puget Sound and tributaries. — In 1896 the State established a hatch- ery on Baker Lake, which is the head of Baker River, a tributary of the Skagit River, and this was the first establishment for the hatch- ing of sockeye salmon. In July, 1899, it was sold to the United States Fish Commission. In 1901 steelhead trout eggs were collected on Phinney Creek, about 5 miles from the town of Birdsview, and some 30 miles from Baker Lake. In 1901 an auxiliary station was opened at Birdsview, on Skagit River, and steelhead trout eggs were col- lected on Phinney and Grandy Creeks and brought to Baker Lake to be hatched. In 1898 a private hatchery (the necessary money being raised by subscription among the residents of Fairhaven, now Bellingham, and vicinity) was built near Lake Samish, a few miles from Fairhaven. In 1899 a hatchery was built by the State on Kendall Creek, a tributary of the Nooksak River, about 300 yards from same, and about 2 miles from the railway station of Kendall. Except in 1903, this hatchery has since been operated continuously. An eyeing sta- PACIFIC SALMON FISHERIES. 241 tion was built in 1907 on the south fork of the Nooksak River, about 1 mile from Acme. In the same year the State built a hatchery on the Skokomish River, about 4 miles from its mouth. An eyeing station was also erected on the north fork of the same river. The main station was not operated in 1904 and only on a small scale in 1903 and 1905. The State in 1889 built a hatchery on Friday Creek, a tributary of the Samish River, situated about 1 mile from the mouth of the creek. The following State hatcheries were first operated in 1900: Snoho- mish hatchery, built on the west bank of Skykomish River, a few miles from its mouth ; Nisqually River hatchery, built on Muck Creek, about one-half mile from the Nisqually River, and about 4 miles from the town of Roy, in Pierce County; and the Stillaguamish hatch- ery, located on the Stillaguamish River, about 4 miles from the town of Arlington, in Snohomish County. The latter has since been moved to Jim Creek, a tributary of the south branch of the Stilla- guamish River. The Startup hatchery, located near Startup, on the Skykomish River, was formerly used as a collecting station for the Snohomish hatchery. It is still used for this purpose, but also retains and hatches a considerable quantity of spawn. The station is about 4 miles from the Snohomish hatchery. In 1900 the State established a fisheries experimental station at Keyport Landing, on the east arm of Port Orchard Bay, with Pearson as the nearest post office. The work of the station was devoted to salmon and oysters until it was abandoned a few years later. The State, established a hatchery on the Dungeness River, about 7 miles from the town of Dungeness, in Clallam County, in 1901. In 1906 it constructed a hatchery on a small tributary of the Skagit River, between Hamilton and Lyman. The station built on Sauk River, a tributary of the Skagit, has been operated only occasionally since the Skagit hatchery was built. The White River hatchery was constructed on Suice Creek, a trib- utary of Green River, some years ago. During the summer of 1909 a new hatchery was built at this station, the old one being too small to accommodate the amount of spawn that could be taken. The new hatchery is located on the east side of Suice Creek near the county road. The building contains 140 hatching troughs. The plant has a pond system, where the fry are kept and fed until they are able to shift for themselves. During the summer of 1911 the city of Tacoma constructed a large concrete dam in the Green River, about 4 miles west of Eagle Gorge. 62425°— 17 16 242 PACIFIC SALMON FISHERIES. As this dam prevented the salmon from reaching the spawning beds, the State established an eyeing station the same year just below the dam. In 1913 the name was changed to Green River hatchery, to conform to the name of the main stream. In 1912 the United States Bureau of Fisheries completed the Quil- cene and Duckabush hatcheries. Both are on small tributaries entering the west side of Hoods Canal, an arm of Puget Sound. In 1913 a new station was operated by the Bureau on the Duse- wallips River, a tributary of Hoods Canal, Puget Sound, near Brin- non. Two new field stations — on Elwell River, a tributary of the Skykomish River, near Sultan, and on Sauk River, a tributary of the Skagit River, near Darrington — were also put into operation the same year. The Sauk River had been worked by the State at one time. In 1913 the Middle Fork Nooksak eyeing station was transformed into a hatchery. In the same year the eyeing station on the south fork was moved farther up the river. In 1914 stations were established by the United States Bureau of Fisheries on Day Creek and Illabot Creek, tributaries of the Skagit River, while a substation was opened on Hamahama River at Eldon, distant about 9 miles up Hood Canal from the mouth of the Ducka- bush River. On May 23, 1914, the Baker Lake hatchery building was destroyed by fire. In addition to the building and equipment, 1,305,820 silver fry and 823,097 sockeye fry were destroyed. The station has since been rebuilt. In 1915 the State built a hatchery on the Pilchuck River, a tribu- tary of the Skykomish River, near Granite Falls. In lieu of building a fishway in its dam on the Elwha River, near Port Angeles, the Olympic Power Co. furnished the funds needed to build a hatchery below the dam, and this was opened by the State in 1915. The following tables show the total output of the salmon hatch- eries in the State of Washington owned by the United States Bureau of Fisheries and the hatcheries owned by the State itself: PACIFIC SALMON FISHERIES. 