TO mu Vicinilv. "^3. / LUi^uX^lAy^ DoA^'i'UJUui, aJbtu^c^JCm •ROOSE'S Co mpanion a nd Quicl /^ X^ASHINGTON fi M $\ f^ !H O 4e \^\\ AND /*-y Jarefully rexwsed and correc o .' ^^-^ Gibson Brothers, Printers. 1885. I3:EA.X)Q,TJ^^I2/TEILS OIF H^oosc's @xtitl« to ^StasTxlugtou. \A^. S. RoosE, WHOLESALE DEALER IN /=>^ No. 1233 ^ Corner 15th and F Sts. RETAIL CIGAR AND NEWS-STANDS 1N- Arlimgt»a,j M^trapolitan, National, am€ HaEEis ]Hat©lse and S*tci@ktam H^iaiel aad ©angE©§^ Mall, • , • CAPE MAY, N. J. Entered according to act of Congress, in the year 1881, by W. S. RoosE and John Gibson, in the office of the Lib/arian of Congress, at Washington, D. C. By transfei OCT 22 J915 CONTEI^TS. Page. History of the District of Colum- bia 11-17 Plan of the City -. 19 Population from 1810, in decades, to 1880 20 The Capitol : Situation 21 Fronts of Capitol 21, 23 Grounds 22 Fish Pond.. 23 Navy Monument 23 Greenough's Washington 25 Central East Portico 25 Statue of the Discovery 26 Statue of Civilization 29 Tympanum of the Portico 29 Statue of War 29 Statue of Peace 29 Rogers' Bronze Door 32-34 The Rotunda 34-47 Landing of Columbus 34 Discovery of the Mississippi. 35 Baptism of Pocahontas 35 Embarcation of the Pilgrims. 36 Declaration of Independence. 37 The Surrender of Burgoyne... 37 Surrender of Cornwallis 38, 39 Resignation of Washington.... 40 Relievos in the Rotunda 40, 41 Ornamentation of the Belt of the Dome 41-44 Brumidi's Picture 43 The Whispering Gallery 44 Statue of Freedom 47 Old Hall of Representatives.. 47 Houdon's Statue of Washing- ton 48 Bust of Koskiusco 48 Page. The Capitol — Contmued. Miss Ream's Statue of Lin- coln 48 Mrs. Ames' Bust of Lincoln.. 49 Bust of Crawford 49 Statue of Alex. Hamilton 49 Bronze Statue of Jefferson 49 Portraits in Old Hall 49, 50 Mcsaic of Lincoln 49 Joshua R. Giddings 50 Charles Carroll of Carrollton. 50 Gunning Bradford 50 Portrait of Jefferson 50 Portrait of Benjamin West (by himself' 50 Gen. Washington, by Stuart.. 50 Statuary furnished by the States 50-52 Gen. Greene 50 Roger Williams 50' Jonathan Trumbull 50 Roger Sherman 51 George Clinton 51 R. R. Livingston 51 Gov. Winthrop 51 Samuel Adams 51 Ethan Allen .sv Gov. Wm. King 52 Statue of Col. Baker, ordered by Congress 53 Acoustic Wonders 53 Centennial Safe 53 Electric Light 54 Changes in South Extension of Capitol in 1879 54 New Hall Representatives. ..55-57 Vanderlyn's Washington 55 Lafayette, by Ary Scheffer... 55 K-'i ^:'^ Page. The Capitol — Continued. B r u m i d i ' s Washington at Yorktown 55 Bierstadt's Landing of Hud- son and Discovery of Cali- fornia 55 Staircases 56 Western Emigration 56 Carpenter's Painting of Proc- lamation of Emancipation.. 56 Chippewa Indian Chief. 56 Thomas Jefferson, by Powers 56 Attic story. House Library... 56 Ground Floor 56 Room of the Committee of Agriculture 57 Heating and Ventilating Ap- paratus of the House 57 The Crypt 57 The Tomb of Washington.... 57 Court of Claims 57 Library of Congress 57 Law Library 58 Supreme Court-Room 58 Portrait Chief-Justice Mar- shall 59 Portrait Chief-Justice Jay 59 Portrait Taney 59 Senate Chamber 59 President's Room 59 Marble Room 60 Vice-President's Room 60 Ladies' Reception-room 60 Sergeant-at- Arms Room 60 Senate Post-Office 60 Crawford Bronze Door 61 Senate Extension Portico 61 Statuary over Portico of Sen- ate Extension 61 Room of the Official Report- ers of the Senate 62 Statue of Franklin 62 Powell's Victory of Lake Erie 62 Canon Yellowstone 62 Canon Colorado 62 II Penserosa 62 Gen. Scott on horseback 62 Henry Clay 63 Illuminatingloft of the Senate 63 Storming of Chapultepec 63 Page. The Capitol — Continued. Statue of Hancock, by Stone. 63 Ground Floor of the Senate Extension 64 Room of Committee on Naval Affairs 64 Room of Committee on Mili- tary Affairs 64 Heating and Ventilating Ap- paratus of the Senate 64 The Capitol Police 64 Guides 65 History of the Building of the Capitol 65, 66 The Botanical Garden 66 The Conservatories 66 The Bartholdi Fountain 67 Reservations 67-70 1. The President's Grounds 67 2. The Capitol Grounds 67 3. The Park or Monument, Government Nurseries 67 Bui 'ding for Bureau of Engraving and Printing 67 4. University Square 68 5. Arsenal Grounds 68 6. West Market st. Square.. 68 7. Centre Market st. Square 68 8. National Church Square.. 68 9. Judiciary Square 68 10, II, 12. Reservations sold 68 13. Hospital Square 68 14. Navy Yard 70 15. 16. Eastern Market Sqrs. 70 17. Townhouse Square 70 Squaies, etc 70-74 Lying tuest of the Capitol. McPherson Square 70 Farragut Square 70 Scott Place 71 Statue (equestrian) of Scott... 71 Franklin Square 71 Rawlins Square and Statue... 71 Mount Vernon Place 71 Fourteenth-st. Circle 71 Iowa Circle 71 Washington Circle 73 Equestrian Statue of Wash- ington 73 P-Street Circle 73 Page. Squares, etc. — Continued. Lying east of the Capitol. Stanton Place 73 Equestrian Statue of Gen. Greene 73 Lincoln Square 74 Group of Emancipation 74 The Avenues 74-77 Table showing course and width of avenues 77 Time of opening and closing Public Buildings .77, 78 President's House 80, 82 Exterior 80 First Floor 80 Vestibule 80 East-Room 80 Portrait of Lady Washington 80 Green-Room 80 Blue-Room 80 Red-Room State Dining-Room Private Dining-Room.... Second Floor Cabinet-Room Basement, etc History- Stables and Conservatory 82 Lafayette Square 82 Mills' Statue of Jackson 82 State Department 82,83 Exterior 82 Reception-room Ante-room for Diplomatic Corps Sec. of State's Room 85 Assist. See's Room. 85 Chief Clerk's " 85 Portraits of Secretaries of State 85 Portrait of Bey of Tunis 85 Original Dec. of Independ- ence 85 Library 85 Treasury Department 85, 86 Exterior 85 Cash Room 85 Vaults .-r 86 Photograph Office 86 Coast Survey 86 History 86 82 82 War Department 87 Exterior 87 Secretary's Office 87 General of the Army 87 Signal Office 87 Flag Room 87 Quartermaster Gen.'s Office 87 Surgeon-General's Office 87 Army Medical Museum, once Ford's Theatre 87 Winder's Building 90 Chief Engineer of the Army... 90 Battle Record-Room 90 File-Room 90 Judge-Advocate-Gen's Office 90 Ordnance Office 90 Second Auditor of the Treas... 90 The Arsenal 90 Soldiers' Home 90 Establishment 90 Main Building 91 New Hospital 91 Scott's Pedest^fian Statue 91 National Military Cemetery... 91 Navy Department 93, 95 Secretary's Office 93 Hj'drographic Office 93 Admiral's " 93 Nautical Almanac Office 93 Divisions into Bureaus 93 National Observatory 93 The "Great Equatorial " 94 Naval Hospital 94 Navy Yard 94 The Museum 94 Vessels built 94 Marine Barrack.s 95 Marine Corps 95 Post-Office Department 95 Exterior 95 Postmaster-General's Office... 95 Dead-Letter Office 97 City Post-Office 97 History 97 Department of the Interior 98 Patent Office 98 Exterior 98 History 98 Fire of 1877 98 Interior q8 VI Page. Dept. of the Interior — Contitiued. Models 98 Washington Relics 98 Office Secy, of the Interior... 98 Bureau of Education 101 Survey of Territories loi Pension Bureau loi Branch of Pension Bureau loi Government Hospital for the Insane loi Columbia Institution for the Deaf and Dumb 102 Columbia Hospital for Women and Lying-in Asylum 102 Department of Justice 102 History 102 Gallery of Portraits of U. S. Attorneys-General 102 City-Hall 105 History 105 Statue of Lincoln, by Flan- nery 105 Police Court..*. 105 Police Headquarters 105 Reform School 105 Department of Agriculture 105 Exterior 105 Plant-Houses 108 History 108 Agricultural Museum 108 Government Printing Office 108 Washington Asylum 108 District Jail 109 Congressional Cemetery 109 Smithsonian Institution 109 Exterior 109 Grounds 109 Downing Vase 1C9 Smithson History 109, 110 National Museum no " Annex-Building " no Work of Institution no Library Removed no Washington Monument m, 113 Lapidarium 113 Action of Congress in Centen- nial Year 113 Corcoran Gallery of Art 113 Exterior 113 History 113 Page. Masonic Temple 114 Odd-Fellows' Hall n4 Providence Hospital 114 Armory 114 History 115 Gonzaga College 115 Columbian University 115 History 115 National Medical College 115 Law Department 115 Howard University 116 Freedman's Asylum 116 Wayland Seminary 116 Benevolent Institutions 116-119 National Soldiers' and Sail- ors' Orphans' Home ii6 Louise Home 116 Washington City Orphan Asy- lum 116 Children's Hospital 116 St. John's Hospital for Child- ren 116 St. Ann's Infant Asylum 116 St. Joseph's Male Orphan Asylum 116 St. Vincent's Female Orphan Asylum 116 St. Rose's Orphan Home 116 Visitation Academy 119 Academy of the Holj' Cross... 