No 56R PRICE 23 CENTS GV 837 .D2 1914 Copy 1 I ted Cover Series'* of Athletic Handbooks A. G. Spalding & Bros; ^i;N, MAINTAIN THEIR OWN HOUSES ' / -% '"■''■ % FOR DISTRIBUTING THE .%. ,^ Spalding \ ^^ COMPLETE LINE OF - , *, ^■\ S Athletic Good^ \ , .. ... '^ . IN THE FOLLOWING CITIES ''*..* '*»• .•.U''' iS^s^ss^a^asEPMi^g^^sess!^ NEW YORK BALTIMORE, MD. 110 E. Baltimore St. WASHINGTON, D. C. 613 14tb Street. N.W. ATLANTA, GA. 74 N. Broad Street LONDON, ENGLAND 264 Woodward Ave. 741 Euclid Avenue KANSAS CITV. MO. 1120 Grand Avenue NEW ORLEANS, LA. 140 Carondelet Street LIVERPOOL 72, Lord Street BIRMINGHAM, ENG. e9. New Street lESTER. ENG. 4, Oxford St. and I, Lower Hosier St. SAN FRANCISCO 1SS-1S8 Gearjr Street SEATTLE, WASH. 711 Secoi LOS ANGELES, CAL. PORTLAND, ORE. 345 Washlnston Street SALT LAKE CITY, UTAH 27 East 2nd South St DENVER, COL. leie Arapahoe Street 44 Seventh St., South MONTREAL, P. Q. 443 St. James Street TORONTO, ONT. 207 Yonce Strict PARIS, FRANCE 3S BaakYaH EDINBURGH, SCOT. 3 South Charlotte St I Cor. PriacM St.) GLASGOW, SCOTLAND 68 Buchanan Street /4 i IHESPftLDING ICoNSTiTUTE THE Solid Foundation or the Spalding Business America'sNational Game By A. G. SPALDING Price, $2.00 Net A book of 600 pages, profusely illustrated with over 100 full page engravings, and having sixteen forceful cartoons by Homer C. Davenport, the famous American artist The above work should have a place in every public library in this country, as also in the libraries of public schools and private houses. _ The author of "America's National Game" is conceded, always, everywhere, and by every- body, to have the best equipment of any living writer to treat the subject that forms the text of this remarkable volume, viz., the story of the origin, development and evolution of Base Ball, the National Game of our country. Almost from the very inception of the game until the present time— as player, manager and magnate— Mr. Spalding has been closely iden- tified with its interests. Not infrequently he has been called upon in times of emergency to prevent threatened disaster. But for him the National Game would have been syn- dicated and controlled by elements whose interests were purely selfish and personal. The book is a veritable repository of in- formation concerning players, clubs and personalities connected with the game in its early days, and is written in a most interesting style, interspersed with enlivening anecdotes and accounts of events that have not heretofore b-en published Tv/r c ^^^P°"f^ o" the part of the press and the public to Mr Spalding s efforts to perpetuate the early history of the National Game has been very encouraging and he is in receipt of hundreds of letters and notices, a few of which are here given. Robert Adamson,^ New York, writing from the office of Mavor I aT^nteTsS fn'""f.-^^^ Giants play fs my prindparr?creation Ynd fcf • ^"t^^es^ed in reading everything I can find about the eame I sta^nd a ^heT^he^'.h- '^^^ [Mr. . Spalding] have written, SecS you stand as the highest living authority on the game." Barney Dreyfuss, owner of the Pittsburg National League dub-l^"Tt ve°ry mu"ch:"'° '"''°' '' "^" '' *^^ ^^"^^ ^ have'^njoyed reading if uYJ'JZ^/ ^''^''' 7^l\ ^"""^r ^°°t ball expert and athlete, savs— "It dea'rl.Tlnfer'e'sL'''''''^' "^""^ '"' ^"^ ^^^^ ' ^^^ "^^ witra'greaj W. Trvinc Snvoer formertv of the house of Peck & Snyder:— •*! have read the book from cover to cover with great interest.' Andrew Peck, formerly of the celebrated firm of Peck & Snyder\w- "All base ball fans should read and see how the game was conducted in early years." Melville E. Stone, New York, General Manager Associated Press: — "I find it full of valuable information and very interesting. I prize it very highly." George Barnard, Chicago: — "Words fail to express my appreciation of the book. It carries me back to the^ early days of base ball and makes me feel like a young man again." Charles W. Murphy, President Chicago National League club: — "The book is a very valuable work and will become a part of every base ball library in the country." John F. Morrill, Boston, Mass., old time base ball star. — "I did not think it possible for one to become so interested in a book on base ball. I do not find anything in it which I can criticise." Ralph D. Paine, popular magazine writer and a leading authority on college spoit: — "I have been reading the book with a great deal of interest. 'It fills a long felt want,' and you are a national benefactor for writing it." Gen. Fred Funston, hero of the Philippine war: — "I read the book with a great deal of pleasure and was much interested in seeing the account of base ball among the Asiatic whalers, which I had written for Harper's Round Table so many years ago." DeWolf Hopper, celebrated operatic artist and comedian: — "Apart from the splendid history of the evolution of the game, it perpetuates the memories oi the many men who so gloriously sustained it. It should be read by every lover of the sport." Hugh Nicol, Director of Athletics, Purdue University, Lafayette, Ina.: — "No one that has read this book has appreciated it more than I. Ever since I have been big enough, I have been in professional base ball, and you can imagine how interesting the book is to me." Mrs. Britton, owner of the St. Louis Nationals, through her treas- urer, H. D. Seekamp, writes: — "Mrs. Britton has been very much interested in, the volume and has read with pleasure a number of chapters, gaining valuable information as to the history of the game." Rev. Charles H. Parkhurst, D.D., New York: — "Although I am not very much of a 'sport,' I nevertheless believe in sports, and just at the present time in base ball particularly. Perhaps if all the Giants had an opportunity to read the volume before the recent game (with the Athletics) they might not have been so grievously outdone." ^ Bruce Cartwright. son of Alexander J. Cartwright, founder of the Knickerbocker Base Ball Club, the first organization of ball players in existence, writing from his home at Honolulu, Hawaiian Islands, says: — "I have read the book with great interest and it is my opinion that no better history of base ball could have been written." George W. Frost, San Diego, Calif.:— "You and 'Tim' White, George Wright, Barnes, McVey, O'Rourke, etc., were little gods to us back there in Boston in those days of '74 and '75, and I recall how indig- nant we were when you 'threw us down' for the Chicago contract. The book is splendid. I treasure it greatly." _ A. J. Reach, Philadelphia, old time professional expert: — "It certainly IS an interesting revelation of the national game from the time, vears before it was so dignified, up to the present. Those who have played the game, or taken an interest in it in the past, those at present en- gaged jn It, together with all who are to engage in it, have a rare treat in store." Dr Luther H. Gulick, Russell Sage Foundation:— "Mr. Spalding has been the largest factor in guiding the development of the game and thus deserves to rank with other great men of the countrv who have contributed to its success. It would have added to the ifiterest of the book if Mr. Spalding could have given us more of his own personal experiences, hopes and ambitions in connection with the game." SPALDING ATHLETIC LIBRARY Giving the Titles of all Spalding Athletic Library Books now v ^ — o in print, grouped for ready reference c~ D ^^ SPALDING OFFICIAL ANNUALS ( Spalding's Official Base Ball Guide lA Spalding's Official Base Ball Record IC Spalding's Official College Base Ball Annual 2 Spalding's Official Foot Ball Guide Spalding's Official Soccer Foot Ball Guide 2A Sp 4 6 7 7A 8 9 Spalding's Official Lawn Tennis Annui Spalding's Official Ice Hockey Guide Spalding's Official Basket Ball Guide Spalding's Official Women's Basket Ball Guide Spalding's Official Lacrosse Guide Spalding's Officia. Indoor Base Ball Guide f2A Spalding's Official Athletic Rules Group I. No. 1 No. 1/ No. Ic No. 202 No. 223 No. 232 No. 230 No. 229 No. 225 No. 226 No. 227 No. 228 No. 224 No. 231 No. 219 No. 350 Base Ball Spalding's Official Base Ball Guide. Official Base Ball Record. College Base Ball Annual. How to Play Base Ball. How to Bat. How to Run Bases. How to Pitch. How to Catch. How to Play First Base. How to Play Second Base. How to Play Third Base. How to Play Shortstop. How to Play the Outfield. How to Organize a Base Ball League. [Club. How to Organize a Base Ball How to Manage a Base Ball Club. How to Train a Base Ball Team How to Captain a Base Ball HowtoUmpire aOame. [Team Technical Base Ball Terms. Ready Reckoner of Base Ball Percentages. How to Score. BASE BALL AUXILIARIES No. 355 Minor League Base Ball Guide No. 356 Official Book National League of Prof. Base Ball Clubs. No. 340 Official Handbook National Playground Ball Ass'n. Group II. Foot Ball No. 2 Spalding's Official Foot Ball Guide. No. 324 How to Play Foot Ball. No. 2a Spalding's Official Soccer F'oot Ball Guide. No. 335 How to Play Rugby. FOOT BALL AUXILIARIES No. 351 Official Rugby Foot Ball Guide. No. 358 Official College Soccer Foot Ball Guide. Group IV. Lawn Tennis No. 4 Spalding's Official Lawn Ten- nis Annual. No. 157 How to Play Lawn Tennis. Group VI. Hockey No. 6 Spalding's Official Ice Hockey Guide. No. 304 How to Play Ice Hockey. (By Farrell). No. 180 Ring Hockey. Group VII. Basket Ball No. 7 Spalding' sOfficial Basket Ball Guide. No. 7a Spalding's Official Women's Basket Ball Guide. No. 193 How to Play Basket Ball. (Continued on the next page.) ANY OF THE ABOVE BOOKS MAILED POSTPAID UPON RECEIPT OF 10 CENTS F^r additional books on athletic subjects see list of Spalding's "Red Cover" Series on second page following. SPALDING ATHLETIC LIBRARY BASKET BALL AUXILIARY No. 353 Official Collegiate Basket Ball Handbook. Group VIII. Lacrosse No. 8 Spalding's Official Lacrosse Guide. No. 201 How to Play Lacrosse. Group IX. Indoor Base Ball No. 9 Spalding's Official Indoor Base Ball Guide. Group X. No. 129 Water Polo. No. 199 Equestrian Polo. Polo Group XI. Miscellaneous Games No. 248 Archery. No. 138 Croquet. No. 271 Roque. XT„ iQ^ i Racquets. Squash-Racquets. No. 194 I f.^^^^ Tennis. No. 13 Hand Ball. No. 167 Quoits. No. 14 Curling. No. 170 Push Ball. No. 207 Lawn Bowls. •Mrv 1SQ i Lawn Hockey. Parlor ^^ockey INO. is» ^ Garden Hockey. Lawn Games No. 341 How to Bowl. Group XII. Athletics No. 12 A Spalding's Official Athletic Rules. No. 27 College Athletics. No. 182 All Around Athletics. No. 156 Athletes' Guide. No. 87 Athletic Primer. No. 259 How to Become a Weight Thrower. No. 255 How to Run 100 Yards. No. 174 Distance and Cross Country Running. No. 55 Official Sporting Rules. No. 246 Athletic Training for School- boys. No. 317 Marathon Running. No. 331 Schoolyard Athletics. No. 252 How to Sprint. No. 342 Walking for Health and Com petition. ATHLETIC AUXILIARIES No, 357 Intercollegiate Official Hand- book. No. 302 Y. M. C. A. Official Handbook. No. 313 Public Schools Athletic League Official Handbook. No. 314 Girls' Athletics. Grc'up XIII. Athletic Accomplishments No. 23 Canoeing. No. 128 How to Row. No. 209 How to Become a Skater. No. 178 How to Train for Bicycling. No. 282 Roller Skating Guide. Group No. 165 No. 236 No. 102 No. 143 No. 262 No. 29 No. 191 No. 289 XIV. Manly Sports (By Senac.) Fencing. How to Wrestle. Ground Tumbling. Indian Clubs and Dumb Bells Medicine Ball Exercises. Pulley Weight Exercises. How to Punch the Bag. Tumbling for Amateurs. Group XV. Gymnastics No. 254 Barnjum Ear Bell Drill. No. 214 Graded Calisthenics and Dumb Bell Drills. No. 124 How to Become a Gymnast. No. 287 Fancy Dumb Bell and March- ing Drills. No 327 Pyramid Building Without Apparatus. No. 329 Pyramid Building with Wands, Chairs and Ladders. GYMNASTIC AUXILIARY No. 345 Official Handbook I. C. A. A. Gymnasts of America. Group No. 161 No. 149 No. 285 No. 208 No. 185 No. 234 No. 238 No. 288 No. 213 No. 315 XVI. Physical Culture Ten Minutes' Exercise for Busy Men. Care of the Body. Health by Muscular Gym- nastics. Physical Education and Hy- giene. Hints on Health. School Tactics and Maze Run- ning. Muscle Building. Indigestion Treated by Gym- nastics. 285 Health Answers. Twenty-Minute Exercises. ANY OF THE ABOVE BOOKS MAILED POSTPAID UPON RECEIPT OF 10 CENTS For additional books on athletic subjects see list of Spalding's "Red Cover" Scries on next page. SPALDING ATHLETIC LIBRARY « Red Cover" Series No. IR. Spalding's Official Athletic Almanac* Price 25c. No. 2R. Strokes and Science of Lawn Tennis Price 25c. No. 3R. Spalding's Official Golf Guide.' Price 25c. No. 4R. How to Play Golf Price 25c. No. 5R. Spalding's Official Cricket Guide.' Price 25c. No. 6R. Cricket and How to Play It Price 25c- No. 7R. Physical Training Simplified Price 25c. No. 8R. The Art of Skating Price 23c. No. 9R. How to Live 100 Years Price 25c. No. lOR. Single Stick Drill Price 25c. No. IIR. Fencing Foil Work Illustrated Price 25c. No. 12R. Exercises on the Side Horse Price 25c. No. 13R. Horizontal Bar Exercises Price 25c. No. 14R. Trapeze. Long Horse and Rope Exercises Price 25c. No. 15R. Exercises on the Flying Rings Price 25c. No. 16R. Team Wand Drill Price 25c. No. 17R. Olympic Games, Stockholm. 