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 Book H 
 
 SMITHSONIAM DEPOSIT 
 
THE 
 
 UNITED STATES 
 
 PATENT LAW 
 
 INSTRUCTIONS 
 
 How to Obtain Letters Patent 
 
 FOR NEW INVENTIONS: 
 
 Including a Variety op Useful Information concerning the 
 Rules and Practice of the Patent-Office ; How to Sell 
 Patents ; How to secure Foreign Patents ; Forms for 
 Assignments and Licenses ; together with En- 
 gravings and Descriptions of the Con- 
 densing Steam-Engine, and the 
 Principal Mechanical Move- 
 ments, Valuable Tables, 
 Calculations, Prob- 
 lems, ETC., ETC. 
 
 BY 
 
 MUNN & CO,, Solicitors of Patents, 
 
 No. 37 Park Row, New-Yoik, 
 
 PUBLISHED BY MUNN & CO., AT THE OFFICE OF THE 
 
 SCIENTIFIC AMERICAN, 
 
 No. 37 F^RK ROW. 
 
 1867. 
 
 

 Entered, 
 
 according to Act of Congress, 
 MUNN & CO., 
 
 in the year 1865, 
 
 by 
 
 in 
 
 the Clerk's 
 
 Office of the District Court of the United States for the 
 
 
 
 Southern District of New 
 
 -York. 
 
 -4 
 
 A 
 
 *> v 
 
 JOHN A. GRAY & GREEN, 
 
 printers, 
 16 and 13 Jacob Street, New- York. 
 
HOW TO INVENT. 
 
 F we were asked to point out 
 the course of life, business, or 
 enterprise upon which any man 
 of ordinary gifts might enter, 
 with the best prospects of 
 speedy success, we should un- 
 hesitatingly direct him to in- 
 vention. Many and wonderful 
 have been the achievements of 
 modern genius. But the realm 
 of invention is absolutely ex- 
 haustless, and only its outer 
 edges have been explored. The 
 world has yet to witness the 
 most astounding triumphs of mind over matter. 
 
 It is a popular error to suppose that much knowledge, 
 painful effort, constant disappointment, and many weari- 
 some failures are the necessary preliminaries to an invent- 
 or's success. True, there are individual examples of this 
 kind ; they are exceptions. 
 
 It may be affirmed as the general rule, that inventors 
 make money more quickly, more easily, and with less ex- 
 penditure of thought, capital, or labor, than any other class 
 of men. 
 
 It may also be affirmed that industrial enterprises and 
 speculations which are connected with the development and 
 introduction of new inventions are among the most sure and 
 profitable investments that can be made. 
 
 The readiest way to invent is to keep thinking. In order 
 to supply the mind with a constant succession of subjects, 
 the inventor should cultivate habits of observation. Keep 
 your eyes and ears open. Examine things about you, and 
 seek to know how they are made, and how improved. 
 
 The young inventor should acquire a knowledge of the 
 general laws and principles of natural philosophy, chem- 
 istry, and all of the sciences. 
 
4 SMALL INVENTIONS MOST PROFITABLE. 
 
 Leisure hours might be occupied with drawing and with 
 books suggestive of improvements. To avoid waste of 
 time in reproducing old devices, the inventor should be 
 well posted in regard to inventions that have already been 
 patented. For this purpose, an attentive study of The Sci- 
 entific American will be almost indispensable. 
 
 The Boston Journal makes the following useful remarks: 
 " Of course, in order to succeed, a new invention must be 
 superior to any thing that has preceded it, and must be sold 
 at a price that will enable it to be brought into general use. 
 
 People cannot afford to throw away old implements unless 
 the new ones are enough better to make up for the loss. 
 Let inventors produce a good article, at a moderate price, 
 and they will be sure of success." 
 
 SMALL INVENTIONS MOST PROFITABLE. 
 
 In an official report of a Chief Examiner of the United 
 States Patent Office, we find the following : " A patent, if 
 it is worth any thing, when properly managed, is worth and 
 can easily be sold for from ten to fifty thousand dollars. 
 These remarks only apply to patents of minor or ordinary 
 value. They do not include such as the telegraph, the 
 planing-machine, and the rubber patents, which are worth 
 millions each. A few cases of the first kind will better il- 
 lustrate my meaning. 
 
 " A man obtained a patent for a slight improvement in 
 straw-cutters, took a model of his invention through the 
 Western States, and after a tour of eight months, returned 
 with forty thousand dollars in cash, or its equivalent. 
 
 "Another inventor obtained extension of a patent for a ma- 
 chine to thresh and clean grain, and sold it, in about fifteen 
 months, for sixty thousand dollars. A third obtained a 
 patent for a printer's ink, and refused fifty thousand dollars, 
 and finally sold it for about sixty thousand dollars. 
 
 " These are ordinary cases of minor invention, embracing 
 no very considerable inventive powers, and of which hun- 
 dreds go out from the Patent Office every year. Experience 
 shows that the most profitable patents are those which con- 
 tain very little real invention, and are to a superficial ob- 
 server of little value." 
 
HOW TO OBTAIN PATENTS. 
 
 HOW TO OBTAIN PATENTS. 
 
 HE first inquiry that presents itself 
 to one who has made any improve- 
 ment or discovery is : " Can I ob- 
 tain a Patent ?" A positive answer 
 can only be had by presenting a 
 complete application for a Patent 
 to the Commissioner of Patents. 
 An application consists of a Model, 
 Drawings, Petition, Oath, and full 
 Specification. Various official rules 
 and formalities must also be ob- 
 served. The efforts of the invent- 
 or to do all this business himself 
 are generally without success. Af- 
 ter a season of great perplexity and 
 delay, he is usually glad to seek 
 the aid of persons experienced in patent business, and have 
 all the work done over again. The best plan is to solicit 
 proper advice at the beginning. 
 
 If the parties consulted are honorable men, the inventor 
 may safely confide his ideas to them ; they will advise whe- 
 ther the improvement is probably patentable, and will give 
 him all the directions needful to protect his rights. 
 
 We (Munn & Co.) have been actively engaged in the 
 business of obtaining patents for about twenty years. Many 
 thousands of inventors have had benefit from our counsels. 
 More than one third of all patents granted are obtained by us. 
 Those who have made inventions and desire to consult 
 with us, are cordially invited to do so. We shall be happy 
 to see them in person at our office, or to advise them by 
 letter or through The Scientific American. In all cases 
 they may expect from us an honest opinion. For such con- 
 sultations, opinion, and advice, ive make no charge. A pen- 
 and-ink sketch and a description of the invention should 
 be sent, together with stamps for return postage. Write 
 plain ; do not use pencil nor pale ink ; be brief. 
 
 All business committed to our care, and all consultations, 
 are kept by us secret and strictly confidential. Address 
 Munn & Co., 37 Park Row, New-York. 
 
SPECIAL EXAMINATIONS. 
 
 SPECIAL 
 
 EXAMINATIONS. 
 
 Fee $5. 
 
 jp N many cases it will be advisable, as 
 a measure of prudence, to order a 
 Preliminary Examination. This 
 consists of a special search, made 
 at the U. S. Patent Office, Wash- 
 ington, through the medium of our 
 house in that city, to ascertain whe- 
 ther, among all the thousands of 
 patents and models there stored, 
 any invention can be found which 
 is similar in character to that of 
 the applicant. On the completion of this special search we 
 send a written report of the result to the party concerned, 
 with suitable advice. Our charge for this service is $5. 
 
 If the device has been patented, the time and expense 
 of constructing models, preparing documents, etc., will, in 
 most cases, be saved by means of this ^search ; if the in- 
 vention has been in part patented, the applicant will be en- 
 abled to modify his claims and expectations accordingly. 
 Many other obvious advantages attend Preliminary Ex- 
 amination, although the strictest search does not always 
 enable the applicant to know absolutely, whether a patent 
 will be granted. 
 
 For example, applications for patents are sometimes re- 
 jected because the Examining Officer finds a description of 
 the alleged invention in some foreign publication ; or some 
 other person has been previously rejected on an analogous 
 device ; or some other invention, for a similar purpose, 
 partially resembles the applicant's in its construction ; or 
 the Government makes an unjust or uncommon decision. 
 Against none of these contingencies does the Preliminary 
 Examination provide. 
 
 It will, however, generally inform the applicant whether 
 an improvement similar to his, and used for the same pur- 
 pose, has ever been patented in this country. 
 
 Parties desiring the Preliminary Examination are request- 
 ed to remit the fee, ($5,) and furnish us with a sketch or 
 photograph, and a brief description of the invention. 
 
GENERAL INFORMATION". 
 
 Where examination is wanted upon more than one inven- 
 tion, $5 for each must be sent ; as each device requires a 
 separate, careful search. Address Munn & Co., 37 Park 
 
 Row, N. Y. 
 
 OTHES INFORMATION. 
 
 If you wish for general information 
 as to the rules and law of Infringe- 
 ments, Reissues, Claims, etc., state your 
 inquiries clearly, and remit $5. Opin- 
 ions in special cases of Infringement 
 cost more. See page 16. 
 
 If you wish for advice in regard to 
 assignments, or upon the rights of par- 
 ties under assignments, joint ownership in patents, con- 
 tracts, or licenses, state the points clearly upon which in- 
 formation is wanted, and remit $5. 
 
 If you desire to know in whose name the title to a Pat- 
 ent is officially recorded, at Washington ; or if you wish 
 for an abstract of all the deeds of transfer connected with 
 a Patent, send us the name of the patentee, date of patent, 
 etc., and remit $5. 
 
 If you desire a sketch from the drawings of any Patent, 
 and a description from the specification, give the patentee's 
 name, date of the patent, and remit $5. 
 
 If you desire to have an assignment ot a Patent, or any 
 share thereof, or a license, made out in the proper manner, 
 and placed on record, give us the full names of the parties, 
 residences, title of the invention, etc., and remit $5. This 
 includes record fee. 
 
 Inventions or shares thereof may be assigned either be- 
 fore or after the grant of a patent. Agreements and con- 
 tracts in regard to inventions need to be recorded, like as- 
 signments, at Washington. For any agreement or contract 
 that you wish prepared, remit $5. 
 
 £3ip Remember that we (Munn & Co.) have branch-offices 
 in Washington, and have constant access to all the public 
 records. We can therefore make for you any kind of search, 
 or look up for you any sort of information in regard to Pat- 
 ents, or Inventions, or Applications for Patents, either pend- 
 ing or rejected, that you may desire. 
 
HOW TO FILE CAVEATS. 
 
 CAVEATS. 
 
 The filing of a Caveat is often- 
 times of great importance, as it may 
 be quickly done, and affords a limit- 
 ed but immediate protection. The 
 filing of a Caveat prevents, during 
 its existence, the issue of a patent, 
 without the knowledge of the Cave- 
 ator, to any other person for a simi- 
 lar device. The Caveator is entitled 
 to receive official notice, during a 
 period of one year, of any other pe- 
 tition for a patent for a similar or 
 interfering invention, filed during 
 that time. On receiving such offi- 
 cial notice, the Caveator is required 
 to complete his own application 
 within three months from the date 
 of the notice. 
 
 A Caveat consists of a Specification, Drawing, Oath, and 
 Petition. To be of any value, these papers should be 
 carefully drawn up, and the official rules scrupulously com- 
 plied with. No model is required. Our facilities enable us 
 to prepare Caveat-papers with great dispatch. 
 
 When specially desired, we can have them ready to send to 
 the applicant, for signature and affidavit, by return mail, or 
 at an hour's notice. The official fee for a Caveat is $10, 
 and we generally charge $10 or $15 to prepare the accom- 
 panying papers and attend to the business — making $20 or 
 $25*in all. 
 
 A Caveat runs for a year, and can be extended by paying 
 $10 a year. 
 
 Caveats can only be filed by citizens of the United States, 
 and aliens who have resided here one year and have de- 
 clared their intention to become citizens. 
 
 To enable us to prepare Caveat papers, all that we need 
 is a sketch, drawing, or photograph, and description of the 
 invention, with which remit fees as above. Model not re- 
 
 quired. 
 
EXPENSES OF OBTAINING A PATENT. 
 
 9 
 
 PATENTS. 
 
 Under the present American 
 law, all persons pay the same 
 official fees, without distinction as 
 to nationality. Patents are also 
 granted to women and minors. 
 The only discrimination is 
 against inhabitants of countries 
 that discriminate against in- 
 habitants of the United States. 
 The first government fee on 
 filing an application for a patent 
 is $15 ; stamps, SI. Add to this 
 the attorney's charge for draw- 
 ings, specification, and attend- 
 ance to the business of the case before the Patent Office. 
 Our charge for these services is, for simple cases, $25 ; and 
 from that price upward to $35 or more, according to the 
 time and labor required. If the patent is " allowed/' a sec- 
 ond government fee of $20 is then to be paid. 
 
 RECAPITULATION OF COSTS. 
 
 First Government fee and stamps, - - - - $16 
 Munn & Co., Specifications, Drawings, and Business, 25 
 
 *Cost of making the application, - 
 Second Government fee, payable if allowed, - 
 
 t Whole cost of Patent, (if a simple case,; 
 
 $41 
 20 
 
 $61 
 
 The application for a patent must be made in the name of 
 the inventor, who alone can sign the papers. An attorney 
 cannot sign the papers for the inventor. 
 
 Joint inventors are entitled to a joint patent. 
 
 An agreement or partnership between two persons, one of 
 whom is the inventor, and the other only a partner or part 
 owner, does not make them joint applicants for a patent. 
 
 In case of the death of an inventor, his heirs may obtain 
 a patent. 
 
 *If a patent is not granted, the applicant loses the cost of making 
 the application. 
 
 tWhen an appeal is required there are additional expenses. See 
 next page. 
 
10 
 
 AMENDMENTS AND APPEALS. 
 
 AMENDMENTS AND APPEALS, 
 
 We, Munn & 
 tensive Branch 
 ington, employing a 
 
 proper 
 
 Co., have an ex- 
 House in Wash- 
 corps of 
 skilled assistants, and we make it 
 our special duty to watch over the 
 cases of our clients while they are 
 before the Patent Office. If the 
 examining officer objects to the 
 grant of the claims, or gives re- 
 ferences, or requires amendments, 
 we examine the references, and 
 make the amendments, if we deem 
 to secure the allowance of our client's 
 patent as soon as possible. When the examiner refuses to 
 allow a patent, and rejects the case, we report the fact to 
 our client, and inform him as to the probabilities of obtain- 
 ing a reversal of the examiner's decision by an appeal to 
 the Examiners-in-Chief. 
 
 First Appeal. — The government fee payable by the appli- 
 cant on making an appeal to the Examiners-in-Chief, is $10. 
 Our charges for preparing and conducting this appeal are 
 very moderate, and generally contingent upon success. 
 
 Second Appeal. — From the decision of the Examiners-in- 
 Chief an appeal may be taken to the Commissioner of 
 Patents. Government fee, $20. 
 
 Third Appeal. — From the decision of the Commissioner 
 of Patents an appeal may be taken to one of the Judges of 
 the U. S. District Court at Washington. Government fee, $25. 
 
 REJECTED CASES. 
 
 We shall be happy to take up rejected cases, or to re- 
 model defective papers for parties who have made applica- 
 tion for themselves or through other agents. Terms mo- 
 derate. Address Munn & Co., stating the particulars. 
 
 FORFEITED CASES. 
 By a recent change in the Patent Law, all inventors 
 whose right to a patent has been forfeited by delay in the 
 payment of the second Government fee, may now renew 
 their rights by filing a new application. The original model 
 may be used. . 
 
ABOUT MODELS AND REMITTANCES. 
 
 11 
 
 MODELS, REMITTANCES, ETC. 
 
 ERSONS who apply for pa- 
 tents are by law required to 
 furnish a model, in all cases 
 where the invention can be 
 illustrated or partly illus- 
 trated by a model. The 
 model must not exceed 
 twelve inches in any of its 
 dimensions ; it should be 
 neatly made, of hard wood 
 
 the inventor should 
 spicuously. Where 
 
 or metal, or other substan- 
 tial material ; the name of 
 be engraved or painted upon it con- 
 the invention consists of an improve- 
 ment on some known machine, or part of a machine, a full 
 working model of the whole will not be necessary. It 
 should be sufficiently perfect, however, to show, with clear- 
 ness, the nature and operation of the invention. More than 
 one patent cannot be taken out on one model. 
 
 When the invention consists of a new article of manufac- 
 ture or a new composition, samples of the article must be 
 furnished. 
 
 New medicines or medical compounds, and useful mix- 
 tures of all kinds, are patentable. Samples must be fur- 
 nished, and a very minute statement must be made of the 
 exact proportions and ingredients used. 
 
 As soon as the model or specimen is ready, it should be 
 carefully boxed and shipped, by express or otherwise, to 
 our address, namely, Hunn & Co., No. 37 Park Row, New- 
 York City. Prepay the expense, and send the express 
 receipt to us by mail. 
 
 Simultaneously with the model or specimens, the invent- 
 or should also send us the first instalment of the Govern- 
 ment fee and stamps, $16. The money may be forwarded 
 either by express, with the model, or by mail. The safest 
 way to remit is by draft on New-York, payable to our order, 
 or by Post-Office order. Always send a letter with the 
 model, and also with the remittance, stating the name and 
 
12 NEW INVENTIONS. 
 
 address of the sender. We sometimes receive envelopes 
 containing money, but without any name or explanation ; 
 models are also frequently sent us from equally unknown 
 sources. 
 
 A full written description should also be sent with the 
 model, embodying all the ideas of the inventor respecting the 
 operation and merits of the improvement. This statement is 
 often of assistance to us in preparing the specification. 
 
 On the reception of the model and Government fee, the 
 case is duly registered upon our books, and the application 
 proceeded with as fast as possible. When the documents 
 are ready, we send them to the inventor by mail, for his ex- 
 amination, signature and affidavit, with a letter of instruc- 
 tion, etc. Our fee for preparing the case is then due, and 
 will be called for. Immediately on its return, the case will 
 be presented to the Patent Office, and as soon as the patent 
 is allowed, the applicant will be notified to remit the last 
 instalment of the Government fee, namely, $20, and the 
 patent will then be issued. 
 
 Inventors who do business with us will be notified of the 
 state of their application in the Patent Office, when it is 
 possible for us to do so. We do not require the personal 
 attendance of the inventor, unless the invention is one of 
 great complication ; the business can be done as well by 
 correspondence. 
 
 The average time required to procure a patent is six 
 weeks. We frequently get them through in less time ; but 
 in other cases, owing to delay on the part of the officials, 
 the period is sometimes extended to two or three months, 
 and even more. We make a special point to forward our 
 cases as rapidly as possible. 
 
 Be neither lavish nor niggardly; of the two, avoid the 
 latter. A mean man is universally despised, but public 
 favor is a stepping-stone to preferment ; therefore, generous 
 feelings should be cultivated. 
 
 Never, under any circumstances, assume a responsibility 
 you can avoid consistently with your duty to yourself and 
 others. 
 
QUICK APPLICATIONS FOR PATENTS. 13 
 
 QUICK 
 
 APPLICATIONS. 
 
 When, from any rea - 
 son, parties are desirous 
 of applying for Patents 
 or Caveats in great haste, 
 without a moment's loss 
 of time, they have only 
 to write or telegraph us 
 specially to that effect, 
 and we will make spe- 
 cial exertions. We can 
 prepare and mail the 
 necessary papers at less 
 than an hour's notice, 
 if required. 
 
 THE INVENTOR MUST APPLY FOR THE 
 PATENT. 
 It is necessary, in all cases, that an application for a pa- 
 tent should be made in the name of the inventor, and the 
 petition and specification must be signed by him. An in- 
 ventor may appoint an attorney, or may sell and assign all 
 his interest in an invention ; still the patent papers, on mak- 
 ing the application, must be signed and sworn by the in- 
 ventor ; otherwise they will not be received by the Com- 
 missioner of Patents. Canadians, and other foreign invent- 
 ors, have erroneously supposed that by transferring their 
 full rights to an American citizen, preliminary to an applica- 
 tion, they could thereby obtain the patent for the same small 
 fee required of a citizen. But this is impossible ; for 
 the applicant is required to swear that he believes himself 
 to be the first inventor. 
 
 Remember that self-interest is more likely to warp your 
 judgment than all other circumstances combined ; therefore, 
 look well to your duty when your interest is concerned. 
 
 Wine-drinking, chewing, and smoking are bad habits ; 
 they impair the mind and pocket, and lead to a waste of 
 time. 
 
 2 
 
14 
 
 DESIGNS AND COPY-RIGHTS, 
 
 PATENTS FOB DESIGNS, ETC. 
 
 Design-Patents may be taken out 
 for any new form of any article ; also for 
 new tools, patterns, ornamental cast- 
 ings of machine-frames, stove-plates, 
 borders, fringes ; all new designs for 
 printing, weaving, or stamping upon 
 silks, calicoes, carpets, oil-cloth prints, 
 paper-hangings, and other articles. New 
 forms for trade-marks, labels, envelopes, 
 boxes and bottles for goods, may also 
 be patented ; likewise all works of art, 
 including prints, paintings, busts, stat- 
 ues, bas-reliefs, or compositions in alto, 
 or basso-relievo, new dies, impressions, 
 ornaments to be placed or used upon 
 any article of manufacture, architectural work, etc. [See 
 page 76, section 11.] 
 
 The term for which Design-Patents are granted varies 
 according to the fee paid bv the applicant, as follows : 
 
 Patent for three and one-half years, $10 ; patent for seven 
 years, $15; patent for fourteen years, $30. Add to the 
 above the cost of preparing the specifications, etc., for which 
 we usually charge $25. 
 
 No models for designs are required. But duplicate draw- 
 ings must be furnished, together with the usual specification, 
 petition, and affidavit, which, to render the patent of value, 
 should be prepared with the utmost care. In many cases, 
 two good photographs of the Design which it is desired to 
 patent, may be used in lieu of drawings. The negative 
 must accompany the photographs. Address, 
 
 Munn & Co., 37 Park Row, New York City. 
 
 COPYRIGHTS. 
 
 Copyrights may be obtained for Trade-Marks, Labels, 
 Stamps, Books, Drawings, Photographs, etc. The whole 
 business of obtaining such copyrights is done by Munn & 
 Co., 37 Park Row, for $5. Remit that sum, and send three 
 printed copies of the title* of whatever you desire to have 
 secured. 
 
GOING TO WASHINGTON IN PERSON. 15 
 
 GOING TO WASHINGTON IN PERSON. 
 
 Some inventors suppose, very 
 naturally, that if personally pre- 
 sent in Washington, they can get 
 their cases through more expe- 
 ditiously, or command other im- 
 portant facilities. But this is not 
 so. The journey to Washington 
 is usually a mere waste of time 
 and money. A good agent must 
 be employed after the inventor 
 gets there. No inventor can pos- 
 sibly have facilities or influence 
 superior to our oion ; more than 
 one third of the entire business of the Patent Office passes 
 through our hands ; and we have an office in Washington, 
 charged with the especial duty of watching over and press- 
 ing forward the interests of our clients. 
 
 The Patent Office does not prepare patent papers, or make 
 models. These must be provided by the applicant or his 
 attorney, according to law, otherwise his claim will not be 
 considered. 
 
 The law especially requires that all documents deposited 
 in the Patent Office shall be correctly, legibly, and clearly 
 written, and that the drawings shall be of a specified size, 
 and executed in an artistic manner. 
 
 Persons who visit Washington in person, can have all 
 their patent business promptly attended to, by calling at 
 Munn & Co.'s Branch Scientific American Office, corner 
 of fan and F streets, opposite the Patent Office. 
 
 COPIES OP PATENTS, ASSIGNMENTS, ETC. 
 
 We furnish full copies of specifications or drawings of 
 any existing patent, or open rejected case, official letter, 
 assignment, etc., etc. The expense varies from $5 to $10 
 and over, according to the amount of work on the draw- 
 ings. See page 7. For $1 we can send a copy of the claims 
 only, of any existing patent. 
 
16 THE LAW OF INFRINGEMENT. 
 
 INFRINGEMENTS. 
 
 The general rule of law is, 
 that the prior patentee is en- 
 titled to a broad interpretation 
 of his claims. The scope of 
 any patent is therefore govern- 
 ed by the inventions of prior 
 date. To determine whether 
 the use of a patent is an infringement of another, generally 
 requires a most careful study of all analogous prior patents 
 and rejected applications. An opinion based upon such 
 study requires- for its preparation much time and labor. 
 
 Having access to all the patents, models, public records, 
 drawings, and other documents pertaining to the Patent 
 Office, we are prepared to make examinations, and give 
 opinions upon all infringement questions, advice as to the 
 scope and ground covered by patents, and direct with vigor 
 any le°;al proceedings therewith connected. Address, Muxx 
 & Co.,"37 Park Row, N. Y. 
 
 The expense of these examinations, with written opinion, 
 varies from $25 to $100 or more, according to the labor in- 
 volved. See page 7. 
 
 To the Editors of The Scientific American : 
 
 Let me encourage you, gentlemen, in your great enter- 
 prise. Perhaps we need light and elegant literature ; we 
 may even need u chess columns;" but let The Scientific 
 American continue to teach the people how to realize Dean 
 Swift's prayer — " Make two blades of grass grow on the spot 
 where only one grew before." Let it still increase the me- 
 chanical and agricultural knowledge of our artisans and far- 
 mers, by publishing the latest discoveries in science and 
 improvements in the arts. And then its editors will have 
 the noblest reward — that of being considered the guard- 
 ian angels of genius, the champions of inventors, and the 
 " prime motors" employed in developing the highest phy- 
 sical and intellectual resources of this great country. 
 
 Camden, Ark. W. A. Shaw, M.D. 
 
OUR FOREIGN AGENCIES. 
 
 17 
 
 GENERAL REMARKS. 
 
 OR over twenty years Messrs. 
 Munn & Co. have been per- 
 sonally familiar with the prog- 
 ress of invention and discov- 
 ery. As an evidence of the 
 confidence reposed in them, 
 they may with propriety refer 
 to the extraordinarv fact that 
 nearly TWENTY THOUSAND 
 PATENTS have been obtain- 
 ed by them ; and through their 
 efficient Branch Office in Wash- 
 ington they have examined in- 
 to the novelty of many thou- 
 sand inventions, thus affording to them a knowledge of the 
 contents of the Patent Office unrivalled by any existing 
 agency. 
 
 Not only this, but a large majority of all the patents 
 secured by American citizens in European countries are 
 taken through MUNN & CO.'S AGENCIES IN LONDON, 
 PARIS, BRUSSELS, BERLIN, AND VIENNA. 
 
 In addition to the advantages which the long experience 
 and great success of our firm in obtaining patents present 
 to inventors, they are informed that all inventions patented 
 through our establishment are noticed, at the proper time, in 
 The Scientific American. This paper is read by more 
 than one hundred thousand persons every week, and has 
 the most extensive and influential circulation of all the 
 journals of its kind in the world. 
 
 No individual in the country can possibly have so good 
 an opportunity of knowing and judging as to the extent of 
 business and the qualification of patent attorneys as the 
 Commissioner of Patents. Judge Mason, upon retiring 
 from the office of the Commissioner of Patents, sent us the 
 following very flattering written testimonial : 
 
IS LETTERS FROM THE COMMISSIONERS, 
 
 COMMISSIONER MASON'S LETTER. 
 
 Messrs. Munn & Co. : 
 
 I take pleasure in stating that, while I held the office of 
 Commissioner of Patents, more than one fourth of all the 
 
 BUSINESS OF THE OFFICE CAME THROUGH YOUR HANDS. I have 
 
 no doubt that the public confidence thus indicated has been 
 fully deserved, as I have always observed, in all your in- 
 tercourse with the office, a MARKED DEGREE of prompt- 
 ness, skill, and fidelity to the interests of your employers. 
 Yours, very truly, Chas. Mason. 
 
 Judge Mason was succeeded by that eminent patriot and 
 statesman, Hon. Joseph Holt, whose administration of the 
 Patent Office was so distinguished that he was appointed 
 Postmaster-General of the U. S. Hon. Mr. Holt was subse- 
 quently appointed Judge- Advocate-General. He addressed 
 us the following very gratifying communication : 
 
 COMMISSIONER HOLT'S LETTER. 
 
 Messrs. Munn & Co. : 
 
 It affords me much pleasure to bear testimony to the 
 able and efficient manner in which you discharged your du- 
 ties as Solicitors of Patents while I had the honor of hold- 
 ing the office of Commissioner. Your business was very 
 large, and you sustained (and I doubt not justly deserved) 
 the reputation of energy, MARKED ABILITY, and uncom- 
 promising fidelity in performing your professional engage- 
 ments. 
 
 Very respectfully, your obedient servant, J. Holt. 
 
 Hon. Wm. D. Bishop, late Member of Congress from 
 Connecticut, succeeded Mr. Holt as Commissioner of Pat 
 ents. Upon resigning the office, he wrote to us as follows : 
 
 COMMISSIONER BISHOP'S LETTER. 
 
 Messrs. Munn & Co.: 
 
 It gives me much pleasure to say that, during the time 
 of my holding the office of Commissioner of Patents, a very 
 
HOW TO CONVERT PAPER INTO GOLD. 19 
 
 large proportion of the business of inventors before the 
 Patent Office was transacted through your agency ; and that 
 I have ever found vou faithful and devoted to the interests 
 of your clients, as well as EMINENTLY QUALIFIED to 
 perform the duties of Patent Attorneys with skill and ac- 
 curacy. 
 
 Very respectfully, your obedient servant, 
 
 Wm. D. Bishop. 
 
 One great reason for our unrivalled success is, that our 
 affairs are so systematized and arranged under our personal 
 direction, that every patent case submitted to our care re- 
 ceives the most careful study during its preparation, the 
 most prompt dispatch, and the most thorough attention at 
 every stage of its subsequent progress. 
 
 HOW TO CONVERT PAPER INTO GOLD. 
 
 Send a subscription in paper money to Munn & Co., and 
 enjoy a year's reading of The Scientific American. Ten to 
 one that the information thus obtained will result in bringing 
 into your coffers, before the year is out, a hundred times 
 more money in gold, than the original investment. 
 
 he speed of an electric spark travelling 
 over a copper wire, has been ascertained 
 by Wheatstone to be two hundred and 
 eighty-eight thousand miles in a second. 
 
 Parties sending models to the Scienti- 
 fic American office, on which they de- 
 cide not to apply for Letters Patent, and 
 which they wish preserved, will please to 
 order them returned as early as possible. 
 We cannot undertake to store such mod- 
 els, and if not called for within a reasonable time, we are 
 obliged to destroy them, to make room for new arrivals. 
 
20 
 
 HEAT TABLES. 
 
 EFFECTS OF HEAT UPON BODIES. 
 
 Fahrenheit. 
 Beg. 
 
 Cast-iron melts 2T86 
 
 Gold " 2016 
 
 Copper " 1996 
 
 Brass " 1900 
 
 Silver " 1S73 
 
 Red heat visible by day, . . 1077 
 Iron red hot in twilight, . . . SS4 
 
 Common fire, 790 
 
 Zinc melts 773 
 
 Iron, bright red in dark,. . . 752 
 
 Mercury boils 630 
 
 Lead melts 612 
 
 Linseed oil boils 600 
 
 Bismuth melts 497 
 
 Fahrenheit 
 Beg. 
 
 Cadmium 450 
 
 Tin melts 442 
 
 Tin and bismuth, equal 
 
 parts, melts 283 
 
 Tin 3 parts, bismuth 5 parts, 
 
 lead 2 parts, melt 212 
 
 Sodium 190 
 
 Alcohol boils 174 
 
 Potassium 136 
 
 Ether " 98 
 
 Human blood, (heat of,). . . 98 
 
 Strong wines freeze 20 
 
 Brandy freezes 7 
 
 Mercury freezes — 31H 
 
 SOUND 
 
 is the effect produced upon the ear when air is set in motion 
 within certain limits of rapidity. Audible sound begins when 
 about thirty-two vibrations per second are made, and ceases 
 when about 8000 vibrations per second are reached. 
 
 The number of vibrations corresponding with the middle 
 C of a musical instrument is 522 per second. An octave 
 below, half the number ; an octave above, twice the number. 
 
 Sound travels at the rate of 1100 feet per second in a still 
 atmosphere. The distance in feet between an observer and 
 the point where a stroke of lightening falls, may be known by 
 multiplying 1100 by the number of seconds that elapse after 
 the flash is seen until the sound is heard. 
 
 A MESSIEURS LES INVENTEUES FRANCAIS. 
 
 Les inventeurs francais non familiers avec la langue an- 
 glaise et qui prefereraient nous communiquer leurs inven- 
 tions en frangais, peuvent nous addresser dans leur langue 
 natale. Envoyez nous un dessein et une description concise 
 pour notre examen. Toutes communications seront rec^ies 
 en confidence. Chaque personne, soit native ou etrangere, 
 une seule exception, peut obtenir une patente dans les Etats 
 Unis sous les memes conditions que les citoyens. On parle 
 francais dans notre bureau. Munn & Co., 
 
 37 Park Row, New- York, Scientific American Office. 
 
WHAT WILL PREVENT A PATENT. 
 
 21 
 
 OFFICIAL 
 
 RULES AND DIRECTIONS 
 
 FOR 
 
 Proceedings in the Patent Office. 
 
 [The following embrace the principal official rules under 
 which the business at the Patent Office is now conducted.] 
 
 What will prevent the granting of a Patent. 
 
 Although an applicant may have actually made an inven- 
 tion, a patent therefor will not be granted him if the whole 
 or any part of what he claims as new has been patented, or 
 described in any printed publication in this or any foreign 
 country, or been invented or discovered in this country ; 
 nor if he has onjce abandoned his invention to the public, or 
 for more than two years consented and allowed it to be in 
 public use or on sale. 
 
 The mere fact of prior invention or discovery abroad will 
 not prevent the issue of the patent, unless the invention has 
 been there patented, or described in some printed publica- 
 tion. 
 