119 The Epiphany Church Home 119 The Home for the Aged 119 Women's Christian Associa- tion 119 Hotels 119 Places of Amusement 120 Principal Markets 120 Railroads 120 Horse-Car Routes 122 Churches 123-129 Baptist 123 Christadelphian Synagogue... 124 Christian 124 Congregational 124 Episcopal 124 Friends' Meeting-Houses 125 German Reformed Church.... 125 Hebrew Synagogues 125 Lutheran 126 Methodist Episcopal 126 Vll Page. Churches — Continued. Methodist Episcopal, South.. 127 Methodist Protestant, etc 127 Nev Jerusalem 128 Presbyterian. 128 Roman Catholic 128 Unitarian 129 Unive-rsalist 129 Young Men's Christian Asso- ciation 129 Public Sclools... 129-131 Public School Statistics 130 Schod-Houses west of Capi- tol 130 Franllin School-House 130 Seatoi " " 130 JefTenon " " 130 Sumner " " 130 Miner " " 130 Steveis " " 130 Jno. I. Cook School-House... 130 RandiU " " ... 130 Abbot " " ... 130 Curtis " " ... 130 Schoo'-Houseseast of Capitol 131 Crancn " " 131 Walhch School-House 131 Lincdn "' " 131 Water-Works 131 Cabifi-John Bridge 131 Stand-pipe 131 Little Falls of the Potomac... 133 Chain-Bridge 133 Great Falls of the Potomac... 133 Analostan Island 133 Cemeteies 134 Rcck-Creek-Church Cemetery 134 G.'enwood .. 134 Prospect Hill •.... 134 Page. Cemeteries — Continued. St Mary's Burying Ground.. 134 Mount Olivet 134 Graceland 134 Georgetown 135 Georgetown Heights 135 Oak Hill Cemetery 135 Georgetown High-service Reservoir 135 Convent of the Visitation 135 Georgetown College 135 New additional Building 136 Linthicum Institute 136 Peabody Library 136 Home for Aged Women 136 Alexandria 137 Christ Church 137 National Cemetery near Alex- andria 137 Mount Vernon 137 Fort Foot 137 Fort Washington 137 Mount Vernon House 137 " " Tomb ... 139 Mount Vernon Ladies' Asso- ciation 139 Arlington 141 National Cemetery 141 Unknown Tomb 141 History 143 Fort Myer 144 Bladensburg , 144 " Battle of. 144 " Racers 144 Duelling Ground 144 Chalybeate Spring 144 Proposed Monument to President Lincoln •• i44 ILLUSTEATIONS. Page Map of Washington diy. The Capitol, 1827 * 9 The Capitol— East Front ^ 10 Pennsylvania Avenue ; 18 Botanical Garden , _ 20 The Capitol, West Front, as itwas in 1874 24 Naval Monument 24 The Discovery ; Civilization; Greenough's Washington 27 Justice; Genius of America ; Hope 28 War , 30 Peace ; 31 Contemplated Monument to Lincoln, East Capitol Park j. 45 Franzoni's Clock \ 46 Freedom ; 46 McPherson 1 69 Residence of British Minister ; 69 Washington; Scott; Emancipation * 72 Lincoln Hall 76 Executive Mansion — North Front a 79 " " South " 1 79 State, War, and Navy Departments l 83 Treasury Department \ 84 Ford's Theatre, now the Medical Museum (. 88 Soldiers' Home i 88 National Deaf-Mute College ' 89 The Washington Monument 4 92 Post-Office Department ^j. 96 Insane Asylum ., 96 Patent-Office 99 Pension Bureau 100 Department of Justice, (Freedman's Bank Building) 103 Corcoran Gallery of Art 104 Agricultural Department 104 Smithsonian Institution 106 Annex to Smithsonian Institution 107 Branch of Pension Bureau 112 Louise Home 117 Howard University 117 Baltimore & Potomac R.R. Depot 121 Lincoln Monument 132 Statue of Lincoln, (Vinnie Ream) 132 Cabin-John Bridge 136 Mount Vernon, the Home of Washington 138 Jackson 142 Thomas 142 Washington's Tomb at Mount Vernon 142 Arlington House 143 ;k; a^Y THE DISTRICT OF COLUMBIA. NO American citizen should remain contentedly ignorant of the history of the District of Columbia, and of the events which led to its selection for the permanent seat of the Federal Government. The Continental Congress opened its first session in Philadel- phia, Pa., Sept. 5, 1774, and the succeeding year it also met in that city. For several seasons the fortune of war caused its migration from place to place. In Dec. 20, 1776, it met in Bal- timore ; but again, March 4, 1777, it met in Philadelphia. In Sept. 27, 1777, it convened at Lancaster, Pa., and Sept. 30, 1777, at York, Pa. July 2, 1778, it returned to Philadelphia, where it continued to meet until 1783, when it was expelled by a mob, which the State authorities did not suppress. Congress then adjourned to Princeton, N. J., June 30, 1783. Nov. 2G, 1783, it met at Annapolis, Md.; and it was while in session here that Gen. Washington, Dec. 23, resigned his commission as general- in-chief of the army at the close of the revolutionary contest. Nov. 1, 1784, it met at Trenton, N. J., from which it adjourned to meet Jan. 11, 1785, in New York city. This last continued its place of meeting until the adoption of the Constitution of the United States, in 1788. It was in the city of New York the First Federal Congress assembled — and the electoral votes were counted for the election •vf the first President of the United States. Gen. Washington was inaugurated President on the balcony of Federal Hall, (the p/te of the present New York Custom-house,) April 30, 1789. 12 The question '' where the permaneat seat of government should be located " gave rise to anxious debates even in the Continental Congress ; and in the Convention which framed the Constitution the subject was waived because graver issues demanded the at- tention of that body, and it was deemed hazardous to decide upon what necessarily involved great local irritation. The question, however, early engaged the attention of the First Federal Congress. Pennsylvania was anxious to have agaiu within her territory the seat of power. New York was deter- mined to retain, if she could, the possession which she held. New Jersey, Delaware, Maryland, and Virginia, each stretched out an eager hand, presenting a several plea, for the coveted prize. The New England States seem to have kept silent as re- garded their own claims, while the extreme Southern States, sup- ported by Maryland and Virginia, determined to have the capital brought further South than either New York or Philadelphia. The South Carolinians were particularly anxious Philadelphia should not be selected because of the Quakers, who *' were con- tinually dogging Southern members with their schemes of eman- cipation. " Not only were newspapers filled with the discussion of the question, but private journals and the correspondence of the period teem with the controversy. At length a biU passed the House, Sept. 22, 1789, ayes 31, noes 17, locating the permanent capital "on the river Susquehanna, in the State of Pennsylvania." This location was bitterly op- posed by Mr. Madison, who led the Southern members, and who was supposed also to express the wishes of President Washing- ton. In the Senate the bill was amended : the " Delaware river " and the neighborhood of Philadelphia, " including Germantown," was substituted instead, and some other new provisions were in- serted. On the return of the bill to the House it was again stren- aously opposed by Mr. Madison, who at last succeeded in hav- 13 ing an unimportant amendment introduced, hoping that the delay consequent upon its consideration in the Senate would cause its being laid over to the next session of Congress. In this desire he was gratified. Instead of passing the bill the Senate "post- poned " its consideration, and Congress adjourned the next day, Sept. 29, 1789. At the next session of Congress the vexed question was again introduced. Partisanship ran high, and, in the opinion of many, upon its disposition seemed to hang the continued existence of the recently-formed Union. It was at this juncture that another question, involving the finances of the Kepublic, about which great diversity of opinion prevailed, and which also had enlisted warm and excited feeling, was made the basis of a compromise between the contending parties. Alexander Hamilton, of New York, Secretary of the Treasury, had recommended the assumption by the Federal Government of the State debts. This was opposed by Virginia and the Southern States. It was ascertained that it required the change of two votes to carry into effect the financial project. To accom- plish this, and also settle the question of the selection of a place for the permanent capital, the aid of Thomas Jefferson, then