CopyrightN^. COPYRIGHT DEPOSnV EDUCATION AND RAILROAD MEN HINTS, SUGGESTIONS AND OUTLINES FOR CON- >^4 / DUCTING EDUCATIONAL PRIVILEGES IN \ ^ RAILROAD YOUNG MEN'S CHRIS- jj ^ f^ TIAN ASSOCIATIONS PREPARED BY THE EDUCATIONAL DEPARTMENT IN CO-OPERATION WITH THE INTERNATIONAL RAILROAD SECRETARIES, RAILROAD OFFICIALS AND OTHERS GEORGE B. HODGE EDUCATIONAL SECRETARY NEW YORK YOUNG MEN'S CHRISTIAN ASSOCIATION PRESS 1908 ^^'i: 5UBHARY of OeNteRSSS! AUG 25 )yU8 Copyright, 1908, BY The International Committee OF Young Men's Christian Associations P3621 TABLE OF CONTENTS PAGE Advertising .... Air Brake .... Algebra .... Arithmetic — Commercial and Mechanics Blue Print Reading Boiler Firing Bookkeeping Class Work — Terms, Sessions, Quality Clubs — Educational — Hints Committee — Educational Educational Features — Importance, Object, Supervision, Pro- gram, Advertising, Finances Electricity — Electric Railways, Wiring English English for Non-English Speaking Finances ..... First Aid and Personal Hygiene . Geometry ..... Group Courses .... Home Study .... How to Use This Book Individual Instruction . International Examinations . Lectures and Talks — Hints, Subjects Library — Hints .... Locomotive and Car Design Mechanical Drawing . Periodicals ..... Quality ..... Reading Rooms — Hints, Reading Courses Regulations for International Examinations Shop Mathematics ..... Special Railroad Subjects — Enginemen, Firemen, Conductors, Trainmen, Office Men, Air Brake, Transportation of Explo- sives, Express Company Employees Steam Engineering and Boiler Firing Stenography and Typewriting Subject Courses . Telegraphy .... Text Books .... Tuition Fees PREFACE This handbook of hints, suggestions and outlines from the best experience of railroad educational work, is pro- vided to help the committee and secretary of each Railroad Association in planning, organizing and conducting such educational facilities as are most needed. In its prepara- tion, Mr. Hodge has been aided by the International rail- road secretaries, railroad officials, educational directors, and others. Railroad men everywhere are wide awake tO' the importance of better training for larger service. It is hoped that this handbook will prove of such value that it will lead each Association into a larger helpfulness to men. C. J. Hicks, Associate General Secretary. EDUCATION AND RAILROAD MEN Its Importance Educational facilities for railroad men and boys have proved themselves to be not only a necessary, but very helpful part of the regular work of every Association. Its Objective The object of educational privileges is to broaden and enlighten men and boys, help them to help themselves, and increase their efficiency, thus fitting them for more useful and contented service both in their business and social re- lations. Its Features (1) The information of the Reading Room with its standard periodicals and technical journals. (2) The inspiration of the Library, both circulating and reference. (3) The stimulation of Lectures and Practical or Technical Talks. (4) The cooperation of Educational Clubs. (5) The instruction and training in Class Work under competent teachers. (6) Individual Instruction or Home Study under per- sonal leadership. Its Local Committee Experience shows that in places where best service is ren- dered, a committee composed of three or five practical men is in charge. With the secretary and educational director, this committee studies local conditions, discovers oppor- tunities, matures plans and conducts such features as will best meet the needs. 2 EDUCATION AND RAILROAD MEN Its Supervision While the general secretary, in proportion to his ability and interest, will continue to promote educational features in all places, yet the great opportunity to help men makes it increasingly necessary to provide an experienced man for his entire time, if possible, as educational secretary to sup- plement the local committee and general secretary in each of the larger Associations. Such a man is already em- ployed in several places. Whatever such good supervision costs it is more expensive in the end to do without it. On each railroad system there may well be provided similar supervision. In this way best results for the system as well as for the men and the Associations will be realized. Its Plan and Program The right study of the local conditions and discovery of special needs, which will differ in each Association, will lead to a definite plan to meet the peculiar conditions. Such a plan or working schedule will usually include a more effi- cient use of the reading room and library, the conduct of practical and technical talks, one or more groups or clubs, and some personal instruction in classes or individually. Any such service may be conducted any month of the year, wherever there are needs to be met and men to meet them. At present the largest part of this work is done between September and May, but there is no reason why these features should not run through the summer. Any plan or program, small or large, should be matured at least from one to three months before it is set in operation, in order to give proper time for advertising. Its Advertising Good advertising pays. Poor advertising is often worse than none. As soon as plans are made, tell about them in the most approved and successful manner. The following means have been used with much profit : Attractive posters HOW TO USE THIS BOOK 3 at central points ; a brief but striking prospectus stating the plans, privileges, prices, dates, etc. ; leaflets giving results of past years' work; lantern slides showing men in different classes and in other educational features of the Association, also slides showing the value of education and of such privileges in general; noon shop gatherings with use of the lantern ; personal visitation by men who have profitably taken advantage of such work; a window display of the work of students ; the use of the lantern across the main street ; a talk by, or the endorsement of, some railroad official such as the superintendent or the master mechanic. These and other forms of advertising naturally growing out of local condi- tions are being used with success. Its Finances Good educational work costs money, as well as time and effort, but it is found to be one of the best investments Railroad Associations can make. When properly conducted it not only brings results but also helps to carry a large part of its own budget. Where best work is done the board of directors generally appropriates an educational budget which includes such items as supervision, advertising periodicals for the reading room, conduct of the library, lectures and talks, clubs, class work, individual instruction and promotion of home study. Such a budget varies from 10 per cent to 25 per cent or more of the entire Association budget. The receipts from club fees, tuition fees for classes or individual instruction, and admissions to a few of the lec- tures, should be such as to cover nearly or quite all of the running expenses of those features. The other budget items are provided from the general fund of membership fees, public contributions or endowments. How to Use This Book These hints and suggestions from experience are pri- 4 EDUCATION AND RAILROAD MEN marily to acquaint the board of directors, the educational committee, the general secretary and other employed officers, including the teachers and leaders, with what the Railroad Associations are doing and how they have done it. Familiarity with this book followed by a careful and more or less continuous study of local conditions to^ discover special needs and opportunities will lead to best results. Such results, however, will be in proportion to the convic- tion and vision of Association officers, and to the amount of time, effort and money invested. THE ASSOCIATION READING ROOM The most popular privilege offered by the Association is that of the reading room. If given careful attention it materially popularizes the Association, but if neglected it may soon bring the Association into disfavor. For best results, experience shows the observance of the following hints or suggestions : The room is as light and quiet as possible and in range of vision of the secretary's desk. Someone is directly responsible for keeping the room neat and clean, and the periodicals arranged in an attractive manner. This person, or some other, provides a weekly bulletin posted in a promi- nent place, calling attention to particular articles in current magazines that would appeal to men. File new magazines on their arrival after the leaves have been cut and the Association stamp placed upon them. The reading room is not a place for free advertising. The subscriptions for all periodicals should expire during the same month, thus aiding accounts in renewals. Avoid taking or placing on file any undesirable publications. Sample copies should not remain long enough to become valueless. Additions should be made on merit only. Preserve the most valuable maga- THE LIBRARY 5 zines for binding and for future reference in the library. Keep an accurate list of periodicals with name of publisher, the price, the source if a gift, date of expiration. The following is a popular list of periodicals for the average size Railroad Association. Scientific American. Catholic World. Railway and Locomotive En- Collier's Weekly. gineering. McClure's. Technical World. Success. International Railroad Journal. Cosmopolitan. Railway World. The Century. Popular Mechanics. Scribner's or Harper's. Association Men. Christian Herald. World's Work. . Record of Christian Work. Literary Digest. Home Herald. The Outlook. The American Boy. Saturday Evening Post. Youth's Companion. Harper's Weekly. Ladies' Home Journal. Leslie's Weekly. Country Life. American Machinist. Railway Age Gazette. To such list should be added such of the prominent dailies, the Brotherhood journals, and the local press, as conditions seem to warrant. THE LIBRARY Properly equipped and administered the railroad library holds a large place in Association work. The interest taken by railroad men in many of the Association libraries is encouraging. It helps the best men at the best time and in the best way, and supplements the work of all other de- partments. For best results the library must contain the most practical books in history, biography, fiction, science, manufactures, useful arts, railroad construction and opera- tion, as well as meet the demands of the members and also the desires of their families. 6 EDUCATION AND RAILROAD MEN The average library is for both circulation and reference use. It is desirable for every Association to have as good a library as it can secure and support. It may often arrange to obtain books regularly from some other library, either railroad or otherwise, or cooperate with the nearest public library, as well as make use of state traveling libraries. The following hints come from experience: The books should be carefully selected and suited to local needs of men and their families. An appropriation for new books should be made annually and so arranged that a few new books may be added monthly. It is generally wise to keep the bookcases locked and give out books when requested at the desk. Few men know what they want to read, and it is therefore necessary for the secretary, librarian, or the man in charge to discover what might best interest the person and then help him select a book. In some places a charge of a few cents is made for the library catalogues in order to insure their protection and proper use. A card catalogue for the office is essential. Advertise a few books at a time, place them on a shelf near the desk or in some other prominent place and allow them out only a few days at a time. Occasionally post a list of the books good for boys or girls, or a list on some timely subject. A short reading course or club stimulates the use of the library. A few Associations, as Scranton, have a library membership for out of town men, costing $1 per year. Books are car- ried by train service free to these men. Whatever conditions may prevail it is hard to imagine the place where the Association can afford to be without some kind of a reference or working library, including the usual reference books, railroad technical printed matter, etc. The reference library in the future is to become the center of supplementary educational work. Much interest is being taken by railroad men in the careful and definite reading of a few books each year. LECTURES AND PRACTICAL TALKS 7 LECTURES AND PRACTICAL TALKS There is no more popular or easily operated feature, con- sistent with the expense involved, than the educational lec- ture and practical talk. The number already given is en- couraging. The lecture differs from the practical talk in being a formal presentation, given by a well-known authority, usually with admission fees to take care of ex- penses. It is not an entertainment, though the lectures are very entertaining because instructive. Each Association should aim to provide two or more lectures of high