Qass_L Book ,^f 6Vj>. AN ABRIDGED HISTORY UNITED STATES OF AMERICA. FOR THE USE OF SCHOOLS. INTENDED AS A SEaUEL//^ lOT^ lo/i ^^f WAS'H^Vi^J, HILDRETH'S VIEW OF THE UNITED STATES. BOSTON: PUBLISHED BY CARTER, HENDEE & BABCOCK. M DCCC XXXI. Entered according to Act of CongresS; in the year 1831, By Carter, Hendee & Babcock, in the Clerk's office of the District Court of Massachusetts. BOSTONCLASSICPRESS: j I. R. B U T T S. ' PREFACE It seems to be a well founded, as well as a very com- mon opinion, that in a country of institutions so peculiar as ours, an acquaintance with the elements of history, and especially of our own history, ought to be made a promi- nent object of school education. It has been often remarked by judicious teachers, that the abridgments of American history in general use, are not so well adapted as they might be, to attract the atten- tion, and impress the memory of the pupil ; and I cannot but hope I am doing an acceptable service in offering them the choice of another book, in which an attempt has been made, to avoid some of the more obvious defects of preceding compilations. My principal aim has been to be plain, brief, and accu- rate ; not so much to make reflections as to state facts ; IV PREFACE. and avoiding all unnecessary details, to trace the general course of events with such clearness of arrangement and sprightliness of style, as the narrow limits of an abridg- ment would allow. It has not been found very easy to digest the scattered fragments of our colonial history, into anything approaching a connected narrative ; and in the following parts, the transitions are sometimes too sadden, and many interesting matters are entirely omitted, or but slightly noticed. But such faults are incident to every abridgment. The present work is intended to exhibit only an outUne of American history, sufficient for a text book, but requiring to be filled up, by the lectures of the teacher, and the pupil's subsequent reading, CONTENTS. CHAPTER I. Voyage of the Cabots. — Origin of the claims of England to the terri- tory of North America. — Florida discovered by Ponce de Leon. — Claims of Spain to the territory of North Ame ica. — Voyages of Ver- azzano and Cartier. — Claims of France. — The River Mississippi discovered. — Fisheries of Newfonndland. — General ap|jearance of the country now the United States. — Its Inhabitants. — Attempts of the Frencli to colonize Florida. — Patent and Voyages of Sir Humphrey Gilbert. — Sir Walter Ptaleigh's attempt to plant a colo- ny. — Voyage of Bartholomew Gosnold. — Patents granted to the London and Plymouth Companies, .... CHAPTER II. Newport's First Voyage. — First Permanent Colony Landed in Vir- ginia. — Jamestown Built. — Captain Smith. — His Adventures among the Indians — Wretched State of the Colony — Arrival of Lord Delav/aro. — Administration of Argal and Yeardly. — First Colonial Assembly. — Prosperity of the Colony. — Massacre. — Indian War. — Virginia becomes a Royal Province. — Administra- tion of Wyat, Hervey and Sir William Berkeley. — Grant and Set- tlement of fllaryland, ...... CHAPTER III. Plymouth Company. — The Puritans, —Plymouth Colony. —Other Attempts to Colonize New England. — Colony of Massachusetts Bay. — Boston founded. — First Settlements in Connecticut. — VI CONTENTS. Providence founded — Pequod War. — Internal Disputes. —Mrs Hutchinson. — Settlement of Rhode Island. — New Hampshire. — Colony of New Haven. — Harvard College founded. — Emigration from England ceases. — Union of the New England Colonies. — Province of Maine. — Indians of New England. — Praying Indians. — Persecution of the Quakers. —State of the English Colonies at the Restoration, ....... IC CHAPTER IV. Restoration of Charles II. — The Navigation Act. — Origin and His- tory of the Province of the New Netherlands. — Swedish Settle- ments on the Delaware. — Conquest of the New Netherlands. — Province of New York ; Province of New Jersey. — Grant and Settlement of Carolina. — Affairs of Virginia. — Bacon's Rebel- lion, .... .... 36 CHAPTER V. Affairs of New England. — Philip's War. — New Hampshire mad« a Distinct Province. — Grant and Settlement of Pennsylvania. — The three Counties on the Delaware. — Massachusetts Charter declared void. — Sir Edmund Andros governor of New England Affairs of New York. — Leisler's Rebellion. — New Charter of Massa- chusetts. — Salem Witchcraft, ... . . 42 CHAPTER VI. Effect on the Colonies of the accession of King William. — French Settlements in Acadie and Canada. — The Five Nations. — Popula- tion of the Colonies at the beginning of the first French and Indian ■\Yar. — Destruction of Schenectady. — Commissioners meet at New York. — Port Royal taken. — Destruction of York and Oyster I^iver. — Expedition against Quebec. — Port Royal recovered by the French. — Peace of Ryswick, 1G97. — War Renewed. — Dee»- field destroyed. — Port Royal taken. — Unsuccessful Attempt on Quebec. — Peace of Utrecht, 1711. — Affairs of the Middle and Southern Colonies. — Wars with the Southern Indians. — Carolina becomes a Royal Province, ..... 52 CHAPTER VII . Affairs of New England. — Lovewell's War. — Controversy in Mas- sachusetts respecting the Governor'e Salary. — Grant and Settle- CONTENTS. ment of Georgia. — War between' England and Spain — Ode- thorpe lays siege to St Augustine. —Spaniards invade Georgia — Third French and Indian War. — Expedition against Louisburg — Ihe Colonies alarmed by a French Fleet. — Peace of Aix Ja ChapellC; 1748, ... * GO CHAPTER VIII. Disputes between the French and English respecting the boundaries of their North American Colonies. — French Colony of Louisiana — Respective strength of the French and English Colonies. — Mission of major Washington. — Battle of the Great Meadows.— Scheme for a Union of the Colonies. — Expedition to Nova Scotia. — Removal of the Acadiens. — Braddock's defeat. — Defeat of Dieskau. — Treaty with the Cherokees. — Forts at Oswetro, and fort Wilham Henry taken by Montcalm. — Great exertions of the Colonies. — Louisburg taken. — Abercrombie repulsed at Ticon- deroga. — Fort Frontinac suirenders. — Fort Du Quesne deserted by the French. — Amherst drives the French from Ticonderogd and Crown Point. — Fort Niagara taken. — Wolfe sails tor Quebec. — Battle of Quebec. — The City surrenders. — Battle of Siliery. — Montreal, and the other French posts capitulate. — War with the Cherokees.— Peace of Fontainbleau, 1763. — War with the Western Indians. — Peace^ . • .... 64 CHAPTER IX. Nature of the connexion between the Colonies and thfe Mother Coun- try. _ Stamp Act. — Congress at New York. — Repeal of the Stamp Act — Duties on paper, glass, &c. —Discontent of the Colonies — Duties repealed except that on tea. — Boston Massacre. — Insur- rection in North Carolina.— Vessels loaded with tea sail for Ameri- ca. — Their reception. — Boston Port Bill. — First Conoress at Philadelphia.— Battle of Lexington. — Ticonderoga and" Crown Point taken. —Battle of Bunker Hill.— Second Congress at Phil- adelphia. — Washington appointed Commander-in-chief. — Expe- dition against Canada. — Assault on Quebec. — Boston evacuated. — Attack on Charleston. —Declaration of Independence. — Popu- lation of the United States, ... 78 CHAPTER X. Hovve arrives before New York. — Battle of Long Island. — New York evacuated. — Battle of White Plains. — Fort Washington VIU CONTENTS?. taken by slorm. — Fort Lee abandoned. — Washington refrgaf* through the Jerseys. — Battle of Trenton. — Battle of Princeton, — Washington leeovers the Jerseys, and takes post at ftlorristown. — Organization of the Army. — Stores destroyed at Peelf the United States. — Vermont and Kentucky admitted into the Union. — President's southern tour. — First census. — Commerce and Navigation, . . 148 X CONTENTS. CHAPTER XVIII. Indian war. — St Clair appointed to the chief command. — Battle near the Miami villages. — St Clair retreats. — Army increased. — Mint established. — State of parties. — Mr Hamilton. — ]\Ir Jeffer- son. — Federalists. — Republicans, or Democrats. — Opposition to the Administration. — Disturbances in the west of Pennsylvania. — Charges against Mr Hamilton — Not sustained. — The French re- volution. — Its effect on parties in the Uiiitpd States. — War in Europe. — Washington's proclamation of neutrality. — Citizen Ge- net. — Democratic societies. — Genet recalled. — Resignation of Mr Jefferson. — Mr Madison's commercial resolutions. — Embargo. — Preparations for war. — Mission of Mr Jay. — Hamilton and Knox resign. . . . . ^ . . 155 CHAPTER XIX. Navigation of the Mississippi. — Kentucky remonstrance. — War with the Indians. — Wayne's victory. — Insurrection in Pennsylvania. — President calls out the militia. — Insurrection suppressed. — Jay's treaty. — Its unpopularity. — It is ratified by ihe President. — Peace of Grenville with the northwestern Indians. — Treaty with Spain. — Treaty with Algiers. — Proceedings in Congress re- specting Jay's treaty. — Mr Monroe recalled, and Mr Pinkney ap- pointed envoy lo 3France. — Mr Randolph resigns. — Tennessee admitted into the Union. — Candidates for the presidency. — Mr Adams elected, ....... 164 CHAPTER XX state of affairs with France. — Mr Pinkney not received. — Mission of Pinkney, Gerry and Marshall. — Treaty with France annulled. • — Reception of the American envoys. — Preparations for war. — Naval engagements. — Mission of Ellsworth, Davie and Murray. — Convention with France. — Death of Washington. — Seat of gov- ernment removed to the District of Columbia. — Canvass for the Presidency. — Mr Marshall secretary of Slate. — Courts of the United States reorganized. ..... 172 CHAPTER XXI. Mr Jefferson elected president. — Reduction of the army and navy. — Repea;l of Mr Adams' judiciary act. — Ohio admitted into the CONTENTS. XI Union. — Purchase of Louisiana. — Expedition of Lewis and Clarke. — War with Tripoli. — The Philadelphia taken — Destroyed by Decatur. — Tripoli bombarded. — Sidi Joussouf, Bashaw of Tripoli. — Eaton's arrangement with Hamet. — Derne taken. — Treaty with Tripoli. — Trial of colonel Burr^ . . . . " . 175 CHAPTER XXII. Flourishing state of American commerce. — Depredations renew- ed. — Berlin decree. — Impressment of American seamen. — Af- fair of the Chesapeake. — Proclamation of the president. — Admi- ral Berkeley recalled. — British orders in council. — Milan decree. — Embargo. — Its unpopularity in the eastern states. — Decree of Bayonne. — Non-intercourse acts. — J\Jr Madison president. — Ers- kine's treaty. — Not ratified. — Mr Jackson. — Decree of Ram- bouillet. — Act of May, 1310. — Alleged repeal of the Berlin and Milan decrees. — Reparation for the attack on the Chesapeake. — Refusal of the British government to revoke the orders in council. — Affair of the Little Belt. — Battle of Tippecanoe. — War de- clared against Great Britain. — Orders in council revoked. — Louis- iana admitted into the Union, ..... JSD CHAPTER XXIII. War commenced under unfavorable circumstances. — Preparations for the invasion of Canada. — Campaign of 1812. — Hull's surrender. — He is succeeded by general Harrison. — Battle of the river Raisin. — Massacre of prisoners. — Battle of Queenstown. :— General Smyth. — Naval affairs. — Success of the American frigm^s'. — Session of congress. — Re-election of Mr Madison. — Commission- ers for negotiating a peace. — Taxes. — Campaign of 1813. — Blockade of the coast. — Admiral Cockburn. — Naval Engage- ments. — Creek war. — Battle of the Great Bend. — Submission of the southern Indians. — Affairs on the Niagara frontier. — York taken. — Sackett's harbor attacked. — Battle of Stony Creek. — Battle of the Beaver dams. — Wilkinson's invasion of Canada.- — Newark burned. —Desolation of the Niagara frontier. — Affairs of the northwest. — Siege effort Meigs — Of fort Stevenson. — Per- ry's victory on Lake Erie. — Advance of Harrison. — Battle of the Thames. — Peace with the northwestern Indians, . . 191 CHAPTER XXIV. State of affairs at the beginning of 1814. — Campaign of 1814. — Bat- tle of Chippewa. —Battle of Niagara. — Assault on fort Erie.— Xll CONTENTS. Sortie. — Battle of Plattsburg. — M'Donough's naval victory. — British expedition up the Chesapeake. — Battle of Bladensburg. — Capture of Washington. — Capitulation of Alexandria. — Battle of Baltimore. — Naval affairs. — Expedition against New Orleans. — Battle of New Orleans. — Peace. — Situation of the country. — Hartford Convention. — Beneficial results of the war, . . 210 CHAPTER XXV. Measures of Congress. — War with Algiers. — Bank of the United States. — State of Uie currency. — Mr Monroe elected president. — Commercial speculations. — Emigration. — Indiana admitted into the Union. — Mississippi. — Illinois. — Alabama. — JMaine. — Mis- souri. — The Missouri question. — Cession of Florida. — Pensions granted to the revolutionary soldiers. — Canvass for the presidency. — Mr Adams chosen. — He is succeeded by general Jackson, 221 APPENDIX. Kings of England, France and Spain during the times of the colonies 228 Presidents of the Continental Congress .... 229 Principal officers under the Federal Constitution . . 229 Population of the United States ..... 232 \ AN ABRIDGED HISTORY UNITED STATES OF AMERICA. CHAPTER I. Voyage of the Cabots. — Origin of the claims of England to the territory of North America. — Florida discovered by Ponce de Leon. — Claims of Spain to the territory of North America. — Voyages of Verazzano and Cartier. — Claims of France. — The River Mississip|ii discovered. — Fisheries of Newfoundland. — General appearance of the country novvr the United States. — lis Inhabitants. — Attempts of the F'rench to colonize Florida. — Patent and Voyages of Sir Humphrey Gilbert. — Sir Walter Raleigh's attempt to plant a Colony. — Voyage of Bartholomew Gosnold. — Patents granted to the London and Plymouth Companies. The discovery of a new continent by Christopher Colum- bus, excited universal attention throughout Europe. 1492 All the maritime states were eager to extend their commerce, and to enlarge their dominions, by ac- quiring territories in this new and unexplored region. The English people, had lately turned their attention to naviga- tion and commerce. They participated in the common en- thusiasm ; and within five years after Columbus' first voy- age, John Cabot and his son Sebastian, two Venetian ad- venturers, who had settled in England, obtained from Henry VIII. king of that country, a commission to undertake a voyage of discovery . They were furnished with two ves- sels by the merchants of London and Bristol ; and 1497 having sailed westwardly, till they reached the island of Newfoundland, they then steered towards the south, and coasted along the shores of North America for a great distance. They erected crosses along the coast, and took formal possession in behalf of the crown of Eng- 3 AN ABRIDGED HISTORY land ; but their provisions having failed, and a mutiny hav- ing broken out among their mariners, they returned home without having attempted either settlement or conquest. It was a rule among the European States, and is still re- ceived as a principle of the law of nations, that newly dis- covered countries belong to the discoverers. In virtue of this rule, and in right of the discovery by the Cabots, the English claimed those extensive territories in North Amer- ica, which they afterwards colonized. But the Reforma- tion, which began in England about this time, and other domestic affairs of great interest and importance, for a long time, engrossed the public attention. The voyage of the Cabots was almost forgotten ; and more than sixty years elapsed, before the English nation made any attempts to prosecute their American discoveries. Meanwhile, the coast was visited, and discoveries were occasionally made by various navigators. Juan 1512 Ponce de Leon, a Spanish commander, as he was sailing northwardly from Porto Rico, discovered and named the coast of Florida.* He took possession of the country, in the name of his sovereign, Charles V., re- turned to Porto Rico, and afterwards sailed for Spain, where he obtained a commission, as governor of the country he had discovered. He returned to Florida, with the design of planting a colony, but had scarcely landed, when the na- tives attacked his company with poisoned arrows, killed the greater part of them, and obliged the rest to abandon the country. On this discovery of Ponce de Leon, the Spaniards founded their claims to the territory of Florida, — a name, which originally included all the more southerly part of what is now the United States. In 1524, John de Verazzano, a FIo'rentine,f in the em- * So called from its blooming appearance ; or as others say, because it was discovered on Palm Sunday, called by the Spaniards, Pascha Florida, — the feast of flowers. tAt this period of the world, the inhabitants of the north of Italy, the Venetians, Genoese and Florentines, were more engaged in commerce than any other people, and were much better skilled in the art of navi- gation. Of the adventurers, who first explored the shores of the new continent, Columbus, Amerigo, Verazzano, and the Cabots were Ital- ians. But the Italian states were already on the decline. These great discoverers were not employed by their native cities. They sailed in tke service of foreign princes ; Spain, France, and England profited by OP THE UNITED STATES. 3 ploy of Francis I., king of France, sailed seven 1524 hundred leagues, along the coast of North Amer- ica, and examined the shores of Florida with con- siderable accuracy. But in a voyage, which he made the next year, he and all his companions perished by some un- known disaster. In 1534, the French renewed 1534 their enterprises under Jacques Cartier. This able navigator discovered and named the Gulf of St Lawrence. The next year he discovered the river Sf Lmcrcnce, and ascended that noble stream a distance of three hundred leagues. He took possession of the territo- ry bordering on the river, in the name of the French king ; built a fort, formed alliances with the natives, and winter-^ ed in the country. On his return, he endeavored to pre- vail on the king of France to send out a colony ; but a war was at this time, just breaking out between France and Spain, and the solicitations of Cartier were dis- 1540 regarded. In 1540, however, an attempt was made to plant a French colony in Canada. The king of France entrusted the command of the enterprise to John Francois de la Roche. Cartier attended him, as pilot of the voyage. They arrived in Canada, well supplied with men, military stores, and provisions ; but they met with no success, and at the end of two years abandoned the enterprise. The vo}'ages and discoveries of Verazzano and Cartier, were the foundation of the claims of France, to the continent of North America. In 1539, Ferdinand de Soto, at that time, the Governor ' of Cuba, where there was a flourishing Spanish colony, land- ed on the coast of Florida, with an army of near a' thou- sand men. He fought many battles with the natives ; pen- etrated far into the interior; and, in the spring 1542 of 1542, reached the banks of the Mississippt. Here he died ; and the remains of his army which had been much reduced by fatigue and hard fighting, built small vessels, sailed down the river, and landed at the' Span- ish settlements in Mexico. Soto's discoveries were not pros- ecuted, and more than a hundred years elapsed before the Mississippi was again visited by white men. By this time the fisheries on the banks of Nevvfound- thescience of Italy, and acquired vast possessions in America, where no Italian state ever possessed a foot of territory. 4 AN ABRIDGED HISTORY land had become known, and were frequented 1550 by the vessels of various nations. The fishermen erected huts on that island, for the convenience of their business ; but, as yet, no successful attempt had been made to settle the continent. In some respects, the country was little inviting. ' It was almost wholly covered by forests, which gave it a wild and dreary appearance>^ The air, hidden by the thick foliage from the puritying influence of the sun, became stagnant. In many places, unhealthy vapors rose from the waters and low grounds ; while the rivers, choked by fallen trees, and the rank vegetation which loaded their banks, spread" out into extensive marshes. Yet the natural advan- tages of the country were many. It abounded with rich interval lands, and extensive and fertile plains. It produ- ced the finest timber, and was intersected by numerous deep and navigable rivers. Its coasts were washed, for more than a thousand n iles, by the Atlantic Ocean, and furnished some of the best harbors in the world. This extensive country was very thinly inhabited by a race of men, to whom the Europeans gave the appellation of Indians. ^^'\ The Indians were divided into a great number of small trfbes, which had established their little towns, along the sea-shore, and at the falls of the rivers. These tribes were united in confederacies of greater or less extent ; and the neighboring confederacies were engaged in almost perpetual war. Very various and discordant languages were spoken by the different tribes. But they all had a strong resemblance in complexion and features : and their man- ners and way of living were everywhere, much alike. They v/ere ignorant of the use of metals ; they had no domestic animals, not even dogs ; they lived in little huts rudely built of bark, or the branches of trees ; and spent a consid- erable part of their time in complete idleness. The wo- men cultivated a little corn and a few vegetables, and gath- ered wild berries from the woods ; but the men disdained any other employments than fishing, hunting, and war. The first European settlement, within the present bounds of the United States, was made on the coast of * When Columijusdiscoverecj the continent of America, he supposed it to be a part of Z-idm ; andlxence the name of Indians came to be ap- plied to the native Americans A OF THE UNITED STATES. O 1562 Florida, by a colony of French prolestants. This colony vVas projected by the celebrated Coligny, at that time, one of the principal leaders of the protes- tants of France. Two ships were fitted out, and placed under the command of John Ribault. Having landed his people on the coast of Florida, and built a fort for their pro- tection, Ribault returned home for supplies. During his absence, the settlers were reduced to the last extremity. Urg- ed to great exertions by the necessity of their situation, they built and rigged a rude vessel, in which they set sail for France. Two years after, the scheme of settlement was renewed. Laudonniere built fort Caroline * on the river of May, and planted a colony there. Ribault arrived the next year with supplies and reinforcements. But the coun- try, where this colony was planted, was claimed by Spain, as a part of her territory of Florida ; and a Spanish expe- dition, under Don Pedro Melendes, took fort Caroline by assault, massacred the garrison, and broke up the settle- ment. Melendes built three forts on the coast of Florida, and garrisoned them with Spanish troops. The King of France took no notice of this aggression. But the massacre of the French colonists, was avenged by the chevalier Dominique de Gourges, a French soldier of fortune, who fitted out an expedition at his own expense, took the Spanish forts, and put their garrisons to the sword. After destroying the forts, he returned home without 1568 attempting any settlement. Thus ended the at- tempts of the French to colonize Florida. During the reign of Queen Elizabeth, the English peo- ple had made great advances in commerce and navigation. The spirit of adventure was revived among them; and serious plans for settling colonies in America, began to be entertained. Sir Humphrey Gilbert, a gentleman 1578 of rank and character, obtained a patent from the Queen, granting him ample power for this purpose. He made two attempts to carry his design into execution ; one, the same year he obtained his patent ; the other, in 1583. In the first expedition, he encountered a violent storm, lost one of his ships, and was obliged to re- * From this fort, the coast was called Carolina, and hence the names of two of the United States. The geo;^raphical situation of these ear- ly French colonies is not very accurately ascertained. 1* 6 AN ABRIDGED HISTORY turn without crossing the Atlantic. In a second he reach- ed St Johns, in the island of Newfoundland, 1583 where he found about thirty vessels of different nations engaged in carrying on the fisheries. He took possession of the island in the name ofQ,ueen Eliza- beth, and made some preparations for establishing a colo- ny ; but on his voyage home, the vessel in which he sailed foundered at sea, and all on board perished. Not discouraged by these mischances, Sir Walter Ra- leigh, Gilbert's half brother, and the companion of his first voyage, a man of such enterprise and abilities as render him famous in the history of England, obtained a new pa- tent from the Queen, similar to that which had 1584 been granted to Gilbert. He immediately des- patched Amidas and Barlow, two experienced commanders, to examine the country he intended to settle. Having arrived, after a prosperous voyage, on the coast of what is now North Carolina, they touched, first, at an island, which they called Wocokon, and afterwards at Roan- oke , near the entrance of Albermarle Sound. At both places, they traded with the natives, who received them with the greatest hospitality. The splendid descriptions, given by Amidas and Barlow, of the country they had visited, so delighted Elizabeth, that she bestowed on it the name of Virginia, as a memorial of its discovery during the reign of a virgin queen. The success of this voyage inspired Raleigh with new zeal. Early the next spring, he fitted out seven 1585 ships, under the command of Sir Richard Gren- ville, well furnished with everything necessary to begin a settlement. Grenville arrived on the coast in June; and having spent some time in exploring the coun- try, fixed on Roanoke, an incommodious station, without any safe harbor, as the place for establishing the colony. He left here 108 men, under the command of Mr Lane, and in August, returned to England. Instead of cultivating the ground, the colonists employed themselves in searching for mines of gold and silver. They quarrelled, too, with the natives; their provisions began to fail ; and their situation had become very uncomfortable, when they were visited by Sir Francis Drake, the celebra- ted English Admiral, who was returning from a successful OF THE UNITED STATES. 