243 Output of the Salmon Hatcheries in Washington Owned by the United States Bureau oe Fisheries. Chinook. Sockeye, or blueback. Silver, or coho. Year end- ing June 30- Eggs. Fry. Finger- lings, yearlings, and adults. Eggs. Fry. Finger- lings, yearlings, and adults. Eggs. Fry. Finger- lings, yearlings, and adults. 1897 1,848,760 7,391,886 1,791,056 6,626,947 5, 427, 680 15,637,687 16, 774, 030 17,386,183 4,236,276 14,846,905 6,512,738 12,372,503 11,565,553 9, 175, 610 7,307,455 10,959,728 19,933,300 31,140,440 38, 162, 139 1898 . ... 1899 4,926,000 2,686,000 6,581,000 1900 10,683,000 3, 834, 453 3,371,000 3,731,789 3,855,000 7,819,281 3,285,130 4,224,255 8,514,305 5,430,626 4,554,825 5,496,000 4,692,573 5,751,700 2,583,469 10,820,441 1901 174,041 1902... 1903 . . 81, 812 3,984,645 8,071,081 6,445,574 3,636,952 13,265,714 7,661,110 10,888,025 4,550,615 10,599,939 10,754,617 13,591,354 20,673,056 1904 7,506,000 1905 . 10,000 9,500 107,000 239, 180 760,000 296,000 272,000 275,000 102,000 52,000 102,000 1906 7,714,000 3,550,000 1,485,000 3,050,000 3,813,250 3,350,000 8,020,000 19, 713, 000 4,584,000 4,998,000 880, 000 1907 1908 1,537,941 14, 186 75,000 100,000 1909 1910... 1911... 11,700 655,095 1912 . . . 1913 . . . 1914 1,130,505 987, 495 50,000 155,000 120,000 46,575 1915 35,000 41,500 Total. . 81,976,250 239,096,876 4,336,922 1,260,000 88,647,847 186,0752,240,180 114,375,535 41,500 Humpback. Steelhead trout. Chum fry. Total. Year ending June 30— Eggs. Fry. Eggs. Fry. Finger- lings, year- lings, and adults. Eggs. Fry. Finger- lings, yearlings, and adults. 1897 1,848,760 7,391,886 1,791,056 17,335,947 9,436,174 19,118,687 21,027,631 25,472,425 20, 129, 843 26,087,599 15,315,450 41,051,200 25,374,980 27, 423, 498 18,430,720 33,597,880 57,397,647 78, 898, 806 114,098,541 1898 1899 4,926,000 2,686,000 6,581,000 1900 26,000 1901 1902...... 110,000 440,000 70,000 3,205 540,000 941,505 136,916 717,691 1,437,038 911,650 2,284,315 1, 477, 150 1, 792, 430 2,008,698 1903 80,000 255,000 414, 400 348,000 200,000 224,000 220,000 300,000 660,000 905,000 1,330,000 729,000 125,000 223,815 80,000 7,761,000! 521,400 9,183,1801 4,510,000 2,582,000 3,642,000 4,388,250 4,112,000 8,977,000 21,145,000 18,623,000 5,313,000 1904 176,597 1905 10,000 9 500 1906 2,000 969,990 1907 1908 502,000 6,764,762 1 537 941 1909 14,186 1910 1,368,000 96,000 2,566,325 1,880 021,118,378 6,929,500 1911 69,000 2,495,000 19,479,000 8,672,735 35,504,707 11,700 655,095 1912 1913 1914 13,260,000 1,250,505 1,213,235 1915 137,665 Total.. 13,764,000 39,991,432 5,790,400 12,896,598 361,488 66,220,442 105,030,830 561,228,730 4,925,977 t Includes 4,356 fingerlings, atteHs, and yearlings. 244 PACIFIC SALMON FISHERIES. Output of the Salmon Hatcheries Owned by the State of Washington. Year ending June 30— Chinook fry. Chum fry. Hump- back fry. Silver, or coho, fry. Sockeye, or blue- back, fry. Steelhead trout fry. Total. 1896 4,500,000 4,050,000 4, 275, 000 8,595,000 12,251,600 12,275,400 ' 14,766,822 14, 283, 499 13,261,184 7, 101, 180 10,943,550 8, 897, 670 18, 647, 600 17,440,950 21, 168, 350 16,458,502 23,380,516 30,542,928 35,529,709 &39,784,092 4,500,000 9,550,000 1897 .. 5,500,666 5,400,000 1898 9,675,000 8,784,000 1899 189,000 13,778,280 19,747,894 32,964,593 28,659,079 15,725,196 12,226,294 28,906,380 28, 668, 600 29,273,202 24,543,200 30,894,100 33,097,750 37, 164, 125 50,263,290 33,494,380 60,169,474 1900... 10,301,760 16,478,280 9,937,390 9,937,390 1,736,560 1,398,476 2,481,371 3,134,076 3, 868, 866 2, 433, 635 2,769,784 3,575,943 4,578,075 4, 080, 450 4,855,000 5, 163, 180 4,832,067 9,089,250 3,601,514 3,457,130 38, 068, 200 1901 .-. . . 49,900,050 1902 . 60, 150, 176 56,014,044 33, 150, 446 1903 1904 295,200 1905 21,761,109 1906... 3,268,800 6, 120, 000 4,342,350 8,218,000 8,607,500 13,326,750 4,684,950 14,711,400 7,842,266 27, 458, 665 45, 888, 514 1907... 47, 262, 213 1908 2,655,900 59,497,127 1909 54,282,600 1910... 519,600 66,044,550 1911... 68,046,182 1912 370,785 70, 432, 443 1913 104,606,868 82,050,398 1914 !.. 1,532,737 578,504 49,792 62,631 1915o 131,510,496 Total . . 318, 153,552 145,235,501 5,952,726 479,764,837 11,012,423 61,055,377 1,021,174,416 a A considerable proportion of the fry was fed in rearing ponds for some time before planting. b 29,900 eggs were distributed in addition. Note. — As the printed reports of the State before 1913 in many instances report as the output the number of eggs gathered, it has been necessary in such cases to make an arbitrary reduction from these figures, in order to allow for the loss in the egg stage. The following table shows the plantings made in waters of Wash- ington other than the Columbia River by the United States Bureau of Fisheries and the State of Washington : Plants of Salmon Fry and Fingerlings in the Waters of Washington Other Than the Columbia River. Year ending June 30— 1897. 1898. 1899. 1900. 1901. 1902. 