order during the season. Among those already given in Railroad Associations we note the following subjects: Abraham Lincoln; The Philippines (illustrated); The Passion Play (illustrated); The Ice Age; The Erie Canal; The Pro- duction and Treatment of Iron; Wireless Telegraphy; Astronomy; William McKinley; Cuba; The Railroads of Russia ; The Panama Canal ; Our Fleet in the Pacific. The selection of speakers is of importance. They will include railroad officials, some resident talent and often visiting lecturers of ability. Practical Talks The practical talk is usually given by some local man, involves little or no expense, very often includes use of a lantern or experiments, and usually implies a group of ten to twenty-five men. The more freedom for questions and discussions the better the result. Such talks include all practical subjects in which railroad men are interested. A few Associations conduct a series on groups of kindred topics, such as, (a) technical talks in which a good repre- sentative of a trade or profession, as the head of the motive power department, gives his experiences and advice to men ; (b) personal life talks, in which a strong Christian man treats of men's amusements, savings and investments, so- 8 EDUCATION AND RAILROAD MEN cial life, health, and so on. In small Associations the pro- gram should include at least two practical talks every month; in larger Associations at least one every week. If there is no resident talent available, railroad officials and men from outside points, or men passing through, are often secured. Such talent includes railroad officials, master me- chanics, chief engineers, and head men in various depart- ments. Two or more Associations in the same vicinity can sometimes arrange for a man to divide his time between those points, thus making it possible to secure such services where otherwise it would be impossible. One popular way of securing attendance is, to preface the talk with a supper, charging the men the mere cost of the same. The use of the lantern is increasing in efficiency and popularity. The company physician or some other doctor is always ready to give a series of talks on "First Aid to the Injured." Public hygiene has interested railroad men, as well as city men. Some traveling engineers, inspectors, or other men of ex- perience are often used with mutual profit to give various talks. The bureau of explosives with their representatives affords an excellent subject and service. During the present season many series of illustrated talks have been conducted on : The air brake, its improvements, use and abuse; the triple valve, valve motion; steam heat; motive power; movement of trains; railroad machinery; time-table construction; book of rules; train problems; hot boxes and their remedies ; lubricating oil, its use and abuse ; signals; and so on through a wide range of railroad subjects. Practical talks are within reach of every Association, even the smallest. They may be held in the Association building or outside, day or night, as most convenient. From twenty to fifty or more of these talks are often given during the year. A few report each 60, 78, 129, 158 respectively. HOME STUDY 9 EDUCATIONAL CLUBS A few Railroad Associations are profiting by means of literary societies, music, technical and other clubs. Where judiciously organized they are of great value both to men and to the Association. Perhaps no other feature so readily adapts itself to circumstances or is found so differently applied and used. Nearly one hundred different kinds of educational clubs are in operation. Some run for a few- weeks and complete their work, while others are in opera- tion for an entire season, and a few continue from year to year. These clubs are of all sizes from five to fifty men or more. The following hints or suggestions are from experience: (1) The members must be congenial, of like interests and desires and well-pleasing to each other. (2) Wise leader- ship by one of the club members and usually aside from the general secretary is essential. (3) Successful clubs have to grow and develop of themselves. They are not ready made, neither can they be successfully made to order by those other than club members. (4) One of the most im- portant results in addition to that of research, reading, discussion, etc., is the operation of a series of practical talks, thus developing in the men a very helpful spirit of service for others — the best form of social service. Such clubs help men of varied interests, cover a wide range of subjects, develop leadership, promote fellowship, and fur- nish excellent opportunity for Christian personal work. HOME STUDY Association experience has abundantly demonstrated the value of promoting such features as lead men to come together and take advantage of the fellowship, enthusiasm 10 EDUCATION AND RAILROAD MEN of numbers, and especially of the presence of an able teacher or leader. The fundamental principle of Asso- ciation work is to encourage men to "associate" under Christian auspices for the development of Christian man- hood, rather than to encourage them to study alone and away from the Association. Still there are some men who either from the nature of their employment or their disposition, or both, cannot or will not take advantage of Association privileges as ar- ranged for class and groups. For these, a system of home tutoring arranged under the auspices of the Association, involving a competent instructor meeting such persons regu- larly in their homes, shops or other places, is found ex- pedient. Much of such personal service is now being ren- dered in all walks of life — ^professional, industrial, and commercial. The expense is nominal, ranging from twenty- five cents per hour up. Though more expensive than class work, yet for many people this kind of home study is a most excellent investment. The employment of one or more competent men with the true Association spirit as teachers and leaders to give special attention to this personal in- struction, where tried, proves one of the best Association investments. The receipts from tuition fees meet a large portion of the expense. If such individual instruction is not feasible, courses by correspondence in colleges and universities supported at public expense, as at Chicago, Cornell, Wisconsin, are available. CLASSWORK. The most valuable of any single Association educational feature is that of definite class work, where the instruction is largely individual. Where there are fifty or more rail- road men within reach of the Association, employed in CLASS WORK 11 construction and repair shops or as clerks in offices and in transportation service, there is a large field for such class work and individual instruction in one or more subjects. Terms and Sessions While class work may begin any time of the year, and should be conducted whenever there is a need for the same, yet the majority of the Associations plan for a fall term of three months beginning about October 1, and a winter term of the same length after the holidays. A few Associations conduct class work and individual instruction during the spring and summer. Two class sessions per week are more than twice as valuable as one session. Such sessions may take place at any point where most convenient, either in the building or outside. Classes with five to ten or twelve men are much better than larger classes. The smaller the class the more personal and hence more valuable the help. Too much emphasis cannot be placed on a large number of small groups or classes. If a number of men desire the same subject but only half of them can meet regularly on the same date, organize two classes. The other section may unite at some other hour and place, or meet irregularly. Quality versus Numbers To meet the growing demands of railroads, business, trade, and transportation, there is needed a better quality of work, a more efficient training and greater skill, and with it all a higher character in men. The demands for such men, when taken in connection with the fact of the present super- ficial and commercialized instruction, make quality of work, rather than numbers of students, all the more necessary. Individual Instruction The abilities and ambitions of railroad men differ so widely that personal instruction — man to man — is becoming 12 EDUCATION AND RAILROAD MEN more necessary each year. Smaller classes and groups of men with higher tuition fees, make possible far more valua- ble instruction and training and hence better results. Tuition Fees The Association is promoted to help men, not to make money. Its educational work is not and never should be a revenue producer. Some features, especially the funda- mental and elementary ones, as the three R's, should con- tinue to be conducted, even with a deficit. However, ' ex- perience shows the wisdom of charging tuition fees for class work and individual instruction, in addition to mem- bership dues. The practice has proved beneficial to the men because it has increased their interest and attendance, stimu- lated and benefited their work and led them to realize upon it as a good investment. It has proved good for the Asso- ciation, as the receipts help meet the increased expense of the more practical work, and has largely raised the standing and respect of the Association in the community. The fees for the average subject should be such amounts per term as will nearly or quite pay for the instruction. They range from $1 to $5 or more per subject. For in- dividual instruction such fees would be more, of course, depending upon circumstances. The total amount of spe- cial tuition fees in all city and railroad Associations has in- creased about 20 per cent annually for the past ten years, amounting in 1908 to about $325,000. Some of the best endowed educational institutions charge tuition fees even though such fees are not needed to cover expenses, because the results and influence of this practice upon the student is seen to be far better than otherwise. Association educational work in the past has suffered greatly because of the cheapening influence of low fees upon the public. It pays to charge substantial fees and then ''deliver the goods." OUTLINES FOR SUBJECT COURSES 13 GROUP COURSES . Group courses include a number of consecutive and closely related subjects, in which the aim is to encourage students to continue systematic work either day or night for three to six years and prepare for or develop in some vocation, such as that of machinist, mechanical engineer, plumber, accountant, etc. For details see pages 12-15, "Outlines of Courses of Study," price 50 cents, published by the Association Press. OUTLINES FOR SUBJECT COURSES Nature of the Outlines These outlines are the results of experience in the best class work, day or evening, among employed men and boys. They include only the more essential topics and principles. In view of the facts that (1) there are many good courses in each subject; (2) that the teachers, local conditions and students' abilities all vary; (3) that the best results come from giving the largest possible freedom and initiative to the local teacher, — no two Associations will successfully conduct exactly the same courses in any subject. How- ever, in view of their fundamental character and largely accepted use, the topics and outlines given in this book may well be woven into or made the basis of the local courses, which in turn should be expanded and adapted to meet local needs. Text Books The movement being of wide area and involving all methods of teaching, several text books instead of one, where any are issued, are suggested in each subject. These are the texts in widest and most successful use in the various Associations. The educational director or general 14 EDUCATION AND RAILROAD MEN secretary, in cooperation with, the teacher, should select the particular text book, where one is used, in which the best results can be accomplished, whether such book is men- tioned in the list or not. No book should be slavishly fol- lowed. Further aids will be found in the International ex- amination questions annually. Teachers find much help and inspiration in suggestions of the current technical magazines and periodicals on file in the Association read- ing room. Length of Courses To meet the demands for better trained men, Associa- tions are extending their courses from 50 per cent to 100 per cent. The average student ranges from fourteen to fifty years of age, is employed, knows the worth of a dollar, usually does his own thinking, and means business. In this book the term ''season" implies at least six months, three evenings per week. While some students may cover a course in one season, others because of different abilities and training may require two or three seasons. Experience shows that it is not the length of the course that counts, but the nature and quality of the work done. Asso- ciations do not agree to fit men for positions or to pass them through any course in a certain time, but rather to offer opportunities for better training. FIRST