1912 Price 25c. No. 18R. Wrestling Price 25c. No. 19R. Professional Wrestlinc" Price 25c. No. 20R. How to Play Ice Hockey Price 25c. No. 21R. Jiu Jitsu Price 25c. No. 22R. How to Swing Indian Clubs Price 25c. No. 23R. Get Well ; Keep Well Price 25c. No. 24R. Dumb Bell Exercises Price 25c. No. 25R. Boxing o Price 25c. No. 26R. Official Handbook National Squash Tennis Association Price 25c, No. 27R. Calisthenic Drills and FancyMarching for the Class Room Price 25c. No. 28R. Winter Sports Price 25c. No. 29R. Children's Games Price 25c. No. 30R. Fencing. (By Breck.) Price 25c. No. SIR. Spalding's International Polo Guide Price 25c. No. 32R. Physical Training for the School and Class Room. . . Price 25c. No. 33R. Tensing Exercises Price 25c. No. 34R. Grading of Gymnastic Exercises Price 25c. No. 35R. Exercises on the Parallel Bars Price 25c. No. 36R. Speed Swimming Price 25c. No. 37R. How to Swim Price 25c. No. 38R. Field Hockey Price 25c. No. 39R. How to Play Soccer. . , Price 25c. No. 40R. Indoor and Outdoor Gymnastic Games Price 25c. No. 41R. Newcomb Price 25c. No. 42R. Lawn Tennis in Australia Price 25c. •'Published annually. A RACING START-CHAMPION C. M. DANIELS, TziUn Spalding " Red Cover" Series of ^ — i r-i r— -• Athletic Handbooks No. 36R SPEED SWIMMING BY C. M. DANIELS ASSISTED BY L. deB. Handley and O. Wahle PUBLISHED BY AMERICAN SPORTS PUBLISHING C] COMPANY rd r: ' — "^^ 21 Warren Street, New York .<^ X<^ Copyright, 1914 BY American Sports Publishing Company New York MAY -8 1914 'CI.A371744 CONTENTS Preface Introduction Learning to Svvtm . Preparatory Land Exercises Hints to the Beginner . The Breast Stroke The Side Stroke . The Trudgeon The Crawl Swimming on the Back Competitive Swimming- How to Choose One's Distance How to Train for a Race Hints About Racing Floating and Diving Plunge for Distance Diving Front Dive Back Dive Ornamental Swimming- The Rolhng Log Swimming Like a Do Somersaults Sculling . Swimming Backward The Torpedo The Ship . The Top . Monte Cristo What to Wear OTTO WAHLE, Nev' York A.C.; Member of A.A.U. Record Committee ana World* Swimming Autbority, PREFACE In undertaking the task of giving to the public a short treatise on swimming I recognized the wisdom of obtainmg the collaboration of someone well versed in theoretical as well as practical swimming. In looking about me I soon re- alized that I could do no better than in applying to either Mr. L. de B. Handley, or Mr. Otto Wahle, Both had had a brilliant competitive career ; both had followed closely the development of swimming at home and abroad, and though only amateurs, had coached with as much success as any professionals in the country. I was fortunate in finding them only too glad to assist me, and with their aid I put together this book, trying to condense into a few pages all that could be useful to the swimmer, aiming at clearness and brevity, and omitting all unnecessary stuff. Most of the illustrations are from photographs posed for by representative exponents of the strokes, but owing to the difficulty experienced in getting proper effects with the camera, through water, I deemed it advisable to pose them on terra firma. As a consequence, in several cases the body is so strained as to give a slightly erroneous impression, but the positions of the arms and legs are accurate both individually and in respect to each other, and the only fault lies in the fact that the legs are at times too far below the surface. The line drawn across illus- trations indicates approximate water-line. In taking these posi- tions in the water, however, the body will, of itself, correct the fault, and unconsciously the right balance will be established. C. M. Daniels. TEACHING THE NOVICE. SPALDING'S ATHLETIC LIfiRAIlY. INTRODUCTION Whole volumes have been devoted to telling why every man and woman should know how to swim, but the reasons may be concisely condensed into three : Swimming is a pleasant pas- time ; it is an exercise which develops the body symmetrically and thoroughly ; and it is often the means of protecting and saving life. As a pastime it has few equals. The pleasures of bathing, whether outdoors in summer, or in a natatorium in winter, can only be fully appreciated by the good swimmers. The average man tires after a few spasmodic strokes and cannot possibly experience that exhilarating feeling that comes to the expert as he glides swiftly and easily through the "treacherous element" with absolute confidence in himself. Of the hygienic value of swimming, little need be said. Its very cleanliness insures hygiene ; for cleanliness is the founda- tion of good health, just as uncleanliness is the primary cause of disease. But on the subject of swimming as physical culture many erroneous beliefs are held which need correcting. To begin with, there are few exercises that will develop the body as symmetrically as will swimming; and by symmetrically I mean proportionately and from head to foot, with no muscle developed at the expense of another. One often hears the re- mark made that a swimmer has no muscles at all. It is true, in a way. He shows none of the bulging, knotty muscles of the SPALDING'S ATHLETIC LIBRARY. 9 professional poser. But those dean, smooth arms and legs of his are blessed with the only muscles that will benefit an ath- lete, the long, pliant, "vvorkmg" muscles, that never tire and that don't know what it is to cramp or to bind. I have become so convinced of the value of swimming as an all round developer that I do not hesitate to advocate it as pre- liminary work for running, jumping, rowing, tennis, or any other branch of athletics, even to wrestling and weight lifting. There is no doubt that it improves the wind, and it has the great advantage of strengthening the muscles without hardening them. One emerges from a two or three weeks' period of train- ing in the pink of condition, yet feeling supple and free in every part of the body. And the very softness of one's muscles per- mits of the taking up of any other kind of exercise without fear of the soreness that comes from using another set of muscles than the one which has been hardened by exercising. An athlete of my acquaintance established, a few years ago, a world's record for that all round test called the Medley Race, in which six consecutive quarter miles have to be negotiated — walking, running, bicycling, horseback riding, rowing and swim- ming. I asked him one day how he ever managed to train for all these different events at the same time. "I didn't," he told me ; "I tried it when this competition was first instituted and although my time in the race was indififerent, I finished quite exhausted. In my second attempt at the record, I decided to give a trial to a system advocated by Alex Mefifert, and the only training I did, was to swim two quarter miles every afternoon at an interval of fifteen minutes. It proved most successful. I felt strong up to the finish, I experienced no soreness then or after, and although I clipped fully two minutes off my previous SPALDING'S ATHLETIC LIBRARY. U performance I crossed the line in splendid condition. I believe swimming had made my muscles so supple that there was noth- ing to tire or to bind, and my wind and endurance just carrried me through." Those coaches and trainers who forbid their men going into the water during training, are either crassly ignorant or know their wards too well to trust them. The average athlete be- haves a good deal like a boy in school and tries to take a yard every time he is conceded an inch. If you allow him to take a swim during the summer he will interpret the permission into meaning that he may lie around the water by the hour; or, if it is winter, that he may spend half the day between the hot room and the pool. Of course the next day he is unfit for work and complains of a tired feeling. Then the coach says : "Ah ! that swim," and anyone who says "swim" to him thereafter stirs up a row. I know, and no one can convince me to the contrary, that a daily swim of three or four minutes (as much as is needed to cover two or three hundred yards at a brisk pace) far from being injurious to an athlete will increase his snap and dash. Coming next to the question of its usefulness, it is undoubted that every man owes it to himself to be able to swim. We live so much on, in, and near the water that there are daily possibilities of being called upon to use our knowledge of swim- ming. Is not the fact that by it we may save ourselves, or oth- ers, from a ghastly death by drowning, a sufficient • incentive to have us incur a little trouble in learning? What tragedies could be averted were everyone to give the subject a little thought. There seems to be a prevalent belief among parents that chil- dren should not be taught to swim until they are over ten years SPALDING'S ATHLETIC LIBRARY. 13 old and that to teach them younger is injuricus to their heaUh. Where the idea cotdd have emanated, it is hard to understand, but it is rank nonsense. I have seen in England youngsters under seven who could use the complicated speed strokes just as prettily as grown-up experts, and their ruddy cheeks and sturdy young frames were tangible enough proofs of their not having suffered from their early training. It is the duty of every father and mother to see that "heir chddren are taught at the most tender age. SPALDING'S ATHLETIC LIBRARY. I5 LEARNING TO SWIM Before beginning the instructive text of this book I want to say a word in regard to a question that swimming teachers and coaches are often asked. It is : "Why are not all swimmers taught the same stroke in the same way?'' The query is nat- ural, for one seldom sees two men swim alike, even when they are using the same stroke. Nevertheless those men have un- doubtedly been taught in identically the same way ; only, in each case the individuality of the pupil has asserted itself, and so, while both men are going through the movements as taught them, they are doing so in the manner best suited to their per- sonality. If you want to realize what I mean, ask a few men to lift their arms above their head as in the first position of the trudgeon stroke and see if they don't all hold them up in a different way. Each is assuming his natural position and he v/ill assume it when learning the stroke in the water. Now, how can you expect these men to swim alike when they don't even hold their limbs in the same way? To the man with ab- normal development of the shoulders an extreme reach is neith- er possible nor advisable; it would be a decided strain to him and he will tire much sooner than if a shorter one is used. To the supple, slight man, instead, there will be no difficulty in reaching cut and he will benefit by the added length of his stroke. The same may be said of every other part of the stroke. And has the reader ever considered how an imperceptible change SPALDING'S ATHLETIC LIBRARY, 1,^ of time will affect the entire stroke? Of course it is not possi- ble to get arms and legs to start automatically at the exact frac- tion oi' a second, nor is it likely that the same time would suit everyone; inclination is a factor not to be disregarded. The lesson to be learned from this is that the best results are obtained by adapting the various movements to one's build ; not by changing them, but by usmg them in such a manner as to place no unnatural strain on any part of the body. PREPARATORY LAND EXERCISES. Paradoxical though it may seem, the movements necessary in swimming are best acquired out of water and I strongly ad- vise the begmner to go through a period of land exercise before attempting to learn. Especially in the case of women and chil- dren I have found the system excellent. The fact is, people often have a morbid dread of the water (born probably of un- familiarity with iO and get so nervous in it that they are quite unable to keep their mind properly on what they are doing, while you teach them. On land, the action of both arms and legs, the correct way of breathing, and the respective time of all three can be practiced at ease until they become so familiar as to be gone through instinctively when one enters the water. The different parts of the stroke should first be taken up separately, beginning with the legs, then the arms and breathing, and finally all together. To master the leg movement, stand with heels together and hands on the hips. Lift right leg off the ground, pointing the knee outward until the heel almost touches the left knee, then straighten it out so that the ankles are about two feet apart and SPALDING'S ATHLETIC LIBRARY. 19 bring it briskly down to starting position. Do the same with the left leg and proceed, alternating them. To learn the arm stroke, begin by placing the hands at the height of the chest, about a foot below the chin, palms down, fingers close and pointing before you. Push the hands out par- allel to the ground until they are at full length. Turn palms outward (thumb down) and bring arms back, stiff at the elbow^ and still parallel to the ground, until they are at right angles to the body. In other words, let them describe a quarter of a circle. Then bend the elbow backwards and gradually turning the palms down again, return to original position. Repeat until familiar with. In breathing, you should inhale through the mouth and exhale through the nostrils. Inhale while the arms are coming back and exhale wdiile they go forward. A suggestion made by the Hon. Sydney Holland I have found to work wonders. He tells novices to blow their hands away from them. The breathing in swimming should be easy, not short and hard. Begin to inhale as soon as the hands start down and manage so that you will just have filled your lungs by the time they reach the chest. Begin to exhale as they start forward and continue until they are on the full reach. Now take the stroke all together. Start with the arms stretched out before you and as you bring them back, take a deep, slow breath. When the hands are about to reach the chest, bring up the right leg; as the hands go forward straighten the leg out and when they are about to become extended, snap it down alongside of the other. On the next stroke let the left leg do its work, and continue, alternating them. Before entering the water it is advisable to learn to use both SPALDING'S ATHLETIC LIBRARY. 