re- cently returned from France, and appointed Secretary of State» was invoked. The great democrat proposed that the subject should be talked over at a dinner, to which Hamilton was invited. It was there settled that if the votes of Lee and White, of Virginia, should be changed in favor of assumption, that Hamilton and Kobert Morris, of Pennsylvania, would bring such an influence to bear apon the question of the location of the capital as would insure its permanent establishment upon the banks of the Potomac, The bargain was faithfully kept, Hamilton's financial scheme was adopted, and on the 31st May, 1790, Pierce Butler, of South 14 Carolina, obtained permission of the Senate "to bring in a bill to determine the permanent seat of Government of the United States." The bill located a district of territory for this purpose not ex- ceeding ten miles square, " on the river Potomac, at some space between the mouths of the Eastern Branch and Conogocheague ; ' the capital to be removed thither in 1800, and until that time the temporary capital was to be established in Philadelphia. It passed the Senate July 1, 1780, ayes 14, noes 12. Four attempts were made in the House to change the site of the Federal District, but were voted down, and the Senate biU was finally agreed to, July 9, 1790, by a vote of 32 ayes to 29 noes. It received the signa- ture of the President July 16, 1790. [Maryland, by an act passed Dec. 28, 1788, and Virginia, by an act of Dec. 3, 1789, had previously authorized the cession of such portions of their territory as might be selected by Federal author- ity for the seat of the General Government.] An amendatory act, which passed Congress March 3, 1791, re- pealed so much of the act of July 16, 1790, as required the whole District to be located above the mouth of the Eastern Branch, and authorized the President " to make any part of the said ter- ritory below the said limit, and above the mouth of Hunting creek, a part of the said District, so as to include a convenient part of the Eastern Branch, and of the lands lying on the lower side thereof, and also the town of Alexandria." It was provided that no public buildings should be erected otherwise than on the Maryland side of the Potomac. A proclamation had been issued by President Washington, dated Philadelphia, Jan. 24, 1791, defining the boundaries of the District selected by him pursuant to the provisions of the first act. This was now followed by another proclamation amenda- tory of the other, dated Georgetown, March 30, 1791. The 15 boundaries of the territory were therein declared to be as fol- lows : "Beginning at Jones' Point, being the upper cape of Hunting creek, in Virginia, and at an angle in the outset of 45 degrees west of the north, and running in a direct line ten miles for the first line ; then beginning again at the same Jones' Point, and running another direct line at a right angle with the first, across the Potomac, ten miles, for the second line ; then from the ter- minations of the said first and second line, running two other direct lines, of ten miles each, the one crossing the Eastern Branch aforesaid and the other the Potomac, and meeting each other in a point." * * * "And the territory so to be located, de- fined, and limited shall be the whole territory accepted by the said act of Congress as the District for the permanent seat of the Government of the United States. " This territory contained a surface of ten miles square, forming an area of 100 square miles, or G4,000 acres, and included both margins of the Potomac. Its situation lay between 38° 48' and 38° 59' north latitude. The Capitol, afterward erected near its centre, is in 76° 55' 30.54" west longitude from Gi'eenwich. Georgetown and Alexandria were within it« limits — the remain- der was plantation or farm land. President Washington appointed, Jan., 1791, ex-Governoi Thomas Johnson, of Md., Dr. David Stuart, of Va., and the Hon. Daniel Carroll, of Rock Creek, Md. , the first three Com- missioners pursuant to the provisions of the act of July IG, 1790, who were empowered "to survey" and "define and limit a district of territory * * for the permanent seat of Government. " They were also "to have power to purchase or accept such quantity of land on the eastern side of the said river, [Poto- mac,] within the said district, as the President shall deem proper for the use of the United States," and " provide suitable build- 10 ings for the accommodation of Congress and of the President, and for the public ofl&ces of the Government of the United States;" all subject to the approval of the President.* Interesting as the history really is of the work accomplished by the Commissioners, their vexatious trials and various disap- pointments, the limited space of the present publication will only permit a recapitulation of the main results of their efforts. The bargain and purchase of the land occupied by the Fed- eral City from the original proprietors was brought about by the following arrangement : Extracts from the Agreement of the Nineteen Original Proprie- tors. The limits of the District of Columbia, as they now exist, hav- ing been fixed and proclaimed in March, 1791, under the author- ity of acts of Congress, nineteen of the principal proprietors of the lands constituting the present site of the city of Washing- ton drew up and signed a general agreement among themselves, dated March 30, 1791, which they presented to the Commission- ers, as the basis of the terms on which they should dedicate their lands to the purposes of the Federal City, and as such it was ac- cepted by the Commissioners, and recorded in their books, on the 12th April, 1791, as follows : *'We, the subscribers, in consideration of the great benefits we expect to derive from having the Federal City laid off upon our lands, do hereby agree and bind ourselves, heirs, executors, and administrators, to convey, in trust, to the President of the United States, or Commissioners, or such person or persons as he shall appoint, by good and sufficient deeds, in fee simple, the whole of our respective lands which he may think proper to in- * Vide Wyeth's Federal City. The compiler of this work has made very lib- eral use of Mr. Wyeth's book throughout, with the consent of that gentleman. 17 elude within the lines of the Federal City, for the purposes and on the conditions following : " The President shall have the sole power of directing the Fed- eral City to be laid off in what manner he pleases. ' ' He may retain any number of squares he may think proper for public improvements, or other public uses ; and the lots only, which shall be laid off, shall be a joint propert?/ between the trus- tees on behalf of the public and each present proprietor ; and the same shall be fairly and equally divided between the public and the individuals, as soon as may be, the city shall be laid off. ** For the streets the proprietors shall receive no compensation — but for the squares or lands in any form which shall be taken for public buildings, or an?