7 expedition against the Spaniards in the West 15S6 Indies. He received the discouraged colonists on board his fleet, and set sail for England. Lane and his companions, by constant intercourse with the Indians, had acquired a habit of using tobacco. They carried a quantity home with them, and taught their coun- trymen the method of using it. In a few years its use became very general, and it has ever formed one of the chief staples of the Southern States. Soon after the departure of Drake, Grenville arrived at Roanoke, bringing ample supplies of men and provisions. Having searched in vain for the colony he had left, he landed a number of men with provisions for two years, in order to retain possession of the country, and then returned home. Notwithstanding the ill success which had thus far at- tended his efforts at planting a colony, Raleigh was not yet discouraged. He fitted out a new expedition, under the command of Captain White, consisting of three ships and 115 colonists. They landed at Roanoke, and repaired the houses of the former adventurers, which still remained standing. White returned home to obtain further supplies. But he found the nation in universal alarm. Philip II. of Spain was assembling a great fleet, with an intention to invade England ; and all were too much engrossed with fears for their own safety, to attend to any more re- mote object. It was three years before supplies 1590 were sent to Roanoke, and when they arrived, not one of the colonists was found alive. They had perished by famine, or by the attack of the neighbor- ing Indians. No further attempts to colonize America were made, till in 1602, the voyage of Bartholomew Gosnold re- 1602 j23.vived, again, the spirit of adventure. It had hitherto been the custom, in sailing for Virginia, to steer first, for the West Indies, Gosnold avoided this unnecessary circuit, and was the first English commander, who reached the continent by a direct course. He discov- ered Cftpe Cod; landed on the coast, and visited several of the adjacent islands. Having returned to England, he gave so inviting a description of the country he had visited, that new plans for the establishment of colonies, began to 8, AN ABRIDGED HISTORY be formed. Richard Hacluyt, a clergyman of distinguished learning and intelligence, contributed much, by able and judicious measures, and especially by a valuable collection of voyages, published about this time, to give popularity to this new project of settlement. James I. had now succeeded to the throne of England. He divided Virginia, (under which name the whole coast, south of Newfoundland, was included) into two colonies, the Northern and Southern; and established two companies, for the purpose of making settlements, called the London and Plymouth companies. The London company was au- thorized to establish colonies in south Virginia; north Vir- ginia was assigned to the Plymouth company. CHAPTER II. Newport's Firsc Voyage. — First Permanent Colony Landed in Virginia. — Jamestown Buili. — Captain Smith. — His Adventures among the Indians. — Wretched State of the Colony. — Arrival of Lord Delaware. — Administration of Argal and \ eardly. — First Colonial Assembly. — Prosperity of the Colony. — Massacre. — Indian War. — Virginia be- comes a Royal Province. — Administration of Wyat, Hervey and. Sir William Berkley. — Grant and Settlement of Maiyland. As soon as the London company had obtained their charter, they fitted out three vessels under the 1607 command of Christopher Newport, and put on board a hundred emigrants, and the necessary materials for establishing a colony. Newport sailed for Roanoke, but, by a fortunate storm was driven into Ches- aijeciTce hay, which was now, for the first time, visited by Europeans. After exploring the country, the emigrants determined to settle on the river Powhatan. They selected a spot about fifty miles up the river, cut down the trees, built houses, and thus laid the foundation of the May 13 first permanent English town established in Ame- rica. In honor of king James they called it JamestoiDu; and the river on which it stood, they named James River. Notwithstanding its antiquity, Jamestown OF THE UNITED STATES. 9 never became either populous or opulent, and it has now, for several years, been entirely deserted.* The colony was to be governed by a president and council. But the council itself was soon involved in dis- putes, and Captain Smith, the most able man of their num- ber, on some frivolous pretence, was excluded from his seat. These disorders were, in some degree composed, by the judicious management of Mr Hunt, the chaplain. But the colony soon began to suffer from want of provisions, from disease, and the hostility of the natives. Wingfield, the president, was detected in an attempt to escape in their only vessel. He was deposed, and Captain Ratcliffe chosen in his place. But in the present danger and distress, the talents of Smith, the very man whom, a little while before, they had attempted to exclude from the council, because so conspicuous, that all real authority was entrusted in his hands. He inspired the others with a por- tion of his own spirit ; built such fortifications as were ne- cessary to resist the sudden attacks of the Indians, and as the season for gathering corn approached, penetrated into the surrounding country, at the head of small parties, and by presents and caresses, among the well disposed part of the natives, and open force among the hostile, obtained abundant supplies. On one of these expeditions, as he was exploring the head of the Chickahominy river, attended by a single Indian guide, he was surrounded by a large party of the natives, and after a gallant defence, was taken prisoner. They would have killed him on the spot ; but he showed them a mariner's compass, which so excited their admiration, that, for the present, they spared his life. They carried him before Pow- hatan, the principal sachem, or chief, in that neighborhood, who received him with great ceremony. He was carefully at- tended; water was brought in which to wash his hands ; and he was feasted in the best Indian fashion. But not- withstanding all this apparent kindness, after much consul- tation, it was determined that he should be put to death. He was dragged to the ground, and his head placed upon a stone. A club was raised to dash out his brains ; when * In 1807, when the 200th anniversary of ihe settlement of Virginia was celebrated, the only remaining vestiges of Jamestown, were a few old tombstones, and the ruins of a church steeple. 10 AN ABRIDGED HISTORY Pocahontas, the sachem's favorite daughter, a child but ten or twelve years old, notable to save him by her prayers and entreaties, rushed through the crowd, clasped his head in her arms, and laying her own upon it, arrested the fatal blow. By this act of generous impulse, she prevailed on her father to spare his life; and after a great many cere- monies between him and the Indians, he was sent back, in safety, to Jamestown. He found the colony in great distress, and reduced to thirtyeight persons, who were just on the point of abandon- ing the country. By mingled threats and entreaties, he persuaded them to remain. He obtained from the Indians, among whom he was now in great esteem, an abundant supply of provisions ; and preserved plenty in the colony till Newport arrived, with, two vessels, bringing supplies and reinforcements. The arrival of Newport gave great relief and joy to the colonists. But their prospects were soon overcast ; for unluckily, about this time, they discov- ered, in the bed of a small stream near Jamestown, a glit- tering earth, which they mistook for gold dust. A sort of universal phrensy was excited by this discovery ; everything else was neglected ; and there was no thought or conversa- tion but about digging, washing, and refining gold. A ship was despatched to England laden with fancied wealth. But, in the meantime, the colonists suffered severely from the severity of the winter ; their store-house was acciden- tally burned, and they were reduced to great distress. During the next summer. Smith was employed in exploring the Chesapeake Bay. He sailed more than three 1608 thousand miles, in an open boat, and examined, with the greatest care and labor, every river and inlet, on both sides the bay. He drew an excellent map of Ids discoveries, which he transmitted to England, accom- panied with a description of the country and inhabitants. On his return from this expedition, he was chosen presi- dent of the colony. The London Company, though little pleased with the success of their efforts, resolved still to persevere. 1609 They obtained a new charter ; a large number of noblemen and merchants were added to the com- pany; and nine ships, with 900 emigrants, and a supply of provisions, sailed for Virginia, under the joint command of OF THE UNITED STATES. 11 Newport, Somers and Gates. The vessel, on board of which were the three commanders, encountered a violent storm, and was cast away on one of the Bermuda islands. The other ships arrived in safety. Many of the company that came in them, were poor gentlemen, broken tradesmen, rakes and libertines, men little calculated to advance the prosperity of the enterprise. Headed by a number of seditious persons, who aspired to the chief command, they threw the colony into the utmost confusion, and it was only by very vigorous measures, that Smith was enabled to maintain his authority. To rid himself, in part, of these troublesome guests, he established two new settlements, one at the falls of James River,* the other, at Nasemond.t The new settlers con- ducted with so little judgment, as soon to make all the neighboring Indians their enemies. A plot was formed for the destruction of the whole colony. But it was defeated by the wisdom of Smith, and the fidelity of Pocahontas, who, in a dark and stormy night, went to Jamestown at the hazard of her life, and informed the colonists of their dan- ger. Smith had the address to bring about a peace ; but the colony was soon after deprived of his faithful services. As he was sleeping in his boat, his powder bag took fire, and he was so severely wounded by the explosion, as to be confined to his bed. There was no surgeon in Virginia, skilful enough to heal his wounds, and he found himself obliged to embark for England. The colony, when Smith left it, consisted of 500 inhab- itants, well supplied with arms and provisions; but by their own folly and insubordination, they were soon reduced to the greatest extremities. They experienced all the miseries of famine, and for many years after, this period was well remembered by the name of The Starving Time. In six months, there were only sixty colonists alive ; and these so feeble and dejected, that without relief they could not have survived ten days longer. They were rescued from this calamitous situation by Gates, Somers and New- 1610 port, who arrived from Bermuda the 24th of May. It was immediately determined to abandon the * Near the present situation of Richmond. f On the river Nasemond, not far from where Norfolk now stands. 12 AN ABRIDGED HISTORY country, and the few remaining colonists had embarked on board the vessels just arrived from Bermuda, when Lord Delaware, who had been appointed governor of the colony, came up the river with three ships, and a supply of men and provisions. He prevailed on them to return, and by a judicious exercise of authority, once more restored order and contentment. For the next three years, the colony kept along without making any great advances, but in 1613, two 1613 events occurred of great and lasting importance. The first of these events, was the marriage of Mr Rolfe, one of the settlers, with Pocahontas, the young In- dian woman to whom the colony was already so much in- debted. This marriage secured a firm and lasting peace with the Indians. Pocahontas embraced Christianity, and was carried by her husband to England, where she received the greatest attentions. Several of the most respectable families of Virginia, boast their descent from this marriage. The other event above alluded to, was the distribution of land among the planters, who were thus induced to much greater industry than when all the land was held in com- mon, as had hitherto been the case, and all the produce carried into a common grainery. Still, the progress of the colony was by no means rapid. For when governor Argal arrived in Virginia, he 1617 found the public buildings at Jamestown fallen to decay, and only five or six private houses fit to be inhabited. The planters, who did not exceed 400, were principally employed in cultivating tobacco ; and were dis- persed in various places, as best suited their convenience or caprice. Argal's government was extremely severe. He was succeeded by Yeardley ; who called the 1619 first colonial assembly of Virginia. It consisted of the Governor, the council, and delegates from the different plantations which, at this time, were seven in number. Hitherto but few females had crossed the Atlantic. But in 1620, a large number of girls were brought 1620 over, and disposed of among the young planters. The price of a wife was, at first, one hundred pounds of tobacco ; but as the planters learned, by expe- rience, the sweets of matrimony, the demand for wives in- OF THE UNITED STATES. 13 Creased, and the price rose to one hundred and fifty pounds. The same year, a Dutch vessel brought twenty negroes to Jamestown, and exposed them for sale. This was the beginning of negro slavery in Virginia. During the next three years, numerous planters arrived from England, and the settlements were extended along the banks of James and York Rivers, and even as far as the Rappahannoc and Potomac. But this ill-fated colony was doomed to experience yet another severe reverse of fortune. Powhatan, the Indian sachem, was now dead. He had been succeeded by his brother, Opechancanough, a bold and cunning chief, extremely hostile to the English. A plan w^as formed for the total destruction of the planters. Unsuspicious of danger, they had neglected all precau- tions ; had laid aside their military exercises, and 1622 were on the most familiar terms with the Indians. On the 22d of May, 1622, Opechancanough and his warriors, fell, at once, on every settlement, and mur- dered, without distinction of age or sex. The massacre would have been complete, had not the conspiracy, the night before it was carried into execution, been betrayed by one of the Indians, in season to save Jamestown, and a few of the neighboring settlements. To this massacre, a bloody Indian war succeeded. The settlements were re- duced from eighty to eight, and famine was added to their other distresses. Succors from England saved them from total destruction. After a severe struggle, the Indians were subdued ; many tribes were exterminated, and the rest were driven from the neighborhood of the rivers, so that the settlements extended themselves in safety.* * The Virginian Indians were divided into more than forty tribes, and these tribes were combined into three principal confederacies. The Powhatan, confederacy consisted of thirty tribes, and inhabited the country between Chesapeake Bay and tlie falls of the rivers. Powhatan and his brother Opechancanough were the head sachems of this con- federacy. It was with the Powhatan Indians that the war mentioned above was carried on ; it terminated in their almost entire destruction. The other two confederacies were the Mannahoacs, Qon-^isnng of eight tribes, who inhabited the upper courses of the Rappahannoc and Poto- mac ; and the Monacans, who numbered five tribes, and dwelt on the upper part of James River. These two confederacies had fewer tribes than the Powhatans, with whom they Avaged a ceaseless war, but seem to have equalled them in numbers and power. Q 14 AN ABRIDGED HISTORY In 1624, the London Company was dissolved ; and the king having assumed the government of the co!o- 1624 ny into his own hands, appointed a governor and eleven councillors, in whom all authority was vested. Two successive governors, Wyat and Harvey, exercised this extensive authority in such an arbitrary and tyrannical manner, as entirely to disgust the colonists. On one occa- sion, in a fit of passion, they seized Harvey and sent him a prisoner to England. At length, Sir William Berkeley was appointed governor. He restored the pro- 1639 vincial assembly ; and by the mildness of his temper, the gentleness of his manners, and the judicious plan on which he administered the government, gained a universal popularity. Under his rule, the Vir- ginians enjoyed many years of peace and prosperity. In the English civil wars, the colony of Virginia took part with the king; but was obliged to 1652 submit to a force, which the parliament sent against it. Sir William Berkeley who had made all the resistance he was able, and by so doing, had ob- tained very favorable terms for the colony, retired to pri- vate life, and Virginia remained nearly nine years in almost perfect tranquillity, under governors appointed by the colo- nial assembly. The names of these governors were Bennet, Diggs and Mathews. During that period, the colony enjoyed an unrestrained trade, and its population was in- creased by the arrival of many persons attached to the royal party, many of them gentlemen of good families, who left England, in order to avoid the dangers they were ex- posed to there, or in hopes to repair their shattered for- tunes. On the death of Mathews, SirWilliam Berkeley, the old and favorite governor, was prevailed on by the assembly to resume his office ; and the restoration 1660 happening the next year, Charles II. confirmed his authority. At the restoration, Virginia con- tained a population of 30,000 people. One of the causes, which, during the government of Harvey, had disquieted Virginia, was the grant of Ma- ryland, * to Lord Baltimore. Few as was the number * So named from Henrietta Maria, then Queen of England. OF THE UNITED STATES. 15 of the Virginians, and small as was the extent of their settlements, they could not bear to have the original limit of their colony contracted. But, Charles I., the reigning king, paid little attention to the wishes of his subjects whether at home or abroad. The grant of Maryland was made in 1632; and two 1634 years after, a colony of two hundred gentlemen, with their attendants, chiefly Roman Catholics, under George Calvert, brother of Lord Baltimore, landed near the mouth of the Potomac. They entered into a treaty with the natives, purchased of them a tract of ter- ritory, and built a town, to which they gave the name of St Mari/'s. The growth of this colony, unlike that of Virginia, was steady and rapid. The government was judi- ciously administered, and complete toleration was allowed in matters of religion, j^n Indian war, in which the colony was engaged, terminated in the entire submission of the natives. The intrigues of a certain Wm. Clayborne, who had estab- lished a small settlement on the isle of Kent, in the Chesa- peake, and who was unwilling to submit to the authority of Lord Baltimore, bred some disturbances; and the proprietor of Maryland, having sided with the king during the civil wars, he was deprived, by the victorious parlia- 1652 ment, of the government of the colony. The colonists held the same opinions with Lord Bal- timore, and the parliamentary government was not submit- ted to without great reluctance. An insurrection 1658 was raised by one Josiah Feudal, who had been appointed governor by the proprietor; and for two or three years, the affairs of Maryland remained in a state of great confusion; but at the restoration, things reverted to their former state. The province was restored to Lord Baltimore, and he appointed Philip Calvert to be 1660 its governor. At this time, the province of Mary- land contained 12,000 inhabitants. 16 AN ABRIDGED HISTORY CHAPTER III. Plymouth Company. — The Puritans. — Plymouth Colony. — Other At- tempts to Colonize New England. — Colony of Massachusetts Bay. — Boston founded. — First Settlements in Connecticut. — Providence founded. — Pequod War. — Internal Disputes. — Mrs Hutchinson. — Settlement of Rhode Island. — New Hampshire. — Colony of New Haven. — Harvard College founded. — Emigration from England ceases. — Union of the New England Colonies. — Province of Maine. — Indians of New England. — Praying Indians. — Persecution of the Quakers. — State of the English Colonies at the Restoration. Having, in the preceding chapter, related the origin, and traced the progress of the two oldest southern colonies, let us now take a brief view of those which were planted far- ther north. The Plymouth Company was far inferior to that of Lon- don in wealth and enterprise ; and all its attempts at colonization were feeble and unfortunate. The first vessel, fitted out by the company, was taken by the Spaniards. Soon after, they succeeded in establishing a small 1607 colony at Sagahadoc, on the coast of Maine, near the mouth of the river Kennebec. But the settlers suffered so much the first winter, from cold and hunger, that when vessels arrived in the spring, bringing supplies of men and provisions, they all embarked, and returned to England. Nothing further was attempted by the company for seve- ral years, except a few fishing voyages to Cape Cod, and a petty traffic with the natives for oil and skins. In 1614 1614, Captain Suiith, who has been so often mentioned in the history of Virginia, was sent on one of these voyages. He explored the coast from Penob- scot River, as far south as Cape Cod. On his return, he drew a map of his discoveries, which he presented to Prince Charles, the same person who was afterwards king of England, under the title of Charles I. This young Prince, delighted with Smith's glowing descriptions, be- stowed on the country the name of New England, — a name it has ever since retained. In 16*20, a new charter was granted to the Plymouth company, by which it received the name of ^ The OF THE UNITED STATES. 17 1620 Council established at Plymouth, in the county of Devon, for the planting, ruling, ordering, and gov- erning of New England, in America.' But the first perma- nent settlements within the limits of their charter, grew out of causes over which the company had no control. Though the church of England had renounced the errors of popery, it still retained a large number of rights and cer- emonies, borrowed from the service of the Catholic church. These ceremonies were regarded with great dislike by many learned and pious men. They looked upon them as dangerous remnants of the popish creed ; and if their scru- ples were unreasonable, at least, they were sincere. The number of those, who entertained these opinions gradually increased, till at length, they came to form a party in the state. They received the name of Puritans, as if in deris- ion of that peculiar purity of doctrines and manners, by which they sought to be distinguished. Though the puri- tans disliked the church service, it was with great reluc- tance that they separated from the church ; but, at last, they were driven to it by the folly of those, to whom the church government was entrusted. Instead of yielding to the scruples of the puritans, and permitting them to dis- pense with the more odious part of the service, the bishops enforced the most trifling ceremonies, with the greatest strictness, and added new rites still more odious ; punishing with fine and imprisonment all who refused obedience to their decrees. The obstinacy of the puritans increased, just in proportion to the severity of the bishops ; till at length, many of them began to form plans for leaving a coun- try, where liberty of conscience was no longer to be enjoyed. A congregation, under the care of Mr Robinson, which belonged to a sect, called the JSrowmsts* was the first to emigrate. They settled in Holland, the year in 1609. They were well received, and were permitted to enjoy their pecu- liar opinions unmolested. But they did not like the loose morals, and free manners of the Dutch ; their children left them and entered the Dutch army and navy ; and their church was in danger of soon becoming extinct. After * The Brownists were a sect, who carried the doctrines of the puri- tans to a greater extreme, than the rest of their brethren. They were the first to separate entirely from the English church. 2* 18 AN ABRIDGED HISTORY eleven or twelve years' residence in Holland, they determined to remove to America. A grant of territory was obtained from the London company ; some London merchants, who took a share in the enterprise, advanced a sum of money ; and in 1G20, a part of the congregation passed over to England, whence, on the 5th of August, they set sail in the ships Speedwell and May Flower, on their voyage to America. The leakiness of the Speedwell obliged them twice, to return ; and at last, they were compelled to leave her behind. The May Flower recommenced her voyage, and after a boisterous passage, she msde the land of Cape Cod, Novem- ber the 9th, and three days after, came to anchor in Cape Cod harbor. The colonists had intended to settle near the mouth of Hudson river ; but the master of the ship, bribed, it is said, by the Dutch, who had settlements in that neigh- borhood, had purposely carried them farther north. Finding themsehes beyond the limits of the com- pany, from whom they had obtained their charter, they judged it expedient, before landing, to enter into an agree- ment, which might serve as a foundation of their social polity. Accordingly, after solemn prayer and tJianksgiv- ing, they signed a paper, by which they combined them- selves into a body politic, and mutually promised to submit to all such just and equal laws and ordinances, as should, fi-om time to time, be thought meet and convenient for the general good. Mr Carver was chosen the first governor, including men, women and children, the whole colony con- sisted of 101 souls. Five weeks were spent in exploring the country ; and after much labor and fatigue, having discovered Plymouth harbor, they determined to settle there. Accordingly, the ship sailed thither, and the peoi)le having landed, were soon busy in felling trees, and erecting houses. For greater secu- rity, they built their houses in two rows, and as they 1621 were in some fear of the Indians, they established the needful military orders, and chose Miles Stand- ish to be their commander. The town was named Neio Ply- mouth ; the colony was known as the Plymouth Colony, and the settlers themselves are often distinguished by the name O^the Pilgrims. On the 16th of March, an Indian came boldly into the street of Pylmouth, alone and unarmed, and surprised the OF THE UNITED STATES. 