 Merely conceiving the idea of an improvement or machine 
 in this country is not such an " invention" or " discovery" 
 as is above contemplated. The invention must have been 
 reduced to a practical form, either by the construction of 
 the machine itself or of a model thereof, or at least by 
 making a full drawing of it, or in some other manner equal- 
 ly descriptive of its exact character, so that a mechanic 
 would be enabled, from the description given, to construct 
 a model thereof, before it will prevent a subsequent inventor 
 from obtaining a patent. 
 
22 THE SPECIFICATION. 
 
 The Specification. 
 
 Two or more distinct inventions may not be claimed un- 
 der one application for letters patent. No positive rules for 
 guidance can be laid down on this point ; but in general, 
 where there are several parts or elements of a machine, art, 
 process, manufacture, or composition of matter, having no 
 necessary or dependent connection with each other, and 
 each susceptible of separate and distinct use or application, 
 either by itself or in other connections, all set forth and 
 claimed under one application for letters patent, the office 
 requires the party to divide the application and confine the 
 claim to whichever invention he may elect. 
 
 Where a principle of operation or construction is invented 
 or discovered, the party is allowed to claim the principle 
 broadly, and one mode of carrying it into operation. 
 
 The specification must be signed by the inventor, (or by 
 his executor or administrator, if the inventor be dead.) It 
 should describe the sections of the drawings, (where there 
 are drawings,) and refer by letters and figures to the different 
 parts. 
 
 The oath may be taken (in this country) before any per- 
 son authorized by law to administer oaths. 
 
 The oath may be taken in a foreign country before any 
 minister plenipotentiary, charge d'affaires, consul, or com- 
 mercial agent, holding commission under the government of 
 the United States, or before any notary public of the coun- 
 try in which the oath is taken, being attested in all cases 
 by the proper official seal of such notary. 
 
 Drawings. 
 
 The applicant for a patent is required by law to furnish 
 duplicate drawings, where the nature of the case admits of 
 drawings, the office reference copy of which must be signed 
 by the applicant, and attested by two witnesses. These 
 should be sent with the specification. The drawings must 
 be neatly and artistically executed in fast colors, on one or 
 more sheets separate from the specification, the size of the 
 sheets to be twenty inches from top to bottom, and fifteen 
 across, this being the size of the patent. One of these 
 
DRAWINGS EXAMINATION. 
 
 23 
 
 drawings, to be kept in the office for reference, must be on 
 thick drawing-paper, sufficiently stiff to support itself up- 
 right in the portfolios. Tracings upon cloth, pasted upon 
 thick paper, will not be admitted. The other drawing, 
 which is to be attached to the patent, must have a margin 
 of one inch at least for that purpose on the right-hand side, 
 and should be on tracing-muslin, which will bear folding 
 and transportation, and not on paper. The drawings should 
 generally be in perspective, with such detached sectional 
 and plane views as to clearly show what is the invention, its 
 construction and operation. All thick drawings should be 
 colored and shaded, and when different materials are united 
 in a machine, as steel and iron, or wood and metal, the dis- 
 tinction should be indicated by different colors on the draw- 
 ings. Each part must be distinguished by the same number 
 or letter, wnenever that part is delineated in the drawings. 
 Applicants are advised to employ competent artists to 
 make the drawings, which will be returned if not executed 
 in conformity with these rules. Thick drawings should 
 never be folded for transmission. 
 
 Of the Examination. 
 
 All cases in the Patent Office are arranged in classes> 
 which are taken up for examination in regular rotation ; 
 those in the same class being examined and disposed of, as 
 far as practicable, in the order in which the respective applica- 
 tions are completed. When, however, the applicant has a 
 foreign patent for his invention, or when such invention is 
 deemed of peculiar importance to some branch of the pub- 
 lic service, and when, for that reason, the head of some de- 
 partment of the government specially requests immediate 
 action, the case will be taken up out of its order. These, 
 with applications for reissues, are the only exceptions to 
 the rule above stated in relation to the order of examina- 
 tion. 
 
 All amendments of the model, drawings, or specification 
 must relate to the subject-matter originally embraced in at 
 least one of them at the time of the filing of the applica- 
 tion. 
 
 The personal attendance of the applicant at the Patent 
 
24 PROTESTS SECRET ARCHIVES. 
 
 Office is unnecessary. The business can be done by corre- 
 spondence or by attorney. 
 
 When an application has been finally decided, the office 
 will retain the original papers, furnishing the applicant 
 copies — if he desires them — at the usual expense. 
 
 When a patent is granted, it will be transmitted to the 
 patentee, or to his agent having a full power of attorney 
 authorizing him to receive it. 
 
 Protests. 
 
 The Patent Office cannot stay the regular proceedings on 
 applications for letters patent in consequence of protests 
 founded upon ex parte statements, or upon affidavits from 
 parties claiming- to be aggrieved. 
 
 Retaining Patents in the Secret Archives. 
 
 An application upon which a patent has been allowed 
 may, at the request of the applicant, or of his assignee, 
 made before the patent has been recorded, be retained in 
 the secret archives of the office for a period not exceeding 
 six months from the date of the order to issue 
 
 Of Appeals. 
 
 After an application for a patent has been twice rejected 
 by the examiner having it in charge, it may, at the option 
 of the applicant, be brought before the board of examiners- 
 in-chief. 
 
 For this purpose a petition in writing must be filed, signed 
 by the party or his authorized agent or attorney, setting 
 forth in general terms that the said applicant believes the 
 rejection of his application to have been improper. 
 
 All cases which have been acted on by the board of ex- 
 aminers-in-chief may be brought before the Commissioner 
 in person, upon a written request to that effect, and upon j 
 the payment of the fee required by law. A decision deli- | 
 berately made and approved by one Commissioner will not 
 be disturbed by his successor. 
 
 [The official fee for an appeal from the Examiners-in- \ 
 Chief to the Commissioner in person, is $20. A further ap- ! 
 
APPEALS INTERFERENCES. 
 
 25 
 
 peal may be taken from the decision of the Commissioner 
 to the U. S. Court of the District of Columbia. Official fee, 
 -s25. Munn & Co. have had much successful experience in 
 conducting these appeals. Charges moderate.] 
 
 The mode of appeal from the decision of the office to the 
 Supreme Court of the District of Columbia is by giving 
 written notice thereof to the Commissioner, filing in the 
 Patent Office, within such time as the Commissioner shall 
 appoint, reasons of appeal, and paying to him the sum of 
 twenty-five dollars. 
 
 Of Interferences* 
 
 When each of two or more persons claims to be the first 
 inventor of the same thing, an " interference" is declared 
 between them, and a trial is had before the Commissioner. 
 Xor does the fact that one of the parties has already ob- 
 tained a patent prevent such an interference ; for, although 
 the Commissioner has no power to cancel a patent already 
 issued, he may, if he finds that another person was the prior 
 inventor, give him also a patent, and thus place them on an 
 equal footing before the courts and the public. 
 
 When an application is found to conflict with a caveat, 
 the caveator is allowed a period of three months within 
 which to present an application, when an interference may 
 be declared. 
 
 In cases of interference, patentees have the same reme- 
 dies by appeal as applicants in pending applications. 
 
 In contested cases, whether of interference or of exten- 
 sion, parties may have access to the testimony on file, prior 
 to the hearing, in presence of the officer in charge ; or, 
 when practicable, copies may be obtained by them at the 
 usual charges. 
 
 Upon the declaration of an interference, a day will be 
 fixed for closing the testimony, and a further day fixed for 
 the hearing of the cause. The arguments of counsel must 
 be in the office on the day of hearing. 
 
 If either party wishes a postponement, either of the day 
 for closing the testimony or of the day of hearing, he must, 
 before the day he thus seeks to postpone is past, show by 
 affidavit a sufficient reason for such postponement. 
 
26 
 
 RULES AS TO RE-ISSUES. 
 
 When an interference has been declared between two or 
 more parties, and testimony has been taken by either of 
 them, it will not be dissolved to admit a subsequent appli- 
 cant ; but when an interference is pending, and a new ap- 
 plication claiming the invention in controversy comes into the 
 Office before any ruling shall have been taken, the interfer- 
 ence will be dissolved and a new one declared, which shall 
 embrace all the claimants to the same invention. 
 
 [The management of Interferences is one of the most im- 
 portant duties in connection with Patent Office business. 
 Our terms for attention to Interferences are moderate, and 
 dependent upon the time required. Address all letters to 
 Munn & Co., No. 37 Park Row, New-York.] 
 
 Of Reissues. 
 
 A reissue is granted to the 
 original patentee, his heirs, 
 or the assignees of the entire 
 interest, when by reason of 
 an insufficient or defective 
 specification the original pat- 
 ent is invalid, provided the 
 error has arisen from inadvertence, accident, or mistake, 
 without any fraudulent or deceptive intention. 
 
 An assignee or assignees making application for a re- 
 issue must own the entire interest in the patent, and must 
 specify the date of the assignment. 
 
 The general rule is, that whatever is really embraced in 
 the original invention, and so described or shown that it 
 might have been embraced in the original patent, may be 
 the subject of a reissue. 
 
 Reissued patents expire at the same time that the original 
 patent would have done. For this reason, applications for 
 reissue will be acted upon immediately after they are com- 
 pleted. 
 
 A patentee may, at his option, have in his reissue a sepa- 
 rate patent for each distinct part of the invention compre- 
 hended in his original application, by paying the required 
 fee in each case, and complying with the other requirements 
 of the law, as in original applications. 
 
EXPENSES, ETC., OF REISSUES. 27 
 
 Each division of a reissue constitutes the subject of a 
 separate specification descriptive of the part or parts of the 
 invention claimed in such division ; and the drawing may 
 represent only such part or parts. 
 
 One or more divisions of a reissue may be granted, though 
 other divisions shall have been postponed or rejected. 
 
 In all cases of applications for reissues, the original claim 
 is subject to reexamination, and may be revised and re- 
 stricted in the same manner as in original applications. 
 
 But in all such cases, after the action of the Patent Office 
 has been made known to the applicant, if he prefers the 
 patent originally granted to that which will be allowed by 
 the decision of the Office, he has the privilege of abandon 
 ing the latter and retaining the old patent. 
 
 [The documents required for a Reissue are a Statement, 
 Petition, Oath, Specification, Drawings. The official fee is 
 $30. Our charge, in simple cases, is $25 for preparing and 
 attending to the case. Total ordinary expense, $55. Re- 
 issues may be applied for by the owners of the patent. 
 
 By means of Reissue, a patent may sometimes be divided 
 into several separate patents. Many of the most valuable 
 patents have been several times reissued and subdivided. 
 Where a patent is infringed and the claims are doubtful 
 or defective, it is common to apply for a Reissue with new 
 claims which shall specially meet the infringers. 
 
 On making application for Reissue, the old or original 
 patent must be surrendered to the Patent Office, in order 
 that a new patent may be issued in its place. If the origin- 
 al patent has been lost, a certified copy of the patent must 
 be furnished, with affidavit as to the loss. To enable us 
 to prepare a Reissue, the applicant should send to us the 
 original patent, remit as stated, and give a clear statement 
 of the points which he wishes to have corrected. We can 
 then immediately proceed with the case. Address Munn & 
 Co., 37 Park Row, New- York. We have had great expe- 
 rience in obtaining Reissues.] 
 
 Of Disclaimers. 
 Where, by inadvertence, accident, or mistake, the original 
 patent is too broad, a disclaimer may be filed either by the 
 original patentee or by any of his assignees. 
 
28 EULES AS TO EXTENSIONS. 
 
 Of Extensions. 
 
 The applicant for an exten- 
 sion must file his petition and 
 pay in the requisite fee at least 
 ninety days prior to the expi- 
 ration of his patent. There is 
 no power in the Patent Office 
 to renew a patent after it has 
 pnce expired. 
 
 The questions which arise on 
 each application for an exten- 
 sion are : 
 
 1. Is the invention novel ? 
 
 2. Is it useful ? 
 
 3. Is it valuable and important to the public ? 
 
 4. Has the inventor been adequately remunerated for his 
 time and expense in originating and perfecting it ? 
 
 5. Has he used due diligence in introducing his invention 
 into general use ? 
 
 The first two questions will be determined upon the re- 
 sult of an examination in the Patent Office ; as will also the 
 third, to some extent. 
 
 To enable the Commissioner to come to a correct conclu- 
 sion in regard to the third point of inquiry, the applicant 
 should, if possible, procure the testimony of persons disin- 
 terested in the invention, which testimony should be taken 
 under oath. 
 
 In regard to the fourth and fifth points of inquiry, in ad- 
 dition to his own oath showing his receipts and expendi- 
 tures on account of the invention, by which its value is to 
 be ascertained, the applicant should show, by the testimony 
 of witnesses on oath, that he has taken all reasonable mea- 
 sures to introduce his invention into general use ; and that, 
 without default or neglect on his part, he has failed to ob- 
 tain from the use and sale of the invention a reasonable re- 
 muneration for the time, ingenuity, and expense bestowed 
 on the same, and the introduction thereof into use. 
 
 In case of opposition by any person to the extension of 
 a patent, both parties may take testimony, each giving rea- 
 
FOREIGN PATENTS ASSIGNMENTS. 
 
 29 
 
 sonable notice to the other of the time and place of taking 
 said testimony, which shall be taken according to the rules 
 prescribed by the Commissioner of Patents in cases of in- 
 terference. 
 
 All arguments submitted must be in writing. 
 
 [Note. — Only patents issued prior to March 4, 1861, 
 can be extended. 
 
 Many valuable patents are annually expiring which might 
 readily be extended, and, if extended, might prove the 
 source of wealth to their fortunate possessors. 
 
 All the documents connected with extensions require to 
 be carefully drawn up and attended to, as any failure, dis- 
 crepancy, or untruth in the proceedings or papers is liable 
 to defeat the application. 
 
 In case of the decease of the inventor, his administrator 
 may apply for and receive the extension ; but no extension 
 can be applied for or granted to an assignee of an inventor. 
 Parties desiring extensions will address Munn & Co., 37 
 Park Row, N. Y.] 
 
 Of Foreign Patents. 
 
 The taking out of a patent in a foreign country does not 
 prejudice a patent previously obtained here ; nor does it pre- 
 vent obtaining a patent here subsequently. 
 
 When the patent is granted here, after being obtained 
 abroad, it will extend only seventeen years from the date 
 of the foreign patent. 
 
 Of Assignments and Grants. 
 
 The assignee of any invention may have the patent issue 
 to him directly ; but this is held to apply only to assignees 
 of entire interests. 
 
 Although when the inventor assigns his entire interest to 
 two or more, a patent will issue to them jointly, still, if he 
 yet retain a portion in himself, a joint patent will not be is- 
 sued to him and them ; the inventor, however, may make 
 himself an assignee of a part interest of his invention. 
 
 An inventor can assign his entire right before a patent is 
 obtained, so as to enable the assignee to take out a patent 
 in his own name ; but the assignment must first be recorded 
 and the specification sworn to by the inventor. 
 
30 FORM FOR ASSIGNMENTS. 
 
 After a patent is obtained, the patentee may grant the 
 right to make or use the thing patented in any specified 
 portion of the United States. 
 
 Every assignment or grant should be recorded within 
 three months from its date ; but if recorded after that time, 
 it will protect the assignee or grantee against any one pur- 
 chasing after the assignment or grant is placed on record. 
 
 When the patent is to issue in the name of the assignee, 
 the entire correspondence should be in his name. 
 
 The receipt of assignments is not generally acknowledged 
 by the office. They will be recorded in their turn within a 
 few days after their reception, and then transmitted to per- 
 sons entitled to them. A five-cent stamp, cancelled, is re- 
 quired on every assignment, and on every oath and every 
 certificate attached thereto. 
 
 Form of Assignment of the entire Interest in Letters Patent be- 
 fore obtaining the same^ and to be recorded preparatory 
 thereto. 
 
 Whereas I, Jethro Wood, of Scipio, in the county of 
 Cayuga, and State of New- York, have invented certain new 
 and useful improvements in ploughs, for which I am about 
 to make application for letters patent of the United States ; 
 and whereas David Peacock, of Burlington, New-Jersey, 
 has agreed to purchase from me all the right, title, and in- 
 terest which I have, or may have, in and to the said inven- 
 tion, in consequence of the grant of letters patent therefor, 
 and has paid to me, the said Wood, the sum of five thou- 
 sand dollars, the receipt of which is hereby acknowledged : 
 Now this indenture witnesseth, that, for and in considera- 
 tion of the said sum to me paid, I have assigned and trans- 
 ferred, and do hereby assign and transfer, to the said David 
 Peacock, the full and exclusive right to all the improve- 
 ments made by me, as fully set forth and described in the 
 specification which I have prepared and executed prepara- 
 tory to the obtaining of letters patent therefor. And I do 
 hereby authorize and request the Commissioner of Patents 
 to issue the said letters patent to the said David Peacock, 
 as the assignee of my whole right and title thereto, for the 
 
PART-INTEREST ASSIGNMENT. 31 
 
 sole use and behoof of the said David Peacock and his legal 
 representatives. 
 
 In testimony whereof, I have hereunto set my hand and 
 affixed my seal this 16th day of February, 1856. 
 
 Jethro Wood, [seal.] 
 Sealed and delivered in presence of — 
 George Clymer, 
 David Rittenhouse. 
 
 Form of a Grant of a Partial Eight in a Patent. 
 
 Whereas I, Jethro Wood, of Scipio, in the county of 
 Cayuga, and State of New- York, did obtain letters patent 
 of the United States for certain improvements in ploughs, 
 which letters patent bear date the 1st day of March, 1855 ; 
 and whereas David Peacock, of Burlington, New-Jersey, is 
 desirous of acquiring an interest therein : Now this indent- 
 ure witnesseth, that for and in consideration of the sum of 
 two thousand dollars, to me in hand paid, the receipt of 
 which is hereby acknowledged, I have granted, sold, and set 
 over, and do hereby grant, sell, and set over, unto the said 
 David Peacock, all the right, title, and interest which I have 
 in the said invention, as secured to me by said letters pat- 
 ent, for, to, and in the several States of New- York, New- 
 Jersey, and Pennsylvania, and in no other place or places ; 
 the same to be held and enjoyed by the said David Peacock, 
 for his own use and behoof, and for the use and behoof of 
 his legal representatives, to the full end of the term for 
 which said letters patent are granted, (if it is intended to 
 grant for any extended term, then add — and for the term 
 of any extension thereof,) as fully and entirely as the same 
 would have been held and enjoyed by me had this grant 
 and sale not been made. 
 
 In testimony whereof, I hereunto set my hand and affix 
 my seal this sixteenth day of February, 1856. 
 
 Jethro Wood. [seal.] 
 
 Sealed and delivered in presence of — 
 Jacob Perkins, 
 Benjamin Franklin. 
 
3 2 REVENUE-STAMPS — CORRESPONDENCE. 
 
 [Records of the title or ownership in patents are kept at 
 Washington. Persons who wish to have searches made 
 should address Munn & Co., 37 Park Kow. See " Other 
 Information," page 7.] 
 
 Stamps. 
 
 Revenue stamps must be attached as follows : 
 
 A stamp of the value of fifty cents is required upon each 
 power of attorney authorizing an attorney or agent to 
 transact business with this office relative to an application 
 for a patent. 
 
 No assignment directing a patent to issue to an assignee 
 or assignees will be recognized by the Patent Office unless 
 every sheet or piece of paper upon which such an assign- 
 ment shall be written shall have affixed thereto a stamp of 
 the value of five cents. 
 
 A stamp of the value of five cents is required upon each 
 certificate of a magistrate. 
 
 Rules of Correspondence. 
 
 All correspondence must be in the name of the Commis- 
 sioner of Patents ; and all letters and other communica- 
 tions intended for the office must be addressed to him. If 
 addressed to any of the other officers, they will not be no- 
 ticed, unless it should be seen that the mistake was owing 
 to inadvertence. A separate letter should in every case be 
 written in relation to each distinct subject of inquiry or ap- 
 plication, the subject of the invention and the date of filing 
 being always carefully noted. 
 
 When an agent has filed his power of attorney, duly exe- 
 cuted, the correspondence will, in ordinary cases, be held 
 with him only. A double correspondence with him and his 
 principal, if generally allowed, would largely enhance the 
 labor of the office. For the same reason, the assignee of 
 the entire interest in an invention is alone entitled to hold 
 correspondence with the Office, to the exclusion of the in- 
 ventor. If the principal becomes dissatisfied, he must re- 
 voke his power of attorney, and notify the Office, which 
 will then communicate with him. 
 
PREPARING PAPERS GIVING INFORMATION. 33 
 
 Of tJie Filing and Preservation of Papers. 
 
 All claims and specifications filed in the office (including 
 amendments) must be written in a fair, legible hand, with- 
 out interlineations or erasures, except such as are clearly 
 stated in a marginal or foot-note written on the same sheet 
 of paper ; or, failing in which, the office may require them 
 to be printed. 
 
 All papers filed in the office will be regarded as perma- 
 nent records of the office, and must never, on any account, 
 be changed, further than to correct mere clerical mistakes. 
 
 Of giving or withholding Information. 
 
 Aside from the caveats, which are required by law to be 
 kept secret, all pending applications are, as far as practica- 
 ble, preserved in like secrecy. No information will there- 
 fore be given those inquiring whether any particular case is 
 before the office, or whether any particular person has ap- 
 plied for a patent. 
 
 But if a party whose application has been rejected allows 
 the matter to rest for two years without taking any further 
 steps therein, he will be regarded as having abandoned his 
 application, so far at least that it will no longer be protect- 
 ed by any rule of secrecy. The specification, drawings, and 
 model will then be subject to inspection in the same manner 
 as those of patented or withdrawn applications. 
 
 Information in relation to pending cases is given so far as 
 it becomes necessary in conducting the business of the Of- 
 fice, but no further. Thus, when an interference is declared 
 between two pending applications, each of the contestants 
 is entitled to a knowledge of so much of his antagonist's 
 case as to enable him to conduct his own understandingly. 
 
 Where the rejection of an application is founded upon 
 another case previously rejected, but not withdrawn or 
 abandoned, the rejected applicant will be furnished with all 
 information in relation to the previously rejected case which 
 is necessary for the proper understanding and management 
 of his own. 
 
 When an applicant claims a certain device, and the same 
 device is found described but not claimed in another pending 
 application which was previously filed, information of the 
 
34 CLAIMS AND SUGGESTIONS. 
 
 filing of such second application is always given to the 
 prior applicant, with a suggestion that if he desires to claim 
 a patent for that device, he should forthwith modify his 
 specification accordingly. 
 
 But where the application, which thus describes a device 
 without claiming it, is suosequent in date to that wherein 
 such device is claimed, the general rule is, that no notice 
 of the claim in the previous application is given to the sub- 
 sequent applicant. But where there are any special rea- 
 sons to doubt whether the prior applicant is really the in- 
 ventor of the device claimed, or where there are any other 
 peculiar and sufficient reasons for departing from the rule 
 above stated, the Office reserves to itself the right of so 
 doing without its being regarded as a departure from the 
 established rule. 
 
 The Office cannot respond to inquiries as to the novelty 
 of an alleged invention, in advance of an application for a 
 patent, nor to inquiries founded upon brief and imperfect 
 descriptions propounded with a view of ascertaining whether 
 such alleged improvements have been patented, and if so, to 
 whom ; nor can it act as an expounder of the patent law, 
 nor as counsellor for individuals. 
 
 ftW' The reader will bear in mind that the foregoing are 
 the official rules for doing business at the Patent Office. 
 
 Inquiries as to the novelty of inventions may be address- 
 ed to Munn & Co., 37 Park Row, N. Y. See pages 5 and 6. 
 
 Base all your actions upon a principle of right ; preserve 
 your integrity of character, and in doing this never reckon 
 on the cost. 
 
 The world estimates men by their success in life, and, by 
 general consent, success is evidence of superiority. 
 
 Arsenic volatilizes before it fuses, and antimony melts a 
 little below redness. Professor Draper thinks he has shown 
 that all substances become red at the same point — 1006 de- 
 grees Fahrenheit. 
 
MODELS TRACING PAPER. 
 
 35 
 
 MODELS. 
 
 It is always better for in- 
 ventors to have their models 
 constructed under their own 
 supervision, even at an in- 
 creased cost in money or time. 
 During the making of the mod- 
 el, the inventor often perceives 
 points where important changes 
 can be made, or where the in- 
 vention may be rendered more 
 perfect than was at first con- 
 templated. But in some instances, owing to residence in 
 distant parts or other causes, it is impossible for the invent- 
 or to furnish a model. In such cases, we (Munn & Co.) can 
 have proper models built by experienced and trusty makers, 
 at moderate charges. 
 
 TRACING PAPER. 
 
 Open a quire of double crown tissue-paper, and brush the 
 first sheet with a mixture of mastic varnish and oil of tur- 
 pentine, equal parts ; proceed with each sheet similarly, and 
 dry them on lines by hanging them up singly. As the pro- 
 cess goes on, the under sheets absorb a portion of the var- 
 nish, and require less than if single sheets were brushed 
 separately. The inventor of this varnish for tracing-paper 
 received a medal and premium from the Royal Society. It 
 leaves the paper quite light and transparent, it may readily 
 be written on, and drawings traced with a pen are perma- 
 nently visible. Used by learners to draw out lines. The 
 paper is placed on the drawing, which is clearly seen, and 
 an outline is made, taking care to hold the tracing-paper 
 steady. In this way, elaborate drawings are easily copied. 
 
 Alcohol has more than double the expansive force of 
 water of the same temperature. The steam of alcohol at 
 174° is equal to that of water at 212°. When proper 
 means can be invented for saving the fluid from being lost, 
 it is supposed that alcohol can be employed with advantage 
 as the moving power for engines. 
 
36 
 
 VOICE OF THE PEOPLE. 
 
 VOICE OF THE PEOPLE. 
 
 We might fill several volumes with flat- 
 tering testimonials from all parts of the 
 world, certifying to the great value of The 
 Scientific American, but the limits of this 
 little book only permit us to make a few 
 selections. Read the following : 
 
 Messrs. Editors : Since I had the plea- 
 sure of receiving the back numbers of your 
 interesting and instructive journal, I have 
 shown specimens to several influential man- 
 ufacturers and intelligent mechanics in this 
 vicinity. One man told me that he had 
 twice obtained five dollars for a single re- 
 cipe that he copied out of The Scientific 
 American, which he has taken regularly for 
 several years ; and I presume this is not an isolated case, 
 by many hundreds. It is just such journals as yours that 
 are annually condensed into encyclopedias, the compilers of 
 which roughly scoop off the cream of all the new discover- 
 ies in science and art that have been recorded in the col- 
 umns of various periodicals during the year ; but the facts 
 set forth in such annual works are often so mutilated or dis- 
 torted in the condensation, and so meagre in outline, as to 
 be practically of no value. Every mechanic and farmer in 
 the land should subscribe for The Scientific American, 
 not only for his own benefit, but also that of his children ; 
 he may have a Franklin or a Fulton, a West or a Watt, in 
 that little marble-player whom he pets in his leisure hours ; 
 and the natural bias of the child's mind toward mechanical 
 or agricultural pursuits requires to be confirmed or further 
 developed by intellectual nourishment of such a quality and 
 quantity as can be derived only from a journal like your 
 own. 
 
 Never make money at the expense of your reputation. 
 Say but little — think much and do more. 
 Avoid borrowing and lending. 
 
THE CONDENSING ENGINE. 
 
 37 
 
 THE STEAM-ENGINE. 
 
 Every mechanic and inventor should make himself gen- 
 erally familiar with the construction and operation of the 
 steam-engine. To assist them in gaining this knowledge, 
 we subjoin for reference a diagram of the common Con- 
 densing Engine, with letters of reference to the names of 
 the various parts : 
 
 VW///////M/, { 
 
 a, steam cylinder ; 6, piston ; c, upper steam port or pas- 
 sage ; c?, lower steam port ; e e y parallel motion ; //, beam ; 
 g, connecting rod ; A, crank ; i i y fly-wheel ; k &, eccentric 
 and its rod for working the steam-valve ; l y steam- valve and 
 casing ; m, throttle-valve ; n y condenser ; o, injection-cock ; 
 p, air-pump ; q, hot well ; r, shifting-valve to create vacuum 
 in condenser previous to starting the engine ; s, feed-pump 
 to supply boilers ; t y cold-water pump to supply condenser ; 
 u, governor. A study of the above diagram and descrip- 
 tion, in connection with attentive observation of engines in 
 motion, will be of much assistance in acquiring a general 
 understanding of the machine. We recommend the follow- 
 
38 
 
 HIISTTS TO LETTER-WRITERS. 
 
 I 
 
 ing standard works for careful study by all who desire to 
 become thoroughly posted : Bourne's Catechism of the 
 Steam-Engine, Main & Brown's Marine Steam-Engine. 
 
 [From The Scientific American.] 
 
 A HINT TO LETTER- WRITING BORES. 
 
 E consider, as a general thing, that our 
 correspondents are a fair and high-minded 
 set of men, such as we are most happy to 
 accommodate by answering, so far as it is 
 in our power, all their inquiries ; but there 
 are a few of whom we can very justly com- 
 plain. They put to us all sorts of ques- 
 tions, to answer which might require a 
 half-day of our valuable time ; and if we 
 snub them off with a short answer, they are 
 likely to reply back in complaining terms. 
 It cannot be reasonably expected of us, 
 that we shall spend our time in such — to 
 us — profitless letter- writing. We mean to be accommo- 
 dating, but cannot consent to waste all our time in getting 
 information for correspondents who seem not to know how 
 to appreciate either our forbearance or the value of our 
 time. As an example of what we mean, we have a case 
 before us. A correspondent wants us to hunt through our 
 files for a notice of some book which appeared in The 
 Scientific American some years ago, and to help him to 
 find the book. He also wants us to find for him an English 
 book which we do not believe can be had in this market. 
 Another correspondent wants us to send to England without 
 delay to get something which would require time and money 
 to procure for him, but in regard to which he don't even 
 inclose a three-cent stamp to pre-pay our letter. Another 
 incloses three cents, and wants a calculation made which 
 would cost us two hours' hard study. It is well enough for 
 such correspondents to know that our time is worth to us 
 more than a cent and a half per hour. Treat us fairly, and 
 you will have no cause of complaint. 
 
VOICE OF THE PRESS. 
 
 39 
 
 VOICE OF THE PRESS. 
 
 In examining the pages of 
 our journal, we find them 
 so covered with brilliant 
 gems of commendation 
 that it is difficult to select 
 one which is more spark- 
 ling than another. We 
 therefore take the follow- 
 ing at random : 
 
 " The distinction achiev- 
 ed by the world-renowned 
 firm of Munn & Co., as Solicitors of Patents, is alike deserved 
 and commanding — deserved, because they have spared no 
 effort nor expense since they entered upon their responsible 
 vocation — commanding, because it is a distinction supported 
 and upheld by all the scientific appliances within the reach 
 of modern enterprise, and carries along with it a prestige 
 which we in vain look for in the history of any similar firm. 
 To the scores of inventors who are to be met with in this 
 State — and especially to those among them whose diffidence 
 may have hitherto restrained them from giving their dis- 
 coveries to the world — we would say, by all means consult 
 the firm of Messrs. Munn & Co., 37 Park Row, New-York, 
 confident, as we feel, that by so doing (should your inven- 
 tions possess merit) you will not only put yourself in the 
 way of securing a patent for the same, but at the same time 
 reap the satisfaction of knowing that you have committed 
 your claims to hands emphatically qualified successfully to 
 carry them out. We have deemed it a duty, in this mode, 
 to ' say our say' in regard to an Agency which, while, we 
 trust, it has been able to make its highly important busi- 
 ness pay, has, at the same time, nobly upheld the true prin- 
 ciples of scientific investigation, scorning to make the latter 
 in the least degree subservient to merely pecuniary consid- 
 erations." — Rahway (N. J.) Times and Register, 
 
 A cubic foot of air weighs 523 grains — a little more than 
 an ounce. A cubic foot of water weighs 1000 ounces. 
 
40 
 
 IMPORTANCE OF FOREIGN PATENTS. 
 
 POBEIGN PATENTS. 
 
 American Inventors 
 should bear in mind that, as 
 a general rule, any invention 
 which is valuable to the pat- 
 entee in this country, is worth 
 equally as much in England 
 and some other foreign coun- 
 tries. Four patents — Amer- 
 ican, English, French, and 
 Belgian — will secure an in- 
 ventor exclusive monopoly 
 to his discovery among one 
 hundred millions of the most 
 intelligent people in the 
 w r orld. The facilities of busi- 
 ness and steam communication are such, that patents can 
 be obtained abroad by our citizens almost as easily as at 
 home. 
 
 Models are not required in any European country, but 
 the utmost care and experience is necessary in the prepara- 
 tion of the specifications and drawings. A variety of small 
 tax duties and other fees must be paid ; many official for- 
 malities are also to be observed in obtaining foreign patents. 
 It is therefore important that the applicant should place his 
 business in the hands of established and reliable agents. 
 
 For the past twenty years, the majority of all patents 
 taken out by Americans in foreign countries have been ob- 
 tained through Munn & Co.'s Scientific American Patent 
 Agency, and nearly all of this foreign patent business is 
 still done by us. Our experience and success in this branch 
 is very great. 
 
 The following summary will give a general idea of the 
 expenses and duration of European Patents : 
 
 Great Britain. — Patents are granted for fourteen years 
 to any person who is the inventor or the first importer. If 
 a patent has been previously obtained in any other country, 
 the British patent expires with it. The British patent ex- 
 tends over Great Britain and Ireland, but does not include 
 
COSTS OF FOREIGN" PATENTS. 41 
 
 the Colonies. Separate patents are issued by the Colonies. 
 The cost of a British patent is generally about $350, of 
 which $100, for Provisional Protection, are payable at the 
 time of making application, and the remainder in four 
 months. Three years from the date of the patent a further 
 sum of £50 must be paid, and a final sum of £100 at the 
 end of seven years. 
 