21 legs at the same time in comiection with the rest of the stroke. You can do this by lying face down on a stool or chair. The position is not a very comfortable one, but you only need do a few minutes at a time of it and the work will certaintly benefit you a lot. In some books I have seen land drills for the trudgeon and crawl advocated as instructive. Personally, while I believe them an excellent exercise for developing the body, I do not think they teach anything. The strokes are far too complicated. It is an entirely different matter from the simple breast stroke move- ments, and it will be found much more satisfactory not to lose any time at them. HINTS TO THE BEGINNER. In undertaking the actual task of swimming, salt water is pre- ferable to fresh, because it has more sustaining power. Whether you have indulged in land exercises or not you will find it hard to support yourself, at first, and if you can find water about four or five feet deep, where you can touch bottom at will, if you get nervous, I should advise your doing so. Most instructors are in favor of cork belts, white wings, in- flated bags, and other floating devices for beginners ; but I think them a mistake. Swimming is entirely a question of balance, as the body floats naturally, and all artificial buoying-up destroys the right idea of how to hold one's self. I realize that one learns more readily when no effort has to be made to keep above water, but there is a way of giving support without affecting the bal- ance. Place a canvas belt or a strip of cloth around your chest, tie a thin piece of rope to it and attach the end of this rope to a SPALDING'S ATHLETIC LIBRARY. 28 short stick, as on Page 6. The instructor or a friend can hold the stick while you practice, placing on it only sufficient pressure to keep 3'ou afloat. How little this is you will understand by watch- ing a performer in the plunge for distance; without moving a muscle he keeps on the surface indefinitely. The belt system has the advantage of allowing the holder to gradually diminish the sustaining pressure until, without being conscious of it, one swims without support. If you cannot find help it may be best, in case of nervous- ness, to provide j^ourself with white wings or an inflated bag; then let out the air a little at a time, until you become used to swimming without props at all. The position of the body is an all-important matter in swim, ming, for it is position that insures the proper balance. One often sees the beginner floundering along with head thrown back to such an angle that it looks about to fall off, and this, besides placing a terrible strain on the neck, brings the feet far too low in the water, retarding progress. The position is generally due to faulty breathing, for in breathing properly there is no need to crane the neck to get air. Just watch a good swimmer of the breast stroke and notice his easy position, half the time mouth is under water as on Page lo. That is the correct way to carry the head. While the arms are coming back, their applied power lifts the body and brings the mouth well above water; then is the time to inhale ; later, as the hands go forward, the mouth sinks below the surface and one exhales under water, preferably through the nostrils. Pay great attention to the breathing, it is the secret of easy swimming. In learning to swim never hurry the movements, haste is the negation of form and you can only acquire the correct stroke by SPALDING'S ATHLETIC LIBRARY. ii8 making every move a slow, careful one. thinking all the time of what you are doing. If you have taken no preparatory land exercise before tackling the stroke, or if you find that the movements don't come to you at once in the water, you had better try the various parts sep- arately, as advocated previously, until you have mastered them thoroughly, THE BREAST STROKE. Racing men as a rule are wont to look upon the breast stroke as useless and obsolete as proved by the fact that efforts have been made to have it stricken from the list of championship events. The men guilt\' of this senseless move can not have given the subject very careful consideration. On a long swim, whether forced on one by chance or taken for pleasure, nothing is more restful than a short change from the speed strokes to the breast. And as to its usefulness, it is the only stroke, barring the back stroke, that will allow one to make shore with a victim in case of a rescue from drowning. To learn the breast stroke, lie comfortably on the surface so that your feet are only a few inches below it and your mouth is just under water. Place legs together and straight, toes pointing back, arms extended in front, hands touching, fingers closed, and palms down. In starting to swim, turn the palms outward, thumbs down, and, keeping the elbow stiff, draw the arms back just below the surface and parallel to it until at right angles to the body; then bend the elbow backward and gradually turning the palms down, bring the hands together at the chest ; then shoot them forward to starting position. The legs are not moved SPALDING'S ATHLETIC LIBRARY. 27 until the hands approach the chest, then they arc drawn up, knees out, heels together; when the hands start forward the legs are kicked out straight without closing them, and as the arms get to the full reach the legs are snapped sharply together. In this position the body, driven by the impetus of the kick, is allowed to "slide" until the momentum is all but exhausted, when the arms are started again. Of course, though the various parts of the stroke are described separately, in action they are run into one another so closely as to produce a smooth, continuous motion. THE SIDE STROKE. I hesitated some time before giving this stroke space. It is one of the racing strokes that has seen its day, and is slowly passing away. Nevertheless it is used by many coaches to pre- pare the pupil for the more complicated trudgeon, and it un- doubtedly facilitates the acquisition of the scissor kick so I will give the way to learn it. The body rests on the water with one shoulder down, and it will be well, at first, to hang on to some stationary support to practice this kick. It is absolutely different from the old frog kick and not easy to learn properly, so don't get discouraged if you fail to become perfect after half an hour's trial. Things that are worth while do not come as rapidly as that. The first movement of the scissor kick consists in bringing the upper leg forward quite stiff at the knee and the under one back to a kneeling position. The under leg should not be moved from the hip, but from the knee. The action of the scissor kick should be front and back, just as in walking, with no side motion at all. When the toes of the under leg are two to three feet from SPALDING'S ATHLETIC LIBRARY. 29 the heel of the upper one (according to one's size) the legs are brought smartly together. The ankles are bent up just as the legs separate and then return to their original position as the legs close. Particular pains should be taken to keep the upper leg rigid ; it comes instinctively to bend it and unless you exag- gerate in practice you will not hold it properly later. In bending the knee, a resisting surface is presented to the water which off- sets all the good derived from the kick. The opening of the legs should be done very slowly, as a sudden movement in this, acts like a brake, and they should be brought together with a snap. It is a fault to open the legs too wide, as it increases the resistance. For the arm action, place your arms above the head, palms turned away from the face. Bring upper arm down smartly, with elbow rigid, hand the least bit spooned, fingers together. Carry through the water just below the surface, describing a semi- circle to end at the thigh, then bend the elbow and bring it for- ward well above water until on the full reach again. The under arm should be started just as the upper one finishes and brought down parallel to it, so that it brushes the lower thigh ; then the elbow is bent and the arm is shot forward below the surface, palm down. Breath is taken as the upper arm comes down and exhaled as the under arm goes forward. The legs are opened as the upper arm starts down, and snapped back as it finishes. The side stroke should give a smooth run with no jerks. THE TRUDGEON. A thing which I omitted in the side stroke, but now becomes a necessity', is a coach. This point I must emphasize before pro- ceeding any further. Swimming is a sport different from most SPALDING'S ATHLETIC LIBRARY. 31 Others inasmuch as the pupil cannot see what he is doing and often falls into serious faults without being aware of it. These, if not corrected at once, become chronic. The coach should be an expert, if possible, though anyone is better than no one ; only, it is essential that faults should be corrected and the uninitiated cannot very well tell you how. The trudgeon is the least tiring of strokes, when its relative speed is considered, and may be used for any distance. It is my opinion that a judicious alternating of the breast and the trudgeon will tire less and give better results than the use of the under- and over-arm side strokes. The trudgeon is a double over-arm stroke combined with the above described scissor kick. In not a few cases, however, it has been modified by an additional fluttering of the lower leg as the under arm goes forward. This keeps the body moving until the upper arm is ready to start downward again. That the name of trudgeon should be given to this new form of stroke is rather odd, as it does not resemble it very closely, but then, "trudgeon" has come to be a sort of generic appellation to be given to any variety of double over-arm. In learning the trudgeon the swimmer should take up the more simple kind, adding the crawl flutter later, if found ad- visable. The kick is the first thing to study and if one has tried the side stroke the arm action only will have to be practiced, as the scissor kick is used in both. I will remark here, though, that it is a great mistake to pass from one part of the stroke to an- other until the first has been thoroughly mastered. The trud- geon is far too complicated a stroke to allow of its being learned all together. Therefore, until that scissor kick is perfect, do not attempt to go any further. SPALDING'S ATHLii^TIC LIBRARY. 33 When you feel confident of being an adept kicker, take up breathing. It is essential that this most important part of the stroke be acquired before bothering with the arms. To learn to breathe properly, lie flat on the water, face down, and begin by freeing the lungs of air. blowing it out under water, slowly and easily. Do not attempt to clear the lungs wnth one power- ful blow, but let the air out gradually ; it should take at least three or four seconds. This done, turn your head from the shoulders, to the side the upper arm is going to be, and take a long, deep breath, without haste. When the lungs are full, twist the head back and exhale under water as before, through the nostrils. Repeat until the method has lost its strangeness. In choosing a side to swim on, consult inclination. If you feel more comfortable on the right, adopt that side, but if you are equally at ease on both sides, swim with the right shoulder down, as this brings up the left flank and relieves the heart of a good deal of pressure that is placed upon it in swimming the other way. For the arm movement let the body rest on the water wnth hands at full reach above the head, palms down. This is the first and last position of the stroke. In catching the water the body is rolled a little and the head twisted around to bring the mouth above the surface. The palms are turned a wee bit to the side the body turns, and the upper arm is brought down with a strong, steady pull — elbow fairly rigid, wrist the least bit bent down, fingers together — until straight down alongside, then the elbow is bent and the arm brought forward well above water. The semi-circle described by the arm in the trudgeon is not like in the side stroke, parallel to the water, but almost at right angles to it. It is at right angles to the body, really, and as the body is rolled, the angle becomes more acute. Some men, SPALDING'S ATHLETIC LIBRARY. 35 in swimming distance, roll until the arms are at an angle of about 45 degrees. The under arm is started just as the upper finishes, except in some cases. I have seen distance men "slide" for sev- eral yards, holding the upper arm alongside and the under one on the full reach, to be brought down only as the momentum died away. The under arm follows the same orbit that does the upper one, almost parallel to it; as it reaches its completion the body is rolled back on its face, the elbow bent, and the arm shot forward as the other, clear of the water; just as it gets to the full reach the upper arm is started down again. I have remarked already that in distance swimming the body rolls strongly; in sprinting, instead, it travels almost flat on the water, so that breath has to be taken by a rapid twist of the head from the shoulders. Also the elbows are bent a bit more in sprintinj to facilitate a quicker stroke, and instead of going straight down, they pull a little to each side, finishing at the hip instead of at the thigh. In swimming the whole stroke,, the time to be followed is : Upper arm first ; legs are opened up as it starts and snapped together as it finishes ; under arm comes down next ; upper arm starts the recovery as the under arm catches the water and be- gins another stroke as the under arm lifts to go forward. Breath is inhaled while the upper arm is pulling and exhaled while the under arm recovers. THE CRAWL. This stroke, which experts have come to look upon as the stroke of the future, is a combination of an abbreviated over-arm and a peculiar leg drive learned by the Australians from the na- tives of t^e South Sea Islands. The leg drive cannot be called SPALDING'S ATHLETIC LIBRAtlj. 