1903. 1904. 1905. 1906. 1907. 1908. 1909. 1910. 1911. 1912. 1913. 1914. 1915. Puget Sound and tributaries. Chinook. 7,470,000 300,000 2,141,322 2, 113, 850 1,865,933 2, 590, 738 4, 819, 290 3,907,598 8, 356, 709 9,647,288 11,681,060 4, 984, 482 4,646,254 7,561,328 7,392,826 15,242,734 5,500,000 5, 400, 000 10, 683, 000 3,834,453 3,371,000 3, 731, 789 3, 855, 000 d 3, 582, 630 8,514,305 5,430,626 4,554,825 5,496.000 4,692,573 5,751,700 > 2, 803, 261 7,371,056 Total 94,721,412 84,572,238 498,862,136 52,663,721 184,145 Silver, or coho. 189, 6, 749, 14,360, 23,161 21,507, 14,071, 16,441, «29, 770, 26,960, 37, 613 28,622 36, 837: 29,941 39,788 56,128 42, 213 74,505 Hump- back. 471,797 969, 990 4,224,255 9,420,662 1,887,600 96, 000 5, 432, 110 1,888 ;'22, 651, 415 7,508,004 Chum. 10,301,760 16,478,280 9,937,390 9,937,390 1,800,000 5,220,000 2, 278, &50 6,048,000 7,748,500 12,074,060 3,526,170 31,408,960 15,535,046 51,852,050 Steelhead. 1,572,560 1,398,476 2,591,371 6 3,326,091 3,518,476 c 1,329, 940 /3, 177, 174 3,964,308 4,566,491 g 4, 499, 141 6,292,338 4,841,330 h 6, 733, 805 9,731,400 4,444,271 4,925,555 66,912,727 o In addition to the waters given, plants of 19,913 chinook, 3,558,591 blueback, or sockeye, 198,966 silver, or coho, and 10,598 steelhead were made in the Quinault River in 1915. 6 Of these, 218,200 were yearlings, fingerlings, or adults, c Of these, 14,400 were eggs. d Of these, 9,500 were yearlings, fingerlings, or adults. « Of these, 14,840 were yearlings, fingerlings, or adults. / Of these, 15,000 were yearlings, fingerlings, or adults. g Includes 100,000 eggs. ft Of these, 25,000 were eggs and 1,000 yearlings, fingerlings, or adults. i Includes 50,000 eggs and 120,000 fingerlings. J Includes 4,355 fingerlings. PACIFIC SALMON FISHERIES. 245 Plants of Salmon Fry and Fingerlings in the Waters op Washington Other Than the Columbia River — Continued. Year ending June 30— Chehalis River. Willapa River. Chinook. Silver, or coho. Chum. Steel- head. Chinook. Silver, or coho. Chum. Steel- head. 1899 1,215,000 2,355,300 1,909,800 1900 881,000 653, 400 2, 163, 019 ■ 819, 504 630, 000 529, 650 393, 660 678, 600 322, 200 455, 200 734, 350 748, 600 729, 600 3,247,345 302, 461 190, 000 1901 1903 1, 800, 000 204, 876 1,800,000 2,160,000 2,250,000 654, 500 504,000 64, 000 2,457,900 3,111,750 1,386,000 1,785,580 581, 730 500, 000 420,390 288, 000 1904 900, 000 1905 1906 2,563,380 2, 250, 000 3, 275, 000 1, 800, 000 1,577,000 4,041,900 3, 575, 700 1,690,200 2, 977, 260 4, 989, 440 1, 468, 800 900, 000 2, 064, 000 1, 757, 000 859,000 900, 960 1,052,760 3, 177, 680 497, 300 1,230,000 1907 526, 500 148, 500 399,000 1908 163,000 1909 148, 000 1910 403, 000 111,150 118, 750 119, 700 139, 000 93, 250 1911 937, 500 93, 752 412, 500 701, 118 561, 900 300, 000 303 825 1912 1913 382,500 248,555 105,440 1914 1915 1,581,750 Total... 7,675,950 28, 739, 880 13,907,500 2, 706, 770 13, 288, 589 18, 760, 336 1,581,750 3, 984, 260 Year ending June 30— Total by species. Chinook. Sockeye. Silver, or coho. Hump- ' back. Chum. Steelhead. Grand total. 1878 a 3, 000 3,000 5,500,000 5, 400, 000 8,874,000 32, 732, 900 38,934,594 41, 202, 152 45,079,910 26, 127, 821 23,080,053 51,012,878 50, 596, 873 77,733,583 59,177,565 72,359,648 66,917,497 73,824,663 118,481,663 104, 636, 888 174,638,585 1897 5,500,000 5,400,000 1898 1899 8,685,000 3,236,300 2, 863, 200 2,141,322 4, 276, 869 3,585,437 3, 220, 738 5,348,940 4, 301, 258 9, 198, 309 10, 117, 489 12,539,260 5, 829, 982 5, 513, 604 8, 410, 628 10, 779, 171 15,658,358 189, 000 6, 749, 280 14,360,185 23, 161, 069 23,307,771 14,276,721 18,241,375 34, 493, 794 31,460,552 41,542,966 30,926,310 38,478,125 36,441,665 46,476,064 59,204,407 46, 976, 751 80, 275, 283 1900 10,683,000 3, 834, 453 3,371,000 3, 731, 789 3,855,000 10,301,760 16, 478, 280 9,937,390 9, 937, 390 1,762,560 1,398,476 2,591,371 3,826,091 3,938,866 1,617,940 3,348,724 4,490,808 4,714,991 4,898,141 6, 292, 338 6, 078, S30 7,131,382 10, 526, 400 5,393,944 5,603,493 1901 1902 1903 1904 471, 797 1905 1906 3,582,630 969, 990 4,224,255 9,420,662 3,268,800 6,120,000 4,342,350 7, 805, 000 8, 607, 500 12,975,020 4,578,930 34,586,640 16, 032, 346 54, 663, 800 1907 1908 8,514,305 5,430,626 4,554,825 5,496,000 4,692,573 5,751,700 2, 803, 261 10,929,647 1909 1910 1,887,600 96,000 5,432,110 1,888 22,651,415 7,508,004 1911 1912 1913 1914 1915 Total 115, 70S 8fi4 88, l^f> "no 73,614,355 1,076,311,293 ' ' ' a These were brought from the Clackamas (Oreg.) station and planted in some unnamed lake. BRITISH COLUMBIA. Fraser River. — The first hatchery established by the Dominion of Canada on the Pacific coast was erected in 1884 at what is now Bon Accord, a point on the lower river some 4 miles above New West- minster, and on the opposite shore. The next built was in 1901 on Granite Creek, Shuswap Lake, which discharges into the Fraser through the South Thompson River, the lake being about 280 miles from New Westminster. In 1904 another hatchery was established on Harrison Lake on the Lillooet River, first large tributary of the Fraser on the north side; also one about 4 miles east of the lower extremities of Pemberton Meadows, at the junction of Owl Creek 246 PACIFIC SALMON FISHERIES. and the Birkenhead River, 4 miles above its confluence with the eastern branch