19 inhabitants by calling out, ' Welcome, Englishmen ! Wel- come, Englishmen !' They had seen Indians before in the woods, but this was the first, with whom they had any intercourse. His name was Samoset ; he was a Saga- more, or petty chief, of a neighboring tribe, and had learn- ed a little English of the fishermen, who frequented the coast. By his assistance, the colony became acquainted with Massasoit, the great chief of the Pocanokets or Wam- panoags, a powerful tribe or confederacy, which inhabited the country extending westwardly from the neighborhood of Plymouth, towards the shores of Narraganset bay. Mu- tual distrust, prevented, for a while, any advances on either side. But an interview at length took place between gover- nor Carver and Massasoit; presents were exchanged, and a league of friendship formed, which was faithfully observed by both parties, for more than fifty years. An intercourse with the fishing and trading vessels, that frequented their coast, had introduced the small pox among the Indians, who dwelt along the shores of Massachusetts bay. The distemper proved very fatal ; and many tribes, especially those belonging to the Massachusetts confedera- cy, were almost destroyed by it. The country along the sea coast was thus left vacant, and the power and numbers of those tribes, which would have felt the most immediate interest in preventing the settlement of the country, was greatly diminished. Some of Massasoit's dependent sa- chems opposed his alliance with the English; but Miles Standish, at the head o^ fourteen men, marched into their country, and by his activity and vigor, inspired such terror, that nine petty chiefs came to Plymouth to make their peace with the colony ; and their example was soon after fol- lowed by several others. The winter was so severe, and the colonists were so ill provided against it, that within the first three months after landing, they lost more than half their number ; among the rest, Mr Carver, their governor. Mr Bradford was cho- sen to supply his place. The November following, a ship arrived from England bringing a seasonable supply of thirty- five new colonists. A new charter for the colony, granted by the council of Plymouth, came out in the same vessel. Notwithstanding the friendship of Massasoit, some other of the Indians, especially the Narragansets, a numer- 20 AN ABRIDGED HISTORY 1622 ous and powerful tribe, were ill disposed towards the settlers. It was therefore judged expedient, to fortify the town, by surrounding it with a fence of tim- bers driven into the earth. This fortification had four gates, which were guarded by day and locked by 1623 night. Soon after, a small fort was built, on which cannon were mounted, and a regular guard kept. The Massachusetts Indians, having formed a new com- bination against the colony. Miles Standish was sent upon an expedition against them. He killed several ; dispers- ed the rest ; and succeeded in disconcerting all their plans. Several ships arrived, this year, laden with goods and pas- sengers. Plymouth had now been settled four years ; it contained thirtytwo dwelling-houses, and 180 people. 1624 At first, the settlers held their land, and all their other property, in common. But learning by experience, the ill effects of this system, they now made a distribution of goods, and allotted a portion of land to each settler. In 1627, they purchased of the Lon- 1627 don merchants, who had assisted them with money and goods, their share in the colony. The price was j£]800, to be paid in annual instalments of £200 each. On this occasion a further distribution of the common property took place. They built a trading house on the south shore of Cape Cod, and another at the mouth of the river Kennebec ; and carried on a considerable trade with the Eastern Indians, and with the Dutch, who were established at the mouth of the Hudson. Several years after, they established trading houses on Connecticut river ; and the first house built within the state of Connec- ticut, was erected, in 1633, by a trading company from Plymouth. The settlers of Plymouth were on many accounts, re- markable men. They persevered, despite of dangers and suffering, in their purpose of planting a church and a com- monwealth, in the wilderness ; and might justly say of themselves, as they did, in their petition to the council of Plymouth, for a patent of the territory they had colonized, ' that it was not with them, as with other men, whom small things could discourage, or small discontents cause to OF THE UNITED STATES. 21 wish themselves at home again.' Their colony increased but slowly, for they were more desirous of preserving the purity of their church, than of increasing the numbers of their people. Besides, the soil of their territory was barren, and in this respect, much inferior to that of the neighboring colonies. Soon after the settlement of Plymouth, several other at- tempts were made to colonize the shores of New England. Sir Ferdinando Gorges, and captain John Mason, obtained several grants of territory from the council of Plymouth, and made some attempts to establish a colony near the mouth of Piscataqua river. In 1622, a plantation was be- gun at Wissagnsset, smce called Weymouth,* by Mr Wes- ton, a London merchant. In 1624, Mr White, a noncon- forming minister of Dorchester in England, persuaded a number of merchants and others, to attempt the establish- ment of a colony in America, and a settlement, at their ex- pense, was begun at Cajye Ann. In 1625, Captain Wolles- ton, with a few followers, began a plantation at Mount Wolles- ton.-f But these, and other similar settlements, undertaken by various individuals and associations, were principally for purposes of trade and the fishery, and were of little con-, sequence, compared with the colony of Massachusetts Bay, which soon after began to be planted. The persecution of the English puritans still continued. Archbishop Laud, a narrow minded and bigoted man, was now at the head of the English church. He prosecuted with unrelenting severity, every symptom of disrespect for the prescribed ceremonies ; and made it impossible for those, who were inclined to the puritanical doctrines, to remain at home with comfort or safety. Accordingly, a large number of persons, many of thorn men of education and property, began to think of seeking in America, a refuge from the intolerance which prevailed at home. In 1628, the council of Plymouth sold to Sir Henry 1628 Roswell and five associates, a large tract of coun- try, bounded on the north and south, by the riv- ers Merrimack and Charles, and stretching to an indefinite extent westwardly. Through the influence of Mr White, the * Weymouth is ten miles south from Boston. f Mount Wolleston is in Quincy, eight miles southeast from BostoriK 22 AN ABRIDGED HISTORY nonconforming minister of Dorchester, Roswell and his associates, united with Sir Richard Saltonstall, and several gentlemen of London, and the same year, Mr John Endi- cott was sent, with a number of people, to prepare the way for the settlement of a colony. He landed at Naumheag^ and there laid the foundation of the second permanent town in New England. He called the town Salem, in allusion to that peaceful enjoyment of their peculiar opinions, of which the colonists were in pursuit. The king's charter was obtained, confirming the Massa- chusetts grant, and under this charter, the pa- 1629 tentees formed themselves into a company, and chose a governor, deputy governor, and eighteen assistants. In the course of the summer, six ships, with three hundred colonists, sailed for New England. Half the new comers remained at Salem ; the other half remov- ed to a peninsula near the mouth of Charles river, called Miskawum, which had been visited and examined the year before by a party from Salem. Here they laid the founda- tion of a town, which, in honor of the king of Eng- land, they named Charlestoivn. In the meantime a plan M'as formed in England, for transferring the govern- ment of the company to Massachusetts; and the 1630 next year, seventeen ships sailed for New Eng- land, having on board more than 1500 people. In these ships came governor Winthrop, deputy governor Dudley, several of the newly chosen assistants, and other gentlemen of wealth and distinction, who brought over with them, the charter of the colony. The greater part of these emigrants landed at Charlestown, but a number of them soon moved across the river to a Peninsula, called by the Indians Shaiomut, and by the English Trimoun- tain, — but afterwards named Boston* Others formed dis- tinct settlements in such parts of the neighboring country, as they found inviting and convenient. Dorchester, Water- town, Roihiiri/, Medforcl, and Cambridge, all in the immedi- ate vicinity of Boston, were among the towns earliest settled. The first court of assistants, after the government of the colony was transferred to America, was held at * From Boston, in England, whence came Mr Cotton, one of the principal ministers of the colony. OF THE UNITED STATES. 23 Charlestown on the 23d of August, and the second, at the same place, on the 7th of September. But Boston soon be- came the chief town of the colony, and the first General Court of Massachusetts, was holden there, on the 19th of October. The settlers endured great hardships from want of proper food and shelter, and great numbers not able to bear this new mode of life, died the first winter. The rigorous persecution of the puritans still continued. For several years following, large numbers of people came annually from England, and the settlements were rapidly extended. The general character of the Massachusetts colonists, their manners and religious opinions, were simi- lar to those of the settlers at Plymouth; but they were far superior in education, wealthy and the means of planting a colony. By the Massachusetts charter, all the freemen of the col- ony, were to assemble four times a year, for the election of governor and other officers, and for the enactment of laws. As the settlements extended, the inconvenience 1634 of this system was felt ; and in 1634, it was agreed by general consent, that while the free- i7ien retained the right of electing the magistrates, and as- sembled once a year for that purpose, the power of making laws should be transferred to a representative body, to be composed of delegates from the several plantations. These deputies, together with the governor and the eighteen assist- ants, composed the General Court for the enactment of laws ; while the governor and assistants, without the deputies, composed the Court of Assistants, the principal judicial tri- bunal, in the colony. In 1635 the council of Plymouth surrendered their charter to the king ; but they had already giant- 1635 ed away to other persons, a large part of the ter- ritory embraced within its limits. The inhabitants of Massachusetts Bay were now so nu- merous, that the new comers found it difficult to pitch upon convenient places for settlement. Several persons had al- ready travelled a hundred miles or more into the interior, and discovered the river Connecticut. They represented the country on its banks to be so extremely inviting, that a number of the Massachusetts settlers determined to remove thither. The first party, consisting of sixty, — men, women '24 AN ABRIDGED HISTORY and children, — began their journey in the month of Octo- ber. They travelled through the woods on foot, with no other guide than the compass, driving their horses and cattle before them. After a dangerous and fatiguing jour- ney of fourteen days, they arrived on the banks of the Con- necticut, and founded the towns of Windsor ?ind Weathcrs- Jield. The next year, another company under Mr Hooker, a celebrated minister, travelled through the wilderness, and founded the town of Hartford. This was the origin of the colony of Connecticut. The government of this new col- ony was organized under a commission from Massachusetts ; but within two or three years the settlers, finding them- selves beyond the limits of the Massachusetts charter, es- tablished a separate government. The first assembly of Connecticut met at Hartford, in 1639, on which occasion, they enacted a body of laws, and chose Mr John Haynes to be their first governor. The territory of Connecticut had been granted, in 1631, by the council of Plymouth, to Lord Say, Lord Brook, and seve- ral others. They did nothing toward settling a colony till 163t5, when they sent a number of men from England, and caused Fort Say brook to be built at the mouth of Connecticut river. The settlers from Massachusetts w^ere within the limit of this patent; but as the persons to whom it belonged were themselves puritans, and well disposed towards the people of that colony, the emigrants from Massachusetts were not disturbed in their new settlements. The Dutch, who were settled at the mouth of the Hudson, claimed the country along the Connecticut, and had exerted themselves to prevent the English from settling on the banks of that river. As early as 1633, they had built a fort, called Fort Hope, near the present situation of Hartford, and they were about taking possession of the entrance of the river, when they were prevented by the erection of Fort Say- brook. The Dutch maintained themselves at Fort Hope till 1642, when the garrison were taken prisoners, and the fort seized by the people of Connecticut in retaliation for certain hostilities, which the Dutch had committed upon their settlements on Long Island. In 1644, the people of Connecticut purchased in the right of Lord Say, and the other English proprietors of their territory, and thus ac- quired an undisputed title. OF THE UNITED STATES. 25 In 1636, the town and colony of Providence were founded by Roger Williams, formerly minister of Salem. 1636 Roger Williams had settled first at Plymouth, where he was for some time very much esteemed; but having advanced some singular opinions, he became unpopular, and removed to Salem. He had not been long there, before he again brought forward his peculiar notions. Among other things, he persuaded Mr Endicott, who was one of the magistrates and a member of his church, to cut the cross out of the king's colors, as being a badge that savored too much of popery. But his greatest offence was, his denying any church in the colony to be pure, and a true church, except the one at Salem, over which he him- self presided. By these and similar indiscretions, he gained the ill will of the leading ministers and magistrates of the colony. Endeavors were used to reclaim him ; but not being willing to renounce his peculiarities, at length he was banished. He obtained a grant of land from Canoni- cus, chief sachem of the Narragansets, at a place called 3IoosJiausick, and, with a few companions, began a settle- ment, which he named Providence, in acknowledgment, as he declared, ' of God's merciful providence towards him in his distress.' Notwithstanding some absurdities of which he was guilty, many parts of Roger Williams' conduct merit spprobation. He established a perfect toleration in his own colony, and instead of showing any resentment against those by whom he had been banished, he was employed for forty years in continued acts of kindness towards them: giving them timely notice of the designs of the Indians, and of the movements of the Dutch, and their other enemies. The Pequods, a large and warlike tribe of Indians, who were settled along the banks of the river, now called the Thames, having from time to time committed acts of hostility, and plundered and murdered a number of the colonists, it was judged expedient to take some measures for punishing these aggressions, and to prevent them for the future. Ac- cordingly, Mr Endicott, with SO or 90 men, marched into the country of the Pequods ; but owing to the lateness of the season, he was obliged to return without effecting any- thing. Next to the Pequods, the Narragansets were the most 3 26 AN ABRIDGED HISTORY powerful of the New England Indians. They inhabitsd the country along the western shore of the Narraganset bay, and could muster 5000 fighting men. There had been, for ages, a fixed and deadly enmity between these two tribes. But the Pequods, dreading the power of the colonists, whom they justly regarded as the common enemy of all the Indians, were willing to make peace with the Narragansets, and desirous to obtain their assistance in carrying on the war. The colonists were extremely anx- ious to prevent this alliance. They sent a solemn embassy to the Narragansets; invited Miantinomoh, son of Ca- nonicus, who ruled the tribe conjointly with his father, to visit Boston ; and at length persuaded him to make a treaty with the colony, and to join them in the war against the Pequods. They also obtained the alliance of Uncas, sachem of the Moheagans, a tribe situated north of the Pequods, on the upper branches of the Thames, and extending westerly to the banks of the Connecticut. The Pequods were rather emboldened than terrified by Endicott's ineffectual expedition ; and early the 1C37 next spring, they renewed their aggressions. It was now necessary to prosecute the war with vigor. Connecticut was nearest the scene of action, and her troops were first in the field. Ninety men, under captain John Mason, who had been bred a soldier in Europe, and sixty Moheagan Indians, under their sachem, Uncas, assembled at Hartford, and sailed down Connec- ticut river. They landed at fort Saybrook, and having taken on board a reinforcement of twenty men, sailed for Narraganset bay. Here they were joined by about 400 Narraganset Indians, and commenced their march into the Pequod country. The Pequod w^arriors were principally collected in two large forts. One of these forts was on Mystic river, a small stream, which runs into the sea, about half way between Narraganset bay and the river Thames ; and it was thither that Mason directed his march. On the 26th of May, early in the morning, he arrived at the hill, on which the fort stood. He divided his men into two parties ; and they instantly rushed to the assault. The Indians, deceived by a report that their enemies had returned home, had been feasting and dancing all night, and were now in a deep OF THE UNITED STATES. 27 sleep. They would have been completely surprised had not an alarm been given by the barking of a dog. This roused the warriors; but the colonists pressed on, and pouring a fire of musquetry through the palisades, they forced their way into the fort. A severe contest followed ; many of the Indians were slain ; some of the assailants were killed, and others wounded. The issue of the battle was still doubtful, when Mason, crying out, ' We must burn them,' caught up a firebrand, and thrust it among the mats with which the wigwams were covered. The fort was in- stantly in flames. The colonists and their Indian allies retiring out of it, formed a circle around, and struck down every Pequod who attempted to escape. The Indians fought desperately, but their bows and clubs were of little avail against the fire-arms of the colonists. Sixty wigwams were burnt, and between five and six hundred of the Pe- quods perished in the conflict. Two of the colonists were killed, and sixteen wounded. The victory was complete, yet the victorious forces were in distress. The men were greatly fatigued by a long march, want of sleep and the sharpness of the action. The morn- ing was hot ; water was diflicult to be obtained ; and a fresh body of Pequods was rapidly approaching. Mason attacked this new enemy, with a chosen band, and gave his men time to march on towards Pequod harbor, * where the vessels had been ordered to await their arrival. As the English retreat- ed, the Indians advanced to the hill, on which the fort had stood. At the sight of their ruined habitations and slaugh- tered countrymen, they burst out into a transport of rao-e ; stamped on the ground ; tore their hair, and regardless of danger, rushed down the hill in pursuit of the English. But Mason succeeded in making good his retreat. He embarked his troops at Pequod harbor, and landed at Hartford, where he was received with every expression of joy and gratitude. Sassacus, chief of the Pequods, assembled his remaining warriors. But upon consultation, they concluded, that after the severe losses they had met with, it would no longer be pos- sible to defend their country against the attacks of the white men. Accordingly, they destroyed their forts and wigwams, and dispersed in various directions. Sassacus, with a number of his principal warriors, fled towards the Hudson river. * Now New London. 28 AN ABRIDGED HlSTORi The Massachusetts forces, under Captain Stoughton, ar- rived at Pequod harbor i n June. Here they were joined by a large body of the Narragansets, and having penetrated into the Pequod country, they discovered a party of the enemy concealed in a swamp. They surrounded the swamp, kill- ed the men to the number of thirty, and took eighty women and children, prisoners. The vessels sailed along the shore, and the troops, march- ing by land, pursued the flying Indians as far as Quinni- piack.* Here they were informed, that the main body of the Pequods was assembled in a swamp, at a considerable distance eastward. The colonists marched with all expe- dition, and having reached the swamp, f they sur- July 13 rounded it, and immediately commenced an at- tack. After the action had continued for some time, they offered life to all who would surrender. Upon this proposal, about two hundred of the Indians came out of the swamp, and surrendered themselves prisoners. But the warriors, to the number of one hundred, refused all terms, and renewed the action, which was kept up the greater part of the night. The next morning a thick fog favored their escape. About seventy broke through the English lines ; the rest fell in the action. Sassacus, with a few of his warriors, fled to the Mohawks, who were persuaded by the Narragansets to put him to death. The Pequod prisoners, were divided between the Narragansets and Moheagans ; their country was claimed and gradually settled by the Eng- lish. Such was the event of the first Indian war in which New England was engaged ; and thus perished the tribe of the Pequods. The war was just and necessary, and the colo- nists carried it on with commendable vigor. Yet who can help regretting the extermination of a brave and ancient people, who died in defending the country God had given them. While engaged in the war with the Pequods, the colony of Massachusetts bay suffered severely from internal com- motions. Some time previous, Mrs Hutchinson, a woman of considerable talent, though but little discretion, had be- gun to hold meetings in Boston, at which she instructed the * Now Np-w Haven. t Near where Fahfield now stands. OF THE UNITED STATES. 29 sisters of the churches in the most recondite doctrines of the- ology. This proceeding was approved and encouraged by Mr Wheelwright, brother-in-law to Mrs Hutchinson, a minister of good character for piety and learning ; by Mr Cotton, minister of Boston, and a leading man in the colony; and by Mr Vane, the governor, a young man of great abilities but wholly carried away with religious whimseys. Encour- aged by such respectable support, and prompted, perhaps, by a natural vanity, Mrs Hutchinson advanced opinions which involved the whole colony in disputes and conten- tions. She distinguished the ministers and members of churches, a few of them — her own particular friends and followers — as under a covenant of grace ; the rest, as under a covenant of works. This invidious distinction had its natural effect. The whole colony was soon divided into two parties, which regarded each other with the utmost sus- picion and dislike. The fear of God and the love of their neighbor, seemed to be overlooked as things of little conse- quence. The questions which distracted every mind were such as these: whether faith is a cause of justification; whether a man is justified before he believes ; whether any- thing of sanctifii'.ation can help to evidence to believers their justification ; and other inquiries of a like import. At the court of elections for 16;37, the parties had an opportunity of trying their strength. The friends of Mrs Hutchinson voted for Vane ; those opposed to her supported Winthrop. There was great danger of a violent tumult that day. The speeches on both sides were fierce, and the assembled voters more than once began to lay hands on each other. But in the end, the friends of Winthrop pre- vailed, and he was declared governor. Vane soon after left the country, and returned to Eng- land, where he took an active part in the civil wars, and made himself very conspicuous.* Notwithstanding the de- feat of her party, Mrs Hutchinson still continued her lec- tures ; till at last it was judged necessary to call a general assembly of the churches, for the purpose of taking her opinions into consideration. This synod, the fi.rst that met in America, assembled at *He is known in English history as Sir Henry Vane. At the resto- ration ke was tried and executed for high treason. 3* 30 AN ABRIDGED HISTORY Cambridge, and after a session of three weeks, condemned eightyhvo erroneous opinions, held and disseminated by Mrs Hutchinson and her followers. The synod did nothing but define the offence. They left it to the civil magistrate to judge and punish. Wheelwright was tried, found guilty of heresy, and banished. Mrs Hutchinson soon after shared the same fate. To prevent tumults, the court required sixty inhabitants of Boston, the most devoted of Mrs Hutchin- son's followers, to deliver up their arms ; and at the same time passed a law, punishing with fine and imprisonment, any who should defame the court, or its proceedings. Whatever judgment we may form of this celebrated con- troversy, or of the conduct of the several parties concerned in it, at all events, it tended to promote the settlement of JSiew England. A number of Mrs Hutchinson's followers, who found it impossible to live comfortably in Massachusetts, by 1638 the advice and assistance of Roger Williams, pur- chased of the Indians the island of Aquctncck. These adventurers, fifteen in number, formed themselves into a body politic, and chose William Codrington to be their judge, or chief magistrate. A fertile soil and a pleasant climate attracted many settlers, and the island soon became populous. They called it the Isle of Rhodes, but use soon changed the name to that of Rhode Island. In 1G44, the colonies of Rliode Island and Providence plan- tations, were united under a patent, u'hich Roger Williams obtained for them in England. V/heelwright collected a number of followers, and having obtained a grant of land from the Indians, founded the town of Excte?\ This town v.as within the limits of a grant made in 1629, by the Council of Plymouth to captain John Mason. In this grant, the territory received the name of New Hampshire. Two other towns within the limits of Mason's grant, — Portsinoutlt and Dover ^ both on the Pis- cataqua, — had been settled as early as 1623 ; but they had been principally used as fishing stations, and were still very inconsiderable. These three towns had for some time, each a distinct and independent government. But having fallen into great disorders, and finding themselves unable to main- tain the authority of the laws, in 1641, they petitioned Mas- sachusetts to receive them under her jurisdiction. Massa- OP THE UNITED STATES. 