37 a kick; it is a continuous up and down alternate thrash of the lower legs from the knee down. In Australia the action of the arms and legs is synchronous, that is, the right arm comes back as the left leg goes down, and vice versa. In America, with few exceptions, the arms and legs arc worked independently, and the thrash has a narrower scope, the legs being opened less. That our system is the best seems undoubted, if theory counts for anything in swimming. Mr. Robert Sandon, whom I con^ sider one of the v/orld's leading authorities on aquatic matters, explains the reason in a mr.r.ner that I think convincing. He asks us to watch the flight of a flat stone that has been thrown hard along the surface of the water, and note its progress. So long as the flat side strikes the water it bounces on without a check until its momentum ceases, but, let even the smallest por- tion of it become immersed and it is brought to a sudden stop, its flight checked instantly, never mind how great its speed. Ap- ply this to swimming, now. In the trudgeon, or even in the Australian crawl, when swum easily, there is a time when the propelling forces pause, the body sinks lower in the water, and a check is noted ; in some swimmers a very decided one. In the American crawl, instead, the continuous action of the legs keeps the body constantly in motion, so that there is no check or sinking and the stroke must perforce be faster. Of course, in sprinting with the Australian crawl the pause is so infinitesimal that there can be little advantage over it in the American stroke, but as it is very probable that eventually we will use the crawl for all distances, the point is not to be overlooked. A small number of Americans have adopted the Australian stroke, with its wide and synchronous thrash, but have added a fluttering of the feet between arm strokes, which makes the action continuous. SPALDING'S ATHLETIC LIBRARY. 39 The relative time of the arms and legs, in the American crawl, can best be determined by the individual or his coach; one with strong arms and weak legs can adopt a rapid arm motion and a slow kick; one with strong legs can do the contrary. This is one of the stroke's best features, for it can be fitted to each per- son. Some of our best men use the arms almost entirely, and one at least, Mr. H. J. Handy, of Chicago, lets his legs trail be- hind him. He tried the kick, but found he could not swim with- out tiring when using it, so he abandoned it. Others can go al- most as fast with legs alone as when using the arms. A good deal of discussion has been raised in regard to whether the ankles should move or not in the crawl. Mr. Gus Sundstrom, instructor at the New York Athletic Club, who was indirectly responsible for the introduction of the crawl in America and who has more speed with the leg drive alone than any man I have seen, not only bends the ankles back and forth, but he says it is b}'' doing it that he gets his wonderful speed. His drive is more of a pedaling motion, he brings the toes up as the leg rises and points them down as the leg snaps back. A few of our swimmers also move the ankle a little, but most of them keep it rigid. At the present stage we cannot say positively which is Ihc better method, but from Mr. Sundstrom's success we should cny using them is. There are as many varieties of the crawl nowadays as there are men using it. No two swim it alike and each indulges in a little experimenting of his own. This will gradually lead to progress, and it is probable that as the men discard the ineffi- cient details in favor of the successful ones, the different var- ieties will condense into definite strokes from which the best will eventually be picked, SPALDING'S ATHLETIC LIBRARY. 41 To learn the American crawl, start with the arms. In fact, you will probably do well not to try the legs at all until you can swim a good fifty with your arms only. Lie fiat on the water, with arms a little bent at the elbow and stretched out above your head. The wrists should be just beyond your head and the arms a little more open than in the trudgeon, hands bent down a little. Catch the water with a decided snap and drive them through at a brisk pace, always bent at the elbow, until they reach the hip, then lift them clear of the water and carry them forward with elbow well up in the air. The arms being started wider apart than in the trudgeon, they are also brought down further apart. The under arm is started just as the upper one finishes. For the kick, move the legs up and down alternately, keeping them stiff at the hip and holding the knees close together. There is little difficulty in learning this, if one knows how it should be done, but the best way, after reading the description, is to watch it in action. To imitate it without having read it up, is not easy, and to acciuire it without seeing it is harder still, but with the help of both a few days of practice will be sufficient. Don't open the feet more than twelve or eighteen inches from heel to toe. The real difficulty in the crawl is in working the arms and legs into a smooth stroke, and also in learning to hold the tiring leg drive over a given distance. Both are a matter of practice. The position of the body in the crawl is flat on the face, much like when sprinting with the trudgeon ; there should be hardly any rolling and breath should be taken only every two or three strokes by a quick twist of the head as the upper arm is being brought down. The time for exhaling is as the under arm goes forward. SPALDING'S ATHLETIC LIBRARY. 43 When the crawl is swum slowly, as it is over the distances, the arm stroke is lengthened, so as to resemble that of the trudgeon, and the legs are slowed according to the distance; then breath is taken at every stroke. SWIMMING ON THE BACK. Those few who are students of the back stroke have attempted to adapt the latest speed strokes to back swimming and while the success achieved has not proved decisively the superiority of any one form, there are three strokes now being used. The first is a counterpart of the breast stroke, altered only enough to suit the different positions. The arms, instead of recovering in the water, are lifted into the air to get to the full reach, and the action much resembles that of a windmill. The second has this same arm action with the leg drive of the crawl, and the third is identical, except inasmuch as the arms move alternately as in the trudgeon, instead of together, as in the breast stroke. Of course, in alter- nating, a decided roll is given to the body. To learn the plain back stroke, lie flat on the water, as in floating, with arms fully extended above your head, hands flat, palms turned upward. This position also ends the stroke and should be held while the body is allowed to "run," after the legs have kicked. In bringing down the arms, catch the water sharply with hands back to back, palms outward, and pull them through with a steady pull, stiff at the elbow, describing a semi-circle just below the surface and parallel to it. When the arms are along- side, turn palms downward and keeping them rigid, carry them to the full reach by waving them up well clear of the water. The legs are held close together, toes down, until the arms start their recovery, then they are bent up, and open, just like in the SPALDING'S ATHLETIC LIBRARY. 45 breast stroke kick, and they are snapped together as the arms attain the full reach, when the body, now in original position, is let "glide" until the momentum imparted by the kick wears off. Then another arm stroke is started. It is really the action and tmie of the breast stroke. For the two other varieties the work of each individual arm and leg is the same and the leg drive has been described in detail in connection with the crawl. The time, in either, may be suited to oneself as the arms and legs work independently of each other. Swimming on the back is best adapted to men with long, strong arms, so that tall people generally turn out its best ex- ponents. It is not a popular method of natation, and many look upon it as a very useless accomplishment. This it is not by iny means, though, for in life saving it is used with great success. SPALDING'S ATHLETIC LIBRARY. 4? COMPETITIVE SWIMMING HOW TO CHOOSE ONE'S DISTANCE. Every man. in deciding to enter the competitive field as a swimmer has some idea as to whether he wants to become a sprinter or a distance swimmer, for nine times out of ten it is the realization of one's possibilities that leads to racing. In either case, there are but two strokes worth taking up, the trud- geon and the crawl. For a sprinter the crawl is undoubtedly the one to adopt and many maintain that it is also the fastest dis- tance stroke. Learned for the purpose, and timed accordingly, there is no reason why it should not give the best results. The fact that It is admittedly the speediest sprinting stroke proves beyond question that the movements are the best and that it is merely a case of making them just slow enough to be held over the distance to be covered. Several swimmers have negotiated the mile in competition with it, so that we know it can be done. The aspirant to distance honors can lose nothing by giving it a trial ; it is easy to revert to the trudgeon if it proves unsat- isfactory. And in advocating a trial, I do not mean for the candidate to try to hold the vertiginous fifty yard speed over a half mile or mile course, an attempt most novices make, but the swimming of easy stretches, say of two or three hundred yards, very slowly and paying close attention to form. Not one out of ten has a really good conception of pace, and few men seem even to appreciate that pace must be adjusted to the distance SPALDING'S ATHLETIC LIBRARY. 49 before one. They will start out on a long swim, especially if they are trying a stroke that is new to them, as if they were going only fifty yards, and of course they die out before the hundred mark is reached. I believe this to be the reason that at the appearance of both the trudgeon and the crawl everyone pre- dicted that they would never be held over the furlong. Whether it is best for one to become a sprinter or distance swimmer cannot very well be ascertained until a good deal of racing has been done. Everyone begins at the sprints, and if one is better fitted to the distances he will soon find it out with- out being told. The knowledge comes mstinctively. In taking up racing, or in deciding to, the prospective competi- tor should bear in mind that the only way to succeed is to learn the stroke correctly and thoroughly before attempting any fast work at all. To race with a faulty stroke is simply to de- velop and confirm one's faults and to doom oneself to mediocrity. Many youngsters who win their novice race, and possibly some other unimportant event by brute strength, firmly believe that they are on the high road to success, and neglect form alto- gether, with the result that they never accomplish anything. Form IS mdispensable nowadays ; we have progressed so far towards scientific swimming that even the most favored by nature will never reach the championship class unless through form. The temptation is greai to start racing as soon as speed appears, and one's first prizes look very enticing, but a little self denial and early application will amply repay in the long run. HOW TO TRAIN FOR A RACE. It is probable that no two men train alike for a swimming race and it is. quite certain that most of them should not train SPALDING'S ATHLETIC LIBRARY. 61 alike. With the exception of a few gencrahties no rockbound rules can be set down; each must learn by experience what is best for him. Some men will only round into form after going through work that would send others stale in jig time; and again some thrive on food that would be quite unfit for others. It is a matter of idiosyncrasies. In regard to food I believe that a mixed diet, with meat in moderation and plenty of fresh vegetables and ripe fruit, can be recommended to everyone. Prominent dietiticians of the day have come to the conclusion that meat is not necessary to the training athlete, and it has been my experience that fat produc- ing foods are best for the swimmer. Meat is said to give strength while keeping down weight, but an aquatic competitor does not want to be down fine, he will do much better work if a few pounds above normal. The extra avoirdupois adds to the buoyancy, makes impervious to cold, and gives that reserve en- ergy that is so often the deciding factor in a closely contested race. Eat heartily, therefore, and only avoid those notably in- digestible foods such as pastry, pork, veal, lobsters, etc. ; though indeed, in the early part of training even these may be taken in moderation with impunity, if thoroughly masticated. This eat- ing slowly and chewing the food properly is the great secret of a healthy digestion. During the fortnight preceding competi- tion, however, the swimmer should become discriminating and be extremely careful of what he eats and drinks. Ice water is not conducive to digestion, in fact it retards it materially by lowering the temperature of the stomach. Take of it sparingly throughout your training, and drink in preference cocoa, milk, water at an even temperature; or, ale, beer and claret in small quantities Between meals good filtered, or spring water, is most SPALDING'S ATHLETIC LIBRARY. 