of the Lillooet River, which in turn discharges into Lillooet Lake. In 1907 a hatchery was built on Stuart Lake, near the headwaters of the Fraser. In 1914 the Bon Accord hatchery had to be abandoned, due to the laying out of a town site around it, and the equipment was transferred to Queen's Park, New Westminster. The Province of British Columbia owns Seton Lake hatchery, which was established in 1903 on Lake Creek, on the north side, about half a mile from the outlet of Seton Lake, and it has been operated continuously ever since. Seton Lake is a part of the Fraser River chain and is some 300 miles above the mouth of the river. Lake Creek, the outlet of Seton Lake, empties into the Cayoosh Creek, a tributary of the Fraser, 45 miles north of the latter's junction with the Thompson, and 1 mile south of the town of Lillooet. Nimpkisli River. — In 1902 S. A. Spencer, of the Alert Bay cannery (now belonging to the British Columbia Packers Association), in return for certain special fishery privileges granted by the Dominion, established a hatchery on this river, which is located on the northeast shore of Vancouver Island. The hatchery was burned down in 1903, but was immediately rebuilt. Since its establishment it has been operated by the Dominion. Rivers Inlet. — A hatchery was established by the Dominion on McTavish Creek, one of the tributaries of Oweekayno Lake, about 20 miles up Rivers Inlet, in 1905, and has been operated ever since. Skeena River. — In 1902 the Dominion established a hatchery on Lakelse Lake, in the Skeena River Basin, about 65 miles up the river from Port Essington. In 1907 another was constructed on Babine Lake, the source of the Skeena River. In 1910 the Dominion put three new hatcheries into operation, all on Vancouver Island. They were located on Anderson Lake, Kennedy Lake, and Cowichan Lake, respectively. The two former are used for sockeyes and the latter for king and coho salmon and steelhead and other varieties of trout. In 1913, the year of the quadriennially big run of sockeye salmon on the Fraser River, the contractors who were building the new Canadian Northern Railway, in blasting their way along the banks of the river, threw the rock and other debris into the stream until in the narrow part of the canyon south of North Bend at Whites Creek, Hells Gate, China Bar, and Scuzzy Rapids, all within a few miles of each other, the debris formed great sloping banks extending out into the stream at these points, and entirely changed the direction of the currents, and of course, the velocity of the water. At best the salmon had a hard time getting through there, but the added obstructions rendered it practically impossible. PACIFIC SALMON FISHERIES. 247 At a rather late hour the authorities woke up to the menace this work was to the run of salmon, and the dumping of debris into the river in such a manner as to obstruct their ascent was stopped. How to clear the stream once more was now the problem, and this was seriously complicated by a slide of rock which took place in Hells Gate in February, 1914, which narrowed the channel of the stream considerably. In March, 1914, the Dominion Marine and Fisheries Department contracted with a private concern to remove the obstructions, and this was done from Scuzzy Rapids, China Bar, and Whites Creek entirely within a short period of time, but a couple of seasons' work were required to clear up Hells Gate so as to permit of easy passage for the fish. The following table shows the plantings made in the waters of British Columbia from the Dominion and provincial hatcheries: Plants of Salmon Fry Made in the Waters of British Columbia. Fraser River.a Years. Chum. Coho, or silver. Spring, or king. Hump- back. Sockeye. Steel- head trout. Total. 1885 1,800,000 2,625,000 4,414,000 5, 807, 000 4,419,000 6,640,000 3,603,800 6,000,000 5,674,000 6,300,000 6,390,000 10,393,000 5,928,000 5, 850, 000 4,742,000 6,200,000 15,808,000 12,521,000 13, 729, 200 9,244,300 100,479;000 36,965,900 51,855,200 41,909,500 105,312,500 24,146,300 34,183,850 41,062,700 92,308,000 27,496,000 75,000 12,000 4,666 1,800,000 2, 625, 000 4,414,000 5,807,000 4,419,000 6,640,000 3,603,800 6,000,000 5,674,000 6,300,000 6,390,000 10,393,000 5,928,000 5,850,000 4,742,000 6,200,000 15,973,000 14,368,000 1886 1887 1888 1889 1890 1891 1892 1893. 1894 1895 1896 1897 1898 1899 1900 1902 6 90,000 1,750,000 210,000 5,576,100 4,774,000 3,219,200 5,890,000 7, 375, 400 450,000 5,31S,800 3,899,500 1,995,600 1,522,000 2,196,000 1903 75,000 22,000 1904 50,000 1905 4,381,400 1,791,500 1,814,900 2,815,000 5,772,400 6,300.000 2,129,500 5,962,500 4, 533, 550 50,000 2,614,700 1906 107,048,500 42.000,000 83,060,200 55 057 300 1907 1908 -. 22,500,000 1909 1910 112' 062' 500 1911 3l' 594,' 600 72,819,200 48 691 850 1912 28,773,350 1913 i, 166,666 1914 500,000 94' 380^ 000 1915 125,000 Total 1,300,000 44,216,600 38,187,450 51,823,350 693,807,250 91,000 829,475,650 o Some of the reports from the provincial hatchery at Seton Lake show merely the take of eggs; it has been necessary to make an arbitrary reduction in order to show the loss of eggs aaifcy before planting. b No plants made in 1901. ^^ 248 PACIFIC SALMON FISHERIES. Plants of Salmon Fry Made in the Waters of British Columbia — Continued. Years. 1903. 1904. 1905. 