AID TO THE INJURED— One Season For : All men and boys. Preparation : Reading, business English. It is very fortunate to know what to do in case of an accident. Much suffering and perhaps a life may be saved by cool and prompt action by one who knows what to do until the doctor comes. The following topics or their equiva- lent to meet local needs have been covered successfully by thousands. This course has the hearty endorsement and co- OUTLINES FOR SUBJECT COURSES 15 operation of the physical department of all Associations. The work may be conducted either as a class, a club, or a series of ten or more lectures and quizzes. Oftentimes a series of demonstrations are carried on during the noon hour in the shops and factories. Topics : Structure and important functions of the human body, skeleton, muscles, nervous system, lungs, heart, stom- ach, etc. ; broken bones, dislocations, sprains, splints ; hemor- rhage or bleeding, arteries, veins, capillaries, circulation of blood, the tourniquet; breathing, respiration, suffocation, apparent drowning, choking, croup; carrying the sick and injured, bandaging, materials in emergencies; accidents, rupture, foreign bodies in the eye, ear or nose, poison and antidotes; unconsciousness, fainting, apoplexy, intoxication, convulsions, epilepsy, sunstroke, shock, concussion of brain ; wounds, burns, scalds, electric burns, frost-bite, exposure to cold, bites from animals ; the sick room, heating, ventilation, feeding, bath, care of patient; prevention of disease, anti- septics and preventives, contagious diseases ; board of health. Text and Reference Books First Aid in Illness and Injury. Pilcher. (Scribner's Sons, New York.) $2.00. First Aid to the Injured. Morton. (Society First Aid to the Injured, NeAv York.) 25 cents. The Barton First Aid Text Book. (National First Aid Associa- tion of America, Boston, Mass.) $1.25. Includes outfit. First Aid to the Injured. Dr. Morrow. (Saunders, Philadelphia.) $2.50. PERSONAL HYGIENE, INCLUDING PHYSIOLOGY— One Season For: All men and boys, especially those employed in commerce, trade, manufacturing, and industrial plants, and also for those in the physical department as well as those in the educational department. 16 EDUCATION AND RAILROAD MEN Preparation: Reading, business English. The following topics, or their equivalent to meet local needs, endorsed by the Physical Department of the Interna- tional Committee, are recognized as increasingly important. Much importance is attached to the topics of bathing, food, diet, exercise, sleep and rest. The course may be conducted either as a class, a club, or a series of fifteen or twenty lec- tures, demonstrations and quizzes. A splendid course for noon talks in the factory: Topics : Anatomy of the human body ; skeleton, head, spinal column, pelvis, upper and lower extremities, muscles, internal organs ; physiology applied ; the circulatory, respira- tory, muscular, nervous and digestive systems and their functions ; care of the body, the skin, bathing and dress ; food and digestion, diet; systematic exercise; care of the eyes, ears, lungs, blood, muscles, nerves ; the use of stimulants and narcotics, tobacco and alcohol; influence of body on mind and character ; sexual hygiene ; contagious diseases, quaran- tine, disinfection, prevention, board of health ; sleep and rest ; conservation of nervous energy. Text and Reference Books The Human Body. Martin. (Holt & Co., New York.) $2.50. Physiology and Hygiene. Hutchinson. (Merrill & Co., New York.) $1.10. Our Bodies. Blaisdell. (Ginn & Co., Boston.) 65 cents. Human Mechanism. Hough and Sedgwick. (Ginn & Co., New York.) $2.00. The Efficient Life. Gulick. (Doubleday, Page & Co., New York.) $1.20. Personal Hygiene. Woodhull. (John Wiley & Sons, New York.) $1.00. BUSINESS ENGLISH—Two Seasons For : All men and boys. Preparation : Reading, writing, spelling, or the equiva- lent of fifth grade public school work. OUTLINES FOR SUBJECT COURSES 17 Topics : Letter writing, forms and parts of letters, much practice in various kinds of business letters, with emphasis on brevity, clearness, unity, courtesy; forms of various social notes and usages ; general correspondence ; choice of words, avoidance of words and expressions not in good use ; exercises to extend and show value of vocabulary; habitual and intelligent use of the dictionary; formation of words; simple English prefixes and suffixes in common use; exer- cises in spelling. Punctuation and capital letters ; the English sentence, its parts and modifiers ; kinds of sentences ; parts of speech, their use and forms ; simple parsing ; exercises in correction of common errors; analysis of simple, complex, and com- pound sentences ; construction of sentences, involving forma- tion, transformation, or substitution of words, phrases, and clauses. Text and Reference Books New Practical Grammar and Correspondence. Williams. (American Book Co., New York.) 60 cents. English Composition. Chittenden. (Scott Foresman Co., Chi- cago.) 60 cents. Longmans' English Lessons and Longmans' English Grammar. (Longmans, Green & Co., New York.) 65 cents. Lessons in English. Lockwood. (Ginn & Co., New York.) $1.12. Business Methods. Teller and Brown. (Rand, McNally Co., New York.) 75 cents. ENGLISH FOR NON-ENGLISH SPEAKING— One Season For : Those who cannot read, write or speak English. Preparation : A desire to learn English. Suggestions : The different nationalities, the local condi- tions, the work to be done and the helpers, all vary to such an extent that it seems impossible to suggest a definite course or outline. However, the most successful efforts show that in the early stages the work is entirely by object 18 EDUCATION AND RAILROAD MEN — the spoken and written word being closely connected. Then comes action, qualities, places, and so on, which brings in the verbs, adjectives, forming of sentences, and gradual introduction of short, appropriate stories. The books below have been successfully used. Large use of the blackboard by the teacher is necessary; also the gradual use of the same by the men, as well as their writ- ing on paper, is strongly encouraged. See the six-page chapter on "Foreign-Born Young Men and Their Needs" in "Information and Suggestions" for 1906. Dr. Peter Roberts, Special Secretary of the International Committee for foreign-speaking men, says: (1) Secure the best possible teacher; success or failure rests here. (2) Teach the names of the objects and tools they daily handle. (3) It is somewhat better to include all the foreign- speaking men according to the industry in which they are employed rather than to take the different nationalities by themselves. (4) In the use of text books remember that we deal with men, and that public school books are pre- pared for children. As progress is made, and depending upon the versatility and genius of the teacher, the reading, speaking and writ- ing exercises will include lessons in simple business habits and customs, in civics and history, varying exercises in simple numbers, geography and the various fundamentals so necessary to a stranger in a strange land. Text and Reference Books First Book for Non-English Speaking. Harrington and Cun- ningham. (D. C. Heath & Co., Boston.) 25 cents. Second Book for Non-English Speaking. Harrington and Moore. (D. C. Heath & Co., Boston.) 30 cents. English for Evening Schools. F. B. Swingle. (Racine, Wis.) Reading and Language Lessons. W. E. Chancellor. (American Book Co., New York.) 30 cents. English-Italian. Moore. (D. C. Heath & Co., Boston.) 30 cents. OUTLINES FOR SUBJECT COURSES 19 BOOKKEEPING— Two Seasons For: Office men, clerks and others fitting themselves for railroad business, or for those who wish to familiarize themselves with modern business methods. Preparation : Commercial arithmetic, business English, penmanship. Topics : First Season — Meaning and application of sim- ple mercantile terms, as cash-books, drafts, notes, receipts, statements, bills, invoices, account-sales, etc. ; simple rules and principles for debiting and crediting accounts; books, as check book, bank pass book, day book, journal, cash-book, ledger; accounts, as cash, personal, property, bills payable, bills receivable, merchandise, expense, labor, interest, which show simply a profit or loss ; practice work in opening books, journalizing, posting; closing books, trial balances, state- ments ; bank dealings, opening bank accounts, deposits, col- lections, checks, balancing, proving bank account and cash- book. Topics : Second Season — Review of first season's work, including mercantile terms, rules, principles, and definitions ; books including those mentioned in the first season and many other special books for special lines of business; ac- counts under various terms of classification and adapted to different lines of business ; business practice, opening set of books, journalizing, posting, using various books and differ- ent kinds of accounts, involving the numerous commercial, manufacturing, industrial and financial business interests; column journal and specially ruled cash-books and ledgers for particular lines of business ; closing books ; trial bal- ances, statements, inventory, resources, liabilities, net worth, balance sheet ; bank dealings, deposits, collections, discounts, loans, checks, endorsements; foreign exchange, imports, duties, and exports ; systems for checking postings, proving bank pass book and cash-book; short methods and arrange- 20 EDUCATION AND RAILROAD MEN merits of accounts ; advanced practice, corporation accounts, purchase and sales, manufactures, discounts, interest, and other complex accounts for profit and loss. Text and Reference Books Modern Illustrative Bookkeeping. Williams and Rogers. (Ameri- can Book Co., New York.) $1.00. New Complete Bookkeeping. (Sadler & Rowe, Baltimore, Md.) Complete Bookkeeping. (Goodyear & Marshall, Cedar Rapids, la.) 90 cents. New Complete Bookkeeping. Williams and Rogers. (American Book Co., New York.) $1.35. Practical Bookkeeping. (Practical Text Book Co., Qeveland.) $2.25. Ellis System of Business. (Ellis Pub. Co., Battle Creek, Mich.) $2.25. The Complete Accountant. O. M. Powers. (Powers & Lyons, Chicago.) $1.60. Accounting and Business Practice. Moore and Miner. (Ginn & Co., New York.) 80 cents. STENOGRAPHY— Two Seasons For: Clerks, office men, reporters, stenographers, stu- dents, and those preparing themselves for secretarial posi- tions. Preparation: English, business forms, and correspond- ence, spelling, composition, arithmetic. Topics : In view of the fact that there are so many sys- tems of stenography in which efficient office work and cor- respondence is conducted, no single system is selected to the disadvantage of the others. Emphasis will be placed on dictation, speed tests and accuracy of transcriptions. Stu- dents should be required from the beginning to read back all matter taken by them in dictation. Oral and written exercises should be given frequently. In the second season much time should be devoted to thorough drills in writing from dictation, business cor- OUTLINES FOR SUBJECT COURSES 21 respondence, involving technical expressions relating to in- surance, railroading, electricity, legal, and general work; in the transcription, special emphasis should be placed on accuracy, form, capitalization, punctuation, and expression. Text and Reference Books Shorthand Instructor, Isaac Pitman. (Isaac Pitman & Sons, New York.) $1.50. Standard Phonography. A. J. Graham. (A. J. Graham & Co., New York.) $1.00. The Art of Phonography. J. E. Munson. (G. P. Putnam's Sons, New York.) $2.00. Manual of Phonography & Reporters' Companion. Benn Pitman and Jerome B. Howard. (Phonographic Institute Co., Cincinnati.) $2.00. Manual of Phonography. Heffley. (American Book Co., New York.) $1.25. Phonetic Shorthand. (W. W. Osgoodby, Rochester, N. Y.) $1.25. Brief Course in Pitman Shorthand. Barnes. (A. J. Barnes Pub. Co., St. Louis.) $1.25. Shorthand. Gregg. (Gregg Pub. Co., Chicago.) $1.50. TYPEWRITING— One Season For: Clerks, office men, stenographers, and others fitting for complete office work. Preparation: Same as for stenography. Topics : The demand upon typewriters is becoming more and more exacting, requiring increased speed, greater ac- curacy, and more intelligence on the part of the operator. A more thorough and general training is now necessary for successful work. Location of letters; proper fingering and touch; graded exercises in words; commercial, legal, and legislative phrases; business correspondence; headings, titles, and ad- dresses; spelling, punctuation, and capitalization; letters and circulars relating to all kinds of transactions; miscel- laneous forms of reports, receipts, and bills; legal forms. 