53 beneficial. Coffee, tea, intoxicants, stimulants, and drugs of all kinds had best be left alone altogether in training, and tobacco should not be used under any consideration. One more very important point and I pass to the work to be done. Don't cut your sleep. Sleep is nature's great panacea for all ills, its own means of replenishing the exhausted storage bat- teries of strength and energy. If we want to be in good condition we must give her sufficient time to do her good work. Plenty of sleep is an absolute necessity to the training athlete; he should have at least eight hours a night. Staying up late is also bad for you, even if you get your eight hours ; the hours before mid- night are the most beneficial and your curfew should not ring later than 10.30. In regard to work, much depends on the distance in sight, on the time at one's disposal, and on the constitution of the swim- mer. A distance man requires more time than a sprinter, a strong constitution allows more work than a weak one and, of course, if you have one or three months to train in makes all the difference in the division of your training. In no case, how- ever, should less than a month be taken. Experience is really the only efficient teacher; each man must work out his own system, or his coach must do it for him, but for the novice I can advocate one that having proved satisfac- tory in many instances may be safely recommended. It will serve the purpose until a personal system has been evolved. Most novices, either through anxiety to enter competition, or through ignorance of what should be, limit their training time to two or three weeks, so that I will not extend it to over a month, but I will advise a longer period whenever it is possible. The first week should be devoted to improving the general con- SPALDING'S ATHLETIC LIBRARY. dition of the body and almost any kind of healthy exercise will do this. It should be borne in mind, though, that to swim, the muscles must be supple so that any work so heavy as to harden them is detrimental to speed. Running, lifting heavy dumbbells, wrestling and like exercises are not advisable. A daily swim, during the first week, is beneficial but not essential. If you swim every day take only short, easy stretches of fifty and one hun- dred yards, going through the movements slowly, so as to ac- quire form. During the second week the land exercises should be cut down to a very few minutes, and the swims lengthened. It is only by perfecting the stroke that one progresses and it cannot be per- fected in sprinting; faults are emphasized by fast, exhausting work. To correct them take easy, careful swims, increasing the distance gradually, and always having some one to look over your work and coach you. Dr. Shell advises swimming only three times a week, while training, and I mention this opinion because he has devoted a deal of time and study to the question, but I must admit that I differ from him, and that I think one day of rest a week is quite sufficient. The distance to be gone on the first day of the second week is two hundred yards, and it should be increased daily by fifty yards, the last day's swim being a good hard quarter under the watch. Not what is understood as a time trial, but just a quarter at a brisk pace. In fact I believe one's individual laps should be timed all through training, whether one goes fast or slowly. These will tell how even a pace is h^.ld and little by little make one a good judge of pace. A few champions I have known grew so accustomed to this timing that they could suspend a stop watch POSITION IN THE HIGH DIVE. SPALDING'S ATHLETIC LIBRARY. 57 just above the surface of the water and time themselves, so that in a tnal they knew just when to increase or slacken their speed This only comes after much practice, though, for one has to re- member the time of every othjr lap. On the third week only aquatic work should be indulged in, the swimmer alternating short sprints one day with distances the next. If your race is at the furlong, or under, go about 300 yards on the distance days and sprint 50 and 100 yards on the others. If your race is at the quarter, alternate quarters and sprints; if over, lengthen the stretches gradually, making them 600, 750, and 880, if you are to go the half, and 880, 1,320, and 1,760, if you are going the mile. In going these distances a good steady pace should be held. Not racing speed, because, form must still be aimed at, but fast enough to get one used to hard work and, as said before, under the watch. Never sprint at the end of these long swims-it is injurious. It is bad enough to have to put the terrific strain on the heart in a race. Try to keep an even pace throughout. On the first day of the last week make a timp tnal over the entire course, whatever it be, and swim it just as you would a race. On the second day take only an easy stretch of at most 200 yards; on the third, another time trial; on the fourt^,, a Tew starts, with a couple of 25 yard sprints, and on the eve of the race absolute rest. In training for a sprint it will do no harm to go time trials twice a week throughout the period of training. And, of course, if two months of preparation can be indulged in, the system must be modified accordingly. For two months the doubling of the week's work will prove satisfactory, except that the distances may be lengthened more gradually. SPALDING'S ATHLETIC LIBRARY 59 All important item in indoor racing is the turn. Experts esti- mate that a good turner gains from one-fifth to four-fifths of a second on a bad one at each turn, so that in a mile race held in a sixty-foot tank the bad turner would be handicapped one min- ute and ten seconds, or in the neighborhood of one hundred yards. In learning the turn the first thing to tackle is the approach of the wall ; it must be timed so as to reach it with the turning arm stretched out in front. This is done by taking a couple of long strokes, or two or three short ones, as the wall is neared. When the hand touches the wall, which it does just above the waterline, the palm is laid down on it, the fingers pointing in the direction the body is going to circle, and p.irallel to the surface. The body is now swung around, helped by the under arm, which is stretched alongside, so that the soles of the feet come into contact with the wall, a few inches below the surface. Now the hands are brought rapidly to the hip, palms pointing in front, fingers down, and they give a backward stroke, which brings the body right against the wall, with the hips nearly touching it. Then the arms are put forv/ard, as in starting the trudgeon, the legs are straightened out suddenly with a snap, and the body is allowed to travel on the impetus of the push-off until it slows down, when the arms take a stroke. The legs do not move until the arms are recovering, when they fall into their proper action. It is a great mistake to try to kick before the arms have taken a full stroke. Many swimmers take advantage of the turn to get a deep breath; it is taken as on Page 50, just before the hands take the backward stroke to force the body in position for the push-off. The starting dive is also an important part of racing, specially in sprinting. A fast, shallow dive should be adopted- Performed OLYAIPIC GAMES AT STOCKHOLM, SWEDEN. 1912. Australasiau relay team; winners of Sno meters relay race; 1, Leslie Board- mln; 2 cloil Healy. and 3, H. H. Hardwick. Sydney, N.S.W.; 4, M. Cbam- yioD, New Zealand. SPALDING'S ATHLETIC LIBRARY. 61 slowly, this racing dive would be an over-balanci\iK^ of the body forward, with a mighty spring, aided by arms and legs, as it passes beyond its center of gravity. Stand with body bent for- ward, or with knees slightly bent. As the signal is given get on tiptoe and swing your arms back, much as in jumping; then swing them forward as the body falls over, bend well on your knees, lower your heels and spring out with head erect, arms extended over your head, palms down. These are the move- ments dissected, but of course in diving they are gone through so quickly as to make just one rapid spring. Try to strike the water with arms, body and legs in a straight line, ',t such an angle that you will only sink a few inches. To g, deep is to kill your speed. As the hands touch the water, av b the back a little, pointing the hands up, so as to get to the surface at once and then set the arms going, remembering vtiat, like in the turn, the legs must not be moved until the ar.us have taken a stroke and are recovering. ve Coming now to the hygienic details of tnjning, it may be pointed out that too much indulgence in the steam and hot rooms is as injurious a habit as it is prevalent. Three or four minutes of heat, preferably in the steam room, are quite suf- ficient to open the pores, and more is weakening. As for sitting in the steam room by the half hour, a thing training swimmers often do, it is the death of snap. Long stays in the water are also conducive to sluggishness, and standing around the pool wet is responsible for a long list of ills. This noted, make it a principle to limit yourself to at most five minutes of steam, then a swim, a good brisk rub as soon as you come out of the water, and if you want to stay in the natatorium after, a warm bath robe and slippers. OLTMnC GAMES AT STOCKHOLM, SWEDEN, 1912. George Hodgson, Montreal A.A.C.; winner of 400 meters and 1500 meters swims in world's record time. SPALDING'S ATHLETIC LIBRARY. 63 It is a wise move to stuff the ears with cotton on entering the water and to change this wet cotton for dry, on coming out. The dry absorbs all the moisture and prevents ear trouble, so prevalent among careless swimmers. During the winter the hair should be dried very thoroughly and the bociy allowed to cool off before leaving the natatorium building. To go into the freezing atmosphere outside, espe- cially with wet hair, from the torrid temperature of the bath is enough to give pneumonia to even the strongest. On the day of the race, don't make the mistake of changing all your habits, as so many athletes do, thinking it is the proper thing. We are such creatures of habit that the slightest change affects us. Try to follow the lines of your daily life ; if you take coffee and steak for breakfast don't change to milk and eggs, though, of course, if your race is at one and you usually eat a hearty meal at twelve, the case changes aspect. Use judgment, and eat very sparingly, unless you have three or four hours to digest in. But, above all, keep your mind busy and don't worry over the issue of the race. Worry saps up i.j^re energy than the hardest kind of physical work. HINTS ABOUT RACING. If I have been asked once, I have been asked a hundred times by ambitious youngsters whether it is best to sprint at the be- ginning, in the mddle, or at the' end of a race. The correct way of racing, in theory, is not to sprint at all, but to find the fastest gait one can hold over the distance to go, and to hold it. Unluckily, we are all such poor judges of pace that it is next to impossible for us to apportion our energy equally over the course so that it will just run out in the last few yards. We SPALDING'S ATHLETIC LIBRARY. 65 either kill ourselves by earl}'- sprinting or reserve energy for a sensational finish which would have been far better employed sooner. I consider good judgment in pacing the most valuable asset of the fast swimmer. It is undoubtedly the pace that kills, the pace above the individual's normal one for the distance, and a pun- ishing sprint, whether indulged in at the start or at any other part of a race, is harmful, and detrimental to the best results. Distributed evenly over the entire course the extra strength needed for that sprint would have made the final time better. Fast men are often seen to "lay back," sprint away from an opponent and then slow down, and do all sorts of jockeying. Put down anything you sec in this line to play to the galleries and in very bad taste. A man who feels certain of victory should be enough of a sportsman not to try to bring ridicule on his opponent, and the man who is not certain of victory will find it far more profitable to swim his own race without bothering about what his adversaries are doing and by holding a steady gait. To allow oneself to be drawn out by an early sprint, or to lay back, is always folly. It is rather a common habit to try to steal on the starter, and not a few take pride in being experts at it. It is bad policy even apart from the fact that one should not take unfair advan- tage of one's opponent. An impartial referee will disqualify any- one guilty of stealing and the swimmer may find it decidedly un- pleasant if hv 'oses a prize after having won a hard-fought race, just because he took an unfair advantage that he may not have needed. Another bad mistake is to enter into noisy arguments with an official, to challenge the decision of the judges and to use un- JOSEPH RUDDY. New York Athletic Club. SPALDING'S ATHLETIC LIBRARY. 