31 chusetts claimed the territory of New Hampshire, as within the limits of her charter, and granted with pleasure the petitions of these towns. They were received as a part of the colony, and were soon after erected into a separate county, called the county of Norfolk. In the year 1637, Mr Davenport a celebrated minister, with several merchants and others from London, arrived at Boston. Like the other New England colonists, they left their homes in pursuit of civil and religious liberty. They ^vere importuned to settle in Massachusetts, but preferred establishing a distinct colony of their own. Early the next spring, they sailed for QuimiipiacJ:. On the 19th of April, they kept their first Sabbath in that place, under a spreading oak . Having purchased of the I ndians Quinnipiack and the surrounding country, they laid the foundations of the town and colony of New Haven. Theophilus Eaton was their first governor. New Haven continued a separate colony till 1(565, when it was united with Connecticut under one and the same charter. In 1638, Harvard College was f)unded. The next year,, the first printing press in America was set up at Cambridge, the town where the college was established. The first thing printed, was the freeman's oath ; the next, an alma- nac; the third, a new version of the psalms. Charles I. had long governed England in the most arbi- trary manner ; but at length the necessity of his 1640 affairs compelled him to call a parliament. The parliament, in which were many puritans, had no sooner assembled, than they eiitered on the redress of griev- ances, and in a year or two, assumed the whole power of the kingdom into their own hands. On this change of affairs, the emigration to New England ceased, and several of the most considerable colonists returned to their native country. It is supposed that the whole number who emi- grated from England did not much exceed 20,000. There had been already planted fifty towns and villages. Thirty or forty churches had been erected ; forts and trading houses had been established ; and ships had been built of from 100 to 400 tons burden. The sudden stop now put to em- igration, was a severe blow to the colonies, and caused a great decline in the value of all sorts of property. How- ever, the colonists derived some benefit from the prevalence 33 AN ABRIDGED HISTORY of their own principles at home. They were regarded with great favor by the Long Parliament, and afterwards by Crom^vell; and several ordinances were made for their ben- efit, particularly one, by which the trade between England and the colonies was freed from all duties and imposts whatever. The distance of New England from the parent country, and the beginning of civil dissensions there; the 1643 hostile disposition of the Indians, and the neigh- borhood of French and Dutch settlements, indu- ced the colonies of Massacliusetls bay, Plymouth, Connec- ticut and New Haven, to form a confederacy for mutual advice, assistance and defence. They assumed the title of The United Colonies of New England, and estab- lished certain articles as tlie foundation and law of the alliance. Commissioners from these four colonies met, twice a year, alternately at Boston, Hartford, New Haven and Plymouth, to transact the business of the confedera- cy. This union lasted more than forty years, and was, in many respects, of great utility. Rhode Island was desi- rous of joining the alliance, but Massachusetts never would consent to it. In 1634, Sir Ferdinando Gorges had oi)tained a royal charter, confirming to him the province ofJVlArNE, of which he had received several previous grants from tiie council of Plymouth. There v/ere, at this time some I'eeble settle- ments along the coast, at Yoric, Wel/s^ Saco and some other places; and Gorges made great exertions to plant others; but his eflforts were for t)ie most, extremely un- 1651 successful. At length, the colony seems to have been deserted by the proprietor ; tiie towns were in confusion, and the authority of the government at an end. Massachusetts claimed the ])rovince of Maine, as being within the bounds of her charter ; and taking advan- tao-e of the present confusion, encouraged the disposition wdiich prevailed among the principal inhabitants to submit to her jurisdiction. The towns of Maine were 1652 soon persuaded to come into this arrangement, and were erected into a separate county by the name of Yorkshire. We have already had occasion to mention the principal tribes of Indians, that dwelt within the bounds of New OF THE UNITED STATES. 33 England. They were the Pokanokets or Wampanoags, the Narragansets, the Pequods, and the Moheagans. The tribe of the Pequods was wholly destroyed in the Pequod war. Besides these larger tribes, there were a great num- ber of smaller ones, seated along the sea-shore, or inhabit- ing the banks of the rivers. The Indians along the Con- necticut were quite numerous, and were known among the colonists by the name of river Indians. There were also, several considerable tribes dwelling on the Mer- rimack, the Piscataqua, and their principal branches. The Ind ians of Maine, like those in every other part of the coun- try, were divided into a great number of tribes ; these tribes were named from the rivers, near which they dwelt, but were known to the colonists by the general name of Tar- renteens. The New England Indians were, perhaps, as little ad- vanced in civilization as any people to be found on the con- tinent. They were certainly very inferior to many of the tribes towards the west and south. Yet ignorant and de- graded as they were, great exertions were made to introduce civilization and Christianity among them. In 1()4(>, the gen^' eral court of Massachusetts passed an act to encourage the carrying the gospel among the Indians ; and in 1G50, a so^ ciety designed to promote the same object, was incorpo- rated by the English parliament. John Elliot, minister of Roxbury, engaged in the cause with so much zeal as to earn the title of the Indian Apostle. He translated the bible into the Indian tongue,* and spent many years in missionary labors. It was a maxim with hiai, that civiliza- tion and Christianity must go together. He exerted him- self to assemble the Indian converts into towns ; he in- structed them in husbandry and the necessary trades, and excited them to industry and a prudent management of their affairs. Mr Mayhew labored zealously in the same cause. Their success was not equal to their wishes. Yet it was by no means inconsiderable. The Narragansets and Wampanoags would not listen to their preaching, but they were well received among many of the smaller tribes, and made numerous converts. By the year 1660, there were in New England, ten towns of praying Indians, (for this was * This Indian translation was the first edition of the bible published in America, 34 AN ABRIDGED HISTORY the name given to the converts,) and six regular Indian churches. Contemporary with the attempts to convert and civilize the Indians, was the persecution of the Quakers. This sect made its first appearance in England, in 1G52. It soon spread to America, and as early as 1654, a law was passed in Massachusetts, forbidding any one to have in his possession any Quaker books, and commanding all who had any such books, to send them in to the next magistrate. The Quakers, though now the most quiet and discreet of sects, were, at their first appearance, high fanatics ; and in the fervor of their zeal, were guilty of many violations of deco- rum, and some breaches of morality. It is to be feared, how- ever, that the persecuting laws passed against them, were aimed, rather at their heresy, than their indecorums ; for to punish these, the existing laws were already, amply suffi' cient. No person in the colony openly professed Quaker principles, till 1656 ; when two women of this persuasion, whose names, ' after the flesh,' * were Mary Fisher and Ann Austin, came from Barbadoesto Massachusetts. Nine others, men and women, arrived soon after, from London. They were carried before the magistrates, where they be- haved with great rudeness, and sentence of banishment was passed against them all. As yet, there were no special provisions for the punishment of Quakers, and this sentence was founded upon a law of the colony against heretics in general. But, at the next session of the general court, a law was passed, imposing a penalty of one hun- 1652 dred pounds, on any master of a vessel, who should bring a known Quaker into the colony. The Quaker himself was to be sent to the house of correc- tion, whipped twenty stripes, and kept at hard labor until transported. The next year, by an additional law, all per- sons were subject to a penaity of forty shillings, for every hour's entertainment, given to a known Quaker, and any Quaker, after the first conviction, if a man, was to loose one of his ears, and after the second conviction, the other ; if a woman,'was to be, each time, severely whipped ; and both men and women, on the third conviction, were to have their tongues bored through, with a red hot iron. Not- * So they expressed themselves, when examined by the magistrates. OF THE UNITED STATES. 35 withstanding the severity of these provisions, the numbers of the sect continued to increase, and at length, a 1658 law was passed for punishing with death, air^ua- kers, who should return into the jurisdiction, af- ter banishment. This law was very vigorously opposed, and was finally carried by a small majority. These laws continued in force for three years ; many Quakers were whipped, fined, imprisoned and banished ; and several, who having been banished, were bold and infatuated enough to return, suffered death. A letter from Charles II. written soon after his restoration to the throne, put an end to this severity. Persecution for religious opinions was not confined to New England. Severe laws were enacted in Virginia agamst Quakers and other dissenters, and these laws were rigidly enforced. Maryland and Rhode Island, where liber- ty of conscience was unrestrained, were filled with people, who had been driven from Virginia and the united colonies on account of their religious opinions. At the restoration of Charles II. to the English throne, more than fifty years had elapsed since the i)er- 1660 manent establishment of English emigrants in America. But the progress of the colonies had been retarded by a thousand difficulties and dangers, and their increase had been very slow. They were iiow seven in number;* but the settlements in Maryland and Virginia were confined in a great measure to the neighborhood of the Chesapeake; and the towns of New England were dis- tributed along the sea coast, or scattered up and down Con- necticut river. But far the greater part, both of New England and the two southern provinces still remained a wilderliess, and the whole population of the English colonies did not exceed 80,000. * Virginia Plymouth, Massachusetts Bay, Connecticut, Maryland, Ixhode Island and New Haven. 36 AN ABRIDGED HISTORY CHAPTER IV jRestnration of Charles II. — The Navigation Act. — Origin and History of the Province of the New Netherlands. — Swedish Settlements on the Delaware. — Conquest of the New Netherlands. — Province of New York ; Province of New Jersey. — Grant nnd Setilement of Car- olina. — Affairs of Virginia. — Bacon's Rebellion. The restoration of Charles II. to the English throne, was rejjcarded in the different colonies with very 1660 different emotions. In Virginia and Maryland, where the party of the royalists Vv'as numerous, the intelligence was received with transptnt. In iMassachusetts, which had been fostered hy the favor of the ])arliament and of Cromwell, the peojjle saw much more to fear than to hope in the restoration cf monarchy. They seemed to have judged riglitly ; for Charles was scarcely seated on the throne, when the celebrated Navigation Act was passed. By this law it was provided, tiiat no j)roduco or merchandize should be imported into the colonies, orex]>orled fiom them, except in English vessels, navigated by English seamen; and it was Ibrbidden to export the principal productions of the colonies to any country except England. This was the beginning of a system, which was afterwards carried to a greater extent, and which ended in j)roditcing the American revolution. These commercial restrictions excited much discontent, and were submitted to with very great reluctance. Every art was used to evade them ; and it was a long time, especially in New England, before they were thoroughly enforced. Soon after the restoration, an increase took place in the number of the colonies. Hudson river, called by the In- dians, Manhattan, had been discovered in 1609, by Henry Hudson, an English navigator in the Dutch service. The next year, the Dutch sent ships to open a trade with the natives; and soon after built a trading house on the island of Manhattan, at the mouth of the river. A trading house was also established higher up the river, near where Albany now stands. In virtue of Hudson's discoveries, the Dutch claimed a large extent of territory on both sides the Man- OP THE UNITED STATES. 37 hattan, to which they gave the name of New Netherlands. But they were regarded by the English as intruders, and in 1613, Captain Argal from Virginia, with a fleet of three vessels, visited the Dutch settlements on the Hudson, and compelled Hendrick Christiaens, the governor, to submit himself and his colony to the king of England, and under him, to the governor of Virginia. The next year, a new governor arrived from Holland, with supplies and reinforce- ments. He refused to submit to the authority of the Eng- lish ; put himself in a posture of defence ; and built a fort at Manhattan, and another, called fort Orange, at the settle- ment up the river. Two little towns grew up very gradually about these two forts ; that at Manhattan received the name of New Amsterdam. But these establishments re- mained for several years mere places of trade, scarcely de- serving the name of a colony. Messengers were sent in 1627, from the Dutch settlements on the Hudson, to the col- ony at Plymouth, bearing letters of friendship and congratu- lation ; and a trade was opened between the two colonies. In 1629, governor Van Twiller arrived from Holland, with a large number of people ; land was granted to the set- tlers ; and the permanent establishment of the Dutch colony may be considered as dating from that year. It has been already mentioned that the Dutch claimed the country bordering on Connecticut river. This claim, as well as their pretensions to the possession of Long Island, involved them in many disputes with the colonies of Connec- ticut and New Haven. They had wars, too, with the In- dians; and in 1646, fought a great battle at Strickland plain, near the western border of Connecticut, in which they de- feated the natives with great slaughter. In 1650, arbitrators appointed by the commissioners of the United Colonies on the one part, and the governor of the New Netherlands on the other, settled the boundaries of the Dutch and English provinces. But a few years after, new disputes broke out, and the commissioners of the United Colonies ordered forces to be raised in expectation of a war with the Dutch. Nothing but the unwillingness of Massachusetts to act in a business in which she was not imm.ediately concerned, prevented hos- tilities. In 1626, a Company for making settlements in Ame- rica, had been formed in Sweden, under the patronage of 4 38 AN ABRIDGED HISTORY the famous Gustavus Adolphus. The next year, a com- pany of Swedish colonists arrived in Delaware bay. They purchased, of the Indians, the country from Cape Hen- lopen to the falls of the Delaware, and in 1631, built fort Christiana on the west side of that river. They laid out a small town about this fort, and made their first settlements there.* They called the river New Swedeland Stream, and the country New Swedeland. A few other forts were af- terwards erected^ and small Swedish settlements established in their vicinity. But the Dutch claimed all this territory as falling within the bounds of their province of New Neth- erlands; and in 1655, Stuyvesant, the Dutch governor, at- tacked the Swedish settlements on the Delaware, with an armament of seven ships and 600 men ; and made a conquest of all their towns and forts. The principal inhabitants were carried prisoners to Holland ; the others submitted to the Dutch government, and received per- mission to remain in the country. After this conquest, the Dutch occupied the Swedish towns, and made a few more settlements along the Delaware. The English government had never allowed the claims of the Dutch to the province of Nev/ Netherlands ; 1664 and in 1664, Charles II. granted all that territory to his brother the Duke of York. Captain Nichols, with four frigates and 800 soldiers, was sent to take posses- sion of the country. Governor Stuyvesant was taken wholly by surprise ; and though he would willingly have made re- sistance, was obliged to surrender all the forts and settlements into the hands of the English, The name of New Nether- lands was changed to New York, in honor of the Duke. The town of New Amsterdam received the same name; Manhattan island was called York island ; and fort Orange named Albany, t It was provided by the articles of capitulation, that the Dutch colonists might remain in the country, and should be protected in their persons and property. Nichols assumed the government of the province. He erected a court, consisting of himself, his council, 1665 and the justices of the peace, in which was vested * Not far from the present situation of Wilmina;ton. t Albany was one of the titles of the Duke of York. OF THE UNITED STATES. 39 every power, executive, legislative and judicial. This court collected into a code the ancient customs of the colony, and framed a body of laws for the government of the province. The town of New York was incorporated as a city, to be governed by a mayor, five aldermen, and a sheriff. It was yet but small and mean ; the inhabitants were poor, and the general appearance of the place far from prom- ising. Some of the houses, however, were of brick and stone, handsomely built, and covered with black and red tiles. The land rose with a gradual ascent from the water's edge, and the town presented an agreeable view from the sea. Yet who that beheld it,, could possibly have foreseen, in its then insignificant appearance, the future splen- dors of the great commercial metropolis of the western world } Soon after the Duke of York had obtained his grant, he conveyed a part of the territory included in it, to Lord Berke- ley and Sir George Carteret. The country conveyed to these gentlemen, received the nameof New Jersey, in com- pliment to Carteret, whose family originated from the island of that name. Philip Carteret, who was appointed governor, arrived in 1665, and took possession of the new province. Some settlements within its limits had already been made by the Dutch ; and Carteret sent agents into New England, and elsewliere, to invite emigration. Elizabethfoivn, New- ark, MiddJetoicn and Slireioshury were soon settled, prin- cipally by emigrants from Long Island. Many people arrived from Scotland, and some from England ; and the population would have increased rapidly, had it not been for the fre- quency with which the province changed owners, and the disputes among themselves, in which the proprietors were, from time to time, involved. The next province established was Carolina, In 1663 Charles II. had granted to Lord Clarendon and others, a tract of country by that name. Two years later, this grant was confirmed, and the limits of the province much extended. A small plantation on the northern bank of the Chowan, had been begun several years before, by emigrants from Virginia. As it fell within the limits of their grant, it was claimed by the proprietors of Carolina, who named it Albermarle, and established a government over it. A similar plantation had been begun in 1660^ near Cape Fear, by colonists from Mas- 40 AN ABRIDGED HISTORY sachusetts. In 1665, this settlement was extended by the arrival of a number of planters from Barbadoes ; it was then made a county by the name of Clarendon; and John Yea- mans was appointed its governor. Five years after, the proprietors of Carolina sent a number of colonists from England, under the command of 1670 William Sayle. They landed at Port Royals and began a settlement there ; but a number of them soon removed to a neck of land between the rivers Ashley and Cooper, and laid the foundations of Old Charles' ton, which was for several years the capital of the colony. The present city of Charleston, which stands three or four miles nearer the sea, was not founded till 1680. The early planters suffered extremely from the unheal- thiness of the climate, and the hostility of the Indians; and the progress of the colony was for some time very slow. The proprietors of Carolina had obtained from the celebrated Mr Locke, a frame of government for their province. But it was so complicated in its provisions, and so oppressive in its operation, as to be extremely disagree- able to the inhabitants ; and after several ineffectual attempts to enforce it, was finally abandoned. Carolina remained for many years a single province, but the northern and southern settlements seem always to have had distinct govern- ments. In 1673, during the war between England and Holland, the Dutch repossessed themselves of New York 1673 and New Jersey; but at the peace, which took place the next year, they were restored to the English. English colonists gradually flowed into these provinces, and soon outnumbered the Dutch and Swedes by whom they had been originally peopled. The good humor which prevailed in Virginia at the re- storation of Charles II., was not of long duration. The operation of the navigation act was severely felt ; and a war, which had broken out with the Indians, produced many burdens and inconveniences. These discontents increased to such a degree, that in 1676, a part of the province burst out into open rebellion. The insurgents were headed by Nathaniel Bacon, a bold and ambitious young man, who possessed an en- 1676 gaging person, and a commanding elocution well OF THE UNITED STATES. 41 fitted to rouse the passions of the multitude. The Virginians suffered much from the Indian war, and the lan- guor with which this war was prosecuted, was a favorite topic of complaint among the discontented. Bacon applied to Sir William Berkeley, the governor, to appoint him general against the Indians, and when Berkeley hesitated to comply, he entered Jamestow^n at the head of GOO armed followers, and by force and threats compelled the governor to yield to his demands. He had scarcely left the town, when Berkeley, at the request of the assembly, issued a proclama- tion, declaring Bacon a rebel, and commanding his followers to deliver him up, and then to retire in peace to their houses. Bacon and his forces, enraged at these proceedings, which they called treachery, instantly returned to Jamestown, and the governor, who was totally unable to oppose them, fled to Accomack, the peninsula which forms the eastern shore, of Chesapeake bay. The regular government was now at an end, and Bacon, having assembled the most considerable men of the province, prevailed on them to take an oath to support his authority. Berkeley, meanwhile, collected forces, and made inroads into those parts of the country which acknowledged the authority of Bacon. Several sharp conflicts happened, with various success. Jamestown was reduced to ashes, and the best cultivated districts in the province were laid waste, sometimes by one party, and sometimes by the other. This state of things had lasted seven months, when Bacon suddenly sickened and died. None of his followers were able to exercise his influence, and all began to wish for an accommodation. Berkeley promised a general pardon, and the insurgents laid down their arms, and submitted to his government. Soon after, Berkeley was recalled, and colonel Jeffreys was ap- pointed his successor. For the next ten or twelve years, the government of Vir- ginia was exercised in a very arbitrary manner. The peo- ple murmured in secret, but were obliged to submit. The commercial restrictions operated very unfavorably upon the province, and the low price of tobacco, which was almost the only product of Virginia, was a great discouragement to the planters. But notwithstanding these obstructions, the 4* 42 AN ABRIDGED HISTORY population and wealth of the province gradually increased, and before the end of the century Virginia could number over 60,000 people. CHAPTER V Affairs of New England. — Philip's War. — New Hampshire made a Distinct Province. — Grant and Settlement of Pennsylvania. — The three Counties on the Delaware. — Massachusetts Charter declared void. — Sir Edmund Andros governor of New England. — Affairs of New York. — LeisJer's Rebellion. — New Charter of Massachusetts. — Witchcraft. It is now time to return to the affairs of New England. In 1664, Nichols, Cartwright and others, the 1664 same persons to whom the conquest of the New Netherlands had been entrusted, were appointed by Charles II. commissioners for visiting the New England colonies. They were authorized to hear and determine all matters of complaint, and to settle the peace and security of the country. The appointment of these commissioners, was the cause of much disquietude, and their conduct did not tend at all to allay it. But their insolence was well met, by the firmness and prudence of the general court of Massachusetts, and although they occasioned a good deal of perplexity and expense, no permanent evil resulted from their appointment. Nothing of much importance occurs in the history of New JEngland from the appointment of these com- 1675 missioners, ' till the breaking out of Philip's war. Metacom, sachem of the Wampanoags, better known among the colonists, as King Philip of Mount Hope, was a bold, artful, aspiring chief. He had long observed and lamented the extension of the English settlements ; he saw the Indians gradually wasting away ; and perceived that nothing could save them, except a gene- ral confederacy for the complete annihilation of the colo- nists. He was several years in maturing his plans, during all which interval, the Indians were uneasy, and from time OF THE UNITED STATES. 43 to time, gave indications of hostility. The colonists perceiv- ed the coming storm, and endeavored by treaties and other peaceful measures, to avert it ; but it finally burst upon them with sudden and unexpected fury. Philip began by attacking Swansey, a frontier town of Plymouth colony, and killing a number of the in- June20 habitants. The alarm was immediately given, and in a few days, a considerable body of troops was collected. Major Savage took the command, and after one or two slight skirmishes, he marched into the country of the Wampanoags. But he found the wigwams empty and deserted. The Narragansets favored Philip, and it was to their care, that the Wampanoag warriors had en- trusted their women and children. It was therefore resolv- ed to march directly into the Narraganset country, and to bring that tribe to terms. Commissioners were sent at the same time from Massachusetts and Connecticut ; July 15 and a treaty of perpetual peace was concluded. But as the Narragansets were driven into the treaty by the presence of an armed force, they secretly re- solved to observe it no longer than the neighborhood of the troops compelled them to do so. The forces having returned to Taunton, received infor- mation, that Philip and his warriors were con- July 23 cealed in a swamp at Pocasset, * about eighteen miles distant. They marched immediately, and having reached the place, found about a hundred wig- wams, lately built, but empty and deserted. The Indians had left their camp, and retired deep into the swamp. The colonists followed ; but the ground was so soft, and the thicket so difficult to penetrate, that the companies were soon thrown into disorder. Each man fired at every bush he saw shake, thinking an Indian might lay concealed be- hind it ; and the assailants were in danger of wounding each other. Night came on, and it was judged most pru- dent to retreat. In this unsuccessful attack the colonists lost sixteen men ; how many of the Indians perished is un- certain. Philip passed into the country of the Nipmucks, a con- siderable tribe, who inhabited what is now the southern * Now Tiverton. 