1906. 1907. 1908. 1909. 1910. 1911. 1912. 1913. 1914. 1915. Total. Skeena River. Hump- back. Sockeye. 3,450,000 4,000,000 3,767,900 3,784,450 4, 125, 750 8,946,950 11,882,400 oil, 521, 700 12, 556, 470 12,367,500 11,430,430 11,843,200 11,899,613 16,000 111,576,363 111,592,363 Total. 3, 450, 000 4,000,000 3,767,900 3,784,450 4,125,750 8,946,950 11,882,400 11,521,700 12, 556, 470 12,367,500 11, 430, 430 11,843,200 11,915,613 Rivers Inlet. Spring, or king. 4,706,000 Sockeye. 8,000,000 8,440,000 8,594,000 13,300,000 12,750,000 11,436,000 11,791,000 10,981,000 12,397,000 12,712,000 4,706,000 110,401,000 115,107,000 Total. 8,000,000 8,440,000 13,300,000 13,300,000 12,750,000 Ik 436, 000 11,791,000 10,981,000 12,397,000 12,712,000 Nimpkish River. Sockeye. 1,636,000 2,496,000 2,850,000 4,873,400 4,870,000 4,800,000 4,500,000 5,055,000 6,414,000 5,114,500 4,981,000 5,053,000 4,880,000 57,522,900 Years. Vancouver Island. Chum. Coho, or silver. Sprint, or king. Sockeye. Steelhead trout. Total. 1911. 1912. 1913. 1914. 1915. 4,550,000 3,487,500 3,180,000 2,252,000 2, 229, 220 425, 000 456, 000 712,500 701,000 250, 600 7,862,000 13,620,750 15,031,750 15,314,500 15,911,000 145, 200 37, 200 173,900 87, 200 55,000 13,022,200 17,601,450 19,098,150 18,354,700 18,445,820 Total. 40,000 15,698,720 2,545,100 67,740,000 498, 500 86,522,320 o Includes 80,000 coho fry. Plants of Salmon Fry Made in the Waters of British Columbia — Continued. Total by species. Years. Chum. Coho, or silver. Spring, or king. Hump- back. Sockeye. Steel- head trout. Grand total. 1,800,000 2,625,000 4,414,000 5, 807, 000 4,419,000 6,640,000 3,603,800 6,000,000 5,674,000 6,300,000 6,390,000 10,393,000 5,928,000 5,850,000 4,742,000 6,200,000 15,808,000 17,607,000 20, 225, 200 15,862,200 117, 136, 850 54,401,650 74,196,150 71,591,900 134,639,200 62,414,770 77,077,570 S3, 486, S80 136,915,700 72, 898, 613 1,800,000 2,625,000 4,414,000 5,807,000 4,419,000 6,640,000 3,603,800 6,000,000 5,674,000 6,300,000 6,390,000 10,393,000 5,928,000 5,850,000 4,742,000 6,200,000 1902 90, 000 1,750,000 210,000 5,576,100 4,774,000 3,219,200 5,890,000 7,375,400 450,000 9,868,800 7,387,000 5, 175, 600 3, 744, 000 4, 425, 220 75, 000 15,973,000 75,000 22,000 19,454,000 1904 50,000 12, 000 20,497,200 1905 4,381,400 1, 791, 500 1,814,900 7,521,000 5,772,400 6,300,000 2,554,500 6, 418, 500 5, 246, 050 751,000 2,865,300 25, 819, 700 1906 4,000 123,706,350 59,435,750 1908 22,500,000 110,107,150 1909 84, 739, 700 141.389,200 1911 46,666 145, 200 37, 200 173,900 87, 200 55, 000 75,023,270 1912 28,773,350 119,693,620 1913 1,100,000 95,182,430 1914 500,000 16,000 141,997,900 1915 125, 000 80, 385, 133 Total 1,340,000 59,935,320 45,438,550 51,839,350 1,041,047,483 589,500 1,200,190,203 PACIFIC SALMON FISHERIES. 249 ALASKA. In 1891 several of the canneries operating at Karluk, on Kodiak Island, combined forces and built a hatchery on the lagoon at that place. As the cannery men were at swords' points in regard to their fishing rights on the spit, in 1892 the hatchery was closed. In May, 1896, the Alaska Packers Association broke ground for a hatchery at the eastern end of the lagoon, near the outlet of Karluk River, a short distance from where the hatchery was located in 1891, and operated it until 1916, when it was closed temporarily. In 1892 Capt. John C. Callbreath, manager of the Point Ellis cannery, on Kuiu Island, operated a small hatchery on the left bank of Kutlakoo stream. It was a very primitive place, and an exception- ally high tide destroyed the whole plant in September. It was never rebuilt. Capt. Callbreath, however, after seeing to the operation of the hatch- ery, had returned to Wrangell during the summer, where his attention was again attracted to hatchery work, and in the fall of 1892 he built a small hatchery on Jadjeska stream, Etolin Island, about 200 yards from its mouth. The stream is about one-half mile in length and is the outlet of a small lake. Finding the location unsuitable Capt. Callbreath removed the hatchery in 1893 to the northern side of the lake, about three-eighths of a mile from the head of the outlet, where it still stands. The owner's intention was to build up a stream which had a small natural run of red salmon until it had a large run, with the hope that the Government would then give him the exclusive right to take these fish from the stream for commercial purposes. The experiment was kept up until the end of the season of 1905, when Capt. Callbreath's failing eyesight compelled the cessation of the actual hatching. Until 1910 a man was stationed on the stream during the run of spawning fish for the purpose of lifting them over the dam, so that they could reach the spawning beds at the head of the lake, and the project was abandoned entirely shortly thereafter. The owner's expectation of a big run as a result of hatching operations was never realized. In '1896 the Baranof Packing Co., which operated a cannery on Redfish Bay, on the western coast of Baranof Island, built a small hatchery on the lake at the head of Redfish stream. The following winter was so cold that not only the flume, but the whole cataract, froze solid, and as the hatchery was thus left without water the eggs were put into the lake and left to their fate and the hatchery closed down permanently. In 