 British Patents for designs, having reference to articles 
 of utility, intended to protect the shape or configuration of 
 the article, are granted for three years ; expense, $100. 
 
 France. — Term of the patent, fifteen years. Annual fees, 
 $20. Total expenses of obtaining, about $150. 
 
 Belgium. — Term of the patent, twenty years. Small an- 
 nual fees. Expense of obtaining, about $150. 
 
 EXPENSE OF FOREIGN PATENTS INCLUSIVE OF ALL FEES. 
 
 Austria, $250 
 
 Bavaria, 150 
 
 Belgium, 150 
 
 Cuba, 450 
 
 France, 150 
 
 Great Britain, 350 
 
 India, 400 
 
 Italy, 250 
 
 Netherlands, $150 
 
 Portugal, 250 
 
 Prussia, 200 
 
 Russia, 550 
 
 Saxony, 250 
 
 Spain, 400 
 
 Sweden and Norway,... .... 600 
 
 Parties intending to secure patents abroad will please ad- 
 dress Munn & Co., 37 Park Row, New- York, and obtain 
 their pamphlet (free) relating exclusively to Foreign Pat- 
 ents. 
 
 Caution. — Pay no attention to the solicitations of foreign 
 agents of unknown responsibility, w r ho send circulars to 
 parties whose names they copy from the patent lists of The 
 Scientific American. 
 
 Clear, dry, cold air contains more oxygen, is more brac- 
 ing to the human system, and is heavier than moist air. 
 People are accustomed to say that the air on damp days 
 feels heavy ; but the truth is, the air is lighter, and there- 
 fore the blood is less oxydized, and the feelings conse- 
 quently depressed. 
 
42 
 
 HOW TO SELL PATENTS. 
 
 HOW TO SELL PATENTS. 
 
 In the prefatory portion of this lit- 
 tle work, we have presented hints 
 upon the general success of invent- 
 ors, and the great value of even the 
 simplest inventions. But it must not 
 be supposed, because a patent is 
 granted, that the world will run after 
 an unknown man to buy from him an 
 unknown patent. In order to sell a 
 patent, judicious effort is required on 
 the part of the inventor or his agent. 
 Indeed, his final success will depend, 
 to a considerable extent, upon his 
 business tact and energy. He should 
 make himself thoroughly conversant 
 with the merits of his invention, and 
 should prepare specimens or model machines thereof, made 
 in the most perfect manner, so as readily to exhibit the op- 
 erations of the improvement to others. 
 
 After obtaining a patent, the first grand requisite in ef- 
 fecting its sale is to make the merits and importance of the 
 improvement publicly known. This may be done in various 
 ways : by advertisements in newspapers, by cards, circulars, 
 pamphlets, etc., by local and travelling agents. Some per- 
 sons appoint agents in each town or county, giving them a 
 liberal portion of the net proceeds for the sale of rights, or 
 a handsome per cent upon the receipts for machines sold. 
 In estimating the value of patent rights for different States, 
 counties, etc., one very common method is to fix the price 
 with reference to the amount of population. 
 
 One of the most comprehensive and powerful methods 
 of bringing the merits of an invention before the public, is 
 to have it noticed and engraved in The Scientific Ameri- 
 can. This paper, published weekly, has a large circulation. 
 It is seen by probably not less than one or two hundred 
 thousand readers, who comprise all of the most intelligent 
 persons of scientific and mechanical acquirements in the 
 country. The fact of publication in The Scientific Amer- 
 
HOW TO SELL PATENTS. 43 
 
 ican is a passport to their attention and favor. It is upon 
 the judgment and advice of scientific and mechanical per- 
 sons that the purchasers of patent rights and new inven- 
 tions are apt to rely. " Yes, that is a good invention. It 
 has been well illustrated in The Scientific American, and 
 I fully understand its construction. I advise you to pur- 
 chase the right." We suppose that more patents are sold 
 upon such advice than by all other agencies and means put 
 together. 
 
 To assist the sale, it is always advisable to have the pat- 
 ent taken out through the Scientific American Agency. 
 The study necessary to the preparation of the specification 
 and drawings familiarizes our minds with the merits of the 
 invention, and as all worthy inventions patented by us are 
 noticed in The Scientific American, we are enabled to 
 speak of them with some degree of authority. 
 
 We keep artists constantly employed in preparing en- 
 gravings for The Scientific American. All our engravings 
 are original. We never print old cuts. Parties who desire 
 to have engravings inserted in The Scientific American 
 will please address Munn & Co., 37 Park Row, New- York. 
 After publication, the engravings will be returned to the 
 owner, who can then use them for other papers, circulars, 
 etc. 
 
 AGENTS TO SELL. 
 
 We are often asked to give the names of parties who 
 make it a business to sell patents. We are rarely enabled 
 to do so. Such concerns are generally quite fugitive in 
 their character. An office is opened, signs displayed, a few 
 customers engaged, and then suddenly the shop is closed. 
 The truth is, that the profit upon the sales of a single good 
 patent is equivalent to a fortune, and the business it fur- 
 nishes is enough to fully engage the attention of many per- 
 sons. Our advice to patentees is : Take hold of the busi- 
 ness of selling yourselves. If you want assistance, search 
 for agents among your friends, and interest them specially 
 in your invention. 
 
44 
 
 INCOME FROM PATENTS. 
 
 KOYALTY. 
 
 One very profitable source of income from patents is roy- 
 alty. This, in effect, involves a sort of contract between a 
 patentee and a manufacturer, by which the latter, in consid- 
 eration of license to make the thing, agrees to pay to the j 
 patentee a specified sum upon each article when sold. The j 
 patentee of the chimney-spring, now so commonly used to j 
 fasten chimneys upon lamps, was accustomed to grant li- 
 censes to manufacturers on receiving a royalty of a few 
 cents per dozen. His income was at one time reported to 
 be fifty thousand dollars a year from this source. Howe, 
 the inventor of the sewing-machine, is said to receive a 
 royalty of from five to ten dollars on each machine, and his 
 annual income has been estimated at five hundred thousand 
 dollars. We might give many examples of success. The 
 license and royalty plan is oftentimes the most profitable 
 method of employing patents. 
 
 A Circle is the most capacious 
 of all plain figures, or. contains the 
 greatest area within the same out- 
 line or perimeter. 
 
 To find the circumference of a 
 circle, multiply the diameter by 
 3.1416, and the product will be the 
 circumference. 
 
 To find the diameter of a circle, 
 divide the circumference by 3.1416, 
 and the quotient will be the diam- 
 
 eter. 
 
 Any circle whose diameter is double that of another, con- 
 tains four times the area of the other. 
 
 Some employers think themselves entitled to the owner- 
 ship of all inventions made by their workmen. But this is 
 not so. Employers have no claim to the inventions of their 
 workmen unless it can be shown that the latter was special- 
 ly employed to bring out such inventions. 
 
VALUE OF PATENTS. 
 
 45 
 
 [From The Scientific American.] 
 PATENTS ON SMALL THINGS. 
 
 An English firm has lately pat- 
 ented a peculiar shape for candle- 
 ends. By making them conical, or 
 tapering, they will fit any candle- 
 stick without being papered or tin- 
 kered up in other ways. Now, a 
 very small royalty on each pound 
 of candles will give a large annual 
 revenue to the inventors, and the 
 pecuniary value of their idea is 
 seen at once. Similar instances 
 might be given from cases at home, 
 where inventors have originated 
 some simple article in daily use and secured it, they have 
 received large rewards. "-Despise not the day of small 
 things," says the proverb, and we may say, in addition, de- 
 ride no idea as useless that tends to advance the arts and 
 sciences, merely because it seems simple. 
 
 A very great misconception prevails in the minds of 
 many persons in respect to patents. They are regarded 
 chiefly as stepping-stones to fame or passports to future no- 
 toriety. This is a huge delusion. An invention is first 
 and principally an investment, just as an artist's picture, al- 
 though an inspiration, is a commercial venture. The glory 
 and renown attaching to either picture or invention is the 
 afterpart, the dessert to the solid feast on dollars and cents. 
 The natural result of the mistake alluded to is to lead per- 
 sons to underrate the value of their ideas. It is not at all 
 uncommon to hear individuals exclaim, " What ! get a pat- 
 ent on that thing !" in alluding to some little affair that can 
 be carried in the pocket. That very despised " thing" will 
 doubtless be the foundation of a good fortune, as many a 
 similar article has been before it. 
 
 The improvement in some art or manufacture suggests 
 itself to an individual, and he straightway applies it to his 
 own use with very great advantage. Now, what shall he 
 do ? Patent it and secure the fruit of his genius to him- 
 
46 CONDUCTING POWER OF METALS. 
 
 self, or give it to the world without price ? The business 
 man would say the former ; because if notoriety be the ob- 
 ject, great patents confer not only means, but distinction, 
 and where the first is attained, the second follows. 
 
 [From The Scientific American.] 
 A SPARKLING VANE. 
 
 A very curious and elegant vane for buildings may be 
 made by placing in the centre a spiral or twisted spindle, as 
 shown in the above cut. This spindle should be hung on 
 delicate pivots, and the spaces between the spiral flanches 
 nearly covered with small pieces of looking-glass or thin 
 pieces of mica. The least breeze will put it in motion, and 
 as the reflectors will assume every possible position, several 
 of them will be sure to present the reflection of the sun at 
 every revolution, from whatever point it may be viewed, 
 thus producing a constant and very brilliant sparkling. 
 
 ELECTRICAL CONDUCTING POWER OF 
 METALS. 
 
 The effect of the electrical discharge on metallic bodies 
 is to raise their temperature to a less or greater degree, ac- 
 cording to their conducting power. The best conductors 
 are silver and copper ; the poorest, lead ; as will be seen 
 from the subjoined table : 
 
 Heat evolved. Conducting Power. 
 
 Silver, 6 120 
 
 Copper, 6 120 
 
 Gold, 9 80 
 
 Zinc 18 40 
 
 Platinum, 30 24 
 
 Iron, 30 24 
 
 Tin, 36 20 
 
 Lead, 72 12 
 
THE PRELIMINARY EXAMINATION. 
 
 47 
 
 [From The Scientific American.] 
 
 IMPORTANT TO INVENTORS. 
 
 The United States Patent Office at Washington contains 
 nearly 50,000 models pertaining to patented inventions, all 
 of which are open to public inspection and examination, 
 together with the drawings and specifications relating there- 
 to. But the distance of the Capital and the time and ex- 
 pense involved in a journey thither deter, in fact, the 
 majority of inventors from reaping the advantages which a 
 personal examination of previously patented inventions 
 might oftentimes give them. To obviate this difficulty we 
 (Munn & Co.) are in the habit of making these examinations 
 at the Patent Office for inventors. When it is desired to 
 ascertain definitely whether an invention, believed to be 
 new, has been previously made, or to what extent, if any, 
 it has been anticipated, the applicant sends to us a rough 
 sketch and description of the device. We then make a 
 thorough examination in the Patent Office at Washington, 
 and report the result to the applicant. The charge for this 
 service is only §5, and it is frequently the means of saving 
 the applicant the entire expense of preparing a model, pay- 
 ing Government fees, etc., by revealing the fact that the 
 whole or material portion of his improvement was previous- 
 ly known. This preliminary examination is sometimes also 
 of importance in assisting to properly prepare the papers, 
 so as to avoid conflicting with other inventions in the same 
 class. The reader should carefully note the distinction 
 made between this preliminary examination at the Patent 
 Office and the examination and opinion given at our office, 
 either orally or by letter, for which no fee is expected. It 
 is only when a special search is made at the Patent Office 
 that the fee of $5 is required. We are able, in a vast num- 
 ber of cases submitted to us, to decide the question of pa- 
 tentability without this special search. See page 6 of this 
 little work. 
 
 When the air is exhausted from a pump-tube, (usually 
 done by means of a piston,) the pressure of the atmosphere 
 will cause the water to rise in the tube to a height of thirty 
 feet. 
 
48 VALUE OP THE SCIENTIFIC AMERICAN. 
 
 " The Scientific American. — We are sure 
 that if a few words of seasonable commend- 
 ation should induce any of 
 
 should induce any of that large class 
 of intelligent readers who can appreciate true 
 merit, to subscribe for this excellent publi- 
 cation, we shall be abundantly rewarded in 
 the conviction of having earned their grati- 
 tude. It is only recently that we have looked 
 into its columns with any degree of regular- 
 ity, and we take an early opportunity to ex- 
 press the extreme satisfaction and interest 
 which we have experienced in doing so. To condense our 
 idea of its most valuable characteristic into one sentence, we 
 consider The Scientific American as embodying the high- 
 est function of all science, namely, its application to the 
 practical, every-day concerns of life, in clear, pure, agree- 
 able language. It will prove a pleasant guest and a use- 
 ful companion at any fireside it may enter." — Watchman, 
 Greenport, L. I. 
 
 The Scientific American ought to be taken, read, and 
 studied by every intelligent man, young or old, worker or 
 idler, rich or poor, in the country. It commends itself to 
 every one, and is useful and interesting to all. The most 
 scientific may learn from it, and the unscientific understand 
 it. It has a peculiar charm about it that interests and af- 
 fects every person with a grain of sense in his head. We 
 are in the habit of sending our copy, after a thorough pe- 
 rusal, to the army, and the friend who receives it writes us, 
 that he likes it better than any other paper; that it is long- 
 ingly waited for, and eagerly read by his comrades, and 
 never ceases its circulation until so bethumbed that its col- 
 umns are no longer readable. — Westchester County Journal. 
 
 Remember that, by subscribing to The Scientific Ameri- 
 can, you receive, in the course of the year, an amount of 
 reading matter nearly equal to four thousand ordinary book 
 pages. 
 
 The light of lightning 
 from 150 to 200 miles. 
 
 and its reflections, will penetrate 
 
HOW TO COMPUTE HORSE-POWER. 49 
 
 HORSE-POWER. 
 
 When "Watt began to introduce his steam-engines he 
 wished to be able to state their power as compared with 
 that of horses, which were then generally employed for 
 driving mills. He accordingly made a series of experiments, 
 which led him to the conclusion that the average power of 
 a horse was sufficient to raise about 33,000 lbs. one foot in 
 vertical height per minute, and this has been adopted in 
 England and this country as the general measure of power. 
 
 A waterfall has one horse-power for every 33,000 lbs. of 
 water flowing in the stream per minute, for each foot of 
 fall. To compute the power of a stream, therefore, multi- 
 ply the area of its cross section in feet by the velocity in 
 feet per minute, and we have the number of cubic feet flow- 
 ing along the stream per minute. Multiply this by 62£, 
 the number of pounds in a cubic foot of water, and this by 
 the vertical fall in feet, and we have the foot-pounds per 
 minute of the fall ; dividing by 33,000 gives us the horse- 
 power. 
 
 For example : A stream flows through a flume 10 feet 
 wide, and the depth of the water is 4 feet ; the area of the 
 cross section will be 40 feet. The velocity is 150 feet per 
 minute — 40X150=6000=the cubic feet of water flowing 
 per minute. 6000X62|-=:3'75,000=:the pounds of water 
 flowing per minute. The fall is 10 feet; 10X375,000= 
 3,750,000=the foot-pounds of the water-fall. Divide 3,750,- 
 000 by 33,000, and we have 113f^ as the horse-power of 
 the fall. 
 
 The power of a steam-engine is calculated by multiplying 
 together the area of the piston in inches, the mean pressure 
 in pounds per square inch, the length of the stroke in feet, 
 and the number of strokes per minute; and dividing bv 
 33,000. 
 
 Water-wheels yield from 50 to 91 per cent of the water. 
 The actual power of a steam-engine is less than the indicat- 
 ed power, owing to a loss from friction ; the amount of this 
 loss varies with the arrangement of the engine and the per- 
 fection of the workmanship. 
 
50 
 
 HEAT-CONDUCTING POWER OF BODIES. 
 
 ZUR BEACHTUN& FUR DEUTSCHE ER- 
 FINDER. 
 
 2)ie Untergetdfjneten baben cine 
 2Mettung berausgegeben, roelc^e 
 angiebt rea§ JU befolgen ift urn ein 
 patent gu ftd?em, unb felbtge roirb 
 auf £ortofreie Infrage gratis abge* 
 geben. 
 
 9cad) bem ueuen ^atent*©efe£e 
 femien burger alter Sanber, mit 
 einer einjigen 5Iu3nabme, $atente 
 in ben Serettttgteri (Staatcn gu ben* 
 felben 23ebingungen ertangen, roie 
 bie SBitrger ber SSereuugten^taaten 
 fetbft. 
 
 3Rutm SS <£o„ 
 
 Ho. 37 park Horn, ttnu-ljork. 
 Scientific American Office. 
 
 SOMETHING TO BE REMEMBERED. 
 
 American Patents, granted to foreigners, become invalid, 
 if the patent is not put and continued on sale, on reasonable 
 terms, within eighteen months from the date of the patent. 
 Law of 1836, section 15, page 61. 
 
 HEAT-CONDUCTING POWER OF DIFFER- 
 ENT BODIES. 
 
 Gold, 1000 
 
 Platinum, 9S1 
 
 Silver, 973 
 
 Copper, 89S 
 
 Iron, 374 
 
 Zinc, 363 
 
 Tin, 3^4 
 
 Lead, ISO 
 
 Marble, 24 
 
 Porcelain, 12 { 
 
 Fire Clav, 11 
 
 Fire Brick, 11 
 
 RELATIVE CONDUCTING POWER OF 
 FLUIDS. 
 
 Mercury, 1000 I Proof Spirit, 
 
 Water, 357 | Alcohol, (pure,) 
 
 312 
 
IMPORTANCE OF CHEMICAL INVENTIONS. 51 
 
 [From the Scientific American.] 
 
 FIELD FOR CHEMICAL INVENTION. 
 
 • 
 Less than five per cent of all the patents issued are for 
 chemical inventions. The first impression which this fact 
 leaves is that the chemists are not so wide awake as the 
 mechanics. And it seems, too, as if the chemists have the 
 best chance, for they have the range of all the combina- 
 tions, almost infinite in number, of all the sixty or more 
 simple substances or elements, while the mechanic is limited 
 in all his inventions to the use of only five mechanical ele- 
 ments. But this course of reasoning is a little unfair for 
 the chemist, if we wish to determine his real merit as a 
 benefactor of mankind. Thus far the introduction of new 
 substances has been too slow and too much the result of 
 chance. Illuminating gas was known as a chemical product 
 for centuries before any use of it was made ; iodine, chromine, 
 chloroform, aniline, and a hundred other things, now com- 
 mon, were for a very long time only rare specimens on the 
 shelves of the chemist's curiosity-shop, before they were 
 found to be of the greatest value to men, and we cannot 
 have a doubt that much more of the same kind of wealth is 
 soon to be developed. May we not reasonably expect that 
 virtues may be discovered in things now neglected, which 
 will directly lead to the invention of arts more wonderful 
 and more useful than photography or electro-telegraphing ? 
 
 A correspondent, writing from Buffalo, says, in speaking 
 of the value of The Scientific American to its host of read- 
 ers : "I would as soon think of going without supper on 
 Thursday night as to neglect to call at the book-store for 
 the Paper of papers ; and I am proud to say that I have 
 influenced many others to ' go and do likewise.' I have my 
 volumes complete and nicely bound from volume five ; and 
 should poverty ever compel me to sell my library, my Bible 
 and my Scientific American should remain to grace the 
 otherwise empty shelves." 
 
52 
 
 USEFUL HINTS TO INQUIRERS. 
 
 A WORD TO INQUIRERS. 
 
 We frequently receive letters containing 
 long strings of trifling questions, relative to 
 all sorts of things, without any fee to pay 
 us for our time in obtaining the information, 
 nor even stamps for postage or stationery. 
 Many of these correspondents close their 
 letters with the comforting assurance that 
 " I would remit for your trouble, but do 
 not know how much to send." To relieve 
 the consciences of all such doubters, we 
 would recommend them to send a dollar or more, according 
 to the value to them of the desired information. If the 
 latter is of no value, they ought not to trouble us with their 
 fly-tracks. 
 
 To certain other classes of inquirers the following hints 
 may be useful : The best washing-machines, the best straw- 
 cutters, the best churns, the best brick-machines, the best 
 engines, the best sewing-machines, the best of every thing 
 in the mechanical line, is advertised and illustrated in The 
 Scientific American, and the address of the parties having 
 such things on sale is there given. Write directly to them 
 for the information you want, and spare us. If you cannot 
 at first find what you desire, read the back numbers of 
 The Scientific American. Do not expect us to do the 
 work for you unless you send a small remittance. 
 
 To find the area of an ellipsis, multiply the long diam- 
 eter by the short diameter and by .7854 ; the product will 
 be the area. 
 
 Never relate your misfortunes, and never grieve over what 
 you cannot prevent. 
 
 To find the area of a circle, multiply the square of the 
 diameter by the decimal .7854. Or multiply the circum- 
 ference by the radius, and divide the product by 2. 
 
PATENT LAW OF 1836. 53 
 
 THUS 
 
 PATENT LAWS 
 
 OF THE 
 
 UNITED STATES OF AMERICA. 
 
 B^"* The following are the existing Laws under which 
 American Patents are granted and supported by the courts. 
 
 To save space we omit such portions as have been repeal- 
 ed, or that relate to salaries of officials, and other unimport- 
 ant details not pertaining to patents. 
 
 PATENT LAW OF 1836. 
 
 AN ACT to promote the progress of Useful Arts, and to re- 
 peal all acts and parts of acts heretofore made for that 
 purpose. 
 
 ESTABLISHMENT OF THE PATENT OFFICE. 
 
 Be it enacted by the Senate and House of Representatives 
 of the United States of America in Confess assembled : That 
 there shall be established and attached to the Department 
 of State,* an office, to be denominated the Patent Office, the 
 chief officer of which shall be called the Commissioner of 
 Patents, to be appointed by the President, by and with the 
 advice and consent of the Senate, whose duty it shall be, 
 under the direction of the Secretary of State, to superin- 
 tend, execute, and perform all such acts and- things touch- 
 ing and respecting the granting and issuing of patents for 
 new and useful discoveries, inventions, and improvements, 
 
 * Now attached to Department of Interior. 
 
54 PATENT LAW OF 1836. 
 
 as are herein provided for, or shall hereafter be, by law, di- 
 rected to be done and performed, and shall have charge 
 and custody of all the books, records, papers, models, and 
 machines, and all other things belonging to said office, * * * 
 and shall be entitled to send and receive letters and pack- 
 ages by mail, relating to the business of the office, free of 
 postage. 
 
 Sec. 2. [Relates to the appointment of clerks and other 
 officials.] 
 
 PATENT OFFICE EMPLOYEES MUST NOT BE INTERESTED IN 
 
 PATENTS. 
 
 * * * And said Commissioner, clerks, and every other 
 person appointed and employed in said office, shall be dis- 
 qualified and interdicted from acquiring or taking, except 
 by inheritance, during the period for which they shall hold 
 their appointments respectively, any right or interest, direct- 
 ly or indirectly, in any patent for an invention or discovery 
 which has been, or may hereafter be, granted. 
 
 Sec 3. [Relates to oaths and sureties of clerks.] 
 
 SEAL OF OFFICE, COPYING, ETC. 
 
 Sec. 4. And be it further enacted, That the said Com- 
 missioner shall cause a seal to be made and provided for 
 the said office, with such devices as the President of the 
 United States shall approve ; and copies of any records, 
 books, papers, or drawings, belonging to the said office, 
 under the signature of the said Commissioner, or, when 
 the office shall be vacant, under the signature of the chief 
 clerk, with the said seal affixed, shall be competent evi- 
 dence in all cases in which the original records, books, pa- 
 pers, or drawings could be evidence. And any person 
 making amplication therefor may have certified copies of 
 the records, drawings, and other papers deposited in said 
 office, on paying for the written copies the sum of ten 
 cents for every page of one hundred words ; and for copies 
 of drawings, the reasonable expenses of making the same. 
 
 Sec. 5. And be it furtlicr enacted, That all patents is- 
 suing from said office shall be issued in the name of the 
 
PATENT LAW OF 1836. 55 
 
 United States, and under the seal of said office, and be signed 
 by the Secretary of State,* and countersigned by the Com- 
 missioner of said office, and shall be recorded, together 
 with the descriptions, specifications, and drawings, in the 
 said office, in books to be kept for that purpose. Every 
 such patent shall contain a short description or title of the 
 invention or discovery, correctly indicating its nature and 
 design, and in its terms grant to the applicant or applicants, 
 his or their heirs, administrators, executors, or assigns, for 
 a term not exceeding fourteen years, [changed to seventeen 
 years,] the full and exclusive right and liberty of making, 
 using, and vending to others to be used, the said invention or 
 discovery, referring to the specifications for the particulars 
 thereof, a copy of which shall be annexed to the patent, 
 specifying what the patentee claims as his invention or dis- 
 covery. 
 
 WHO MAY OBTAIN PATENTS, AND HOW. 
 
 Sec. 6. And be it further enacted, That any person or 
 persons having discovered or invented any new and useful 
 art, machine, manufacture, or composition of matter, or 
 any new and useful improvement on any art, machine, man- 
 ufacture, or composition of matter, not known or used by 
 others before his or their discovery or invention thereof, and 
 not at the time of his application for a patent in public use 
 or on sale, with his consent or allowance, as the inventor 
 or discoverer, and shall desire to obtain an exclusive pro- 
 perty therein, may make application, in writing, to the 
 Commissioner of Patents, expressing such desire ; and the 
 Commissioner, on due proceedings had, may grant a pa- 
 tent therefor. But before any inventor shall receive a pa- 
 tent for any such new invention or discovery, he shall de- 
 liver a written description of his invention or discovery, 
 and of the manner and process of making, constructing, 
 using, and compounding the same, in such full clear, and 
 exact terms, avoiding unnecessary prolixity, as to enable 
 any person skilled in the art or science to which it apper- 
 tains, or with which it is most nearly connected, to make, 
 construct, compound, and use the same ; and in case of 
 
 * Secretary of the Interior. See Section Law of 1849, page 72. 
 
56 PATENT LAW OF 1836. 
 
 any machine, he shall fully explain the principle, and the 
 several modes in which he has contemplated the application 
 of that principle or character by which it may be distin- 
 guished from other inventions ; and shall particularly spe- 
 cify and point out the part, improvement, or combination 
 which he claims as his own invention or discovery. He 
 shall, furthermore, accompany the whole with a drawing 
 or drawings, and written references, where the nature of 
 the case admits of drawings ; or with specimens of ingre- 
 dients, and of the composition of matter, sufficient in quan- 
 tity for the purpose of experiment, where the invention or 
 discovery is of a composition of matter ; which descrip- 
 tions and drawings, signed by the inventor, and attested by 
 two witnesses, shall be filed in the Patent Office ; and he 
 shall, moreover, fjirnish a model of his invention, in all 
 cases which admit of a representation by model, of a con- 
 venient size to exhibit advantageously its several parts. 
 The applicant shall make oath or affirmation that he does 
 verilv believe that he is the original and first inventor or 
 discoverer of the art, machine, composition, or improve- 
 ment for which he solicits a patent ; and that he does not 
 know or believe that the same was ever before known or 
 used ; and also of what country he is a citizen ; which 
 oath or affirmation may be made before any person author- 
 ized by law to administer oaths. 
 
 OFFICIAL EXAMINATIONS. 
 
 Sec. *7. And be it further enacted, That on the filing of 
 any such application, description, and specification, and the 
 payment of the duty hereinafter provided,* the Commis- 
 sioner shall make, or cause to be made, an examination of 
 the alleged new invention or discovery ; and if, on any such 
 examination, it shall not appear to the Commissioner that the 
 same had been invented or discovered by any other person 
 in this country, prior to the alleged invention or discovery 
 thereof by the applicant, or that it had been patented or 
 described in any printed publication in this or any foreign 
 country, or had been in public use or on sale, with the ap- 
 
 * See Section 10, page 76. 
 
PATENT LAW OF 1836. 
 
 blicantfs consent or allowance, prior to the application, if 
 the Commissioner shall deem it to be sufficiently useful and 
 important, it shall be his duty to issue a patent therefor. 
 But whenever, on such examination, it shall appear to the 
 Commissioner that the applicant was not the original and 
 first inventor or discoverer thereof, or that any part of 
 that which is claimed as new had before been invented or 
 discovered, or patented or described in any printed publica- 
 tion in this or any foreign country as aforesaid, or that the 
 description is defective and insufficient, he shall notify the 
 applicant thereof, giving him briefly such information and 
 references as may be useful in judging of the propriety of 
 renewing his application, or of altering his specification to 
 embrace only that part of the invention or discovery which 
 is new. * * * 
 
 INTERFERENCES. 
 
 Sec. S. And be it further enacted, That whenever an ap- 
 plication shall be made for a patent, which, in the opinion 
 of the Commissioner, would interfere with any other patent 
 for which an application may oe pending, or with any un- 
 expired patent which shall have been granted, it shall be 
 the duty of the Commissioner to give notice thereof to 
 such applicants or patentees, as the case may be ; and if 
 either shall be dissatisfied with the decision of the Com- 
 missioner on the question of priority of right or invention, 
 on a hearing thereof, he may appeal from such decision, on 
 the like terms and conditions as are provided in the pre- 
 ceding section of this act, and the like proceedings shall be 
 had, to determine which, or whether either, of the appli- 
 cants is entitled to receive a patent as prayed for. But 
 nothing in this act contained shall be construed to deprive 
 an original and true inventor of the right to a patent for 
 his invention by reason of his having previously taken out 
 letters patent therefor in a foreign country, and the same 
 having been published at any time within six months next 
 preceding the filing of his specification and drawings. * * * 
 
 Sec. 9. [Relates to patent fees. This section fixed the fee 
 for American citizens at thirty dollars ; subjects of Great 
 Britain five hundred dollars, and all other persons three 
 
58 PATENT LAW OF 1836. 
 
 hundred dollars. This was changed by the law of 1861, 
 (see Section 10, page 76.) All persons, without distinction 
 as to nationality, now pay thirty -five dollars, except the in- 
 habitants of those countries that discriminate against Amer- 
 ican citizens. In Canada, an American cannot obtain pa- 
 tents. Hence Canadians are charged five hundred dollars 
 for an American patent. It is expected that the Canadian 
 law will be changed so as to remove this discrimination.] 
 
 THE HEIRS OF AN INVENTOR MAY OBTAIN A PATENT. 
 
 Sec. 10. And be it farther enacted, That where any per- 
 son hath made, or shall have made, any new invention, dis- 
 covery, or improvement, on account of which a patent 
 might by virtue of this act be granted, and such person 
 shall die before any patent shall be granted therefor, the 
 right of applying for and obtaining such patent shall de- 
 volve on the executor or administrator of such person, in 
 trust for the heirs-at-law of the deceased, in case he shall 
 have died intestate ; but if otherwise, then in trust for his 
 devisees, in as full and ample manner, and under the same 
 conditions, limitations, and restrictions as the same was 
 held, or might have been claimed or enjoyed, by such per- 
 son in his or her lifetime ; and when application for a pa- 
 tent shall be made by such legal representatives, the oath 
 or affirmation provided in the 6th section of this act shall 
 be so varied as to be applicable to them. 
 
 PATENTS MAY BE ASSIGNED. 
 
 Sec. 11. And be it further enacted, That every patent 
 shall be assigned in law, either as to the whole interest or 
 any undivided part thereof, by any instrument in writing ; 
 which assignment, and also every grant and conveyance of 
 the exclusive right, under any patent, to make and use, and 
 to grant to others to make and use, the thing patented with- 
 in and throughout any specified part or portion of the 
 United States, shall be recorded in the Patent Office within 
 three months from the execution thereof. * * * 
 
PATENT LAW OF 1836. 59 
 
 CAVEATS. 
 
 Sec. 12. And be it further enacted, That any citizen of 
 the United States, or alien who shall have been a resident 
 of the United States one year next preceding, and shall 
 have made oath of his intention to become a citizen thereof, 
 who shall have invented any new art, machine, or improve- 
 ment thereof, and shall desire further time to mature the 
 same, may * * * file in the Patent Office a caveat setting 
 forth the design and purpose thereof, and its principal and 
 distinguishing characteristics, and praying protection of his 
 rio;ht till he shall have matured his invention. * * * And 
 such caveat shall be filed in the confidential archives of the 
 office, and preserved in secrecy. And if application shall 
 be made by any other person, within one year from the 
 time of filing such caveat, for a patent of any invention 
 with which it may in any respect interfere, it shall be the 
 duty of the Commissioner to deposit the description, spe- 
 cifications, drawings, and model, in the confidential ar- 
 chives of the office, and to give notice (by mail) to the per- 
 son filing the caveat of such application, who shall within 
 three months after receiving the notice, if he would avail 
 himself of the benefit of his caveat, file his description, 
 specifications, drawings, and model ; and if, in the opinion 
 of the Commissioner, the specifications of claim interfere 
 with each other, like proceedings may be had in all re- 
 spects as are in this act provided in the case of interfering 
 applications ; Provided, however, That no opinion or de- 
 cision * * * under the provisions of this act, shall pre- 
 clude any person interested in favor of or against the va- 
 lidity of any patent which has been or may hereafter be 
 granted, from the right to contest the same in any judicial 
 court, in any action in which its validity may come in ques- 
 tion. 
 
 KE-ISSUES. 
 
 Sec. 13. And be it further enacted, That whenever any 
 patent which has heretofore been granted, or which shall 
 hereafter be granted, shall be inoperative or invalid, by 
 reason of a defective or insufficient description or specifica- 
 tion, or by reason of the patentee claiming in his specifica- 
 tion, as his own invention, more than he had or shall have a 
 
GO PATENT LAW OF 183G. 
 
 right to claim as new, if the error has or shall have arisen 
 by inadvertency, accident, or mistake, and without any 
 fraudulent or deceptive intention, it shall be lawful for the 
 Commissioner, upon the surrender to him of such patent, 
 * * * to cause a new patent to be issued to the said in- 
 ventor for the same invention, for the residue of the period 
 then unexpired for which the original patent was granted, 
 in accordance with the patentee's corrected description and 
 specification.* And in case of his death or any assignment 
 by him made of the original patent, a similar right shall 
 vest in his executors, administrators, or assignees. And the 
 patent so reissued, together with the corrected description 
 and specifications, shall have the same effect and operation 
 in law, on the trial of all actions hereafter commenced for 
 causes subsequently accruing, as though the same had been 
 originally filed in such corrected form, before the issuing of 
 the original patent.* * * , * 
 
 SUITS AT LAW. 
 