44 AN ABRIDGED HISTORY part of the county of Worcester, and in a short time per- suaded all the neighboring tribes to take part in the war. As the Indians lived among the colonists, promiscuously in all parts of the country, they could watch their motions, and attack them at every favorable point and unguarded moment. Except the thickest settlements, and the cen- tres of the towns, the country still remained an unbroken forest, enabling the Indians to make their approaches un- discovered, and when they were discovered, favoring their escape. Besides doing other mischief, the Nipmucks waylaid Captain Hutchinson, as he was marching to Brookfield, and killed sixteen of his men. They afterwards attacked the town of Brookfield, and destroyed it, except Aug. 2 a single house. The Indians on the Connecti- cut river, began now to take part in the war. Hadley, Deerfield and Northfield were attacked, and num- bers of the inhabitants killed and wounded. Captain Bears was surprised, near Northfield, and slain, with twenty of his men. Unable to keep the enemy at bay, by sending parties against them, the commanders on the river resolved to establish a magazine and garrison at Hadley. There were three thousand bushels of corn at Deerfield, and Cap- tain Lathrop with eighty men, was sent to guard the wagons employed to remove it to Hadley. He was attacked by seve- ral hundred Indians, and after a brave resistance Sept. 16 was slain, with all his company. Captain Moseley marched from Deerfield to his assistance, but ar- rived too late to giue any effectual aid. Moseley fought the Indians two hours, and being reinforced by Major Treat, and a body of Moheagans, the only tribe that remain- ed faithful to the colonists during this war, he succeeded in putting the enemy to flight. Springfield and Hadley were soon after attacked. The Indians rushed to the assault with great fury ; but the garrisons made a brave defence, and after suffering considerable loss, repulsed the Oct. enemy. The Indians at Penicook, and other pla- ces on the Merrimack, began now to attack the towns in their neighborhood, and the whole of Massachu- setts was in the utmost alarm. About the time that Philip made his first attack, the settle- ments in Maine were assaulted by the Tarrenteens, or East- OF THE UNITED STATES. 45 ern Indians. They plundered and burned the houses, laid waste the towns, and murdered the inhabitants. Elated with success, they advanced into New Hampshire, and at- tacked the settlements in the neighborhood of the Piscata- qua, spreading terror and destruction wherever they came. At a meeting of the commissioners of the United Colonies, the deputies from Plymouth presented a narrative, giving an account of the origin and progress of the Indian hostilities. The commissioners resolved, that the war was just and necessary, and that it ought to be prosecuted at the common expense. They accordingly ordered a thousand men to be immediately raised for this service. Although the Narragansets had not yet openly joined in the war, they had, on many occasions, favored and assisted the hostile Indians. They could muster 2000 warriors, and if they should take part with Philip, the destruction of the colony seemed inevitable. Taking these facts into consid- eration, the commissioners of the United Colonies resolved to raise an additional thousand men to march into the Nar- raganset country, and attack that tribe before they could form any further concert with Philip. The command of these forces was given to Mr Wins- low, governor of Plymouth. The troops mustered at Pe- taquamscot ; and though the ground was covered with a deep snow, at break of day, on the 19th of December, they began their march into the country of the Narragansets. The enemy were fifteen miles distant, strongly fortified in a thick swamp.* As the colonists approached, the advanced parties of the Indians fired a few shots, and im= mediately fled. The colonists pursued, and entering the thicket, followed the Indians to their fortress. It stood on an island, or rising ground, in the midst of the swamp, . and was built of palisades, driven firmly into the earth, and surrounded by a hedge, nearly a rod thick. It had but one entrance, which was quite narrow, and defended by a block- house in front, a flanker on the left side, and by a large tree thrown across the passage way. The only place where an entrance could be forced into the fort, was through this passage. The captains advanced boldly towards it, at the head of their companies. The Indians kept up a well directed fire, and many of the assailants fell ; but the troops * In what is now the town of South Kingston in Rhode Island. 46 AN ABRIDGED HISTORY pressed on, and with desperate efforts forced the passage. The Indians fought bravely, but after a contest of two or three hours, they were defeated, and driven out of the fort. The soldiers then set fire to the wigwams, which were near 600 in number. The corn and other stores of the Indians were consumed, and many of their old men, women and children perished in the flames. Of the colonists, 230 men were killed or wounded ; the Narragansets were supposed to have lost near a thousand of their tribe. The surviving warriors soon after retreated into the Nipmuck country. Notwithstanding the signal vengeance inflicted on the Narragansets, the Indians still continued their 1676 ravages, and during the winter, burned and de^ stroyed many towns. Lancaster, Medfield, Grotont, Warwick, Marlborough, Rehoboth, Wrentham, and many others, suffered in this way. Captain Wadsworth, who was sent from Boston with a party of fifty men to re- Feb. 10 lieve Marlborough and other towns in that vicinity, fell into an ambush, and all his party were slain, or taken prisoners. The success of the Indians, and the distress of the colonists, were now at their height. Aff"airs soon after took a different turn. The people on Connecticut river, surprised a large party of the enemy assembled May 19 in their neighborhood, and killed 300 of them. Captain Dennison, of Connecticut, with a body of troops, composed partly of colonial soldiers and partly of Moheagan Indians, made several successful incur- sions into the Narraganset country. During one of these expeditions, he took prisoner Nanunttenoo, chief sachem of the Narragansets, who had ventured into his own country to procure seed corn to plant the towns on the Connecticut, which the colonists had deserted. He was the son of Mian- tinomoh, and inherited all the pride and spirit of his father. His life was offered him on the condition of making peace with the English. But he refused to accept it on such terms; and when told that he was to be put to death, he replied, * I like it well; I shall die before my heart is soft, or I shall have spoken anything unworthy of myself He was delivered up to the Moheagans, and Uncas, their sachem, cut off" his head. Major Talcot, at the head of another party from Connecticut, made several very successful expeditions, and killed and took over 400 of the enemy. By this time, the OP THE UNITED STATES. 47 Indians were tired of the war. Pursued and hunted frdln one place to another, straitened for provisions, and weakened by hunger and disease, they began to come in, and submit themselves to the English. Philip collected a strong band of warriors, and returned to his old haunts above Mount Hope.* But the Massachusetts troops, under captain Church, followed him close, and on the 2d of August, sur- prised him in his camp, killed 130 of his men, and Aug. 12 took his wife and child prisoners. Ten days after, Church made another attack, in which Philip him- self fell. One of his own men whom he had offended, and who had deserted to the colonists, shot him through the heart. This was a finishing stroke. The rest of the In- dians fled or submitted, and by the end of the year, the war was over. It was not, however, till the spring of 1678, that peace was concluded with the Eastern Indians. New England long felt the effects of this short but destruc- tive war. Twelve or thirteen towns were entirely ruined, and many others partly destroyed. A large number of people had lost their houses, goods, corn and cattle. The bravest of their youth had fallen ; and the colonists had contracted a large debt, which bore heavily on their di- minished resources. In addition to her other misfortunes, Massachusetts was, about this time, a good deal disquieted by the intrigues of a certain Edmund Randolph, who exhibited complaints in England against the United Colonies for their non- compliance with the navigation act. Much trouble was also experienced from the heirs of Mason and Gorges, who claimed the provinces of New Ham.pshire and Maine, under the grants made to their ancestors, t In 1677, the colony of Massachusetts purchased of the heirs of Gorges, for ■£1250 all their claims to the province of Maine, and so settled that part of the controversy. 1680 But three years after, through the solicitation of Mason's heirs, New Hampshire was separated from Massachusetts, and erected into a distinct province. It contained, at this time, four townships, and about 4000 people. * Near Bristol, in Rhode Island. 1 See p. .34, .36. 48 AN ABRIDGED HISTORY The next considerable event in the history of the colonies, is the settlement of Pennsylvania. William 1682 Penn, the celebrated Quaker, had, for several years, held an interest in the province of New- Jersey, and had by that means acquired a knowledge of the country west of the Delaware. In 1681, in consideration of the services of his father, Admiral Penn, he obtained from Charles II. the grant of a large tract west of that river; and he soon after purchased of the Duke of York the ter- ritory which now composes the state of Delaware. He immediately set about collecting emigrants, and in 1682, arrived on the banks of the Delaware river, with a colony, composed principally of duakers. On his arrival, he found in the neighborhood nearly 3000 inhabitants, consisting of Swedes, Dutch and English. He called these people to- gether; made them acquainted with the objectof his coming; promised them liberty of conscience, and civil freedom ; and recommended to them to live in sobriety and peace. He then proceeded to Upland, now CJiester, where he called an as- sembly, which passed laws annexing the counties on the Delaware to Pennsylvania, and naturalizing the Dutch, Swedes, and other foreign settlers. He entered into a treaty of peace with the neighboring Indians, which was faithfully observed on both sides for many years; and having purchased of them such tracts of land as he judged neces- sary, he proceeded to lay out a city to which he gave the name of Philadclpliia.* Buildings were immediately com- menced, and within less than a year, eighty houses and cottages were completed, A variety of circumstances com- bined to give the new colony a rapid increase. The soil was fertile, the climate agreeable, and the situation central ; while the charter and fundamental laws secured the inhabi- tants in the enjoyment of civil and religious liberty. Colo- nists flowed in from all quarters, sometimes five or six thousand a year ; and the population rapidly increased. The three lower counties on the Delaware, or the Terri- tories, as they were sometimes called, remained united with Pennsylvania, till 1703, when they were erected into a separate jurisdiction. But they continued under the same proprietor and governor with Pennsylvania, till the begin- ning of the American revolution. * A Greek word, which signifies brotherly love. This name was chosen in allusion to the principles of the Quakers. OF THE UNITED STATES. 49 The colonies, equally with the other parts of their do- minions, felt the tyrannical principles of government pro- fessed and practised, by Charles TI. and his brother and successor, James II. The free constitutions of New Eng- land were particularly offensive to these unprincipled monarchs ; and proceedings were instituted in the English courts, for depriving the colonies of the charters, by which their several forms of government were authorized and guarantied. The English judges held their offices at the pleasure of the crown, and their judgments were very apt to conform to the wishes of the king. Connecticut and Rhode Island submitted; and surrendering their charters with- out a trial, threw themselves on the royal clemency. Mas- sachusetts, more determined, stood out till the 1684 last moment, and her charter was, at length adjudged void, by a decree of the high court of Chancery. Having lost their charters, the New England colonies lost with them, the right of electing their own 1686 governors. Sir Edmund Andros was appointed by king James, governor of New England and New York, and arrived at Boston, about the end of the year 1686. He exercised his authority in a very arbitrary manner ; levied taxes at his will and pleasure ; and pretend- ing that since the charters were avoided, all grants of land, made under them, were void also, — he compelled the owners to take out new patents for their land, for which 1688 he exacted exorbitant fees. By these and various other oppressions he gained, in a short time, the hatred of the whole country. The inhabitants submitted, though sullen and dissatisfied, till news arrived that the people of England, wearied out with the tyranny of James, had invited the prince of Orange to come over from Holland and assume the government. The fire which had been long smothered now broke out. The inhabitants of Boston rose in arms, and gained possession of the 1689 castle, the other fortifications, and the Rose frigate which lay in the harbor. They seized Andros and his principal abettors, and compelled the ven- erable governor Bradstreet, and others who had been mag- istrates under the old charter, to resume their authority. Connecticut and Rhode Island followed the example of 5 50 AN ABRIDGED HISTORY Massachusetts ; and as their charters had never been ad- judged void, they resumed them, and with them their ancient form of government. During the first twenty years after the conquest of New York, that province was governed in the most arbitrary style. But the people having petitioned the Duke to allow them some share in the government, particularly the liberty enjoyed in all the other provinces of choos- ing an assembly ; in 16S2 he appointed colonel Don- gen governor, who called, the next year, the first provincial assembly of New York. This assembly consisted of a council often persons, appointed by the duke, and a house of representatives, eighteen in number, chosen by the peo- ple. They held two sessions, and passed some important laws ; but the duke did not continue the privilege, and a general discontent and uneasiness was the consequence. The news no sooner arrived at New York, that the people of Boston had deposed Andros, than a large party, at the head of whom were Jacob Leisler and Jacob Milborn, resolved to imitate their example. They seized Nicholson, the lieutenant governor ; gained possession of tlie fortifica- tions ; and Leisler, with a number of others, denominated a committee of safety, assumed all the powers of government. Meanwhile the prince of Orange became king of Eng- land, unde; the title of William III. ; and in the 1691 spring of 1691, colonel Slaughter, whom he had appointed governor, arrived at New York. Leisler knew of his appointment ; but intoxicated with the love of power, or influenced by some inexplicable motive, he refu- sed obedience to Slaughter, and openly resisted his authori- ty. The people of the province viewed the subject in an- other light. They submitted to Slaughter's authority, and Leisler and Milborn were taken prisoners, tried for high treason, and executed. Slaughter soon after called an as- sembly, which continued to meet regularly every year ; and the government, from this time forward, was conducted on more liberal principles. The first charter of Massachusetts having been declared Toid, it was necessary to apply for another. King William granted a new charter, but it was far from being so broad and ample in its provisions as the old one. Among other things, the king retained the right of appointing a governor OF THE UNITED STATES. 51 for the province ; and no act of the general court could become a law, till it had been approved by the 1692 king and his ministers. Sir William Phipps was appointed the first royal governor. He arrived in the spring of 1692, bringing the new charter with him. By this charter the colony of Plymouth and the province of Maine were united to Massachusetts, and became parts of it. When governor Phipps arrived, he found the country suffering under a severe and singular calamity. This was the era of the Salem ivitchcraft, — a scene of most ex- traordinary fraud and imposture, commenced by four young girls, who perhaps, aimed at nothing except to attract public attention and pity by pretended suffering ; — sus- tained by the superstition of the times, and at length produ- cing a universal panic. This excitement began at Salem, and was confined principally to the county of Essex. Cer- tain persons, the bewitched, or 'afflicted,' as they were call- ed, suffered, or pretended to suffer, from the contrivances and cruelty of the witches. They were pinched, pulled, bruised, pricked, cut, thrown into fits, and otherwise tor- mented by invisible agents. This was the operation of witchcraft ; the manner of discovering a witch was as follows. The afflicted accused certain persons as the authors of their sufferings ; these persons were sent for ; the afflicted were blindfolded, and tlie accused brought near them. If the sufferers showed no particular agitation, this was thought a presumption of ianooence. But it most generally happened, that the afflicted screamed, cried out and fell into fits. This was looked upon as conclusive proof of guilt; the accused were instantly committed to prison, and assured, that the confession of their crime was the only way to save their lives. Thus beset, many did confess, and told the most absurd and ridiculous stories, about the compacts they had made with evil spirits, the witches' meetings they had attended, their riding through the air on broomsticks, and other similar nonsense. These confessions were afterwards retracted ; but the delusion was too strong to be easily dissipated, and it was only a sense of personal danger that put an end to the popular phrensy. The first person accused was an old and friendless Indian woman ; but as the afflicted grew bolder, persons of every 53 AN ABRIDGED HISTORY rank and situation were implicated. During six months no man's life was safe. Children informed against their pa- rents, and parents against their children. The only certain way to escape accusation was to turn accuser. To doubt the veracity of the afflicted, or to recommend caution and care, was almost certain destruction. The jails were filled with prisoners ; twenty persons suffered death, and many others were tried and found guilty. Everybody, at length, began to fear for their own safety, unless some speedy end could be put to these singular proceedings. This personal danger contributed to open the eyes, even of the most su- perstitious, and the delusion passed rapidly away; — but not without leaving a dark blot on the history of New Eng- land. CHAPTER VI Effect on the Colonies of the accession of King William. — French Set- tlements in Acadie and Canada. — The Five Nations. — Population of the Colonies at the beginning of the first French and Indian War. — De- struction of Schenectady. — Commissioners meet at New York. — Port Royal taken. — Distrjiction of York and Oyster River — Expedition against Quebec. — Po t Royal recoveied by the French. — Peace of Ryswick, 1697. — War Renewed. — Ueerfield destroyed. — Port Royal taken. — Unsuccessful Attempt on Quebec. — Peace of Utrecht, 1711. — Affairs of the Middle and Southern Colonies. — Wars with tiie Southern* Indians. — Carolina becomes a Royal Province. The revolution which placed William III. on the throne of England, saved the liberties of the colonies, 1689 but involved them in a series of expensive and harassing wars. Louis XIV. was now king of France. He had, for several years, been aiming at univer- sal dominion, but had been constantly opposed in all his un- dertakings, by the Prince of Orange; and this prince had no sooner become king of England, than war was declared between the two countries. A war between France and England brought on, as a matter of course, a war between the French and English colonies. OF THE UNITED STATES. 53 The French had very early made discoveries in America, and attempted to plant colonies there. The voyages of Verrazzano and Cartier have been already mentioned, as well as the attempts of the French to colonize the coast of Florida.* Many other voyages had been made, and settle- ments from time to time attempted, both by public authority and private enterprise. But most of these undertakings had proved unsuccessful; and at the time of which we are now speaking, the French had but three colonies on the continent of North America, neither of which was very flourishing or populous. These colonies were Louisiana^ which took no part in the early French and Indian wars, and of which we will speak more at large hereafter ; Accidie^ since called Nova Scotia, and Canada. Port Royal,t the capital of Aca- die, had been founded by De Monts, as early as 1605; and three years later Champlain had commenced a settlement at Quebec, the capital of Canada. But notwithstanding their antiquity, the whole population of both colonies did not much exceed 20,000 souls. The French, however, had succeeded in acquiring a great influence over the Indians in their neighborhood. Assisted by this alliance, and pro- tected by the severity of the climate, and the impassable forests and morasses, by which they were surrounded, the Canadians, during four successive wars, and for a period of more than seventy years, were enabled to resist all the at- tempts, made by the English to conquer their country. As the Indians of the Five Nations, or the Iroquois, as they were called by the French, made a considerable figure in these wars, it will be proper to give some account of them here. These five allied tribes, were the Mohawks, the Sen- ecas, theOneidas,theOnondagos, andtheCayugas. In 1712, the Tuscaroras, a tribe from North Carolina, were added to the alliance, and the confederacy then took the name of the Six Nations. The country of the Iroquois was in the west- ern part of what is now the state of New York ; but they had extended their conquests far and wide, had conquered the Delawares and other tribes, inhabiting what is now the state of Pennsylvania, and had overrun all the western part of Maryland and Virginia. In courage, ferocity and warlike enterprise, as well as in their social institutions, * See Chapter First, t Now Annapolis. 5* 54 AN ABRIDGED HlSTORy and the arts of peace, they surpassed all their neighbors ; and in all these respects were far superior to the feeble and puny tribes of New England and Virginia. The Five Nations had long been engaged in wars with the French, and the Indians in their alliance; and, for a long series of years, they proved themselves laithful allies of the English. At the beginning of the first French and Indian war, the whole population of the English colonies did not much ex- ceed 200,000. Of this population, about half were seated in New England. Count Frontenac, the governor of Canada, though in his sixtyeighth year, possessed all the activity, 1690 courage and enterprise of youth. His province had lately been desolated, and Montreal destroy- ed, by an invasion of the Five Nations ; but he no sooner heard of the rupture between France and England, than he despatched three war parties, by three difterent routes, to attack the English settlements. ^ One of these parties, con- sisting of one hundred and fifty French, and as many In- dians, after a march of twentytwo days, through a wilder- ness covered with deep snow, reached Schenectady, a vil- lage of New York, on the I\Iohawk river, inhabited prin- cipally by Dutch settlers. The gates were found unshut and unguarded, and the inhabitants all asleep. Feb. 8 Having entered the town, the assailants divided themselves into parties of six or seven, and at- tacked every house at the same time. The doors were broken open, the houses set on fire, and the men, women and children massacred, with all the rage of Indian barbar- ity. Sixty were killed, and twenty seven taken captive ; the rest of this unfortunate people fled, half naked, along the road to Albany, through a deep snow and terrible storm. The other two expeditions were equally successful. One of them attacked Salmon Falls in New Hampshire, the other, Casco, in Maine ; and their success was disgraced by cruelties, similar to that practised at Schenectady. These specimens of what might be expected from a French and Indian v/ar, filled the country with alarm ; and the general court of Massachusetts wrote to the governors of the neighboring colonies, desiring them to appoint com- missioners to meet and consult upo3i measures ])roper to be taken to insure the coniiuon safety. The commissioners OF THE UNITED STATES. 55 met at New York, in the spring of 1690 ; and this appears to be the first instance of a Congress of the Col- onies. Two years before, the Eastern Indians had begun to make inroads on the settlements in Maine, and Andros, while he remained governor of New England, had made some in- effectual attempts to subdue them. They were now sup- plied with arms and ammunition, by the French of Acadie, and began to carry on the war with new vigor. As the most effectual way to reduce the Indians, was to cut off the source of their supplies, the general court of Massachusetts resolved to attack Port Royal, the capital of Acadie. A Heet of eight small vessels, and an army of between seven and eight hundred men, under the command of Sir William Phipps, were sent on this expedition. The fortifications of Port Royal were in no condition to stand a siege, and the town surrendered, after a very slight resistance. Phipps took possession of Acadie, as well as of the coast May between Port Royal and the English settlements, and all this extensive territory was included in the new charter of Massachusetts. Encouraged by their success against Acadie, the people of New England fitted out an armament of twelve hundred men, which sailed, under the command of Phipps, to attack Quebec. But finding the place much stronger than he had expected, Phipps was obliged to return without effecting any- thing. Success had been confidently expected ; the imme- diate return of the troops was quite unlooked for, and no sufficient provision had been made for paying them. There was danger of a mutiny ; and as the necessary funds could not be provided, the government of Massa- chusetts issued bills of credit, as a substitute for silver. This was the first paper money ever issued in America. A desultory v/ar continued to be carried on, which, though it did not furnish many striking events, caused a heavy expense, and much individual misery. The frontier settlements were attacked, one after another, and many of them were completely broken up. The Indians were sel- dom seen before they did execution They would lie in ambush for days, near the roads and villages, till they found some good opportunity for executing their purposes. Some- times they killed on the spot all who fell into their hands ; 56 AN ABRIDGED HISTORY at others, they spared the lives of the prisoners ; but only to carry them into a captivity worse than death. In 1692, the town of York, in Maine, was surprised by a party of Indians. Seventyfive of the inhabitants 1692 were killed, and as many nlore taken captive. Wells was soon after attacked, but the inhabitants made a stout resistance and drove off the assailants. Two years after, the Sieur de Villieu, a French partizan 1694 officer, with two hundred and fifty Indians, fell upon the village of Oyster River, now Durham, in New Hampshire, and killed or took one hundred people. Out of twelve garrison houses, five were taken, but the other seven were boldly and successfully defended. The colonists regarded Canada as the true source of these hostilities, and earnestly solicited the English govern- ment, to send an expedition against that province. Seve- ral such expeditions were planned, but none carried into execution. Instead of extending their conquests, 1696 the English lost what they had already taken. In 169-3, Port Royal was recovered by. a body of French troops, under Villeborne, who had a commission as governor of Acadie. Several attempts were made to dislodge him ; but they were unsuccessful, and the whole province submitted to his authority. At length the peace of Ryswick terminated the war be- tween France and England, and hostilities with 1697 the Canadians ceased immediately. The Indians kept up their depredations awhile longer ; but in the course of the next year general tranquillity was restored. Peace was no sooner established, than disputes arose between the French and English governments, respect- ing the boundaries of their American possessions ; and these, combined with other more important controversies, growing out of the politics of Europe, soon occasioned the recommencement of hostilities. The weight of this second war, so far as the colonies were concerned, fell exclusively on New England. 