1-897 the North Pacific Trading & Packing Co., at Klawak, Prince of Wales Island, established a hatchery near the head of Klawak stream, close to Klawak Lake. In 1898 the plant was moved to the mouth of a small stream entering the lake about halfway up the 250 PACIFIC SALMON FISHERIES. western shore. This hatchery has been operated continuously ever since. In 1909 the North Alaska Salmon Co. acquired a half interest in it, which it relinquished to the original owners a few years later. The Pacific Steam Whaling Co., in 1898 erected a small hatch- ery on Hetta Lake, on the west side of Prince of Wales Island, which was operated until the close of the hatching season of 1903-4, when the Pacific Packing & Navigation Co., successor to the original owner, went into the hands of a receiver. In 1907 it was reopened by the Northwestern Fisheries Co., which had acquired the interests of the old company, and has been operated each season since. Up to 1900 the work of hatching salmon was entirely voluntary on the part of the packers. . On May 2 of that year the following regulation was promulgated at the Treasury Department, which at that time had control of the Alaska salmon-inspection service: 7. Each person, company, or corporation taking salmon in Alaskan waters shall establish and conduct, at or near the fisheries operated by him or them, a suitable artificial propagating plant or hatchery; and shall produce yearly and place in the natural spawning waters of each fishery so operated red-salmon fry in such numbers as shall be equal to at least four times the number of mature fish taken from the said fisheries, by or for him or them, during the preceding fishing season. The manage- ment and operation of such hatcheries shall be subject to such rules and regulations as may hereafter be prescribed by the Secretary of the Treasury. They shall be open for inspection by the authorized official of this department; annual reports shall be made, giving full particulars of the number of male and female salmon stripped, the number of eggs treated, the number and percentage of fish hatched, and all other con- ditions of interest; and there shall be made a sworn yearly statement of the number of fry planted and the exact location where said planting was done. On January 24, 1902, this regulation was amended so as to require the planting of "red-salmon fry in such numbers as shall be equal to at least ten times the number of salmon of all varieties taken from the said fisheries." Although the regulation was mandatory, but few of the packers obeyed it, some because no suitable place was to be found within a reasonable distance of their plants, others because the establishment and operation of such a hatchery would cost more than their returns from the industry justified, and others because of lack of knowledge required in hatchery work. The greater number of them absolutely ignored it, and as a result those who conformed to the regulation were placed under a heavy financial handicap. The injustice of this arrangement was patent on its face, and in 1906, when a compre- hensive revision of the law was made by Congress, provision was made for reimbursing in the future those cannery men who operated salmon hatcheries. The section covering this point reads as follows: Sec. 2. That the catch and pack of salmon made in Alaska by the owners of pri- vate salmon hatcheries operated in Alaska shall be exempt from all license fees and taxation of every nature at the rate of ten cases of canned salmon to every one thousand red or king salmon fry liberated, upon the following conditions. PACIFIC SALMON FISHERIES. 251 That the Secretary of Commerce and Labor may from time to time, and on the application of the hatchery owner shall, within a reasonable time thereafter, cause such private hatcheries to be inspected for the purpose of determining the character of their operations, efficiency, and productiveness, and if he approve the same shall cause notice of such approval to be filed in the office of the clerk or deputy clerk of the United States district court of the division of the District of Alaska wherein any such hatchery is located, and shall also notify the owners of such hatchery of the action taken by him. The owner, agent, officer, or superintendent of any hatchery the effectiveness and productiveness of which has been approved as above provided shall, between the thirtieth day of June and the thirty-first day of December of each year, make proof of the number of salmon fry liberated during the twelve months immediately preceding the thirtieth day of June, by a written statement under oath. Such proof shall be filed in the office of the clerk or deputy clerk of the United States district court of the division of the District of Alaska wherein such hatchery is located, and when so filed shall entitle the respective hatchery owners to the exemption as herein provided; and a false oath as to the number of salmon fry liberated shall be deemed perjury and subject the offender to all the pains and penalties thereof. Dupli- cates of such statements shall also be filed with the Secretary of Commerce and Labor. It shall be the duty of such clerk or deputy clerk in whose office the approval and proof heretofore provided for are filed to forthwith issue to