/ kind of public improvements or uses, the proprietors, whose lands shall be taken, shall receive at the rate of 25 pounds per acre, [sixty-six and two-thirds dollars,] to be paid by the public." The lands were conveyed, in trust, by the original proprietors, to Thomas Beall, son of George, and John MackaU Gantt, to be by them disposed of, to be laid out as a Federal City, according to the above provisions. In 1846 that portion of the District of Columbia which had been originally a portion of Virginia was retroceded by act oi Congress back again to that State. PLAN OF THE CITY. A Frenchman, Major L'Enfant, originated the plan of the Fed- eral City. He was a youn v< officer belonging to the engineer corps of the French army, whic ti aided us in our Revolutionary struggle. He early became a fa vorite of Gen. Washington, who approved his plan, and time has since confirmed the wisdom of that approval. The Cap'!tol was to be considered the centre of the city ; from it the streets are counted north, south, east, and west ; several of the avenues also radiate from it. The streets cross each other at right angles. Those running east and west are called after the letters of the alphabet. A, B, C, D streets, etc. ; those run- ning north and south, First, Second, Third streets, etc. The avenues, named after the different States at the time the city was laid out— and a few others since added — cross these streets diagonally, and point in every conceivable direction. North, South, and East Capitol streets intersect each other at the centre of the Capitol, and with an imaginary line continued west, divide the city into four sections. So there is a First street east and a First street west ; an A street north and an A street south, and so on throughout. There is no West Capitol street. Where that would have opened are gardens, etc. , continued on until the grounds of the Smithsonian Institution are reached. Then succeed those sur- rounding the Agricultural Bureau building, and beyond them are those upon which the Washington Monument is erected. These reservations were intended to become an ornamented park, and If) 20 in the early history of the city this space is called The Mall. The grounds stretching soiith from the President's House connect with those surrounding the Monument, The population of Washington City in 1810 was 8,208 ; in 1820, 13,247; in 1830, 18,826; in 1810, 23,364; in 1850, 40,001; in 1860, 61,122 ; in 1870, 109,199 ; and in 1880, 147,307. Assessed Value of Real Estate in Washington City. The statement of Mr. Robert Dodge, Treasurer and Assessor of the District, of the assessed value of real estate for the year ending June 30, 18,84 is as follows : Washington — Taxable, $93,491,891; District Government, $1,849,512; exempt, $5,729,617; United States, $88,537,311: total, $189,608,391. Hoianical Uarden. THE CAPITOL rpHE United States Capitol, like the Capitol of ancient Rome, -■- stands upon a hill, commanding a view westward, pro- nounced by the great traveller Humboldt one of the most beau- tiful his eyes had ever seen. The plateau east extends an elevated plain for a considerable distance towards the banks of the A.nacostia or Eastern Branch of the Potomac. The descents of the hill north and south are graduated admirably — art as well as nature assisting in producing the present graceful declivities. The Capitol extends 751 feet 4 inches in length ; the greatest breadth, including the steps of the Extensions, is 324 feet. The whole covers an area of three-and-a-half acres, or 153,112 square feet. Its cost to the present time, 1879, has been about $13,000,000. The centre portion of the building — the original Capitol — is built of yellowish sandstone, painted white, procured from an Island in Acquia creek, Virginia. The island was purchased by Government from the Brent family, for $6,000, in 1791. The Extensions are of white marble, slightly tinged with blue, obtained from Lee, Massachusetts. The monolith marble col- umns of the Extensions, of which there are one hundred, were taken from a quarry in Maryland. The Dome is of iron, painted white, surmounted by the statue of Freedom, a bronze figure 19^ feet in height. The tip of the feather of this statue is 287 feet 11 inches above the base line of the building east. Capitol hill is within a fraction of 90 feet 21 22 high ; consequently the head of the statue is 377 feet above tide- water. In comparison, it may be interesting to say that the height of St. Peter's, at Kome, is stated in Knight's Cyclopaedia to be, from the pavement to the top of the cross, 430 feet, and that of St. Paul's, at London, 404 feet. The east Capitol park, stretching to the line of First st. east, has a frontage from B st. n. e. to B st. s. e., comprising a dis- tance of 1,500 feet. The grounds are laid out according to a plan designed by Fred. Law Olmstead, of New York city, whose ad- mirable ornamentation of Central Park has given him well- deserved prominence in the line of civil engineer and landscape gardener. East of the centre portico, fronting either side, are to be mag- nificent fountains, each to cost from forty to fifty thousand dol- lars. Costly lamps are interspersed throughout the grounds, making, at night-time, when lighted, a scene resembling our idea of fairy-land. The eastern front of the Capitol is, properly speaking, its main front. It consists of a central Portico, 160 feet wide, with a pro- jection, including the steps, of 65 feet, ornamented with 24 pillars and 12 pilasters, crowned with a pediment of 80 feet span. The whole front of what was the original Capitol is 352 feet ; to this has been added, on either side, a colonnaded corridor of 44 feet ; to these are attached the Extensions— that of the Senate on the north, and that of the House on the south end. Each Extension is adorned with a porticy 142 feet 8 in. wide, with a pediment of 72 feet span ; 22 columns and 12 pilasters of the Corinthian style ornament the Extension porticoes. The north and south fronts of the Capitol are ahke. They ex- tend 239 feet, and have each a portico 120 feet front, with a projection of 10 feet 6 in., and an entablature supported by 10 columns. 23 The west front of the Capitol is that with which strangers ordinarily are most familiar. It consists also of tkree ornamented porticoes ; the central one a colonnade 100 feet front, with ten columns, eight of which are coupled, and a corresponding num- ber of pilasters. This portico communicates with the Library of Congress. Then to each of the Extensions is attached a portico similar in architectural details to the north and south porti- coes, with a length of 105 feet, ornamented with 10 columns. This front of the Capitol possesses the advantage of the addi- tion of the height of the hiU, the top of which it occupies. The grounds extend to First st. west, and connect with the Botanical Garden. A stone terrace is being erected on the north, west, and south sides, which removes the impression of insecurity, and gives the building an appearance of greater stability. A handsome balustrade will crown the terrace. The main western portico will be approached by a grand stone stairway. A marble fish-pond stocked with gold and silver fish is situated on the terrace in the immediate front of the west centre of the Capitol. It was formerly the site of a monument commemora- tive of the early gallant deeds of the American navy. This worh was removed to the U. S. Naval Academy, Annapolis, Md. Another monument commemorating the important services of the navy during the recent civil war is at the foot of the hiU, where Pennsylvania avenue intersects the Capitol grounds west. NAVAL MONUMENT. The height of the monument is about 40 feet. Two figures, History and America, crown the top. History holds in one hand a tablet, and a stylus in the other. America stands weeping, with her head bowed down. History directs attention to the in. scription in her tablet, "They died that their country might live." 25 Below these figures stands Victory, holding a wreath in her up- stretched right hand— beneath Victory, on either side, is a youth- ful Neptune and Mars. Peace occupies the same position on the east side or back of the monument as Victory does on the west or front side. She holds an olive branch in her hand, and is surrounded by repre- sentations of agricultural products and implements. A dove is also here beautifully sculptured. The monument bears the inscription, "In memory of the officers, seamen, and marines of the United States Navy who fell in defence of the Union and liberty of their country, 1861- 186.5." Funds were contributed for its erection by the officers and sailors of the navy, and members of the marine corps, Ad- miral Porter was actively instrumental in influencing the erection of this monument. It was designed by Franklin Simmons, of R. I. Government contributed $25,000 for the Statue of Peace, the granite fountain, and pedestal, &c., on which the monument stands. We will now return to the EAST CENTRAL PORTICO OF THE CAPITOL. Immediately opposite and facing this Portico is Greenough's Statue of Washington. It is of colossal size, and has an inter- esting history. It was ordered in 1832, to be placed in the centre of the Eotunda, over the tomb or vaulted chamber built for the reception of the remains of Washington two stories beneath. The statue was finished in 1840, and the artist received $20,000 while working on it. Two other bills in connection with it were paid him, amounting to $10,435.85. The expenses of trans- portation from Italy, its erection in the Rotunda, of its subse- quent removals, and of the pedestal upon which it is placed, have absorbed at least $13,000 more. 2G The chair upon which the figure eits is ornamented with the acanthus leaf and lions' heads. A small figure of Columbus and another of an Indian chief lean against its back. On the pedestal is inscribed the deserved eulogy on Washington, pronounced by Governor Henry Lee : ' ' Fir.