1702 At this time, the influence of the French was not sufliciently extensive to engage the Indians, south of New York, into a war with their colonial neighbors ; and New York itself, was protected by a truce which had lately been made between the French and the Five Nations. Through fear of interrupting this truce, the governor of OF THE UNITED STATES. 57 Canada avoided sending any war parties, in the direction of New York. But the frontiers of New England were swept by a predatory and desolating war, which, though attended by circumstances of no peculiar interest, brought with it much expense, and infinite individual distress. Tragedies, similar to those of the last war, were acted anew. On the night of the 28th of February, 1704, a body 1704 of three hundred French and Indians, commanded by Hertel de Rouville, a famous partizan officer, made a sudden attack on the town of Deerfield, situated near the western frontier of Massachusetts. The sentinels werel asleep, and the assailants entered the town without opposition. The inhabitants slept, for greater safety, in a large garrison house; but the snow lay in such drifts, that the French found no difficulty in leaping over the palisades, by which the house was surrounded. They killed fortyseven of the inhabitants, took one hundred and twelve prisoners, and having set fire to the town, returned to Canada. In 1708, the town of Haverhill, on Merrimack river, was at- tacked by a similar party, and underwent a similar fate. In 1707, Dudley, the governor of Massachusetts, pro- jected an expedition against Port Royal, with the united forces of the New England colonies ; but the attempt proved unsuccessful. Three years after the town was 1710 taken by a fleet and army under colonel Nichol- son, and in compliment to queen Anne, its name was changed to Annapolis. The next year. General Hill sailed against Quebec with a fleet of sixtyeight 1711 ships, and an army of 6500 men. As the vessels were advancing up the St Lawrence, during a dark and stormy night, several of the transports were wrecked, and 1000 of the soldiers perished. Disheartened by this loss, the fleet returned without making any further attempt. The depredations on the frontiers continued, but no other event of importance occurred, till the war was ended by the treaty of Utrecht. By the twelfth article of that treaty, Acadie, and its dependences were ceded to England. During these two wars, commonly known in New England as the wars of King William and Queen Anne, the people of Pennsylvania, Maryland and Virginia, enjoyed a pro- found peace, and advanced continually in wealth and population. The colony of Carolina was not so fortunate 58 AN ABRIDGED HISTORY The people of that colony were involved in continual and vexatious disputes with the proprietors of the province, and from time to time, experienced the calamities of war. In the war of 1702, the Spaniards were the allies of the French. They had several forts and settlements in Florida, and Mr Moore, the governor of the southern settlements of Carolina, proposed an expedition against St Augustine. The colonists eagerly embraced the proposal ; but the expedition proved unsuccessful, and involved them in a heavy debt. They were more fortunate in a war against the Appalachian In- dians, a tribe that dwelt between the rivers Savannah and Alatamaha. Many of the Indians were killed and others taken prisoners ; their country was plundered, their towns burned, and the tribe was compelled to submit to the au- thority of the English. In 1706, the Spaniards, who claimed the whole of Caro- lina, as a part of their colony of Florida, made a descent upon the coast with an armament, consisting of five vessels and four hundred men ; but Sir Nathaniel Johnson, the governor, took effectual measures for the safety of the col- ony, and repelled the invaders, after killing and taking prisoners, three hundred of their number.* In 1712, the Corees, Tuscaroras, and other tribes of North Carolina, formed a conspiracy for the ex- 1712 termination of the English settlers in that neighbor- hood. Having built a strong fort for the protec- tion of their women and children, the warriors divided them- selves into small parties, and entered the settlements, by different roads. They mingled with the unsuspecting in- habitants, and kept up the appearance of friendship, till the appointed night arrived, when they fell upon the whites, and murdered all on whom they could lay their hands, without distinction of age or sex. Such families as escaped assem- bled together, the men remaining constantly under arms, till succors could come from the southern settlements. At length, colonel Barnwell arrived with six hundred militia and four hundred friendly Indians. The confederated tribes stood a battle, but were defeated with the loss of three hun- dred killed and one hundred taken prisoners. After this * The cultivation of rice, had been introduced into Carolina, in 1695 j it had now become the great staple of the country, OF THE UNITED STATES. 59 they retired to their fortified town, where Barnwell attacked them a second time, and compelled them to sue for peace. In this war the Tuscaroras are supposed to have lost a thousand men. Those of them who survived, abandoned their country, and united with the Five Nations. Two or three years after, the Yamasses, a powerful tribe, that dwelt along the northern banks of the Savan- 1715 nah, formed a similar plot for the destruction of the southern settlements of Carolina. They were joined by the Creeks, the Congarees, the Cherokees and the Catawbas, and drove the planters on all sides, into the city of Charleston. Governor Craven took the most vigor- ous measures ; he proclaimed martial law, and laid an em- bargo on all ships, to prevent either men or provisions from leaving the city. Having mustered all the militia, and armed such of the slaves as could be trusted, he marched out of Charleston to meet the enemy. The Indians were assembled at a place called the Saitcatchcrs, and here a very obstinate engagement was fought. At last, the Eng- lish prevailed ; the Indians were broken, pursued into their own country, and driven over the river Savannah. The disputes between the proprietors of Carolina, and the inhabitants of the colony, increased from year to year, till at length, they reached such a height, that the planters refused any further obedience to the proprietary govern- ment. At the same time, they applied to the king and par- liament for redress ; and the proprietors, finding it useless to struggle any longer, with such unwilling sub- 1720 jects, were persuaded to receive an equivalent in money, and to surrender to the crown, their right and interest in the colony. Francis Nicholson was appointed the first royal governor. The first act of his administration was, to establish a solid peace with the Creeks and Cherokees. He then turned his attention to internal aflfairs, — the encouragement of education, and the promotion of agriculture, — and was in- strumental in introducing many valuable improve- 1729 ments into the colony. In 1729, the settlements were divided into the two provinces of North Car- olina and South Carolina. 60 AN ABRIDGED HISTORY CHAPTER VII Aifairs of New England. — Lovewell's War. — Controversy in Massachu- setts respecting the Governor's Salary. — Grant and settlement «»f Georgia. — War between England and Spain. — Oglethorpe lays siege to St Augustine. — Spaniards invade Georgia. — Third French and In- dian War. — Expedition against Louisburg. — The Colonies alarmed by a French Fleet. — Peace of Aix-la-Chapelle, 1748. New England had now enjoyed a considerable interval of peace and prosperity. But in 172*2, the provinces 1722 of Massachusetts and New Hampshire, were in- volved in a new war with the Eastern Indians. The Indians complained that the colonists encroached upon their land. The colonists ascribed the hostile disposition of the Indians to the influence of Father Ralle, a French Jesuit, a man of learning, talents and address, who resided among them as a missionary. Difficulties had existed for several years, but the immediate cause of hostilities was, an attempt, on the part of the colonists, to seize Ralle, whore- sided at Norridgewock, on the river Kennebec. This pro- ceeding was not, perhaps, perfectly justifiable, and was much resented by the Indians, who immediately commenc- ed hostilities. A second attempt on Norridgewock was more successfid. Ralle's chapel was destroyed, and himself with about eighty Indians were killed. This war lasted nearly three years, and is commonly known as LovcioelVs war, because the most striking incidents in it, were those in which captain Lovewell was concerned. This noted par- tizan led two successful expeditions against the Indians ; but in a third attempt, he fell into an ambush and was slain, with a great part of his men. At length, the Indians grew weary of the war, and in 1725 consented to a peace. About this time the general court of Massachusetts was involved in a violent dispute with Mr Burnet, 1725 their governor, on the subject of voting him a per- manent salary. According to the Charter, the general court had the power, and were required, to allow the governor, from year to year, such a salary as they might judge competent. But Burnet had been instructed by the king to insist on a law, granting some fixed, and OF THL^ UNITED STATES. 61 permanent sum. The general court, unwilling to render the governor entirely independent, refused to pass any such law. The dispute was kept up with great vigor for two years. The governor threatened to complain of the prov- ince to the king ; and the king threatened to lay the undu- tiful conduct of the province, before parliament. But the people of Massachusetts knew their own rights; they insisted upon them, and the dispute, at last, terminated in their favor. In 1732, a plan was set on foot for planting a new colo- ny. General Oglethorpe and twenty others, were appointed trustees, and the design was to transport from the mother country, such persons from among the suffering poor as might be willing to seek an asylum, where the means of subsistence were to be obtained, more easily than at home. A small colony arrived the next year, and founded 1733 the town o'l Savannah. The name given to the new province was Georgia, in honor of George II. the reigning king of England. Oglethorpe made a treaty with the Creeks, and obtained from them the grant of a large tract of country. He exerted himself in every way to pro- mote the prosperity of the colony, and not altogether with- out success. New settlers arrived from year to year ; but the progress of the colony was much hindered by certain unwise regulations, which the trustees had adopted respect- ing the tenure of land ; and the prohibition of slavery which at first prevailed, prevented many from settling in the new province. It was not till 1752, when the trustees surrendered their charter, and a government and laws were established similar to those of the Carolinas, that the colo- ny begun to flourish. In 1739, certain difficulties which had long existed be- tween England and Spain, concerning trade with the Spa- nish colonies, terminated in a war. The people of Georgia and South Carolina bore no good will to their Spanish neighbors in Florida. They ascribed two insurrections, which had lately happened among the slaves, to the effect of Spanish intrigue ; and they believed that the neighboring Indians had more than once, been instigated by the Spaniards, to make war on the English colonies. When 1740 Oglethorpe proposed an expedition against St Au- gustine, both Georgia and Souy,^ Carolina readily 6 62 AN ABRIDGED HISTORY consented to take a part in it. Oglethorpe mustered an army of 2000 men, partly colonists and partly Indians. He marched into Florida, took one or two forts, and laid siege to St Augustine. But after meeting with many disasters, and losing some of his men in battle and more by sickness, he was obliged to raise the siege, and return home. Two years after, the Spaniards retaliated, and invaded Georgia; but the courage and address of Oglethorpe 1742 baffled all their plans, and they were obliged to retreat without effecting anything. There was an intimate alliance between the crowns of France and Spain; and the war between Spain and England had not continued long before France took a part in it. The first intimation, which Massachusetts had of 1744 this new war, was an expedition under the com- mand of Du Q,uesnel, which surprised the fort at CansOjOn the coast of Maine, and took the garrison prisoners. The next year, Mr Shirley, governor of Massachusetts, proposed a plan for attacking Louisburg, and after 1745 some hesitation, the General Court agreed to it. This fortress was situated on the southeastern shoreof the island of Cape Breton, and had been built with great care, and at a great expense. In peace, it was a safe retreat for such French vessels as happened to be driven on the coast; in war, it gave the French cruisers such facil- ities as enabled them almost to ruin the trade and fish- eries of the English colonies. Circular letters were sent to all the colonies, as far south as Pennsylvania, requesting assistance, but no province south of New England complied with the request. An army of 4000 men was raised, transpoits were hired, and the command of the expedi- tion was given to William Pepperill. The troops arrived at Canso on the 4th of April, but were obliged to wait there for the melting of the ice by which the island of Cape Breton was surrounded. While the troops remained at Canso, ad- miral Warren arrived from England, with four ships of war, and after consulting with Pepperill, he proceeded to cruise before Louisburg. On the 30th of April, the troops landed on the island, and immediately began their approaches against the town. The general was a merchant, nor was there any one in the army of much military skill ; but the bravery of the troops was seconded by a variety of fortunate accidents, and orfthe 16th of June, the town surrendered. OF THE UNITED STATES. 63 This bold and successful enterprise attracted much atten- tion, both at home and abroad. It gave a striking proof of the growing strength of the colonies, and of the active and vig- orous spirit by which they were actuated. Pepperill, the leader of the colonial troops, received the honors 1746 of knighthood. The next year, a large number of colonial troops was assembled for the purpose of invading Canada ; but the aids which were expected from England did not arrive, and nothing was done. So far from attaching their neighbors, the colonies began to be alarmed for their own safety. A large French fleet, under the duke D'Anville, arrived on the coast of Nova Scotia, and spread universal alarm throughout the I'^inglish colonies. Troops were everywhere assembled, the old forts garrisoned, and new ones built. But a violent storm, which shattered the French fleet, a pestilential fever which prevailed among the troops, and the sudden death of the admiral, compelled the French to abandon the enterprise, and relieved the anxiety of the colonies. The next year, there were some small military expeditions, hut none of much interest or consequence. The peace of Aix-la-Ghapelle, which was ratified toward the end of 1748, terminated the war. 64 AN ABRIDGED HISTORY CHAPTER VIII. Disputes between the French and Enirrlish respecting the boundaries of their North American Colonies. — French Colony of Louisiana. — Re- spective strengtli of the Frencli and English Colonies. — Mission of major Washington. — Battlf of the Great Meadows. — Scheme for a Union of the Colonics. — Expedition to Nova Scotia. — Removal of the Acadicns. — Braddock's defeat. — Defeat of Dieskau. — Treaty with the Cherokees. — Forts at Oswego, and fort William Henry taken by Montca'm. — Gieat exertions of the Co'onies. — I.ouisburg t^ken. — Abercicmbie repulsed at Ticonderoga. — Fort Frontinac surrenders. — Fort Da Quesne deserted by the French. — Amherst drives the French from Ticonderoga and Crown Point. — Foit Niagara taken. — Wolfe sails for Quebec. — Battie of Quebec — Tlic City .surrenders. — Battle of Sillery. — Montreal, and the other Frencii posts capitulate. — War with the Cherokees. — Peace of Fontainbleau, 17G3. — V/ar with the Western Indians — Peace. The peace of Aix-la-Chapelle was of no long continuance. New disputes between the governments of France 1748 and England concerning the boundaries of their possessions in America, soon brought on a new war. The English colonies stretched along the Atlantic coast from north to south. The settlements were bounded on the west by the Alleghany mountains, but the English claimed an indefinite extent of country, stretching beyond those mountains towards the AVestern Ocean. The French colony of Canada extended along the great lakes to the north of the English territory; but there was another colony much farther south, which was now growing into importance. The French of Canada had been told by the Indians of a great river far to the west; and as early as 1673, Jolietand Marquette had been sent by the governor of Canada to explore it. They travelled through the wil- derness from lake Michigan to the Mississippi ; sailed down that river as far as the mouth of the Aikansas, and returned by land to Canada.*' In 1630, Father Hennepin explored the upper Mississippi, and reached the falls of St xAnthony; and two years after, Le Salle sailed down the river to the gulf of Mexico. He took formal possession of the country * Ferdinand de Soto had discovf-red the country on tlie Mis^^issippi 130 years before ; but his countrymen did not follow up his discoveries, and they were now scarcely remembered. See chapter I. OF THE UNITED STATES. 65 on the banks of the Mississippi, and named it Louisiana^ in honor of Louis XIV., the French king. Several attempts were made to establish a colony near the mouth of the river. But the undertaking was attended with little success, till the year 1717, when the city of New Orleans was founded. The unhealthiness of the climate, wars with the Indians, and those other misfortunes to which new settlements are always exposed, retarded the progress of this colony; but by the year 1750, it had increased considerably, and the French had e^^tablished forts and trading houses along the whole course of the Mississippi, and upon many of its princi- pal branches. They pretended that the English provinces were bounded by the Alleghany mountains; and claimed the whole country watered by the Mississippi and its branches, as having been the first discoverers. They had formed a plan to unite the two colonies of Louisiana and Canada by a chain of forts, which would completely hem in the English, and prevent them from extending their settlements westward of the Alleghanies. The whole population of New France, — for under this gene- ral name all the French possessions in America were included, — did not much exceed 50,000 ; the population of the English colonies was over a million. Yet notwithstanding this dispar- ity of numbers, there were several circumstances which gave the French a considerable advantage over their English neigh- bors. Their whole territory was under the command of a sin- gle governor, while the English colonists were divided into several distinct jurisdictions. The French had great influence over all the Indian tribes; and except the Five Nations, who adhered to the English, most of the other Indians were their faithful allies, and afforded them great assistance in the course of the war. The French governor having formed his plan, proceeded to carry it into execution. He erected new forts and tra- ding houses ; forbade the Englisls traders to come 1753 among the Indians : and seized all who disobeyed his commands. Dinwiddle, governor of Virginia, alarmed at these encroachments, resolved to send the French governor a message, asking an explanation of his conduct, and requiring him to desist. He selected for this service, George Washington, a major in the Virginia mili- tia, who, though not yet twentytwo, had already been noted 6* GQ AN ABRIDGED HISTORY as a young man of much promise. After a journey of four hundred miles, half of which lay through a country inhabit- ed only by Indians, Washington reached the French posts on the Ohio, and delivered his message to St Pierre, the commanding officer. An unsatisfactory answer was given, and more vigor- ous measures now became necessary. A regiment was raised and despatched towards the disputed 1754 country. Major Washington, on whom the command devolved, by the death of the colonel first appointed, fell in with a detachment of the French forces, which he defeated. But as he was pressing on, to dislodge the enemy from fort Du Quesne, — a fortifica- tion commanding the course of the Ohio, lately built at the junction of the Alleghany and Monongahela, — he was at- tacked at the Great Meadows by a much superior force, and after a gallant defence, compelled to surrender. A war was now inevitable, and a convention of delegates from the several colonies was assembled at Albany, to make a treaty with the Five Nations, and secure their friendship and alliance. At this convention, a plan of union was pro- posed, for the purpose of enabling the colonies to carry on the war with more effect. The scheme agreed upon by the convention was as follows. A grand council, consisting of delegates from the several colonies was to be established, with a president general, to be appointed by the crown, who was to have a negative on all their proceedings. This council was to enact laws of general interest; to apportion the quotas of men and money to be raised by each colony; to build forts ; reguate the armies ; and concert such measures as might be necessary for the common safety and welfare. This scheme of union was never carried into effect. It was rejected in America, because it gave too much power to the crown ; it was disapproved in England, because it left too much authority with the colonies. The war had no sooner broken out, than the Indians, in small parties, with all their customary cunning 1755 and cruelty, began an harassing warfare against the frontiers of Virginia and New England. But it was not by Indian skirmishes, tl at this contest was to be decided. Massachusetts, ever prompt and vigorous, was the first of the colonies to take the field. It has been men- or THE UNITED STATES. 67 tioned already, that the French province of Acadie, had been ceded to tlie English by the treaty of Utrecht. But there was a question as to the extent of Acadie. The French maintained that it embraced only the peninsula of Nova Scotia, and claimed all the country between that river and the Kennebec, as a part of Canada. The English insisted that all the country south of the St Lawrence was included in the cession of Acadie. The French had occupied the con- tested territory, and erected forts to defend it. It was now resolved to dislodge them. An army of 3000 men, princi- pally Massachusetts troops, under colonel Moncton, a British officer, and general Winslow of the Massachusetts militia, sailed from Boston on the 20th of May, and five days after, arrived at Annapolis. They had little difliculty in compelling the French forts, Beau Sejour and Gaspareau, to surrender, and soon gained possession of the whole country. When Acadie had been surrendered, in virtue of the treaty of Utrecht, the French inhabitants, influenced by a natural attachment to their mother country, refused to take the oath of allegiance to the king of England, except under condition of never being conjpelled to bear arms against France. This conditional oath had been disallow- ed by the English government ; but the Acadiens had not been called upon to take any part in the preceding war, and were known by the name of French neutrals. Instead, however, of observing a neutrality, they had uni- formly assisted the French in the various contests, which occurred in the neighborhood ; and three hundred of them had been taken in arms with the garrison of Beau Sejour. It was judged too dangerous to leave this disaffected people in possession of Acadie, now that a new war was begin- ning ; and if they were ordered to leave the country and suftered to go where they pleased, it was evident they would remove to Canada, and add new strength to the enemy there. The only alternative was, to distribute them among the several English colonies. In execution of this harsh decree, the miserable Acadiens were torn from their homes, and put on board the British vessels. The nearest relatives were often unavoidably separated, and though the firmness and humanity of Winslow were exerted to alleviate their distress, their situation was in every respect, truly pitiable. In a single day they were reduced from com- 68 AN ABRIDGED HISTORY petency and contentment, to the lowest degree of poverty and wretchedness. AH their land, and other property ex- cept money and household furniture, was declared forfeit to the crown; and to prevent the return of any who might escape, the houses were burned, and the whole country laid waste. This is one of those actions, which the com- mon policy of war, no doubt, will amply justify ; but which no feeling and generous heart can fail to condemn. Early in the spring, general Braddock, who had been appointed to the chief command in America, arrived in Vir- ginia with a number of British regiments. A convention of the colonial government niet him there, and resolved upon three distinct expeditions against the French. The most important,--^ that against fort Du Quesne, — was led by general Braddock in person. A body of provincial troops, consisting of light companies and sharp shooters, joined the British army, and colonel Washington attended general Braddock, in capacity of aid. The army, consisting of 2200 men, mustered at the most westerly of the English posts, near the head of the Potomac, where the tovvn of Cumber- land is now situated. Here they were delayed a long time, waiting for the necessary supplies ; and when they began to advance, they were obliged to cut roads through a rough and difficult country, and their progress was extremely slow. Alarmed at this delay, Braddock resolved to leave colonel Dunbar to bring up the heavy baggage by easy marches, and to push forward himself, with all possible des- patch, at the head of twelve hundred picked men. He was warned of the dangers to which he was exposed by the nature of the country, and the character of the enemy with whom he was to contend ; and was advised to place the provincial companies in his front, with orders to scour the woods, and discover ambuscades. But the British general held both the enemy and the provincials, in too great con- tempt, to give any attention to this salutary advice. He pressed forward with fatal security; till having reached an open wood, thick set with h'gh grass, within seven miles of fort Du duesne, his van was suddenly attacked July 8 by an invisible enemy. The main body advanced, and the assailants were for a moment repelled. But they shortly renewed the attack with redoubled fury, and the English troops were thrown into hopeless confusion. OF THE UNITED STATES. 