22 EDUCATION AND RAILROAD MEN testimony, and architects' specifications; miscellaneous ex- ercises in writing from dictation; technical expressions and abbreviations; speed exercises; copying from manuscripts. Special care must at all times be given to neatness and accuracy. Text and Reference Books Touch System. C. E. Smith. (Isaac Pitman & Sons, New York.) 50 cents. Manual of Typewriting. (A. J. Barnes, St. Louis, Mo.) $1.00. Touch of Typewriting. (Bates Torrey, Boston, Mass.) $1.00. Manual of Typewriting. F. S. Humphrey. (Baker & Taylor, New York.) $1.50. Practical Course in Touch Typewriting. (Isaac Pitman & Sons, New York.) 50 cents. Piano Method. Patterson. (N. G. Patterson & Son, Chicago.) 60 cents. COMMERCIAL ARITHMETIC— Two Seasons For: All who desire a knowledge of the elements of practical and commercial arithmetic. Preparation : Ability to speak and read English. Topics: First Season — Fundamental operations; factor- ing, cancellation ; fractions — common and decimal, addition, subtraction, multiplication, division, and reduction of frac- tions ; compound or denominate numbers ; measures of time, value, weight, liquid, length, surface, and volume; per- centage; profit and loss; interest; trade discount; taxes; such other topics as are usually included in simple commer- cial and business arithmetic. Topics: Second Season — Review first season's work; insurance — fire and life; custom house business; taxes; stocks and bonds; bank discount; partial payments; ratio and proportion ; bankruptcy ; square root ; mensuration ; sim- ple principles of algebra or literal arithmetic; metric sys- tem; other topics usually included in advanced commercial or business arithmetic. OUTLINES FOR SUBJECT COURSES 23 The following suggestions are emphasized: (1) Lead the student to see a reason for every step and to make practical applications of every principle in order to de- velop the power of independent thought; (2) principles of each topic should be taught by simple problems, do not waste time in puzzles ; (3) obsolete topics should be omitted ; (4) lead the student to formulate and then learn his own rules, after having been made familiar with the processes which the rules describe; (5) the student should learn principles and definitions in an objective way, or through illustrations rather than from definitions in the book. This inductive process of formulating definitions and principles and rules by the student is educationally valuable; (6) some of the best educational discipline comes from training in the clear and orderly written solutions of problems and pro- cesses. Systematic, consecutive thinking develops habits of practical value in many lines. Text and Reference Books Arithmetic for Evening Schools. W. E. Chancellor. (American Book Co., New York.) 30 cents. Arithmetic. Wentworth. (Ginn & Co., Boston.) 65 cents. Commercial Arithmetic. Williams and Rogers. (American Book Co., New York.) $1.10. Business Arithmetic. (Sadler & Rowe, Baltimore, Md.) 80 cents. New Business Arithmetic. (Powers & Lyons, Chicago, 111.) $1.00. Commercial Arithmetic. (Goodyear & Marshall, Cedar Rapids, la.) $1.00. Grammar School Arithmetic. Walsh. (D. C. Heath & Co., Bos- ton.) 65 cents. Young & Jackson's Arithmetic, Books II. and III. (D. Appleton & Co., New York.) 80 cents. New Commercial Arithmetic. J. H. Moore. (American Book Co., New York.) $1.00. Grammar School Arithmetic. Smith. (Ginn & Co., New York.) 65 cents. Business Arithmetic. Williams & Rogers. (American Book Co., New York.) 80 cents. 24 EDUCATION AND RAILROAD MEN Everyday Business. M. S. Emery. (Lothrop, Lee & Shepard, Boston.) 30 cents. MECHANICS' BUSINESS ARITHMETIC— One Season For: Technical men, shop men, apprentices, mechanics, and also those in building trades and industries. Preparation: Arithmetic, including fractions, business English. Topics : Review of fractions, compound numbers, deci- mals, percentage, and other topics with reference to applica- tion in daily life; formulas; mensuration, measurements of surfaces, as lumber, land, wood, shingling, plastering, paint- ing, and paper-hanging; measurements of solids, as cubes, prisms, spheres, cylinders and their parts, relations, surfaces and volumes. Text and Reference Books School Mensuration. (Longmans, Green & Co., New York.) 35 cents. Mechanics' Arithmetic. Wright. (New England Pub. Co., New York.) 25 cents. Mensuration. Furst. (Meyers & Co., Harrisburg.) 50 cents. Workshop Mathematics. F. C. Castle. (The Macmillan Co., New York.) 65 cents. Business Arithmetic. (Sadler & Rowe, Baltimore, Md.) 80 cents. Business Arithmetic. Williams & Rogers. (American Book Co., New York.) 80 cents. ■Sixty Lessons in Business Arithmetic. (E. E. Mull, New York.) 50 cents. , SHOP MATHEMATICS^One or Two Seasons For: Apprentices, shop men, mechanics, machinists, draftsmen, and those' connected with building and construc- tion work. Preparation : Arithmetic, English, mechanical drawing or blue print and plan reading ; elements of physics and chem- istry, shop work. OUTLINES FOR SUBJECT COURSES 25 Topics : Problems in daily shop and trade work involving the following topics: Review of fundamental operations, fractions and decimals with reference to shop work calcula- tions; formulas, their meaning and application; mensura- tion of surfaces, solids, and irregular bodies, their rules, formulas, and relations ; laws of simple machines, mechanical powers, inclined plane, levers, wheel and axle, cams; horse power, its computation, value in various engines, in indi- vidual machines, and its loss of efficiency due to friction; shafting, problems involving the size, material, location, and speed of shafting to realize certain horse power, and vice versa ; screw threads, various kinds, U. S. standard threads, diameter, sharp V thread, square thread ; weight of materials in castings, computed from weight of wood patterns, meth- ods of finding weight of castings from drawings, relation of such weights in cast iron, wrought iron and steel, weights of copper and steel wire, various gauges; pulleys and belts, calculations for speed, length of belt, cone pulleys, size for transmission of given power ; gearing, formulas and methods for computing change of gears for screw thread cutting, milling machine work, bevelled and mitred gears; speeds and feeds of machines, as twist drills, mill cutters, lathe work. The topics that do not find continued application in prac- tical shop or trade work are omitted. Much shop practice should be used in applying the above principles. Individual instruction is emphasized. Text and Reference Books Machine Shop Arithmetic. Calvin. (N. W. Henley Co., New York.) 50 cents. School Mensuration. (Longmans, Green & Co., New York.) 80 cents. Engineers' Arithmetic. Colvin. (N. W. Henley Co., New York.) 50 cents. Mechanics' Pocket Memorandum. (I. C. S., Scranton, Pa.) 26 EDUCATION AND RAILROAD MEN Use of Slide Rule. Halsey. (Van Nostrand Co., New York.) 50 cents. Practical Mechanics. Saunders. (Van Nostrand Co., New York.) $1.00. Mechanical Engineering Pocket Book. Kent. (John Wiley & Sons, New York.) $5.00. Workshop Mathematics. Castle. (The Macmillan Co., New York.) 65 cents. Elementary Practical Mathematics. Castle. (The Macmillan Co., New York.) 80 cents. Various trade catalogues and hand books with their formulas and tables. ELEMENTARY ALGEBRA— Two Seasons For: Students, apprentices, office men, shop men, fore- men. Preparation: Arithmetic, business English, history, civics. Topics : First Season — Introduction, literal notation, pre- liminary, definitions, signs and symbols, evaluation of literal expressions; fundamental operations, addition, subtraction, multiplication, division, detached coefficients, synthetic di- vision; simple equations, transformations, solution of prob- lems; factoring, divisors and multiples, remainder theorem; fractions, reduction, addition, subtraction, multiplication, division, fractional equations ; simultaneous equations of the first degree. Topics : Second Season — Simultaneous equations, two or more unknown quantities, elimination, determinants, solu- tion of problems; involution and evolution, binomial formula, theory of exponents, index law, powers and roots ; radicals, reduction, fundamental operations, rationalization; imaginary expressions; quadratic equations, solution by factoring, completing the square, theory and properties, simultaneous quadratics; binomial theorem, with any ex- OUTLINES FOR SUBJECT COURSES 27 ponent ; ratio and proportion ; progressions ; series, converg- ance and divergence ; logarithms, graphic methods. Text and Reference Books Elements of Algebra. Beman and Smith. (Ginn & Co., Boston.) $1.12. Academic Algebra. Beman and Smith. (Ginn & Co., Boston.) $1.12. Elementary Algebra. Tanner. (American Book Co., New York.) $1.00. Essentials of Algebra. Stone and Millis. (B. H. Sanborn & Co., Boston.) $1.12. Elementary Algebra. Wentworth. (Ginn & Co., New York.) $1.12. New School Algebra. Wells. (D. C. Heath & Co., Boston.) $1.32. High School Algebra. Milne. (American Book Co., New York.) $1.00. PLANE GEOMETRY— One Season For: Apprentices, journeymen, mechanics, engineers, foremen, superintendents. •Preparation: Algebra, instrumental drawing, business English, history and government. Topics : Introduction, preliminary definitions, axioms, postulates ; rectilinear figures, triangles, parallels and paral- lelograms, problems, loci ; equality of polygons, pythagorean theorem, problems, practical mensuration of surfaces; cir- cles, angles, chords, tangents, secants, inscribed and cir- cumscribed figures ; methods of attacking original theorems and problems; ratio and proportion, theory of limits, lines cut by parallels, lines cut by a circumference, similar figures ; mensuration of plane figures, rectangles, triangles, regular polygons, the circle. Much stress should be laid on original work, figures should be accurately drawn, and exact reasoning in every case be required. Experience proves that the work should be 28 EDUCATION AND RAILROAD MEN made as concretely practical as possible. Geometrical truths, constructions, and reasoning in their application and rela- tion to everyday problems, are essential. The closest rela- tion between this subject and drawing is desirable. Text and Reference Books New Plane and Solid Geometry. Beman and Smith. (Ginn & Co., Boston.) $1.25. Plane and Solid Geometry. Wentworth. (Ginn & Co., Boston.) $1.25. Plane and Solid Geometry. Wells. (D. C. Heath & Co., Boston.) $1.25. Elements of Plane and Solid Geometry. Sanders. (American Book Co., New York.) $1.25. Inductive Plane Geometry. Hopkins. (D. C. Heath & Co., Bos- ton.) 75 cents. ELEMENTARY ELECTRICITY— One Season For: Electrical workers, engineers, apprentices, telegra- phers, construction men, students, and those who wish to acquire a knowledge of principles. Preparation : Business English, elementary physics, arith- metic, algebra, drawing. Topics: Nature and properties of electricity; electrical effects ; batteries ; electrolysis ; electro-magnetism, its nature and properties; electric circuits, currents; resistance, meas- urements, Ohm's law; measurement of electric current, principles of electric machines, dynamos and motors; electro-motive force ; direct current dynamos ; direct current motors; alternating current machinery; arc and incan- descent lighting; power stations, electric railway and other applications of motors; telegraph, telephone, electric bells; wireless telegraphy. Do not confuse the essential principles in electricity with what may be merely informational and of temporary value. OUTLINES FOR SUBJECT COURSES 29 Text and Reference Books Elementary Electricity and Magnetism. Jackson. (The Mac- millan Co., New York.) $1.40. Lessons in Electricity and Magnetism. S. P. Thompson. (The Macmillan Co., New York.) $1.40. Practical Electricity. Swoope. (D. Van Nostrand Co., New York.) $2.00. Lessons in Practical Electricity. Jackson. (The Macmillan Co., New York.) $1.40. Primary Batteries. Carhart. (Allyn & Bacon, Boston.) $1.50. APPLIED ELECTRICITY— Two Seasons or More For: Students, electricians, motormen, dynamo tenders, testers, instructors, electrical engineers, and others. Preparation: A high school training or its equivalent, including shop mathematics, mechanical drawing or blue print reading, physics, chemistry, elementary electricity. Topics : Review of elementary electricity ; electric power and its measurements ; generation of direct and alternating current; application to power, light and railroad work; storage batteries, their types, principles, care and applica- tion to light and power service; switchboards, electric ma- chinery, dynamos, direct current and alternating current motors; alternators, transformers. From 50 per cent to 60 per cent or more of the students' time may well be spent in shop and laboratory work, using all the various forms of electric machines and equipment available. Students should be fitted to creditably fill such positions as inspectors, switchboard wiremen, electrical draftsmen, foremen, and engineers, assistants with manu- facturers of electrical machinery, and so on. Text and Reference Books Keys for the Practical Electrical Worker. F. J. Robinson. (Mc- Graw Pub. Co., New York.) $2.00. 