 Sec. 14. And be it further enaeted, That whenever, in 
 any action for damages [for] making, using, or selling the 
 thing whereof the exclusive right is secured by any patent 
 heretofore granted, or by any patent which may hereafter 
 be granted, a verdict shall be rendered for the plaintiff in 
 such action, it shall be in the power of the court to render 
 judgment of any sum above the amount found by such ver- 
 dict as the actual damages sustained by the plaintiff, not 
 exceeding three times the amount thereof, according to the 
 circumstances of the case, with costs ; and such damages 
 may be recovered by action on the case, in any court of 
 competent jurisdiction, to be brought in the name or names 
 of the person or persons interested, whether as patentee, 
 assignee, or as grantees of the exclusive right within and 
 throughout a specified part of the United States. 
 
 SUITS AT LAW. FOREIGN PATENTS INVALID IF THE INVEN- 
 TION IS NOT PUT ON SALE WITHIN EIGHTEEN MONTHS 
 FROM THE DATE OF PATENT. 
 
 Sec. 15. And be it further enaeted, That the defendant 
 in any such action shall be permitted to plead the general 
 
 * See Section 5, page 65. 
 
PATENT LAW OF 183 G. Gl 
 
 issue, and to give this act and any special matter in evi- 
 dence, of which notice in writing may have been given to 
 the plaintiff or his attorney, thirty days before trial, tending 
 to prove that the description and specification filed by the 
 plaintiff does not contain the whole truth relative to his in- 
 vention or discovery, or that it contains more than is neces- 
 sary to produce the described effect ; which concealment or 
 addition shall fully appear to have been made for the pur- 
 pose of deceiving the public, or that the patentee was not 
 the original and first inventor or discoverer of the thing 
 patented, or of a substantial and material part thereof 
 claimed as new, or that it has been described in some 
 public work anterior to the supposed discovery thereof by 
 the patentee, or had been in public use or on sale with the 
 consent and allowance of the patentee before his application 
 for a patent, or that he had surreptitiously or unjustly ob- 
 tained the patent for that which was in fact invented or 
 discovered by another, who was using reasonable diligence 
 in adapting and perfecting the same ; or that the patentee, 
 if an alien at the time the patent was granted, had failed 
 and neglected, for the space of eighteen months from the 
 date of the patent, to put and continue on sale to the pub- 
 lic, on reasonable terms, the invention or discovery for which 
 the patent issued ; and whenever the defendant relies in his 
 defence on the fact of a previous invention, knowledge, or 
 use of the thing patented, he shall state, in his notice of 
 special matters, the names and places of residence of those 
 whom he intends to prove to have possessed a prior know- 
 ledge of the thing, and* where the same had been used; in 
 either of which cases judgment shall be rendered for the 
 defendant with costs : Provided, however, That whenever it 
 shall satisfactorily appear that the patentee, at the time of 
 making his application for the patent, believing himself to 
 be the first inventor or discoverer of the thing patented, the 
 same shall not be held to be void on account of the inven- 
 tion or discovery, or any part thereof, having been before 
 known or used in any foreign country ; it not appearing that 
 the same or any substantial part thereof had before been 
 patented or described in any printed publication : And pro- 
 vided, also, That whenever the plaintiff shall fail to sustain 
 his action on the ground that in his specification or claim is 
 
62 PATENT LAW" OF 1836. 
 
 embraced more than that of which he was the first inventor, 
 if it shall appear that the defendant had used or violated 
 any part of the invention justly and truly specified and 
 claimed as new, it shall be in the power of the court to ad- 
 judge and award, as to costs, as may appear to be just and 
 equitable.* * * * 
 
 PATENTS MAY BE DECLARED VOID. 
 
 Sec. 16. And be it further enacted, That whenever there 
 shall be two interfering patents, or whenever a patent or 
 application shall have been refused * * * on the ground 
 that that patent applied for would interfere with an unex- 
 pired patent previously granted, any person interested in 
 any such patent, either by assignment or otherwise in the 
 one case, and any such applicant in the other case, may 
 have remedy by bill in equity; and the court having cogniz- 
 ance thereof, on notice to adverse parties, and other due 
 proceedings had, may adjudge and declare either the patents 
 void in the whole or in part, or inoperative and invalid in 
 any particular part or portion of the United States, accord- 
 ing to the interest which the parties to such suit may possess 
 in the patent or the inventions patented ; and may also ad- 
 judge that such applicant is entitled, according to the prin- 
 ciples and provisions of this act, to have and receive a patent 
 for his invention, as specified in his claim, or for any part 
 thereof, as the fact of priority of right or invention shall, in 
 any such case, be made to appear. And such adjudication, 
 if it be in favor of the right of such applicant, shall author- 
 ize the Commissioner to issue such patent, on his filing a 
 copy of the adjudication, and otherwise complying with the 
 requisitions of this act: Provided, however, That no such 
 judgment or adjudication shall affect the rights of any per- 
 son, except the parties to the action, and those deriving title 
 from or under them subsequent to the rendition of such 
 judgment.* 
 
 COURTS TO HAVE POWERS, ETC. 
 
 Sec 17. And be it further enacted, That all actions, suits, 
 controversies, and cases arising under any law of the United 
 
 * See Section 9, page 06. 
 
PATENT LAW OF 1S3G. 03 
 
 States, granting or confirming to inventors the exclusive 
 right to their inventions or discoveries, shall be originally 
 cognizable, as well in equity as at law, by the circuit courts 
 of the United States, or any district court having the powers 
 and jurisdiction of a circuit court ; which courts shall have 
 power, upon a bill in equity filed by any party aggrieved, 
 in any such case, to grant injunctions according to the 
 course and principles of courts of equity, to prevent the 
 violation of the rights of any inventor as secured to him by 
 any law of the United States, on such terms and conditions 
 as said courts may deem reasonable : Provided, however, 
 That from all judgments and decrees from any such court 
 rendered in the premises, a writ of error or appeal, as the 
 case may require, shall lie to the Supreme Court of the 
 United States, in the same manner and under the same cir- 
 cumstances as is now provided by law in other judgments 
 and decrees of circuit courts, and in all other cases in which 
 the court shall deem it reasonable to allow the same. 
 
 EXTENSION OF PATENTS. 
 
 Sec. 18. And be it further enacted, That whenever any 
 patentee of an invention or discovery shall desire an exten- 
 sion of his patent beyond the term of its limitation,* he 
 may make application therefor, in writing, to the Commis- 
 sioner of the Patent Office, setting forth the grounds thereof ; 
 and the Commissioner shall * * * cause to be pub- 
 lished in one or more of the principal newspapers in the 
 City of Washington, and in such other paper or papers as 
 he may deem proper, published in the section of country 
 most interested adversely to the extension of the patent, a 
 notice of such application, and of the time and place when 
 and where the same will be considered, that any person may 
 appear and show cause why the extension should not be 
 granted. And the Secretary of State, the Commissioner of 
 the Patent Office, and the Solicitor of the Treasury shall 
 constitute a board f to hear and decide upon the evidence 
 
 * See Section 11, page 76, and Section 16, page 79. 
 t Repealed — See Section 1, page 71. 
 
64 PATEXT LAW OF 1836. 
 
 produced before them, both for and against the extension, 
 and shall sit for that purpose at the time and place desig- 
 nated in the published notice thereof. The patentee shall 
 furnish a statement, in writing, under oath, of the ascertain- 
 ed value of the invention, and of his receipts and expendi- 
 tures, sufficiently in detail to exhibit a true and faithful ac- 
 count of loss and profit in any manner accruing to him from 
 and by reason of said invention. And if, upon a hearing of 
 the matter, it shall appear to the full and entire satisfaction 
 of said [Commissioner], having due regard to the public in- 
 terest therein, that it is just and proper that the term of the 
 patent should be extended, by reason of the patentee, with- 
 out neglect or fault on his part, having failed to obtain, from 
 the use and sale of his invention, a reasonable remuneration 
 for the time, ingenuity, and expense bestowed upon the 
 same, and the introduction thereof into use, it shall be the 
 duty of the Commissioner to renew and extend the patent, 
 by making a certificate thereon of such extension, for the 
 term of seven years from and after the expiration of the 
 first term ; * * * and thereupon the said patent shall 
 have the same effect in law as though it had been originally 
 granted for the term of twenty-one years ; and the benefit 
 of such renewal shall extend to assignees and grantees of 
 the right to use the thing patented, to the extent of their 
 respective interests therein : Provided, however, That no ex- 
 tension of a patent shall be granted after the expiration of 
 the term for which it was originally issued. 
 
 Sec. 19. [Relates to books, etc., for a library.] 
 
 Sec. 20. [Relates to the classification, and public exhibi- 
 tion of models, etc., in the Patent Office.] 
 
 Sec. 21. [Relates to actions and cases sued or pending 
 under previous laws.] 
 
 Approved July 4, 1836. 
 
PATENT LAW OF 1837. 65 
 
 PATENT LAW OF 1837. 
 
 [Sections 1, 2, 3, 4, relate to means for obtaining new 
 copies of the patents, records, and models, which were de- 
 stroyed by the burning of the Patent Office in December, 
 1836. Only a small portion of the old patents and models 
 were ever obtained under this act.] 
 
 A PATENT MAY BE DIVIDED INTO SEVERAL SEPARATE PATENTS. 
 
 Sec. 5. And be it further enacted, That whenever a patent 
 shall be returned for correction and reissue, under the 
 thirteenth section of the act [of 1836] to which this is ad- 
 ditional, and the patentee shall desire several patents to be 
 issued for distinct and separate parts of the thing patented, 
 he shall first pay, in manner and in addition to the sum 
 provided by that act, the sum of thirty dollars for each ad- 
 ditional patent so to be issued. 
 
 ASSIGNMENTS, DRAWINGS, ETC. 
 
 Sec. 6. And be it further enacted, That any patent here- 
 after to be issued may be made and issued to the assignee 
 or assignees of the inventor or discoverer, the assignment 
 thereof being first entered of record, and the application 
 therefor being duly made, and the specification duly sworn 
 to by the inventor. And in all cases hereafter the applicant 
 for a patent shall be held to furnish duplicate drawings, 
 whenever the case admits of drawings, one of which to be 
 deposited in the office, and the other to be annexed to the 
 patent, and considered a part of the specification. 
 
 disclaimers. 
 
 Sec. 7. And be it further enacted, That whenever any 
 patentee shall have, through inadvertence, accident, or mis- 
 take, made his specification of claim too broad, claiming 
 more than that of which he was the original or first inventor, 
 some material and substantial part of the thing patented 
 being truly and justly his own, any such patentee, his ad- 
 ministrators, executors, and assigns, whether of the whole or 
 of a sectional interest therein, may make disclaimer of such 
 parts of the thing patented as the disclaimant shall not 
 
$6 PATENT LAW OF 1837 
 
 claim to hold by virtue of the patent or assignment, stating 
 therein the extent of his interest in such patent ; which dis- 
 claimer shall be in writing, attested by one or more wit- 
 nesses, and recorded in the Patent Office, on payment by the 
 person disclaiming, in manner as other patent duties are 
 required by law to be paid, of the sum of ten dollars. And 
 such disclaimer shall thereafter be taken and considered as 
 part of the original specification, to the extent of the in- 
 terest which shall be possessed in the patent or right 
 secured thereby, by the disclaimant, and by those claiming 
 by or under him, subsequent to the record thereof. But no 
 such disclaimer shall affect any action pending at the time 
 of its being filed, except so far as may relate to the question 
 of unreasonable neglect or delay in filing the same. 
 
 REISSUES 
 
 Sec. 8. And be it further enacted, That whenever appli- 
 cation shall be made to the Commissioner for any addition 
 of a newly discovered improvement to be made to an exist- 
 ing patent, or whenever a patent shall be returned for cor- 
 rection and reissue, the specification of claim annexed to 
 every such patent shall be subject to revision and restric- 
 tion, in the same manner as are original applications for 
 patents ; the Commissioner shall not add any such improve- 
 ment to the patent in the one case, nor grant the reissue in 
 the other case, until the applicant shall have entered a dis- 
 claimer, or altered his specification of claim in accordance 
 with the decision of the Commissioner ; and in all such cases 
 the applicant, if dissatisfied with such decision, shall have 
 the same remedy, and be entitled to the benefit of the same 
 privileges and proceedings as are provided by law in the 
 case of original applications for patents. [See change as to 
 additional improvements, law of 1861, page 75, section 9.] 
 
 VALIDITY OF PARTS OF THE PATENT. 
 
 Sec. 9. And be it farther enacted, (any thing in the fif- 
 teenth section of the act to which this is additional to the 
 contrary notwithstanding,) That whenever, by mistake, ac- 
 cident, or inadvertence, and without any wilful default or 
 intent to defraud or mislead the public, any patentee shall 
 
PATENT LAW OF 183 7. 67 
 
 have, in his specification, claimed to be the original and first 
 inventor or discoverer of any material or substantial part 
 of the thing patented, of which he was not the first and 
 original inventor, and shall have no legal or just right to 
 claim the same, in every such case the patent shall be deemed 
 good and valid for so much of the invention or discovery 
 as shall be truly and bona fide his own : Provided, It shall 
 be a material and substantial part of the thing patented, and 
 be definitely distinguishable from the other parts so claimed 
 without right as aforesaid. And every such patentee, his 
 executors, administrators, and assigns, whether of a whole 
 or of a sectional interest therein, shall be entitled to maintain 
 a suit at law or in equity on such patent for any infringe- 
 ment of such part of the invention or discovery as shall be 
 bona fide his own as aforesaid, notwithstanding the specifi- 
 cation may embrace more than he shall have any legal right 
 to claim. But in every such case in which a judgment or 
 verdict shall be rendered for the plaintiff, he shall not be 
 entitled to recover costs against the defendant, unless he 
 shall have entered at the Patent Office, prior to the com- 
 mencement of the suit, a disclaimer of all that part of the 
 thing patented which was so claimed without right : Pro- 
 vided, however, That no person bringing any such suit shall 
 be entitled to the benefits of the provisions contained in 
 this section who shall have unreasonably neglected or de- 
 layed to enter at the Patent Office a disclaimer as aforesaid. 
 
 Sec. 10. 
 Sec. 11. 
 Sec. 12. 
 
 Repealed. Related to model agents.] 
 
 Relates to clerks and copying.] 
 
 Relates to refunding of money in rejeected 
 
 cases, which by the law of 1861, section 9, is forbidden.] 
 
 OATH OR AFFIRMATION, 
 
 Sec. 13. And be it further enacted, That in all cases in 
 which an oath is required by this act, or by the act to which 
 this is additional, if the person of whom it is required shall 
 be conscientiously scrupulous of taking an oath, affirmation 
 may be substituted therefor. 
 
 Sec. 14. [Relates to salaries and expenses of the Patent 
 Office, Commissioner's report, etc.] 
 
 Approved March 3, 1837. 
 
68 PATENT LAW OF 1839. 
 
 PATENT LAW OF 1839. 
 
 Sec. 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, relate to employes at the Patent Office, 
 expenses thereof, patent lists, and books. 
 
 FOREIGN INVENTIONS MAY BE PATENTED IF NOT PUBLICLY 
 INTRODUCED PRIOR TO THE APPLICATION. 
 
 Sec. 6. And be it fwther enacted. That no person shall 
 be debarred from receiving a patent for any invention or 
 discovery, as provided in the act approved on the fourth 
 day of July, one thousand eight hundred and thirty-six, to 
 which this is additional, by reason of the same having been 
 patented in a foreign country more than six months prior to 
 his application: Provided, That the same shall not have 
 been introduced into public and common use in the United 
 States prior to the application for such patent : And pro- 
 vided, also, That in all cases every such patent shall be lim- 
 ited to the term of fourteen* years from the date or publi 
 cation of such foreign letters patent. 
 
 MACHINES, ETC., MADE PRIOR TO THE PATENT MAY BE CON- 
 TINUED IN USE AFTER ISSUE OF THE PATENT. 
 
 Sec. 7. And be it further enacted, That every person or 
 corporation who has, or shall have, purchased or construct- 
 ed any newly invented machine, manufacture, or composi- 
 tion of matter, prior to the application by the inventor or 
 discoverer for a patent, shall be held to possess the right to 
 use, and vend to others to be used, the specific machine, 
 manufacture, or composition of matter so made or pur- 
 chased, without liability therefor to the inventor, or any 
 other person interested in such invention ; and no patent 
 shall be held to be invalid by reason of such purchase, sale, 
 or use, prior to the application for a patent as aforesaid, ex- 
 cept on proof of abandonment of such invention to the pub- 
 lic, or that such purchase, sale, or prior use, has been for 
 more than two years prior to such application for a patent. 
 
 Sec. 8. [Relates to fees for recording, since changed.] 
 
 Sec. 9. [Relates to agricultural statistics.] 
 
 * Changed to serenteen years by the law of 1S61. See page 79, 
 section 16. 
 
PATEXT LAW OF 1839. 69 
 
 CONTESTED CASES. 
 
 Sec. 10. And be it further enacted, That the provisions 
 of the sixteenth section of the before-recited act (law of 
 1836) shall extend to all cases where patents are refused for 
 any reason whatever, either by the Commissioner of Patents 
 or by the Chief-Justice of the District of Columbia, upon 
 appeals from the decision of said Commissioner, as well as 
 where the same shall have been refused on account of, or 
 by reason of, interference with a previously existing patent ; 
 and in all cases where there is no opposing party a copy of 
 the bill shall be served upon the Commissioner of Patents, 
 when the whole of the expenses of the proceeding shall be 
 paid by the applicant, whether the final decision shall be in 
 his favor or otherwise. 
 
 APPEALS. 
 
 Sec. 11. And be it further enacted, That in cases where 
 an appeal is now allowed by law from the decision of the 
 Commissioner of Patents * * * the party, * * * 
 shall have right to appeal to the Chief-Justice of the District 
 Court of the United States for the District of Columbia, by 
 giving notice thereof to the Commissioner, and filing in the 
 Patent Office, within such time as the Commissioner shall 
 appoint, his reasons of appeal, specifically set forth in writ- 
 ing, and also paying into the Patent Office, to the credit of 
 the patent fund, the sum of twenty-five dollars. And it 
 shall be the duty of said Chief-Justice, on petition, to hear 
 and determine all such appeals, and to revise such decisions 
 in a summary way, on the evidence produced before the 
 Commissioner, at such early and convenient time as he 
 may appoint, first notifying the Commissioner of the time 
 and place of hearing, whose duty it shall be to give notice 
 thereof to all parties who appear to be interested therein, 
 in such manner as said judge shall prescribe. The Commis- 
 sioner shall also lay before the said judge all the original 
 papers and evidence in the case, together with the grounds 
 of his decision, fully set forth in writing, touching all the 
 points involved by the reasons of appeal, to which the revi- 
 sion shall be confined. And at the request of any party 
 interested, or at the desire of the judge, the Commissioner 
 
70 PATENT LAW OF 1842. 
 
 and the examiners in the Patent Officer may be examined, 
 under oath, in explanation of the principles of the machine, 
 or other thing, for which a patent in such case is prayed for. 
 And it shall be the duty of the said judge, after a hearing 
 of any such case, to return all the papers to the Commis- 
 sioner, with a certificate of his proceedings and decision, 
 which shall be entered of record in the Patent Office ; and 
 such decision, so certified, shall govern the further proceed- 
 ings of the Commissioner in such case : Provided, however, 
 That no opinion or decision of the judge in any such case 
 shall preclude any person interested in favor or against the 
 validity of any patent which has been, or may hereafter be, 
 granted, from the right to contest the same in any judicial 
 court, in any action in which its validity may come in ques- 
 tion. 
 
 Sec. 12. [Relates to rules in contested cases, and to ex- 
 aminers, but has been changed.] 
 
 Sec. 13. [Relates to fees to the justice.] 
 
 Approved March 3, 1839. 
 
 PATENT LAW OF 1842. 
 
 Section 1. [Authorizes the refunding of money paid by 
 mistake in certain cases.] 
 
 Sec. 2. [Relates to patent records that were destroyed by 
 fire in 1836.] 
 
 Sec. 3. [Repealed.] 
 
 • TAKING THE OATH IN FOREIGN COUNTRIES. 
 
 Sec. 4. And be it further enacted, That the oath required 
 for applicants for patents may be taken, when the applicant 
 is not, for the time being, residing in the United States, be- 
 fore any minister plenipotentiary, charge d'affaires, consul, 
 or commercial agent holding commission under the govern- 
 ment of the United States, or before any notary public of 
 the foreign country in which such applicant may be. 
 
 PENALTY FOR STAMPING UNPATENTED ARTICLES. 
 
 Sec. 5. And be it further enacted, That if any person or 
 persons shall paint, or print, or mould, cast, carve, or en- 
 
PATENT LAW OF 1848. 71 
 
 grave, or stamp upon any thing made, used, or sold by him, 
 for the sole making or selling which he hath not, or shall 
 not have, obtained letters patent, the name, or any imita- 
 tion of the name of any other person who hath, or shall 
 have, obtained letters patent for the sole making and vend- 
 ing of such thing, without consent of such patentee, or his 
 assigns or legal representatives ; or if any person, upon any 
 such thing not having been purchased from the patentee, or 
 some person who purchased it from or under such patentee, 
 or not having the license or consent of such patentee, or 
 his assigns or legal representatives, shall write, paint, print, 
 mould, cast, carve, engrave, stamp, or otherwise make or 
 affix the word " patent," or the words "letters patent," or 
 the word u patentee," or any word or words of like kind, 
 meaning, or import, with the view or intent of imitating or 
 counterfeiting the* stamp, mark, or other device of the pa- 
 tentee, or shall affix the same, or any word, stamp, or de- 
 vice of like import, on any unpatented article, for the pur- 
 pose of deceiving the public, he, she, or they, so offending, 
 shall be liable for such offence to a penalty of not less than 
 one hundred dollars, with costs, to be recovered by action 
 in any of the circuit courts of the United States, or in any 
 of the district courts of the United States having the pow- 
 ers and jurisdiction of a circuit court ; one half of which 
 penalty, as recovered, shall be paid to the patent fund, and 
 the other half to any person who shall sue for the same. 
 
 Sec. 6. [Repealed.] 
 
 Approved August 29, 1842. 
 
 PATENT LAW OF 1848. 
 
 THE COMMISSIONER TO EXTEND PATENTS. 
 
 Be it enacted, etc., * * * That the power to extend pa- 
 tents, shall hereafter be vested solely in the Commissioner 
 of Patents ; and when an application is made to him for the 
 extension of a patent, * * * he shall refer the case to the 
 principal examiner having charge of the class of inventions 
 to which said case belongs, who shall make a full report to 
 
72 patent laws of 1848, 1849, 1852. 
 
 said Commissioner of the said case, and particularly whether 
 the invention or improvement secured in the patent was new 
 and patentable when patented ; * * * but no patent shall 
 be extended for a longer term than seven vears. 
 
 Sec. 2. 
 Sec 3. 
 Sec 4. 
 
 Relates to record fees — since changed.] 
 Relates to clerks and copying.] 
 Relates to Patent Reports, etc.] 
 
 Approved May 27, 1S4S. 
 
 PATENT LAW OF 1849. 
 
 And be it further enacted, That the Secretary of the Inte 
 rior shall exercise and perform all the acts of supervisioi 
 and appeal in regard to the office of Commissioner of Fa 
 tents, now exercised by the Secretary of fttate. 
 
 PATENT LAW OF 1852. 
 
 JUDGES TO HEAR APPEALS. 
 
 Be it enacted, etc., That appeals provided for in the elev- 
 enth section of the act, (law of 1S39,) * * * may also be 
 made to either of the assistant judges of the Circuit Court of 
 the District of Columbia ; and all the powers, duties, and 
 responsibilities imposed by the aforesaid act, and conferred 
 upon the chief judge, are hereby imposed and conferred 
 upon each of the said assistant judges. 
 
 Sec 2. And be it further enact id, That in case appeal 
 shall be made to the said chief judge, or to either of the 
 said assistant judges, the Commissioner of Patents shall pay 
 to such chief judge, or assistant judge, the sum of twenty- 
 five dollars, required to be paid by the appellant into the 
 Patent Office by the eleventh section of said act, on said 
 appeal. 
 
 Sec 3. [Repeals a former section relating to a fee to the 
 justice.] 
 
 Approved August 30, 1852. 
 
PATENT LAW OF 1861. 
 
 73 
 
 PATENT LAW OF 1861. 
 
 COMMISSIONER TO ISSUE SUBPCEXAS, ETC. 
 
 Be it enacted, etc., That the Commissioner of Patents may 
 establish rules for taking affidavits and depositions required 
 in cases pending in the Patent Office, and such affidavits 
 and depositions may be taken before any justice of the peace 
 or other officer authorized by law to take depositions to be 
 used in the courts of the United States, or in the State 
 courts of any State where such officer shall reside ; and in 
 any contested case pending in the Patent Office it shall be 
 lawful for the clerk of any court of the United States for 
 any district or Territory, and he is hereby required, upon 
 the application of any party to such contested case, or the 
 agent or attorney of such party, to issue subpoenas for any 
 witnesses residing or being within the said district or Terri- 
 tory, commanding such witnesses to appear and testify be- 
 fore any justice of the peace, or other officer as aforesaid, 
 residing within the said district or Territory, at any time 
 and place in the subpoena to be stated ; and if any witness, 
 after being duly served with such subpoena, shall refuse or 
 neglect to appear, or, after appearing, shall refuse to testify, 
 (not being privileged from giving testimony,) such refusal or 
 neglect being proved to the satisfaction of any judge of the 
 court whose clerk shall have issued such subpoena, said 
 judge may thereupon proceed to enforce obedience to the 
 process, or to punish the disobedience in like manner as any 
 court of the United States may do in case of disobedience to 
 process of subpoena ad testificandum issued by such court ; 
 and witnesses in such cases shall be allowed the same com- 
 pensation as is allowed to witnesses attending the courts of 
 the United States : Provided, That no witness shall be re- 
 quired to attend at any place more than forty miles from 
 the place where the subpoena shall be served upon him to 
 give a deposition under this law : Provided also, That no 
 witness shall be deemed guilty of contempt for refusing to 
 disclose any secret invention made or owned by him : And 
 provided, further, That no witness shall be deemed guilty of 
 contempt for disobeying any subpoena directed to him by 
 virtue of this act, unless his fees for going to 
 
h 
 
 /4 PATENT LAW OF 1861. 
 
 from, and one day's attendance at the place of examina- 
 tion shall be paid or tendered him at the time of the service 
 of the subpoena. 
 
 EXAMINERS- IN-CHIEF. 
 
 Sec. 2. And be it further enacted, That for the purpose 
 of securing greater uniformity of action in the grant and 
 refusal of letters patent, there shall be appointed by the 
 President, by and with the advice and consent of the Senate, 
 three examiners-in-chief, at an annual salary of three thou- 
 sand dollars each, to be composed of persons of competent 
 legal knowledge and scientific ability, whose duty it shall 
 be, on the written petition of the applicant for that purpose 
 being filed, to revise and determine upon the validity of de- 
 cisions made by examiners when adverse to the grant of 
 letters patent ; and also to revise and determine in like 
 manner upon the validity of the decisions of examiners in 
 interference cases, and when required by the Commissioner 
 in applications for the extension of patents, and to perform 
 such other duties as may be assigned to them by the Com- 
 missioner ; that from their decisions appeals may be taken 
 to the Commissioner of Patents in person, upon payment 
 of the fee hereinafter prescribed ; that the said examiners-in- 
 chief shall be governed in their action by the rules to be 
 prescribed by the Commissioner of Patents. 
 
 Sec. 3. And be it further enacted. That no appeal shall be 
 allowed to the examiners-in-chief from the decisions of the 
 primary examiners, except in interference cases, until after 
 the application shall have been twice rejected. * * * 
 
 Sec. 4. [Relates to salaries.] 
 
 RETURN OF MODELS. 
 
 Sec. 5. And be it further enacted, That the Commissioner 
 of Patents is authorized to restore to the respective appli- 
 cants, or when not removed by them, to otherwise dispose 
 of such of the models belonging to rejected applications as 
 he shall not think necessary to be preserved. The same 
 authority is also given in relation to all models accompany- 
 ing applications for designs. He is further authorized to 
 
PATENT LAW OP 1861. 75 
 
 dispense in future with models of designs when the design 
 can be sufficiently represented by a drawing. 
 
 Sec. 6. [Repeals agencies for models.] 
 
 Sec. *l, [Relates to clerks.] 
 
 PAPERS MUST BE PROPERLY PREPARED, 
 
 Sec. 8. And be it further enacted, That the Commissioner 
 may require all papers filed in the Patent Office, if not cor 
 rectly, legibly, and clearly written, to be printed at the cost 
 of the parties filing such papers ; and for gross misconduct 
 he may refuse to recognize any person as a patent agent, 
 either generally or in any particular case ; but the reasons 
 of the Commissioner for such refusal shall be duly record- 
 ed, and subject to the approval of the President of the 
 United States. 
 
 NO MONEY RETURNED ON REJECTED CASES. 
 
 Sec. 9. And be it further enacted, That no money paid as 
 a fee on any application for a patent after the passage of 
 this act shall be withdrawn or refunded ; nor shall the fee 
 paid on filing a caveat be considered as part of the sum re- 
 quired to be paid on filing a subsequent application for a 
 patent for the same invention. 
 
 That the three months' notice given to any caveator in 
 pursuance of the requirements of the twelfth section of the 
 act of July fourth, eighteen hundred and thirty-six, shall 
 be computed from the day on which such notice is depos- 
 ited in the post-office at Washington, with the regular time 
 for the transmission of the same added thereto, which time 
 shall be indorsed on the notice ; and that so much of the 
 thirteenth section of the act of Congress, approved July 
 fourth, eighteen hundred and thirty-six, as authorizes the 
 annexing to letters patent of the description and specifica- 
 tion of additional improvements, is hereby repealed, and in 
 all cases where additional improvements would now be ad- 
 missible independent patents must be applied for. 
 
 SCHEDULE OF OFFICIAL FEES. 
 
 Sec. 10. And be it further enacted, That all laws now in 
 force fixing the rates of the Patent Office fees to be paid, 
 
PATENT LAW OF 1861 
 
 and discriminating between the inhabitants of the United 
 States and those of other countries which shall not dis- 
 criminate against the inhabitants of the United States, are 
 hereby repealed, and in their stead the following rates are 
 established : 
 
 On filing each caveat, ten dollars. 
 
 On filing each original application for a patent, except 
 for a design, fifteen dollars. 
 
 On issuing each original patent, twenty dollars. 
 
 On every appeal from the examiners-in-chief to the Com- 
 missioner, twenty dollars. 
 
 On every application for the reissue of a patent, thirty 
 dollars. 
 
 On every application for the extension of a patent, fifty 
 dollars ; and fifty dollars, in addition, on the granting of 
 every extension. 
 
 On filing each disclaimer, ten dollars. 
 
 For certified copies of patents and other papers, ten 
 cents per hundred words. 
 
 For recording every assignment, agreement, power of at- 
 torney, and other papers, of three hundred words or under, 
 one dollar. 
 
 For recording every assignment and other papers over 
 three hundred and under one thousand words, two dollars. 
 
 For recording every assignment or other writing, if over 
 one thousand words, three dollars. 
 
 For copies of drawings, the reasonable cost of making 
 the same. 
 
 PATENTS FOR DESIGNS. 
 
 Sec. 11. And be it farther enacted, That any citizen or 
 citizens, or alien or aliens, having resided one year in the 
 United States, and taken the oath of his or their intention 
 to become a citizen or citizens, who by his, her, or their 
 own industry, genius, efforts, and expense, may have in- 
 vented or produced any new and original design for a man- 
 ufacture, whether of metal or other material or materials, 
 and original design for a bust, statue, or bas-relief, or com- 
 position in alto or basso relievo, or any new and original 
 impression or ornament, or to be placed on any article of 
 
PATENT LAW OF 1861 
 
 manufacture, the same being formed in marble or other ma- 
 terial, or any new and useful pattern, or print, or picture, 
 to be either worked into or worked on, or printed or painted 
 or cast, or otherwise fixed on any article of manufacture, 
 or any new and original shape or configuration of any art- 
 icle of manufacture, not known or used by others before 
 his, her, or their invention or production thereof, and prior 
 to the time of his, her, or their application for a patent 
 therefor, and who shall desire to obtain an exclusive prop- 
 erty or right therein to make, use, and sell, and vend the 
 same, or copies of the same to others, by them to be made, 
 used, and sold, may make application in writing to the Com- 
 missioner of Patents, expressing such desire ; and the Com- 
 missioner, on due proceedings had, may grant a patent 
 therefor, as in the case now of application for a patent, for 
 for the term of three and one half years, or for the term of 
 seven years, or for the term of fourteen years, as the said 
 applicant may elect in his application : Provided, That the 
 fee to be paid in such application shall be for the term of 
 three years and six months, ten dollars ; for seven years, 
 fifteen dollars ; and for fourteen years, thirty dollars : And 
 provided, That the patentees of designs under this act 
 shall be entitled to the extension of their respective pa- 
 tents, for the term of seven years from the day on which 
 said patents shall expire, upon the same terms and restric- 
 tions as are now provided for the extension of letters pa 
 tent. 
 
 APPLICATIONS MUST BE COMPLETED WITHIN TWO YEARS. 
 