^t in war — first in peace— first in the hearts of his countrymen.'''' "Washington sits in majesty, a sort of Jupiter. His person is nude to the waist. In his left hand is a sheathed sword, and with his ]^ght he points towards heaven. On the right side of the chair is a basso-relievo of Phoebus- Apollo driving the chariot of the sun around the world— thus representing, in pictured allegory, the rising sun, the crest of the national arms of the United States. On the left side of the chair is depicted the infant Hercules strangling the serpent, while Iphiclus, his feebler twin-brother, stretched on the ground, shrinks from the contest; illustrating the genii of North and South America. On the back of the chair is inscribed : ' ' Simu- tacrum istud ad magnum Libertatus exemplum, nee sine ipsa du- raturum. Horatio Greenough, fadebat." This has been trans- lated by a distinguished scholar into — '* This statue cast in Freedom's stately form, And by her e'er upheld. "Horatio Greenough, Sculptor." We wiU now ascend the steps. Upon them the Presidents of the United States are inaugurated; over a hundred thousand people, occupying the eastern park, might witness the ceremony. Above the south end of the steps, on an elevated block, stands a marble group by Signor Persico, called The Discovery, on which he worked five years. It consists of two figures : Colum- bus holding the globe in his hand triumphant, while beside him, wondering, almost terror-stricken, is a female figure, symboliz- ing the Indian race. The suit of armor worn by Columbus is The Discovery r^ ^^^*^ "tf t jS •^HlffiiB- J ^■■H m.nu ^ — ^^^^^^ ^ i^^^^^^-Lie- ■ _^ ^ ^ Greenough's Washington. 29 said to be a faithful copy of one he actually wore. The group cost $24,000. On the north side of the steps, occupying a similar elevation, is another marble gi-oup — the artist, Horatio Greenough — called Civilization, or the Settlement of the Country. It represents the American pioneer in conflict with the Indian ; the fight is desperate ; the wife of the frontier settler, with her babe, and a faithful dog, are the adjuncts. Greenough was at work eight years on this group, which cost $24,000. TYMPANUM OF THE PORTICO. Before we enter the Portico we will direct attention to a group of allegorical figures of colossal size, said to be the design of John Quincy Adams, executed by Signer Persico, and occupying the tympanum of the Portico — just over our heads. The central figure is the Genius of America, crowned with a star, holding a shield ; on it are the letters U. S. A. The shield rests on an altar, on which, within an oaken wreath, is inscribed, "July 4, 1776." At her feet sits an eagle. Behind her is a apear. Hope on her left rests on an ancUor. America directs the attention of Hope to Justice, who has in her right hand the Constitution of the United States. This composition is wrought m sandstone, and cost $1,500. Within niches on either side of the Bronze Door are statues, also the work of Signor Persico. The one on the north side is War. The figure grasps in his fight hand a sword, in the other, a shield. His costume is Ro- man, and his belt and tunic are ornamented with appropriate symbols. Peace is a female figure of majestic beauty, with a gentle, winning smile, and in simple flowing robes. She holds a fruit- bearing olive branch in her hand. The cost of these two figures was $6,000 each. War. Peace. 32 Above the Bronze Door, sciilptured in stone by Capellano, is a bust of Washington crowned by Fame and Peace. THE ROGERS BRONZE DOOR. This is the main central door of the Capitol, and on it is ft pictured history of events connected with the life of Columbus and the discovery of America. The door weighs 20,000 pounds ; is 17 feet high and 9 feet wide ; it is folding or double, and stands sunk back inside of a bronze casing, which projects about a foot forward from the leaves or valves. On this casing are four figures at the top and bottom, representing Asia, Africa, Europe, and America. A border, emblematic of conquest and navigation, runs along the casing between them. The Door has eight Panels beside the semi-circular one at the top. In each Panel is a picture in alto-relievo. It was designed by Randolph Rogers, an American, and mod- elled by him in Rome, in 1858 ; and was cast by F. Von Muller, at Munich, in 1861. The story the door tells is the History of Columbus and the Discovery of America. The Panel containing the earliest event in the life of the discoverer is the lowest one on the south side, and represents "Columbus undergoing an Examination before the Council of Salamanca." The Panel above it contains "Columbus* Departure from the Convent of La Rabida," near Palos. He is just setting out to visit the Spanish Court. The one above it is his "Audience at the Court of Ferdinand and Isabella." The next Panel is the top one of this half of the door, and represents the "Starting of Columbus from Palos on his first royage." 33 The transom Panel occupies the semi-circular sweep over the whole door. The extended picture here is the "First Land- ing of the Spaniards at San Salvador." The top Panel on the other leaf of the door represents the "First Encounter of the Discoverers with the Natives." In it one of the sailors is seen bringing an Indian girl on his shoulders a prisoner. The transaction aroused the stern indignation of Columbus. The Panel next below this one has in it "The Triumphal Entry of Columbus into Barcelona." The Panel below this represents a very different scene, and is "Columbus in Chains." In the next and last Panel is the ' ' Death scene. " Columbus lies in bed. The last rites of the Catholic Church have been administered ; friends and attendants are around him ; and a priest holds up a crucifix for him to kiss, and upon it bids him fix his dying eyes. On the Door, on the sides and between the Panels, are sixteen small statues, set in niches, of eminent contemporaries of Colum- bus. Their names are marked on the Door, and beginning at the bottom, on the side from which we started in numbering the Panels, we find the figure in the lowest niche is Perez ; then above him is Cortez, and again standing over him is Ojeda. Vespucci occupies the next niche on the door. Then, opposite in line across the door, standing in two niches, side by side, are Mendoza and Alexander VI. Then below them stand Isabella and Ferdinand, King and Queen of Spain; beneath them stands the Lady Beatri-e de Bobadilla; beside her is Charles VIII, King of France. The first figure of the lowest pair on the door is Henry VII, of England; beside him, stands John II, King of Portugal. Then, in the same line with them, across the Panel, is Pinzon 3 34 In the niche above Pinzon stands B. Columbus, the brother wf the great navigator. Then comes Vasco Nunez de Balboa, and in the niche above, again at the top of the Door, stands the figure of Francisco Pizarro, the conqueror of Peru. Between the Panels and at top and bottom of the valves of the Door are ten projecting heads. Those between the Panels are historians who have written on Columbus' voyages from his own time down to the present day, ending with Irving and Prescott. The two heads at the tops of the valves are female heads, while the two next the floor possess Indian characteristics. Above, over the transom arch, looks down, over all, the serene grand head of Columbus. Beneath it, the American Eagle spreads out his widely extended wings. Mr. Rogers received $8,000 for his models, and Mr. Von Mliller was paid $17,000 in gold for casting the Door. To a large portion of this latter sum must be added the high premium on exchange which ruled during the war, the cost of storage and transportation, and the expense of the erection of the Door in the Capitol after its arrival. These items would, added