30 EDUCATION AND RAILROAD MEN Practical Management of Dynamos and Motors. Crocker and Wheeler. (D. Van Nostrand Co., New York.) $1.00. Elements of Electrical Engineering. Franklin and Esty. (The Macmillan Co., New York.) $4.50. Alternating Currents. Franklin and Williamson. (The Mac- millan Co., New York.) $2.50. Design of Dynamos. Thompson. (Spon & Chamberlain, New York.) $3.50. . Mechanical Engineering of Power Plants. Hutton. (John Wiley & Sons, New York.) $5.00. Elements of Electric Lighting. Atkinson. (D. Van Nostrand Co., New York.) $1.50. Lessons in Practical Electricity. Swoope. (D. Van Nostrand Co., New York.) $1.00. ELECTRIC WIRING— One Season For: Linemen, wiremen, lamp trimmers, electricians, engineers, dynamo tenders, stationary engineers and stu- dents. Preparation: A grammar school training or its equiva- lent, including simple algebra, mensuration, electricity, draw- ing and the elements of physics. Topics : Wire and its coverings, sizes and grades for various purposes ; switchboards, their location and wiring ; generating station ; storage battery equipment and wiring ; systems of distribution; outside wiring and construction; underground wiring and construction; electric lighting; in- candescent and arc lights ; efficiency and heating, carbons, operation ; wiring of buildings ; details and plans. Half the time of this course can be well spent in practical construction work with switchboards, wiring of a room, installation of annunciators, etc. Text and Reference Books Standard Wiring for Electric Light and Power. Cushing. (H. C. Cushing, Jr., 39 Cortlandt Street, New York.) $1.00. Electric Light Tables and the Distribution of Electricity. Rus- sell. (The Macmillan Co., New York.) $3.00. OUTLINES FOR SUBJECT COURSES 31 Electric Lighting. Crocker. (D. Van Nostrand Co., New York.) $3.00. Modern Wiring Diagrams and Descriptions. Horstmann. (Frederick J. Drake & Co., Chicago.) $1.50. Rules of the insurance companies pertaining to electric wiring. ELECTRIC RAILWAYS—One Season For: Linemen, wiremen, students, conductors, motor- men, machine tenders, construction men, and superin- tendents. Preparation: Mathematics, drawing, shop work, elec- tricity, electric wiring, English, elementary physics. Topics : Equipment of cars ; armatures ; gearing ; bear- ings ; lubrication ; location of motors ; controllers and car wiring ; car heaters ; brakes ; construction for overhead, third rail, and conduit systems ; trolley wires and feeders ; elec- trolysis ; bonding and return circuits ; distribution of power supply ; alternating current transmission and systems ; power station ; switchboard ; operation ; testing ; difficulties and remedies. Text and Reference Books Hand Book for Street Railway Engineers. Andrews. (John Wiley & Sons, New York.) $1.25. Electric Traction. Rider. (The Macmillan Co., New York.) $3.00. Power Distribution for Electric Railroads. Bell. (Street Rail- way Pub. Co., New York.) $2.50. Texts on Steam Railroads. "Street Railway Journal." (New York.) $3.00. TELEGRAPHY— One Season For: Operators, and men already in the service or those who desire preparation either for operation or construction work. Preparation : A grammar school course or its equivalent, 32 EDUCATION AND RAILROAD MEN including business English, drawing or blue print reading, shop mathematics, elements of physics and chemistry, elec- tricity and electric machinery. Topics : Equipment of small office ; principles of the elec- trical telegraph ; the electric current ; construction and opera- tion of sounder ; the Morse code ; graded exercises in letters and words; main line circuit, description, switchboard and its use, messages, abbreviations, code telegraphy. Railway telegraphy, train orders; equipment of station; electric circuits and devices ; the dynamo for main line work ; multiplex telegraphy, duplex, magnetic poles, polar relay; rheostat; condenser; quadruplex; transmitter; tap and leak box ; wireless telegraphy, the Marconi system. Text and Reference Books Elementary Telegraphy and Telephony. Crotch. (Spon & Chamberlain, New York.) $2.00. Telegraph Instructor. Dodge. (Dodge Institute of Telegraphy, Valparaiso, Ind.) $1.00. Hand Book of the Electro Magnetic Telegraph. Loring. (Van Nostrand Co., New York.) 50 cents. Twentieth Century Manual of Railway and Commercial Teleg- raphy. Meyer. (Rand, McNally & Co., New York.) $1.00. Wire and Wireless Telegraphy. Moore. (E. B. Moore Pub. Co., Springfield, Vt.) 50 cents. Manual of Wireless Telegraphy. Collins. (John Wiley & Sons, New York.) $2.00. MECHANICAL DRAWING— Two Seasons For : Apprentices, machinists, mechanics, pattern makers, engineers, firemen, electricians, and others wishing to qualify for positions as draftsmen, as well as those who desire to know the language of their trade. Preparation: A grammar school training or its equiva- lent, including arithmetic, freehand drawing, the elements of physics, penmanship. Topics: First Season — Drawing instruments, their use OUTLINES FOR SUBJECT COURSES 33 and care; simple projection, including front, top, and side views of rectangular solids with dimensions ; working draw- ings of simple objects, as of wood joints; development of simple surfaces, plane and curved ; patterns ; screw threads, true and conventional, bolts and nuts ; freehand dimensioned sketches of simple objects and parts of machines; working drawings of machine details, full size and to scale, as pulleys, sheaves, clamps, pipe elbows, tees, wrenches, couplings, and others through a large range of machine details ; practice in lettering. Care should be taken to present typical construction forms. Working drawings from the first should contain all dimen- sions necessary to show facts of form. The work of first season should be mainly in pencil. That of the second sea- son should be finished in ink. Topics: Second Season — Working drawings of machine details, as lifting jack, hangers, pillow-block, etc., with di- mensioned sketches; inking and tracing in ink; full set of working drawings of a complete simple machine ready for the shop, as a bench lathe or small engine. No copying of plates or drawings should be permitted ex- cept as tracings. Increasing emphasis is placed on drawing from the object or model itself. It is desirable that little or no work in geometrical problems be given. Appeal to the student's interest from the beginning by drawing from ob- jects which relate to his trade. Do not tire him out with meaningless sheets. Freehand fully dimensioned sketches made by the student should form the basis of working draw- ings. By means of talks illustrated with models, specimens or blackboard sketches, the teacher should lead the student to a knowledge of the strength of materials used, the simple mechanical principles involved, the workshop processes em- ployed, and the accepted method of construction in the various models or parts of the machines drawn. 34 EDUCATION AND RAILROAD MEN Examination and Thesis Drawings. The student's work in the second season's examination must be accompanied by thesis drawings of some simple machine or piece of mechan- ism. The assembly of the same is to be on one sheet and the complete working drawings of at least one quarter of this machine on a second sheet. Tracings of these two sheets, not the originals, as these are not returned, must be sent with the examination paper. All of this thesis work — design, meas- urements, sketches, inking, lettering — must be entirely that of the student and not of the teacher, and must be finished some time during the three months preceding the ex- amination. Text and Reference Books A Course in Mechanical Drawing. L. Rouillion. (Prang Educa- tional Co., New York.) $1.25. Elements of Mechanical Drawing, Parts I. and II. Anthony. (D. C. Heath & Co., Boston.) $1.50. Elements of Machine Drawing, Part III. Anthony. (D. C. Heath & Co., Boston.) $1.50. Mechanical Drawing. C. F. Jackson. (Lippincott & Co., Phila- delphia.) $1.50. Notes on Mechanical Drawing. Mathewson. (Published by Author, Springfield, Mass.) $1.25. Manual of Mechanical Drawing. Johnston. (Williams Co., New York.) $2.00. Mechanical Drawing. J. G. Tracy. (American Book Co., New York) $1.80. Mechanical Drawing, MacCord. (John Wiley & Sons, New York.) $4.00. Elements of Mechanical Drawing. Jamison. (John Wiley & Sons, New York) $2.50. BLUE PRINT READING— One Season For: Apprentices, shop men, machinists, journeymen, and others engaged in machine shop work who through a short course desire to learn how to read drawings rather than to make complete drawings. OUTLINES FOR SUBJECT COURSES 35 Preparation : Arithmetic, reading, writing, spelling. Topics : Familiarity with the nature and making of blue prints from drawings; meaning of simple projection, as top view, side or front view, end view of object or piece of machine; interpretation of simple drawings; much practice on simple sketches of projections to insure the meaning of blue prints. The student must know how, from the blue print, to really see and intelligently describe objects and parts of objects and machines in their proper relations. Explana- tion by the teacher of chemical principles of blue printing. Text and Reference Books Mechanical Drawing Text Books. Blue prints and working drawings from local shops and drawing rooms. (The teacher should have a wealth of such material on hand.) Blue Print and its Variations; Photo Miniatures. Drafting Books. LOCOMOTIVE AND CAR DESIGN—Two Seasons For : Draftsmen, engineers, and others specializing on the design of railroad machinery. Preparation: Mechanical drawing, mathematics, ele- mentary mechanics and design, and some acquaintance with railroad shops and appliances. Topics : Locomotive Design — The general principles of mechanics as applied to practical locomotive designing, in- volving the composition and resolution of forces, moments, strains to be resisted by the various parts of the locomotive, adhesion, friction, lubrication; the general principles of thermodynamics as applied to practical locomotive designing, involving the elementary theory of heat, combustion of fuel, evaporation, steam, condensation, draft, the steam engine indicator and its diagrams ; strength of materials, involving their deflection, elastic limit, resistance to rupture ; train re- sistance, involving the resistance to be overcome by the loco- 36 EDUCATION AND RAILROAD MEN motive as influenced by load, gradient, curvature, wind, kind and condition of cars ; general proportion of locomotives and their parts for given service, involving weight, tractive power, heating surface, grate area; the practical designing of locomotives, involving the working out of the detail de- sign, the making of actual working drawings, tracings and blue prints, and their systematic care and filing. Car Design — The general principles of mechanics as ap- plied to practical car designing, involving the composition and resolution of forces, moments, graphical statics, friction, strains to be resisted by the various parts of freight and of passenger cars ; strength of materials, involving their deflec- tion, elastic limit, resistance to rupture; general types and proportions of freight cars for given service, involving capacity, ratio of tare to paying load, etc. ; general types and proportions of passenger cars ; passenger car decoration, in- volving the artistic work (this is a distinct art in itself and can only be touched upon here) ; the practical designing of freight and passenger cars, involving the working out of the detailed design and making actual working drawings, tra- cings and blue prints. Text and Reference Books Applied Mechanics. Jamieson. (J. B. Lippincott Co., Philadel- phia.) $1.25. Mechanical Engineer's Pocket Book. William Kent. (John Wiley & Sons, New York.) $5.00. Steam and Steam Engines. Jamieson. (D. Van Nostrand, New York.) $1.50. Thermodynamics of the Steam Engine and other Heat Engines. Peabody. (John Wiley & Sons, New York.) $5.00. Manual of Rules and Tables for Mechanical Engineers. D. K. Clark. (D. Van Nostrand Co., New York.) $7.50. Locomotive Engine Running and Management. Angus Sinclair. (John Wiley & Sons, New York.) $2.00. ^^Master Car Builders' Dictionary. (Railroad Gazette, New York.) OUTLINES FOR SUBJECT COURSES Z7 Locomotive Operation. Henderson. (Railway Age, Chicago.) $3.50. Mechanics of Engineering. Weisbach. (D. Van Nostrand Co., New York.) $6.00. Treatise on Valve Gears. Zeuner. (Spon & Chamberlain, New York.) $5.00. Proceedings Master Mechanics' Association. Proceedings Master Car Builders' Association. The Standard Current and Technical Railroad Periodicals. Books of Blue Prints and Specifications of Actual Locomotives as Built by Various Railroads and Locomotive Builders. Trade Catalogues and Reference Books from Various Locomo- tive Works. STEAM ENGINEERING OR ENGINEER'S LICENSE— Two Seasons For: Engineers and firemen connected with the opera- tion, or construction or repair of steam engines or steam apparatus. Preparation : Knowledge of English and arithmetic and previous employment in or about power plant. Topics: Select from the following: Starting and stop- ping plain slide valve engine ; draining and warming the cylinders ; oiling ; instruction in starting and stopping