 Sec. 12. And be it further enacted, That all applications 
 for patents shall be completed and prepared for examina- 
 tion within two years after the filing of the petition, and in 
 default thereof they shall be regarded as abandoned by the 
 parties thereto, unless it be shown, to the satisfaction of 
 the Commissioner of Patents, that such delay was unavoid- 
 able ; and all applications now pending shall be treated as 
 if filed after the passage of this act ; and all applications 
 for the extension of patents shall be filed at least ninety 
 days before the expiration thereof, and notice of the day 
 
78 PATENT LAW OF 1861. 
 
 set for the hearing of the case shall be published, as now 
 required by law, for at least sixty days. 
 
 PATENTED ARTICLES TO BE STAMPED. 
 
 Sec. 13. And be it further enacted, That in all cases 
 where an article is made or vended by any person under 
 the protection of letters patent, it shall be the duty of such 
 person to give sufficient notice to the public that said art- 
 icle is so patented, either by fixing thereon the word pa- 
 tented, together with the day and year the patent was 
 granted, or when, from the character of the article patent- 
 ed, that may be impracticable, by enveloping one or more 
 of the said articles, and affixing a label to the package, or 
 otherwise attaching thereto a label, on which the notice, 
 with the date, is printed ; on failure of which, in any suit 
 for the infringement of letters patent by the party failing 
 so to mark the article the right to which is infringed upon, 
 no damage shall be recovered by the plaintiff, except on 
 proof that the defendant was duly notified of the infringe- 
 ment, and continued after such notice to make or vend the 
 article patented. * * * 
 
 PATENTS MAT BE PRINTED. 
 
 Sec. 14. And be it further enacted, That the Commis- 
 sioner of Patents be, and he is hereby, authorized to print, 
 or in his discretion to cause to be printed, ten copies of the 
 description and claims of all patents which may hereafter 
 be granted, and ten copies of the drawings of the same, 
 when drawings shall accompany the patents : Provided, 
 The cost of printing the text of said descriptions and 
 claims shall not exceed, exclusive of stationery, the sum of 
 tw r o cents per hundred words for each of said copies, and 
 the cost of the drawing shall not exceed fifty cents per 
 copy ; one copy of the above number shall be printed on 
 parchment, to be affixed to the letters patent ; the work 
 shall be under the direction, and subject to the approval, 
 of the Commissioner of Patents, and the expense of the 
 said copies shall be paid for out of the patent fund. 
 
 Sec 15. And be it further enacted, That printed copies 
 
PATENT LAWS OF 1861 AND 1863. 79 
 
 of the letters patent of the United States, with the seal of 
 the Patent Office affixed thereto, and certified and signed 
 by the Commissioner of Patents, shall be legal evidence of 
 the contents of said letters patents in all cases. 
 
 PATENTS GRANTED FOR SEVENTEEN YEARS. EXTENSIONS PRO- 
 HIBITED. 
 
 Sec. 16. And be it further enacted, That all patents 
 hereafter granted shall remain in force for the term of sev- 
 enteen years from the date of issue ; and all extension of 
 such patents is hereby prohibited. 
 
 Sec. 17. And be it further enacted, That all acts and 
 parts of acts heretofore passed, which are inconsistent with 
 the provisions of this act, be, and the same are hereby, re- 
 pealed. 
 
 Approved March 2, 1861. 
 
 PATENT LAW OF 1863. 
 
 Sec 1. [Repeals the renewal of oath.] 
 Sec. 2. [Relates to clerks, etc.] 
 
 DATING OP PATENTS. 
 
 Sec. 3. And be it further enacted, That every patent 
 shall be dated as of a day not later than six months after 
 the time at which it was passed and allowed, and notice 
 thereof sent to the applicant or his agent. And if the final 
 fee for such patent be not paid within the said six months 
 the patent shall be withheld, and the invention therein de- 
 scribed shall become public property as against the appli- 
 cant therefor :* Provided, That, in all cases where patents 
 have been allowed previous to the passage of this act, the 
 said six months shall be reckoned from the date of such 
 passage. 
 
 Approved March 3, 1863. 
 
 * Modified. See law of 1865. 
 
80 PATENT LAW OF 1865. 
 
 PATENT LAW OF 1865 
 
 FORFEITED APPLICATIONS MAY BE REVIVED. 
 
 Be it enacted, That any person having an interest in an 
 invention, whether as inventor or assignee, for which a pat- 
 ent was ordered to issue upon the payment of the final fee, 
 as provided in section three of an act approved March third, 
 eighteen hundred and sixty- three, but who failed to make 
 payment of the final fee, as provided in said act, shall have 
 the right to make an application for a patent for his inven- 
 tion, the same as in the case of an original application, 
 provided such application be made within two years after 
 the date of the allowance of the original application : Pro- 
 vided, that nothing herein shall be so construed as to hold 
 responsible in damages any persons who have manufactured 
 or used any article or thing for which a patent aforesaid was 
 ordered to issue. 
 
 This act shall apply to all cases now in the Patent Office, 
 and also to such as shall hereafter be filed ; and all acts or 
 parts of acts inconsistent with this act are hereby repealed. 
 
 Approved, March 3, 1865. 
 
 PATENT LAW OF 1866. 
 
 APPEALS TO THE EXAMINERS-IN-CHIEF. 
 
 Be it enacted, That upon appealing for the first time from 
 the decision of the primary examiner to the examiners-in- 
 chief in the Patent Office, the appellant shall pay a fee of 
 ten dollars into the Patent Office to the credit of the Patent 
 fund ; and no appeal from the primary examiner to the ex- 
 aminers-in-chief shall hereafter be allowed until the appel- 
 lant shall pay said fee. 
 
 Approved, June 27, 1866. 
 
 The yearly official Reports of the Patent Office are dis- 
 tributed gratuitously to the public, on application to mem- 
 bers of Congress. The Reports are not sold by the govern- 
 ment. 
 
WHERE TO GO FOR PATENTS. 
 
 81 
 
 [From The Scientific American.] 
 RELATING TO PATENTS. 
 
 T may be well for parties 
 who are interested in new 
 inventions to remember that 
 our firm of Munn & Co. have 
 taken out far more patents, 
 and have, therefore, had 
 much greater experience in 
 the profession, than any other 
 agency in the world. Those 
 who confide their business to 
 us may therefore rely upon 
 having it done in the best 
 nanner on the most mod- 
 erate terms. 
 
 In addition to these advantages, we make it a general rule 
 to assist the interest of our clients by giving publicity in 
 the form of editorial notices, of all the new and meritorious 
 inventions that are patented through our agency. The fact 
 that we have carefully studied these improvements during 
 the process of preparing the patent papers, enables us to 
 speak knowingly in regard to their best features. The pub- 
 licity thus given to inventions, owing to the immense cir- 
 culation of The Scientific American among intelligent 
 readers, is often of the utmost benefit to patentees. In 
 some cases it has engaged the active cooperation of enter- 
 prising capitalists and manufacturers, in patents which other- 
 wise would have remained dead, and has resulted in the 
 most important pecuniary advantages to inventors and pa- 
 tentees, as hundreds of them are ready to testify ; although 
 the sum total of our charges for preparing their patent pa- 
 pers has rarely exceeded the small amount of twenty-five 
 dollars. Whatever carping, jealous, or envious persons, or 
 little agents, may say to the contrary, we are justified in 
 affirming that all who really wish to promote their own in- 
 terests will do well to employ The Scientific American 
 Patent Agency. 
 
82 PROPERTIES OF CHARCOAL. 
 
 PROPERTIES OF CHARCOAL. 
 
 Although charcoal is so combustible, it is, in some re- 
 spects a very unchangeable substance, resisting the action 
 of a great variety of other substances upon it. Hence posts 
 are often charred before being put into the ground. Grain 
 has been found in the excavations at Herculaneum, which 
 was charred at the time of the destruction of that city, eight- 
 een hundred years ago, and yet the shape is perfectly pre- 
 served, so that you can distinguish between the different 
 kinds of grain. While charcoal is itself so unchangeable, 
 it preserves other substances from change. Hence meat and 
 vegetables are packed in charcoal for long voyages, and the 
 water is kept in casks which are charred on the inside. 
 Tainted meat can be made sweet by being covered with it. 
 Foul and stagnant water can be deprived of its bad taste by 
 being filtered through it. Charcoal is a great decolorizer. 
 Ale and porter filtered through it are deprived of their color, 
 and sugar-refiners decolorize their brown syrups by means 
 of charcoal, and thus make white sugar. Animal charcoal, 
 or bone-black, is the best for such purposes, although only 
 one-tenth of it is really charcoal, the other nine-tenths being 
 the mineral portion of the bone. 
 
 Charcoal will absorb, of some gases, from eighty to ninety 
 times its own bulk. As every point of its surface is a point 
 of attraction, it is supposed to account for the enormous ac- 
 cumulation of gases in the spaces of the charcoal. But this 
 accounts for it only in part. There must be some peculiar 
 power in the charcoal to change, in some way, the condition 
 of a gas of which it absorbs ninety times its own bulk. — 
 IIook< r. 
 
 SUBSTITUTE FOR THE CRANK. 
 
 Various devices supposed to have advan- 
 tages over the common crank, have been in- 
 vented. Our diagram shows one of these 
 forms, which has been re-invented many times, 
 by different inventors. A grooved wheel is 
 employed, and in the groove are two slides, at- 
 tached respectively, by pivots, to the connecting) rod of a 
 piston rod. The reciprocating movement of the piston rod 
 acting upon the connecting rod, causes the rotation of the 
 wheel. 
 
PRACTICAL GEOMETRY. 
 
 83 
 
 PRACTICAL GEOMETRY, 
 
 A knowledge of geometry, both practical and theoretical, 
 is of importance to mechanics and inventors. It is pro- 
 motive of truth and patience in mental habits, and leads to 
 the exercise of nicety and exactness in the execution of 
 mechanical labors. With a pair of dividers, a rule and 
 pencil, any person may speedily acquire a considerable 
 knowledge of practical geometry. We subjoin a few sim- 
 ple and generally useful problems for practice, in the hope 
 of thus interesting some of our readers in the subject, so 
 that they will continue the study. Complete works on geo- 
 metry can be had at the book-stores. 
 
 »: 
 
 
 
 
 V 
 
 <4n\ 
 
 lit 
 
 Problem 1. — To divide a line into 
 equal parts. — To draw a line perpen- 
 dicular to another : With a pair of di- 
 viders from the extremities of the line 
 A B as centres, with any distance ex- 
 ceeding the point where the line is to 
 be intersected, describe arcs cutting 
 each other as m n ; then a line drawn 
 through m n will divide the line A B 
 equally, and will also be perpendicular 
 thereto. 
 
 Problem 2. — To find the side of a 
 square that shall be any number of 
 times the area of a given square : 
 Let A B C D be the given square ; 
 then will the diagonal B D be the side 
 of a square A E F G, double in area 
 to the given square A B C D ; the di- 
 ll EB A agonal B D is equal to the line A G ; 
 if the diagonal be drawn from B to G, it will be the side of 
 a square A H K L, three times the area of the square A B 
 C D ; the diagonal B L will equal the size of a square four 
 times the area of the square A B C D, etc. 
 
84 
 
 PRACTICAL GEOMETRY. 
 
 Problem 3. — To find the diameter 
 of a circle that shall be any number 
 of times the area of a given circle : 
 Let A B C D be the given circle; 
 draw the two diameters A B and C D 
 at right angles to each other, and the 
 cord A D will be the radius of the 
 circle o P, twice the area of the given 
 circle nearly ; and half the cord will 
 be the radius of a circle that will contain half the area, etc. 
 
 Problem 4. — To describe 
 an ellipsis, the transverse 
 and conjugate diameters be- 
 ing given : From o, as a 
 centre, with the difference 
 transverse and con- 
 
 of the 
 jugate 
 
 semi-diameters. 
 
 off o c and o d ; draw 
 
 set 
 the 
 diagonal c c?, and continue 
 the line o c to &, by the addition of half the diagonal c d, 
 then will the distance o k be the radius of the centres that 
 will describe the ellipsis ; draw the lines A B, C D, C E, 
 and B H, cutting the semi-diameters of the ellipsis in the 
 centres k B m n ; then with the radius m s, and with &, 
 and m as centres, describe the arcs D H and A E ; also, 
 with the radius n r, and with n and B as centres, describe 
 the arcs E H and A H, and the figure AEDH will be the 
 ellipsis required. 
 
 The " Scientific American." — u It is hardly necessary 
 for us to speak of its merits to those who are thoroughly 
 posted up in the improvements of the age ; but the general 
 reading public may not be so well aware that it contains the 
 finest engravings of all the late inventions — the new moni- 
 tors, army and navy weapons, vessels, forts, machinery of 
 all kinds, military and civil, mechanical and agricultural — 
 with essays from the most distinguished scholars upon prac- 
 
MECHANICAL MOVEMENTS. 85 
 
 tical philosophy, chemistry, and engineering. It is indis- 
 pensable to every inventor. It is useful for every family and 
 housewife. In short, it is the best scientific and mechanical 
 journal in the world, and we cannot see how any chemist, 
 architect, engineer, farmer, or mechanic can do without it. 
 Munn & Co., Publishers, 37 Park Row, New York."— Cass 
 County Republican. 
 
 MECHANICAL MOVEMENTS. 
 
 In the construction of models, or machinery, the skillful 
 mechanic and inventor will study to avoid clumsiness in the 
 arrangement of parts, and will naturally take pride in select- 
 ing, as far as possible, the simplest and best forms of me- 
 chanical movements. 
 
 To this end, we have thought that nothing could be more 
 suggestive or useful than a comprehensive exhibition of 
 many of the best mechanical forms already known. 
 
 After much labor and expense, we have brought together, 
 condensed and engraved expressly for this work, one of the 
 most extensive series of mechanical movements ever before 
 published. 
 
 Here the mechanic may find at a glance the movement 
 suited for his purpose, and may see the separate parts best 
 adapted to any special combination of mechanism. 
 
 As these engravings are not readily to be found elsewhere, 
 we recommend the careful preservation of this book. 
 
 DESCRIPTION OF THE MECHANICAL MOVE- 
 MENTS BY NUMBERS. 
 
 1. Shaft coupling. 2. Claw coupling. 3,4. Lever coup- 
 lings. On the driving shaft, a disk with spurs is mounted, 
 and to the shaft to be driven a lever is hinged. By causing 
 this lever to catch in the spurs of the disk, the coupling is 
 effected. 5. Knee or rose coupling, of which 26 is a side 
 view. 
 
 6. Universal joint. 7, 8. Disk and spur coupling. 9. 
 Prong and spur lever coupling. 
 
 10. Fast and loose pulley. 11. Sliding gear, the journal 
 boxes of one of the wheels being moveable. 12. Friction 
 clutch. By tightening or releasing a steel band, encircling 
 a pulley on the shaft, the machinery is thrown in or out of 
 
 ~8 
 
86 MECHANICAL MOVEMENTS. 
 
 gear. 13,14. Shoe and lever brakes. 15,16. Change of 
 motion by sheaves. 17. Spiral flanged shaft. 18. Con- 
 nected with the rod are pawl links, catching into ratchet- 
 teeth in the wheel to which rotary motion is to be imparted. 
 When the rod moves in one direction, one of the pawls acts; 
 and when the rod moves in the opposite direction, the other 
 pawl acts in the same direction as the first. 19. The recip- 
 rocating motion of a rod is converted into rotary motion of 
 the fly-wheel by a weight suspended from a cord, which 
 passes over a small pulley that connects with a treadle, from 
 which the motion is transmitted to the fl} T -wheel. 
 
 20. "Flying horse," used in fairs for amusement. By 
 pulling the cords radiating from the crank, the persons occu- 
 pying the seats or horses on the ends of the arms are enabled 
 to keep the apparatus in motion. 21, 22. Bow string ar- 
 rangements, to connect reciprocating into rotary motion. 
 23. Same purpose by differential screw. 24. The same by 
 double rack and wheels. 25. Coupling for square shafts. 
 26. Side view of Fig. 5. 27. Sliding spur pulley coupling. 
 28. Lever with bearing roller to tighten pulley bands. 29. 
 Chain wheel. 
 
 30. Reciprocating rectilinear into reciprocating rotary 
 motion by two racks and cog wheel. 31. Oblique toothed 
 wheels. 32. Worm and worm wheel. 33,34. Claw coup- 
 ling with hinged lever. 35, 36. Disk couplings, with lugs 
 and cavities. 37. Disk coupling with screw bolts. 38,39, 
 40. Shaft couplings. 
 
 41. Face view of Fig. 12. 42. Friction cones. 43. Fric- 
 tion pullies. 44. Self-releasing coupling. Disks with ob- 
 lique teeth. If the resistance to the driven shaft increases 
 beyond a certain point, the disks separate. 45. Hoisting 
 blocks. 46. Elbow crank, for changing motion. 47. Re- 
 ciprocating into rotary motion by zig-zag groove on cylinder. 
 48. Another form of Fig. 29. 49. Reciprocating into a ro- 
 tary motion. 
 
 50. Same purpose. 51. Same purpose, by double rack 
 and two ratchet pinions. When the double rack moves in 
 one direction, one pinion is rigid with the shaft ; when the 
 rack moves in the opposite direction, the other pinion is rigid, 
 and a continuous rotary motion is imparted to the fly-wheel 
 shaft. 52. Reciprocating into oscillating. 53. Rotary into 
 
MECHANICAL MOVEMENTS. 87 
 
 reciprocating. By the action of the wheel pins, the carriage 
 is moved in one direction, and by the action of said pins on 
 an elbow-lever, it is moved in the opposite direction. 54. 
 Stamp rod and lifting cam. 55. For giving reciprocating 
 motion to rack. 56. Same motion to a bar with slot, by 
 means of an eccentric pin projecting from a revolving disk, 
 and catching in the slot. 57. Walking beam and fly-wheel. 
 58. Reciprocating motion to pump or other rod by means 
 of eccentric disk and friction rollers. See 81 and 104. 59. 
 Hoisting crane. 
 
 60. Frictiongears. See 43. 61. Rotary into reciproca- 
 ting by rising and falling pinion acting on endless rack. 
 62. By the revolving cam, a rising and falling or a recipro- 
 cating rectilinear motion is imparted to a drum. 63. Recip- 
 rocating motion to a frame by means of endless rack and 
 pinion. 64. Reciprocating rectilinear motion to a toothed 
 rack by a toothed segment on a lever-arm, which is subjected 
 to the action of a weight, and of an eccentric wrist-pin, pro- 
 jecting from a revolving disk. 65. Reciprocating motion to 
 a rod. The wheels are of different diameters, and conse- 
 quently the rod has to rise and fall as v the wheels revolve. 
 (See 110.) 66. Cam and elbow lever.' 67. Rod recipro- 
 cates by means of cam. 68. Revolving into reciprocating 
 motion, by an endless segmental rack and pinion, the axle 
 of which revolves and slides in a slot toward and from the 
 rack. This rack is secured to a disk, and a rope round said 
 disk extends to the body to which a reciprocating motion is 
 to be imparted. 69. Elliptic gears. 
 
 70. Bevel gear. 71. Worm and worm wheel. 72. Trans- 
 mitting motion from one axle to another, with three dif- 
 ferent velocities, by means of toothed segments of unequal 
 diameters. 73. Continuous revolving into reciprocating, by 
 a cam-disk acting on an oscillating lever. 74. Intermittent 
 revolving motion to a shaft with two pinions, and segment 
 gear wheel on end of shaft. 75. Oscillating lever, carrying 
 pawls which engage teeth in the edges of a bar to which 
 rectilinear motion is imparted. 76. Oscillating lever, con- 
 nects by a link with a rod to which a rectilinear motion is 
 imparted. 77. Oscillating lever and pawls, which gear in 
 the ratchet-wheel. 78. Common treadle. 79. Describing 
 on a revolving cylinder a spiral line of a certain given pitch. 
 
88 MECHANICAL MOVEMENTS. 
 
 which depends upon the comparative sizes of the pinion and 
 bevel-wheels. 
 
 80. Marking a spiral line, the graver moved bv a screw. 
 81. (See Fig. 58.) 82. Plunger and rods. 83. Cross head 
 and rods. 84. Reciprocating rod guided by friction rollers. 
 85. Revolving into reciprocating motion, by means of roller- 
 arms, extending from a revolving shaft, and acting on lugs 
 projecting from a reciprocating frame. 86. Crank motion. 
 
 87. Reciprocating motion by toothed wheel and spring bar. 
 
 88. The shaft carries a tapper, which catches against a hook 
 hinged to the drum, so as to carry said drum along and 
 raise the weight on the rope. When the tappet has reached 
 its highest position, the hook strikes a pin, the hook disen- 
 gages from the tappet, and the weight drops. 89. Recipro- 
 cating motion to a rod by means of a groove in an oblique 
 ring secured to a revolving shaft. 
 
 90. Double crank. 91. Cam groove in a drum, to pro- 
 duce reciprocating motion. 92. Belts and pulleys. 93. 
 Pulleys, belts, and internal gear. 94. As the rod moves up 
 and down, the teeth of the cog-wheel come in contact with 
 a pawl, and an intermittent rotary motion is imparted to 
 said wheel. 95. By turning the horizontal axles with dif- 
 ferent velocities, the middle wheel is caused to revolve with 
 the mean velocity. 96. Oscillating lever and cam groove in 
 a disk. 97. Lazy tongs. 98. Oscillating segment and belt 
 over pulleys. 99. Converting oscillating into a reciproca- 
 ting motion by a cam-slot in the end of the oscillating lever 
 which catches over a pin projecting from one of the sides of 
 a parallelogram which is connected to the rod to which re- 
 ciprocating motion is imparted. 
 
 100. Oscillating motion of a beam into rotary motion. 
 101 . Motion of a treadle into rotary motion. 102. Double- 
 acting beam. 103. Single-acting beam. 104. (See Figures 
 58 and 81.) 105. Device to steady a piston by a slotted 
 guide-piece, operated by an eccentric on the driving-shaft. 
 106. Rod operated by two toothed segments. 107. Two 
 cog-wheels of equal diameter, provided with a crank of the 
 same length, and connected by links with a cross-bar to 
 which the piston-rod-is secured. 108. Device for a rectilin- 
 ear motion of a piston-rod based on the hypocyclodial mo- 
 tion of a pinion in a stationary wheel with internal gear. 
 
MECHANICAL MOVEMENTS. 89 
 
 If the diameter of the pinion is exactly equal to one-half 
 the diameter of the internal gear, the hypocycloid becomes 
 a right line. 109. Same purpose as 56. 
 
 110. Action similar to 65. 111. Revolving motion by a 
 circular sliding pinion gearing in an elliptical cog-wheel. 
 112. Similar to 96. 113. Carpenter's clamp. The jaws 
 turn on their pivot-screws, and clamp the board. 114. An 
 irregular vibratory motion is given to the arm carrying the 
 wheel A, by the rotation of the pinion B. 115. Intermit- 
 tent rotary motion of the pinion-shaft, by the continuous 
 rotary motion of the large wheel. The part of the pinion 
 shown next the wheel is cut on the same curve as the plain 
 portion of the circumference, and, therefore, serves as a lock 
 whilst the wheel makes a part of a revolution, and until the 
 pin upon the wheel strikes the guide-piece upon the pinion, 
 when the pinion-shaft commences another revolution. 116. 
 Stop-motion used in watches to limit the number of revolu- 
 tions in winding up. The convex curved part, a, b, of the 
 wheel B, serving as the stop. 117. Several wheels, by con- 
 necting rods, driven from one pulley. 118. Intermittent 
 circular motion is imparted to the toothed wheel by vibrating 
 the arm B. When the arm, B, is lifted, the pawl is raised 
 from between the teeth of the wheel, and traveling backward 
 over the circumference again, drops between two teeth on 
 lowering the arm, and draws with it the wheel. 1 1 9. Re- 
 ciprocating rectilinear motion is given to the bar by the con- 
 tinuous motion of the cam. The cam is of equal diameter 
 in every direction measured across its center. 
 
 120. Mechanism for revolving the cylinder in Colt's fire- 
 arms. When the hammer is drawn back the dog, a, attached 
 to the tumbler, acts on the ratchet, b, on the back of the 
 cylinder, and is held up to the ratchet by a spring, c. 121. 
 Alternate increasing and diminishing motion, by means of 
 eccentric toothed wheel and toothed cylinder. 122. Oscilla- 
 ting or pendulum engine. The cylinder swings between 
 trunnions like a pendulum. The piston-rod connects direct- 
 ly with crank. 123. Intermittent rotary motion. The 
 small wheel is driven, and the friction rollers on its studs 
 move the larger wheel by working against the faces of ob- 
 lique grooves or projections across the face thereof. 124. 
 Longitudinal and rotary motion of the rod is produced by 
 
90 MECHANICAL MOVEMENTS. 
 
 its arrangement between two rotating rollers, the axles of 
 which are oblique to each other. 125. Friction indicator of 
 Roberts. Upon the periphery of the belt-pulley a loaded 
 carriage is placed, its tongue connected with an indicator. 
 With a given load the indicating pointer remains in a given 
 position, no matter what velocity is imparted to the pulley. 
 When the load is changed the indicator changes, thus prov- 
 ing that the friction of wheels is in proportion to load, not 
 velocity. 1 26. Circular intermittent rectilinear reciprocating 
 motion. Used on sewing-machines for driving the shuttle ; 
 also on three-revolution cylinder printing-presses. 127. Con- 
 tinuous circular into intermittent circular motion. The cam 
 is the driver. 128. Sewing-machine, four-motion feed. The 
 bar, B, carries the feeding-points or spurs, and is pivoted to 
 slide, A. B is lifted by a radial projection on cam C, 
 which at the same time also carries A and B forward. A 
 spring produces the return stroke, and the bar B, drops by 
 gravity. 129. Patent crank motion, to obviate dead centers. 
 Pressure on the treadle moves the slotted slide, A, forward 
 until the wrist passes the center, when the spring, B, forces 
 the slide against the stops until next forward movement. 
 
 130. Four-way cock. 131. One stroke of the piston gives 
 a complete revolution to the crank. 132. Rectilinear motion 
 of variable velocity, is given to the vertical bar by rotation 
 of the shaft of the curved arm. 133. Pantagraph for copy- 
 ing, enlarging, and reducing plans, etc. C, fixed point. B, 
 ivory tracing point. A, pencil trace, the lines to be copied 
 with, and B, the pencil, will re-produce it double size. Shift 
 the slide to which C is attached, also the pencil slide, and 
 size of the copy will be varied. 134. Ball and socket joint 
 for tubing. 135. Numerical registering device. The teeth 
 of the worm shaft gear with a pair of worm-wheels of equal 
 diameter, one having one tooth more than the other. If the 
 first wheel has 100 teeth and the second 101, the pointers 
 will indicate respectively 101 and 10.100 revolutions. 136. 
 Montgolfier's hydraulic "ram. The right hand valve being 
 kept open by a weight or spring, the current flowing through 
 the pipe in the direction of the arrow, escapes thereby. 
 When the pressure of the water current overcomes the weight 
 of the right valve, the momentum of the water opens the 
 other valve, and the water passes into the air-chamber. On 
 
MECHANICAL MOVEMENTS. 91 
 
 equilibrium taking place, the left valve shuts and the right 
 valve opens. By this alternate action of the valves, water 
 is raised into the air-chamber at every stroke. 137. Rotary 
 engine. Shaft, B, and hub, C, are arranged eccentric to the 
 case. Sliding radial pistons, a, a, move in and out of hub, 
 C. The pistons slide through rolling packings in the hub, 
 C. 138. Quadrant engine. Two single-acting pistons, B, 
 B, connect with crank, D. Steam is admitted to acton the 
 outer sides of the pistons alternately through valve a, and 
 the exhaust is between the pistons. 139. Circular into rec- 
 tilinear motion. The scolloped wheel communicates motion 
 to the horizontal oscillating rod, and imparts rectilinear 
 movement to the upright har. 140. Rotary motion trans- 
 mitted by rolling contact between two obliquely arranged 
 
 MTJLTTJM IN PARVO. 
 
 We have some queer correspondents : One writes to know 
 if we will not be so good as to send a messenger to an ad- 
 dress which he gives, up town — distance two and a half 
 miles from our office — to make certain inquiries for him. It 
 would require one and a half hours time to do the errand, 
 and not a stamp inclosed. Another wants us to write a let- 
 ter and tell him where to get a combined thermometer and 
 barometer. Another, " will you be good enough to give me 
 the names and addresses of several of the makers of the best 
 brick machines;" another wants water wheels; another 
 threshing machines; each writer desires our written opinion 
 as to which is the best device, with our reasons, and not one 
 is thoughtful enough to inclose a fee, or reflect that to an- 
 swer his request will consume considerable of our time. An- 
 other party wishes us to write to him the recipe for making 
 ornaments out of coal tar, where he can buy the mixture 
 ready for use, and how much chequer-men will sell for in the 
 New York market. For this information he sends us the 
 generous sum of three cents in postage stamps. Mr. C. wants 
 us to tell him of some valuable invention, of which he can 
 buy the patent cheap, that would be suitable for him to take 
 to sell, on his travels out West, by towns, counties, etc., three 
 cents inclosed. Others want us to put them in communica- 
 tion with some person who will purchase an interest in their 
 inventions, or manufacture for them, or furnish this or that 
 personal information, our reply to be printed in the Scientific 
 American. We are at all times happy to serve our corre- 
 spondents, but if replies to purely personal errands are expect- 
 ed, a small fee, say from one to five dollars, should be sent. 
 
92 
 
 MECHANICAL MOVEMENTS. 
 
MECHANICAL MOVEMENTS. 
 
 93 
 
94 
 
 MECHANICAL MOVEMENTS. 
 
96 
 
 MECHANICAL MOVEMENTS, 
 
WILL IT PAY 
 
 97 
 
 WILL, IT PAY? 
 
 On page 5, readers are informed that we are always happy 
 to give them our opinion as to the novelty of their inven- 
 tions, without charge. Bat some persons, when they send 
 for such information, add many other inquiries, difficult to 
 answer, and not included in our gratuitous invitation ; as for 
 example : " What is it worth 1 Who will buy 1 Will it 
 pay 1 Does it infringe 1 Does it conflict with B's patent ? 
 If you will guarantee that it docs not infringe, I will apply 
 for a paten t," etc. 
 
 It is impossible for us to answer all of these questions 
 satisfactorily, but in special cases we might write out a reply 
 if a fee were sent to compensate for our time. The follow- 
 ing hints, however, may prove useful as a sort of general 
 answer. 
 
 " What is it worth ? Who will buy ?" If a patent is re- 
 fused, and cannot be obtained, the device is worth nothing, 
 and no one will buy. Therefore the first thing to be consid- 
 ered, the first step to be taken, is to obtain the Patent. Do 
 not count your chickens, nor anxiously seek a market for 
 them, nor ask anybody to guarantee or insure their lives, 
 before they are hatched. 
 
 " Will it pay V 9 As a general rule, every patentable im- 
 provement will more than repay the small cost of taking out 
 the patent. The sale of a single machine, or of a single 
 right of use, will often bring back more than the whole out- 
 lay for the patent. The extent of profit frequently depends 
 upon the business capacity of the inventor, or his agent. 
 One man will make a fortune from an unpromising improve- 
 ment, while another, possessing a brilliant invention, will 
 realize little or nothing, owing to idleness and incompetence. 
 [See remarks, page 42.] 
 
 " Does it infringe V 9 To answer this in each individual 
 case, requires the special search mentioned at page 16. In- 
 fringement consists in the use, sale, or manufacture of the 
 thing patented. It is not an infringement to take out or 
 hold a patent for an improvement upon any other patent. 
 It is not an infringement to sell rights under any patent, 
 whether town, county or state rights, or licenses. The ac- 
 tual manufacture, sale, or use of an article may infringe ; 
 but the sale or purchase of patent rights is not infringement. 
 
 9 
 
98 
 
 WILL IT PAY^ 
 
 All good improvements are worth patenting, even if their 
 use infringes a prior patent. Many an infringing device is 
 worth more than the patent with which it conflicts. Patent- 
 ees of conflicting inventions can usually make satisfactory 
 arrangements with the owners of the prior patents ; it is ob- 
 viously to the interest of prior patentees to have their patents 
 used as extensively as possible. The princely revenue of 
 Howe, the inventor of the sewing machine, said to be five j 
 hundred thousand dollars annually, is derived from infring- 
 ing patentees, who pay him a small royalty on each machine. 
 The net profits divided among the owners of one of these 
 infringing patents, — the celebrated Wheeler and Wilson — is 
 reported to be more than one million dollars a year. We 
 might give hundreds of analogous examples. 
 
 SUBSTITUTE FOR BELTS AND GEARS. 
 
 The object of. this device is to transmit motion from one 
 shaft to another, without the use of belt or gear wheels, both 
 of which are in some instances objectionable. 
 
 Continuous rotary motion of the pulley shaft, is imnarted 
 to the secondary shaft through the connecting rods 
 
 STEAM PRESSURE AND TEMPERATURE. 
 
 Pressure 
 in lbs. 
 
 prsq.in. 
 
 10 
 15 
 20 
 25 
 30 
 35 
 40 
 45 
 50 
 55 
 60 
 
 Correspond'g 
 
 Pressure j 
 
 Temperature, 
 
 in lbs. 
 
 Fahrenheit. 
 
 persq. in. 
 
 192.4 
 
 65 
 
 212.8 
 
 70 
 
 228.5 
 
 75 
 
 241.0 
 
 80 
 
 251.6 
 
 85 
 
 260.9 
 
 90 
 
 269.1 
 
 95 
 
 276.4 
 
 100 
 
 283.2 
 
 110 
 
 289.3 
 
 120 
 
 295.6 
 
 1 130 
 
 Correspond'g 
 
 Temperature. 
 
 Fahrenheit. 
 
 331.3 
 306.4 
 311.2 
 315.8 
 320.1 
 324.3 
 328.2 
 332.0 
 339.2 
 345.8 
 352.1 
 
 Pressure 
 i in lbs. 
 persq. in, 
 
 140 
 
 150 
 160 
 170 
 180 
 190 
 200 
 210 
 220 
 23) 
 240 
 
 Correspond'g 
 
 Temperature, 
 
 Fahrenheit. 
 