0^ The French and Indians, concealed beneath the long grass and sheltered by the trees, poured in a murderous fire upon the close ranks of the British soldiers, who neither advanced nor retreated, but fell unresisting on the very ground where they were first attacked, Braddock exerted himself in vain to restore order ; he soon fell, mortally wounded, and most of his officers shared a similar fate The provincial companies, well acquainted with the Indian method of fi.^'hting, were the only part of the army which made any effectual resistance. They were the last to leave the field, and under the ^command of colonel Washington, afforded considerable protection to the flying regulars. Those who escaped the ^arnage of this battle fell back on Dunbar. He relinquished the expedition at once; destroyed all the stores except those necessary for immediate use, and marched his troops to Philadelphia, where they remamed idle the rest of the summer. In the meantime, the fron- tiers of Virginia, Maryland and Pennsylvania, left defence- less by this precipitate retreat, suffered all the extremi- ties of Indian warfare. The back settlements were broken up; and such was the universal pr^nic, that even the people oiijhe seaboard did not think themselves secure. ifrhe second of the expeditions which the assembled gov- ernors had planned, was designed against Crown Point, a fortress which the French had lately built near the southern extremity of lake Champlain.) The troops de- signed for this service, were principally from New Eng- land ; they assembled at Albany, and towards the end of August, advanced under general Johnson to the southern end of lake George. In the meantime, the Baron Dieskau at the head of 2000 French troops, descended lake Cham- plain, with the design of destroying; Johnson's army. On the news of his approach, colonel Williams, with a thousand merj, was despatched to meet him ; but this officer allowed himself to be drawn into an ambush, and after suffering severe loss, was obliged to retreat. Dieskau ap- Sept. 3 proached the English camp, and inmiediately began a violent assault. It was protected on both flanks by a thick swamp, and in front, by a breastwork of fallen trees; and Johnson broiight several pieces of cannon to bear upon the French, which so alarmed the Indians and Canadians, that they quickly took to flight. The regular ro AN ABRIDGED HISTORY troops soon followed their example, and were pressed by a close and ardent pursuit. A scouting party, that happened to be approaching the camp, fell upon the French baggage, and overpowered the guard. Dieskau himself was mortally wounded, and fell into the hands of the English. This battle was proclaimed throughout the colonies as a great victory. But it was not well followed up. No attempt was made on Crown Point, and the French were allowed to seize and fortify Ticonderoga. The third expedition was designed against Frontinac and Niagara, — two forts in possession of the French, the one at the northern, the other at the southern extremity of lake Ontario, — and was to be commanded by Shirley, governor of Massachusetts. }Late in August he arrived at Oswego, a post on the same lake, held by the English ; but heavy and continual rains, the desertion of his Indian allies, and the want of supplies, compelled him to abandon the expedition. Towards the close of the year, the governor of South Carolina, held a conference with the Cherokees, and obtained from them the cession of extensive tracts of territory. The French made every exertion to seduce the Cherokees from the English alliance, but met with little success. The tribe, at this time, could muster 3000 fighting men, but was very ill supplied vvith arms and ammunition. The next year. Lord Loudoun was appointed commander in chief of the English forces in America. But 1756 the campaign was quite inactive. Several exten- sive expeditions were planned, but owing to the difficulty of raising men, the scarcity of supplies, and the breaking out of the small pox a mong the troops, nothing was done. While the English remained idle, the Marquis de Montcalm, who had succeeded to the chief command of the French forces, sailed down lake Ontario, and laid siege to Oswego. There were two forts, and a garrison of 1400 men; but Montcalm pressed the siege with so much vigor, that a surrender soon became inevitable. At the Aug. 14 same time a considerable fleet stationed on the lake, fell into his hands. To gratify the Six Nations, in whose country the forts were situated, Montcalm destroyed them, and returned to Canada without leaving garrisons behind him. The next year, great preparations were made, and a large OF THE UNITED STATES. 71 fleet and army assembled at Halifax, for an attack 1757 on Louisburg, — this fortress having been restored to the French at the peace of Aix-la-Chapelle. But the place was so strongly guarded by a fleet and army lately arrived from France, that it was judged imprudent to hazard an attack. While the English troops were drawn off' towards Halifax, Montcalm descended from Canada, and laid siege to fort William Henry, a strong post at the south- ern end of lake George. Here was a garrison of 3000 men; and 4000 men were stationed at fort Edward, on the Hud- son, a short distance to the southeast. But notwithstanding the strength of fort William Henry, and the ease with which aid might have been sent from fort Edward, Mont- calm pressed the siege with such warmth and ability, that at the end of six days, the fort with all its stores and artil- lery, was surrendered to the French. The garrison was to march out with the honors of war, and to be pro- Aug. 9 tected as far as fort Edward. But in spite of all Montcalm's exertions, his Indian allies fell upon the rear of the retreating and disarmed troops; murdered, plundered, and committed the most cruel outrages. Thus far the progress of the war had been extremely dis- astrous. With a much inferior force, the French had been almost uniformly successful. They had obtained the entire command of lakes Champlain and Ontario; they still main- tained their influence over the Indians, and held undisturbed possession of the country west of the Alleghanies. But a change was now about to take place. The celebrated Mr Pitt, afterwards earl of Chatham, was placed at the head of the English ministry, and the most viaorous preparations were made for prosecuting the war. New England alone raised 15,000 troops; large reinforcements arrived from Great Britain ; and general Abercrombie, on whom the chief command had now devolved, found himself at the head of 50,000 men, including garrisons and troops of every descrip- tion. This was the most powerful army ever yet seen in America. The first blow fell upon Louisburg. Admiral Boscawen, with thirtyeight ships of war, having on board 14,000 sol- diers, commanded by general Amherst, arrived before that fortress on the 2d June. The troops were immediately 72 AN ABRIDGED HISTORY landed, and the siege begun. It was prosecuted with the utmost vigor, and the fortifications, in a short time, were reduced almost to a he\p ot^ ruins. On the 2(Sth of July, Louisburg, with all its artillery, provisions and stores, to- gether with the islands of Cape Breton and St Johns, were surrendered to the English, In the meantime an army of 35,000 men, under Aber- crombie's own command, was assembled at Albany. They marched to fort William Henry, sailed up lake George, landed at its northern extremity, and after a slight skirmish with the enemyi ^o^k post within two miles of Ticonderoga. This fortress was surrounded on three sides by the water, and secured in front by a morass. Nearly 5000 men, in addition to the ordinary garrison, were stationed under the guns of the place. They were covered by a breastwork, the approach to which was defended by trees felled all along the front, with their branches cut, sharpened, and pointed outwards. An assault was, nevertheless, resolved upon, and the storming party were commanded to rush swiftly through the enemies' fire, reserving their own till they had passed the breastwork. The orders were executed and a gallant attack was made; but the soldiers became entangled among the fallen trees, and it was found impossible to carry the breastwork, which was eight or nine feet July 8 high, and much stronger than had been represent- ed, «Afier a contest of nearly four hours, and a loss of 2000 men in killed and wounded, Abercrombie was compelled to order a retreat. He relinquished his design against Ticonderoga, and retired to the southern extremity of lake George. Not long after, he sent colonel Bradstreet with 3000 men, chiefly provincials, on an expedition against fort Frontinac, Bradstreet marched to Oswego, where he embarked his troops. He landed within a mile of the fort, and in two days opened his batteries upon it. The French Aug. 27 soon found the place untenable, and were obliged to surrender at discretion. A large quantity of arms, provisions and stores, as well as a fleet of nine armed vessels, fell into the hands of the captors. Early in July, general Forbes, with an army of 8000 men, marched from Philadelphia against fort Du Quesne. After many delays he reached the fort. It had been desert- OF THE UNITED STATES. 7S ed the evening before by the French garrison, who were utterly unable to defend the place against so formidable an enemy. The English took possession of this important place, and in compliment to the prime minister, gave it the name of Pittsburgh. The English flag was no sooner hoisted than the neighboring Indians began to come in, and propose treaties of peace. In a short time, quiet was once more restored to the frontiers of Pennsylvania and Vir- ginia. The next year, general Amherst succeeded to the chief command of the English army; and flushed with 1759 the successes of the last campaign, apian was now formed for the entire conquest of the French pos- sessions. Amherst, with the main body of the forces, ad- vanced anew against Ticonderoga and Crown Point : and after many delays and some resistance, both places fell into his hands. But he was unsuccessful in his endeavors to pass up the lake, and was obliged to winter at Crown Point. General Prideau, with a strong detachment, sailed from Oswego, and landed near the fort at Niagara. The French alarmed for the safety of this important post, collected a body of regular troops from the nearest garrisons, and having as- sembled a great number of their Indian allies, resolved to fight a battle in its defence. Prideau had been killed durino" the siege, and Sir William Johnson had succeeded to the command. He was aware of the movements of the French, and prepared to receive them. They attacked him July 24 in his entrenchments, but were met with firm- ness, and in less than an hour were completely routed. This battle decided the fate of Niagara, which surrendered the next day. Meanwhile, general Wolfe, with SOOO men, and a formid- able train of artillery, embarked at Louisburg under convoy of several ships of war, and sailed for Quebec. After a prosperous voyage, he landed his troops on the island of Orleans, which divides the St Lawrence just below the city. Quebec stands on the northern bank of the St Lawrence, and consists of an upper and a lower town. The lower town is built on a beach, which stretches along the base of a lofty range of rock, called the Heights of Abraham. On the summit of this range, the upper town is built.; and the heights extend nearly parallel with the St Lawrence for a 7 74 AN ABRIDGED HISTORY great distance above the city, affording on this side an al- most impregnable defence. . Quebec is protected on the east by the river St Charles, which flo'.vs into the St Lawrence, just below the town. Several armed vessels and floating batteries were moored in the St Charles; and Montcalm'', with a French army, was encam]>ed on its left bank. (Wolfe took possession of Point Levi, on the southern shore of the St Lawrence opposite Quebec, and erected batteries which played upon the town, and destroyed many houses. But the distance was too great for the shot to have any effect on the fortifications. He then resolved to hnd below the town, and forcing the passage of the Montmorenci, which flows parallel with the St Charles, a little farther to the east, to bring Montcalm to an action. The attempt was made, but owing to the impetuosity of the advanced party, who rushed to the charge before they could be properly supported, Wolfe's plan of attack was disconcerted, and he Aug. 25 was obliged to retreat with a loss of 500 men. An attempt was next made to destroy the French shipping, and to alarm the garrison by descents above the town. , One valuable magazine was burned; but the French ships were well protected, and it was found impossible to approach them. The season of action was fast passing, and if anything was to be done, it must be done without delay. The prospect was discouraging. The place seemed almost impregnable. But Wolfe did not despair. He knew that the city was but partially fortified on the land side, and conceived the bold idea of scaling the Heights of Abra- ham, and approaching it in that direction. This rocky bar- rier rose almost directly from the water's edge. There was but one landing place — a narrow beach, which might easily be missed in the dark — and the precipices of Abraham were so steep, as not to be easily scaled even by day, and when no opposition was to be feared. Not discouraged by these obstacles, Wolfe embarked his forces, and ordered the ships to move up the river, several miles above the place where the troops were to land. At night, the soldiers were disembarked into flat bottomed boats, and falling down with the tide, they succeeded in finding the landing place. Wolfe was the first to step on shore. The light troops, assisted by the branches of trees, and the rugged projections of the rocks, forced themselves up the heights, OF THE UNITED STATES. 75 and having dispersed a small party of the enemy, protected the ascent of the rest. Early in the morning, the whole army was assembled on the plains of Abraham. When Montcalm was informed of this bold and adventu- rous step, he could scarcely believe the news. He supposed it impossible for an army to ascend such rugged precipices, and concluded that the troops above the city were only a small detachment intended to entice him away from his po- sition on the St Charles. But he soon discovered his mis- take; and knowing how slightly the city Vv'as fortified on the side towards the land, he saw that nothing but a victory could save it. Accor among the slain. The British occupieil Bunker's hill, ami fortified it; but the blockade of Boston was ke|)t up as before^ In the meantime, a second Congress had assembled at Philadelphia. They met on the 10th day of May, and on the 1 9th, chose John Hancock of Massachusetts tor theii' president. They again petitioned the king, and addressed the inliabitants of Great Britain ; but at the same time, began to take more vigorous and efficient measures for en- forcing their rights. They assumed the style of the Twelve United Coloxies ; * voted an army of 20,000 June 15 men ; appointed George Washington conimatuler in chief; and issued bills of credit to defray the expenses of the war. Washington arrived at Cambridge on the 2d of Jvily, and immediately entered on the chief com- mand. He fount! the troops full of zeal and spirit, but ])norIy armed, equipped and disciplined. He made every exertion to cure these defects, and to push the siege of Bos- ton with vigor. Armed vessels were fitted out in the ports of iVew Eng- land, atjd cruised with great success. They took several ships laden with ammunition and stores for the British army, and contributed miich to relieve the scarcity of these arti- cles, which prevailed in the American camp, and impeded every active operation, * Genr^ya a State. > Secretaries of Massachusetts, Dec. 31, 1800. > the Treasury. May 13, igoo. ^ Secretaries of Connecticut, Feb. 3, 1801.) ^*^- 230 APPENDIX. Benjamin Stoddert, Maryland, Charles Lee, May 21, 1798. Third Administration. Thomas Jefferson, March 4, 1801. Aaron Burr, New York, " " George Clinton, '' James Madison, Virginia, " 1805. March 5, 1801. Secretary of the Navy. Attorney General. President. Vice Pres- idents. Secretary of State. Samuel Dexter, Albert Gallatin, Henry Dearborn, Benjamin Stoddert, Robert Smith, Pennsylvania, Massachusetts, Maryland, Massachusetts, ) Secretaries of 26, 1802. 5 the Treasury. Levi Lincoln, John Breckenridge, Kentucky Caesar A. Rodney, Delaware, Jan March 5, 1801. Jan. 26, 1802. March 5, 1801. Dec. 23, 1805. Jan. 20/ 1807. \ Secretary of > War. Secretaries of the Navy ' Attorneys [ General. James Madison, George Clinton, Elbridge Gerry, Robert Smith, James Monroe, Albert Gallatin, G. W. Campbell, Alexander J. Dallas, William Eustis, John Armstrong, James Monroe, W. H. Crawford, Paul Hamilton, William Jones, B. W. Crowninshield Csesar A. Rodney, William Pinkney, Richard Rush, Fourth Administration. March 4, 1809. Massachusetts Maryland, Virginia, Tennessee. Pennsylvania, Massachusetts, New York, Georgia, South Carolina, Pennsylvania, , Massachusetts, March 6, 1809. Nov. 25, 1811. Feb. 9, 1814. Oct. 6, 1814. March 7, 1809. Jan. 13, 1813. Sept. 27, 1814. March 2, 18 J 5. March 7, 1809. Jan. 12, 1813. Dec. 19, 1814. Maryland, Dec. 11, 1811. Pennsylvania, Feb. 10, 1814. President. > Vice Pres- 5 idents. ) Secretaries of 5 State. f Secretaries of k the Treasury. Secretaries of of War. Secretaries of the Navy. Attorneys General. Fifth Administration. James Monroe, March 4, 1817. President. Daniel D. Tompkins, New York, Vice President. John Quincy Adams, Massachusetts, March 5, 1817. < State APPENDIX. 231 William H. Crawford, John C. Calhoun, South Carolina, March 5, 1817. \ ^^^^arJ °^ B. W. Crowninshield, Smith Thompson, New York, Nov. 30, 1818. Samuel L. Southard, New Jersey, Dec. 9, 1823. Richard Rush, William Wirt, Virginia, Dec. 16, 1817. f Secretaries of i the Navy. > Attorneys 5 General. Sixth Administration. John Quincy Adams, John C. Calhoun, Henry Clay, Richard Rush, Jajnes Barbour, Peter B. Porter, Samuel L. Southard, William Wirt, March 4, 1825. President. " " Vice Presiden t' Kentucky, March 8, 1825. [ ^''if^'y ^^ March 7 « f Secretary of March 7, ^ j^g Treasury. Virginia, March 7, " ) Secretaries of New York, May 26, 1828. 5 War. C Secretary of I the Navy, C Attorney / General. Andrew Jackson-, John C. Calhoun, Martin Van Buren, Edward Livingston, Samuel D. Ingham, Louis M'Lane, John H. Eaton, Hugh L. White, John Branch, Levi Woodbury, John M'P. Berrien, R. B. Taney, Seventh Administration. Tennessee, March 4, 1829. New York, Louisiana, Pennsylvania, Delaware, Tennessee, North Carolina, N. Hampshire, Georgia, Maryland, 1829. 1831. March 6 May, March 6, 1829. May 1831. March 9, 1829. 1831, 1828. 1831. March 9, May, March 9, 1829. 1831. President. Vice President. > Secretaries of 5 State. Secretaries of the Treasury. C Secretaries of I War. ) Secretaries of 3 the Navy. C Attorneys l General, Chief Justices of the United States. John Jay, New York. Sept. 26, 17S9 William Gushing, Massachusetts. Jan. 22, 1796. Oliver Ellsworth, Connecticut. March 4, 1796. John Marshall, Virginia. Jan. 27, 1801. 232 APPENDIX. Governeur Morris, James Monroe, Charles C. Pinkney, Charles C. Pinkney, Elbridge Gerry, John Marshall, Oliver Ellsworth, William Vans Murray, William R. Davie, James A. Bayard, Robert R. Livingston, John Armstrong, Joel Barlow, William H. Crawford, Albert Gallatin, James Brown, William C. Rives, Ministers to France. of New Jersey. " Virginia. " South Carolina. " Massachusetts. " Virginia. " Connecticut. " Maryland. " North Carolina. " Delaware. "New York. " Connecticut. " Georgia. " Pennsylvania. " Louisiana. " Virginia. Jan. 12, 1792. May 28, 1704. Sept. 9, 1796. June 5» 1797. Feb. 26, 1799. Feb. Oct. June Feb. April Feb. Dec. 19, 1801. 2, 1801. 30, 1804. 27, 1811. 9, 1813. 28, 1815. 9, 1823. 1829. Ministers to Great Britain. Governeur Morris, Thomas Pinkney, John Jay, Rufus King, James Monroe, James Monroe, William Pinkney, William Pinkney, John Quincy Adams, Richard Rush, Rufus King, Albert Gallatin, James Barbour, Louis McLane, of New Jersey. " South Carolina. " New York. " Virginia. " Maryland. " Massachusetts. " Pennsylvania. " New York. " Pennsylvania,. " Virginia. " Delaware, Oct. Jan. April May April May Feb. Feb. Dec. May May May 13, 1789. 12, 1792. 19, 1794. 20, 1796. 18, 1803. 12, 1806. 26, 1809. 28, 1815. 16, 1817. 5, 1825. 18, 1826, 23, 1828. 1829. NO. IV. POPULATION OF THE UNITED STATES, 1776. 1790. 1800. 1810. 1820. 1830. Estimated at Census, 3,000,000. 3,929,326. 5,319,762. 7,239,903. 9,708,135. 13,000^000. QUE STIONS CHAPTER I. 1. When was America discovered ? 2. What effect did the discovery produce in Europe ? 3. In what did the claims of England to the continent of North America originate ? 4. Give an account of that voyage. 5. Who discovered Florida ? 6. What claims were founded on this discovery ,' 7. In what did the claims of France originate ? 8. Give an account of those voyages. 9. Who discovered the river Mississippi ? 10. Give an account of Soto's expedition. 11. What is said of the Newfoundland fisheries ? 12. What was the appearance of the country ? 13. By whom was it inhabited ? why were they called Indians .' 14. Give an account of the inhabitants. 15. Where, when, and by whom was the first settlement attempted to be made within the present limits of the United States ? 16. Give an account of Sir Humphrey Gilbert, and of his proceedings. 17. Give an account of Raleigh's attempts to plant a colony. 18. How was the use of tobacco introduced into England ? 19. What is said of Gosnold's voyage ? of Richard Hacluyl ? 20. What companies were formed ? when ? and by whom ? CHAPTER II. 1. What was done by the London company ? 2. Where did the colony land ? what is the present state of Jamestown ? 3. Give an account of captain Smith. 4. What effect was produced by the supposed discovery of gold dust ? 5. Who first explored Chesapeake bay ? 6. Give an account of the voyage of Gates, Somers and Newport ? what sort of settlers did they bring ? 7. What was the consequence of their coming ? 8. Why did Smith leave Virginia ? what was the state of the colony when he left it? to what state was it afterwards reduced? 9. What important events happened in 1613 ? 10. What was the situation of the colony at the arrival of Argal? 11. Who called the first colonial assembly ? of whom did it consist ? 12. What is said about the importation of females ? 13. What and when was the beginning of Negro slavery ? 14. What was now the extent of the settlements ? 80* 234 QUESTIONS. 15. Give an account of the Indian war. 16. What is said of the Indians of Virginia ? 17. Who were the first royai governors ? what is said of Sir William Beriieley ? IS. What was the situation of Virginia during the civil wars ? 19. Give an account of the settlement of Maryland. CHAPTER III. 1. What were the proceedings of the Plymouth company ? 2. In what originated the name of New England .' 3. Give an account of the Puritans. 4. What is said of Mr Robinson's congregation ? to what sect did they belong ? 5. Give an account of their voyage to America. 6. Where did they land ? what did they do before landing.^ 7. Give an account of their settlement — what was the name of their colony ? by what name are they often called ? S. What is said of their intercourse with the Indians ? 9. Who was their first governor .? their military leader ? give an ac- count of his proceedings. 10. What was the situation of the colony at the end of four years ? 11. What is said of the settlers at Plymouth ? 12. What other attempts to colonize New England .' 13. Whence originated the colony of Massachusetts bay .-' 14. Where, when, and by whom was the first settlement made ? 15. Where was the next settlement made ? IG. Who arrived the next year ? where did they land ? did they con- tinue there ? 17. What towns were earliest settled ? 18. What is said of the sufferings of the earlier settlers? of their character .' 19. What arrangement was made for enacting laws, &c ? 20. Give an account of the colony of Connecticut — its government. 2i. To whom had the terrhory been granted? what became of their grant ? 22. Give an account of Roger Williams — of the colony of Providence. 23. What is said of the Pequods? of the Narragansets ? 24. What was the origin of the Pequod war? 25. What was done by the Connecticut troops ? by those of Massa* chusetts ? 28. What is said of this war ? 27. Give an account of Mrs Hutchinson — of the court of elections in 1637 — of the synod at Cambridge. 28. Give an account of the settlement of Rhode Island — of New Hampshire. 29. Give an account of the colony of New Haven. 30. When and why did emigration to New England cease ? 31. What was now the state of the colonies ? 32. What combination did they form ? for what reasons ? 33. What is said of the province of Maine ? QUESTIONS. 235 34. What is said of the New England Indians? what efforts were made in their behalf? by whom ? with what success ? 35. Give an account of the persecution of the Quakers. 36. Was persecution for religious opinions confined to New England? 37. What was the number and situation of the colonies at the Res- toration ? CHAPTER IV. 1. How was the restoration regarded in the colonies ? 2. Give an account of the navigation act — how was it regarded ? 3. Give an account of the province of New Netherlands — of the Swedish settlements on the Delaware. 4. To whom was this territory granted? what was done inconse- quence of the grant? 5. Give an account of the proceedings of governor Nicolls. 