Corliss engine ; effect of moving wrist-plate forward and backward ; way in which steam is admitted and leaves cylinders of both ; governors; engine knocking, causes and methods of pre- vention ; adjustment of main bearings, of connecting rod brasses, crossheads and guides; the piston, rings and their adjustment; piston rod packing, practical valve, valve mo- tion, and indication diagram instruction same as in "Marine Engineering" outline; practical rules for setting valves; fly wheels and rules for maximum safe speed ; meaning of the words work, energy and power; calculation of horse power from indicator diagram; the Prony brake, calculation of brake horse power ; nature of heat, the mechanical equivalent 38 EDUCATION AND RAILROAD MEN of heat; steam same as in ''Boiler Firing" outline; the cal- culation of steam accounted for by indicator; the effect of cylinder condensation; the value of steam jacket and super- heated steam ; compound and triple expansion engines ; inter- mediate reversers ; laws of friction and rules for horse power of a belt; steam pumps, condensers and air pumps; steam traps, velocity of steam in pipes, rules for determining size of same; practical hints regarding steam piping; steam and oil separators ; feed water heaters and purifiers ; re- versing engines ; Stevenson link motion ; shifting eccentrics and special valve gears ; efficiency tests of steam engines ; also such portions of the course relating to "Boilers and Firing" as seems appropriate for stationary steam engineers. Text and Reference Books Engines and Engine Running. Rose. (D. Van Nostrand Co., New York.) $2.50. Steam. Ripper. (Longmans, Green & Co., New York.) $2.50. The Steam Engine. Holmes. (Longmans, Green & Co., New York.) $2.00. The Steam Engine. W. H. R. Creighton. (John Wiley & Sons, New York.) $5.00. Elements of Steam Engineering. Spangler. (John Wiley & Sons, New York.) $3.00. Power Plants. F. R. Hutton. (John Wiley & Sons, New York.) $5.00. The Gas Engine. F. R. Hutton. (John Wiley & Sons, New York.) $5.00. The Gas Engine. D. Clerk. (D. Van Nostrand & Co., New York.) 50 cents. Steam Heating for Buildings. W. J. Baldwin. (John Wiley & Sons, New York.) $2.50. BOILER FIRING— One Season For: Locomotive, marine and stationary boiler firemen and others entrusted with the care and operation of steam boilers. OUTLINES FOR SUBJECT COURSES 39 Preparation: Some experience or familiarity with some type of steam boilers or engines. Topics : Select from the following : The safety valve, its purpose, ways in which it may become a source of danger, care, inspection, and setting of safety valves, principles of lever valves ; the water level, its importance, ways of finding it, reasons of false water level, effects of low water, rules for dangerously low water; known causes of priming, how detected and prevented; blowing off; formation of scales, effectiveness of feed heaters and purifiers in preventing scale, the danger of boiler compounds ; cleaning, washing out and scaling the boiler, responsibility on the boiler washer, keeping water column clean, careful inspection after wash- ing, laying up of boilers ; boiler feeds, where best introduced, importance of feeding slowly, feed pipes, feed pumps and injectors, method of operation and care. Firing — The banking of fires, lighting and cleaning of fires, handling of clinkers; firing with anthracite and bituminous coals; thickness of fires; air regulations, nature of flame for perfect combustion ; nature of combustion ; con- stituents of fuels; combustion of hydrocarbons; heat value of different commercial fuels ; furnace temperature ; preven- tion of smoke ; simple boiler repairs ; types of boilers, and the advantages of each compared ; steam domes and mud drums, their efiiciency and best location; computations regarding the thickness of shell ; board of trade rules, insurance rules, rules for safe working pressure ; boiler accessories. The nature of draught, natural and forced draught, draught required for different fuels and rates of combustion, draught areas, height of stack, area of stack ; boiler settings, importance, allowance for expansion, prevention of radia- tion, heat lost by air leakage and by radiation ; furnace con- struction, the fire brick arch, air over the fire; mechanical stokers, advantages, overfeed and underfeed stokers, care in handling each, conditions for good combustion, coal handling 40 ■ EDUCATION AND RAILROAD MEN machinery ; steam, its expansive nature, temperature, volume compared with water, saturated steam, superheated steam, use of steam tables; sensible and latent heat, specific heat, total heat of evaporation, mechanical equivalent of heat; definition of mechanical horse power, of boiler horse power ; heating surface per boiler horse power, rate of generation of steam per square foot of heating surface in different parts of boiler, boiler tests ; steam fitting, draining of steam lines, allowing for expansion, location of flange joints, use of gaskets, rules for determining size of steam pipes; systems, etc. Text and Reference Books Steam Boilers : Their Construction and Operation. Swingle. (F. R. Drake & Co., Chicago.) $1.50. Steam Boilers. Rose. (D. Van Nostrand & Co., New York.) $2.50. Steam Boiler Practice. W. B. Snow. (John Wiley & Sons, New York.) $3.00. Steam Boilers. Peabody and Miller. (John Wiley & Sons, New York.) $4.00. Mechanical Engineering of Power Plants. Hutton. (John Wiley & Sons, New York.) $5.00. LOCOMOTIVE ENGINEERING— Two Seasons For: Locomotive engineers and firemen and others en- trusted with the care of locomotive engines. Preparation : Experience on or about locomotives. Topics : Select from the following : Description of loco- motive boiler, dry pipe and passages to cylinders, the throttle, the reversing lever, the injector, the safety valve; different engine frames, equalizing levers and methods of distributing load; adjustment of axle boxes, lubrication of axle, im- portance of sufficient journal area; cylinder arrangement for different modern locomotives ; practical valve, valve motion, and indicator diagram instruction same as in "Marine En- gineering" outline; etc. OUTLINES FOR SUBJECT COURSES 41 Effect of rocker arm; construction of simple model to scale of Stevenson link motion, determination of valve travel and events of stroke for each position of link, rules for valve setting; the nature of heat, the law of expansion for gases ; the meaning of the words work, energy, and power ; steam, same as in "Boiler Firing" outline; calculations for horse power and indicated steam consumption ; cylinder con- densation and its effect; rules for determining horse power of engines ; rules for determining draw-bar pull ; locomotive accessories ; mechanical bell ringers ; steam sanding ap- paratus; laws of expansion and contraction; importance of firing carefully; draught; spark arresters; brakes, toggle joints, steam brakes, automatic air brakes; emergency re- pairs and practical hints in breakdowns; Walschaert valve gear; traction limits and train resistance; centrifugal force and elevation of outside rails ; also such portions of the course relating to "Boilers and Firing" as seems appropriate for locomotive engineers. Text and Reference Books Modem Locomotive Engineering Handbook. Swingle. (Frederick J. Drake & Co., Chicago.) $3.00. Locomotive Engines, Running and Management. Sinclair. (John Wiley & Sons, New York.) $2.00. The Locomotive Up-to-Date. McShane. (Griffin & Winters, New York.) $2.50. Locomotives, Simple and Compound. Reagan. (John Wiley & Sons, New York.) $2.50. Locomotive Operators. Henderson. (Railway Age, New York.) $3.50. Catechism of Locomotive. M. N. Forney. (D. Van Nostrand & Co., New York.) $3.50. Modem American Locomotive. Emory Edwards. (Carey, Baird & Co., Philadelphia.) $2.00. Locomotive Breakdowns, Emergencies and Remedies. Fowler. (N. W. Henley Pub. Co., New York.) $1.50. Modem Air Brake Practice, Its Use and Abuse. Dukesmith. (F J. Drake & Co., Chicago.) $1.50. 42 EDUCATION AND RAILROAD MEN SPECIAL RAILROAD SUBJECTS While men employed in railroad service, either on the road or in the shop, are found improving their abilities in various subjects of the commercial, industrial, language, machine trade, and other groups, there is an opportunity to help still other railroad men, especially the road men, through special courses arranged to meet the special require- ments of firemen, enginemen, conductors and others. Experience shows that success in all these positions de- mands that men must be in good health, in possession of all their mental faculties, with emphasis increasingly placed on honesty, sobriety, obedience, loyalty and courtesy. Best results are realized when men have a maximum of actual practice work with their study of principles and text- book work, and a minimum of the merely theoretical. An engineman can read about engines, and hear people talk about them indefinitely, but if he ever understands them, he must, in addition to the reading, discussions, lectures, etc., have to live on, and in, and run his engine. So with other courses, the practice work must accompany the lecture and study. Some of the work in each subject can be given in talks, quizzes and discussions, some in demonstrations, and some in reading ; but the larger part must be in actual daily prac- tice work. Depending upon circumstances, the local or system instructor may conduct some of the written work so that the men may study at home or in connection with their daily work. There is no special order in the following courses. The Kirkman series of books on the "Science of Rail- ways," published by the World Railway Publishing Co., of Chicago, are recommended as the best complete available material on many of the following sections. For their hearty cooperation, interest and counsel in SPECIAL RAILROAD SUBJECTS 43 assisting" in the construction of this section, we wish to mention particularly : G. R. Henderson, Consulting Engineer, New York. G. P. Conrad, Secretary Association of Transportation and Car Accounting Officers, New York. R. E. Riley, Tariff Bureau, Southern Pacific Company, New York. Major B. N. Dunn, Chief Inspector, Bureau for the Safe Transportation of Explosives, New York. J. A. Christie, City Superintendent, American Express Company, New York. Frederick T. Slack, Division Superintendent, New York Central and Hudson River Railroad, New York. ENGINEMEN For : Men already in the service and for firemen who are fitting themselves to become engineers. Preparation : In addition to the qualities mentioned at the head of the chapter, the ability to see clearly, read and write, and compute accurately is necessary; also experience in firing and familiarity with the engine and with general railroad work. Topics : Definitions and train rules ; signals : visual — as lantern, flag, the hand and its motions, indicators, flags or lights on head and rear of trains, colors; auditory — as en- gine and air whistle, tail hose, torpedoes ; fixed — as the block, semaphore, train order, home, distant, post; defini- tions and standard rules with generally accepted interpreta- tions for the railroad system ; time tables, their various indi- cations, interpretations, and accepted rulings in changes. Movement of trains ; train orders, their forms, interpreta- tion and execution ; train blocking, automatic, space, positive, permissive. Engine supplies and emergency tools ; oil and methods of lubricating bearings ; coal, its qualities, use and efficiency. 