 357.9 
 363.4 
 368.7 
 373.6 
 378.4 
 382.9 
 387.3 
 391.5 
 395.5 
 399.4 
 403.1 
 
 [Third Edition.] 
 
99 
 ABSTRACT 
 
 OF THE 
 
 POPULATION OF THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA. 
 
 CEJYSUS OJ? 1860 
 
 MAINE.— Area, 31,766 square miles. 
 
 Androsc'n. 29,725 Hancock ..37,758 Lincoln.. ..27.854 Piscataq's. 15,032 Waldo ....38,447 
 
 Aroostook. 22,479 Kennebec. .55,655 Oxford 36,698 Sagadah*k.21,790 Wash'gton42,535 
 
 Cumbeii'd. 75,592 Knox 32,716 Penobscot. 72,731 Somerset. .36,754 York 62,107 
 
 Franklin.. 20,403 Total 628,276 
 
 NEW HAMPSHIRE.— Area, 9,280 square miles. 
 
 Belknap. ..18,548 Cheshire. .27,434 Grafton .. .42,259 Merrimack4i,408 Strafford. .31,494 
 Carroll. ...20,464 Coos 13,162 Hillsboro'. 62,140 Rock'ham.50,122 Sullivan. ..19,041 
 
 Total. 
 
 .326,072 
 
 VERMONT.— Area, 10,212 square miles. 
 
 Addison. ..24,010 Chitt'nden 28.171 Grand Isle. 4.296 Orleans ...18,982 Windham. 26,983 
 
 Benningfnl9,435 Essex 5,786 La Moille.. 12,311 Rutland .. .35,949 Windsor.. .37,195 
 
 Caledonia. 21,708 Franklin ..27,241 Orange.. ..25,455 Wash'ton .27,614 Total ..315,116 
 
 MASSACHUSETTS.— Area, 7,800 square miles. 
 
 Barnstable35,990 Dukes 4,403 Hampden. .57, 365 Nantucket 6,094 Suffolk.. .192,701 
 
 Berkshire .55,120 Essex. ...165,610 Hampshire37,62i Norfolk ..109,950 Worc'ter.159,660 
 Bristol.... 93, 795 Franklin ..31.434 Middl'sex216,351 Plymouth 64,768 Total ..1,231,065 
 
 RHODE ISLAND.— Area, 1,306 square miles. 
 
 Bristol.... 8,907 Kent 17,303 Newport. .21, 897 Provid'ce. 107,799 Washing'nl8,715 
 
 Total 174,621 
 
 CONNECTICUT.— Area, 4,674 square miles. 
 
 Fairfield ..77.476 Litchfield. .47,317 N. Haven. 97,347 Tolland ...21,187 Windham. 36,445 
 Hartford. .89.964 Middlesex. 32,993 N. London. 57,422 Total 460,151 
 
 NEW 
 
 Albany.. .113,919 
 Alleghany. 41.882 
 Broome.. ..35,910 
 Catta'gus. .43,897 
 Cayuga ....55,769 
 Chaut'qua.58,354 
 Chemung. .26,917 
 Chenango. .40,936 
 Clinton. ...45,736 
 Columbia .47,250 
 Cortland. .26, 296 
 Delaware.. 42,467 
 
 YORK.— Area, 47,000 square miles. 
 
 Dutchess ..64,939 Livingston39,546 Otsego 50,166 Steuben ...66 
 
 Erie 141,973 Madison ...43,586 Putnam. ..14, 002 Suffolk ... .43 
 
 Essex 28,214 Monroe ..100,659 Queens.. ..57,391 Sullivan ..32 
 
 Franklin. .30,836 Montgo'ry. 30,^67 Rensselaer86,325 Tioga 28 
 
 Fulton 24,162 N. York .813,668 Richmond. 25,493 Tompkins. 31 
 
 Genesee. ..32,189 Niagara ...50,399 Rockland. .22,492 Ulster 76 
 
 Greene 31,930 Oneida .. .105,201 St. Law'e .83,689 Warren ...21 
 
 Hamilton . 3,024 Onondaga .90,687 Saratoga ..51,732 Washing'n45 
 
 Herkimer. 40,560 Ontario. ...44,566 Schenec'y. 20,002 Wayne.. ..47, 
 
 Jefferson. .69,828 Orange.. ..63,814 Schoharie. 34, 469 Westc'ter.99 
 
 Kings. ...279,125 Orleans .. .28,717 Schuyler. .18,840 Wyoming. 31 
 
 Lewis 28,581 Oswego.. .75,960 Seneca.... 28,139 Yates 20 
 
 Total 
 
 NEW JERSEY.- 
 
 Atlantic. ..11,786 Cumberl'd. 22,605 
 
 Bergen.... 21, 618 Essex 98,875 
 
 Burlington49,730 Gloucester 18,444 
 
 Camden. ..34, 457 Hudson. ...62,717 
 Cape Mav. 7,130 Total... 
 
 PENNSYLVANIA, 
 
 Adams.... 28,012 Centre 27,100 
 
 Al!eghanyl78,835 Chester. ...74,578 
 
 Armstrong35,797 Clarion. ...24, 994 
 
 Beaver. ...29,144 Clearfield .18,758 
 
 Bedford. ...26,737 Clinton ,...17,723 
 
 Berks 93,819 Columbia. .25,065 
 
 Blair 27,829 Crawford. .48,755 
 
 Bradford ..48,735 Cumr.erl'd. 40,098 
 
 Bucks 63,578 Dauphin ..46,757 
 
 Butler 35,596 Delaware. .30,597 
 
 Cambria ..29,156 Elk 5,915 
 
 Cameron .. ( New Erie 49,431 
 
 County.) Favette.. ..39,909 
 
 Carbon.. ..21.033 Forest 898 
 
 DELAWARE. 
 
 Kent 27,801 Newcastle 54,800 Sussex. '...29',617 
 
 762 
 157 
 967 
 291 
 3,880,735 
 
 -Area, 3,320 square miles 
 
 Hunterdon33,654 Morris 34,679 Somerset. .22, 
 
 Mercer 37,411 Ocean 11,176 Sussex. ...23 
 
 Middlesex. 34,810 Passaic. .29,013 Warren.. .28 
 
 Monmouth39,345 Salem 22,458 Union 27 
 
 —Area, 
 
 Franklin. .42 
 Fulton . 
 Greene. ...24 
 Huut'gdon 28, 
 Indiana ...33 
 Jeffersoc.18 
 Juniata ...16 
 Lancasterll6 
 Lawrence .22 
 Lebanon ..31 
 Lehigh.... 43 
 Luzerne. ..90 
 Lyconvng.37 
 
 Total 2,906 
 
 Area, 2,120 square miles 
 
 46,000 square miles, 
 
 ,128 McKean... 8,859 Snyder. ...15, 
 
 131 Mercer 36,857 Somerset .26, 
 
 343 Mifflin ....16,341 Sullivan. ...5 
 
 101 Monroe. ...16,759 Susqueh'a.36 
 
 687 Montgo'ry. 70,500 Tioga 31 
 
 ,269 Montour ..13,053 Union 14 
 
 986 North'pton47,904 Venango ..25 
 
 ,315 North'l'd.. 28,892 Warren ...19 
 
 Perry 22,794 Washing'n46 
 
 Philad'ia. 565,531 
 
 Pike 7,155 
 
 831 
 
 ,754 
 243 Potter. 
 
 Wayne.. ..3i 
 
 Westm'l'dSS, 
 
 .11,470 Wyoming. 12, 
 
 398 Schuylkill 89,515 York. 
 
 Total.... 112,218 
 
100 
 
 ABSTRACT OF THE POPULATION OF 
 
 MARYLAND.— Area, 11,124 square miles. 
 
 Alleghan v. 28,348 Carroll. ...24, 532 Frederick .40,576 Montgo'rv. 18,322 Somerset. .24.992 
 
 Anne Arun23,901 Cecil 23,fc63 Harford.. .23,415 Prince Geo23,327 Talbot 14,795 
 
 Baltimore266,554 Charles. ..16,517 Howard .. .13,338 Q.u. Anne. .15, 961 Wash'ton .31,414 
 
 Calvert.. ..10,447 Dorchester20,461 Kent 13,267 St. Mary's 15,124 Worcester 20,661 
 
 Caroline ..11,129 Total 687,034 
 
 DISTRICT OF COLUMBIA.— Area, 60 square miles. 
 
 Washington.. 75,076 
 
 VIRGINIA.— Area, 61,352 square miles. 
 
 Accomack. 18,586 
 Albemarle 26,625 
 Alexand'ial2,652 
 Alleghany. 6,765 
 Amelia.. ..10,753 
 Amherst .. 13,743 
 Appomat'X 8,887 
 Augusta.. .27,750 
 Barbour.. ..8,959 
 
 Bath 3,676 
 
 Bedford.. .25,068 
 Berkeley. ..12,523 
 
 Boone 4,640 
 
 Botetourt.. 11,516 
 Braxtou.... 4,992 
 
 Brooke 5,494 
 
 Brur.swickl4,SU 
 Buchanan ..2,793 
 Buck'ham. 15,212 
 
 Cabell 8,020 
 
 Calhoun. ...2,502 
 Campbell. .26,197 
 Caroline.. 18,465 
 
 Carroll 8,012 
 
 Chas. City. 5,609 
 Charlotte. .14,469 
 Chesterfd 19,017 
 Clarke.... 7,146 
 
 Clay 1,787 
 
 Craig 3,553 
 
 Culpepper .12,064 
 CumberPd. 9,961 
 Dinwiddie.30,198 
 Doddridge. 5,203 
 Eliz. City.. 5,798 
 
 Essex 10.469 
 
 Fairfax. ..11,835 
 Fauquier.. 21, 704 
 
 Favette 5,997 
 
 Floyd 8,236 
 
 Fluvanna. .10,353 
 Franklin. .20,098 
 Frederick. 16,547 
 
 Giles 6,883 
 
 Gilmer.... 3,759 
 Gloucesterl0,956 
 Goochland 10,656 
 Grayson .. 6,252 
 Greenbrierl2,210 
 Greene.... 5,025 
 Greenville 6,374 
 Halifax.. .26,521 
 Hampsh'r. 13,913 
 Hancock... 4,445 
 Hanover. ..17,225 
 Hardy .... 9,864 
 Harrison. .13, 790 
 Henrico. ..61, 616 
 
 Henry 12,105 
 
 Highland.. 4,319 
 
 Isle of W't 9,9; 
 Jackson... 8,306 
 Jas. City.. 5,793 
 Jefferson. .14, 575 
 Kanawha. .1C, 150 
 K'g& Q'n. 10,331 
 King Geo. ..6, 571 
 King Wm. 8,529 
 Lancaster. 5,151 
 
 Lee 11,032 
 
 Lewis 7,999 
 
 Logan 4,938 
 
 Loudon. ...21, 772 
 
 Louisa 16,698 
 
 Lunenb'g.. 11,984 
 McDowell. .1,535 
 Madison.. ..8,854 
 Marion... .12,721 
 Marshall. .13,001 
 
 Mason 9,185 
 
 Matthews. 7,091 
 Meckl'b'g .20,096 
 Mercer.... 6,818 
 Middlesex. 4,364 
 Monong'a .13,048 
 Monroe. ...10, 757 
 Montgo'ry.10,615 
 Morgan.... 3,731 
 Nansem'd. 13.693 
 Nelson. ...13, 015 
 
 New Kent. .5,884 Rock'g'm.. 23,408 
 
 Nicholas.. .4,626 Russell.. .10,160 
 
 Norfolk. ..36,158 Scott 12,072 
 
 North'pton 7,832 Shenaud'h 13,696 
 
 North'land 7,530 Smyth 8,952 
 
 Nottoway. 8,836 South'ptonl2,914 
 
 Ohio 22,422 Spottsyl'a. 16,076 
 
 Orange 10,706 
 
 Page 8,109 
 
 Patrick.... 9,359 
 Pendleton. 6.165 
 Pittsylv'a. 32,104 
 Pleasants . 2,945 
 
 Stafford ... 8,555 
 
 Surry 6,133 
 
 Sussex.... 10,175 
 
 Tavlor 7,463 
 
 Tazewell.. 9,920 
 Tucker.... 1.428 
 
 Pocahontas 3,958 Tyler 6,517 
 
 Powhatan. 8,391 Upshur 7,292 
 
 Preston ...13,312 
 Pr'ce Ed'd 11,844 
 Pr'ceGeo.. 8,410 
 Pr'ce Wm. 8,565 
 Pr'c'ss A'e 7,714 
 Pulaski ... 5,416 
 Putnam... 6,301 
 Raleigh ... 3,367 
 Randolph.. 4,990 
 Rappah'k.. 8,850 
 Richmond. 6,856 
 Ritchie.... 6.847 
 
 Roane 5,382 
 
 Roanoke .. 8,048 
 Rockb'dge. 17,250 
 
 Warren... 6,442 
 Warwick.. 1,740 
 Wash'ton .16,893 
 Wayne.... 6,747 
 Webster .. 1,555 
 Westm'ld. 8,282 
 Wetzel.... 6,793 
 
 Wirt 3,751 
 
 Wise 4,508 
 
 Wood 11,046 
 
 Wyoming. 2,S€5 
 Wythe.... 12,305 
 "York 4,946 
 
 Total. .1,596,079 
 
 NORTH CAROLINA.— Area, 50,704 square miles. 
 
 Alamance 
 
 11.653 
 
 Cherokee. 
 
 . 9,166 
 
 Halifax .. 
 
 .19,441 
 
 Mec'lenb'gl7,374 
 
 Row&n.. . 
 
 .14,566 
 
 Alexander 
 
 . 6,022 
 
 Chowan.. 
 
 . 6,842 
 
 Harnett.. 
 
 8.039 
 
 Montgo'ry. 7,649 
 
 Rutherfordll,573 
 
 Alleghany 
 
 . 3,590 
 
 Cleavelan 
 
 dl2,348 
 
 Havwood. 
 
 . 5,601 
 
 Moore 11,427 
 
 Sampson . 
 
 .16,623 
 
 Anson.. .. 
 
 .13,664 
 
 Columbus 
 
 . 8,597 
 
 Henderson 
 
 10,448 
 
 Nash 11,688 
 
 Stanly ... 
 
 . 7,601 
 
 Ashe 
 
 . 7,956 
 
 Craven... 
 
 .16,273 
 
 Hertford. 
 
 9,504 
 
 N. Han'v'rlo,430 
 
 Stokes ... 
 
 .10,402 
 
 Beaufort . 
 
 .14,779 
 
 Cumberl'd 16,369 
 
 Hyde 
 
 . 7,724 
 
 North'pt*nl3,376 
 
 Surry .... 
 
 .10,379 
 
 Bertie 
 
 14,311 
 
 Currituck 
 
 . 7,416 
 
 Iredell... 
 
 15,347 
 
 Onslow.... 8,856 
 
 Tvrrel .. 
 
 . 4,943 
 
 Bladen... 
 
 11,995 
 
 Davidson 
 
 .16,601 
 
 Jackson.. 
 
 5.528 
 
 Orange. ...16,949 
 
 Union.... 
 
 .11,202 
 
 Brunswick .8,405 
 
 Davie ... 
 
 . 8,494 
 
 Johnson.. 
 
 .15.657 
 
 Pasquotank 6,940 
 
 Wake.... 
 
 .28,627 
 
 Buncombe. 12,654 
 
 Duplin... 
 
 .15,766 
 
 Jones 
 
 . 5,730 
 
 Perquimans7,248 
 
 Warren.. 
 
 .15,726 
 
 Burke 
 
 9,237 
 
 Edgecomb.17,376 
 
 Lenoir ... 
 
 .10,211 
 
 Person.. ..11,221 
 
 Wash'tca 
 
 . 6,357 
 
 Cabarrus. 
 
 .10,546 
 
 Forsvth .. 
 
 .12,691 
 
 Lillington 
 
 . 6,265 
 
 Pitt 16.080 
 
 Watacga 
 
 . 4,957 
 
 Caldwell. 
 
 . 7,492 
 
 Franklin. 
 
 .14,110 
 
 Lincoln .. 
 
 . 8,195 
 
 Polk 4,043 
 
 Wayne.. 
 
 .14,906 
 
 Camden.. 
 
 . 5,343 
 
 Gaston... 
 
 . 9,310 
 
 McDowell 
 
 . 7,120 
 
 Randolph. .16,793 
 
 Wilkes.. 
 
 .14,749 
 
 Carteret . 
 
 . 8,185 
 
 Gates .... 
 
 . 6,444 
 
 Macon.... 
 
 . 6,004 
 
 Richmond. 11, 009 
 
 Wilson.. 
 
 . 9,720 
 
 Caswell.. 
 
 16,215 
 
 Granville 
 
 .23,396 
 
 Madison . 
 
 . 5,908 
 
 Robeson.. .15,490 
 
 Yadkin.. 
 
 .10,718 
 
 Catawba. 
 
 .10,730 
 
 Greene... 
 
 . 7,925 
 
 Martin... 
 
 .10,189 
 
 Rock'gh'ml6,746 
 
 Yancey.. 
 
 . 8,655 
 
 Chatham ..19,105 Guilford ..20,056 Total 992,667 
 
 SOUTH CAROLINA.— Area, 29,385 square miles. 
 
 Abbeville. .32,385 Chesterfd. 11,634 Georgeto'n21,305 Lexington. 15,579 Richland ..18,334 
 
 Anderson. .22,872 Clarendon. 13, 0a9 Greenville 21,891 Marion. ...21, 190 Sparta nb'g26, 920 
 
 Barnwell.. 30, 743 Colleton ..30,915 Horry 7,964 Marlboro' .12,434 Sumter .. ..23,660 
 
 Beaufort. .40,052 Darlington20,343 Kershaw. .13.169 Newberrv. 20,879 Union 19,635 
 
 Charlestonei.105 Edgefield-.. 39,667 Lancaster. 11, 797 Orangeb'g.24,896 Wil'msb'g 15,469 
 
 Chester. ..18,123 Fairfield ..22,111 Laurens. ..23,858 Pickens. ..19,639 Yorl; 21,503 
 
 Total 703,612 
 
 GEORGIA.— Area, 58,000 square miles. 
 
 Appling, 
 Baker.. . 
 Baldwin 
 Banks .. 
 Berrien. 
 Bibb.. ., 
 Brooks .. 
 Bryan.. 
 
 ..4,190 
 ...4,985 
 ....9,078 
 ....4,707 
 , ..3,471 
 ..16,291 
 
 ...6,356 
 ...4,013 
 
 Bullock. ...5,668 
 
 Burke 17,165 
 
 Butts 6,455 
 
 Calhoun. ...4,913 
 Camden ....5,420 
 Campbell ..8,301 
 Carroll.. ..11.991 
 Cass 15,724 
 
 Catoosa ....5,0! 
 Charlton ...1,780 
 Chatham. .31,043 
 Chattooga. 7,165 
 Chattah'ie .5,806 
 Cherokee ..11,291 
 
 Clarke 11,225 
 
 Clay 4,-j3 
 
 ClaytoB ... 4,466 
 
 Clinch 3,063 
 
 Cobb 14,241 
 
 Coffee 2,679 
 
 Colowitt.. 1,316 
 Columbia .11,660 
 
 Coweta 14.703 
 
 Crawford.. 7,693 
 
 Dade 3.069 
 
 Dawson... 3,!-57 
 Decatur.. .11,923 
 De Kalb... 7,607 
 
 Dooly 8,915 
 
 Dougherty. 8,295 
 
 Early 6,158 
 
 Echols 1,49-1 
 

 THE UNITED STATE9 OF AMEEICA. 
 
 
 101 
 
 Effingham 
 
 ..4,756 
 
 Harris... 
 
 .13,736 
 
 Madison... 5,933 
 
 Pulaski ... 8,744 
 
 Towns .. 
 
 . 2,459 
 
 Elbert.... 
 
 .10,433 
 
 Hart 
 
 . 6,137 
 
 Marion.... 7,390 
 
 Putnam.. .10,130 
 
 Troup... 
 
 .16,259 
 
 Emanuel. 
 
 . 5,031 
 
 Heard.... 
 
 . 7,605 
 
 Meriwefr. 15,329 
 
 Quitman.. 3,499 
 
 Twiggs.. 
 
 .. 8,320 
 
 Fannin ... 
 
 . 5,140 
 
 Henry.... 
 
 .10,702 
 
 Miller 1,791 
 
 Rabun .... 3,271 
 
 Union ... 
 
 .. 4,413 
 
 Favette... 
 
 . 7,047 
 
 Houston.. 
 
 .15,613 
 
 Milton .... 4,602 
 
 Randolph.. 9,571 
 
 Upson... 
 
 . 9,910 
 
 Floyd .... 
 
 .15,195 
 
 Irwin .... 
 
 . 1,699 
 
 Mitchell .. 4,308 
 
 Richmond. 21,284 
 
 Walker . 
 
 ..10,082 
 
 Forsyth.. 
 
 . 7,749 
 
 Jackson.. 
 
 10,605 
 
 Monroe. ...15, 953 
 
 Schley 4,633 
 
 Walton .. 
 
 .11,072 
 
 Franklin. 
 
 . 7,393 
 
 Jasper . . . 
 
 10,743 
 
 Montgo'ry. 2,997 
 
 Scriven ....8,274 
 
 Ware ... 
 
 .. 2.200 
 
 Fulton... 
 
 14,4-27 
 
 Jefferson . 
 
 10,219 
 
 Morgan.... 9,998 
 
 Spalding... 8,699 
 
 Warren . 
 
 . 9,820 
 
 Gilmer... 
 
 . 6,722 
 
 Johnson.. 
 
 . 2,919 
 
 Murray 7,083 
 
 Stewart. ..13, 423 
 
 Washing 
 
 nl2,096 
 
 Glascock. 
 
 . 2,437 
 
 Jones 
 
 . 9,107 
 
 Muscogee. .16,584 
 
 Sumter 9,428 
 
 Wayne.. 
 
 .. 2,269 
 
 Glynn.... 
 
 . 3,889 
 
 Laurens.. 
 
 . 6,998 
 
 Newton ...14,323 
 
 Talbot ....13,617 
 
 Webster. 
 
 .. 5,030 
 
 Gordon... 
 
 .10,146 
 
 Lee 
 
 . 7,176 
 
 Oglethorp .11,549 
 
 Taliaferro. 4,583 
 
 White .. 
 
 . 3,314 
 
 Greene.. . 
 
 .12,649 
 
 Liberty... 
 
 . 8,369 
 
 Paulding.. 7,038 
 
 Tatnall ....4,352 
 
 Whitfield 
 
 .10,047 
 
 Gwinnett. 
 Habersha 
 
 .12,940 
 tq 5,966 
 
 Lincoln.. 
 Lowndes. 
 
 . 5,466 
 . 5,249 
 
 Pickens ... 4,951 
 Pierce 1,973 
 
 Tavlor 6,000 
 
 Telfair 2,713 
 
 Wik-ox.. 
 
 ...2,115 
 
 Wilkes.. 
 
 ..11,420 
 
 Hall 
 
 . 9,366 
 
 Lumpkin. 
 
 . 4,626 
 
 Pike 10,0*6 
 
 Terrell 6,237 
 
 Wilkinson .9,376 
 
 Hancock.. 
 
 .12,044 
 
 Mcintosh. 
 
 . 5,546 
 
 Polk 6,295 
 
 Thomas.. .10,767 
 
 Worth... 
 
 ..2,763 
 
 Haralson. 
 
 . 3,039 
 
 Macon ... 
 
 . 8,449 
 
 Total 
 
 
 1.057,329 
 
 
 FLORIDA 
 
 .—Area, 59,268 square miles. 
 
 
 Alachua.. 
 
 ..8,234 
 
 Escambia 
 
 ..5,768 
 
 Jackson.. .10,199 
 
 Marion.... 8,610 
 
 Sumter.. 
 
 ..1,549 
 
 Brevard 
 
 ^246 
 
 Franklin . 
 
 ..1,904 
 
 Jefferson.. 9,876 
 
 Monroe.... 2,912 
 
 Suwanee 
 
 ..1,388 
 
 (St. Lucie 
 
 Gadsden.. 
 
 ..9,396 
 
 Lafayette . 2,068 
 
 Nassau ... 3,654 
 
 Taylor .. 
 
 ...1,384 
 
 Calhoun.. 
 
 ..1,446 
 
 Hamilton 
 
 ..4,154 
 
 Leon 12.335 
 
 New River. 4, 655 
 
 Volusia. 
 
 ..1,158 
 
 Clay 
 
 ..1,914 
 
 Hernando 
 
 j- 1.200 
 
 Levy 1,782 
 
 Orange.... 967 
 
 Wakulla 
 
 ..2,635 
 
 Columbia 
 
 ..4,727 
 
 (Benton) 
 
 Liberty.... 1,457 
 
 Putnam ....2,712 
 
 Walton. 
 
 ..3,037 
 
 Dade 
 
 .. 83 
 
 Hillsboro' 
 
 ..2,981 
 
 Madison... 7,779 
 
 St. John's. .3,039 
 
 Washing 
 
 n 2,154 
 
 Duval.... 
 
 ..5,095 
 
 Holmes... 
 
 ..1,386 
 
 Manatee .. 854 
 
 Santa Rosa 5,481 
 
 Total... 
 
 140,439 
 
 ALABAMA- Area, 50,722 square miles. 
 
 
 Autauga . 
 
 .16,739 
 
 Clarke ... 
 
 .15,049 
 
 Hanc'k(dropped) 
 
 Marion.. ..11, 180 
 
 St. Clair 
 
 .11,012 
 
 Baldwin.. 
 
 ..7,533 
 
 Coffee.... 
 
 ..9,623 
 
 Henry ....14,917 
 
 Marshall ..11,472 
 
 Shelby.. 
 
 .12,618 
 
 Barbour.. 
 
 .30,815 
 
 Conecuh . 
 
 .11,311 
 
 Jackson. ..18,284 
 
 Mobile. ...41, 131 
 
 Sumter.. 
 
 ..24,035 
 
 Benton(dropped) 
 
 Coosa .... 
 
 .19,272 
 
 Jefferson. ..11, 744 
 
 Monroe.. ..15, 669 
 
 Talladega 
 
 .23,520 
 
 Bibb 
 
 .11,894 
 
 Covington 
 
 . 6,469 
 
 Lauderd*lel7,420 
 
 Montgo'ry. 35,905 
 
 Tallapoosa23,827 
 
 Blount ... 
 
 .10,665 
 
 Dale 
 
 .12,227 
 
 Lawrence. 13, 976 
 
 Morgan.. ..11,331 
 
 Tusc'loosa23,202 
 
 Butler.... 
 
 .18,122 
 
 Dallas ... 
 
 .33,625 
 
 Limestone 15,304 
 
 Perry 27,727 
 
 Walker . 
 
 . 7,960 
 
 Calhoun.. 
 
 .21,539 
 
 De Kalb.. 
 
 .10,705 
 
 Lowndes. .27, 718 
 
 Pickens ...22,319 
 
 Washing 
 
 n 4,669 
 
 Chambers 
 
 .23,214 
 
 Fayette.. 
 
 .12,850 
 
 Macon ....26,834 
 
 Pike 24,436 
 
 Wilcox.. 
 
 ..24,618 
 
 Cherokee. 
 
 .18,360 
 
 Franklin . 
 
 .18,628 
 
 Madison ..26,450 
 
 Randolph. .20,059 
 
 Winston. 
 
 .. 3,576 
 
 Choctaw . 
 
 .18,887 
 
 Greene. . . 
 
 .30.859 
 
 Marengo ..31.194 
 
 Russell. ...26,593 
 
 Total... 
 
 964,296 
 
 MISSISSIPPI.- 
 
 Area, 47,156 square 
 
 miles. 
 
 
 Adams... 
 
 .20,165 
 
 Covington 
 
 . 4,408 
 
 Jefferson. .15, 349 
 
 Neshoba.. 8,343 
 
 Sunflowe 
 
 r. 5,019 
 
 Amite.... 
 
 .12,336 
 
 De Soto .. 
 
 .23,336 
 
 Jones 3,323 
 
 Newton.... 9,661 
 
 Tallah'tc 
 
 e 7,892 
 
 Attala ... 
 
 .14,168 
 
 Franklin. 
 
 . 8,265 
 
 Kemper ...11,682 
 
 Noxubee. .20,666 
 
 Tippah.. 
 
 .22,550 
 
 Bolivar.. 
 
 .10,471 
 
 Greene... 
 
 . 2,232 
 
 La Fayettel6,l35 
 
 Oktibbeha.12,982 
 
 Tishem'g 
 
 24,149 
 
 Calhoun.. 
 
 . 9.518 
 
 Hancock.. 
 
 . 3,139 
 
 Lauderd'lel3,313 
 
 Panola. ...13,794 
 
 Tunica.. 
 
 . 4,367 
 
 Carroll... 
 
 .22,038 
 
 Harrison . 
 
 . 4,819 
 
 Lawrence . 9,213 
 
 Perry 2,606 
 
 Warren. 
 
 .20,710 
 
 Chickasawl6.4:28 
 
 Hinds.... 
 
 .31,342 
 
 Leake 9,324 
 
 Pike 11,135 
 
 Washing 
 
 nlo.679 
 
 Choctaw. 
 
 .15,740 
 
 Holmes .. 
 
 .17,794 
 
 Lowndes. ..23,625 
 
 Pontotoc. .22, 114 
 
 Wayne.. 
 
 .. 3,691 
 
 Claiborne 
 
 .15,680 
 
 Isaquena 
 
 . 7,831 
 
 Madison ..23,382 
 
 Rankin.. ..13,637 
 
 Wilkinsonl5,235 
 
 Clarke... 
 
 .10.771 
 
 Itawamba 
 
 .17,695 
 
 Marion.... 4,686 
 
 Scott 8,140 
 
 Winston 
 
 . 9,811 
 
 Coahoma. 
 
 . 6,606 
 
 Jackson .. 
 
 . 4,1-22 
 
 Marshall.. 28,820 
 
 Simpson... 6,080 
 
 Yallab'sh 
 
 al6,980 
 
 Copiah... 
 
 .15,399 
 
 Jasper ... 
 
 .11,007 
 
 Monroe. ...21 ,283 
 
 Smith 7,633 
 
 Yazoo... 
 
 .22,373 
 
 
 
 Total 
 
 
 
 
 791,396 
 
 LOUISIANA.— Area, 41,255 square miles. 
 
 
 Ascension 
 
 11,486 
 
 Carroll ... 
 
 .18,053 
 
 Jefferson. .15.372 
 
 Rapides ...25,360 
 
 St. Tam'ny 5,406 
 
 Assumpt' 
 
 alo.379 
 
 Catahoula 
 
 .11,652 
 
 La Fayette 9,003 
 
 Sabine.... 5,828 
 
 Tensas.. 
 
 .16,080 
 
 Avoyelles 
 
 .13,166 
 
 Claiborne 
 
 .16,546 
 
 La Fourc'el4,044 
 
 St. Bernard 4,076 
 
 Terre Bo' 
 
 e 12,090 
 
 B. Roug.E 
 
 .16,046 
 
 Concordia 
 
 .13,805 
 
 Livingston 4,431 
 
 St. Charles.5,297 
 
 Union .. . 
 
 .10,390 
 
 B. Roug.W 7,312 
 
 De Soto .. 
 
 .13,299 
 
 Madison ..14,133 
 
 St. Helena .7,130 
 
 Vermillion 4,324 
 
 Bienville. 
 
 .11,000 
 
 Felie'a, E 
 
 14,696 
 
 Morehousel0,357 
 
 St. James .11,504 
 
 Washita 
 
 ...4,727 
 
 Bossier.. 
 
 .12,628 
 
 Felic'a,\V.ll,671 
 
 Natchito'sl6,697 
 
 St. J'n Bap. 7,932 
 
 Washing 
 
 n. 4,708 
 
 Caddo.... 
 
 .12,140 
 
 Franklin 
 
 . 6,162 
 
 Orleans. .174,288 
 
 St. Landry23,100 
 
 Winn... 
 
 ..6,876 
 
 Calcasieu 
 
 . 5.928 
 
 Iberville. 
 
 .14.6G1 
 
 PlaquemineS, 493 
 
 St. M'tin'sl2,677 
 
 Opelonsas. 23,104 
 
 Caldwell. 
 
 . 4.833 
 
 Jackson .. 
 
 . 9,812 
 
 P't Coupeel7,720 
 
 St. Mary's 16,812 
 
 Total... 
 
 709,290 
 
 
 TEXAS.- 
 
 ■Area, 237,504 
 
 square miles. 
 
 
 Anderson 
 
 .10,397 
 
 Bell 
 
 . 4,800 
 
 Burleson .. 5,683 
 
 Clay 109 
 
 Culloch (not or.) 
 
 Angelica. 
 
 . 4,271 
 
 Bexar.... 
 
 .14,454 
 
 Burnett ... 2,488 
 
 Colem*n(not or.) 
 
 Dallas... 
 
 ...8,665 
 
 Archer, (not or.) 
 
 Blanco.. . 
 
 . 1,281 
 
 Calahan(not or.) 
 
 Collin 9,266 
 
 Dawson .. 
 
 ... 281 
 
 ▲ ttacosta 
 
 . 1,580 
 
 Bosque.. , 
 
 . 2,005 
 
 Caldwell.. 4,481 
 
 Colorado.. 7,885 
 
 Denton.. 
 
 ...5,030 
 
 Austin... 
 
 .10,139 
 
 Bowie.. .. 
 
 . 5,052 
 
 Calhoun... 2,642 
 
 Comal 4,030 
 
 De Witt. 
 
 ...5,107 
 
 Bandera.. 
 
 . 399 
 
 Brazoria. 
 
 . 7.143 
 
 Cameron ...6.030 
 
 Comanche.. 709 
 
 Dim'itt.( 
 
 lot or.) 
 
 Bastrop.. 
 