6. What is said of New York ? 7. Give an account of the grant and settlement of New Jersey ? 8. What was the next colony ? 9. Give an account of its settlement. 10. What was the state of Virginia ? 11. Give an account of Bacon's rebellion. CHAPTER V. 1. What commissioners were appointed to visit New England ? 2. Give an account of king Philip. 8. What was the origin of the war with the Indians ? 4. Where was the first attack made ? 5. Give an account of the first expedition against Philip. 6. Which side did the Narragansets take ? 7. Give an account of the progress of the war. 8. W^hat other tribes took part in it ? 9. What was done by the commissioners of the colonies ? 10. Give an account of the attack on the Narragansets. 11. What expeditions were made from Connecticut? who was taken prisoner ? 12. How was the war ended ? what was its effect on New England ? what other troubles did Massachusetts experience? 13. When and why was New Hampshire made a distinct province? 14. Give an account of the settlement of Pennsylvania. 15. What progress did this colony make ? 16. What is said of Delaware ? 17. What is said of the government of Charles II. and James II. ? 18. Who was appointed governor of New England ? 19. How was he received ? 20. How did his government terminate ? 21. What was done at New York ? 22. What became of Leisler and Milbourn ? 23. What is said of the new charter of Massachusetts ? 24. Give an account of the Salem witchcraft. 236 QUESTIONS. CHAPTER VI. 1. What was the effect upon the colonies on the accession of king William ? 2. What is said of the attempts of the French to plant colonies in America ? 3. How many colonies had they ? what were they ? 4. Whatis saidof Acadie ? of Canada? 5. What was the relative strength of the French and English colonies ? 6. What enabled the French to resist so long the efforts of the English to conquer Canada ? 7. Give an account of the Five Nations. 8. What, at this time, was the population of the colonies ? 9. Who was governor of Canada ? what expeditions did he fit out ? with what success ? 10. For what did commissioners meet at New York ? what is said of this meeting ? 11. What were the events and termination of this war ? 12. When and why was war renewed ? 13. Give an account of the destruction of Deerfield — what other towns destroyed ? 14. What expeditions were undertaken by the English ? 15. Where and when was peace concluded ? 16. What was the situation of the middle colonies ? of Carolina ? 17. What conspiracies were formed for the destruction of Carolina ? 18. By what other circumstance was the tranquillity of CaroUna dis- turbed ? 19. How was this evil remedied ? CHAPTER VII. 1. What was the situation of New England? 2. What new war with the Indians ? how did it originate ? 3. What was its termination ? 4. What controversy in Massachusetts ? 5. W^hat was its event ? 6. What new colony settled ? by whom ? for what purpose ? 7. What wei-e the incidents of the Spanish war ? of the third French and Indian war? 8. What expedition was undertaken ? by whom ? by whom com- manded ? what was its event ? 9. How were the colonies alarmed ? 10. When and where was peace concluded ? CHAPTER VIII. 1. What dispute existed between the French and English ? 2. Give an account of Louisiana. 3. What design was entertained by the French? what was the rela- tive strength of the French and English colonies ? QUESTIONS. 237 4. What measures did the French take ? 5. What was done by the governor of Virginia ? what answer was sent ? 6. What was the next step ? what was the event of the expedition ? 7. What scheme was entertained ? give an account of it. 8. What colony first took the field ? give an account of the French neutrals ? 9. What was done with them ? 10. Who was appointed to command in America? what expeditions were planned ? by whom ? 11. Give an account of the first — of the second — of the third. 12. What forts taken by Montcalm ? where were these forts situated ? 13. Who succeeded Braddock ? how many forces had he under his command ? 1-4. What expedition was first undertaken ? Avhat attempt was made by Abercrombie ? what was the result ? 15. What fort taken by the French ? where situated ? 16. What fort taken the next year ? 17. Who commanded the expedition against Quebec .' 18. What is the situation of that city ? 19. What attempts were made by Wolfe ? what plan was finally resolv- ed upon ? 20. Give an account of the battle — what was its result ? 21. Give an account of the battle of Sillery. 22. What expedition undertaken by the English ? what was its result ? 23. What war at the south ? 24. When was peace concluded .' 25. What war with the Indians ? who was their leader ? what was its event ? CHAPTER IX. 1. What were the expectations of the colonists at the termination of the French war ? 2. How were these expectations fulfilled ? 3. What was the nature of the connexion between the colonies and the mother country ? 4. What authority w^as exercised by the English parliament ? 5. What rights were claimed by the colonists ? 6. Give an account of the stamp act. 7. How was it received in America .'' 8. What measure was taken by the colonists ? 9. Who was president, and what was done ? 10. W^hen was the stamp act repealed ? 11. What other acts were passed? 12. What was the consequence ? 13. What measure was taken by the British ministers ? 14. Was it satisfactory ? 15. What event occurred at Boston ? 16. Give an account of the insurrection in North Carolina. 17. Was this event connected with the opposition to the British min- istry ? QUESTIONS. 18. What measure was taken to introduce tea into the colonies? 19. How were the vessels received ? 20. What was done at Boston ? 21. What acts of parliament were passed in consequence ? 22. What measure taken by the colonists ? 23. Who was president of the congress, and what did it do? 24. Give an account of the battle of Lexington — what was the con- sequence of this battle ? 25. What important forts were seized, and by whom ? 26. Give an account of the battle of Bunker hill. 27. W^hat measures were taken by congress ? 2S. What is said of the Canadians ? 29. Give an account of Montgomery's proceedings — of Arnold's. 30. Describe the assault on Quebec. 31. What became of the American army ? 32. How was the siege of Boston terminated ? 33. Give an accountof the attack on Charleston? 34. Who moved the question of independence ? 35. By whom was it advocated ? by whom opposed? 86, When was independence declared ? 37. Who wrote the declaration ? 38. What was the population of the United States, and the extent of the settlements ? CHAPTER X. 1. Who succeeded to the command of the British forces? 2. Towards what point did he move ? 3. How large was his army ? of whom was it composed ? 4. What was the strength and state of the American army ? 5. Give an account of the battle of Long Island. C. What was the consequence of this battle ? 7. What movement made by Howe ? 8. What step did Washington take ? 9. What happened on the march to White Plains ? 10. What design formed by Howe ? 11. Give an account of the storm of fort Washington. 12. What step taken by Washington ? 13. What station occupied by the American army ? 14. What mes^ge sent to Lee ? how did he execute it? 15. What was the situation of the British army? 16. Give an account of the battle of Trenton. 17. What were the consequences of this battle ? 18. How were the armies situated the evening preceding the battle of Princeton ? 19. Give an account of the battle of Princeton. 20. What step taken by Cornwallis? 21. Wliat was the state of the American army? 22. What position taken by Washington? 23. What circumstance caused Washington great embarrassment ? 24. What measures taken for improving the army ? 25. What was Washington's condition while encamped at Morristown? 26. What station on the Hudson occupied by the Americans ? QUESTIONS. 239 27. What expeditions undertaken by the British ? 28. What by the Americans? 29. What movement made by Washington : 30. What were the proceedings of Howe ? 31. Where did the British land ? at what distance from Philadelphia ? 32. What position taken by Washington ? 33. Give an account of the battle of Brandywine ? 34. What is said of the behaviour of the troops ? 35. What movements made by Washington ? what loss experienced ? 36. What position taken by the two armies ? what was the conse- quence ? 37. What defences on the river Delaware ? 38. Give an account of the battle of Germantown. 39. To what was the defeat of the Americans owing ? 40. To what was the attention of the armies now directed ? 41. Give an account of the attack on the forts. 42. What was the final result ? CHAPTER IX. 1. How were affairs situated at the north in June, 1776 ? 2. Who commanded the lake ? 3. What measures taken by Carleton .' 4. Give an account of the naval action. 5. What step taken by Caileton ? 6. What became of tlie northern army ? 7. What plan formed by the British cabinet? 8. What was the state of the northern army ? 9. What fortress invested by Burgoyne ? by whom commanded ? 10. What measure taken by St Clair ? 11. Vf'hat was the result of the retreat? 12. Describe the action at Hubberton. 13. Where did the American forces concentrate ? 14. What was the nature of the country between this place and Skenesborough ? 15. What measures taken by Schuyler? 16. "What reinforcements sent to the northern army ? 17. What expedition undertaken by St Leger ? 18. What was done by Schuyler ? 19. What attempt made by Burgoyne ? for what reason ? 20. Give an account of the action. 21. How did St Leger's expedition terminate ? 22-. Who succeeded Schuyler ? why was he superseded ? 23. What action fought ? give an account of it. 24. What other action ? describe the battle. 26. What attempt made by Burgoyne ? 27. How did his expedition terminate ? 28. What successes of the British on the Hudson ? 29. What became of the northern army ? SO. Where did Washington go into winter quarters ? describe the place. 240 QUESTIONS. CHAPTER XII. 1. What is said of the states ? of congress? of the confederation ? 2. What was the great defect of this system ? 3. What is said of the requisitions of congress ? 4. How were funds raised to support the war ? 5. What is said of the loyalists ? where were they most numerous ? 6. W^hat is said of the Indians ? what tribes were most to be dreaded ? 7. Which side did the Six Nations take ? of what atrocities were they guilty ? 8. What was done by the Creeks and Cherokees ? 9. What difficulties relating to the exchange of prisoners ? 10. What is said of maritime affairs ? 11. What had been the effect of the non-importation agreements ? 12. What success had the American cruisers ' 13. What was the condition of the army ? 14. What measures was VV^ashington driven to in order to support his army ? 15. What efforts did he make ? 16. What combination formed ? by whom ? for what purpose ? 17. What effect did the resistance of the states produce in Europe ? 18. Who had been sent commissioners to France ? 19. What success did they meet with ? 20. What measure taken by lord North ? 21. What terms were offered ? how were they received ? 22. What offer made to Mr Read ? what was his reply ? CHAPTER XIII. 1. What was the situation of the two armies at the beginning of the year 1773 ? 2. Who succeeded to the command of the British army ? 3. What resolution did he take ? 4. By what road did he march ? what measure taken by Washington ? 5. \Vh at battle fought? desciibeit. 6. What loss did the British experience during the march ? 7. What aids arrived from France ? 8. What expedition undertaken ? 9. What was the event ? 10. Give an account of Wyoming, and the destruction of the settlements there. 11. To what quarter was the theatre of war now transferred ? 12. What is said of the southern campaigns ? 13. Give an account of the conquest of Savannah. 14. Who was appointed to the southern department? 15. In what state did he find affairs ? from whom did he receive as- sistance? 16. What plan of operations did he form ? 17. What is said of the loyalists of the Carolinas ? IS. Give an account of the action at Briar's creek. QUESTIONS. 241 19. What enterprise undertaken by Prevost ? with what success ? 20. What was done by the British armies further north ? 21. What British posts taken .' 22. Who was sent against the Six Nations ? with what success ? 23. What assistance arrives from France ? 24. What expedition undertaken ? what was the event ? 25. What nation takes part in the war ? 26. What prevented Spain from acknowledging the independence of the United States .' 27. Who was sent minister to that court ? CHAPTER XIV. 1. "What expedition undertaken by Sir Henry Clinton ? 2. Give an account of the operations against Charleston. 3. What was the consequence of the surrender of Charleston ? 4. Who maintained a partisan warfare against the British ? 5. What preparations for forming a new army ? 6. Who succeeded Lincoln in the command of the southern depart- ment ? 7. Give an account of the battle of Camden. 8. Give an account of the treason of Arnold. 9. Who succeeded Gates in the command of the southern army ? 10. What measure taken by Greene ? 11. What attempt made in consequence by Cornwallis ? 12. Give an account of the battle of the Cowpens. 13. Describe the retreat of the Americans. 14. Give an account of the battle of Guilford. 15. What measure taken by Greene after this battle ? 16. What measure taken by Cornwallis ? 17. Give an account of the battle of Hobkirk Hill. 18. What posts taken by the Americans ? 19. Give an account of the siege of Ninetysix. 20. Where was the last battle fought? give an account of it. 21. What is said of the conduct of general Greene ? of the army ? of the people at large ? CHAPTER XV. 1. What occasioned the revolt of the Pennsylvania line ? 2. How did the revolt terminate ? 3. What changes made in the executive departments .' 4. What is said of Robert Morris ? 5. With whom did Cornwallis unite after entering Virginia 6. To whom was the defence of this state entrusted ? 7. What movements made by the two armies ? 8. What position finally taken by the British ? 9. What expedition medidated by Washington ? 10. What plan substituted ? 21 242 QUESTIONS, 11. What expedition sent against Connecticut? 12. Give an account of the capture of fort Griswold. 13. By whom was the allied army commanded ? 14. What is the situation of Yorktown ? 15. Give an account of the siege ? how did it terminate .'^ 16. V/hat vote passed by the British house of Commons ? 17. By whom was the treaty of peace negotiated ? 18. By what circumstance was the negotiation retarded ? 19. When was the peace proclaimed ? 20. What is said of the revolutionary struggle ? 21. What discontents prevailed in the army? how were they sup- pressed ? 22. What is said of the half pay of the officers ? 23. What pay did the soldiers receive on being disbanded ? 24. Where and when did Washington resign his commission r CHAPTER XVI, 1. What is said of the confederation ? of congress ? 2. What difficulties existed with Great Britain ? 3. What is said of the trade of the United States ? 4. What was the state of public sentiment ? 5. What commissioners appointed ? by whom ? for what purpose : 6. What did they recommend ? what was done in consequence ' 7. What was the result of the meeting ? S. What was the state of the country ? w^hat insurrections ? 9. What convention w^as assembled ? when ? wiio was president? 10. Give an account oi its proceedings? 11. Into what parties w^as the country divided ? what efforts made by each of these parties ? 12. What essays published ? by whom ? what was their effect r 13* What is said of the state conventions ? CHAPTER XVII. 1. What is said of the first congress under the new constitution: 2. What was the first business of the senate ? 3. Who were the president and vice president elect ? 4. What is said of Washington's journey ? of his reception at Trenton r 5. Of whom was the first congress composed ? 6. What acts were passed ? what officers of state appointed by Wash- ington ? 7. Give an account of the public debt. 8. What plan was proposed by Mr Hamilton ? 9. What opinions were entertained on this subject ? 10. What arguments were used on either side ? 11. Was the plan accepted ? under what circumstances ? 12. What is said of the state of the country ? S QUESTIONS. 243 13. What is said of the Indians ? what treaty was concluded ? who was chief of this tribe ? 14. What tribes continued hostile ? what measures were taken ? 15. What acts passed ? by whom recommended ? 16. Give an account of Vermont — of Kentucky. 17. W^hat is said of the population of the United States ? the revenue ? commerce ? shipping ? C H AP TER XVIII. 1. W'hat measure taken against the Indians ? 2. Give an account of St Clair's expedition. 3. Where was the battle fought ? 4. What measures taken by congress ? 5. What is said of the distin ction of parties ? who were the leaders .' • what is said of them ? 6. What names taken by the parties ? 7. What did they say of one another ? were these accusations well founded ? 8. What were the measures of the president's cabinet ? 9. What laws particularly obnoxious ? 10. What opposition was made to them? what was done by the pre- sident ? 11. What charges brought against Hamilton .' were they sustained ? 12. What is said of the presidential election ? 13. What event began to aflfect the politics of America ? 14. How was this revolution regarded ? 15. What other sentiment combined with this difference respecting France ? 16. What measure proposed in consequence ? 17. What proclamation published by the president .' for what reasons ? 18. How was this measure regarded ? 19. Who excited the public mind at this time ? give an account of his proceedings. 20. How did his mission terminate .' 21. What was the last official act of Mr Jefferson ? 22. What difficulties with Great Britain ? 23. W^hat measure determined on by the president ? 24. Who was sent on this mission ? 25. What other disputed points ? what is said of neutral rights .' of impressment ? 26. When and why did Mr Hamilton resign ? CHAPTER XIX. 1. What difficulties with Spain ? 2. Give an account of the Kentucky remonstrance ? S. W^hat other embarrassing circumstances ? 244 QUESTIONS. 4. What was the state of the Indian war ? 5. What measure taken by general Wayne ? 6. Where were the Indians stationed ? 7. Give an account of the battle ? 8. What discontents in Pennsylvania ? what measures taken by the disaffected ? by the president ? 9. What proposal made ? was it accepted ? 10. Where and under whose command did the militia assemble ? 11. What was the result ? 12. What was done by Mr Jay ? 13. What was the state of the public mind respecting the treaty ? 14. What defects especially condemned ? 15. What measures taken by the people ? by Washington ? 16. What is said of his conduct on this occasion ? 17. What treaties made, and with whom ? 18. What were the proceedings of congress respecting Jay's treaty? 19. What embarrassments had now been overcome ? 20. What is said of our relations with France .'' of the opinions enter- tained on this subject ? 21. What new appointments made ? why ? 22. Give an account of Tennessee, 23. What is said of the presidential canvass I 24. What was its result I CHAPTER XX. 1. What was the first measure of the new president ? 2. What was the situation of affairs with France ? 3. What measure resolved on ? 4. What was the reception of the envoys ? 5. What intimations made to them ? 6. How did the mission terminate ? 7. What effect produced by the news of this event ? 8. What measures taken ? What naval actions ? 9. What was done by the French Directory ? 10. What measure did Mr Adams take ? 11. What opinion enter^^ained respecting this measure ? 12. What was the result of the mission ? 13. When did Washington die ? 14. What removal made and when ? 15. What is said of the presidential canvass? 16. What was the origin of Mr Adams' unpopularity ? 17. What measure taken by him ? with what success ? 18. What was the last official act of Mr Adams ? CHAPTER XXI. 1. How did the votes for president stand ? 2. Give an account of the ballot by the representatives QUESTIONS. 245 3. What was the final result ? 4. What measures were now taken ? 5. Of whom did Mr Jefferson's cabinet consist ? 6. Give an account of Ohio. 7. What territory added to the United States ? 8. What circumstance preceded and caused this purchase ? 9. What opposition made to it ? 10. What were its effects ? 11. What explorations made ? 12. What war existed at this time ? 13. Give an account of the loss of the Philadelphia. 14. What exploit accomplished by Decatur ? 15. What expedition by land against Tripoli ? 16. Give an account of Col. Burr and his trial. CHAPTER XXII. 1. What is said of American commerce ? 2. What unfortunate circumstance in the state of parties? 3. What attempt to renew the treaty with Great Britain ? 4. What was its result ? 5. What was the situation of Europe ? G. What plan formed by Bonaparte ? 7. What decree issued by him ? 8. What were its provisions ? how was it regarded ? 9. What negotiations had been carried on respecting impressment ? 10. What event occurred at this time in our own waters ? 11. Give an account of it. 12. What effect produced by it ? 13. What measures taken by the president ? by the British govern- ment ? 14. Give an account of the Orders in Council — of the Milan decree. 15. What was the effect of these edicts ? 16. What pretensions were made by the two nations ? 17. What measure taken by the American government? 18. What was the operation of this measure on the country ? on the belligerents ? 19. What new decree issued by Bonaparte? under what pretence? 20. What measure substituted for the embargo ? 21. Who succeeded Mr Madison ? 22. Who composed the new cabinet? 23. What arrangement made with Mr Erskine ? 24. With what result? 25. What new decree issued by Bonaparte ? 26. Under what pretence ? 27. Giv^e an account of the act of May, 1810. 28. What was done by the French government? 29. What embarrassing circumstances attended the alleged repeal r 30. What measures taken by the American government ? 31. What arrangement made by Mr Foster ? 246 QUESTIONS. 82. In what did the reparation consist ? 83. Give an account of the affair of the Little Belt. 84. How did affairs stand with the Indians ? 85. What remarkable chiefs headed the confederacy ? 86. What measure taken by governor Harrison ? 87. Grlve an account of the battle of Tippecanoe. S3. What measure taken against Great Britain ? 89. What news arrived soon after ? 40. What effect did it produce ? 41. What new state added to the union ? * CHAP TER XXIII. 1. Under what circumstances did the war commence ? 2. What was the state of the army and navy ? 3. What opposition was made to the war ? 4. In what did it originate ? 5. What party formed .'' what was its conduct ? 6. What plan of finance proposed by Mr Gallatin ? 7. What officers were first appointed to command ? 8. What plan of operations was proposed ? 9. Give an account of the proceedings of general Hull. 10. What were the consequences of his surrender ? 11. What measures were taken.? 12. Give an account of the battle of the river Raisin. 13. What followed the battle ? 14. What was done on the Niagara frontier ? 15. Give an account of the battle of Queenstown. 16. What expeditions were undertaken by general Smyth ? 17. What events tended to relieve the mortification of the Americans ? 18. By whom was the Guerriere captured? give an account of the engagement ? 19. What other naval victories ? give an account of them ? 20. What effect produced by these victories ? 21. What measures taken by congress ? 22. What measures for procuring peace ? 23. What measures taken by the British government ? 24. Who commanded in the Chesapeake ? 25. What was the conduct of his squadron ? 26. What other blockades ? 27. What naval actions fought ? 28. Give an account of the Chesapeake and Shannon. 29. What other naval actions .' 80. In what new war was the United States involved ? SI. By whom were the Creeks instigated ? how did the war begin.' 82. What measure taken by Georgia and Tennessee ? 83. With what success ? 84. Give an account of the battle of the Great Bend. 85. What followed this battle ? S6. What expedition undertaken by general Dearborn ? QUESTIONS. ) 247 37. Give an account of the battle of Stony Brook ; — of the Beaver Dams. 38. Who succeeded Deavborn ? what expedition undertaken by him ? give an account of it. 39. Where did tlie events occur most honorable to the American arms ? 40. Give an account of the proceedings of Harrison ; — of the attack on fort Stevenson. 41. Give an account of Perry's proceedings. 42. Describe the battle of lake Erie. 43. "What step taken by Harrison in consequence of this vie ory r 44. Describe the battle of the Thames. 45. "What was the consequence of this victory ? CHAPTER XXIV. 1. What changes had taken place in the armies of the United Staii in the situation of Great Britain ? 2. What reinforcements Avere sent to America ? . 3. Describe the battle of Chippewa. 4. Give an account of the battle of Niagara. 5. Describe the attack on fort Erie ; — tlie sortie from the fort. 6. Give an account of Prevost's proceedings. 7. Describe the naval battle of lake Champlain. 8. What did Prevost do after the loss of the fleet ? 9. What expedition of the British was the most successful ? 10. Give an account of it. 11. What induced the British to proceed up the Patuxent ? 12. What attempt was made to defend Washington? 13. Wliat was the fate of the city ? of Alexandria ? 14. What attempt was next made by the British ? 15. What preparations had been made for defending Baltimore r 16. What was the result of the expedition ? 17. What other incursions were made by the British ? 18. What naval actions fought .'' 19. Against what place was the last effort of the British directed P 20. To whom was the defence of New Orleans entrusted.' 21. What measures of defence were taken ? 22. What were the movements of the British army ? 23. Describe the battle of New Orleans. 24. Where and when was peace concluded ? 25. With what feelings was the news received? 26. Under what embarrassments did the government labor ? 27. What is said of the Hartford convention? 28. What were the results of the war ? CHAPTER XXV. 1. What measures were taken by congress on the arrival of the news of peace ? 248 QUESTIONS. 2.|Who was sent into the Mediterranean ? 3. For what purpose ? 4. Give an account of his proceedings. 5. What institution established by congress ? 6. Give an account of the state of the currency. 7. Who succeeded Mr Madison ? 8. What causes tended to produce emigration ? 9. What new states admitted into the union ? 10. When and where were the first settlements made in Illinois ? 11. Give an account of its subsequent history. 12. What is said of the early history of Mississippi ? 13. Give an account of Illinois — of Alabama. 14. What subject discussed when Missouri was admitted ? 35. What addition to the territory of the United States ? 16. What was the reason for this cession ? 17. What advantages result from it ? 18. For what class of persons did congress make a provision ? to what amount ? 19. Who were the candidates for the presidency at the expiration of Mr Monroe's term ? 20. What was the event of the election ? 21 . What is said of Mr Adams' administration ? who was his successor ? ^