44 EDUCATION AND RAILROAD MEN The air brake; various parts, names, location and opera- tion ; pump ; valves, brake, plain triple, quick action, straight air, high speed, reducing; proper handling of air brake on various kinds of trains. Emergencies either in passenger or freight service, as protection of trains, in case of hot boxes, derailments, col- lisions; personal injury and rendering of first aid; re- ports, etc. General instruction in air brake practice, train handling, car lighting and heating ; locomotive management in detail ; breakdowns, bad steaming, poor coal or bad combustion, in- jectors, lubricators, boiler feeding, low water, blowing off, steam cylinders, steam chests, valve gears, etc. See course for Locomotive Firemen. Text and Reference Books Air Brake — See Air Brake section. Standard Code of Train Rules. American Railway Association. Book of Rules. Locomotive Engine Running and Management. Sinclair. (John Wiley & Sons, New York.) $2.00. Local Road Rules. LOCOMOTIVE FIREMEN For: Locomotive firemen, round-house employees and others who aspire to become firemen. Preparation : In addition to the qualities at the head of the section, a knowledge of elementary reading, writing and arithmetic. Topics: Principles of combustion; fuel; steam genera- tion ; general properties of heat ; economical firing with dif- ferent kinds of fuel, and the draft conditions suitable for same; effect on boiler and steaming of different kinds of water and the proper treatment in each case; lubrication of cylinders and machinery, and the economic use of oil; characteristics of different oils; general principles of air SPECIAL RAILROAD SUBJECTS 45 brake construction and operation; train operation rules and signals, various methods of block and train order signaling ; hauling capacity of locomotives ; emergency repairs in cases of breakdowns. Text and Reference Books Catechism of Locomotive. Forney. (D. Van Nostrand Co., New York.) $3.50. Locomotive Engine Running and Management. Sinclair. (John Wiley & Sons, New York.) $2.00. Locomotive Operation. Henderson. (Railway Age, Chicago.) $3.50. Locomotives, Simple, Compound and Electric. Reagan. (John Wiley & Sons, New York.) $2.50. Air Brake Instruction Book. Westinghouse Air Brake Co. Proceedings of Traveling Engineers' Association. CONDUCTORS For : Conductors now in the service and for trainmen of experience, fitting for positions as conductors. Preparation: In addition to the qualities stated at the beginning of the section, a working knowledge of the three R's, general railroad information, and some experience as a trainman, are necessary. Topics: Train rules; signals, same as for enginemen; time tables, interpretations and changes; movement and blocking of trains, same as for enginemen. Air brake, including the various appliances, the manner of coupling up train line ; air brake tests ; defects ; disabled parts; valves, triple, high speed, reducing, car discharge, conducting. General instruction concerning train movement whether passenger or freight; train orders, their forms, interpreta- tion and execution ; protection of trains ; train lighting and heating; handling of freight; efficient and courteous handling of passenger traffic, accidents and emergencies; first aid to injured ; reports. 46 EDUCATION AND RAILROAD MEN In general information, training and experience, he must be able to be master of the situation. His judgments and orders should at all times represent the best results on the system and, as far as his train and crew are concerned, be final authority. Text and Reference Books First Aid to the Injured. See First Aid Section. Standard Code. Book of Rules. Air Brake, See Air Brake Section. Local Road Rules. TRAINMEN For : Those in the service and those fitting to take such positions. Preparation : In addition to the qualities at the head of the section, a knowledge of the three R's, courtesy, and some familiarity with railroad terms and methods is essential. Topics : Train rules ; signals, same as those for engine- men ; time tables, how made ; train schedule, rules concern- ing changes, adjustment to new schedules, interpretation, etc. Various kinds of trains, as passenger, mixed, freight, special, ore, stock, express, mail and excursion; train crew, number of men and various positions; train orders, forms and importance of execution; inspection. Passenger train service, courtesy, personal appearance, care of equipment, proper ventilation and temperature of cars, aid in emer- gencies; freight train service, through, local, special, mail, express, etc. ; hot boxes, causes and remedies ; way switch- ing ; air brake, same as for conductors ; first aid. Text and Reference Books Same as for Conductors. SPECIAL RAILROAD SUBJECTS 47 OFFICE MEN For: Station agents, shipping clerks, office men, and others engaged in traffic work. Preparation: In addition to the quahties given at the head of the section, a business training, executive abiUty, and a fair education are essential. Topics : Freight : Freight classifications ; conditions of acceptance; carriers' liability; time tables; way billing; transportation of freight ; routing ; accounting, division earn- ings, connecting line settlements; claims; freight rates; federal regulations ; tariff construction. Passenger Business : Classification of tickets ; Pullman accommodations ; general outline of express ; baggage, checking, forwarding, lost and found; telegraph; United States mail ; passenger tariffs ; time tables ; accountancy of earnings. A successful method of conducting the course is in assigning to the student a station on a line and having him perform that work which would be required of him were he in the service of a carrier. At the completion of the station work the subject of accounting can be taken up and the work that has been done by them as station agents they will then audit as at the central office. Text and Reference Books None particularly available. AIR BRAKE For: Locomotive engineers and firemen, trainmen, round-house mechanics and repair men. Preparation : In addition to the qualities at the head of the section, a knowledge of elementary reading, writing and arithmetic. In order to give the best service, engineers should fully 48 EDUCATION AND RAILROAD MEN understand how to make simple repairs on the road. The fireman who aspires to the right-hand running-board should also be posted. Trainmen should know how to obviate sim- ple defects between terminals, and those responsible for maintenance of equipment either in the yards or the engine houses should be able to locate and remedy defects. While some portions of the course should be studied by all the classes of employees mentioned, some parts have particular application to the operation, and others to the maintenance and repair of brakes. These will be more particularly use- ful to train operatives or to shopmen respectively. Topics: General: Principles of operating brakes by compressed air and the general arrangement of various valves, cylinders, pipes and reservoirs ; effect of friction be- tween rails and wheels, and between wheels and brake- shoes in retarding trains ; elements of compression ; storage and transmission of air; detail construction of the various parts of both the Westinghouse and the New York Air Brake, and also train signal apparatus. For locomotive and trainmen : Effects of graduating the application and release of brakes on long and short trains; proper handling and adjustment for straight air, quick acting, high speed and high pressure control. For repair men: Detection of defects and location of same; repairing parts under cars and testing trains before leaving terminals; detail repairs of the individual parts in the shop; wear and breakage of parts and the proper re- placement of same. This work should include tests and experiments with actual working models and personal examination of the different parts comprising the brake if possible. Text and Reference Books Air Brake and Train Signal Instruction. M. C. B. Association. Air Brake Catechism. Blackall. (Norman W. Henley, New York.) $1.50. SPECIAL RAILROAD SUBIECTS 49 M. C. A. Tests and Reports. M. C. B. Proceedings. Air Brake Instruction. Westinghouse Air Brake Company. Treatise on New York Air Brake. International Correspondence Schools. TRANSPORTATION OF EXPLOSIVES AND OTHER DANGEROUS ARTICLES For: Trainmen, yardmen, conductors, express and sta- tion agents and others whose duties require them to have some knowledge of the handling, transportation and storage of explosives and other dangerous articles. Preparation : At least a grammar school education or its equivalent, in addition to the qualities named at the head of this section. Topics : General nature and classification of explosive and inflammable articles ; manufacture of explosive com- pounds and mixtures; chemical and practical tests for sta- bility, for sensitiveness to shock and friction and for strength ; packing for shipment ; storage at railway stations ; loading and staying of packages in cars ; protection of pack- ages by labels and of cars by placards; handling of cars in switching and location in trains ; precautions while cars are in transit; disposition of defective packages; action in case of wreck; railway reports and blank forms used in con- nection with transportation of explosives and other dan- gerous articles. These topics may be covered chiefly by lectures by rail- way employees experienced in handling these shipments, manufacturers of explosives, chemists and representatives of the Bureau for the Safe Transportation of Explosives and Other Dangerous Articles. Special readings can follow. Text and Reference Books Any text book on Elementary Chemistry. Cundill's Dictionary of Explosives. (An English publication.) 50 EDUCATION AND RAILROAD MEN Regulations for the Transportation of Explosives and Other Dangerous Articles, approved by the American Railway Association, 24 Park Place, New York. EXPRESS COMPANY EMPLOYEES For : Men in the employ of express companies. Preparation: In addition to qualities stated at the head of this section, executive ability, working knowledge of the three R's, and business training are essential. Topics : Definitions, terms, rules, interpretations ; wagon service, duties of drivers and helpers, care of horses, pro- tection of property; messenger service, duties at office ter- minals, on road, methods of checking and handling freight in station and in cars, reports ; agents, their qualifications, duties, responsibilities, reports, methods of promoting busi- ness; tariffs; outward and inward business and various methods of handling; claims, how and when made, manner of filing with the company, suggestions on avoidance of unwise claims, and the manner of handling them. Particular emphasis in this subject should be laid on the qualities of honesty, sobriety and good behavior on the part of men engaged in the express business. Text and Reference Books None particularly available. OTHER ESSENTIAL COURSES Similar outlines for other subjects from the experience of Associations are found in the "Outlines of Courses of Study." They should be carefully considered by secre- taries and educational committees in connection with the special courses here given. Among such important subjects are: OTHER ESSENTIAL COURSES 51 Penmanship and Business Correspondence, Commercial Geography, History of the United States, Municipal Gov- ernment, Structural Work in Steel, Locomotive Engineer- ing, Railway Engineering, Carpentry and Building, Pattern Making, Tool Making, Machine Shop Practice, Boiler Mak- ing, Heating and Ventilation. INTERNATIONAL EXAMINATIONS These written exercises have proved most valuable by stimulating both teachers and students, increasing thorough- ness and definiteness of work and revealing points of weak- ness and strength. In the student they have developed accuracy of expression, concentration of mind, the ability to use his own resources, the best educational discipline, and have furnished him a standard by which to judge of his progress. These exercises under the direction of the Board of Examiners are held during the first week in April and the second week in June. Dates and details will be sent each Association in ample time. INTERNATIONAL EXAMINERS The outlines of courses of study in this book, being the experience of the best evening schools and other institu- tions helping employed men and boys educationally, have been further improved and strengthened by the Board of Examiners, each of whom is an authority in his subject. These men and others like them conduct the annual exam- inations and finally pass upon results. Among the exam- iners are the following: T. M. Balliet, Dean of the School of Pedagogy, University of New York. S. P. Spencer, Judge of the Circuit Court, St. Louis, and President International Convention Y. M. C. A., 1907. W. S. Perry, Director Art Department, Pratt Institute, Brooklyn. A. D. F. Hamlin, Director Department of Architecture, Columbia University. W. W. Beman, Professor of Mathematics, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor. REGULATIONS GOVERNING EXAMINATIONS 53 L. Rouillion, Director Mechanics Institute, New York. G. J. Smith, Examiner Board of Education, New York. R. W. Moore, Professor of German, Colgate University, Hamilton, N. Y. J. M. Lopez-Guillen, Iglesia Congregational, Hispano- Americana, Havana, Cuba. N. P. Heffley, Heffley School of Commerce, Brooklyn. A. L. Williston, Director School of Technology, Pratt Institute, Brooklyn. Haskins & Sells, Certified Public Accountants, New York, Chicago, London. G. R. Henderson, Consulting Engineer, New York. C. Forbes, Mechanics' Institute and Teachers' College, New York. W. J. Hancock, Erasmus Hall High School, Brooklyn. George J. Fisher, M. D., Physical Department, Interna- tional Committee, New York. New examiners are added when necessary. REGULATIONS GOVERNING INTERNATIONAL EXAMINATIONS (1) Supervision. The general secretary or educational di- rector shall be responsible for their supervision and conduct. (2) Dates. Regular examinations will be held annually at specified dates during the first week in April and the second week of June. Special examinations may be held April 15- May 15, and possibly in December at the convenience of a local Association, provided: (a) The Committee has time to satis- factorily arrange for the same, (b) The necessarily greater expenses are assumed. The Committee will undertake to pro- vide a special first season or elementary examination in a sin- gle subject for any number of students from one to twenty meeting in the same place at the same time for $10, and fifty cents for each additional student. Similarly for second-season examinations $15 per subject, and seventy-five cents for each additional student. 