67 parliamentary language. These things are offensive to every one present. Just place yourself in the position of the questioned official and try to think how you would like it if a shouting and gesticulating contestant threw the taunt of unfairness at you, or became profane to you. A quiet, gentlemanly remonstrance will always be listened to, and if fair, probably heeded. But a noisy or abusive one will even turn a wavering judge against the protestant. When your instincts urge you to a strenuous objection, remem- ber that it is the wise man who keeps on the right side of the officials. Nothing is ever gained by loud and boisterous tactica. THE DIVING TOWER USED IN 1906 CHAMPIONSHIPS, HELD AT ST. LOUIS. MO. (DR. SHELDON DIVING). SPALDING'S ATHLETIC LIBRARY. FLOATING AND DIVING Floating is a mere question of balance, so that to learn how one must find a position in which the dead weight of the body is distributed evenly, above and below the buoyant center, the lungs. The legs will be found to overbalance the head and shoulders and in most cases the feet sink. This can be ob- viated by throwing the head back and by extending the arms at full length above the head ; the additional leverage generally establishes the balance and brings the feet up. But if it should not prove sufficient the legs may be opened first, and if even this is not enough, brought up bent at the knees. Floating is greatly facilitated by breathing in such a manner that the lungs are kept partially full of air all the time. Try to allow the air to get as low as possible in the lungs, and then, by short breaths, keep it there. Deep breathing and long exhaling should be avoided. Women float more readily than men, and stout people better than slight ones, but even the slightest can learn. To learn, get into water where you have a footing and placing your arms over your head let yourself drop backwards very slowly, arching the spine, and throwing the head back. Don't breathe until you have settled, as the face generally sinks for a second as you fall and then comes above water again. If you don't float at once try bending the legs as told above. Floating is not only an enjoyable pastime, it is a most useful accomplishment. Should one tire on a long swim, or be wrecked SPALDING'S ATHLETIC LIBRARY. 71 where it is not possible to make land for hours, floating not only allows a complete rest, but one may keep on top indefinitely by it, even when exhausted, and in case of a cramp it is indispen- sable. PLUNGE FOR DISTANCE. Here, too, we find a question of balance, and it is really noth- ing but floating on one's face, the position being identical As in floating, it is very important to keep the lower portion of the lungs well filled with air, and as there is no breathing to be done it is not as hard. Good plungers are stout men, as a rule, with large shoulders and comparatively light legs ; but there are exceptions, and even slight men with good lung capacity will be able to hold out the sixty seconds allowed by rules, if their position is good. There are three points to be considered in plunging; the dive, the position of the body in the water, and the direction; the dive gives speed, the proper position enables one to retain it, and, of course, direction is essential in competition, when to touch the wall is to lose all the following distance. The dive to be taken in plunging is the shallow dive described as the racing dive. Before starting, the lungs must be cleaned out by two or three long, deep breaths, and then filled well. The dive must be made as speedy as possible and as soon as the body strikes the water all tension of the muscles should be relaxed and an effort should be made to get the air as low in the lungs as one can. In case a divergence from the true course is noticed, the plunger can straighten himself by moving the arms and head very slowly to the opposite side; the movement must be insen- sible, though, or it will check the progress almost instantane- ously. SPALDING'S ATHLETIC LIBRARY. 73 As nine- tenths of those who take up plunging for distance do so with the object of competing, it may be recommended to them to put on as much flesh as possible. The heavier the body the greater its force of inertia and the added pounds also add to one's buoyancy. DIVING. The shallow or racing dive, which has been described in con- nection with competitive swimming, is the most practical and useful of dives. In a race, in plunging, in playing water polo, it gives more speed than other dives and in swimming in unknown waters it is safe to use, as it keeps the body near the surfac2 where the chances of colliding with sunken rocks or obstructions are very slight. There are only tv^^o other dives which need bs mentioned, the plain front, and the plain back. Once these two are mastered perfectly the others will come readily, for they are merely these dives combined with some acrobatic feat. I will not attempt to touch on fancy diving at all, because it would take volumes to treat the intricate subject adequately. FRONT DIVE. In many respects this dive resembles the racing one, only it is slower in action and more deliberate, its beauty resting in the perfect form and composure of the diver. Stand erect with hands at your sides, and slowly allow the body to fall forward without moving the feet ; as it passes the balance point swing the arms back and bend the knees. Then swing the arms before yoU; above the head, spring out (not down, but right out parallel to the water) and, curving the body the least bit downward, enter the water almost at right angles, with every muscle set, a::c! the arms, head, 'lody and legs forming a straight line, even to the OLYMPIC GAMES AT STOCKHOLM, SWEDEN, 1912. Duke P. Kahanamoku, Honolulu, H. I.; winner of lOO meters swim and mem- ber of the American relay team which finished second; holder of world's record for 100 meters. SPALDING'S ATHLETIC LIBRARY. 75 toes which point backward. The angle at which the water is struck varies according to the height of the take-off; the higher the take-off the straighter the dive. In diving from a height, especially if the water is not very deep, it is prudent to arch the back as soon as one strikes, so as to bring the body to the surface. In competition, however, or when a particularly clean dive wants to be taken, it is best to make it very straight and to keep rigid without a move, until the feet are covered. In curving the back, the shins and feet are made to strike the water, causing a splash that spoils the effect of the dive. Particular attention should be paid to the lower leg, in diving, as it is almost a universal fault to bend it back as the shoulders hit the water. For the running high dive follow the same rules only, of course, instead of stopping at the take-off, take a good spring into the air, having care to spring out and up, as told above. BACK DIVE. In this dive the swimmer turns his back to the water and stands on the edge of the platform, or board, with the ball of his feet resting on it, but the heels in space. The arms are raised slowly above the head, the body curved backwards and allowed to fall over, then as it passes the balance point a good spring is taken and turning a graceful curve the body enters the water almost at right angles. OLYMPIC GAMES AT STOCKHOLM, SWEDEN, 1912. America's Swimming Team, which won second place in the One-Mile Relay Race. Left to right — Kenneth Huszagh, Duke Kahanamoku, Harry Hebner and Perry McGillivray. "" ' BPALDlNG'S ATHLETIC LIBRARY. 77 ORNAMENTAL SWIMMING This generic name includes every aquatic feat that can be per- formed. Be it easy or difficult, common or uncommon, it comes mider the heading of ornamental swimming. For the man who is at home in the water most of the tricks that can be performed are merely a matter of practice and no one should neglect to learn a dozen or so, and go through them co-ordinately, every now and then, so that if called upon at any time one can roll them off one after the other without interrup- tions or pauses. They make an interesting exhibiton, always ac- ceptable at a swimming meet, and are a constant source of en- joyment to one's less expert friends. I will confine myself to de- scribing a few of the best known and the pupil can easily pick up the others. THE ROLLING LOG. One of the easiest 'and most effective tricks is the rolling log, which anyone knowing how to float can learn in a few minutes. Take a floating position and locking the thumbs together exert the muscles of the side, without moving hands and legs, until you turn on your side, then apply the other set and complete the circle. At first do it very slowly, for the beauty of the trick lies in showing as little movement as possible. After a little practice you will be able to turn quite rapidh', as a log that i? being rolled, though the muscles hardly move. OLYAinC GAMES AT STOCKHOLM, SWEDEN, 1912. Arthur McAleenan, Jr., New York Athletic Club diver, at swimming stadium, Stocliholm; youngest member of the American team. SPALDING'S ATHLETIC LIBRARY. 79 SWIMMING LIKE A DOG. This style of swimming has no value, except for exhibition purposes. The body is held like in the breast stroke, but the action of both arms and legs is separately alternate. The hands go out in front, palms down, until on three-quarter reach, and then come down into the body describing a circle ; they move front and back only, and do not go out to the sides, as in the breast stroke. The legs are moved very much as in bicycling. Watch a dog swim and it will be an easy matter to imitate him. SOMERSAULTS. If performed cleanly and swiftly, somersaults always please the spectator and they need no study. For the front somersault stand upright, treading water, with arms out to the sides, at right angles to the bod}^, palms down. Bend head forward and taking a hard stroke force the body over, keeping it curved under water until it returns to the surface again. For the back somersault, assume the same position, then throw back the head, curve the spine, and bend the knees under you ; a quick backspring, aided by a good stroke of the hands, will cause the body to circle around as on an axle. The double somersault, performed by two swimmers together, is a very pretty trick. The men get side by side, one floating, the other as in swimming, the one's head at the other's feet. Then the one on his face submerges himself and placing his head between the floating man's ankles he takes hold of the latter's head in a similar way. They are thus back to back. They now proceed to turn back somersaults and one after the other the heads appear over the surface and then disappear as they go round. OLYMPIC GAME.S AT STOCKJiOJ.M. SWEDEN 1910 Perry McGillivray, Illinois A.C., Chioago; member of relav ^fPAm «-hi„K flnxsbed second: also winner of 100 yards championship o/Big^Sia. SPALDING'S ATHLETIC LIBRARY. 81 SCULLING. This method of propulsion should be practiced with care, for it is the keynote of several of the neatest feats of ornamental swimming. The body starts in the usual floating position, but with arms down at the sides. Sculling is a circular motion of the hands from the wrist, aided by a slight bending of the el- bow. Its action is quite rapid, but I will take the different moves apart, so that the beginner may know how to learn it. The arms are alongside, palms down, hands open, fingers to- gether and wrist straight ; then the wrist is bent a little, the hands are twisted up and away from the body, then snapped in- w^ard towards the feet, the elbow helping, describing a circular motion much resembling that, of one baling with the hand. SWIMMING BACKWARD. There are two ways of doing this, floating and swimming. In either case the arms are at full reach over the head, the position of the body being respectively the same as in floating and plunging. Then the hands begin to scull as told above and the body will be propelled feet foremost. The legs may either move in a slow crawl movement or keep still, THE TORPEDO. This is only a modification of floating backward. Having as- sumed a floating position, the legs are bent at the knees so that the lower legs come well to the surface, then the head is thrown back, the hands give an upward stroke that buries the head and shoulders, and in this position the hands (still above the head) begin to scull. From above, all that can be seen is the feet glid- SPALDING'S ATHLETIC LIBRARY. 83 ing through the water. As the body has a tendency to rise m this, it is well to give the sculling a slight upward slant; prac tice will tell just how much. THE SHIP. This is another sculling trick, and not so easy. Body is held as in floating, arms alongside. Keeping one leg in the usual po- sition, lift the other straight mto the air, so that it sticks out of the water at right angles to the body as a funnel on a steamer. By sculling with a downward slant you will keep afloat and pro- pel yourself in either direction. It is a real feat to do the schooner, lifting both legs up. THE TOP. Tread water, then bend up legs until the knees are against your chest. Place arms out at right angles and set yourself spin- ning by taking strong, fast, alternate strokes. The arms never leave the water, being carried back to starting point palm down, so that they ofifer no resistance to the water. MONTE CRISTO. This is the most sensational of tricks, and can be done by anyone used to underwater work. A large sack is provided; one in which a man fits comfortably. At its neck, where the fastening goes, a hole is made through which two thin pieces of cord are passed. When the swimmer gets into the sack he takes the two loose ends of the cord in his hand and some one closes the mouth, binding it around a couple of times before putting in the knots. After a momentary pause the sack is thrown over- OLYMPIC GAMES AT STOCKHOLM, SWEDEN, 1912. H. J. Hebner, Illinois Athletic Club, Chicago; winner of 100 meters, back second. strcike race and member of American team which finished SPALDING'S ATHLETIC LIBRARY. 