together, far exceed $30,000 in the then national currency. We will now enter the ROTUNDA. This magnificent apartment occupies the centre of the CapitoL It is 97 feet in diameter and 300 feet in circumference. Its height, from the floor to the centre of the pictured canopy which overhangs it, is 1 80 feet 3 inches. "We will first look at the pictures which surround its circuit. There are eight of them, each occupying a large panel, and they measure 18 by 12 feet. The first in point of event is the Landing of Columbus at 35 San Salvador in 141)2 ; by John Vanderlyn ; its cost was $12,000. This picture represents the scene Washington Irving so admirably describes in his " Voyages of Columbus," occurring the morning the boats brought the little Spanish band from the ships to the shore. "Columbus first threw himself upon his knees; then rising, drew his sword, displayed the royal standard, and, assem- bling round him the two captains, with Kodrigo de Escobeda, notary of the armament, Kodrigo Sanchez, [the royal inspector,] and the rest who had landed, he took solemn possession of the island in the name of the Castilian sovereigns." The pictiire contains the figures of Columbus, the two Pinzons, Escobedo, all bearing standards ; Sanchez, inspector ; Diego de Arana, with an old-fashioned arquebus on his shoulder ; a cabin-boy kneel- ing ; a mutineer in a suppliant attitude ; a sailor in an attitude of veneration for Columbus ; a soldier whose attention is diverted by the appearance of the natives, and a friar bearing a crucifix. The second picture in succession of event, 1541, is De Soto's Discovery of the Mississippi, painted by Wm. H. Powell; cost $15,000. The scene is a view of the Mississippi river, with islands in sight and canoes filled with Indians. On the bank, soldiers and priests are planting a cross ; to the left are wigwams and a group of Indians. De Soto on horseback is approaching the river in state, attended by a train of followers. A camp- chest, with arms, and a soldier dressing his wounded leg, are accessories of the painting. The next in order of time, 1G13, is The Baptism of Poca- hontas, by John Gadsby Chapman ; cost $10,000. This picture tells its own story. The characters introduced are Pocahontas, John Rolfe, afterwards her husband, with the Rev, Alex. Whitaker, who is performing the ceremony; Sir Thomas Dale stands on his right, his standard-bearer and page near him. The sister of Pocahontas, with her child, is seated on the floor 36 Opechankanough, an Indian chief, also is seated, while Nanta- quaas and Opachisco, her brother and uncle, stand near her. Other figures, male and female, are stationed in different parts of the church ; among them are Richard WyfiSn, Mr. and Mrs. Forrest, John and Anne Laydon, and Henry Spilman. The succeeding picture, in chronological series, is The Em- barcation of the Pilgrims from Delft-Haven, in Holland, 2l6t July, 1620. Painted by Robert Walter Weir. Cost $10,000. The scene depicted is the deHvery of the parting prayer of Mr. Robinson, the pastor of the little congregation, on board the Speedwell, surrounded by the pilgrims and their friends. The persons represented are the pastor, then Elder Wm. Brewster, with open Bible before him, Mrs. Brewster and a sick child. Gov. Carver, Wm. Bradford, Mr. and Mrs. Fuller, Miles Standish and Rose, his wife, Mrs. Carver and child, Mrs. Bradford, Captain Reynolds and sailor, with several children, a nurse, etc. The four other pictures were painted by Col. John Trumbull, eon of Jonathan Trumbull, governor of Connecticut previous to and during the Revolution. Col. Trumbull was himself at one time aid-de-camp of General Washington, but retired from tlie service in 1777. The Trumbull series of pictures are especially valuable, b^pcause each of the many faces painted in them are actual likenesses, for which many of the subjects sat to the artist, and when this was not the case, copies of portraits at the time in the possession of the respective families were introduced. The paintings are the result of many years' devotion to his art by Col. Trumbull, and of a patriotic endeavor to perpetuate the grand deeds which they commemorate. Col. Trumbull received for these four pictures $32,000. They were ordered in 1817 and finished in 1824. Col. Trumbull was born :!756; died 1843. 37 The Declaration of Independence, 1776. The room is copied from that in which Congress sat. The Committee of Five whc reported the draft of the Declaration, Jefferson, John Adams, Franklin, Sherman, and R. R. Livingston, stand near the table at which Hancock, the president, sits. The other portraits are, commencing on the extreme left, 1, George Wythe, of Va.; 2, Wm. Whipple and, 3, Josiah Bartlett, of N. H.; 4, Benj. Harrison, of Va.; 5, Thomas Lynch, of S. C; 6, Richard Henry Lee, of Va.; 7, Samuel Adams, of Mass.; 8, George Clinton, of N. Y.; 9, William Paca and, 10, Samuel Chase, of Md.; 11, Lewis Morris and, 12, William Floyd, of N. Y.; 13, Arthur Middleton and, 14, Thomas Hay ward, of S. C; 15, Charles Carroll, of Md.; 16, George Walton, of Ga.; 17, Rob- ert Morris, 18, Thomas Willing, and, 19, Benjamin Rush, of Pa.; 20, Elbridge Gerry and, 21, Robert Treat Payne, of Mass.; 22, Abraham Clark, of N. J. ; 23, Stephen Hopkins and, 24, William Ellery, of R. I. ; 25, George Clymer, of Pa. ; 26, William Hooper and, 27, Joseph Hewes, of N. C; 28, James Wilson, of Pa., and 29, Francis Hopkinson, of N. J. Then comes the Committee of Five, already noted; after which, still continuing, are — 35, Richard Stockton, of N. J.; 36, Francis Lewis, of N. Y.; 37, John Witherspoon, of N. J.; 38, Samuel Huntington, 39, William Williams, and, 40, Oliver Wolcott, of Conn.; 41, John Hancock, of Mass. , President of Congress ; 42, Charles Thomp- son, of Pa.; 43, George Reed and, 44, John Dickinson, of Del.; 4r., Edward Rutledge, of S. C; 46, Thomas McKean, of Pa.; and, 47, Philip Livingston, of N. Y. Surrender of General Burgoyne, Saratoga, Oct. 17, 1777. "The painting represents Gen. Burgoyne, attended by Gen. Phillips, and followed by other officers, arriving near the marque of Gen. Gates. 'S8 "Gen. Gates has advanced a few steps to meet his prisoner, who, with Gen. Phillips, has dismounted, and is in the act of offering his sword, which Gen. Gates declines to receive, and in- vites them to enter and partake of refreshments. A number of the principal officers of the American army are assembled near their General." These we will now enumerate. (The numbering commences on the extreme left of the picture. ) 1, Major Lithgow, of Mass.; 2, Colonel Cilly and, 3, General Stark, of N. H.; 4, Captain Seymour, of Conn., of Sheldon's horse ; 5, Major Hull, and, 6, Colonel Greaton, of Mass. ; 7, Major Dearborn, and, 8, Colonel Scammell, of N. H.; and, 9, Colonel Lewis, Quartermaster-General, N. Y. 10, Major-General Phil- hps, of the British army; 11, Lieutenant-General Burgoyne, British, and, 12, General Baron Reidesel, German. 13, Colonel Wilkinson, Deputy Adjutant- General, American; 14, General Gates; 15, Colonel Prescott, Mass. Volunteers; 16, Colonel Mor- gan, Va. Riflemen; 17, Brigadier-General Rufus Putnam, of Mass.; 18, Lieutenant-Colonel John Brooks, late Governor of Mass.; 19, Reverend Mr. Hitchcock, Chaplain, of R. I.; 20, Major Robert Troup, Aid-de-Camp, N. Y. ; 21, Major Haskell, of Mass.; 22, Major Armstrong, Aid-de-Camp; 23, Major-General Philip Schuyler, Albany; 24, Brigadier-General Glover, of Mass.; 25, Brigadier-General Whipple, N. H. Militia; 26, Major Matthew Clarkson, Aid-de-Camp, N.Y., and, 27, Major Ebenezer Stevens, of Mass. , Commander of Artillery. Surrender of Lord Cornwallis, at Yorktown, Oct. 10, 1781. This was the triumphant closing scene of the war; and the glory of the triumph seems to linger on the glowing canvas. "The painting represents the moment when the jDrincipal officers of the British army, conducted by Gen. Lincoln, are passing the two groups of American and French generals, and entering between the two lines of the victors. " 3d The names of the officers represented will be found below. The portraits of the French officers were obtained in Paris in 1787, and were painted from the living men in the house of Mr. Jefferson, then Minister to France from the United States. "Lord