the hatchery owner, caus- ing such proofs to be filed, certificates which shall not be transferable and of such denominations as said owner may request (no certificate to cover fewer than one thousand fry), covering in the aggregate the number of fry so proved to have been liberated; and such certificates may be used at any time by the person, company, cor- poration, or association to whom issued for the payment pro tanto of any license fees or taxes upon or against or on account of any catch or pack of salmon made by them in Alaska ; and it shall be the duty of all public officials charged with the duty of col- lecting or receiving such license fees or taxes to accept such certificates in lieu of money in payment of all license fees or taxes upon or against the pack of canned salmon at the ratio of one thousand fry for each ten cases of salmon. No hatchery owner shall obtain the rebates from the output of any hatchery to which he might otherwise be entitled under this act unless the efficiency of said hatchery has first been approved by the Secretary of Commerce and Labor in the manner herein pro- vided for. Of recent years so much objection has been raised to the system of hatchery rebates that the matter of the Federal Government taking over all private hatcheries in Alaska, at a fair valuation, and operating same, is being favorably considered. In 1901 the Pacific Steam Whaling Co. established two small hatcheries — one on Nagel Stream, which enters the northern side of Quadra Lake, on the mainland of southeast Alaska, and one on a stream entering Freshwater Lake Bay, Chatham Strait. Both were closed down hi 1904 when the company failed. In 1908 the North- western Fisheries Co., which had acquired the Quadra plant, removed it to a small stream entering the head of the lake and has operated it ever since. In 1901 the Alaska Packers Association erected a hatchery on Heckman Lake, the third of a series of lakes on Naha Stream, Revilla- gigedo Island, and about 8 miles from Loring, where the association has a cannery. This is without question the largest and costliest salmon hatchery in the world, having a capacity of 110,000,000 eggs, 252 PACIFIC SALMON FISHERIES. and the association is entitled to great credit for the public spirit it has shown and the work it has done, entirely without remuneration until 1906, in building and operating not only this hatchery but also the one at Karluk. The Union Packing Co., at Kell Bay, on Kuiu Island, and F. C. Barnes, at Lake Bay, on Prince of Wales Island, in 1902 built and operated small hatcheries, both of which were abandoned after one season's work. Up to 1905 the work of hatching salmon in Alaska was confined to the salmon cannery men. In that year, however, the United States Bureau of Fisheries erected a hatchery on Yes Lake, which empties through a short stream into Yes Bay, on Cleveland Peninsula. In 1907 the bureau constructed another hatchery, on Afognak Lake, near Litnik Bay, Afognak Island. The eruption of Katmai Volcano, on the Alaska Peninsula, June 6, 1912, coyered the island of Afognak with volcanic ash and sand to an average depth of 9 inches. It is estimated that 20,000 salmon perished at the head of Litnik Lake, while thousands were driven back into the ocean. As a result of these conditions the work at the Afognak station was much hampered and curtailed. Even as late as 1915 work at this station was still being hampered by the volcanic ash and sand which fell in 1912. In 1913 collecting stations were established at Eagle Harbor and Uganak Lake, on Kodiak Island. In 1915 another was established at Seal Bay, on Afognak Island. In 1913 a collecting station was established on Ketchikan Creek, but, owing to the objections of the citizens of the town against the taking away of the eggs, the station was abandoned in 1915. The following tables show the eggs gathered and the fry planted by the Government and privately owned hatcheries in Alaska: Output of the Salmon Hatcheries in Alaska Owned by the United States Bureau of Fisheries, 1906 to 1915. Yes Lake hatchery. Year ending June 30— Bed, or sockeye. Coho, or sil- ver, fry. Steel- head fry. Humpback. Total. Eggs., Fry. Eggs. Fry. Eggs. Fry. 1906... 6,638,550 54, 610, 800 61,369,000 48,653,000 69,879,600 68,239,900 68,335,000 60,422,100 42,726,400 ^37,445,000 6,638,550 1907 143, 500 54,754,300 1908 61,369,000 48,662,900 1909 9,900 1910 69,879,600 1911 100,000 100,000 68,239,900 1912 68,335,000 1913 60, 422, 100 1914 2,000,000 4,500,666 2,000,000 2,000,000 47,226,400 1915 2,000,000 37,445,000 Total 2,000,000 518,319,350 9,900 143,500 2,100,000 4,500,000 4,100,000 522,972,750 a Includes 2,925,000 fingerlings, yearlings, or adults. PACIFIC SALMON FISHERIES. 253 Output or the Salmon Hatcheries i$t Alaska, Owned by the United States Bureau op Fisheries, 1906 to 1915 — Continued. Afognak hatchery. Year ending June 30— Red, or sockeye. Coho, or - silver, fry. Humpback. Total. Eggs. Fry. Eggs. Fry. Eggs. Fry. 1909 39,325,870 71, 647, 170 26,755,000 18,394,700 12,551,100 7, 761, 705 6,387,080 10,000 363,740 364, 150 1910 72,'oio!910 1911 1912 3,271,740 3,271,740 1913 1914 3,970,666 50,000 12,034,399 b 343, 480 3,970,000. 12,500,000 1915 12,500,000 Total. 