85 board with a cry. On reaching the water the imprisoned man lets go of the two ends of the cord, which he has been holding, and the mouth of the sack can then be loosened with no trouble. The swimmer makes his exit and comes to the surface. If the water is at all muddy the trick can be made more thrilling by staying under water until want of air compels coming to the surface. There are a hundred other tricks which can be performed, all of them entertaining, but every book on swimming is full of them and it is an easy matter to work out a good program. The few given herein are merely the fundamental ones from which most of the others can be evolved. BOOKS FOR ATHLETES ^*U)1NG "RED COVER" SERIES - Ite. 17R InininiTal By J. E. Sullivan, American Commissioner to the Olympic Games, Stockholm, Sweden, 1912. The only book that contains all the records made in Sweden, with winners at previous Olympiads and best Olympic records; list of members of the American team ; how the team trained on the Finland, which was chartered especially to convey the athletes, and incidents of the trip; ceremonies at the opening, and other interesting accounts. Profusely illustrated with scenes at Olympic Games and pictures of prominent competitors. PRICE 25 CENTS. SPALDING ATHLETIC LIBRA '*' XII. No. 331 ISiilSl By J. E. Sullivan, Secretary- Treasurer Amateur Athetic Union and Member Board of Education of Greater New York. The. great interest in athletics developed in public schools led to the compilation of this book with a view to systematizing, events that form distinctive athletic fea- tures of school recreation. With its aid a teacher should be able to conduct meets. Directions given for becoming expert in various lines will appeal to the pupil. Chapters by leading athletes. Illustrated with photos taken in public school yards. PRICE lO CENTS. { NEW THINGS IN ATHLETICS If you want to know what is new and correct for 1914 in Track and Field Athletics, Base Ball, Tennis, Golf or any other pastime, send for a copy of the new Spalding Spring and Summer Sports Catalogue It contains pictures and prices of everything needed for ath- letic sport. Mailed free. PRBHPT ATTENTION 6r tbanycommunication; ADilBESSEDTOUS a A.G.SPALDING &.BROS. K« STORES IN ALL LARGE CITIES T OF STORES' NT COVER OF THIS BOOK Spalding Two Piece Bathing Suits All Styles Furnished in Sizes 28 to 46 Inches Chest Measure- ment. Change Pocket in Trunks of All Spalding Suits. No. 115. Sleeveless, extra quality fashioned worsted, with attractive striping, solid colors and mixtures, on skirt of shirt and bottoms of tights in following colors : Black trim- med Gray, Brown and White stripe; Black trimmed Dark Blue. 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Arm holes extra large and shirt faistens to trunks at side with invisible catches, Trunksof No. 3RSuit making a tight fitting, neat combination. White canvas belt, with adjustable buckle, forms part of trunks, no drawing tape to knot or break. Pocket for change, etc., inside of trunks. Furnished in No 'sR Suit regular length and extra long. Suit, $5.00 Spalding One-Piece Bathing Suits No. 743. Men's s'lzes, 32 to 44 inch chest ; fancy stripes ; button in front Suit, 75c -^ SS./O Doz. No. 52 IB. Boys' sizes, 24 to 32 inch chest; fancy stripes; button in front Suit, 50c. * S'^M Dos. No. 50, i, cotton. Solid Navy Blue. Button at houlders. . . Suit, 75c. -^ SS.-^C Dos. Official Association Water Polo Cap No. WPC. Used to distinguish swimmers in match races, the caps being made in a variety of colors. Also add interest to water polo games by enabling spectators to pick out easily the players on the opposing teams. $1.00 No. WPC Waterproof Canvas Bag No. 1. 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Plain white Each. 25c. No. 2. Variegated colors " 35c Water Polo Guide Th^ prices printed in italics opposite itcim No. 129. Directions for playing; official rules. 10c, rked with -k will be quoted only on orders for nne-half dozen or more. Quantity prices NOT allowed on items NOT marked with it PROMPT ATTENTION GIVEN TO .ANY COMMUNICATIONS AODBESSED TO US A. G.SPALDING & BROS, STORES IN AIL LARGE CITIES FOR COMPLETE LIST OF STORES SEE INSIDE FRONT COVEP. OF THIS BOO! ^ Pricei in effect January 5, 1914. Subject to change without notice. For Canadian prices lee special Canadian Catalogue. SrETHESPALDINGiJ TRADE ■MARKT^rf Nq. B6 The "Mike Murphy" Athletic Supporter Patent Applifd For. ^o. M. Invented by the famous athletic trainer, Michael C. Murphy, of the University of Pennsylvania. Elastic waistband and mesh front, with elastic sides. The latest and best thing in an athletic support. Furnished in three sizes: Small, to fit waist 22 to 28 inches; Medium, 30 to 38 inches; Large, 40 to 48 inches Each, 75c. Spalding Supporters >Jo. 2. Best Canton flannel, elastic pieces on side. Each, 50c. * $5.'W Doz. *Jo. 3. Like No. 2, but open mesh lower portion Each, 50c. -k S5.40 Doz. Mo. 1. Best Canton flannel. . " 25c. -^ 2.70 " Mo. X. Similar to No. I. . . " 20c. -^ P. 16 " Mo. A. Swimming Supporter. For water polo, bathing and swimming. Buttons at side Each. 50c. The "Spalding" Style Suspensories Mo. 70. Non-elastic bands, knitted sack. . Each, $ .25 Mo. 71. Elastic buttock bands, knitted sack. " .35 Mo, 72. Elastic bands, knitted sack. ... " .50 Mo; 73^, Elastic bands, silk sack " .75 Mo. 76. Silk bands, finest silk sack. ... " 1.25 "Old Point Comfort" Style Suspensory No. 2. Lisle thread sack Each, $ .75 No. 3. Fine silk sack, satin trimmings. . . " 1.00 No. 4. Silk bands, satin trimmings, finest silk sack," 1.25 Tht prices printed in italics opposite items marked with * Q\*9nlity prices NOT (illowed Spalding All Elastic Supporter (Black) No. DX. Made of good quality black covered elastic. Waist- band six inches wide. Small, medium and large. Ea., $1.25 Bike Jockey Strap Suspensory No. 5. For alhleles, base ball, fool ball, teniiis players, etc. All elastic; no buckles Three sizes: Small, to fit waist 22 (o 28 inches. Medium, 30 to 38 inches, Large, 40 to 48 inches. . . . Each. 75c. i^ S6.Cc> Doz. Elastic Supporter (Bike Style) No. O. Similiar to No. 5. but with mesh non-elastic front Each, 50c. Special Combination Suspensory (All Elastic) No. B6. Made of same material as in the regular Bike Suspensory, but with waistband eight inches wide, pro. viding additional support needed during rigid training and athletic contests. Sizes: Small, 22 to 28 inches; Medium, 30 to 38 inches; Large, 40 to 48 mches. Each, $1.50 Spalding Leather Abdomen Protector No. S. Heavy sole leather, well padded with quilted lining and non-elastic bands, with buckles at side and elastic at back. For boxing, hockey, foot ball, etc. No other supporter necessary with this style. , , Each, $3.00 Spalding Aluminum Abdomen Protector No. 3. Aluminum edges, well padded with rubber. Etas- tic cross bands and belt Each, $3.50 Spalding Wire Abdomen Protector No. 4. Heavy wire, well padded with wool skin and chamois. Leather belt, straps for f^tening. Used with any of our regular supporters oL^uspensories. Elach, $2.00 will be quoted only on orders for one-half dozen or mart, on items NOT marked with it PROMPT AHENTIONeiVEN TO] -^ANY COMMUNICATIONS^ ^ ADDHtSSEOTOUS ^' A.G.SPALDING & BROS, STORES IN ALL LARGE CITIES FOR COMPLETE UST Of $TOSS 'SEE INSIDE FRONT G8VEB I *> OF THIS BOO! , rricu ia affAcl JMMMry (. 1914. Sul^vct to ciMuuifi without iMtic*. F«r CmwUwi pri««* m« wc uJ C»n»Hmii 9ktiao««*i' tmmii\Mm\M iing i-^miai^ipio UNSHIP naHiiBers WITH BALL BEARING SWIVEL-Patented M«y IS. 1900 Used by the World's Record Holder, Matt McGrath. The Spalding Championship Hammer has been used exclusively by all the leading hammer throwers, including the record holders, for years past. The benefit* of the baM bearing construction will be quickly appreciated by all hammer throwers. Special quality steel wire handle, with double triangle handpieces. Guaranteed absolutely correct in weight. Lead ball. No.l2F. 12-lb., without sole leathercase. Ea..$4.50 N0.I6F. 1 6-lb., without sole leather case. Ea.,$5.00 No. L. Leather case, to hold either 12 or 16 lb. hammer. Each, $2,00 EXTRA WIRE HANDLES No. MG. For championship hammers. Same as used by Matt McGrath Each, $2.00 Spalding Regulation Hammer, with Wire Handle iRON-Cuaranteed Correct in Weight No. 12rH. 1 2.tb., iron, practice. . Each, $3.50 N®, 161H. 16-lb., iron, regulation. Each. $3.75 EXTRA WIRE HANDLES-For Regulation Hammers No. FH. Improved design, large grip, heavy wire. Each. 75c. Spalding Rubber Covered Indoor Shot Patented December 19, 1905 Made on- scientific principles; perfectly round, gives a fine grip, and has the proper resiliency v#hen it comes in contact with floor , will wear longer than the ordinary leather covered; no possibility that t4ie lead dust will sifl out; always full weight. No. P. I6.1b. Each. $12.00 I No. Q. 12.1b. Each, $10.00 ' Spalding Indoor Shot With improved leather coyer Ourspecial method of construction prevents loss of weight, even when used constantly. No. 3. 12.1b. . . Each, $6.50 No. 4. I6.lb " 7.50 Regulation Shot— Lead and Iron Guaranteed Correct m Weight No. 16LS.1 6-lb, lead $3.50 No 12IS. 12-lb. iron $1.50 No. 12LS. 12-lb. lead. 3.00 No 24LS. 24.1b . lead 6 00 No. 16IS. 16.1b.. iron 1.75 No 2415. 24.1b . iron. 5.00 Spalding Regulation 56-lb. Weight Used and endorsed by all weight throwers. Packed in box and guar- anteed correct in weight and in exact accordsmce with rules of A. A U. No 2 Lead56.1b weight. Complete . $12.00 Hammer Throw Cage To protect judges and spectators from any accident thai might be liable to occur in the throwing of the hammer. One. third of circumference of cage is left open in direction in which hammer is thrown. Cage is made of ^.inch crimped wire. in sections .8 feet long by 7 feet high, supported by heavy iron posts set four feet into the ground in concrete bases. Complete (shipping weight 1000 lbs.), packed for shipment fob. Boston . . .... Each, $200.00 Sptalding Juvenile Athletic Shot and Hammers Made according to official regulations. Weights guaranteed accurate; records made with these implements will be recognized. JUVENILE HAMMER— No. 8IH. S-lb.. Iron Juvenile Hammer. Each. $2.50 JUVENILE SHOT No. 26. 8-lb.. Leather Covered Shot, for indoor, schoolyard and playground use .... Elach. $5.00 No. 5. 5.1b.. Leather Covered Shot, for indoor, schoolyard and playground use. " 4.00 N9.8IS. 6.1b., Solid Iron Shot, not covered. Each, $1.25 | No. SIS. S-lb., Solid Iron Shot, not covered. " l.QO I PROMPT ATTENTION GIVEN TO m COMMUNICATIONS AOOBESSEDTOnS ^j A.G.SPALDING &. BROS. STORES IN ALL LARGE CITIES FOR CDNPIETE LIST OF STORES EE INSIDE FRONT COVER OF THIS BOOK jPhG«t in eff««t JiutuiMT & 1914, i Subject to chance without Botice. For C a nB<f proper balance. Steel shod. Competitors' Numbers For large Strong Linen Manila. Un Set Set .25 $1.50 .38 2.25 .50 3.00 .75 4.50 1.00 6.00 1.25 7.50 No. 7. I to 300. . No. 8. 1 to 400. . No. 9. I to 500. . No. 10. 1 to 600. . No. U 1 to 700. . No. 12. 1 to 800, . No. 13. 1 to 900. . No. 14. 1 to 1000. No. 15. I to 1100. . supply Competitors' Nui only, in sets as follow Set.$1.50 No. 16. • 2.00 " 2.50 '• 3.00 •• 3.50 '• 4.00 '• 4.50 " 5.00 •• 5.50 Each, $5.00 mbers, on Manila paper No. 17. No. 18. No. 19. No. 20. No. 21. No. 22. No. 23. No. 24. I to 1200. I to 1300. I to 1400. I to 1500. I to 1600. 1 to 1 700. 1 to 1800. I to 1900. I to 2000. Set. $6.00 •• 6.50 " 7.00 " 7.50 " 8.00 *• 8.50 " 9.00 " 9.50 • 10.00 PROMPT AnENTION GIVEN Te .ANY COMMUNICATIONS ADDBESSED TO US A. G.SPALDING & BROS, STORES IN ALL LARGE CITIES FOR COMPUTE LIST OF STORES SEE INSIDE FRONT COVEll. OFTHISBOOI ' Eri«*» in cffecUanuory 5, 1914. Subject to change without notice., for Canadiuj : (secial Canadian C«talegiMk SPAILBHHG OLYMPnC chamfhohsh: SMOES All of these shoes are hand made. Finest kangaroo leather uppers and best white oak leather soles. They are the same style shoes that we supplied to the American athletes who were so success- ful at the last Olympic Games, and they are worn in competition by all promi> nent athletes in this country. Spalding "Monitor" Sprint Running Shoes Patent applied for. No. 3-0. Lightest run- ning shoe made. Hand made spikes. Especial- ly for 100 and 220 yards races. Strictly bench made through- out. . . Pair, $6.00 Spalding "Olympic Championship" Short Distance Running Shoes No.2-0. Extremely light and glove fitting. Hand made steel spikes firm- ly riveted on. Worn by all champions for short distances, especially 440 and 880 yards and 1 mile races. Pr., $6.00 The uppers and soles of all Running and Jumping Shoes should be kept soft and pliable by using SPALDING "DRI-FOOT" PREPARATION. It prevents deteriora- tion of the leather due to perspiration. Can, 15 cents. PROMPT AHENTION GIVEN TO I ANY COMMUNICATIONS A ADDRESSED TO us A.G.SPALDING &. BROS, STORES IN ALL LARGE CITIES FOR COMPLETE LIST Of STORES SEE INSIDE FRONT COVER . OF THIS BOOK ^ Prioea ia effect January 5, 1914. Subject to change without notice. For C a nad ia n prices tee •pectal Canadian Catalogue. )htlJitfAMrl!IMi^] SFAILDHM' [AMFEOMSH] SHOES All of these shoes are hand made. Finest kangaroo leather uppers and best white oak leather soles. They are the same style shoes that we supplied to the American athletes who were so success- ful at the last Olympic Games, and they are worn in competition by ail promi- nent athletes in this country. Spalding "Olympic Championship' ' Long Distance Running Shoes No. 14C. For long distance races on ath- lethic tracks. Low, broad heels, flexible shanks. Hand made steel spikes in soles. No spikes in heels. Pair, $5.00 Spalding "Olympic Championship'' Jumping Shoes No. 14H. Specially stiffened soles. Hand made steel spikes placed as suggested by champion jumpers. Also correct shoes for shot putting, weight and hammer throw- ing. . . Pair, $6.00 The upper's- and soles of all Running and Jumping Shoes should be kept soft and pliable by using SPALDING "DRI-FOOT" PREPARATION. It prevents deteriora- tion of the leather due to perspiration. Can, 15 cents. PROMPT AnENTION GIVEN TO I ANY COMMUNICATIONS ADDRESSEO TO US A. G.SPALDING & BROS, STORES IN ALL LARGE CITIES FOR COMPLETE LIST OF STORES SEE INSIDE FRONT COVER OF THIS BOOl Price* in effect January 5, 1914. Subject to change without notice. For Canadian prices tee (pecial Ca n adia n Catalogue. ^SbSeTHE SPALDING(ti)JTRADE-MARKT»T;/v^^ Burand-Steel] Lockers^ Wooden lockers are objectionatol^i because they attract vermin, absorb odors,! can be easily broken into, and are dangerous on account of fire. Lockers made from wire mesh 6t\ expanded metal afford little secur* Ity, as they can be easily entered with wire cut* ters. Clothes placed in them become coverecJ with dust, and the lockers themselves present t poor appearance, resembling animal cage* Dorand-Steel Lockers are made of finest grade furniture steel and are finished with gloss black, furnace-baked japan (400°), comparable M that used on hospital ware, which will never flake off nor require rebanishing, as do paints and enamels. 