54 EDUCATION AND RAILROAD MEN (3) Subjects. The subjects, as a rule, together with days of the week, will be as follows: Monday. Arithmetic, Shop Mathematics, Electricity, Ac- countancy. Tuesday. Bookkeeping, Geometry, Chemistry, Literature, Locomotive Car Design, Personal Hygiene. Wednesday. Freehand Drawing, Algebra, Stenography, Busi- ness Law, Spanish. Thursday. Mechanical Drawing, Architectural Drawing, Reading Course, Boys' Group Course, French. Friday. English, First Aid, Typewriting, German, Steam En- gineering. Saturday. Physics, Machine Design, Elements of Music, Boiler Firing, Public Health. Special annual announcements will give particulars in detail. Former question papers usually show the general character of the examinations. The Committee will try to arrange for ex- aminations in additional subjects if desired and for the best good of all, providing the expenses are met. (4) Thesis Drawings. In the second season or advanced work in Mechanical, Architectural and Freehand Drawing, the students must have completed thesis drawings or designs pre- vious to the examinations in April or June, and be ready to send them with the returned examination papers. No student can receive a certificate in the advanced or second-season examina- tion in drawing if he fails to submit such work. The thesis drawings must be completed some time during the three months preceding the examinations. They may constitute a part of the regular course and the student may receive the occasional coun- sel and criticism of the instructor but the drawings must be wholly the work of the student. He will be required to state on a blank provided for the purpose, that he has done the entire work himself. They should be on good and appropriate drawing paper 8x11 inches in size, or a multiple of such size, so they may be folded and sent in the original examination package. They may be retained as the property of the International Committee, hence blue prints of the originals should be sub- mitted when possible. These thesis drawings are required that the examiners may obtain a better idea of the student's pro- ficiency and progress than can be secured by the examination alone. REGULATIONS GOVERNING EXAMINATIONS 55 In mechanical drawing, the thesis will require two sheets of paper, one for the assembly drawing and one for the details, and will involve a simple machine or piece of a machine, as a part of a lathe, engine, or other mechanical appliance. In freehand drawing, the thesis will require three sheets: first, an outline drawing of an interior of a room; second, a light-and-shade drawing from a cast; third, a drawing of an ornament or an applied design. In architectural drawing, the thesis work will require one or two sheets, showing either the exterior or the floor plan of a small cottage of two or three rooms on a floor; the exterior or floor plans of a one-story library or church, or the educational department floor of a large Y. M. C. A. building, or an equivalent. See page 34 and The Outlines of Courses of Study for details in these matters. (5) How to Order. A requisition blank is sent each secre- tary or director about March 1. On this blank — not on other paper — and signed by the general secretary or educational direc- tor, order as many question papers in each subject as will be needed. Be sure to order enough, and thus avoid the confusion of a later change and the disappointment of many desiring to take part at the last moment and not finding question papers enough for them. Only one person is permitted to use one question paper. Obviously the examiners will accept no more returned answer papers in any subject than there were question papers ordered. This requisition blank for the regular April or June examinations cannot be filed if received after a date ten days preceding the examination. For the special examinations, the order must be received at least twenty days in advance. The order from both senior and boys' departments in a single Association should be placed on one and the same blank. The material for examinations in both departments will be sent in one package. Teachers should see that their students who can do credit in any of the examinations are strongly urged to participate. The order for question papers must be given to the secretary or director at least twenty to thirty days in advance. The in- creasing value of these written tests to both students and teachers will lead them to gladly emphasize the opportunity of participation. Teachers should be present, if possible, at the time of the examination's, carefully look over, mark and deliver 56 EDUCATION AND RAILROAD MEN each paper to the secretary or director within two days after the examination. In case the Association chooses the cooperative plan of setting questions, the teacher will proceed as in sec- tion 7. (6) Expenses. The conduct of the regular examinations costs the International Committee more than twice as much as is received from the charge for question papers. To help cover a portion of this expense of the regular examinations in April, and also in June, the charge is 25 cents for each ele- mentary or first-season question paper, and 50 cents for each second-season question paper, including certificates won. For the special examinations the rates would necessarily be much higher. See section 2. The above charges in each instance include a quantity of specially prepared examination paper for each student, and the necessary blanks and forms used. (7) Local Cooperation in Questions. A choice of two plans for official examination questions is offered: (1) Use the In- ternational questions entirely, the student answering questions the sum of whose credits equals 100. (2) Use International questions equaling 70 credits and local questions equaling 30 credits, provided: (a) The local teacher, in conjunction with the educational director or general secretary, prepares at least 5 questions which meet local needs, but which are no less difficult than International questions of previous years, and provided the same are sealed and withheld from the students until the hour of the official examination, (b) The student first answers 7 of the International questions, and then at the same session answers 3 of the 5 local questions provided, (c) The local teacher marks the answers to both series of questions and sends to the International Committee the local questions together with all papers marked 65 or above. The sealed envelopes containing all questions, whether In- ternational or local, must be kept sealed under all circumstances until the specified hour for the examinations, and then opened only in the presence of the class when seated ready for the exercise. (8) The Student will write in black ink all answers to such questions — whether International alone or both International and local — as are required or selected, the sum of whose credits equals 100, but no more. All work, not results merely, is to be placed on the written paper. Each student must work inde- pendently, rely on his own judgment, neither ask nor receive SPECIAL INSTRUCTIONS 57 any help of any kind from any source. Only as many men may write on the examinations as there have been question papers ordered and received. (9) Marking Papers. At the close of the examinations the teachers are to collect and mark the answer papers, both Inter- national and local, placing a mark on each answer — not one mark for the paper as a whole. Such marking is to be done in red ink. Teachers are urged to be very careful in such marking and should deliver all results finished within two days following the examinations. (10) How to Send Papers. While the minimum passing grade will be kept at 75, the examiners desire that all papers bearing a total mark of 65 for either the International questions when used alone, or for both International and local questions together, when the latter are used, be sent to them. Such papers in each subject should be fastened together and carefully re- corded on the class list. These smaller packages should then be gathered into one larger package and sent by mail or express prepaid to George B. Hodge, 124 East 28th Street, New York. Such returns should be received within ten days following the examinations. They will not be accepted by the examiners if they bear a postmark or express shipping date later than ten days after the examinations, (11) Certificates. As soon as the papers have been examined and recorded by the examiners and by the Committee, a record of the results will be sent each secretary interested. About three weeks after this, or as soon as the certificates can be en- grossed and signed by the proper officers, they will be sent in bulk to the general secretary or educational director. (12) The McBurney Cup, for promoting efficiency in educa- tional work among boys, will be awarded that Association whose boy members seventeen years of age and under, in the regular April examinations, win the largest actual, or the largest pro- portionate number of certificates in relation to the boy mem- bership. (See folder. The McBurney Memorial Cup.) SPECIAL INSTRUCTIONS To Secretaries and Directors. (1) The order for question papers should be made on the requisition blank — not on other paper — signed by the secretary or educational director. 58 EDUCATION AND RAILROAD MEN (2) Orders from both men's and boy's departments should be placed on one and the same blank. (3) To avoid confusion and mistakes, the requisition should reach New York twenty days or more before the examinations, and should not thereafter be modified unless absolutely necessary. (4) The certificate of the general secretary or director to the effect that all regulations governing the examinations have been faithfully observed, will be required for the acceptance of the students' papers by the International Examiners. To Teachers. (1) Each teacher should become familiar with the regulations in detail governing both the regular and the special examinations. (2) He is urged to plan for, and to lead a few of his students to take part, also give the order for question papers to the secretary or director at least twenty days before the examina- tions. (See Regulations, sec. 5.) (3) He is invited to cooperate with the International Exam- iners in setting official questions, also in keeping these as well as the International questions in sealed envelopes until the time of examination. (See Regulations, sec. 7.) (4) He will see that all students in the second-season or ad- vanced examinations in either Mechanical, Architectural or Freehand Drawing have completed their respective thesis dravv^- ings or designs before the date of the examination, and have the same or their copies ready to send with the students' exam- ination papers to New York. (See Regulations, sec. 4.) (5) In Freehand Drawing, he will gather some models or objects with straight edges and others with curved edges and surfaces to arrange in groups on desk or table for the purpose of using them in the examination. (6) He will mark each answer on all papers in red ink and deliver the same to the secretary or director within two days after the examinations. (See Regulations, sec. 9.) To Students. (1) The student will place the number of each question above or before its answer and confine his answer strictly to the question proposed. All work in the examinations — not merely answers, but computations, exercises and opera- tions — is to be put on the examination paper. Failure to do so will be marked zero. (2) All work, as far as possible, should be in black ink. Drawings and sketches for freehand work, also in elementary m SPECIAL INSTRUCTIONS 59 mechanical and architectural drawing may be in pencil, while in the advanced mechanical and architectural drawing it should be mainly in ink. (3) The student will write in black ink all answers to such questions — whether International alone or both International and local — as are required or selected^ the sum of whose credits equals 100, but no more. All work, not results merely, is to be placed on the written paper. (4) The student is not permitted: (a) To have any book, notes or other helps in the examinations, (b) To communicate with any one in any way. He must rely on his own judgment for the interpretation, meaning and answer of each question. (c) To leave the room after the examination has begun and return again to continue his examination, (d) To write on the examinations unless he is furnished a set of printed questions for his own individual use. No two students are allowed to use the same question paper, (e) To occupy more than three hours in the examinations in any one subject. (5) When he has finished his examination^ or the time of closing has arrived, he will deliver his papers to the person in charge. (6) A violation of any of the above requirements forfeits the right to the examination. AUe 35 1908 LEAp'09 f E DUG AT ION AND RAILROAD MEN