 . 5,726 
 
 Brazos.. . 
 
 . 2,776 
 
 Cass 8,411 
 
 Conchos(not or.) 
 
 Duval. .(not e-r.) 
 
 Baylor. .(r 
 
 ot or.) 
 
 Brown.. . 
 
 . 244 
 
 Chambers. 1,508 
 
 Cook 2,760 
 
 Eastland. 
 
 ... 99 
 
 Bee 
 
 .. 910 
 
 Buchanan 
 
 . 230 
 
 Cherokee. .12.098 
 
 Coryell ....2,666 
 
 Edwar's(not or.) 
 
 
102 
 
 
 ABSTRACT OF THE POPULATION OF 
 
 
 Ellis 
 
 .5,246 
 
 Haskell (not or.) 
 
 La Salle(notor.) 
 
 Nueces... 
 
 ..2,907 
 
 Throckmor'n 124 
 
 El Paso .. 
 
 ..4,051 
 
 Hays 
 
 ..2,058 
 
 Lavacca.. 
 
 ..5,948 
 
 Orange... 
 
 ..1,916 
 
 Titus.... 
 
 ..9,648 
 
 Encinal... 
 
 .. 43 
 
 Hendersor 
 
 ..4,595 
 
 Leon 
 
 .6,781 
 
 Palo Pinto 
 
 ..1,524 
 
 Travis .. 
 
 ...8,080 
 
 
 .2,425 
 
 Hidalgo .. 
 Hill 
 
 
 Liberty.. 
 Limestone 
 
 .3,189 
 ..4,537 
 
 
 ..8,475 
 .4,214 
 
 Trinity . 
 Tyler.. .. 
 
 ..4.39Q 
 ..4,525 
 
 Falls 
 
 .3,614 
 
 ..3,653 
 
 Parker... 
 
 Fannin... 
 
 .9,217 
 
 Hopkins.. 
 
 ..7,745 
 
 Liveoak.. 
 
 . 593 
 
 Polk 
 
 ..8,298 
 
 Upshur.. 
 
 .10,645 
 
 Fayette .. 
 
 11,604 
 
 Houston.. 
 
 ..8,058 
 
 Llano.... 
 
 .1,101 
 
 Presidio.. 
 
 .. 680 
 
 Uvalde... 
 
 .. 506 
 
 Fort Bend. 
 
 ..6,143 
 
 Hunt 
 
 ..6,654 
 
 McLennan 
 
 .6.206 
 
 Red River 
 
 ..8,534 
 
 Van Zandt. 3.778 
 
 Freestone 
 
 .6,881 
 
 Jack 
 
 ..1,000 
 
 M'Mul'n(notor.) 
 
 Refugio.. 
 
 ..1,594 
 
 Victoria. 
 
 .n5,676 
 
 Frio 
 
 .. 40 
 
 
 ..2,612 
 
 
 ..2,238 
 
 Robertson 
 
 ..4.997 
 
 Walker. 
 
 ..8.191 
 
 Galveston 
 
 ..8,177 
 
 Jasper... 
 
 ..4,041 
 
 Marion... 
 
 ..3,979 
 
 Ru'nells(not or.) 
 
 Washing 
 
 nl5,215 
 
 
 ..5,444 
 
 
 ..1,994 
 
 
 .. 630 
 
 Rusk 
 
 .15,808 
 
 Webb... 
 
 ..1,446 
 
 Gillespie. 
 
 .2,736 
 
 Johnson.. 
 
 ..4,305 
 
 Matagorda 
 
 ..2,910 
 
 Sabine ... 
 
 ..2,750 
 
 Wharton 
 
 ...3,380 
 
 Goliad.... 
 
 ..3,383 
 
 Jones. ..(not or.) 
 
 Maverick 
 
 .. 728 
 
 San Aug'e 
 
 ..4,094 
 
 Wichita( 
 
 not or.) 
 
 Gonzales. 
 
 .8,050 
 
 Karnes... 
 
 ..2,171 
 
 Medina... 
 
 ..1,838 
 
 San Patri 
 
 mo 620 
 
 Wilb'er( 
 
 not or.) 
 
 Grayson.. 
 
 ..8,187 
 
 Kaufman. 
 
 ..3,936 
 
 Menard. (n 
 
 ot or.) 
 
 San Saba. 
 
 .. 913 
 
 Williams 
 
 •n 4,529 
 
 Grimes'... 
 
 10,307 
 
 Kemble (not or.) 
 
 Milam.... 
 
 ..5,175 
 
 Shackelford 44 
 
 Wise.... 
 
 ..3,160 
 
 Hamilton. 
 
 .. 489 
 
 Kerr 
 
 .. 634 
 
 Montague. 
 
 .. 849 
 
 Shelby ... 
 
 ..5,362 
 
 Wood.... 
 
 ..4,968 
 
 Hard'an'not or.) 
 
 Kinney... 
 
 .. 61 
 
 Montgo'ry 
 
 ..5,479 
 
 Smith.... 
 
 .13,395 
 
 Young... 
 
 ... 592 
 
 Hardin... 
 
 . 1,353 
 
 Knox., (not ( 
 
 
 3.8,293 
 
 Starr 
 
 ..2,406 
 
 Za Patta. 
 
 ..1,248 
 
 Harris... 
 
 .7,710 
 
 Lamar ... 
 
 .10,136 
 
 Navarro.. 
 
 ..5,997 
 
 Tarrant.. 
 
 ..6,020 
 
 Zavalla.. 
 
 .. 26 
 
 Harrison. 
 
 15,001 
 
 Lampasas 
 
 ..1,028 
 
 Newton... 
 
 .3,123 
 
 Taylor, (not or.) 
 
 Total.... 
 
 602,432 
 
 ARKANSAS.— Area, 52,198 square miles. 
 
 
 Arkansas 
 
 ..8,844 
 
 Crawford 
 
 ..7,850 
 
 Izard 
 
 ..7,215 
 
 Newton.. 
 
 ..3,393 
 
 Saline... 
 
 ..6,640 
 
 Ashley... 
 Benton.. . 
 
 .8,590 
 .9,305 
 
 Crittender 
 Dallas... 
 
 ..4,919 
 ..8,287 
 
 Jackson.. 
 Jefferson . 
 
 10,493 
 14,977 
 
 
 ..2,465 
 
 Scott.... 
 Searcy .. 
 
 ..5,145 
 ...5,271 
 
 Philips... 
 
 .14,878 
 
 Bradley.. 
 
 .8.388 
 
 Desha ... 
 
 ..6,458 
 
 Johnson.. 
 
 ..7,612 
 
 Pike 
 
 ..4,025 
 
 Sebastian 
 
 ..9,238 
 
 Calhoun.. 
 
 ..4,103 
 
 Drew.... 
 
 ..9,079 
 
 La Fayette. 8,466 
 
 Poinsett.. 
 
 ..3,621 
 
 Sevier... 
 
 .10,516 
 
 Carroll... 
 
 ..9,383 
 
 Franklin. 
 
 . .7,299 
 
 Lawrence 
 
 .9,349 
 
 Polk 
 
 ..4,262 
 
 Union... 
 
 .12,288 
 
 Chicot ... 
 
 9,231 
 
 Fulton ... 
 
 ..4,024 
 
 Madison.. 
 
 ..7,740 
 
 Pope 
 
 ..7,867 
 
 Van Buren.. 5,357 
 
 Clark.... 
 
 ..9,733 
 
 Greene.. . 
 
 . .5,844 
 
 Marion... 
 
 ..6,192 
 
 Prairie.. . 
 
 ..8,854 
 
 Washing' 
 
 nl4,673 
 
 Columbia 
 
 ..2,451 
 
 Hempsteadl3,991 
 
 Mississipp 
 
 i.3,895 
 
 Pulaski .. 
 
 .11,700 
 
 Washita. 
 
 .12,936 
 
 Conway.. 
 
 ..6,698 
 
 Hot Sprin 
 
 g. 5,635 
 
 Monroe .. 
 
 ..5,657 
 
 Randolph. 
 
 ..6,261 
 
 White... 
 
 ...8,316 
 
 Craighead 
 
 ..3,066 
 
 Independ* 
 
 ; 14,308 
 
 Montgo'ry 
 
 ..3,633 
 
 
 s.8,673 
 
 Yell 
 
 ...6,333 
 
 
 
 435,427 
 
 TENNESSEE.— Area, 45,600 square miles. 
 
 Anderson. 
 
 ..7,068 
 
 De Kalb.. 
 
 .10,573 
 
 Hendersonl4,491 
 
 Marshall. 
 
 .14,592 
 
 Sevier .. 
 
 . 9,122 
 
 Bedford... 
 
 .21,584 
 
 Dickson.. 
 
 ..9,982 
 
 Henry ... 
 
 .19,133 
 
 Maury ... 
 
 .32,498 
 
 Shelby.. 
 
 .48,091 
 
 Benton ... 
 
 ..8,463 
 
 Dyer 
 
 .10,536 
 
 Hickman. 
 
 . 9,312 
 
 Meigs .... 
 
 . 4,667 
 
 Smith... 
 
 .16,357 
 
 Bledsoe .. 
 
 ..4,459 
 
 Fayette.. 
 
 .24,329 
 
 Humphreys 9,100 
 
 Monroe.. 
 
 .12,607 
 
 Stewart. 
 
 . 9,888 
 
 Blount ... 
 
 .13,272 
 
 Fentress.. 
 
 . 5,054 
 
 Jackson .. 
 
 .11,725 
 
 Montgo'ry.20,895 
 
 Sullivan 
 
 .13,553 
 
 Bradley .. 
 
 .11.701 
 
 Franklin. 
 Gibson... 
 
 .13,848 
 
 Jefferson. 
 
 16,042 
 
 Morgan.. 
 
 . 3,353 
 
 Sumner . 
 
 .22,030 
 
 Campbell. 
 
 ..6,712 
 
 .21,783 
 
 Johnson.. 
 
 5,018 
 
 Obion 
 
 .12,817 
 
 Tipton... 
 
 ..10,704 
 
 Cannon .. 
 
 ..9,509 
 
 Giles 
 
 .26,166 
 
 Knox 
 
 .22,812 
 
 Overton.. 
 
 .12,637 
 
 Union.... 
 
 . 6,117 
 
 Carroll... 
 
 17,518 
 
 Granger.. 
 
 .10,962 
 
 Lauderdal 
 
 e 7,562 
 
 Perry .... 
 
 . 6,042 
 
 Van Buren 2,581 
 
 Carter.... 
 
 ..7.124 
 
 Greene.. . 
 
 .18,964 
 
 Lawrence 
 
 . 9,319 
 
 Polk 
 
 . 8,726 
 
 Warren. 
 
 .11,147 
 
 Chatham. 
 
 ..7,258 
 
 Grundy.. 
 
 . 3,094 
 
 Lewis.... 
 
 2,241 
 
 Putnam .. 
 
 . 8,558 
 
 Washing 
 
 nl4,846 
 
 Claiborne 
 
 ..9.644 
 
 Hamilton 
 
 .13,259 
 
 Lincoln .. 
 
 22,828 
 
 Rhea 
 
 . 4,991 
 
 Wayne.. 
 
 .. 9,115 
 
 Cocse.... 
 
 .10,408 
 
 Hancock. 
 
 . 7,021 
 
 McMinn .. 
 
 .13,553 
 
 Roane.... 
 
 .13,585 
 
 Weakley 
 
 ..18,216 
 
 
 
 
 McNairy. 
 Macon ... 
 
 .14,732 
 . 7,290 
 
 
 .15,265 
 d27,918 
 
 White .. 
 
 . 9,381 
 n23,627 
 
 Cumberl'nd3,460 
 
 Hardin... 
 
 .11,214 
 
 Rutherfor 
 
 Will'mso 
 
 Davidson. 
 
 .47,054 
 
 Hawkins. 
 
 .16,141 
 
 Madison.. 
 
 .21,535 
 
 Scott 
 
 . 3,519 
 
 Wilson.. 
 
 ..26,072 
 
 Decatur.. 
 
 ..6.277 
 
 Havwood 
 
 .19,232 
 
 Marion... 
 
 . 6,190 
 
 Sequatchie 2,120 
 
 Total. .1,109,847 
 
 KENTUCKY.— Area, 37,680 square miles. 
 
 
 Adair .... 
 
 . 9,509 
 
 Clark.... 
 
 .11,484 
 
 Harlan.. . 
 
 . 5,494 
 
 McCrack' 
 
 nl0,360 
 
 Pike.... 
 
 . 7,384 
 
 Allen .... 
 
 . 9,187 
 
 Clay 
 
 . 6.652 
 
 Harrison. 
 
 .13,779 
 
 McLean.. 
 
 . 6,146 
 
 Powell.. 
 
 . 2,257 
 
 Anderson. 
 
 . 7,404 
 
 Clinton.. 
 
 . 5,781 
 
 Hart 
 
 .10,348 
 
 Madison . 
 
 .17,207 
 
 Pulaski . 
 
 .17,203 
 
 Ballard... 
 
 . 8,693 
 
 Crittende 
 
 n 8,796 
 
 Hendersonl4,262 
 
 Magoffin . 
 
 . 3,484 
 
 Rock Castle5,343 
 
 Barren... 
 
 .16,665 
 
 Cumberl'd 7,340 
 
 Henry ... 
 
 .11,950 
 
 Marion . . 
 
 .12,605 
 
 Rowan.. 
 
 . 2,282 
 
 Bath 
 
 .12,113 
 
 Daviess . 
 
 .15,549 
 
 Hickman. 
 
 . 7,011 
 
 Marshall. 
 
 . 6,984 
 
 Russell.. 
 
 .. 6,024 
 
 Boone.. .. 
 
 .11,197 
 
 Edmondson 4,647 
 
 Hopkins.. 
 
 .11,875 
 
 Mason.. . 
 
 .18,223 
 
 Scott.... 
 
 .14,417 
 
 Bourbon.. 
 
 .14,859 
 
 Estill.... 
 
 . 6,886 
 
 Jackson .. 
 
 . 3,087 
 
 Mead 
 
 . 8,898 
 
 Shelby.. 
 
 .16,436 
 
 Boyd 
 
 ..6,044 
 
 Fayette .. 
 
 .22,599 
 
 Jefferson. 
 
 89,405 
 
 Mercer.. 
 
 .13,701 
 
 Simpson 
 
 . 8,146 
 
 Bovle.. .. 
 
 ..9,305 
 
 Fleming . 
 
 .12,488 
 
 Jessamine 
 
 . 9,466 
 
 Metcalfe . 
 
 . 6,745 
 
 Spencer . 
 
 .. 6,188 
 
 Bracken.. 
 
 .11,021 
 
 Floyd.... 
 
 .. 6.388 
 
 Johnson.. 
 
 . 5.30S 
 
 Monroe.. 
 
 . 8,551 
 
 Taylor.. 
 
 . 7,481 
 
 Breathitt. 
 
 . 4,980 
 
 Franklin. 
 
 .12,693 
 
 Kenton... 
 
 25,467 
 
 Montgo'ry 
 
 . 7,859 
 
 Todd.... 
 
 .11,575 
 
 Breckinr'e 
 
 13,237 
 
 Fulton.. 
 
 . 5,317 
 
 Knox 
 
 . 7,707 
 
 Morgan.. 
 
 . 9,238 
 
 Trigg.... 
 
 ..11,052 
 
 Bullitt... 
 
 . 7,289 
 
 Gallatin. 
 
 . 5,056 
 
 La Rue... 
 
 . 6,891 
 
 Muhlenb'g 10,725 
 
 Trimble. 
 
 . 6,880 
 
 Butler.... 
 
 . 7,927 
 
 Garrard.. 
 
 .10,530 
 
 Laurel.. . 
 
 5,488 
 
 Nelson.. . 
 
 .15,801 
 
 Union.. . 
 
 .12,791 
 
 Caldwell. 
 
 . 9,318 
 
 Grant ... 
 
 . 8.356 
 
 Lawrence 
 
 7,601 
 
 Nicholas. 
 
 .11.030 
 
 Warren. 
 
 .17,325 
 
 Callawav. 
 
 . 9,915 
 
 Graves.. 
 
 .16,234 
 
 Letcher .. 
 
 . 3,904 
 
 Ohio 
 
 . 12,208 
 
 Washing 
 
 nil, 575 
 
 Campbell. 
 
 .20,909 
 
 Grayson. 
 
 . 7,982 
 
 Lewis.. .. 
 
 . 8,361 
 
 Oldham .. 
 
 . 7,283 
 
 Wayne.. 
 
 10,258 
 
 Carroll... 
 
 . 6,578 
 
 Green.. . 
 
 . 8,805 
 
 Lincoln .. 
 
 .10,646 
 
 Owen.. .. 
 
 .12,721 
 
 Web-ter 
 
 . 7,583 
 
 Carter.... 
 
 . 8,516 
 
 Greenup. 
 
 . 8,759 
 
 Livingston 7,202 
 
 Owsley.. 
 
 . 5,335 
 
 Whitley 
 
 . 7,762 
 
 Casev .. .. 
 
 . 6,465 
 
 Hancock. 
 
 . 6,213 
 
 Logap.... 
 
 .19,021 
 
 Pendleton 
 
 .10,443 
 
 Woodford 
 
 .11,228 
 
 Christian 
 
 .21.628 
 
 Hardin.. 
 
 .15,190 
 
 
 . 5,309 
 
 Perry ... 
 
 . 3,950 
 
 Total. .1,165,713 
 
 ' 
 
THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA. 
 
 103 
 
 Adams. ...20,309 
 
 Allen 19,185 
 
 Ashland... 22,951 
 Ashtahula.31,814 
 Athens ....21,364 
 Auglaize. .17, 188 
 Belmont. ..36,438 
 Brown ....29,956 
 
 Butler 35,840 
 
 Carroll. ...15,738 
 Champ'ign22,698 
 
 Clark 25,301 
 
 Clermont. .33,037 
 Clinton. ...21,462 
 Columbi'a. 32,836 
 Coshorton. 25,032 
 Craw ford.. 23,880 
 Cuyahoga .78,03c 
 
 OHIO.— Area, 39,964 square miles. 
 
 Darke.... 
 Defiance . 
 Delaware. 
 
 Erie 
 
 Fairfield . 
 Fayette .. 
 Franklin. 
 Fulton... 
 Gallia..., 
 Geauga.. 
 Greene... 
 Guernsey 
 Hamilton 
 Hancock. 
 Hardin.. 
 Harrison. 
 Henry ... 
 Highland. 
 
 .26,209 
 .11,886 
 .23,912 
 .24,473 
 30,538 
 15,936 
 50,373 
 .14,044 
 .22,045 
 .15,817 
 .26.197 
 .24,474 
 216,411 
 .22,886 
 .13,569 
 .19,109 
 8,901 
 27,774 
 
 Hocking.. 
 Holmes .. 
 Huron .... 
 Jackson.., 
 Jefferson.. 
 
 Knox 
 
 Lake 
 
 Lawrence 
 Licking .. 
 Logan .... 
 Lorain.. .. 
 Lucas.... 
 Madison .. 
 Mahoning 
 Marion.. . 
 Medina... 
 Meigs...., 
 Mercer ... 
 
 .17,059 
 ,20.589 
 ,29,899 
 ,17,941 
 ,26,117 
 .27,735 
 ,15,576 
 .23,254 
 .37,011 
 .20,997 
 ,29,745 
 .25,831 
 .13,015 
 .25,895 
 .15,490 
 .22,517 
 .26,534 
 .14,105 
 
 Miami 29,959 
 
 Monroe. ...25,743 
 Montgo'ry. 52,233 
 Morgan ....22,117 
 Morrow .. .20,445 
 Musking'm44,417 
 
 Noble 20,751 
 
 Ottawa.... 7,017 
 Paulding.. 4,945 
 
 Terry 19,679 
 
 Pickaway. 23, 469 
 
 Pike 13,643 
 
 Portage ...24,206 
 Preble ....21,820 
 Putnam. ..12,808 
 Richland ..31,156 
 
 Ross 35,071 
 
 Total 
 
 Sandusky .21,147 
 
 Scioto 24,297 
 
 Seneca 30,869 
 
 Shelby. ...17,493 
 
 Stark 42,976 
 
 Summit.. .27,3-10 
 Trumbull .30,656 
 Tuscar'w'632,463 
 
 Union 16,507 
 
 Van Wert.10,238 
 Vinton.. ..13,631 
 Warren. ..26,908 
 Washing'n36,271 
 Wayne. ...32,483 
 Wifliams .16,632 
 
 Wood 17,886 
 
 Wyando'tel5,596 
 2,339,599 
 
 MICHIGAN.— Area, 56,243 square miles. 
 
 Alcona.... 185 
 Allegan.. .16,087 
 Alpena.... 290 
 Antrim.... 179 
 
 Delta 1,172 
 
 Eaton 16,476 
 
 Emmett... 1,149 
 Genesee.. .22,498 
 
 Barry 13,858 Gladwin .. 14 
 
 Bay 3,164 GrandTrav.1,286 
 
 Berrien ...22,376 Gratiot.... 4,042 
 
 Branch .. .20,981 Hillsdale. .26,675 
 
 Kal'mazoo24,645 
 KaIc*ca(not or.) 
 
 Kent 30,715 
 
 Lake., .(not or.) 
 Leelenaw.. 2,158 
 La Peer. ..14,754 
 Lenawee. .38,112 
 Livingstonl6,852 
 
 Calhoun. ..29,563 Houghton . 9,235 Macomb. ..22,843 
 
 Cass 17,721 
 
 Cheboygan 517 
 Chippewa . 1,603 
 Clare. ..(not or.) 
 Clinton... .13,916 
 Crawf'd(not or.) 
 
 Huron .... 3,165 
 Ingham ...17,435 
 
 Ionia 16,682 
 
 Iosco 175 
 
 Isabella... 1,443 
 Jackson. ..26,671 Midland 
 
 Miss*k*e(notor.) Ottawa.. ..13,215 
 
 Monroe.. ..21, 593 Presque Isle 26 
 
 Montcalm. 3,968 Rosc'm'(not or.) 
 
 Mont'cv(not or.) Saginaw ..12,693 
 
 Muskeegon 3,947 St. Clair ..26,602 
 
 Necosta... 970 St. Joseph. 21,262 
 
 Newaygo.. 2,761 Sanilac... 7,601 
 
 Oakland. ..38,261 Schiawas'el2,349 
 
 Oceana.... 1,816 Schoolcraft 78 
 
 Manistee.. 975 Ogem'w(not or.) Tuscola ... 4,886 
 
 Manitou... 1,012 Ontonagon. 4,568 Van Burenlo,224 
 
 Marquette. 2,821 Osceola... 27 Wash'naw35,688 
 
 Mason.... 831 Oscoda. .(not or.) Wayne.. ..75,548 
 
 Michilim'c 1,938 Otsego. .(not or.) Wexf*d.(not or. ) 
 
 787 
 
 Total 749,112 
 
 Adams.... 9.574 
 
 Allen 29,327 
 
 Bartholo*wl7,915 
 Benton.... 2,810 
 Blackford.. 4,122 
 
 Boone 16,754 
 
 Brown .... 6,507 
 Carroll.... 13,489 
 
 Cass 16,843 
 
 Clarke ....20,506 
 
 Clay 12,160 
 
 Clinton.. ..14,505 
 Crawford.. 8,205 
 Daviess. ..13,361 
 Dearborn.. 24,406 
 Decatur. ..17,294 
 De Kalb... 13,880 
 
 INDIANA.— Area, 33,809 square miles. 
 
 Elkhart.. .20,£ 
 Fayette ...10,186 
 
 Floyd 20,182 
 
 Fountain. .15,567 
 Franklin.. 19,550 
 Fulton .... 9,421 
 Gibson. ...14,532 
 
 Grant 15,779 
 
 Greene.... 16,042 
 Hamilton .17,310 
 Hancock. .12,801 
 Harrison. .18,421 
 Hendricks. 16,953 
 
 Henry 20,118 
 
 Howard. ..12,524 
 Huntingt'nl4,868 
 Jackson. ..16,288 
 
 Jefferson. .25,039 Noble 14,915 Stark 2,195 
 
 Jennings. .14,754 Ohio 5,462 Steuben .. .10,374 
 
 Johnson.. .14, 855 Orange.. ..12,076 Sullivan ..15,063 
 
 Delaware .15,758 Jasper .... 4,292 
 Dubois.... 10,394 Jav 11,399 
 
 Knox 16,056 
 
 Kosciusko. 17,424 
 La Grange. 11, 365 
 
 Lake 9,143 
 
 La Porte. .22,921 
 Lawrence .13,693 
 Madison. ..16,514 
 Marion.. 
 Marshall 
 Martin.. 
 Miami .. 
 Monroe.. 
 Montgo'ry.20,889 
 Morgan.. ..16,110 
 Newton ... 2,360 
 
 Owen 14,376 Switzerl'd. 12.698 
 
 Parke 15,538 Tippecan'e25,765 
 
 Perry 11,840 Tipton .... 8,171 
 
 39,858 
 12,722 
 8,975 
 16,851 
 12,848 
 
 Pike 10,079 
 
 Porter 10,314 
 
 Posey 16,166 
 
 Pulaski ... 5,711 
 Putnam ...20,681 
 Randolph.. 18,997 
 Ripley ....19,053 
 
 Union 7,110 
 
 Vanderb'g.20,554 
 Vermillion 9,423 
 
 Vigo 22,519 
 
 Wabash. ..17,547 
 Warren ...10,057 
 Warrick. .13,263 
 
 Rush 16,192 Washing'nl7,929 
 
 St. Joseph. 18,455 Wayne.. ..29,558 
 
 Scott 7,304 Wells 10,884 
 
 Shelby. ...19,571 White 8.263 
 
 Spencer ...14,556 Whitley ..10,731 
 
 Total 1,350,941 
 
 ILLINOIS. —Area, 55,405 square miles. 
 
 Adams. ...41, 323 De Witt. ..10,819 Jackson ... 9,588 Macon ....13,735 Pulaski ... 3,950 
 
 Alexander. 4,706 Douglas.. . 7,140 Jasper 8,372 Macoupin .24,602 Putnam... 5,587 
 
 Bond 9,813 Du Page. ..14,711 Jefferson. .12,965 Madison ..31,215 Randolph. .17,205 
 
 Boone 11,678 Edgar 16,925 Jersey 12,053 Marion ....12,733 Richland .. 9,711 
 
 Brown .... 9,938 Edwards.. 5,454 Jo Daviess27,277 Marshall. .13,437 Rock Isl'd21,205 
 
 Bureau.... 26,429 Effingham. 7,816 Johnson... 9.342 Mason 10,933 St. Clair. .37, 694 
 
 Calhoun... 5,145 Fayette ...11,198 Kane 30,058 Massac... 6,214 Saline 9,331 
 
 Carroll.... 11,733 Ford 1,979 Kankakee.15,416 
 
 Cass 11,325 Franklin.. 9.393 Kendall ...13,074 
 
 Champ'ignl4,628 Fulton ....33,299 Knox 28,663 
 
 Christian. .10,493 Gallatin... 8,054 Lake 18,256 
 
 Clarke ....14,987 Greene.... 16,093 La Salle ..48,332 
 
 Clay 9,336 Grundy. ...10,379 Lawrence . 9,214 
 
 Clinton... .10,941 Hamilton . 9,915 Lee 17,651 Ogle 22,887 Tazewell ..21,471 
 
 Coles 14,200 Hancock. .29,061 Livingstonll,638 Peoria ....36,600 Union 11,182 
 
 Cook 144,957 Hardin.... 3,748 Logan 14,276 Perry 9,552 Vermillionl9,80l 
 
 Crawford. .11,551 Henderson 9,501 McDono'gh20,069 Piatt.... ^ 6,127 Wabash... 7,312 
 
 Cumberl'd 8,311 Henry 20,658 McHenry.. 22,088 Pike 27,249 Warren . ..1S.336 
 
 D« Kalb. ..19,086 Iroquois. ..12,324 McLean. ..28,749 Pope 6,742 Washing'nlS^l 
 
 Menard.... 9,596 Sangamon. 32,255 
 
 Mercer. ...15,042 Schuyler. .14,685 
 
 Monroe.. ..12,832 Scott 9,070 
 
 Montgo'ry.13,892 Shelby.. ..14,635 
 
 Morgan.. ..22,113 Stark 9,004 
 
 Moultrie.. 6,385 Stephens'n25,113 
 
104 
 
 
 ABSTRACT 
 
 OF THE POPULATION OF 
 
 1 
 
 Wavne... 
 
 .12,233 
 
 Whitesid' 
 
 318,740 
 
 Will*msonl2,205 
 
 Winneb'go24,492 
 
 Woodford 
 
 13.282 
 
 White ....12,403 Will 29,321 
 
 WISCONSIN.-^ 
 
 Total 
 
 
 
 1, 
 
 711,753 
 
 \.rea, 53,924 square 
 
 miles. 
 
 Adams... 
 
 . 6,497 
 
 Dane 
 
 .43,992 
 
 Jefferson ..28,771 
 
 Oconto .. . 
 
 . 3,600 
 
 Shawanan 
 
 . 8,829 
 
 Ashland.. 
 
 . 513 
 
 Dodge... 
 
 .42,819 
 
 Juneau.... 8,704 
 
 Outagamie 9,588 
 
 Sheboygan26,848 
 
 Bad Ax.. 
 
 .11,012 
 
 Door 
 
 . 2,948 
 
 Kenosha ..13,516 
 
 Ozaukee.. 
 
 .15,674 
 
 St. Croix. 
 
 . 5,393 
 
 Brown ... 
 
 .11,797 
 
 Douglas.. 
 
 . 828 
 
 Kewaunee 5,530 
 
 Pepin 
 
 . 2,397 
 
 Trempleau 2,550 
 
 Buffalo... 
 
 . 3,865 
 
 Dunn 
 
 . 2,723 
 
 La Crosse .12,194 
 
 Pierce.... 
 
 . 4,672 
 
 Walworth.26,500 
 
 Burnet... 
 
 12 
 
 Eau Claire 3,164 
 
 La Fayettel8,141 
 
 Polk 
 
 . 1,412 
 
 Washing' 
 
 n 23, 635 
 
 Calumet.. 
 
 . 7,696 
 
 F'd du Lac34,155 
 
 La Pointe . 672 
 
 Portage.. 
 
 . 7.504 
 
 Waukesha 26,849 
 
 Chippewa 
 
 . 1,895 
 
 Grant ... 
 
 .31,207 
 
 Manit'woc 22,385 
 
 Racine... 
 
 .21,340 
 
 Waupacca 8,855 
 
 Clark .... 
 
 . 789 
 
 Green. ... 
 
 .19,831 
 
 Marathon . 2,934 
 
 Richland. 
 
 . 9.737 
 
 Waushara 
 
 . 8,772 
 
 Columbia 
 
 .24,445 
 
 Gr'n Lake. 12,631 
 
 Marquette. 8,236 
 
 Rock 
 
 .36,692 
 
 Winneb'g 
 
 023,769 
 
 
 . 8,071 
 13 
 
 IO 
 
 
 .18,998 
 
 
 
 .18,894 
 
 
 . 2,429 
 775,873 
 
 Dallas.... 
 
 Jackson.. 
 
 WA.- 
 
 . 4,171 Monroe.... 6,398 Total 
 
 Area, 50,914 square 
 
 
 miles. 
 
 Adair. ... 
 
 . 984 
 
 Clarke... 
 
 . 5,4-27 
 
 Hamilton . 1,699 
 
 Madison . 
 
 . 7,338 
 
 Sac 
 
 . 246 
 
 Adams . . . 
 
 . 1,533 
 
 Clay 
 
 52 
 
 Hancock.. 179 
 
 Mahaska. 
 
 .14,816 
 
 Scott 
 
 .25,960 
 
 Alamakee 
 
 .12,236 
 
 Clayton .. 
 
 .20,728 
 
 Hardin.... 5,440 
 
 Marion.. . 
 
 .16,815 
 
 Shelby... 
 
 . 818 
 
 Appanoose 11,933 
 
 Clinton.. 
 
 .18,938 
 
 Harrison.. 3,623 
 
 Marshall. 
 
 . 6,015 
 
 Sioux.... 
 
 10 
 
 Audubon. 
 
 . 454 
 
 Crawford 
 
 . 383 
 
 Henrv ....18,700 
 
 Mills 
 
 . 4,480 
 
 Story 
 
 . 4,052 
 
 Benton... 
 
 . 8,502 
 
 Dallas ... 
 
 . 5,244 
 
 Howard... 3,163 
 
 Mitchell . 
 
 . 3,409 
 
 Tama .... 
 
 . 5,285 
 
 Bl'k Haw 
 
 c 8,244 
 
 Davis ... 
 
 .13,764 
 
 Humboldt. 332 
 
 Monona .. 
 
 . 632 
 
 Taylor... 
 
 . 3,589 
 
 Boone ... 
 
 . 4,231 
 
 Decatur.. 
 
 . 8,677 
 
 Ida 43 
 
 Monroe.. 
 
 . 8,611 
 
 Union .... 
 
 . 2,012 
 
 Bremer.. 
 
 . 4,915 
 
 Delaware 
 
 .11,028 
 
 Iowa 8,029 
 
 Montgo'ry 
 
 . 1,256 
 
 Van Buren 17,083 
 
 Buchanan 
 
 . 7,906 
 
 D'sMoinesl9,612 
 
 Jackson. ..18,494 
 
 Muscatine 
 
 .16,444 
 
 Wapello . 
 
 .14,518 
 
 Buena Vista 57 
 
 Dickinson. 180 
 
 Jasper .... 9,887 
 
 Osceola. (not or.) 
 
 Warren .. 
 
 .10,282 
 
 Bunc'be (not or.) 
 
 Dubuque 
 
 .31,165 
 
 Jefferson. .15,037 
 
 O'Brien .. 
 
 8 
 
 Washing' 
 
 nl4,233 
 
 Butler.... 
 
 . 3,724 
 
 Emmett.. 
 