Cornwallis himself did not appear. The British forces were led by Gen. O'Hara, who, approaching Gen. Washington, took oflf his hat and apologized for the non-appearance of Lord Cornwallis, on account of indisposition. Washington received him with dignified courtesy, but pointed him to Major-General Lincoln as the officer who was to receive the submission of the garrison. " 1, Count Deuxponts, Colonel of French Infantry ; 2, Duke de Laval Montmorency, Colonel of French Infantry ; 3, Count Cus- tine, Colonel of French Infantry ; 4, Duke de Lauzun, Colonel of French Cavalry ; 5, General Choizy ; 6, Viscount Viomenil ; 7, Marquis de St. Simon ; 8, Count Fersen, Aid-de-Oamp ; and, 9, Count Charles Damas, Aid-de-Camp of Count Rochambeau ; 10, Marquis Chastellux; 11, Baron Viomenil; 12, Count de Barras, Admiral; 13, Count de Grasse, Admiral; 14, Count Rochambeau, General en Chef des Fran^aise ; 15, General Lin- coln ; 16, Colonel Ebenezer Stevens, of the American Artillery; 17, General Washington, Commander-in-Chief; 18, Thomas Nelson, Governor of Va.; 19, Marquis La Fayette; 20, Baron Steuben ; 21, Colonel Cobb, Aid-de-Camp to General Washing- ton ; 22, Colonel Trumbull, Secretary to General Washington ; 23, Major-General James Clinton, N. Y.; 24, General Gist, Maryland; 25, General Anthony Wayne, Penn.; 26, General Hand, Adjutant-General, Penn.; 27, General Peter Muhlenberg, Penn.; 28, Major-General Henry Knox, Commander of Artillery ; 29, Lieutenant-Colonel E. Huntington, Acting Aid-de-Camp of General Lincoln ; 30, Colonel Timothy Pickering, Quartermaster- General ; 31, Colonel Alexander Hamilton, Commanding Light 40 [nfantry; 32, Colouel John Laurens, of S. C; 3.^, Colonel Wal- ter Stuart, of Philadelphia ; and, 84, Colonel Nicholas Fish, of NT. Y. Resignation of General Washington : Annapolis, Dec. 23, 1783. General Washington, after taking leave of his old com- rades at New York, accompanied by only two of them, proceeded to Annapolis, where Congress was then sitting, and there resigned his commission. The persons introduced, whose portraits are given, are : 1, Thomas Mifflin, of Pa., President of Congress; 2, Charles Thompson, of Pa; 3, Elbridge Gerry, of Mass.; 4. Hugh Wil- liamson, of N. C; 5, Samuel Osgood, of Mass.; G, Edward Mc- Comb, of Del.; 7, George Partridge, of Mass.; 8, Edward Lloyd, of Md.; 9, R. D. Spaight and 10, Benjamin Hawkins, of N. C; 11, A. Foster, of N. H.; 12, Thomas Jefferson, of Va.; 13, Ar- thur Lee, of Va.; 14, David Howell, of R. L; 1.5, James Monroe, of Va.; IG, Jacob Reid, of S. C, members of Congress; 17, James Madison, of Va., spectator; 18, William Ellery, of R. I.; ID, Jeremiah Townley Chase, of Md.; 20, S. Hardy, of Va.; 21, Charles Morris, of Pa., members; 22, General George Washing- ton ; 23, Colonel Benjamin Walker, and 24, Colonel David Hum- phrys, Aids-de-Camp ; then, 25, General Smallwood, of Md. ; 26, General Otho Holland Williams, or Md.; 27, Colonel Samuel Smith, of Md.; 28, Colonel John E. Howard, of Baltimore, Md.; 29, Charles Carroll, and two daughters, of Md.; 30, Daniel, of St. Thomas Jennifer, Md.; 31, Mrs. Washington, and her grand- children, spectators. Relievos in the Rotunda. Over each of the four doors leading from the Rotunda are alto-relievos in stone. The cost of the four is said to have been f 14, 000. 41 The group over the east door is '* The Landing of the Pilgrima on Plymouth Rock in 1620." The artist was Signor Enrico Causici, of Verona, a pupil of Canova. That over the north doorway is " William Penn's Treaty with the Indians in 1686." A Frenchman, Monsieur N. Gevelot, exe- cuted this work in 1827. Over the door opening west is '* The Preservation of Captain Smith by Pocahontas in 1606." Signor Capellano, another pupil of Canova, was the artist. It was executed in 1825. The group over the doorway leading south is the ''Conflict between Daniel Boone and the Indians, 1775." This is the work of Causici. Eight long narrow basso-relievos of arabesque pattern are in the panels above the pictures. Four of them contain medallion heads. The heads are portraits of Columbus, Cabot, Sir Wal- ter Raleigh, and La Salle. The whole of them cost $9,500. The Belt of the Rotunda. There is above the architrave a sunken space or kind of shelf, about 9 feet high, traversing the whole circuit of the Ro- tunda. This is now being tilled with a fresco in chiaro-oscuro in imitation of alto-relievo. It is a series of Sketches of Ameri- can History, and is so wonderful in execution that, from the floor of the Rotunda, it seems incredible that it is not a relief. The series commences immediately above the west door of the chamber. The first tall figure is America armed with spear and shield, at her feet the eagle ; seated on the ground on her right is the American Indian with bow and arrows ; and in the same position on her left the Genius of History sketching events. The looker-on must now imagine himself looking into the sketch-book, the first scene of which is, "The Landing of Columbus." The second, ' ' Cortez entering the Temple of the Sun in Mexico." 42 The third, ' ' Pizarro, with the horse, ijrogressing in the con- quest of Peru." The fourth, ** The burial of De Soto in the Mississippi river." The fifth, *'The rescue of Captain John Smith by Poca- hontas." The sixth, " The disembarkation of the Pilgrim Fathers." The seventh, " Penn's treaty with the Indians and settlement of Pennsylvania." The eighth, ' ' The Industrial Colonization of the New England States." The ninth, *' Gen. Oglethorpe and Muscogee Chief," an inci- dent in the colonization of Georgia. The tenth, "The Battle of Lexington." The eleventh, " The Declaration of Independence." The twelfth, "The surrender of Lord Cornwallis." The thirteenth, "The death of Tecumseh." The fourteenth, " The American Army entering the city of Mexico." The fifteenth and last, completing the circuit of the belt, " Laborers in the gold mines of California.'' The estimated cost of this picture is $10,000. A short distance above the frieze thirty-six tail windows admit a flood of light into the chamber. Above them springs the arcl. of the dome, lessening in curvature like the inside of an egg shell, until contracted to a space of 50 feet in diameter, forming,' the eye of the dome. Beyond and over this open eye, within the canopy that over- hangs it, is painted Brumidi's allegorical fresco of the Apotheosis of Washington.* * The word " Apotheosis" is of Greek origin, and means the enrolment of a mortal among the gods. 43 Brumidi's Allegorical Painting. The central group of the picture represents Washington seated in majesty. On his right is the Goddess of Libebtt, and on his left is a winged idealization of Victoby and Fame — sounding a trumpet and displaying the victor's palm. Before the three, forming a semicircle, are thirteen female figures. They represent the thirteen original States ; each is crowned with a star, and they hold up a ribbon-banner inscribed " E Pluribus Unum.'' Below this centre group are six other groups round the base of the canopy. The first, occupying the west, is War. Feeedom, with uplifted sword, is striking down tyranny and kingly power. An angry Eagle, striking with his beak, is fighting for, and by the side of, Freedom. The second is Agricultdre. Ceres, Flora, and Pomona figure in this group. Then succeeds Mechanics. Vulcan, with his right foot rest- ing on a cannon, and surrounded by machinery, forges, mortars, and cannon balls, is the stalwart genius of this group. The next, and occupying the east, is Commerce. Merct^it holds in his hand a bag of gold, to which be is directing the at- tention of KoBERT Morris. The group beside this symbolizes the Marine. Aphrodite, [Venus,] half risen from the waves, holds in her hand the Atlan- tic cable, given her by a winged cherub, and is about dropping it into the sea. Neptune, astonished, is emerging from the deep. The last is The Arts and Sciences. Minerva stands glo- riously prominent with helmet and spear. Near her, attentive to her teachings, are Benjamin Franklin, Egbert Fulton, and S. F. B. Morse. There are also boys, with wondering eyes and u «Kpressive gestures, listening to the instruction of a school* teacher. This painting covers an area of 4,664 square feet. Mr. Brumidi received for this work $39,500. The circumference of the base of the canopy is 205 feet 4 inches ; its diameter is 65 feet 4 inches, and its height from base to top, in a straight line, is 20 feet 7^ inches. [These dimensions were obtained at the ofl&ce of Edward Clark, Esq. , present Architect of the Capitol Extension and the New Dome, a pupil of the designer and former Architect, Thomas U. Walter, Esq.] Signer C. Brumidi. It is natural to desire to know something of the artist to whom we are indebted for this painting. Signor C. Brumidi is an Ital- ian, and was born in Borne about 1806. He came to America in 1852, and is a naturalized citizen of the United States. He has been mainly engaged for years in ornamenting various portions of the walls of the Capitol, and his name will ever be associated with the history and beauty of our world-renowned national building. He also painted the frescoes which adorn the Cathedral of Saint Peter and Saint Paul, in Philadelphia. Wall Preparation, etc. The preparation of the plaster giound-work for the artist was the work of Mr. Joseph Beckert. The Whispering Gallery of the Capitol. The spherical shape of the canopy, inside of which the picture we have just described is painted, causes an interesting acoustic result. Two persons, standing immediately opposite each other, can converse with the utmost ease in a low tone of voice — in- deed, if it is silent in the Rotunda beneath, a whisper can be 47 distinctly heard across tlie immense concave. The voice of the person speaking, however, seems to be talking immediately op- posite and above the position he really occupies. It is well worth the climb to observe this singular effect. The stairway still ascends above the picture, and traverses the ■op of the canopy between the two shells, until it reaches the Tholus "or " lantern " of the Dome. The Statue of Freedom crowns the Dome. It weighs 14,985 pounds, and was placed in position Dec. 2, 1863. The forts then surrounding Washington fired a salute in honor of the occasion. Mr. Crawford received for his model $3,000, and the casting of it, by Mr. Clark Mills, with all the attending expenses, netted an additional sum of .$20,796.82. For years previous to 1880, the Rotunda, Dome, and Tholus were lighted at night-time by 1,280 gas-jets ignited by electricity; The electric-room is in the central portion of the building. We will now descend from the Dome again to the Rotunda, and enter the doorway leading south from that apartment. Passing through a small vestibule, we shall then find ourselves in the Old Hall of Representatives. This chamber, resembling an ancient Grecian theatre, is 95 feet long, and 60 feet in height to the most elevated point of the ceiling. Twenty-six pillars and pilasters of Potomac marble support a dome with painted caissons. A cupola, painted by Bonani, an Italian, admits light from above. Under a sweeping arch near the dome is a colossal figure of Liberty, by Causici, in plaster. Beneath it, on the entablature, is sculptured, in stone, the American eagle in the act of taking wing, by Valperti, also an Italian. 48 Opposite, over the door through which we entered, stands the old marble clock of the Hall. It represents the Genius of His- tory recording the events of the nation. She stands in a grace- ful attitude, with pen in hand, on a winged car rolling over a globe. The wheel of the car serves as the face of the clock. This beautiful work Df art was executed by Signor G. Frauzoni, an Italian, who died May 12, 1819. The credit of designing it is a matter of controversy. This Old Hall is now used as a statuary-room, in compliance with a suggestion of Senator Justin S. Morrill, of Vermont, made when a member of the House, that " each State should be permit- ted to send the effigies of two of her chosen sons, in marble or bronze, to be placed permanently here." Other statuary, be- longing to the Government, mostly of historical interest, with paintings, etc. , have also been placed in their companionship. Of this latter class we will first speak : Among them stands a plaster cast of Houdon's Washington. Houdon came from France with Franklin in 1785, and obtained his model from Washington himself. He remained a guest for two weeks at Mount Vernon. The present copy was taken by Hubard, and cost $2,000. Bust of Kosciusko. Bom 1755, died 1817. The artist who made this bust was also a Pole, named Mochowski. He assumed as his American name that of Saunders. It cost $500. Miss Ream's Statue of Lincoln. In 1866 Congress appropriated $10,000 for a full-length statue of Mr. Lincoln. Miss Ream, of Washington city, received the commission for its execution. The work was finished in 1870, and on its completion an additional $5,000 was obtained by her from Congress. 49 Ames' Bust of Lincoln. Mrs. Sarah Fisher Ames, of Mass., received an order in 1868 from Congress to make a bust of President Lincoln. She re- ceived $2,000 for her work. It stands on a Scotch granite pedes- tal, presented by A. Macdonald, Field & Co., of Aberdeen, Scot- land. Bust of Thomas Crawford. Crawford was the artist who designed the statue of Freedom, the Senate Bronze Door, the marble group above it, and the marble figures ornamenting the tympanum of the Senate Exten- sion Portico. His bust is the work of T. GagUardi. The price paid for it was $100. Statue, of Alexander Hamilton. Dr. Horatio Stone, of Washington city, executed this statue in Rome. It arrived from Italy in 1868, and coet $10,000. The Bronze Statue of Thomas Jefferson, by David d' Angers, a French sculptor, was presented to Con- gress by Lieutenant Uriah P. Levy, U. S. Navy, in 1834, but was not formally accepted by Government until 1873. It stood, long ago, in the Rotunda, and after its removal from there was placed in front of the President's House, a position it occupied for many years. After its acceptance, upon the motion of Senator Sumner it was finally located in the old Hall. This bronze was cast by Honor S Oonon et ses deuxfils. The Portraits. These are a Mosaic of Mr. Lincoln, presented by SignorSal- viati, of Venice. Signor Salviati is the great manufactu-rer of mosaic work m Italy. The probable mercantile value of this mosHAC \Q aboui :iJ5l,000. Also, 4 5u A portrait of Joshua R. Giddings, by Miss C. L. Ransom. Cost, $1,000. A likeness of Charles Carroll, of Carrollton, born 1737, died 1832; the last surviving signer of the Declaration of Independ- ence. Painted by Chester Harding. Cost, $500. In 1872 a portrait of Gunning Bedford, a member of the Con- tinental Congress from Delaware, was presented by the heirs of the family to Government. A portrait of Thomas Jefferson, by Sully — an original, es- teemed an admirable picture — placed here in 1875. Cost, $200. A portrait of Benjamin West, painted by himself, is also a recent addition. An original portrait of General Washington, by Stuart, pur- chased in 1876, by the Joint Committee on the Library, ffom ex- Senator Chesnut, of Camden, S. C, for $1,200. Statuary Furnished by the States. Rhode Island contributed the first of all the States the per- mitted quota, viz : Major-General Nathaniel Greene, bom 1742, died 1786. The sculptor was Henry K. Brown. The work is dated Rome, 1869, Aug. 6. And Roger Williams, the pioneer-apostle of liberty of religious opinion ; bom 160fi, died 1683. The artist was Franklin Simmons, of R. I. The marble was cut in Rome. Date, 1870. Connecticut was the next to send her marble representation. One is Jonathan Trumbull, \he last colonial governor of the State, who became a tower of strength to the revolutionary movement. Bom 1710 ; died 1785. 51 He was the father of the painter, Col. Trumbull ; he also was the intimate friend of Washington, and because of their familiar intercourse Washington applied to him the soubriquet of Brother Jonathan. The other is Roger Sherman, the shoemaker, afterward lawyer, judge, delegate to Congress, one of the Committee of Five, and signer of the Declaration of Independence, is the other. Bom 1721 ; died 1793. The artist, E. E. Ives, a native of Connecticut, made both these statues in Kome. They were formally unveiled February, 1872. New York has sent in bronze George Clinton, who died at Washington city in 1812. Vice-President U. 8. Artist, Henry R. Brown; 1873. Founders, Robert Wood