3,970,000 182, 822, 625 50, 000 15, 771, 740 13,115,769 19,741,740 Total, by species. Grand total. Year end- ing June 30— Red, or sockeye. Coho, or silver, fry. Steel- head fry. Humpback. Eggs. Fry. Eggs. Fry. Eggs. Fry. 1906 6,638,550 54,610,800 61,369,000 87,978,870 141,526,770 94,994,900 86,729,700 72,973,200 50, 488, 105 c 43, 832, 080 6,638,550 54,754,300 61,369,000 87,998,770 141,890,510 95,359,050 86,729,700 72,973,200 67,072,504 « 44, 175, 560 1907 143,500 1908 1909 9,900 10,000 363,740 364, 150 1910 1911 100,000 3,271,740 100, 000 3,271,740 1912 1913 1914 5, 970, 000 50, 000 16,534,399 d 343, 480 5,970,000 14,500,000 1915 14,500,000 Total.. 5,970,000 701,141,975 59,900 143,500 17, 871, 740 17,615,769 23,841,740 718,961,144 o Includes 5,444,830 flngerlings, yearlings, or adults. b Includes 119,480 flngerlings, yearlings, or adults. c Includes 8,369,830 flngerlings, yearlings, or adults. & Includes 119,480 flngerlings, yearlings, or adults. « Includes 8,489,310 finger lmgs, yearlings, or adults. 254 PACIFIC SALMON FISHERIES. Output of Private Salmon Hatcheries of Alaska, 1893 to 1915. [Unless otherwise stated in footnotes, all of the fry liberated were red salmon.] Year ended June Callbreath's hatchery. Karluk hatchery. Klawak hatchery. 30— Eggs. Fry. Eggs. Fry. Eggs. Fry. 1893 900,000 3,000,000 6,300,000 6, 200, 000 4, 400, 000 3, 400, 000 3,000,000 3,400,000 (b) 6,000,000 6,000,000 6,000,000 6,050,000 7, 700, 000 (d) («) (•) («) 600, 000 2,204,000 5,291,000 5,475,000 4, 390, 000 2, 526, 000 2,050,000 2,335,000 1894 1S95 1S96 1897 3,236,000 8, 454, 000 4,491,000 10,496,900 19,334,000 32,800,000 23,400,000 28,113,000 45, 500, 000 36, 933, 000 38,679,200 47, SOS, 200 40,320,000 45, 22S, 000 49,626,000 - 41,026,800 45, 600, 000 34, 629, 160 f 30, 240, 000 2, 556, 440 6,340,000 3,369,000 7,872,000 15, 566, 800 28, 700, 000 17,555,000 22,000,000 33, 670, 000 28, 236, 412 36,846,000 43,655,000 37,105,000 40, 620, 000 37, 722, 000 37, 495, 100 41, 803, 155 31,546,080 27,704,000 1898 2,023,000 3,600,000 3, 600, 000 (<0 3,500,000 3, 500, 000 3,000,000 2, 800, 000 2,800,000 3, 600, 000 3,500,000 3,500,000 5,800,000 6, 786, 500 5, 600, 000 3,835,000 3,645,000 3,816,000 800, 000 1899 3,000,000 1900 a 1,000, 000 1901. . 1902 5,500,000 5,000,000 5,000,000 5, 250, 000 6,500,000 (<*) (•) (*) («) (<0 2,800,000 1903 1,500,000 1904 1,700,000 1905 2,000,000 1906 2,300,000 1907 1,187,000 1908 2,776,000 1909 3, 200, 000 1910 5,300,000 1911 6, 200, 000 1912 3,530,000 1913 3, 675, 000 1914. . 3,465,000 1915 3, 653, 000 Total 3 63,350,000 52,121,000 585,915,260 500,361,987 64,905,500 48,086,000 Year ended June Hetta hatchery. Quadra Bay hatchery. Freshwater Bay hatchery. 30— Eggs. Fry. Eggs. Fry. Eggs. Fry. 1893 J894 1895 1896 1897 1898 1899 2,800,000 2,000,000 1,800,000 2, 500, 000 4,800,000 5,127,500 (ft) (ft) (ft) 8,000,000 8,400,000 10,313,000 9,141,000 2, 585, 000 3,780,000 4,082,000 7, 43S, 500 2, 600, 000 1,500,000 a 500, 000 1, 700, 000 4,000,000 3,750,000 (ft) (ft) (ft) 6,125,000 8,134,000 9,000,000 8,552,500 2,342,000 3,592,000 3, 590, 500 7, 142, 500 1900 1901 1902 4,500,000 5,500,000 600,000 (ft) (ft) (ft) (ft) 3,325,000 10, 863, 000 11,200,000 11,000,000 10,000,000 IS, 400, 000 21,300,000 3, 500, 000 4,000,000 c 400, 000 (ft) (ft) (ft) (ft). 3,025,750 9,850,000 10,350,000 10,166,000 8,127,000 17,054,000 20,300,000 1,500,000 (») (d) (ft) (ft) (ft) (ft) (ft) (ft) (ft) (ft) (ft) (ft) (ft) 1,000,000 1903 (b) 1904 (d) 1905 (ft) 1906 (ft) 1907 (ft) 1908 (ft) 1909 (ft) 1910 (ft) 1911 (ft) 1912 (ft) 1913 (ft) 1914.. (ft) 1915 (ft) Total 72,767,000 62, 528, 500 96,688,000 86, 772, 750 1,500,000 1,000,000 a Many eggs frozen. b No run of fish. c Hatchery was not used, the eggs being hatched out in the lake. d No report. e Fish coming in to spawn were lifted over the dam. / A collection of 7,400, 000 humpback eggs was made for Afognak, and these appear in the report of that hatchery. g A considerable proportion of these are coho eggs. A Not operated. PACIFIC SALMON FISHERIES. 255 Output of Private Salmon Hatcheries of Alaska, 1893 to 1915— Continued. Year ended June Fortmann hatchery. Kell Bay hatchery. Total. 30— Eggs. Fry. Eggs. Fry. Eggs. Fry. 1893 900,000 3,000,000 6,300,000 6,200,000 8,636,000 13, 877, 000 13,891,000 19,496,900 21, 134, 000 62,260,000 85,750,000 65, 043, 500 119,360,000 116,148,000 147, 729, 200 100,588,200 80,010,000 125,544,000 111,673,500 167,731,800 86,375,000 600,000 2,204,000 5,291,000 5,475,000 6,946,440 9,666,000 11,019,000 12, 707, 000 16,066,800 53,500,000 1894 1895 1896 1897 1898 - . 1899 1900 1901 1902 11,460,000 40,050,000 22, 203, 000 65,010,000 68,715,000 105,450,000 b 41,280,000 24,465,000 53,340,000 34,920,000 107,520,000 23,160,000 9,480,000 22,500,000 10,300,000 29,005,000 13, 780, 000 63,181,000 67,643,000 80,973,000 33,920,000 22, 785, 000 50,725,000 30,245,000 100,335,000 20,800,000 8,700,000 20,820,000 1903 2, 500, 000 (a) (a) (a) (a) («) (a) (a) (a) (a) (a) (a) (a) 2,000,000 (a) (a) (a) (a) (a) (a) (a) (a) (a) (a) 1904 1905 1906 1907 1908 1909 1910 1911 115, 495, 000 1912 93,069,500 1913 153, 868, 100 1914 77,997,155 1915 (°) 1 85,294,500 64, 355, 580 79, 619, 500 Total 629. 553, 000 553,212,000 2,500,000 2,000,000 1,517,178,760 1,306,082,237 i Not operated. 6 Includes 30,000 coho eggs taken and 27,000 fry liberated. -M LIBRARY OF CONGRESS 002 876 734 1 raffiffli ■