 . 105 
 
 Johnson. ..17,572 
 
 Page 
 
 4,419 
 
 Wayne.. 
 
 . 6,411 
 
 Calhoun.. 
 
 . 147 
 
 Fayette .. 
 
 .12,073 
 
 Jones 13,305 
 
 Palo Alto. 
 
 . 133 
 
 Webster . 
 
 . 2,504 
 
 Carroll... 
 
 . 281 
 
 Flovd ... 
 
 . 3,7~46 
 
 Keokuk ...13,284 
 
 Plymoutk 
 
 . 148 
 
 Winnebag 
 
 o 168 
 
 Cass 
 
 . 1,612 
 
 Franklin. 
 
 . 1,309 
 
 Kossuth... 416 
 
 Pocahontas 103 
 
 Winnesh'kl3,942 
 
 Cedar .... 
 
 .12,949 
 
 Fremont . 
 
 . 5,074 
 
 Lee 29,232 
 
 Polk 
 
 11,625 
 
 Woodbury 1,119 
 
 Cerro Gordo 940 
 
 Green ... 
 
 . 1,374 
 
 Linn 18,950 
 
 Pottawat' 
 
 e 4,962 
 
 Worth.... 
 
 . 756 
 
 Cherokee. 
 
 57 
 
 Grundy. .. 
 
 . 793 
 
 Louisa 10,370 
 
 Poweshiek 5,670 
 
 Wright... 
 
 . 653 
 
 Chickasaw 4,338 
 
 Guthrie .. 
 
 . 3,058 
 
 Lucas 5,766 
 
 Ringgold. 
 
 2,923 
 
 Total... 
 
 374,948 
 
 MINNESOTA.-Area, 95,274 square 
 
 miles. 
 
 
 Aiken.... 
 
 2 
 
 Dakotah . 
 
 . 9,093 
 
 Kandiyoht. 76 
 
 Nicollet.. 
 
 . 3.773 
 
 Sherburnt 
 
 . 724 
 
 Anoka ... 
 
 . 2,106 
 
 Dodge.... 
 
 . 3,797 
 
 Lake 248 
 
 Noble.... 
 
 35 
 
 Sibley 
 
 . 3,609 
 
 Becker... 
 
 . 366 
 
 Douglass. 
 
 . 195 
 
 Le Sueur.. 6,318 
 
 Olmstead. 
 
 . 9,527 
 
 Stearns.. 
 
 . 4,505 
 
 Benton... 
 
 . 627 
 
 Faribault 
 
 . 1,335 
 
 Mankahta. 
 
 Otter Tail 
 
 .. 240 
 
 Steele.... 
 
 . 2,863 
 
 Blue Earth 4,802 
 
 Fillmore. 
 
 .13,543 
 
 Manonin.. 136 
 
 Pembina. 
 
 1,612 
 
 St. Louis. 
 
 . 406 
 
 Breckenri 
 
 Ige 79 
 
 Freeborn. 
 
 . 3,367 
 
 Martin.... 151 
 
 Pierce ... 
 
 10 
 
 Todd 
 
 . 430 
 
 Brown ... 
 
 . 2,339 
 
 Goodhue . 
 
 . 8,997 
 
 McLeod ... 1,266 
 
 Pine 
 
 . 1,741 
 
 Toombs.. 
 
 40 
 
 Buchanan 
 
 26 
 
 Hennepin 
 
 .12,849 
 
 Meeker.... 928 
 
 Pipestone 
 
 23 
 
 Wabashaw 7,228 
 
 Carleton . 
 
 51 
 
 Houston . 
 
 . 6,645 
 
 Mille Lac. 73 
 
 Polk 
 
 . 240 
 
 Wahnata 
 
 . 
 
 Carver... 
 
 . 5,106 
 
 Isanti.... 
 
 . 284 
 
 Monongalia 350 
 
 Ramsav.. 
 
 .12,150 
 
 Waseca.. 
 
 . 2,601 
 
 Cass 
 
 . 150 
 
 Itasca. ... 
 
 51 
 
 Morrison.. 618 
 
 Benville . 
 
 . 245 
 
 Washing' 
 
 a 6,123 
 
 Chisago .. 
 
 91 
 
 Jackson.. 
 
 . 181 
 
 Mower.... 3,217 
 
 Rice 
 
 . 7,543 
 
 Winona.. 
 
 . 9,208 
 
 Cottonwood 12 
 
 Kanabac. 
 
 30 
 
 Murray... 29 
 
 Scott 
 
 4,594 
 
 Wright... 
 
 . 3,729 
 
 
 g 269 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 172,022 
 
 J 
 
 30URI.— Area, 67,380 square miles. 
 
 Adair 
 
 . 8,531 
 
 Clav 
 
 .13,025 
 
 Howell.... 3,169 
 
 Monroe .. 
 
 14,785 
 
 St. Charlesl6,525 
 
 Andrew.. 
 
 11,850 
 
 Clinton.. 
 
 . 7,848 
 
 Iron 5,842 
 
 Montgo'ry 
 
 . 9,719 
 
 St. Clair. 
 
 . 6,809 
 
 Atchison. 
 
 4,649 
 
 Cole 
 
 . 9,696 
 
 Jackson. ..22,914 
 
 Morgan... 
 
 . 8,202 
 
 St. Francis 7,248 
 
 Audrain.. 
 
 . 8,074 
 
 Cooper.. . 
 
 .17,358 
 
 Jasper .... 6,883 
 
 N. Madrid 
 
 . 5,653 
 
 St. Genev 
 
 e8,029 
 
 Barry.... 
 
 . 7,704 
 
 Crawford 
 
 . 5,827 
 
 Jefferson. .10,344 
 
 Newton .. 
 
 . 9,325 
 
 St. Louis. 
 
 190,535 
 
 Barton ... 
 
 . 1,817 
 
 Dade 
 
 . 7,073 
 
 Johnson. ..14,644 
 
 Nodoway. 
 
 . 5,253 
 
 Saline.... 
 
 .14,700 
 
 Bates 
 
 . 7,216 
 
 Dallas ... 
 
 . 5,892 
 
 Knox 8,726 
 
 Oregon.. . 
 
 3,009 
 
 Schuyler. 
 
 . 6,697 
 
 Benton... 
 
 9,072 
 
 Daviess .. 
 
 . 9,605 
 
 La Clede.. 5,160 
 
 Osage.. .. 
 
 7.879 
 
 Scotland. 
 
 8,673 
 
 Bolinger . 
 
 7,388 
 
 De Kalb.. 
 
 . 5,224 
 
 La Fayette20,091 
 
 Ozark.... 
 
 2,447 
 
 Scott 
 
 . 5,247 
 
 Boone.... 
 
 19,487 
 
 Dent 
 
 . 5,654 
 
 Lawrence. 8,847 
 
 Pemiscot . 
 
 2,961 
 
 Shannen. 
 
 2,284 
 
 Buchanan 
 
 23.861 
 
 Dodge.. .. 
 
 
 Lewis 12,286 
 
 Perry 
 
 9,128 
 
 Shelby... 
 
 7,301 
 
 Butler.... 
 
 . 2,891 
 
 Douglass 
 
 . 2,415 
 
 Lincoln ...14,214 
 
 Pettis .... 
 
 9,492 
 
 Stoddard. 
 
 7,877 
 
 Caldwell. 
 
 5,034 
 
 Dunklin.. 
 
 . 5,026 
 
 Linn 9,112 
 
 Phelps.. . 
 
 5,914 
 
 Stur.e 
 
 . 2,401 
 
 Callaway. 
 
 .17.445 
 
 Franklin . 
 
 .18,083 
 
 Livingston 7,417 
 
 Pike 
 
 18,420 
 
 Sullivan . 
 
 9,198 
 
 Camden .. 
 
 . 4,975 
 
 Gasconade 8,727 
 
 McDonald. 4,049 
 
 Platte.... 
 
 18,341 
 
 Taney.... 
 
 . 3,576 
 
 C. Gir'rd'i 
 
 15,547 
 
 Gentry ... 
 
 .11,980 
 
 Macon.. ..14,407 
 
 Polk 
 
 9,995 
 
 Texas.... 
 
 6,069 
 
 Carroll... 
 
 . 9,775 
 
 Greene.. . 
 
 13,166 
 
 Madison... 5,664 
 
 Pulaski .. 
 
 3,843 
 
 Vernon... 
 
 4,779 
 
 Carter ... 
 
 1,234 
 
 Grundy... 
 
 . 7,895 
 
 Maries.. .. 4,901 
 
 Putnam., 
 
 9,208 
 
 Warren.. 
 
 8,833 
 
 Cass 
 
 9,793 
 
 Harrison . 
 
 .10,627 
 
 Marion.. ..18,828 
 
 Ralls 
 
 8,592 
 
 Washing'n 9,725 
 
 Cedar.... 
 
 6,639 
 
 Henry.... 
 
 . 9,864 
 
 Mercer.... 9,300 
 
 Randolph. 
 
 11,406 
 
 Wayne... 
 
 5.628 
 
 Chariton . 
 
 12,569 
 
 Hickory.. 
 
 . 4,705 
 
 Miller 6,812 
 
 Ray 
 
 14,091 
 
 Webster.. 
 
 7,098 
 
 Christian. 
 
 . 5,491 
 
 Holt 
 
 . 6,550 
 
 Mississippi 4,859 
 
 Reynolds. 
 
 3,173 
 
 Wright... 
 
 4,508 
 
 Clark.. .. 
 
 .11,684 
 
 Howard.. 
 
 15,949 
 
 Moniteau. .10,064 
 
 Ripley .... 
 
 3,747 
 
 Total. .1,182,317 
 
CALIFORNIA.— Area, 188,981 square miles. 
 
 Alameda.. f,927 
 Anador.... 10,933 
 
 Butte 12,107 
 
 Calaveras .16,302 
 
 Colusi 2,274 
 
 C'tra Costa 5,328 
 Del Norte. 1,992 
 El Dorado.20,562 
 Fresno.... 4,605 
 
 Benton. 
 
 Humboldt. 2,694 
 Klamath... 1,603 
 L's Angel'611,336 
 
 Marin 3,334 
 
 Mariposa.. 6,243 
 Mendocino 3,907 
 Merced.... 1,141 
 Monterey.. 4,739 
 Napa 5,515 
 
 OREGON. 
 
 .3,074 Coos 
 
 Nevada ...16,447 San Fran'o56,805 Stanislaus -J,24a 
 
 Placer ....13,270 San Joaquin9,434 Sutter 3,390 
 
 Plumas.... 4,363 S'n L's Ob'oJ,782 Tehama... 4,044 
 
 Sacram'to.24,145 San Mateo 3,214 Trinity.... 5,125 
 
 St. Barbara 3,543 Shasta.... 4,360 Tulare.. .. 4,638 
 
 St. Clara. .11, 912 Sierra 11,389 Tuolumne. 16,229 
 
 Santa Cruz. 4, 945 Siskiyou... 7,629 Yolo 4,710 
 
 S. Bernard'05,554 Solano .... 7,170 Yuba 13,671 
 
 San Diego. .4,326 Sonoma ...11,867 Total ..380,016 
 
 Area, 102,606 square miles. 
 
 384 Josephine. .1,622 Multnomah 4,150 Wasco 1,689 
 
 Clackamas. 3,466 Curry 393 Lane 4,780 Polk 3,625 Washing'n.2, 
 
 Clatsop.... 498 Douglas .. ..3,264 Linn 6,772 Tillamook. 95 Yarn Hill. .3, 
 
 Columbia.. 532 Jackson ....3,736 Marion 7.088 Umpqua ....1,250 Total. ...52, 
 
 KANSAS.— Area, 78,418 square miles. 
 
 Allen 3,082 
 
 Anderson.. 2,400 
 Atchison.. 7,729 
 Bourbon... 6,102 
 Breckenr'ge3,632 
 Brown .... 2,609 
 
 Butler 437 
 
 C&ase 808 
 
 CUv 163 
 
 Coffey 2,842 
 
 Davis 1,163 
 
 Dickinson. 378 
 Doniphan . 8,084 
 
 Dorn 88 
 
 Douglas. .. 8,637 
 
 Franklin.. 3,031 
 
 Total 
 
 Godfrey. 
 Greenwood 759 
 Hunter.... 158 
 Jackson... 1,936 
 Jefferson.. 4,458 
 Johnson... 4,363 
 LeaveH'th. 12,606 
 Linn 6,336 
 
 Lyk 
 
 McGee .. 
 Marion . . 
 Marshall 
 Morris.. 
 Nemaha 
 
 Osage 1,113 
 
 Otoe 238 
 
 4,9t<0 
 1,501 
 74 
 2,280 
 770 
 2,437 
 
 Pottawat'ie 
 
 Riley 1 
 
 Shawnee.. 3, 
 Wabaunsee 1 
 Washington 
 Wilson.... 
 Woodson.. 1, 
 Wyandot.. 2 
 107 : 
 
 The population of the Territories is rapidly increasing, and no reliable Census Report 
 can be here presented. 
 
 Population of the Principal Cities and Towns. 
 
 Census of 1860 
 
 AugHsta, Me. ...7, 609 
 
 Abington, Ms 8,527 
 
 Adams, Ms 6,924 
 
 Attleboro', Ms ..6,066 
 Albany, N. Y.. 62,368 
 Auburn, N. Y.. 10,986 
 Arcadia, N. Y.. 5,318 
 Amherst, N Y. 5,089 
 Alleghany, Pa. .28,703 
 Allentown, Pa.. 8,026 
 Alexandria, Va. 11,206 
 Augusta, Ga.... 12,493 
 Atlanta, Ga.... 9,554 
 
 Algiers, La 5,816 
 
 Adrian, Mich... 6,213 
 
 Alton, III 6,333 
 
 Aurora, III 6,011 
 
 Atchison, Kan.. 2,616 
 
 Bangor, Me 16,407 
 
 Biddeford, Me.. 9,349 
 
 Bath, Me 8,076 
 
 Belfast, Me 5,520 
 
 Burlington, Vt.. 7,713 
 Boston, Ms. ...177,481 
 Beverly, Ms.. .. 6,154 
 Blackstone, Ms. 5,453 
 Brookline, Ms .. 5,164 
 Barnstable, Ms. 6,129 
 Bristol, R. I.... 5,271 
 Bridgeport, Ct. .13,299 
 Br'klyn, N. Y.266,664 
 Buffalo, N. Y... 81, 131 
 B'khaven, N. Y. 9,923 
 Bingh'mt'n,N.Y.8,326 
 
 Barre, N. Y 7,227 
 
 Bath, N. Y 5,127 
 
 Bergen, N. J.... 7,429 
 Burlington, N.J. 5,174 
 Birmingham, Pa. 6,046 
 Baltimore, Md. 212,419 
 Bloomington. 111.7.076 
 Burlington, la. ..6,706 
 
 Baton Rouge, La. 5,428 
 
 Calais, Me 5,621 
 
 Concord, N. H.. 10,896 
 Cambridge, Ms. 26,060 
 Cha'stown. Ms. 25,063 
 
 Chelsea, Ms 13,395 
 
 Chicopee, Ms... 7,261 
 Cumberl'd, R. 1.8,339 
 Cranston, R. I.. .7,500 
 Cortland, N. Y. 10,075 
 Cohoes, N. Y. ...8,800 
 Canand'g'a,N.Y.7,075 
 Castleton, N. Y. 6,7*8 
 Canton, N. Y....6.379 
 Catskill, N. Y.. 6,275 
 Corning, N. Y... 6,003 
 Champlain.N.Y. 5,857 
 Camden, N. J. .14,358 
 Carlisle, Pa.... 5,664 
 Carbondale, Pa. 5,575 
 Chambersb'g.Pa. 5,257 
 Columbia, Pa.. .5,007 
 Cumberl'nd, Md.8,478 
 Charleston, S.C. 51,210 
 Columbia, S. C. 8,083 
 Columbus, Ga.. .9,621 
 Columbus, Miss. 3,308 
 Camden, Ark.. ..1,343 
 Covington, Ky.. 16,471 
 Cincinnati, O.. 161,044 
 Cleveland, O... 36,054 
 Columbus, O... 18,555 
 Chilicothe, O... 7,657 
 Chicago, 111. ..109,263 
 Carson City, Nev.. 708 
 Dover, N. H ....8,502 
 Dorchester, Ms.. 9, 769 
 Dedham, Ms. ...6, 330 
 Danvers, Ms. ...5,110 
 
 Danbury, Ct 7,234 
 
 Derby. Ct 5,444 
 
 Deer Park, N. Y. 5,186 
 
 Danville, Pa. ...6,385 
 
 Dayton, O 20,482 
 
 Detroit, Mich. ..45,619 
 Dubuque, la.. ..13,012 
 Davenport, la ..11,268 
 
 Denver, Col 4,749 
 
 Enfield, Ct 4,997 
 
 Elmira, N. Y ...8,682 
 Ellisburg, N. Y .5,614 
 E. Chester, N.Y. 5.582 
 Elizabeth, N. J. 11, 567 
 
 Erie, Pa 9,419 
 
 Easton, Pa 8,944 
 
 Evansville, Ind. 11,466 
 Fall River, Ms. 14,027 
 Fitchburg, Ms. ..7, 805 
 Flushing, N. Y.10,189 
 Fishkill, N. Y.. 9,546 
 Frederick, Md. ..8,143 
 Frostburg, Md...6,286 
 Freder'ksb'g.Va. 5,022 
 F*t Wayne.Ind. 10,368 
 F'd du Lac, Wis. 5,450 
 Fort Smith, Ark. 1,529 
 Gloucester, Ms .10,903 
 Greenwich, Ct. ..6,522 
 Greenbush, N.Y.8,929 
 
 Galen, N. Y 5,340 
 
 Georgetown, D.C. 8,733 
 Galveston, Tex. .8,177 
 G'd Rapids.Mich. 8,058 
 
 Galena, 111 8,196 
 
 Galesburg, 111. ..5,626 
 Golden City, Col. 1,014 
 G't Salt La. City. 8,218 
 Haverhill, Ms. ..9,995 
 
 Holvoke, Mil 4,997 
 
 Hartford, Ct... .29,152 
 Hempst'd, N.Y.12,375 
 Hunt'gton, N. Y. 8,925 
 Hudson, N. Y... 7,262 
 Hector, N. Y.... 5,623 
 
 Haverst'w, N.Y.5,401 
 
 Hoboken, N. J.. .9,662 
 Hudson, N. J. ...7,229 
 Hackens'k, N. J. 5,488 
 Harrisburg, Pa. 13,406 
 Hempfield, Pa. ..5,450 
 Houston, Tex.. ..5,000 
 Hamilton, O.. ..7,223 
 Hannibal, Mo. ..6,505 
 Ithaca, N. Y.. ..6,843 
 India'polis, Ind. 18.612 
 Iowa City, la. ...5,214 
 Johnstown, N.Y.8,811 
 Jamaica, N. Y ..6,515 
 Jersey City, N.J. 29,226 
 Jacksonv'le, Fla. 2,128 
 Jefferson, La. ...5, 107 
 Janesville, Wis. 7, 703 
 JerTson City. Mo. 2,500 
 Key West, Fla... 2,832 
 Kingston. N. Y. 16,640 
 Kal'mazoo, Mich. 6,070 
 
 Keokuk, la 8,137 
 
 Lawrence, Kan. .1,645 
 Leavenw'h, Kan. 7,429 
 Lexington, Mo. ..4, 115 
 
 Lowell, Ms 36,827 
 
 Lynn, Ms 19,083 
 
 Lawrence, Ms. .17,639 
 Lockport, N. Y. 13,523 
 Lenox, N. Y ....8,024 
 Little F'lls, N.Y. 5,989 
 Lisbon, N. Y... .5,640 
 Lansingb'g, N.Y. 5,577 
 
 Lyons, N. Y 5,077 
 
 Lancaster, Pa. .17, 603 
 Lynchburg, Va..6,853 
 Little Rock, Ark. 3,727 
 Louisville, Ky.. 69,740 
 Lexington, Ky.. .9,321 
 Lafayette, Ind. ..9,426 
 La Porte, Ind. ...5,028 
 
106 
 
 POPULATION OF THE UNITED STATES. 
 
 M'chester.N.H. 20,107 
 
 Milford, Ms 9,132 
 
 Marblthead, Ms. 7,646 
 Marlboro', Ms. ..5,911 
 
 Maiden, Ms 5,865 
 
 Meriden, Ct 7,426 
 
 Morrisania, N.Y. 9,245 
 Malone, N. Y... .6,565 
 1 Middleto'n, N.Y. 6,243 
 Manlius, N. Y.. 6,028 
 Milton, N. Y... .5,255 
 
 Macon, Ga 8,247 
 
 Mobile, Ala. ...29,259 
 Montgo'ry, Ala.. 9,889 
 Madison, Ind... .8,133 
 Milw'kee, Wis. 45,254 
 Madison, Wis. ..6,011 
 Muscatine, la.. .5,324 
 Mi n neap's, Minn. 2,564 
 Mesilla, N. Mex.2,406 
 Memphis, Tenn. 22,625 
 Nashua, N. II.. 10,065 
 New Bedf'd.Ms. 22,300 
 Newb'ryp't.Ms. 13,401 
 
 Newton, Ms 8,382 
 
 North'pton, Ms. .6,788 
 N. Bridgew'r.Ms 6,584 
 
 Natick, Ms 5,515 
 
 N.Provid'e, R.I. 11,818 
 Newport, R. I. .10,508 
 New Haven, Ct.39,268 
 Norwich, Ct.. ..14,027 
 N. London, Ct.. 10,115 
 
 Norwalk, Ct 7,582 
 
 New Britain, Ct. 5,212 
 N. York, N.Y.813.668 
 Newburg, N.Y.15,198 
 Newtown, N.Y. 13,725 
 Niagara, N. Y... 6,603 
 N.IIemps'd.N Y. 5,419 
 Newark, N. J. .71,941 
 
 N.Bruns»k,N.J.ll,255 
 Norfolk, Va... .14,609 
 Newbern, N. C. .5,434 
 Natchez, Miss. .13,553 
 N.Orleans, La.168,472 
 Nashville, Ten. 16,987 
 Newport, Ky... 10,046 
 N. Albany, Ind. 12,647 
 Nebraska City.. 1,912 
 Oswego, N. Y.. 16,817 
 Oyster Bay.N. Y.9,168 
 Ogdensb'g, N. Y. 7,410 
 Or'getown, N. Y. 7,060 
 Onondaga, N. Y. 5,113 
 Orange, N. J. ...8,877 
 Oshkosh, Wis. ..6,086 
 
 Oregon City, Or. 
 
 Ogden, Utah.... 1,464 
 Omaha, Neb. ...1,888 
 Pembina, Dak. ..3, 556 
 Pt.To'ns'd,W.Ter.264 
 Portland, Or. ...1,371 
 Portland, Me. ..26,342 
 Portsm'th, N. H. 9,335 
 Pittsfield, Ms. ...8,045 
 Plymouth, Ms. ..6,272 
 Providence, R.I. 50, 666 
 Pokeepsie.N. Y. 14,726 
 Parishv'le, N.Y.9,033 
 Potsdam, N. Y. .6,737 
 Plattsburg, N.Y.6,680 
 Phelps, N. Y.... 5,586 
 Paterson, N. J.. 19,588 
 Philad'phia,Pa565,531 
 Pittsburg, Pa ..49,220 
 Pottsville, Pa ...9,444 
 Petersburg, Va. 18,266 
 Portsmouth, Va.. 9,487 
 Pensacola, Fla..4,680 
 Prattville, Ala. ..3,200 
 Portsmouth, O.. 6,268 
 
 Peoria, 111 14,425 
 
 Quincy, Ms 6,778 
 
 Queensb'g, N.Y. 7,146 
 
 Quincy, 111 13,718 
 
 Rockland, Me.. ..7,316 
 
 Rutland, Vt 7,577 
 
 Roxbury, Ms.. .25,137 
 Randolph, Ms.. .5,760 
 Rochester, N.Y.48,243 
 
 Rome, N. Y 6,246 
 
 Rahway, N. J.. .7,130 
 
 Reading, Pa 23,162 
 
 Richmond, Va..37,910 
 Richmond, Ind. .6,603 
 
 Rockford, 111 7,363 
 
 Rock Island, 111. .5,130 
 Racine, Wis.... 7,822 
 
 Saco, Me 6,223 
 
 Salem, Ms 22.252 
 
 Springfield, Ma. 15,199 
 Somerville, Ms. .8,025 
 S. Danvers, Ms. .6,549 
 Smithfield.R. I. .13,283 
 Stonington, Ct.. 7,740 
 Stamford, Ct.. ..7,185 
 Syraeuse, N. Y. 28,199 
 Sche'ctady.N.Y. 9,579 
 Saugerties, N.Y. 9, 536 
 Seneca, N. Y.. ..8,448 
 Saratoga, N. Y..6.521 
 Southhold.N. Y.5,833 
 Sullivan, N. Y. .5,233 
 Scranton, Pa. ...9,223 
 Staunton, Va.. .14,124 
 Savannah, Ga.. 22,292 
 S. Antonio, Tex. 8,274 
 Sandusky, O.... 8,408 
 Springfield, O... 7,202 
 Steubenville, O. .6,154 
 Springfield, 111. .6,499 
 
 St. Louis, Mo. .151,780 
 St. Joseph, Mo.. 8,932 
 St. Paul, Minn. 10,401 
 St.Anth'y, M ; nn. 3,258 
 S.Franc'co.Cal. 56,805 
 Sacramento, do. 13, 788 
 
 Salem, Or 
 
 SautaFe.N.Mex. 4,635 
 Taunton, Ms... 15,376 
 
 Troy, N. Y 39,235 
 
 Trenton, N. J. .17,221 
 Tuscaloosa, Ala. 3,989 
 
 Toledo, O 13,768 
 
 Terre Haute, Ind. 8,594 
 Utica, N. Y... .22,528 
 Volr.ey, N. Y.. .8,045 
 Verona, N. Y... 5,966 
 Vicksburg, Miss. 4, 591 
 Virg. City, Nev. 2,345 
 Westbrook, Me. .5,113 
 Worcester, Ms. 24,960 
 Weymouth, Ms. .7,742 
 Woburn, Ms.. ..6,778 
 Waltham, Ms.. .6,397 
 W. Roxbury, Ms. 6,310 
 Westfield, Ms. ..5,054 
 Warwick, R. I.. 8,916 
 Waterbury, Ct. 10,004 
 WestTroy,N.Y.8,820 
 Waterto'n, N.Y. 7,572 
 Walkill, N. Y.. 6,603 
 Wilm'gton.Del. 21,258 
 Washi'g'n,D.C.61,118 
 Wheel'g,W.Va.l4.163 
 Waynesb'o\Va. 13,626 
 Wi'm'gton, N.C. 9,553 
 Wafrtown, Wis. 5,302 
 Yonkers, N. Y. 11,848 
 
 York, Pa 8,605 
 
 Zanesville, O... .9,229 
 
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 There are perhaps no two cities in this country to which 
 
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 Capitol and Grounds. 
 
 Patent Office. 
 
 Georgetown Heights. 
 
 Scientific American Office. 
 
 General Post-Office. 
 
 Smithsonian Institute. 
 
 Government Insane Asylum. 
 
 Soldier's Home. 
 
 Government Green-Houses. 
 
 Treasury Department. 
 
 Jackson's Statue. 
 
 War Department. 
 
 Long Bridge. 
 
 Washington Monument. 
 
 Mount Vernon. * 
 
 Washington's Statues. 
 
 NEW-YOEK.-PLACES OF INTEREST. 
 
 Academy of Music. Greenwood Cemetery. 
 
 Academy of Design. 
 
 High Bridge. 
 
 Asylum for the Blind. 
 
 Hoboken. 
 
 Astor Library. 
 
 Navy Yard. 
 
 Atlantic Docks. 
 
 Post-Office. 
 
 Battery. 
 
 Scientific American Office. 
 
 Bible House. 
 
 Sub-Treasury. 
 
 Blackwell's Island. 
 
 South Street. 
 
 Central Park. 
 
 Staten Island. 
 
 City Hall. 
 
 Tombs. 
 
 Cooper Institute. 
 
 Trinity Church. 
 
 Croton Reservoir. 
 
 United States Custom House. 
 
 Dry Dock. 
 
 Washington Monument. 
 
 Fort Hamilton. 
 
 Worth Monument. 
 
 Fort Lafayette. 
 
 Wall Street. 
 
 Governor's Island. 
 
 Washington Market. 
 
GEN] 
 
 Alcohol, force of, 
 
 3RAL INDEX. 
 
 85 
 
 35 
 
 Mechanical Movements, 
 
 Amendments, 
 
 10 
 
 Multum in Parvo, 
 
 91 
 
 Appeals, . 10, 24, 69, 
 
 72, 74, 80 
 
 New-York Places of Interest, 
 
 107 ! 
 
 Application for Patents, 
 
 5, 9, 77 
 
 Novelty of Inventions, . 
 
 84 
 
 Arsenic, . 
 
 34 
 
 Oath, to Patents, . 22, 67 
 
 ,70) 
 
 Assignments. 7, 29, 30, 
 
 31, 32, 65 
 
 Official Rules, Patent Office, . 
 
 21 
 
 Assignees, Rights of, 26 
 
 29 30, 32 
 
 Ownership in Patents. 
 
 9 
 
 Austrian Patents, 
 
 . 41 
 
 Partnership in Inventions, , 
 
 9 
 
 Belgian Patents, . 
 
 . 41 
 
 Patent Laws of the U. S., . 
 
 53 
 
 Bishop, Hon. W. D., letter, 
 
 Patent Office, Rules, . 
 
 21 
 
 British Patents, 
 
 . 41 
 
 Patent Reports, yearly, 
 
 80 
 
 Caveats, 
 
 8, 33, 59 
 
 Patents, How to Obtain, 5, 9 
 
 ,13 
 
 Census of the U. S., 
 
 . .99 
 
 Patents, How to Sell, 
 
 42 
 
 Charcoal. Properties of, 
 
 . 62 
 
 Patents, Yalue of, 
 
 4 
 
 Chemical Inventions, 
 
 . 51 
 
 Patents, Validity of, . 
 
 66 
 
 Circle, Problems, 
 
 • 44 
 
 Patents on Small Things, 
 
 45 
 
 Commissioners, Letters of, . 18 
 
 Patents to Foreigners, 
 
 50 
 
 Contested Cases, 
 
 . 69 
 
 Patents may be Divided, 26 
 
 , 65 
 
 Copies of Patents, . 
 
 . 15,54 
 
 Patentee, Rights of. 
 
 30 
 
 Copyrights, 
 
 . 14 
 
 Penalty for Stamping, 
 
 70 
 
 Cost of applying for Patents, 9 
 
 Population of Towns and Cities,105 
 
 Courts, Powers of, 
 
 62 
 
 Power of Water, 
 
 49 
 
 Cuban Patents, 
 
 . 41 
 
 Principle, Claims for, 
 
 22 
 
 Designs, 
 
 . 14, 76 
 
 Priority of Invention, 21,25 
 
 ,57 
 
 Disclaimers j . 
 
 27,65 
 
 Prussian Patents, . 
 
 41 
 
 Drawings, 
 
 . 22,65 
 
 Quick Applications, . 
 
 13 
 
 Electric Spark, 
 
 . 19 
 
 Reissues, . . 26, 59 
 
 ,66 
 
 Electric Conductors, 
 
 46 
 
 Rejected Applications, 10, 33 
 
 75 
 
 Examinations, 
 
 . 6, 23, 56 
 
 Remittances, 
 
 11 1 
 
 Examiners-in-Chief, . 
 
 74 
 
 Royalty, .... 
 
 44 
 
 Extension of ~ Patents, 
 
 28, 63, 71 
 
 Rules, 'Patent Office, 
 
 21 
 
 Fees, Official, Table of, 
 
 ! 76 
 
 Russian Patents, 
 
 41 
 
 Forfeited Cases, . 
 
 10,80 
 
 Secret Archives, . 
 
 24 
 
 Foreign Patents, 
 
 . 29,40 
 
 Sound, .... 
 
 20 
 
 French Patents, 
 
 . .41 
 
 Spanish Patents, . 
 
 41 
 
 General Information, 
 
 . 7,33 
 
 Specification, the, . 22 
 
 ,33 
 
 Going to Washington, 
 
 . .15 
 
 Stamps, on Assignments, etc., 
 
 32 
 
 Geometry, Practical, 
 
 83 
 
 Steam Engine, the 
 
 37 
 
 Heat Conductors. . 
 
 . 50 
 
 Steam, Pressure of, Table, 
 
 98 
 
 Heat, Effects of, table. 
 
 20 
 
 Substitute for Belts and Gears 
 
 ,98 
 
 Heirs of Inventor, Rights of, 58 
 
 Substitute for the Crank, 
 
 82 
 
 Hints to Letter-Writers 
 
 . 38,52 
 
 Suits, Law Patents, 
 
 80 
 
 Holt, Hon. J., Letter, 
 
 . .18 
 
 Tracing Paper, . 
 
 35 
 
 Horse Power, 
 
 49 
 
 Use, Prior to Patent, 
 
 68 
 
 How to Invent, 
 
 . 3 
 
 Useful Hints, 
 
 52 
 
 How to Obtain Patents, 
 
 . 5,9 
 
 Yalue of Patents, 
 
 4 
 
 How to Sell Patents 
 
 . . 42 
 
 Yane, a Sparkling, 
 
 46 
 
 Income from Patents, 
 
 44 
 
 Washington, Places of Interest,107 
 
 Information, Official, 
 
 - 33 
 
 What is it Worth, 
 
 97 
 
 Infringements, . 
 
 . 16, 97 
 
 What Prevents a Patent . 
 
 21 
 
 Interferences, 
 
 25,57 
 
 Where to go for Patents, 
 
 81 
 
 Invention, What it is, 
 
 . 21 
 
 Who may obtain Patents, . 
 
 55 
 
 Inventor, Rights of, 
 
 13,29 
 
 i Will it pay, .... 
 
 97