8omd Public 6i thb d.OOO Ourand.StOel LeoiterO Installed In Af Gymnasiums of Chicago. t2*x IS'a 42*, DoubV* TIsr. Durand- Steel Lockers are usually buiu with doors perforated full length in panel design with sides and backs solid. This prevents clothes in one locker from coming in contact with wet garments in adjoining lockers, while plenty of venti lation is secured by having the door perf( rated its entire length, but, if the purchaser prefers, we perforate the backs also. , ^ The cost of Dnrand-Steel Lockers is no more than that of first-class wooden lockers, and they last as long as the building, are sanitary, secure, an**-^ in addition, are fire-proof. j. ^ The following Standard Sizes as0 those most commonly used: DOUBLE TIER I2x 12 xse Inch IS X 19 xSe Inch I2x 12x42 Inch 13 X 19x42 Inch SINGLE TIER I2x l2xeO Inch I9x IBx60 inch 12 X 12x72 Inch IBx 15x72 Inch Specl\l Sizes made to order, We are handling lockers as a special con- tract business, and shipment will in every case be made direct from the factory in Chicago. If you will let us know the num- ber of lockers, size and arrangement, w« Bhall be glad to take up, through aorrs* •pondeiKuSr tb« ijaAttflP ®f i^simk PROMPT ATTENTION 6IVEN TO ANY COMMUNICATIONS. i ADDRESSED TO US A. G.SPALDING & BROS. STORES IN ALL LARGE CITIES FOR COMPUTE LIST OF STORES SEE INSIDE FRONT COVER OF THIS BflOl I ID effect January 5. 1914. Subject to change without notice. For Canadian price* tee tpecial Canadian Catalogue. :^i^^^ M^ I KMUt IV1MK^ nufli iTY Spalding New Athletic Goods Catalogue The following selection of items from Spalding's latest Catalogue will give an idea of the great variety of ATHLETIC GOODS manufactured by A. G. SPALDING & BROS. /.• .v SEND FOR A FREE COPY. SEE LIST OF SPALDING STORE ADDRESSES ON INSIDE FRONT COVER OF THIS BOOK Athleric Library Attachm'ts, Chest Wcighj Caddy Badge* Caps — Base Ball University Water Polo Center Forks. Iron £«"'«' Straps. CanY« Chest Weights- Circle, Seven-Foot Clock Golf Corks, Running Covers, Racket Cricket Goods Croquet Goods Pross Bars . Bags- Bat Bathing Suil Caddy Cricket Striking Tennis Uniform Basket Cricket Field Hockey Golf Hand Indoor Medicine Playground Squash Tennis Volley Water Polo Ball Cleaner, Golf Bandages, Elastic Bar Bells Bars, Horizontal Bases- Base Ball Indoor Bathing Suits Bats- Base Ball Cricket Indoor Batting Cage, Base Ball Belts- Leather and Wonted Bladders- Basket Ball Striking Bag Blades. Fencing Discs- Marking, Golf Discus, Olympic Discs, Striking Bag Dumb Bells Emblems Embroidery Equestrian Polo Felt Letters Fencing Sticks Field Hockey Finger Protection Flags- College Marking Golf Foils, Fencing Glasses, Base Ball Sun Gloves- Base Ball Boxing Cricket Fencing Golf Hand Ball Glove Softener Goals- Basket Ball Golf Clubs Golf Counters Golfette Grips- Athletic Golf Gut Preservative, Tennis; Guy Ropes and Pegs Gym"m Suits. Women's Hammers, Athletic. Handle Cover, Rubber Hangers for Indian Clubs Hats. University Health Pull Hob Nails Hole Cutter, Golf Hole Rim. Golf Hurdles, Safety Hurley Goods Indian Clubs Inflaters — Striking Bag Knee Protectors Lacrosse Lanes for Sprints Lavtrn Bowls Leg Guards- Base Ball Cricket , Field Hockey Leotards ^Letters— Embroidered Felt Liniment Lav»rn Tennis Protectors- Abdomen Base Ball Body Indoor Base Ball Thumb Pulleys and Axle, Tennis Push Ball Pushers, Chamois Puttees, Golf Jackets, Fencing Mallets- Cricket Croquet Equestrian Polo Roque Markers, Tennis Masks- Base Ball Fencing Mattresses Megaphones Mitts- Base Ball Hand Ball Striking Bag Monograms Mufflers. Knitted Nets- Cricket Golf Driving vXyBall Numbers, Competitors Pads- Chamois. Fencing Sliding. Base Ball Wrestling Paint. Golf Pants- Base Ball Bathing, Knee Boys' Knee Running Pennants. College Pistol, Starters' Plastrons. Fencing Plates- Base Ball Shoe Home Marking, Tennis Pitchers Box Pitchers Toe Teeing, Golf Platforms. Striking Bag Poles, Vaulting Polo, Equestrian Polo. Roller, Goods Racket Covers Racket Presses Rackets, Lavm Tennis Rackets Restrung Racks Golf Ball Rapiers Reels for Tennis Poets Referees' Whistle Rings- Exercising Swinging Roque Rowing Machines Sacks, for Sack Racing Sandow Dumb Bells Score Books- Base Ball Basket Ball Cricket Golf Tennis Score Tablets, Base Ball Shirts- Athletic Base Ball Shoes — Base Ball Basket Ball Bowling Shoes- Clog Cricket Cross Country Fencing Golf Gymnasium Jumping Outing Running Squash wXng Shot- Athletic Indoor Skate Rollers Skates, Roller Slippers. Bathing Squash Goc/ds Standards- Vaulting Volley Ball Straps- Base Ball For Three-Legged R«9 Spikes, Cricket Steel Cable. Tennis Nel Sticks, Polo Stockings . Stop Boards Striking Bags Stumps and Bails Suits — Gymna'm, Women • Swimming Supporters— Ankle , Wrist Suspensories Sweat Band Sweaters Swivels. Striking Ba* Swords- Duelling Fencing Take-Off Board Tape — Adhesive Cricket, Measunnt Marking, Tennis Measuring Steel Tees, Golf Tether Tennis Tights- Athletic Full Full, Wreeding Toe Boards Trapeze Trousers, 'V.M.CA, Trunks- Bathing Velvet Worsted Umpire Indicator Unitorms, Base Ball Wands, Calisthenio Watches, Stop Water Wings Weights, 56-lb. Whistles. Referee* Wrestling Equipmeql Wrist Machines PIOMPT ATTENTION 6IVEN TO ANY COMMUNICATIONS. ADDJtESSEDTOUS A. G.SPALDING & BROS. STORES IN ALL LARGE CITIES FOR COMPUTE LIST OF STORES .SEE INSIDE FRONT COVEB ^ OF THIS BOOK .Price, in effect January 5, 1914. Subject to change withgut notice. For Canadian price, see special C.n«lian Catal^Tir' standard Policy A Standard Qyality must be inseparably linked to a Standard Policy, Without a definite and Standard Mercantile Policy, it is impossible for a Manufacturer to long maintain a Standard Qyality. To market his goods through the jobber, a manufacturer must provide a profit for the jobber as well as for the retail dealer. To meet these conditions of Dual Profits, the manufacturer is obliged to set a proportionately high list price on his goods to the consumer. To enable the glib salesman, when booking his orders, to figure out attractive profits to both the jobber and retailer, these high list prices are absolutely essential; but their real purpose will have been served when the manufacturer has secured his order from the jobber, and the jobber has secured his order from the retailer. However, these deceptive high list prices are not fair to the consumer, who does not, and, in reality, is not ever expected to pay these fancy list prices. When the season opens for the sale of such goods, with their misleading but alluring high list prices, the retailer begins to realize his responsibilities, and grapples with the situation as best he can, by offering "special discounts," which vary with local trade conditions. Under this system of merchandising, the profits to both the manufacturer and the jobber are assured; but as there is no stability maintained in the prices to the consumer, the keen competition amongst the local dealers invariably leads to a demoralized cutting of prices by which the profits of the retailer are practically eliminated. This demoralization always reacts on the manufacturer. The jobber insists on lower, and still lower, prices. The manufacturer, in his turn, meets this demaneifor the lowering of prices by the only way open to him, viz.; the cheap- ening and degrading of the quality of his product. The foregoing conditions became so intolerable that 15 years ago, in 1899, A. G. Spalding & Bros, determined to rectify this demoralization in the Athletic Goods Trade, and inaugurated what has since become known as " The Spalding Policy." _^ The " Spalding Policy " eliminates the jobber entirely, so far as Spalding Goods are concerned, and the retail dealer secures the supply of Spalding Athletic Goods direct from the manufacturer by which the retail dealer is assured a fair, legitimate and certain profit on all Spalding Athletic Goods, and the consumer is assured a Standard Quality and is protected from imposition. The "Spalding Policy" is decidedly for the interest and protection of the users of Athletic Goods, and acts in two ways : First. —The user is assured of genuine Official Standard Athletic Goods. Second. — As manufacturers, we can proceed with confidence in purchasing at the proper time, the very best raw materials required in the manufacture of our various goods, well ahead of their respective seasons, and this enables us to provide the necessary quantity and absolutely maintain the Spalding Standard of Qyality. All retail dealers handling Spalding Athletic Goods are requested to supply consumers at our regular printed catalogue prices— neither more nor less-the same prices that similar goods are sold for in our New York, Chicago and other stores. All Spalding dealers, as well as users of Spalding Athletic Goods, are treated exactly alike, and no special rebate's or discriminations are allowed to anyone. This briefly, is the "Spalding Policy." which has already been in successful operation for the past 1 5 years, and will be indefinitely continued. In other words, "The Spalding Policy" is a "square deal" for everybody. A. G. SPALDING & BROS. By (2Ai<:^f^^^-^^^^^*^' PRESIDENT. V—^ An article that is universsJly given thie appellation "Standard" is thereby conceded to be the criterion, to which are compared all other things of a similar nature. For instcince, the Gold Dollar of the United States is the Standard unit of currency, because it must legally contain a specific proportion of pure gold, and the fact of its being Genuine is guaranteed by the Government Stamp thereon. As a protection to the users of this currency against counterfeiting and other tricks, considerable money is expended in maintaining a Secret Service Bureau of Elxperts. Under the law, citizen manufacturers must depend to a great extent tipon Trade-Marks and similar devices to protect themselves against counterfeit products — without the aid of "Government Detectives'* or "Public Opinion" to assist them. - Consequently the "Consumer's Protection" against misrepresentation and " inferior quality " rests entirely upon the integrity and responsibility of the " Manufacturer." A. G. Spalding & Bros, have, by their rigorous attention to "Qyality," for thirty-eight years, caused their Trade-Mark to become known throughout the world as a Guarantee of Quality as dependable in their field as the U. S. Currency is in its field. The necessity of. upholding the Guarantee of the Spalding Trade-Meu-k and maintaining the Standard Qyality of their Athletic Goods, is, therefore, as obvi- ous as is the necessity of the Government in maintaining a Standard Currency. Thus each consumer is not only insuring himself but also protecting other consumers when he assists a Reliable Manufacturer in upholding his Trade- Maurk and all that it stands for. Therefore, we urge all users of our Athletic Goods to assist us in maintaining the SpeJding Standard of Elxcellence, by insisting that our Trade-Mark be plainly stamped on all athletic goods which they buy, because without this precaution our best efforts towards maintaining Standard Quality.and preventing fraudulent substitution will be ineffectual. Manufacturers of Standard Articles invariably suffer the reputation of being high-priced, and this sentiment is fostered and emphasized by mak^s of " inferior goods," with whom low prices are the main consideration. A manufacturer of recognized Standard Goods, with a reputation to uphold and a guarcintee to protect must necessarily have higher prices than a manufac- turer of cheap goods, whose idea of and basis of a claim for Standard Quality depends principally upon the eloquence of the salesman. We know from experience "hat there is no quicksand more unstable than poverty in quality — iind we avoid this quicksand by Standard Quality. ■kJfPh<^.^&' ^PALD A separate book covers every Athletic Sport and is Official and Standard Price 10 cents each GRAND PRIZE wmm. PARIS, 1900 ST. LOUIS. 1904- O Jr JnL J-/ J-l 1 IN VJ PARIS 1900 ATHLETIC GOODS ARE THE STANDARD OF THE WORLD A.G. Spalding ® Bros. MAINTAIN WHOLESALE and RETAIL STORES in the FOLLOWING CITIES NEW YORK CHICAGO ST. LOUIS BOSTON MILWAUKEE KANSAS CITY PHILADELPHIA DETROIT ^ SAN FRANCISCO NEWARK CINCINNATI LOS ANGELES ALBANY CLEVELAND SEATTLE BUFFALO COLUMBUS SALT LAKE CITY SYRACUSE -INDIANAPOLIS PORTLAND ROCHESTER PITTSBU BALTIMORE WASHINGTON ATLAN LONDON. ENGLAND LOUI: LIVERPOOL. ENGLAND NEW O BIRMINGHAM. ENGLAND ^O^ MANCHESTER. ENGLAND EDINBURGH. SCOTLAND GLASGOW, SCOTLAND SY Factories oivned and operated by A.CSpaldiny & Bros Trade -Afcrked Athletic Goods are mode are located PITTSBURGH MINNEAPOLIS ATLANTA ST. PAUL LOUISVILLE DENVER NEW ORLEANS DALLAS MONTREAL. CANADA TORONTO. CANADA > PARIS. FRANCE > SYDNEY. AUSTRALIA CHICAGO BROOKI.YN FRANCISCO CHICOPEE. PHIIJI.D1EI.PHIA IiONDON,